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maywell

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[ "There are many people and at least one animal in this picture." ]

[ "A group of people watch a fireworks display over the river.", "A woman does her makeup while on the phone.", "Two women are at a waterfall.", "Please panic.", "The boy is playing basketball", "George Mitchell won.", "a bird was on rocks" ]

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[ "The women are working." ]

[ "The Asian girl is looking to buy produce.", "They had a distinct smell.", "A horse is sleeping", "The computer calls you back after you hang up to avoid a charge.", "The woman in black stood next to the brown horse.", "Legal assistance from the LSC is offered to nobody since the LSC is an executive organization.", "New mosques were built, and the existing churches were left alone." ]

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[ "Before, it was weird because they seemed to only pick bad players, but now they seem to have good players save for the quarterback." ]

[ "The current team sucks, the quarterback is the only good player.", "It's not very hot out here.", "Western stock, maybe from California?", "A woman is checking her cellphone.", "That has the look of hoss.", "Inside the Stronghold is where the wagons were forted.", "A child hits a ball." ]

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[ "Sovereign (British coin) The sovereign is a gold coin of the United Kingdom, with a nominal value of one pound sterling. Prior to 1932 it was a fully circulating coin within Britain's then Gold Standard currency. Today it is used as a bullion coin and is sometimes mounted in jewellery. The most valuable sovereign is the British Edward VIII 1937 struck for Edward VIII who abdicated, therefore these coins never entered circulation, and an example of one was purchased at auction in 2014 for £516,000.", "Edward VIII Edward VIII (Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David; 23 June 1894 – 28 May 1972) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Empire, and Emperor of India, from 20 January 1936 until his abdication on 11 December the same year." ]

[ "Charles V of France Charles V (21 January 1338 – 16 September 1380), called the Wise (French: \"\"le Sage\"\"), was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 1364 to his death.", "James II of Scotland James II (16 October 1430 – 3 August 1460), who reigned as king of Scots from 1437 on, was the son of James I and Joan Beaufort. Nothing is known of his early life, but by his first birthday his twin and only brother, Alexander, who was also the older twin, had died, thus making James the heir apparent and Duke of Rothesay. On 21 February 1437, James I was assassinated and the six-year-old Duke of Rothesay immediately succeeded him as James II.", "Alfonso V of Aragon Alfonso the Magnanimous KG (also Alphonso; Catalan: Alfons ; 1396 – 27 June 1458) was the King of Aragon (as Alfonso V), Valencia (as Alfonso III), Majorca, Sardinia and Corsica (as Alfonso II), Sicily (as Alfonso I) and Count of Barcelona (as Alfonso IV) from 1416, and King of Naples (as Alfonso I) from 1442 until his death. He was one of the most prominent figures of the early Renaissance and a knight of the Order of the Dragon.", "Maria Sophia of Neuburg Maria Sophia Elisabeth of Neuburg (6 August 1666 – 4 August 1699) was queen of Portugal as the wife of King Peter II from 1687 until her death in 1699. A popular queen, she was noted for her extraordinary generosity and for being the mother of the famously extravagant John V of Portugal.", "Rupert, King of Germany Rupert of the Palatinate (German: \"Ruprecht von der Pfalz\" ; 5 May 1352 – 18 May 1410), a member of the House of Wittelsbach, was Elector Palatine from 1398 (as Rupert III) and King of Germany \"(rex Romanorum)\" from 1400 until his death.", "Prussian Crown Jewels The Prussian Crown Jewels (German: \"Preußischen Kronjuwelen\"), is the royal regalia consisting of two crowns, an orb, and sceptre used during the coronation of the monarchs of Prussia from the House of Hohenzollern. After the King of Prussia became German Emperor on the establishment of the German Empire on 18 January 1871, they were no longer used as the position of King of Prussia while still remaining, was a title of minor importance compared to the new role as German Emperor. There was no crown for the German Empire, although a heraldic version existed.", "Chlothar II Chlothar II (or \"Chlotar\", \"Clothar\", \"Clotaire\", \"Chlotochar\", or \"Hlothar\"; 584–629), called the Great or the Young, was King of Neustria and King of the Franks, and the son of Chilperic I and his third wife, Fredegund. He started his reign as an infant under the regency of his mother, who was in an uneasy alliance with Clothar's uncle Guntram, King of Burgundy (d. 592). Clothar assumed full power over Neustria upon her death in 597; though rich this was one of the smallest portions of Francia. He continued his mother's feud with Queen Brunhilda of Austrasia with equal viciousness and bloodshed, finally achieving her execution in an especially brutal manner in 613, after winning the battle that enabled Chlothar to unite Francia under his rule. Like his father, he built up his territories by moving in after the deaths of other kings.", "Henry the Fowler Henry the Fowler (German: \"Heinrich der Finkler\" or \"Heinrich der Vogler \"; Latin: \"Henricus Auceps\" ) (876 – 2 July 936) was the duke of Saxony from 912 and the elected king of East Francia (Germany) from 919 until his death in 936. As the first non-Frankish king, he established the Ottonian Dynasty of kings and emperors, he is generally considered to be the founder and first king of the medieval German state, known until then as East Francia. An avid hunter, he obtained the epithet \"the Fowler\" because he was allegedly fixing his birding nets when messengers arrived to inform him that he was to be king. By his death in July 936 Henry had prevented collapse of royal power, as had happened in West Francia, and left a much stronger kingdom to his successor Otto I. Henry died on 2 July 936 in his royal palace in Memleben, one of his favourite places. He was buried at Quedlinburg Abbey, established by his wife Matilda in his honor.", "Instrument of Government (1719) The Instrument of Government of 1719 (Swedish: \"1719 års regeringsform\" ) adopted on 21 February 1719 by the Riksdag of the Estates was one of the fundamental laws that made up the constitution of Sweden from 1719 to 1772. It came about after the succession crisis which occurred after the death of Charles XII of Sweden, when the monarch died childless during the Great Northern War, leaving two potential heirs: his sister Ulrica Eleonora of Sweden, and his nephew Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp. The constitution was a result of the agreement made between Ulrica Eleonora and the Riksdag of the Estates, were the latter acknowledged her as queen regnant in exchange for signing a new constitution of reduced royal power and introduction of a parliamentarian system. The Instrument of Government of 1719 was only revised to a very small extent in the following Instrument of Government (1720), and it can therefore said to be in effect during the entire age of liberty, and represent the political system in Sweden until the Swedish Constitution of 1772.", "Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI (Heinrich VI) (November 1165 – 28 September 1197), a member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was King of Germany (King of the Romans) from 1190 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 until his death. From 1194 he was also King of Sicily.", "Napoléon (coin) The Napoléon is the colloquial term for a former French gold coin. The coins were minted (at various times) in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 40, 50, and 100 francs. This article focuses on the 20 franc coins issued during the reign of Napoléon Bonaparte, which are 21 mm in diameter, weigh 6.45 grams (gross weight) and, at 90% pure, contain 0.1867 troy ounces or 5.805 grams of pure gold. The coin was issued during the reign of Napoleon I and features his portrait on the obverse. The denomination (known as the Franc Germinal) continued in use through the 19th century and later French gold coins in the same denomination were generally referred to as \"Napoléons\". Earlier French gold coins are referred to as \"Louis\" (the name of eighteen French kings) or \"écu\" (an old French word for shield). Gold Napoléons have historically proven more resilient than other gold coins to economic forces, such as after the Suez crisis when unlike other coins Napoléons did not weaken.", "Frederick I of Prussia Frederick I (German: \"Friedrich I\" ) (11 July 1657 – 25 February 1713), of the Hohenzollern dynasty, was (as Frederick III) Elector of Brandenburg (1688–1713) and Duke of Prussia in personal union (Brandenburg-Prussia). The latter function he upgraded to royalty, becoming the first King in Prussia (1701–1713). From 1707 he was in personal union the sovereign prince of the Principality of Neuchâtel (German: \"Fürstentum Neuenburg\" ). He was also the paternal grandfather of Frederick the Great.", "Crown of Saint Wenceslas The Crown of Saint Wenceslas is a crown forming part of the Bohemian Crown Jewels, and made in 1347. The eleventh king of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV, from the House of Luxembourg, had it made for his coronation, dedicating it to the first patron saint of the country St. Wenceslas and bequeathed it as a state crown for the coronation of (future) Bohemian kings. On the orders of Charles IV the new royal crown was permanently deposited in Karlštejn Castle near Prague). It was used for the last time for the coronation of Ferdinand V in 1836.", "Spur ryal The Spur Royal was an extremely rare English gold coin issued in the reign of King James I. The coin is a development of the earlier Rose Noble, or Ryal which was worth ten shillings when issued by Kings Edward IV and Henry VII, and fifteen shillings when issued by Queens Mary and Elizabeth I.", "Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick (22 November 1428 – 14 April 1471), known as Warwick the Kingmaker, was an English nobleman, administrator, and military commander. The son of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, Warwick was the wealthiest and most powerful English peer of his age, with political connections that went beyond the country's borders. One of the leaders in the Wars of the Roses, originally on the Yorkist side but later switching to the Lancastrian side, he was instrumental in the deposition of two kings, a fact which later earned him his epithet of \"Kingmaker\" to later generations.", "Frederick William I of Prussia Frederick William I (German: \"Friedrich Wilhelm I\" ) (14 August 1688 – 31 May 1740), known as the 'Soldier King,' was the King in Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg from 1713 until his death, as well as the father of Frederick the Great. He was in personal union the sovereign prince of the principality of Neuchâtel.", "Eric XIV of Sweden Eric XIV (Swedish: \"Erik XIV\" ; 13 December 1533 – 26 February 1577) was King of Sweden from 1560 until he was deposed in 1568. Eric XIV was the eldest son of Gustav I (1496–1560) and Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg (1513–35). He was also ruler of Estonia, after its conquest by Sweden in 1561.", "Henry VIII of England Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. Henry was the second Tudor monarch, succeeding his father, Henry VII.", "Mamia III Gurieli Mamia III Gurieli (Georgian: მამია III გურიელი ), also known as Mamia the Great Gurieli (დიდი გურიელი, \"Didi Gurieli\") or the Black Gurieli (შავი გურიელი, \"Shavi Gurieli\") (died 5 January 1714), of the western Georgian House of Gurieli, was Prince of Guria from 1689 to 1714. Involved in civil wars plaguing western Georgia, he became King of Imereti three times in the years of 1701, 1711–1712, and 1713–1714. After his first reign as king for a year in 1701, he abdicated the throne of Imereti, being unable to tolerate the influence of his father-in-law Giorgi Abashidze. Subsequent periods of his royal career was the result of a feud with Giorgi VII of Imereti. Mamia died while still sitting on the throne of Imereti, which then reverted to his rival Giorgi VII.", "George, Duke of Bavaria George of Bavaria referred to as \"the Rich\" (15 August 1455 in Burghausen, Bavaria – 1 December 1503 in Ingolstadt), (German: \"Georg , Herzog von Bayern-Landshut\") was the last Duke of Bavaria-Landshut. He was a son of Louis IX the Rich and Amalia of Saxony." ]

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[ "A man is doing a handstand." ]

[ "A man is on a trampoline.", "The TGV does not go to Montbard, so you'll have to take a bus instead.", "The man is walking out of a store.", "Republican Rep is not unorthodox.", "The woman is wearing pants.", "A rat made from bronze looks like a kind of dog.", "The fisherman relaxes under the tree." ]

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[ "History of the Welsh language of broadcasting in Wales, Plaid Cymru protested against the lack of Welsh-language programmes in Wales and launched a campaign to withhold licence fees. Pressure was successful, and by the mid-1930s more Welsh-language programming was broadcast, with the formal establishment of a Welsh regional broadcasting channel by 1937. However, no dedicated Welsh-language television channel would be established until 1982. According to the 1931 census, out of a population of just over 2.5 million, the percentage of Welsh speakers in Wales had dropped to 36.8%, with Anglesey recording the highest concentration of speakers at 87.4%, followed by Cardigan at 87.1%, Merionethshire at", "Channel 4 space meant that Channel 4 could not be broadcast alongside S4C, though some Channel 4 programmes would be aired at less popular times on the Welsh variant, a practice that carried on up until the closure of S4C's analogue transmissions in 2010 when S4C became a fully Welsh channel. Since then, carriage on digital cable, satellite and digital terrestrial has introduced Channel 4 to Welsh homes where it is now universally available. The first voice heard on Channel 4's opening day of Tuesday 2 November 1982 was that of continuity announcer Paul Coia who said: Following the announcement, the channel", "History of the Welsh language by 17 September, and the Welsh Fourth Channel (S4C) was launched on 2 November 1982. The Welsh Language Act 1993 put the Welsh language on an equal footing with the English language in Wales with regard to the public sector. The Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 had made English the only language of the law courts and other aspects of public administration in Wales. Although the Welsh Language Act 1967 had given some rights to use Welsh in court, the Welsh Language Act 1993 was the first to put Welsh on an equal basis with English in public life. The", "Welsh language in, the language. The wording on currency is only in English, except in the legend on Welsh pound coins dated 1985, 1990 and 1995, which circulate in all parts of the UK. The wording is , (), and derives from the national anthem of Wales, . Some shops employ bilingual signage. Welsh rarely appears on product packaging or instructions. The UK government has ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in respect of Welsh. The language has greatly increased its prominence since the creation of the television channel S4C in November 1982, which until digital switchover in 2010" ]

[ "The Channel Four Daily The Channel Four Daily The Channel Four Daily (or Channel 4 Daily) is a breakfast television news magazine, which was produced by Independent Television News, in collaboration with other independent production companies for Channel 4. The programme was the first breakfast programme for Channel 4, broadcasting between 6am (6.30am from April 1990) and 9.25am each weekday morning. The first edition of the programme was broadcast on 3 April 1989, with the last edition being broadcast on 25 September 1992. \"The Channel Four Daily\" failed to gain enough viewers and was replaced with the relatively more popular programme, \"The Big Breakfast\"", "The Box (UK and Ireland TV channel) The Box (UK and Ireland TV channel) The Box is a television channel in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It is the namesake of The Box Plus Network, a joint venture between Channel Four Television Corporation and Bauer Media Group. Originally based on the U.S broadcast network of the same name, The Box primarily broadcasts music videos and features other music-related programming from across The Box Plus Network. The Box was brought to the United Kingdom by Vincent Monsey (of Radio Caroline fame) and his partner Liz Laskowski, who discovered the U.S channel in Miami in 1991, when it was", "Welsh language broadcast 70 per cent of Channel 4's programming along with a majority of Welsh language shows during peak viewing hours. The all-Welsh-language digital station S4C Digidol is available throughout Europe on satellite and online throughout the UK. Since the digital switchover was completed in South Wales on 31 March 2010, S4C Digidol became the main broadcasting channel and fully in Welsh. The main evening television news provided by the BBC in Welsh is available for download. There is also a Welsh-language radio station, BBC Radio Cymru, which was launched in 1977. The only Welsh-language national newspaper \"Y Cymro\" (\"The Welshman\")", "The Movie Channel (UK) The Movie Channel (UK) The Movie Channel was a British television channel, which only aired movies. Launched on BSB in 1990, The Movie Channel was a predecessor of some of the Sky Movies channels, having survived the merger with Sky Television, another satellite service launched by Rupert Murdoch's News International later in 1990 to form British Sky Broadcasting. After its merger on 31 March 1991, The Movie Channel continued to broadcast until 1997 when it was rebranded as Sky Movies Screen 2. The Movie Channel began in 1990 as one of the channels of British Satellite Broadcasting, a consortium formed", "The Box (UK and Ireland TV channel) The Box's logo, branding, onscreen and online design was refreshed. In addition, the channel and its siblings can now be streamed on the Box Plus App and at the channel's website. The Box (UK and Ireland TV channel) The Box is a television channel in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It is the namesake of The Box Plus Network, a joint venture between Channel Four Television Corporation and Bauer Media Group. Originally based on the U.S broadcast network of the same name, The Box primarily broadcasts music videos and features other music-related programming from across The Box Plus Network. The", "The Comedy Channel (UK) the basic \"Sky Multichannels\" subscription package, so was made available as a premium service to subscribers of either Sky Movies or The Movie Channel. Listings for the channel were carried in the Radio Times and other listings magazines. The channel eventually lost the broadcast rights to the BBC shows following the expiry of the contract between the BBC and former BSB. Eventually the channel closed on 30 September 1992, to be replaced by a \"classic movies\" channel, Sky Movies Gold. The Comedy Channel (UK) The Comedy Channel was a short-lived United Kingdom subscription television channel during the early 1990s. The", "The Biography Channel (UK and Ireland) available on Sky, Smallworld Cable and Virgin Media. In Ireland it was available on Sky and UPC Ireland. In Belgium it was available on Telenet. A high definition version launched on Sky on 5 November 2008, it was also available on UPC Ireland from October 2009. Bio. HD operated on a separate schedule to the standard definition channel and timeshared with CI HD. The channel closed on 3 July 2012 to allow CI HD to broadcast 24 hours a day. The Biography Channel (UK and Ireland) The Biography Channel (also known as Bio.) was an English speaking general entertainment channel", "Disney Channel (UK and Ireland) link to a Disney-branded section of BSkyB's \"Sky Games\" interactive service. The overlay games are developed by Pushbutton and French game developers Visiware. The interactive service was designed and built by Pushbutton, and went live in September 2007 and was taken off in September 2011 replacing the old service created by Tamblin. Previously, Disney Channel also had a Teletext service, consisting of about 200 pages, known as Disney Text. Disney Channel used to be translated in British Sign Language on its late evening programming. \"Studio Disney\" was a live TV show, broadcast on Disney Channel UK. It launched in September", "Channel One (UK and Ireland) Channel One (UK and Ireland) Channel One was a television channel owned and operated by Virgin Media Television and then Sky plc. The channel was launched on 1 October 2007 at 21:00 on Freeview, Virgin Media and Sky as Virgin1, replacing Ftn. The channel broadcast 24 hours on cable, satellite and Freeview; a one-hour timeshift, Channel One +1, broadcast on cable and satellite. BSkyB acquired the channel on 4 June 2010 and rebranded it as Channel One. On 15 September 2010, BSkyB announced that it would close Channel One and sister channels Bravo and Bravo 2. Channel One's Freeview space", "Channel One (UK and Ireland) Living. In addition to exclusive content, Channel One also showed some content from Living, Bravo and Challenge. Channel One (UK and Ireland) Channel One was a television channel owned and operated by Virgin Media Television and then Sky plc. The channel was launched on 1 October 2007 at 21:00 on Freeview, Virgin Media and Sky as Virgin1, replacing Ftn. The channel broadcast 24 hours on cable, satellite and Freeview; a one-hour timeshift, Channel One +1, broadcast on cable and satellite. BSkyB acquired the channel on 4 June 2010 and rebranded it as Channel One. On 15 September 2010, BSkyB announced", "ABC1 (UK & Ireland TV channel) & Faith\" and \"Less than Perfect\" to sandwich around the big ratings success of \"8 Simple Rules\". On 31 May the channel introduced \"Rodney\" to its schedule at 4pm weekdays and from 4 July ABC1 began to air \"Scrubs\", which is also seen on other UK channels, E4, Channel 4, Sky 1 and Comedy Central. For the first year after launching ABC1 broadcast from 6:00 am to 6:00 pm only. Commencing 26 September 2005, the channel broadcast 24 hours a day on Sky and NTL (now Virgin Media) services. However, the channel did not go 24-hours on the Telewest (now", "Sony Channel (UK and Ireland) season 3 on 14 September 2012, season 1 and season 2 have already been broadcast on Sky Living. The channel also broadcast the American sitcom \"Community\" , ITV's \"Secret Diary of a Call Girl\" and the BBC's highly successful \"Ashes to Ashes\" and \"Life on Mars\". The channel started to broadcast the UK TV premieres of various other programmes including \"The Night Shift\", \"Saving Hope\", \"Younger\", \"Satisfaction\" and \"Orange Is The New Black\". Paranormal content on the channel included \"Ghost Hunters\", \"Ghost Hunters International\" and \"Celebrity Ghost Stories\". Starting in 2017, the channel began to broadcast repeats of \"America's Got", "Sony Movie Channel (UK) was announced that Sony Movie Channel would be re-launched as a free-to-air channel on 10 January 2017, as a re-branding of Movie Mix. It became free to air on satellite on 13 August 2018, in preparation for its launch on Freesat on 9 October 2018. Sony Movie Channel (UK) Sony Movie Channel (formerly Movie Mix) is a British free-to-air channel. When launched in 2009, The Big Deal broadcast live interactive quiz show 7 days a week from 22:00-05:00 on Freeview channel 37, then changed to channel 32, timesharing with RT and Create and Craft. Each night, The Big Deal broadcast", "The Player Channel Latin American markets. The channel was first broadcast in the UK on channel number 265. Following an EPG re-structure by Sky in April 2006 the channel was moved to channel number 844 in Sky’s new ‘Gaming and Dating’ section. The move resulted in a loss in viewing figures. In an attempt to regain viewing figures The Poker Channel rebranded itself as All In Sport in August 2006. The rebranding resulted in a move to channel 444 in the Sports section of the Sky EPG. Due to Sky’s broadcasting rules the channel was only able to broadcast poker programming for 4", "Channel 2 (Israeli TV channel) period in April 2015 was suggested and the broadcasters will broadcast in separate channels. \"Keshet\" and \"Reshet\" declared that they prefer to keep broadcasting in Channel 2 until 2017. Eventually, the bill did not pass. In April 26, 2017, \"Keshet\" and \"Reshet\" declared that from November 2017 \"Keshet\" will broadcast in Channel 12, \"Reshet\" will broadcast in channel 13 and Channel 22 will not be used for four months after the split. In October 31, 2017, from 21:30 to midnight, \"Keshet\" did a broadcast to conclude Channel 2's broadcasts. The broadcast was conducted by Erez Tal and many of Keshet's", "Sony Movie Channel (UK) Sony Movie Channel (UK) Sony Movie Channel (formerly Movie Mix) is a British free-to-air channel. When launched in 2009, The Big Deal broadcast live interactive quiz show 7 days a week from 22:00-05:00 on Freeview channel 37, then changed to channel 32, timesharing with RT and Create and Craft. Each night, The Big Deal broadcast various games and puzzles, with cash prizes to be won for viewers who guessed the correct answers. Viewers were asked to call in or log on to The Big Deal website to enter these games. Later in the year The Big Deal reduced its timeslot", "Channel One (UK and Ireland) 2009, the channel briefly aired \"TNA iMPACT!\" at 21:00 (which was also shown on sister channel Bravo at the time). This was the first time wrestling has been aired on free television in the UK since 2001. On 1 June 2010, the timeshifted version of the channel ceased broadcasting on Freeview channel 35, allowing Yesterday to extend its broadcast hours. The timeshifted service continued to operate on satellite and cable platforms, between 04:00 and 01:00 daily (the live Challenge Jackpot simulcast on Virgin1 between 00:00 and 03:00 was not timeshifted). On 4 June 2010, British Sky Broadcasting and Virgin Media", "Disney Channel (UK and Ireland) a joint venture in Germany in April 1995, before The Disney Channel finally launched in the UK on the Sky platform on 1 October 1995 as the first Disney Channel in Europe and outside the United States. Its first broadcast was the British television premiere of the animated feature \"The Jungle Book\". In 1997, Disney Channel adopted a new Mickey Mouse head shape logo. The idents mainly used red and blue colors on irregularly shaped objects that formed the logo. On 1 May 1999, another new logo was launched, with three symmetrical circles forming the iconic Mickey Mouse head shape.", "History of the Welsh language the UK Conservative Home Secretary announced in September 1979 that the government would \"not\" honour its pledge to establish a Welsh-language television channel, much to widespread anger and resentment in Wales, wrote Dr. Davies. In early 1980 over two thousand members of Plaid Cymru pledged to go to prison rather than pay the television licence fees, and by that spring Gwynfor Evans announced his intention to go on hunger strike if a Welsh-language television channel was not established. In early September 1980, Evans addressed thousands at a gathering in which \"passions ran high\", according to Dr. Davies. The government yielded", "The Movie Channel (UK) in 1986 by Granada Television, Pearson, Virgin, Anglia Television and Amstrad. Prior to its launch, BSB signed an exclusive first-run deal with UIP Pay TV (which distributed Paramount, Universal and MGM/UA releases). One of its first film premieres was the \"James Bond\" film, \"The Living Daylights\", starring Timothy Dalton. In 1990, BSB and Sky Television suffered heavy losses and merged, operating as the newly formed British Sky Broadcasting. The Movie Channel, along with The Sports Channel, remained on air, keeping its name. The Movie Channel (UK) The Movie Channel was a British television channel, which only aired movies. Launched on", "Channel 2 (Israeli TV channel) 1 was the only channel broadcasting in Israel. When the broadcasting started, a test card was show and in October of the same year the channel started showing photographs of Israel's landscapes and instructions on how to receive the transmissions. In October 23 of 1986, Channel 2 started broadcasting music videos. This is considered the beginning of the Experimental Channel 2's broadcasts. In its first months, the broadcasts were two-three hours long. In February 1987, the Demjanjuk trial was broadcast in Channel 2. In the same year's independence day, the experimental channel did a live news broadcast during the entire", "The Player Channel The Player Channel The Player Channel, known as the Poker Channel until 3 December 2012, is a gaming TV network which broadcast to over 30 million households in 30 countries. The Channel was typically carried in the basic packages of cable and satellite operators in Europe and classified as a sport or entertainment channel in electronic programme guides (EPGs). It broadcast 24 hours a day in all Continental Europe countries and 6.5 hours a day in the UK and Ireland on Sky Channel 166, in the entertainment section, adjacent to FX in the Sky EPG. The Poker Channel was launched", "The Africa Channel International series was originally broadcast between 1989 and 1994 and alongside \"The Fosters\", is well known as one of the first British television programmes to focus on the lives of Black British, Caribbean and African people living in Britain. The Africa Channel International The Africa Channel was an international television channel based in the United Kingdom. The Africa Channel launched in the UK and Ireland on 3 September 2007 and is distinct from The Africa Channel in the United States. In April 2012, The Africa Channel in the UK was made free-to-air and in July moved from the Lifestyle and Culture", "Channel 5 (UK) programming to 04:00 - 7 nights a week. This marked the first time a channel had aired a roulette related show in British television history. Currently named SuperCasino, it is one of the two roulette shows on television, along with Jackpot247 which is also produced by NetPlayTV and broadcast on ITV. Channel 5 has a history of broadcasting reality TV shows. Shows broadcast include a UK version of \"The Mole\", to which the channel acquired the format rights, and which was well received: the website UKGameshows.com announced that \"The Mole\" beat \"The Crystal Maze\" to win its first reader poll to", "Channel 5 (UK) channel consistently is the fifth most watched network in country, usually being beaten by main rivals BBC One, BBC Two, ITV and Channel 4. Audience share rose consistently for the first seven years of broadcast, reaching a peak of 6.6% in 2004. Two years later the audience share had dropped to under 5.0%. In 2012, the audience share rose to 4.5%, the first yearly rise for the channel in audience share since 2009. In July 2013, Channel 5 overtook Channel 4 when taking into account consolidated shares, for the first time. As of September 2013, the channel averages 4.0% of", "Global Reality Channel Global Reality Channel Global Reality Channel was a Canadian English language Category B specialty channel owned by Shaw Media. The channel broadcast reality television series and related programming. It was an offshoot of the Shaw-owned Global Television Network. Canwest Global Communications, the channel's original owner, first attempted to launch a reality TV-based channel in the mid-2000s when the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) granted Canwest approval to launch \"Reality TV\", a channel \"devoted exclusively to reality-based programming.\" However, the channel did not commence operations within the allotted time limit stated by the CRTC and the licence expired. Determined to", "Galaxy (UK TV channel) Galaxy (UK TV channel) Galaxy was a British satellite television channel focusing on general entertainment and children's programmes, one of the five channels run by British Satellite Broadcasting (BSB) and based at its Battersea Studios in the Marco Polo House Building. The channel broadcast a mix of home-grown programming, American imports and repeats from the BBC library. Some of the programmes made for Galaxy included: Jupiter Moon was Galaxy's sci-fi soap opera, shown three times a week (on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays at 6.30pm), with an omnibus at weekends. 150 episodes were made, but only the first 108 were broadcast", "Channel 5 (UK) programming Britain national team player Josh Chetwynd as the in-studio analyst. Due to the Global recession of 2008-09, the channel did not renew its contract to show Major League Baseball in 2009. This left no Baseball available on free to air television in the UK, though Gould, Chetwynd and their producer Erik Janssen continued to broadcast baseball coverage on the digital radio station BBC 5 Live Sports Extra. Until 2004, Channel 5 also covered the regular season and Stanley Cup playoffs of the National Hockey League; following the lost 2004–05 season, the primary broadcast rights passed to NASN. However, since 2006-07,", "Channel Four Television Corporation livery as Sky Sports. Channel 4's racing coverage, renamed to incorporate \"At the Races\" in the title, returned to its original name of Channel 4 Racing when the channel left involvement with At the Races. Channel 4 racing programmes now feature close co-operation with rival digital racing channel Racing UK, who sub-licence the live rights and share the same production company. Channel 4 cross-promote Racing UK's coverage of the day's racing during its broadcasts. Channel Four was the leading member of the 4 Digital Group consortium, which included Bauer Radio, BSkyB and UTV as partners. In July 2007 the group", "ABC1 (UK & Ireland TV channel) to eventually broadcast 24/7 by 2010. The channel did not air commercials for the first few months to build up viewers. In December 2004 it was launched on Telewest's digital cable service, and on 14 December on the NTL digital cable service. In March 2005, ABC1 took its first advertisement from Procter and Gamble. Also in 2005, Sky started carrying the channel. In the summer 2006, a Playhouse Disney block was added to the schedule in the morning. It was announced on 7 September 2007, that ABC1 would cease broadcasting on all UK TV platforms, due to Disney deciding to", "Four (New Zealand TV channel) was \"The Biggest Loser\". At 10:50pm on Saturday 2 July 2016, the channel closed with Feist singing 1234 (the same \"Sesame Street\" song that was used to relaunch the channel in 2011); the channel then faded to black. Mediaworks launched a timeshift service, Four Plus 1, on 27 June 2014. It was a standard hour delayed timeshift channel of the Four broadcast. Four Plus 1 was initially only available on digital terrestrial with satellite launched a week later on Sky's fifth digital transport. It was replaced by Bravo Plus 1 on 3 July 2016, when Bravo replaced Four. Four (New", "The Biography Channel (UK and Ireland) The Biography Channel (UK and Ireland) The Biography Channel (also known as Bio.) was an English speaking general entertainment channel available in some European countries. The channel was launched on 1 October 2000 by a joint-venture between A+E Networks and British Sky Broadcasting in the United Kingdom. It later became available in Ireland, the Netherlands and Belgium. The channel's programming, as the name suggests, is made up of the biographies of famous people, including bands, politicians and criminals. The channel ceased broadcasting at 6am on 4 November 2013 and was replaced by Lifetime. In the United Kingdom the channel was", "Lifestyle (UK TV channel) soap operas \"Search For Tomorrow\" and \"The Edge of Night\". The channel's fate was sealed because it never achieved huge ratings, and Lifestyle closed down on 31 January 1993, with its most popular shows moving to Sky One and a new channel for women launched a few months later called UK Living. Astra transponder 5's programming was eventually replaced by a German channel, VOX. A separate Lifestyle Channel was also available on some Rediffusion Cable networks. Lifestyle (UK TV channel) Lifestyle was a British daytime television channel dedicated to women and family, and was broadcast on cable and on transporter", "Channel Four Television Corporation to catch-up on the top-rated programming from Channel Four's boutique of channels over the past week. The channel is available on Freesat, Freeview, Sky and Virgin Media. Channel Four runs timeshift variants of its services (except 4Music and 4seven) on all digital platforms. In 2007, Channel 4 was the first terrestrial broadcaster in the United Kingdom to offer a time-shift variant of its main channel. In common with many other broadcasters, these channels output exactly the same programmes and continuity as was broadcast an hour previously, and are titled with the station name followed by a \"+1\" suffix. In July", "Channel 5 (UK) programming two Martin Haven stood in for Nicholls. For a brief time, Channel 5 showed professional wrestling in the form of the WCW Worldwide show between Summer 1999 and March 2001 on Friday nights at 7pm, when the company was purchased by World Wrestling Entertainment, and ceased to produce any more shows. On 4 May, 2017 it was announced that Channel 5 would broadcast up to five live Premiership Rugby games for the first time on terrestrial TV for the next four seasons alongside main broadcaster BT Sport. The new deal also sees them broadcast a weekly highlights show of both", "Broadcast control channel Specification 44.018. Any GSM ARFCN that includes a BCCH is designated as a beacon channel and is required to transmit continuously at full power. Broadcast control channel A broadcast control channel (BCCH) is a point to multipoint, unidirectional (downlink) channel used in the Um interface of the GSM cellular standard. The BCCH carries a repeating pattern of system information messages that describe the identity, configuration and available features of the base transceiver station (BTS). These messages also provide a list of absolute radio-frequency channel numbers (ARFCNs) used by neighboring BTSs. This message pattern is synchronized to the BTS frame clock.", "Channel 5 (UK) programming to England v Argentina (shown on the same night as the England football team's World Cup qualifier against Poland). They also broadcast a live match between Scotland and invitation side Barbarians in 2000. Golf coverage consists of weekly highlights from the PGA Tour, excluding majors. Channel 5 broadcasts live coverage of the Great South Run, a 10-mile road race held in Portsmouth in October. In 2009, Channel 5 signed a deal to broadcast highlights of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) on terrestrial television in the UK. In 2015, Channel 5 picked up highlights of every BAMMA event. Channel 5 also", "Flaunt (TV channel) as a Pop and Dance channel from its launch during its first incarnation. The channel had a more female oriented appeal for the first year of its existence. Its first logo was a pink logo and had grey and white graphics. The channel did one time used to air entertainment programming from Red Carpet Bitch with British TV Presenter Julian Bennett that focused on celebrity gossip. The Flaunt Chart Show which used to be a weekly chart countdown on the UK Top 20 pop singles which was also broadcast on the UK TV channel Five from 2003 until 2004. Flaunt", "Disney Channel (UK and Ireland) the new channel, such that they can remain as a premium add-on. However, Disney Channel Original Movies are still broadcast regularly on Disney Channel, with premieres of new ones shown on Friday evenings a short while after their premiere in the US (usually a few weeks, though in some cases, such as \"Full Court Miracle\", the delay can be up to several years - \"Tiger Cruise\", which had its US premiere in 2004, has yet to be shown in the UK as of November 2015). As a result of these changes, movies are now shown more frequently across Disney's channels", "The California Channel governance and funding for the channel. The California Channel The California Channel or CalChannel is a public service news television channel funded by the California Cable Television Industry. The channel started out by operating every weekday from 9:00am to 3:30pm; broadcasting proceedings of the California Senate, Assembly and their various committees. It now runs twenty four hours a day reaching 5.5 million subscribers across the state. The channel was created by the Center for Governmental Studies together with the Annenberg School of Communications at the University of Southern California and first broadcast on February 4, 1991. In 1993, the California", "National Geographic Channel (UK and Ireland) the Fox Entertainment Group. This includes an English-language version for the UK, Ireland, Malta and Iceland. It also includes Dutch, Italian, Norwegian and Turkish speaking channels among others. The channel's musical signature is the Elmer Bernstein composed theme that has also appeared on the \"National Geographic\" broadcast-TV specials. The channel is owned by the NGC-UK Partnership, which was formed in 1997 as a joint venture between National Geographic Television & Film, a division of the National Geographic Society and British Sky Broadcasting through its Sky Ventures division. The NGS provides programming expertise, while BSkyB provides its expertise on distribution, marketing,", "Gold (UK TV channel) launched on 1 November 1992 as a joint venture between the BBC, through commercial arm BBC Enterprises, and outgoing ITV London weekday franchisee Thames Television. The channel, named \"UK Gold\", was to show repeats of the 'classic' archive programming from the two broadcasters. The rights to the BBC programmes previously were held by the BSB entertainment channel Galaxy, prior to the merger with Sky Television plc to form BSkyB in November 1990. The channel was initially broadcast on an analogue transponder from an SES satellite at 19.2°E which was less well suited for UK reception. As a result, the channel", "Channel Four Television Corporation established to provide a fourth television service to the United Kingdom in addition to the two BBC services funded from the television licence, and the single commercial broadcasting network, ITV. Channel 4 is largely commercially self-funded. With the conversion of the Wenvoe transmitter in Wales to digital on 31 March 2010, Channel 4 became a UK-wide TV channel for the first time. Channel Four launched a subscription film channel, FilmFour, on 1 November 1998. It was available on digital satellite television and digital cable. Companion services, such as FilmFour+1, FilmFour World and FilmFour Extreme were also available on some digital", "The Comedy Channel (UK) The Comedy Channel (UK) The Comedy Channel was a short-lived United Kingdom subscription television channel during the early 1990s. The channel launched on 1 October 1991, soon after the merger of Sky Television plc and British Satellite Broadcasting (BSB). The merged company, British Sky Broadcasting, brought together comedy programming from its existing libraries - Sky having an archive of US imports including \"Three's Company\", \"I Love Lucy\", \"Green Acres\", \"The Beverly Hillbillies\" and \"Seinfeld\", and BSB having obtained rights to a number of BBC sitcoms such as \"Dad's Army\" and \"The Goodies\". The Comedy Channel existed in the days before", "The Player Channel in Portugal (Zon, Meo, Cabovisao); Neufbox (SFR) in France; Austria Telekom, Vectra and UPC in Poland, and making the channel available to all subscribers of Focussat, DigiTV and UPC Direct in Eastern Europe in Czech Republic, Romania, Hungary, Slovenia and Slovakia. In 2010 Poker Channel partnered with media companies in Latin America to launch in Spanish language in Argentina and Mexico. On 3 December 2012, the Poker Channel was rebranded as the Player Channel. In October 2013, the Player Channel was acquired by Ginx TV. The channel was ultimately shut down in November 2013, but continues to broadcast for six", "Broadcast control channel Broadcast control channel A broadcast control channel (BCCH) is a point to multipoint, unidirectional (downlink) channel used in the Um interface of the GSM cellular standard. The BCCH carries a repeating pattern of system information messages that describe the identity, configuration and available features of the base transceiver station (BTS). These messages also provide a list of absolute radio-frequency channel numbers (ARFCNs) used by neighboring BTSs. This message pattern is synchronized to the BTS frame clock. The minimum BCCH message set is system information messages 2–4, although other messages are normally present. The messages themselves are described in 3GPP Technical", "The California Channel The California Channel The California Channel or CalChannel is a public service news television channel funded by the California Cable Television Industry. The channel started out by operating every weekday from 9:00am to 3:30pm; broadcasting proceedings of the California Senate, Assembly and their various committees. It now runs twenty four hours a day reaching 5.5 million subscribers across the state. The channel was created by the Center for Governmental Studies together with the Annenberg School of Communications at the University of Southern California and first broadcast on February 4, 1991. In 1993, the California Cable Television Industry assumed responsibility for", "The Channel Four Daily cartoon slot called \"Comic Book\". Changes were made in April 1990. These included the cancellation of \"Streetwise\" and an \"International Sports Report\" replaced Kickback. The programme's length was reduced with the start time being 6.30am rather than 6am – The Art of Landscape and an edition of Business Daily filled the vacated 30 minute slot. London Presenters Washington Presenter Tokyo Presenters Other Presenters The Channel Four Daily The Channel Four Daily (or Channel 4 Daily) is a breakfast television news magazine, which was produced by Independent Television News, in collaboration with other independent production companies for Channel 4. The programme", "Four-channel Compact Disc Digital Audio The Red Book also reserved the first bit of the so-called Q subchannel \"control field\" to signal the presence of four-channel audio, but did not specify a method for using four-channel in the CD system. Had it been later specified, this mode might have included four separate channels of linear PCM audio (requiring some combination of faster rotation, a lower sampling rate, or fewer bits per sample). Alternatively, the \"four-channel\" bit could have been used merely to indicate the presence of a matrix-encoded recording. In reality, however, the underspecified \"four-channel\" mode was dropped from the CD standard when it was", "The Africa Channel International launched on the Virgin Media cable TV platform. On 29 September 2015, The Africa Channel closed in the UK after being removed and restored several times during Summer 2015. The Africa Channel sources much of its content from production companies in Africa. The channel broadcasts a range of genres including lifestyle, live news, travel, music, documentaries (e.g. \"Cuba, an African Odyssey\" and \"Surfing Soweto\") and films (e.g. \"Daratt\", \"Imani\" and \"Rachida\"). In 2012 the channel began developing its own production arm to generate programming focussed on Africa-related subject matter including a documentary about the Pan-African bank Ecobank first broadcast in", "Channel 5 (UK) programming series \"The Tribe\" was shown from 1999 to 2003. Channel 5 also acquired the rerun rights to the BBC and Network Ten serial drama \"Out of the Blue\", which were screened from 2009 on Channel 5's digital counterpart, 5*. On 18 May 2007, Channel 5 acquired the rights to Australian soap opera \"Neighbours\", previously screened on BBC One. This was the second time UK networks had fought over an Australian soap, with Channel 5 having previously competed over broadcast rights to \"Home and Away\". \"Neighbours\" is one of Channel 5's most popular programmes, and is in fact more popular in", "The Racing Channel transmit the channel on a commercial basis for the Association. The channel was subsequently sold to The Racing Network International (TRNI) who took the decision to close the channel in January 2003. In 2001, BSkyB, Channel 4 and Arena Leisure (owners of 6 UK courses) signed a lucrative £307 million deal with 49 of the 59 UK racecourses for a 10-year period. This meant that the Racing Channel lost many of its top courses and was left with just 10 meetings. The 10 courses did not feature any of the major meetings, and at this point the subscription fee was", "Channel 5 (UK) programming MLB Playoffs and World Series ended). Nat Coombs hosted and Mike Carlson, a former college-football player, was the studio analyst, with game commentary taken from the American broadcasters. In 2009, Channel 5 dropped the Monday night game and only broadcast the Sunday night game for the 2009-10 season, with a Saturday morning magazine programme called \"NFL UK\" showing highlights and previews of the coming weekend's games. Channel 5 decided not to renew its contract with the NFL for the 2010-11 season, and the sport returned to its original home on UK television, Channel 4 which had shown the sport since", "Unexplained Channel Unexplained Channel The Unexplained Channel was an entertainment TV channel broadcast in the UK on the Sky Digital platform. The channel claimed to be the first TV channel in the world dedicated to the paranormal, and aimed to be ground breaking in its investigation of the subject. The channel was backed by UK television personality Yvette Fielding and her husband Karl Beattie through their Monster Pictures production company. The channel was launched as The Paranormal Channel on 9 June 2008, and was rebranded as The Unexplained Channel on 10 August 2009. The Unexplained Channel was aimed at fans of the", "Gold (UK TV channel) not available to watch on Freeview boxes and televisions due to them being encrypted as subscription channels on Top Up TV. Alongside the main channel, a time shift channel is also operated: Gold +1. The channel, previously named UK Gold +1 and UKTV Gold +1 when corresponding to the name on the main channel, shows all programming from the channel one hour later. The channel UK Gold 2 also used to be a time shift, showing the daytime schedule from UK Gold in the evening prime time slot. This service ended in 2003. A HD version of Gold was launched", "Four (New Zealand TV channel) with programming which attracted a wider, and more mature audience. During early mornings and late afternoons the channel screened a range of children's programming such as \"Sesame Street\" and in the evenings screened shows aimed at the mainstream audience. Overnight and late mornings – early afternoons the channel screened Infomercials and Auto TV (Car Commercials). Four broadcast mostly American programming, with the exception of \"Sticky TV\" and \"Smash\", which were in-house produced Auckland-hosted youth shows, and the \"Pukana\" youth show, which was produced from a Maori language government fund. \"Pukana\" also airs on one of the two government funded Maori", "National Geographic Channel (UK and Ireland) National Geographic Channel (UK and Ireland) The National Geographic Channel is a British pay television channel that features documentaries produced by the National Geographic Society. It features some programming similar to that on the Discovery Channel such as nature and science documentaries. The channel was launched in Europe in September 1997 and time shared initially with the failing NBC Europe until NBC Europe's demise in 1998, at which point it began timesharing with Fox Kids (in the UK, replacing the failed first iteration of Sky 2); with analogue transmission of the channel ending, and the sale of Fox Kids to", "National Geographic Channel (UK and Ireland) National Geographic Channel (UK and Ireland) The National Geographic Channel is a British pay television channel that features documentaries produced by the National Geographic Society. It features some programming similar to that on the Discovery Channel such as nature and science documentaries. The channel was launched in Europe in September 1997 and time shared initially with the failing NBC Europe until NBC Europe's demise in 1998, at which point it began timesharing with Fox Kids (in the UK, replacing the failed first iteration of Sky 2); with analogue transmission of the channel ending, and the sale of Fox Kids to", "Channel 5 (UK) of Cumbria. The channel is available on all digital platforms (Freesat, Sky satellite, IPTV and Freeview digital terrestrial, and also most cable operators). On 5 November 2008, the channel launched on digital satellite service Freesat, on the Astra 28.2°E satellites. The channel was the first analogue network in the UK to use a permanent digital on-screen graphic, though this was removed in September 2002. In October 2007, the channel's logo returned to the screen. Channel 5 is available in Switzerland on Swisscom TV and Cablecom. In the Republic of Ireland, unlike the other UK terrestrial channels, Channel 5 is not", "The Shopping Channel The Shopping Channel The Shopping Channel (also known as TSC) is a Canadian English language home shopping television channel owned by Rogers Media. The channel showcases various products which viewers can purchase either by telephone or internet. The only time that TSC does not broadcast live or tape-delayed product demonstrations is on Christmas Eve and Christmas Day. Sale broadcasts was replaced by Christmas scenes with holiday music in the background until 2008, but have been replaced since with the TSC on-air personalities and celebrity guests sharing their Christmas memories. TSC usually ends live broadcasting for the Christmas holiday at about", "The Shopping Channel lack of original games, incorrectly listing copyright as \"©2000 New Game Star\", poorly-rendered sprite swaps and the removal of a cartridge slot. The Shopping Channel The Shopping Channel (also known as TSC) is a Canadian English language home shopping television channel owned by Rogers Media. The channel showcases various products which viewers can purchase either by telephone or internet. The only time that TSC does not broadcast live or tape-delayed product demonstrations is on Christmas Eve and Christmas Day. Sale broadcasts was replaced by Christmas scenes with holiday music in the background until 2008, but have been replaced since with", "The Truth Channel reach and expand the propagation efforts of the church on a global scale. The TOP Channel was first aired via a direct-to-home (DTH) satellite broadcast in United States and Canada in 2004 when MCGI signed a contract with GlobeCast World TV. On March 24, 2010, MCGI launched the 24/7 TOP Channel in the Asia-Pacific region via Dream Satellite TV, the first all-digital DTH television provider in the Philippines using the Mabuhay Agila 2 satellite in the Ku band to cover the entire Philippines and nearby countries. In 2013, Dream Satellite removed the TOP Channel from its channel line-up. In the", "Bravo (UK TV channel) revealed that BSkyB had registered the trademark for 'Sky Bravo', paving the way for a possible relaunch of the channel, although nothing has been heard about it since. Bravo (UK TV channel) Bravo was a British television channel owned by Living TV Group, a subsidiary of BSkyB. Its target audience was males in their 20s to early 40s. It broadcast a variety of both archive programming (such as \"Knight Rider\" and \"MacGyver\") and original productions. The Bravo channel ceased broadcasting on 1 January 2011. Its most popular programmes including: \"\" (now on Sky1), \"Chuck\", \"Leverage\" (now on Fox), \"Dog the", "Channel 2 (Israeli TV channel) holiday. In 1987, there was a labor strike in the IBA and Channel 1 did not broadcast for a period of 52 days. During the strike, Channel 2 got a permission to expand its broadcasting hours and to broadcast movies and various imported TV shows. Later, the government let Channel 2 broadcast in Channel 1's frequencies. This was deemed as an attempt from the government to stop the strike. During the strike, Ida Nudel arrived in Israel and the experimental channel was directed to live broadcast her welcoming ceremony. With the end of the strike, the IBA stopped working with", "Four (New Zealand TV channel) Four (New Zealand TV channel) Four (stylised as FOUR; formerly TV4) was the second New Zealand television channel owned and operated by MediaWorks New Zealand, broadcast via the state-owned Kordia transmission network. The channel launched on 29 June 1997 as TV4 and was replaced by C4 on 3 October 2003. It was relaunched on 6 February 2011 as a separate channel from C4. On 2 July 2016, Mediaworks closed FOUR and replaced it with Bravo as part of a deal with NBC Universal. In general, the channel's target audience was 18- to 49-year-olds and could be broader in its appeal,", "Channel 5 (UK) HD viewers to swap with the standard-definition version of Channel 5 on the EPG. Under Viacom, the channel planned to increase its original programming output, increasing its budget by 10%. On 11 February 2016, Channel 5 also unveiled an overhauled brand, meant to reflect a new remit of \"Spirited TV with an Emotional Heart\". The British frequency plan had only allowed for four channels to be transmitted over the whole of the UK using analogue terrestrial transmitters, but the ITC identified that UHF channels 35 and 37 could provide coverage of around 70% of the UK population. These channels were", "The Player Channel in the UK in March 2005 and broadcast poker programming including major tournaments such as the World Series of Poker, the World Poker Tour, instructional series, online events, documentaries, news and player profiles. The Poker Channel was formed in 2005 by Crispin Nieboer, ex Commercial Manager at British Sky Broadcasting, and James Hopkins, Sky Sports’ producer of rugby and poker. Hopkins was involved in the success of the first live poker tournament on television, The Poker Million, in 2000. The Channel recruited Chris White, ex Freemantle executive, as Commercial Director in 2006 to expand the company into European, Asian and", "The Box (UK and Ireland TV channel) in Ireland. The Box was added to the Freesat EPG on 15 April 2013, alongside three other Box Television channels. The channel is well known for its \"First Play\" feature, where many videos often make their UK or world premiere. This new music is often shown through the \"Box Fresh\" show. Most notably, The Box were recognized for the particular force behind the huge success of the first Spice Girls hit \"Wannabe\", playing their first single months before its official release date. Before Emap took ownership within Box Television, the channel was recognized for the wide variety of music from", "Channel 2 (Israeli TV channel) through the Second Authorities' systems and they did not work with HD broadcasts. Both of the franchisees did not broadcast in HD before Channel 2's closure, although by that time, most of their productions were shot in HD and were available to watch in HD on the VOD and the internet. As a part of Channel 2's splitting in November 2017, \"Keshet\" and \"Reshet\" moved to broadcast in separate channels and one of the requirements to broadcast was that the broadcaster had to broadcast in HD quality. In 2014, a bill to split Channel 2 and to end the franchise", "Channel 2 (Israeli TV channel) Ya'akov Eilon. The three franchisees got a contract for six years and later, it was extended to another six years. The channel became quickly the most watched channel in Israel. In 2005, 12 years after Channel 2 started broadcasting, the Second Authority did another bid for only two franchisees. All three existing franchisees of Channel 2 applied for the bid and also \"Kan Group\" which was founded for this bid and did not broadcast before. \"Noga Tikshoret\" applied for the bid first as an independent franchisee but then applied alongside with \"Reshet\" under the name \"Reshet-Noga\". In April 13, \"Keshet\"", "Channel S with Channel S gaining rights to broadcast the Baishakhi Mela. A survey in the UK found Channel S was the most viewed Bengali TV channel in the UK. On 16 December 2004, Channel S started to broadcast on Sky with a timesharing deal with ATN Global on channel 827. It was founded by a Bangladeshi businessmen based in London, Mahee Ferdous Jalil, who is also the owner of the car insurance company Prestige Auto Group. In March 2005, it moved to its own EPG channel 837 and started broadcasting 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and then moved", "The Movie Channel of films set to air on the channel (TMC still features movie trivia interstitials between films on the linear channels and on its video-on-demand service, though it directs viewers to the channel's website for answers to the trivia questions). Depending on the service provider, The Movie Channel provides up to four multiplex channels – two 24-hour multiplex channels, both of which are simulcast in both standard definition and high definition – as well as a subscription video-on-demand service (The Movie Channel On Demand). The Movie Channel and multiplex service The Movie Channel Xtra respectively broadcast on both Eastern and Pacific", "Clear Channel UK Clear Channel UK Clear Channel UK is the British division of iHeartMedia, a global media conglomerate based in San Antonio, Texas, United States of America. It operates through a complex group structure, with some 70 UK subsidiary companies. As with its U.S. parent, the entertainment division is no longer part of Clear Channel UK, but is now a separate subsidiary, known as Live Nation UK that is part of a separate company, Live Nation which is no longer owned by iHeartMedia. Clear Channel UK is an Out of Home media owner, operating over 40,000 advertising sites across the UK. These", "Disney Channel (UK and Ireland) from sister network Disney Channel, theatrically-released movies, and live-action and animated programs from other distributors. Disney Junior (formerly known as Playhouse Disney) is a pre-school kids channel. The channel launched on 29 September 2000 as Playhouse Disney, the same day as the now defunct sister channel, Toon Disney. Disney Channel traditionally broadcast most of its movies, including Walt Disney Studios movies and Disney Channel Original Movies, on the main channel. These were usually shown daily at 7pm under \"The Wonderful World of Disney\" (earlier \"The Magical World of Disney\") brand. On weekends, the channel would show at least three movies", "The Game Channel launched its initial broadcast on BEAM Channel 31 on August 15, 2011. It had its official broadcast together with its former affiliated free TV network BEAM Channel 31 on September 30, 2011. On October 1, 2011, The Game Channel (together with its latter free-to-air broadcasting partner – BEAM TV Channel 31) was formally launched on SkyCable via channel 84 (in compliance with the NTC's rules of must-carry basis) and it was available through its digital platform. On December 24, The Game Channel limited its broadcast on daytime sharing with a new channel CHASE (later Jack City and now CT) which", "The Player Channel hours every day on Sky channel 191. The Poker Channel broadcast a range of poker related programmes acquired from around the world such as the World Series of Poker, the World Series of Poker Europe, the Aussie Millions, the Irish Open, the Grosvenor UK Poker Tour, the Great British Poker Tour, Poker Island TV, the World Series of Backgammon, the Million Dollar Cash Game, the Poker Nations Cup, the World Poker Crown, The World Heads-up Championship and the World Poker Tour. The Poker Channel has also commissioned or produced poker programmes such as the PokerHeaven.com European Cash Game which featured", "Channel Four Television Corporation 1994. Twin four-storey office blocks arranged in an L shape are connected by a curved front with a dramatic concave glazed wall. Despite nearly all Channel 4 programmes being commissioned from independent production companies, the Channel 4 headquarters originally contained a studio and post-production facility, marketed as 124 Facilities. The studio was used for Channel 4 programmes (such as T4 continuity), and other channels' programmes such as Channel 5's football coverage. The studio was closed at the end of October 2007 and only the post-production operation remains, though it is now managed by Ericsson Broadcast and Media Services. On the", "Analogue terrestrial television in the United Kingdom the IBA, which took effect in 1993, Channel 4 has been run by the publicly owned, Channel Four Television Corporation and manages its own advertising. S4C (; \"Channel 4 Wales\") began broadcasts the day before Channel 4 after demands for a dedicated Welsh-language service for Wales. Previously ITV and the BBC were obliged to air Welsh language programmes, though these were often shown at off-peak times. S4C broadcast in place of Channel 4 which would never be available in Wales via analogue terrestrial; consequently some Channel 4 programmes were aired during off-peak times on S4C. Digital platforms in Wales provide", "Channel Four Television Corporation downtime of the FilmFour channel was often used to broadcast uninterrupted coverage of a match when the main channel was committed elsewhere, usually to racing. At these times FilmFour was available unencrypted and free-to-air. E4, a digital entertainment channel previously available on the Internet, with a target age range of 16–34, was launched on 18 January 2001. It features premières of US imports and supplementary footage for programmes on its main channel (most notably extended \"Big Brother\" coverage). In 2005 the channel launched on digital terrestrial. E4 is widely available in Ireland, in close to 70% of homes, being carried", "Channel One (UK and Ireland) next day, the channel went on to achieve its highest ratings thus far, with the season premiere of \"Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles\" which secured a 4.2% share of multi channel viewers. On 27 April 2009, it was announced that Virgin1 (on Freeview) would move from multiplex D to multiplex A, allowing the channel to broadcast 24 hours a day. It's vacated slot was used to launch a timeshifted version of the channel which broadcast from 18:00 to 06:00. In Wales, it was only available from 09:00 to 19:00, with the +1 service only available from 19:00. On 14 May", "Lifestyle (UK TV channel) Lifestyle (UK TV channel) Lifestyle was a British daytime television channel dedicated to women and family, and was broadcast on cable and on transporter 5 of the Astra satellite from 1989. Lifetime was launched on 30 October 1985. Lifestyle's daytime lineup mainly consisted of magazines, novelas and movies. The programming was linked by an in vision continuity announcer, David Hamilton. By the late 1980s and early 1990s, the channel was showing a range of classic American comedies and crime dramas such as \"Divorce Court\" and \"Remington Steele\" along with film noir classics from the 1940s and 1950s. The channel's logo", "Bravo (UK TV channel) Bravo (UK TV channel) Bravo was a British television channel owned by Living TV Group, a subsidiary of BSkyB. Its target audience was males in their 20s to early 40s. It broadcast a variety of both archive programming (such as \"Knight Rider\" and \"MacGyver\") and original productions. The Bravo channel ceased broadcasting on 1 January 2011. Its most popular programmes including: \"\" (now on Sky1), \"Chuck\", \"Leverage\" (now on Fox), \"Dog the Bounty Hunter\" (now on Pick), \"Star Trek\" (now on CBS Action), \"TNA Wrestling\" (now on 5Spike), \"Sun, Sea and A&E\", \"Motorway Patrol\", \"Highway Patrol\", \"Brit Cops\" and \"Caribbean", "Yesterday (TV channel) found on the channel UK Horizons; however, the launch of UK History allowed the channel to broadcast more programmes in their schedule. The majority of programming on the channel is sourced from the BBC programme archive, through the part ownership of the channel by BBC Worldwide. The launch of the channel also coincided with the launch of the new digital terrestrial provider Freeview, following the collapse of the former provider ITV Digital. The service remained unchanged until 8 March 2004, when the channel changed its name in line with the rest of the UKTV network to UKTV History. The channel", "The Shopping Channel (New Zealand) broadcast on the same channel once TVNZ 7 had been closed down. However an agreement was not reached, and Partington subsequently took the concept to SKY TV. The channel was formerly broadcast on channel 18 on the Freeview terrestrial and satellite platforms until April 2017. The Shopping Channel broadcasts wall-to-wall infomercial content from brand developers in the English language 24 hours a day, seven days a week. From the launch until late 2013 the format was similar to the advertorial channels TVSN, TV4ME and eXtra that are carried on the three Australian metropolitan commercial networks of which eight hours each", "Channel 4 service that would air Welsh-language programmes, then only catered for at \"off peak\" times on BBC Wales and HTV. The campaign was taken so seriously by Gwynfor Evans, former president of Plaid Cymru, that he threatened the government with a hunger strike were it not to honour the plans. The result was that Channel 4 as seen by the rest of the United Kingdom would be replaced in Wales by \"Sianel Pedwar Cymru (S4C)\" (\"Channel Four Wales\"). Operated by a specially created authority, S4C would air programmes in Welsh made by HTV, the BBC and independent companies. Initially limited frequency", "Channel 5 (UK) programming Channel 5 (UK) programming Channel 5 airs a wide variety of programming that covers various genres and themes. Launched in 1997, the channel has always been seen to have less distinctive programming than their other terrestrial rivals at the BBC, ITV and Channel 4. The channel is notable for imported programming and is also notable for securing the rights to \"Home and Away\" in 2001, which helped boost early evening viewing figures for the channel, and since 2002, the broadcaster has pursued an aggressive acquisition strategy, and has screened several of the highest-rating American dramas, including all four \"CSI\" series,", "Disney Channel UK Talent Shows Musical\" instead. Four children had to see if they could perform in front of hundreds of people. A family was vs. a family on this show. What happened was that they had to sing a song from \"Hannah Montana\" all together, on key. The winners were a family from Coventry. \"Shake It Up: Dance Dance\" is the current Disney Channel UK talent competition as of DISNEY Disney Channel UK Talent Shows Unlike the U.S. Disney Channel, the UK and Ireland Disney Channel have their own talent shows. Popular ones include \"My Camp Rock\" and \"Hannah-Oke\". \"My Camp Rock\" was a", "Asianet (TV channel) shows. While programming is mainly targeted at family audiences, there are several programmes aimed towards specific audiences such as shows for children, teenagers, young working professionals and elders. The channel also broadcast a successful musical talent reality show - \"Idea Star Singer\". https://www.keralatv.in/2013/02/asianet-channel-new-logo/ Asianet (TV channel) Asianet, is an Indian general channel broadcasting in Malayalam language. headquartered in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, the channel is part of Asianet Communications Limited owned by STAR India. At a time when the only Malayalam-language television channel available was owned by Star India Pvt Ltd. The channel had hired a transponder on the Russian Ekran satellite,", "DMAX (UK TV channel) launched. DMAX +2 closed on 30 April 2013 on Sky when TLC launched on channel 125 and Challenge was relocated to channel 145, which had been DMAX +1. DMAX +1 moved to Sky channel 238 as TLC +1 launched on channel 195, which had been DMAX +2. As of August 2014, DMAX +1 is on channel 233. On 16 July 2015, DMAX moved from 144 to 167 on Sky, switching places with sister channel Quest. DMAX (UK TV channel) DMAX is a TV channel in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Discovery announced on 22 November 2007, that they would launch", "Channel 5 (UK) Channel 5 (UK) Channel 5 is a British free-to-air television network. It was launched in 1997, and was the fifth national terrestrial analogue network in the United Kingdom after BBC One, BBC Two, ITV, and Channel 4. It is generally the fifth-placed network in the country in audience share, and has been since its inception. The station was branded as Five between 2002 and 2011, when it was owned by the RTL Group. Richard Desmond purchased the station from RTL on 23 July 2010, announcing plans to invest more money in programming and return to the name Channel 5 with", "Sony Channel (UK and Ireland) Talent\". Sony Channel (UK and Ireland) Sony Channel was a general entertainment channel in the United Kingdom and Ireland from Sony Pictures Television (SPT), which launched on 7 April 2011. Sony Channel was made possible after Sony Pictures Television acquired channel 157 on Sky's EPG, previously owned by Film 24, in November 2010. A one-hour timeshift channel was also available from launch after the purchase of Open Access 3's Sky EPG slot on channel 190. Both Film 24 and Open Access 3 closed on 4 April 2011, to make way for previews of Sony Entertainment Television. On 15 December 2011,", "Sony Channel (UK and Ireland) Sony Channel (UK and Ireland) Sony Channel was a general entertainment channel in the United Kingdom and Ireland from Sony Pictures Television (SPT), which launched on 7 April 2011. Sony Channel was made possible after Sony Pictures Television acquired channel 157 on Sky's EPG, previously owned by Film 24, in November 2010. A one-hour timeshift channel was also available from launch after the purchase of Open Access 3's Sky EPG slot on channel 190. Both Film 24 and Open Access 3 closed on 4 April 2011, to make way for previews of Sony Entertainment Television. On 15 December 2011, Sony", "DMAX (UK TV channel) DMAX (UK TV channel) DMAX is a TV channel in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Discovery announced on 22 November 2007, that they would launch a version of DMAX in the UK and Ireland market on 8 January 2008 after its initial success in Germany. In addition, the timeshift service DMAX +1 has also been available on Sky since the launch. A two-hour timeshift channel named DMAX +2 launched on Sky on 1 April 2008. Another timeshift channel named DMAX +1.5 launched on Sky on 18 August 2008. DMAX +1.5 was closed down on 2 November 2009 when Quest +1", "Channel Four Television Corporation services. In 2003 Extreme and World were discontinued, and replaced with FilmFour Weekly. FilmFour Weekly closed in July 2006, when the main, newly named Film4 channel went free-to-view and became available on digital terrestrial. The switchover to digital terrestrial was heavily advertised. The adverts featured Lucy Liu, Christian Slater, Ewan McGregor, Judi Dench, Gael García Bernal, Willem Dafoe, Mackenzie Crook, Rhys Ifans and Ray Winstone declaring \"Film4 is now free\" in various situations across London. It remains the only film channel available free on digital terrestrial television. When Channel 4 had the rights to broadcast Test cricket in England, the", "Evacuation of civilians from the Channel Islands in 1940 30,000 Channel Islanders could be found. A room called \"Le Coin\" became a home from home for anyone passing through the capital wanting to meet other Islanders. The Stockport and District Society was founded in January 1941 when 250 prospective members attended the first meeting. They decided to publish the \"Channel Island Monthly Review\", despite a ban on new periodicals in August 1940, due to paper shortages. The first edition, a four-page sheet, appeared in May 1941. It quickly became popular amongst the thousands of Channel Island people living in the UK. The Review was threatened with closure in May", "Channel 5 (UK) version carried to Freeview had continuous teleshopping presentations outside the primetime block, whilst the version carried to satellite and cable viewers interspersed teleshopping 'windows' with a three-hour programming block, broadcast at 10am, 4pm and 3am daily, comprising replays of the previous day's Channel 5 \"Neighbours\" and \"Home & Away\" episodes and the matinée movie shown on Channel 5 the previous afternoon – this was to get around restrictions that platform operators place on the amount of continuous teleshopping that can be broadcast on entertainment-category channels. On 10 August 2016 Channel 5 +24 was renamed My5. The channel was no longer" ]

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[ "ఘట్టమనేని మహేశ్ ‌బాబు\nఘట్టమనేని మహేశ్ బాబు (ఆగష్టు 9, 1975) తెలుగు సినీ నటుడు. ఈయన ప్రఖ్యాత నటుడు ఘట్టమనేని కృష్ణ కుమారుడు. ఈయన 1975 ఆగష్టు 9 న చెన్నైలో జన్మచాడు. బాలనటుడిగా 8 కి పైగా సినిమాల్లో నటించాడు. కథానాయకుడిగా 24కి పైగా చిత్రాల్లో నటించాడుమొదటి సినిమా రాజకుమారుడు తోనే నంది ఉత్తమ నూతన నటుడి పురస్కారం అందుకున్నాడు. 2003 లో వచ్చిన నిజం సినిమాకు మొదటి సారిగా నంది ఉత్తమ నటుడు పురస్కారం అందుకున్నాడు. తర్వాత 2005 లో వచ్చిన అతడు, 2011 లో వచ్చిన దూకుడు,2015 లో వచ్చిన శ్రీమంతుడు చిత్రాలకు కూడా ఉత్తమ నటుడిగా నంది పురస్కారాలు గెలుచుకున్నాడు. సినీ నటి నమ్రత శిరోద్కర్ ను వివాహం చేసుకున్నాడు." ]

[ "సత్య సాయి బాబా\nసత్యసాయి బాబా, సత్యనారాయణ రాజు</i>గా, 1926లో పెద్ద వెంకప్ప రాజు, ఈశ్వరమ్మ దంపతులకి, ఓ నిరుపేద వ్యవసాయ కుటుంబం లో, అనంతపురం జిల్లా లోని, పుట్టపర్తి అనే కుగ్రామంలో జన్మించాడు. సత్యనారాయణ వ్రతం తరువాత పుట్టిన సంతానం కనుక పిల్లవాడికి అలా పేరు పెట్టారు. బిడ్డ పుట్టిన సందర్భంలో ఇంట్లో సంగీత వాద్యాలు వాటంతకు అవే మోగాయి అని చెప్పుకుంటారు.[12]", "రజినీకాంత్\nరజినీకాంత్ గొప్ప సినిమా నటుడు. దేశంలో ప్రముఖ, ప్రజాదరణ కలిగిన నటుడు. ఆయన అసలు పేరు శివాజీరావు గైక్వాడ్. \nజన్మతః మరాఠీ యాదవ కులంలో జన్మించాడు. రజినీకాంత్ 1950 డిసెంబర్ 12వ తేదీన కర్ణాటక, ఇండియాలో జన్మించారు. కర్ణాటకలో కొంతకాలం నివసించాడు. ప్రస్తుత నివాసం చెన్నై. ముఖ్యంగా తమిళనాడు రాష్ట్రంలో అత్యంత ప్రజాదరణ ఉన్న నటుడు.ఇతనికి 2016 సంవత్సరానికి గాను పద్మవిభూషణ్ పురస్కారాన్ని భారత ప్రభుత్వం ప్రకటించింది.", "శివాజీ గణేశన్\nఇతడు అక్టోబర్ 1, 1928 సంవత్సరంలో దక్షిణ ఆర్కాట్ జిల్లా విళ్ళుపురంలో స్వాతంత్ర్య సమరయోధులు చిన్నయ్య మండ్రాయర్, రాజామణి అమ్మయార్ దంపతులకు జన్మించారు. ఇతడు జన్మించిన సమయంలోనే మహాత్మాగాంధీ పిలుపుతో తెల్లదొరలపై సమరం జరిపిన నేరానికి చిన్నయ్యకు ఏడాది కఠిన కారాగార శిక్ష విధించారు.", "నాగార్జునుడు\nఆచార్య నాగార్జునుడు దక్షిణాపధంలో ఉన్న విదర్భ దేశంలో ఒక బ్రాహ్మణవంశంలో పుట్టాడు. తండ్రి జ్ఞానదేవుడు లేక గోశాలి. 7 సం.లు రోజూ సామాన్యులకు, బ్రాహ్మణులకు, శ్రమణులకు, వందలమందికి ఆతిధ్య మిస్తుండేవాడు. ఈతని తల్లిదండ్రులు ఈతనికి శాక్యుడనే పేరు పెట్టారు. శాక్యునికి సప్తవర్షప్రాయం రాగానే, అతని అభిరుచులననుసరించి వదలి ఉండాలనే ఆలోచన భరించరానిదై ఉన్నా, విదేశములకు పంపే ప్రయత్నం చేశారు.", "శోభన్ బాబు\nశోభన్ బాబు అసలు పేరు ఉప్పు శోభనా చలపతిరావు. జనవరి 14, 1937న ఒక సామాన్య రైతు కుటుంబంలో జన్మించాడు. కృష్ణా జిల్లా చిన నందిగామ ఇతని స్వగ్రామం.. తండ్రి పేరు ఉప్పు సూర్యనారాయణ రావు. మైలవరం ఉన్నత పాఠశాలలో చదివేరోజుల్లో శోభన్ బాబు నాటకాల పైన ఆసక్తి పెంచుకొని అనతికాలంలో మంచి నటుడిగా పేరు పొందాడు. గుంటూరు ఎ.సి.కాలేజిలో 'పునర్జన్మ' వంటి నాటకాలలో మంచి పేరు సంపాదించుకొన్నాడు. ఉన్నత పాఠశాల చదువు పూర్తి అయిన తర్వాత విజయవాడలో ఇంటర్మీడియట్ మరియు డిగ్రీ చదువు పూర్తి చేసాడు.", "ఘట్టమనేని మహేశ్ ‌బాబు\nవర్గం:1974 జననాలు వర్గం:జీవిస్తున్న ప్రజలు వర్గం:తెలుగు సినిమా నటులు వర్గం:నంది ఉత్తమ నటులు వర్గం:సుప్రసిద్ధ ఆంధ్రులు", "నాని (నటుడు)\nనానిగా అందరికీ సుపరిచితమయిన తెలుగు నటుడు నవీన్ బాబు ఘంటా. పుట్టిన ఊరు చల్లపల్లి (కృష్ణాజిల్లా) అయినా నాని చిన్నతనంలోనే తల్లిదండ్రులు హైదరాబాద్ లో స్ధిరపడ్డారు. శ్రీను వైట్ల మరియు బాపు వద్ద సహాయదర్శకుడిగా పనిచేశాడు. తరువాత హైదరాబాద్లో కొన్ని రోజులు రేడియో జాకీగా కూడా పనిచేసాడు. ఒక వాణిజ్య ప్రకటన ద్వారా అష్టా చమ్మా అనే తెలుగు సినిమాలో నటించాడు. ఆ తరువాత నానికి ఎన్నో సినిమాలలో నటించే అవకాశం వచ్చింది. నాని నటించిన ఈగ కూడా ప్రేక్షకులనుంచి, విమర్శకుల నుంచి మంచి ప్రశంసలు అందుకుంది. ఇప్పుడు ఉన్న హీరోల్లో నాని తన నటనతో \"న్యాచురల్ స్టార్\"గా పిలవబడుతున్నాడు. 2015 ప్రథమార్ధంలో వచ్చిన ఎవడే సుబ్రహ్మణ్యం 2017 లో వచ్చిన MCA(మిడిల్ క్లాస్ అబ్బాయి) చిత్రం వరకు వరుసగా ఎనిమిది విజయాలను అందుకున్నాడు. 2014 లో నాని నిర్మాతగా డీ ఫర్ దోపిడీ అనే చిత్రాన్ని నిర్మించారు. ఆ! అనే చిత్రాన్ని నిర్మించి నిర్మాతగా కూడా విజయాన్ని అందుకున్నాడు. 2018 ఏప్రిల్ లో వచ్చిన కృష్ణార్జున యుద్ధంలో నటించాడు. కానీ అది సరి అయిన ఫలితం ఇవ్వలేదు. మా టీవీలో ప్రసారం అవుతున్న బిగ్ బాస్ 2 వ సీజన్ కి వ్యాఖ్యాతగా వ్యవహరిస్తున్నాడు నాని.", "మహేష్ భట్\nమహేష్ భట్ (జననం 20 సెప్టెంబరు 1948) ఒక భారతీయ చలనచిత్ర దర్శకుడు, నిర్మాత మరియు రచయిత. ఇతడు ముఖ్యంగా హిందీ సినిమాకు పనిచేశాడు. 1984లో ఇతడు దర్శకత్వం వహించిన \"సారాంశ్\" అనే సినిమా 14వ మాస్కో అంతర్జాతీయ ఫిల్మ్‌ ఫెస్టివల్‌లో ప్రదర్శించబడింది. ఈ సినిమా ఆ యేడాది ఉత్తమ విదేశీ చిత్రం క్యాటగరీకి ఆస్కార్ అవార్డు కొరకు భారత దేశ ప్రభుత్వం చేత ప్రతిపాదించబడింది. 1986లో వచ్చిన \"నామ్‌\" ఇతని మొట్టమొదటి వాణిజ్య సినిమా. 1987లో ఇతడు \"కబ్జా\" అనే సినిమాతో ఇతడు నిర్మాతగా మారాడు. ఇతడు తన సోదరుడు ముఖేష్ భట్‌తో కలిసి \"విశేష్ ఫిల్మ్‌స్\" బ్యానర్‌పై సినిమాలు తీశాడు. ", "టెస్సీ థామస్\nఆమె ఏప్రిల్ 1963 లో కేరళ రాష్ట్రం లోని అలెప్పీలో జన్మించారు[1] ఆమె తండ్రి చిన్న వ్యాపారి. ఆమె అలప్పుంజా (అలెప్పి) లో డ్రిగ్రీ వరకు చదివిన తర్వాత కాలికట్ లోని త్రిచూర్ ఇంజరీరింగ్ కాలేజీలో బి.టెక్ చదివారు.ఆ తర్వాత పూణే లోని డిఫెన్స్ ఇనిస్టిట్యూట్ ఆఫ్ అడ్వాన్స్‌డ్ టెక్నాలజీస్ లో గైడాడ్ మిస్సైల్స్ తెక్నాలజీలో ఎం.తెక్ ను అభ్యసించారు. ఘన ఇంధన వ్యవస్థలో పరిశోధనలు చేసి నైపుణ్యం సంపాదించారు[2] ఆమె ఆరాధించే కేరళకు చెందిన తల్లిదండ్రులు ఆమెకు కలకత్తాలో పేదలకు సేవలు అందించిన నోబెల్ బహుమతి గ్రహీత ఐన మదర్ థెరెసా పేరును పెట్టారు[3][4]", "వెన్నెలకంటి సుబ్బారావు\nవెన్నెలకంటి సుబ్బారావు పూర్వీకులది నెల్లూరు ప్రాంతానికి చెందిన ఇందుకూరుపేట సముద్రతీరంలోని నిడిముసలి గ్రామం. 1784, నవంబర్ 28 న నేటి ప్రకాశం జిల్లాలోని ఓగూరు గ్రామంలో సుబ్బారావు జన్మించారు. తల్లి వెంకమ్మ, తండ్రి జోగన్న. సుబ్బారావుకు తొమ్మిదేళ్ల వయసులోనే తండ్రి మరణించడంతో, మేనమామ తమ గ్రామమైన ఓగూరు తీసుకెళ్లి చదివించారు. 1795లో మేనత్త కుమారుడు ఒంగోలు గోపాలకృష్ణయ్యతో కలసి బందరు పట్టణం చేరి, మరో మేనత్త కుమారుడు మంచెళ్ల పాపయ్య వద్ద సర్కారు లేఖలు రాసే పద్ధతులు నేర్చుకున్నారు.[1]", "సంపూర్ణేష్ బాబు\nసంపూర్ణేష్ బాబు అసలు పేరు నరసింహాచారి. వీళ్ళ ఊరు సిద్దిపేట దగ్గర్లోని మిట్టపల్లి. వీరిది పేద విశ్వకర్మ కుటుంబం. తినడానికి సరైన తిండి కూడా ఉండేది కాదు. ఇతనికి ఒక అన్న మరియు ఇద్దరు అక్కలు. ఇతను ఏడో తరగతి చదివేటపుడు తండ్రి మరణించాడు. దాంతో అన్న వెండి బంగారం పనికోసం బయట పనిచేస్తుండేవాడు. కొద్ది రోజుల తర్వాత అన్న కుటుంబ పోషణార్థం అదే ఊర్లో వెండి బంగారు పని చేస్తుండేవాడు. పదో తరగతి పూర్తయిన తర్వాత అన్నకు సహాయంగా ఉండటం కోసం నెమ్మదిగా తను కూడా అదే పని నేర్చుకున్నాడు. అన్న ఇతనికి దగ్గర్లోని సిద్ధిపేటలో ఒక దుకాణం పెట్టించాడు.[1] ఆర్టీసీ క్రాస్ రోడ్స్ దగ్గర వీళ్ళ బంధువులు ఉండేవారు. దీంతో వీళ్ళ కుటుంబము సిటీకి వచ్చినప్పుడల్లా సినిమాలు విపరీతంగా చూసేవారు. సినిమాలు చూసేందుకే ప్రత్యేకంగా వచ్చేవాళ్ళు.", "ఇంద్రగంటి మోహన కృష్ణ\nఇంద్రగంటి మోహన కృష్ణ పశ్చిమ గోదావరి జిల్లాలో తణుకు పట్టణంలో ఒక తెలుగు బ్రాహ్మణ కుటుంబంలో జన్మించాడు. ఇతని తల్లిదండ్రులు ఇంద్రగంటి శ్రీకాంత శర్మ మరియు ఇంద్రగంటి జానకీబాల. పుట్టింది తణుకులో అయినా విజయవాడలో పెరిగాడు. పదో తరగతి దాకా తెలుగు మాధ్యమంలో చదివాడు.[1] తాతమ్మ చెప్పిన కథలు అతన్ని సాహిత్యం వైపు ఇష్టతను పెంచాయి. ఆ తర్వాత కాలంలో సినిమా తయారుచేయడం మీద ఆసక్తి పెంచుకొన్నాడు.[2]", "సీతమ్మ వాకిట్లో సిరిమల్లె చెట్టు\nఈ చిత్రంలో వెంకటేష్ మరియు మహేశ్ ‌బాబు అన్నదమ్ములుగా నటించారు. ఈ సినిమాలో మహేష్ సరసన సమంత, వెంకటేష్ సరసన అంజలి నటించారు. వీరికి తండ్రి పాత్రలో ప్రకాశ్ రాజ్ మరియు అమ్మ పాత్రలో జయసుధ నటించారు. అమ్మమ్మ పాత్రలో ప్రముఖ హిందీ నటి రోహిణీ హట్టంగడి నటించారు.[1] సూపర్ స్టార్ కృష్ణ జన్మదిన వేడుక సందర్భంగా ఈ చిత్రానికి సంబంధించిన ప్రకటనను మే 31, 2012 న విడుదల చేసారు మరియు ఈ చిత్రానికి సంబంధించిన గోడపత్రికలు మహేష్ బాబు పుట్టినరోజును పురస్కరించుకుని ఆగస్టు 9న విడుదలయ్యాయి.[2] ఇందులో మహేశ్ బాబు గోదావరి యాసలో పలికిన డైలాగులకు విమర్శకులు మరియూ ప్రేక్షకుల నుంచి మంచి ఆదరణ లభించింది. అప్పటిదాకా ప్రముఖ గాయని చిన్మయిచే తన పాత్రలకు డబ్బింగ్ చెప్పించుకున్న సమంత ఈ చిత్రం నుంచి తనే తన పాత్రలకు సొంథంగా డబ్బింగ్ చెప్పుకుంది.[3] దాదాపు 20 యేళ్ళ తర్వాత నిర్మించబడిన మల్టీస్టారర్ చిత్రం కావడంతో భారీ అంచనాల మధ్య విడుదలైన ఈ చిత్రం సంచలనాత్మక విజయం సాధించడమే కాక ప్రపంచవ్యాప్తంగా 54.75 కోట్ల కలెక్షన్లను సాధించింది. మగధీర (2009), దూకుడు (2011), గబ్బర్ సింగ్ (2012) తర్వాత ఈ సినిమా అత్యంత భారీ కలెక్షన్లను సాధించిన చిత్రంగా నిలిచింది.[4]", "సాదత్ హసన్ మంటో\nసాదత్ హసన్ మంటో (1912 మే 11 – 1955 జనవరి 18) బ్రిటీష్ ఇండియాలో జన్మించిన పాకిస్తానీ ఉర్డూ కథా రచయిత. రాష్ట్రంలోని జిల్లాలోని సామ్రా లా గ్రామంలో కుటుంబంలో పుట్టాడు. ఆధునిక కథా సాహిత్యానికి మూల స్తంభాలయిన నలుగురు రచయితలలో మంటో ఒకడు. దేశ విభజన నేపథ్యంలో మానవీయ కోణంలో మంటో రాసిన కథలు దిగ్భ్రమ కలిగిస్తాయి. అధికారం, మతం ఎంత క్రూరంగా ఉంటాయో మనిషి ఎన్ని భిన్న స్వభావాల సమాహారమో చెప్పాలంటే మంటోని చదవాలి. 'రాద్దామని కూర్చుంటే నా మెదడు సహకరించదు. అయోమయంగా ఉంటుం ది. నాకు నేను సర్దిచెప్పుకుని ఎంత ప్రయత్నించినా ఇండియాను పాకిస్తా న్‌తో, పాకిస్తాన్‌ను ఇండియాతో విడదీయలేను. అసలు భారత ఉపఖండం విభజింపబడడమన్నది జరిగి ఉండాల్సిందే కాదు' -అని రాసుకున్నాడు మంటో. దేశ విభజనను చాలా తీవ్రంగా నిరసించిన మంటో కలం గొంతు 1940లలో తొలి 1950లలో ప్రముఖంగా వినిపిస్తూ ఉండేది. మంటో చరిత్రకారుడు కాడు కానీ, చరిత్రకారుడి కన్నా లోతైన అవగాహనతో రచనలు చేశాడు. ముఖ్యంగా ఆయన కథలు చారిత్రక నేపథ్యంలోంచి వెలువడి చరితార్థమయ్యాయి. చరిత్రలో సంఘటనలు మాత్రమే ఉంటాయి. ఈయన రచనల్లో సంఘటనల్లో పాత్రధారులైన మానవుల హృదయ ఘోష కూడా ఉంటుంది.", "మంగు రాజా\nఏ మనిషైనా సాంత్వన పొందేది సంగీతం తోనూ, హాస్యం తోనూ మాత్రమే. కాని ఒకరికి మాత్రం ఆ సంగీతం జీవనం, జీవనాధారం, శక్తీ. ఆసక్తీ, మతం, భక్తీ ఆన్నీ. అతనే 'మ్యూజికాలజిస్ట్ రాజా' గా పేరుగాంచిన రాజా.. \nరాజా ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ లోని శ్రీకాకుళంలో జూన్ 10, 1951 న జన్మించారు. అతని తండ్రి అయిన ఎమ్.వి.ఆర్.పంతులు శ్రీకాకుళంలో పేరుగడించిన వకీలు. అతని తల్లి సుభద్రా దేవి మంచి వైణికురాలు. అతను 1972లో బీ.కామ్ పట్టభద్రుడయ్యారు. చిన్న వయసు నుండే సినిమాలు, సినమాల్లో సంగీతం పట్ల ఆసక్తి ఉండడంతో మంచి శ్రోత అయ్యారు. బాల్యంలో అభ్యసించిన జ్ఞానంతో యుక్త వయసులో సంగీత విమర్శకుడు అయ్యారు. కుటుంబం, స్నేహితులు ఇచ్చిన సహకారంతో రాజా సినీ సంగీత పై వ్యాసాలను రాయడం మొదలుపెట్టి ఒక కొత్త వొరవడిని సృష్టించారు. అప్పటినుండి వెనక్కు తిరిగి చూసే అవసరం లేకపోయింది.", "రమణ మహర్షి\nశ్రీ రమణ మహర్షిగా ప్రఖ్యాతి గాంచిన ఈయనకు తల్లి తండ్రులు పెట్టిన పేరు \"వెంకట్రామన్ అయ్యర్\". భగవాన్ భారతదేశం లోని తమిళనాడు రాష్ట్రంలోని మధురై జిల్లాలోని తిరుచ్చుళిలో 1879 డిశంబరు 30వ తేదీ 'ఆరుద్ర దర్శనం (పునర్వసు నక్షత్రము) ' నాడు జన్మించాడు. శ్రీ భగవాన్ గారి తల్లి తండ్రులు శ్రీమతి అళగమ్మాళ్, శ్రీ సుందరేశం అయ్యర్లు.\nశ్రీ భగవాన్ గారికి ఇద్దరు సోదరులు (నాగస్వామి, నాగ సుందరం) ఒక సోదరి (అలమేలు). సుందరేశ అయ్యర్ గారు అక్కడ ప్లీడరుగా పని చేసే వాడు.", "భావన(నటి)\nకేరళలోని త్రిస్సూర్ జిల్లాలో జన్మించారు భావన. ఆమె తండ్రి జి.బాలచంద్రన్ సినిమాల్లో అసిస్టెంట్ సినిమాటోగ్రాఫర్, తల్లి పేరు పుష్ప. ఆమె త్రండ్రి2015 సెప్టెంబరు 24న మరణించారు. ఆమెకు ఒక అన్నయ్య జయదేవ్.[1] త్రిస్సూర్ లోని చెంబుక్కవులో హోలీ ఫ్యామిలీ గర్ల్స్ హై స్కూల్ లో చదువుకున్నారు ఆమె. భావన అన్నయ్య జయదేవ్ తమిళ సినిమా పట్టినప్పాక్కంతో దర్శకుడిగా పరిచయమయ్యారు.[2]", "లియాండర్ పేస్\nలియాండర్ గతంలో కలకత్తాగా పిలువబడిన భారతదేశంలోని కోల్కతా నగరంలో జన్మించాడు. ఇతను వేస్ పేస్ మరియు జెన్నిఫర్ పేస్‌లకు జన్మించి భారతదేశంలోని కోల్కతా నగరంలో పెరిగాడు. ఇతను లా మార్టినీర్ కలకత్తా, చెన్నైలోని మద్రాస్ క్రిస్టియన్ కాలేజ్ హయ్యర్ సెకండరీ స్కూల్, మరియు కలకత్తా విశ్వవిద్యాలయం యొక్క సెయింట్ జేవియర్స్ కళాశాలలలో విద్యాభ్యాసం చేసాడు. ఇతని తల్లిదండ్రులు ఇద్దరూ క్రీడాకారులే. అతని తండ్రి వేస్ పేస్ 1972 మ్యూనిచ్ ఒలింపిక్స్‌లో కాంస్య పతకం సాధించిన భారత హాకీ జట్టులో మిడ్‌ఫీల్డర్‌గా ఉన్నారు. 1980 ఆసియన్ బాస్కెట్ బాల్ పోటీలలో ఇతని తల్లి భారత జట్టుకు సారథ్యం వహించారు. 1985లో పేస్, మద్రాస్‌లోని బ్రిటానియా అమ్రిత్రాజ్ టెన్నిస్ అకాడెమిలో డేవ్ ఓ'మేయర నుండి శిక్షణ పొందారు. అతని తొలినాటి అభివృద్ధిలో ఈ సంస్థ కీలకపాత్ర పోషించింది. 1990 వింబుల్డన్ జూనియర్ విజేతగా నిలిచి ప్రపంచ జూనియర్ రాంకింగ్‌లో ప్రథమస్థానంతో లియాండర్ అంతర్జాతీయ కీర్తిని పొందాడు.\nపేస్, బెంగాలి కవి మైకేల్ మధుసూదన్ దత్ ముని మనుమడు. గతంలో బాలీవుడ్ నటి మహిమా చౌదరితో డేటింగ్ చేసి, ప్రస్తుతం ఇతను రియా పిళ్ళై (బాలీవుడ్ నటుడు సంజయ్ దత్ మాజీ-భార్య)ని పెళ్ళి చేసుకున్నాడు, వీరికి ఆయినా పేస్ అనే కుమార్తె ఉంది.", "మీరాబాయి\nరాజపుత్ర యువరాణి[1] మీరా వాయువ్య భారతదేశపు రాజస్థాన్లోని ప్రస్తుతం నాగపూర్ జిల్లాలో ఉన్న మెర్టా దగ్గరి చిన్న పల్లెటూరు కుడ్కీ (కుర్కీ) లో జన్మించింది. ఆమె తండ్రి రతన్ సింగ్ రాథోడ్, రాథోడ్ వంశానికి చెందిన వీరుడు, ఈయన 1459లో జోద్ పూర్ పట్టణ నిర్మాత రావు జోధా అఫ్ మండోర్ (1416-1489 CE) కొడుకు.", "మహాత్మా గాంధీ\n\"మోహన్ దాస్ కరంచంద్ గాంధీ\" 1869 అక్టోబరు 2 వ తేదీన (శుక్ల నామ సంవత్సరం బాధ్రపద బహుళ ద్వాదశి శనివారం) గుజరాత్ లోని పోర్ బందర్లో ఒక సామాన్య సాంప్రదాయక కుటుంబములో జన్మించాడు. ఆయన తండ్రి పేరు కరంచంద్ గాంధీ. తల్లి పుతలీ బాయి. వారిది ఆచారములు బాగా పాటించే సభ్య కుటుంబము. మోహన్ దాస్ కరంచంద్ గాంధీ కాస్త నిదానముగా ఉండే బాలుడు. చిన్నతనమునుండి అబద్ధాలు చెప్పే పరిస్థితులకు దూరముగా ఉండే ప్రయత్నము చేశాడు. 13 ఏండ్ల వయసులో అప్పటి ఆచారము ప్రకారము కస్తూర్బాయితో వివాహము జరిగింది. వీరికి నలుగురు పిల్లలు (హరిలాల్ గాంధీ, మణిలాల్ గాంధీ, రామదాస్ గాంధీ, దేవదాస్ గాంధీ). చదువులో గాంధీ మధ్యస్థమైన విద్యార్థి. పోర్ బందర్ లోను, రాజ్‌కోట్ లోను ఆయన చదువు కొనసాగింది. 19 సంవత్సరాల వయసులో (1888 లో) న్యాయశాస్త్ర విద్యాభ్యాసానికి గాంధీ ఇంగ్లాండు వెళ్ళాడు. తల్లికిచ్చిన మాట ప్రకారము ఆయన మాంసానికి, మద్యానికి, స్త్రీ సాంగత్యానికి దూరంగా ఉన్నాడు. ఆయనకు బెర్నార్డ్ షా వంటి ఫేబియన్లతో పరిచయం ఏర్పడింది. అనేక మతాల పవిత్ర గ్రంథాలను చదివాడు. ఈ కాలములోనే ఆయన చదువూ, వ్యక్తిత్వమూ, ఆలోచనా సరళీ రూపు దిద్దుకొన్నాయి. 1891లో ఆయన పట్టభద్రుడై భారతదేశానికి తిరిగివచ్చాడు. బొంబాయి లోను, రాజ్‌కోట్ లోను ఆయన చేపట్టిన న్యాయవాద వృత్తి అంతగా రాణించలేదు. 1893లో దక్షిణాఫ్రికా లోని నాటల్‌లో ఒక న్యాయవాద (లా) కంపెనీలో సంవత్సరము కాంట్రాక్టు లభించింది.", "భరత్ అనే నేను\nఘట్టమనేని మహేష్‌ బాబు కైరా అద్వానీ ప్రకాశ్‌ రాజ్‌ శరత్‌ కుమార్‌ పోసాని కృష్ణమురళి ఆమని బ్రహ్మాజీ రావు రమేష్‌ దేవరాజ్ పి. రవిశంకర్ అనీష్ కురువిల్లా అజయ్ సితార రాహుల్ రామకృష్ణ జీవా పృథ్వీరాజ్ జయలలిత దేవదాస్ కనకాల బెనర్జీ ముఖ్తార్ యశ్ పాల్ శర్మ సూర్య శత్రు", "దశరథ్‌ మాంఝీ\nదశరథ్‌మంజీ (c. 1934[1] – 2007 ఆగష్టు 17[2]) బీహార్ రాష్ట్రం లోని గెహ్లోర్‌ గ్రామానికి చెందిన ఒక సామాన్యుడు. ఈయన ఇరవైరెండు సంవత్సరాలు కష్టపడి మేరునగ సమానమైన పట్టుదలతో తానే ఒక సైన్యంగా కొండనే తొలిచిన వ్యక్తి[1][3][4][5] . ఆయనను \"మౌంటెన్ మ్యాన్\"గా పిలుస్తారు.[6]", "అనూ ఇమాన్యుల్(నటి)\nఅనూ అమెరికాలో జన్మించింది. ఆమె భాల్యం డాల్లాస్ , టెక్సాస్‌లో గడిచింది. ఆమె పాఠశాలలో చదువుతుండగా స్వప్న సంచారిలో నటించింది. అమె యక్షన్ హీరొ బిజు అనే మళయాళ చిత్రం ద్వారా కథనాయికగా మరింది . ఆ తరువాత ఆమె గోపీచంద్ సరసన ఆక్సిజన్ అనే చిత్రంలో నటించుటకు ఒప్పుకుంది. ఆ చిత్ర చిత్రీకరణ సమయంలో ఆమె నానీ సరసన మజ్ను అనే చిత్రంలో నటించటానికి ఒప్పుకుంది. తెలుగులో మజ్ను సినిమా ముందుగా విడుదల కాగా ,ఆమె పాత్ర మరియు నటనకు అనూ చాలా విమర్శకుల ప్రశంసలు అందుకున్నారు.", "పరమహంస యోగానంద\nయోగానంద 1893, జనవరి 5 న ఉత్తరప్రదేశ్ లోని గోరఖ్‌పూర్లో ఒక సాంప్రదాయ బెంగాలీ కుటుంబంలో జన్మించాడు. ఆయన జన్మనామం ముకుందలాల్ ఘోష్. తండ్రి భగవతీ చరణ్ ఘోష్ బెంగాల్ - నాగపూర్ రైల్వేలో ఉపాధ్యక్షుడి స్థాయి ఉద్యోగి. తల్లి గృహిణి. భగవతీ చరణ్ దంపతులకు మొత్తం ఎనిమిది సంతానం. వీరిలో నాలుగోవాడు ముకుందుడు. కొడుకుల్లో రెండో వాడు. ఆయన తమ్ముడు సనందుడి మాటలను బట్టి యోగానంద చిన్నవయసు నుంచే ఆధ్యాత్మికతలో వయసుకు మించిన ఆసక్తిని, పరిణతిని కనబరిచేవాడు. యవ్వనంలో ఉండగా ఆయన తన ఆధ్యాత్మిక తృష్ణను తీర్చుకోవడానికి ఎంతో మంది భారతీయ సన్యాసులను కలిశాడు. చివరకు ఆయనకు 17 ఏళ్ళ వయసులో, 1910 సంవత్సరంలో యుక్తేశ్వర్ గిరిని తన గురువుగా కనుగొనడం జరిగింది. ఆయన గురువుతో కలిసిన మొట్టమొదటి కలయిక జన్మజన్మలకీ గుర్తుండిపోతుందని తన ఆత్మకథలో రాసుకున్నాడు.", "ఆర్యభట్టు\nఆర్యభట్టు యొక్క జన్మ సంవత్సరం ఆర్యభట్టీయంలో స్పష్టంగా ఉదహరించబడింది కానీ ఈయన పుట్టిన ప్రదేశం యొక్క ఉనికి గురించి మాత్రం పండితులలో ఏకాభిప్రాయం లేదు. కొంతమంది పండితులు ఆర్యభట్టు నర్మద, గోదావరి మధ్య ప్రాంతమైన అస్మకలో పుట్టాడని నమ్ముతారు. వీరి దృష్టిలో అస్మక మహారాష్ట్ర మరియు మధ్యప్రదేశ్ లో భాగమైన మధ్య భారతదేశం. తొలి బౌద్ధ గ్రంథాలు అస్మక మరింత దక్షిణాన ఉన్న దక్కన్ ప్రాంతమని వర్ణిస్తున్నాయి. అయితే ఇతర గ్రంథాలు అస్మక ప్రజలు అలెగ్జాండర్ పై పోరాడారని ప్రస్తావిస్తున్నవి. అదే నిజమైతే అస్మక మరింత ఉత్తరాన ఉండి ఉండాలి.[1]", "దాసరి నాగభూషణరావు\nమార్క్సిజం ప్రభావితుడై విప్లవ రాజకీయాలకు జీవితం అంకితం చేసిన దాసరి నాగభూషణరావు 1925 సంవత్సరంలో నూజివీడు తాలూకా దిగవల్లి గ్రామంలో జన్మించారు.", "నాగూర్ బాబు\nఇతని అమ్మ గారి నాన్న గారు నాగూర్ సాహెబ్ నాదస్వర విద్వాంసుడు. ఆయన, ప్రసిద్ధ నాదస్వర విద్వాంసుడు షేక్ చినమౌలానా ఒకే గురువు దగ్గర ఆ విద్య నేర్చుకున్నారు. ఇతని అమ్మ పేరు షహీదా, పెద్దమ్మ పేరు వహీదా. వాళ్ళిద్దరి పేరుతో కార్యక్రమాలు జరిపేవారు. గుంటూరు జిల్లా యద్దనపూడి, దొండపాడు, తదితర గ్రామాల్లో మునసబు, కరణాల ఇళ్ళ దగ్గర, రచ్చబండ్ల దగ్గరకు వెళ్ళి ప్రదర్శనలు ఇచ్చేవాళ్ళు. అక్కడ ఇచ్చిన బియ్యం, దుస్తులతో జీవితం గడిపేవాళ్ళు. ఒక్కమాటలో చెప్పాలంటే, పూట కూలీ కళాకారుల కుటుంబం వీరిది. వీరి తాత గారు 1964లో చనిపోయారు. మరుసటేడు అక్టోబర్ 26న ఇతను పుట్టాడు. అందుకే, నాగూర్‌బాబు అని ఆయన పేరే పెట్టారు.", "జక్కేపల్లి (కూసుమంచి)\nతొలి తెలుగు చలన చిత్ర గేయ రచయిత అయిన శ్రీ చందాల కేశవదాసు గారు జూన్ 20, 1876 న ఈ వూరిలోనే జన్మించారు. వీరి తల్లిదండ్రులు పాపమ్మ మరియూ లక్ష్మీనారాయణ గారలు. శ్రీ కేశవదాసు గారు కవి,హరిదాసు,అష్టావధాని మరియూ చలనచిత్ర రచయిత. వీరు 1931 లో హెచ్.యం. రెడ్డి గారు రూపొందించిన మొదటి తెలుగు టాకీ చలన చిత్రం భక్త ప్రహ్లాద కు పాటలు వ్రాసినారు. ఈ చిత్రంలో లీలావతి పాత్ర పాడిన \"పరితాప భారంబు భరియింప తరమా\" అను పల్లవితో ప్రారంభమయినదే తొలితెలుగు చలన చిత్ర గేయంగా చరిత్ర పుటలలోనికి ఎక్కింది. [1]", "ఘట్టమనేని కృష్ణ\nకృష్ణ నటజీవితంలో పొందిన ప్రజాదరణకు ఒక ఉదాహరణగా 1986లో సింహాసనం సినిమా వందరోజుల సభ నిలుస్తుంది. మద్రాసులోని విజిపి గార్డెన్స్‌లో నిర్వహించిన సింహాసనం శతదినోత్సవానికి 400 బస్సుల్లో 30 వేలమంది అభిమానులు ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ నుంచి అభిమానులు తరలిరావడాన్ని చూసిన తమిళనాడు ప్రభుత్వాధికారులు ఆశ్చర్యపోయారు.[60][44][నోట్స్ 9] 1970ల చివర్లో జ్యోతిచిత్ర వారు సూపర్ స్టార్ బిరుదుకు తగ్గ వ్యక్తిని ప్రజలే ఎన్నుకునేలా పోటీ పెడితే ప్రతీ ఏటా కృష్ణనే ఎన్నికయ్యేవాడు. నాలుగేళ్ళు వరుసగా కృష్ణనే ఎంపికకావడంతో ఇక పత్రిక వారు ఆ పోటీని విరమించే దశకు అభిమానులు తెచ్చారు.[47] కృష్ణకు 2500 అభిమాన సంఘాలు ఉండేవి.[19] ఊరూరా ఉన్న అభిమాన సంఘాలు వందల సంఖ్యలో ఉండేవి. కృష్ణ పుట్టినరోజును స్వచ్ఛందంగా ఘనంగా నిర్వహించి, వార్తాపత్రికల్లో సాధారణంగా ఉండే పేజీలకు రెట్టింపు సంఖ్యలో వచ్చే స్థాయికి అభినందన ప్రకటనలు ఇచ్చేవారు. కృష్ణ తన పుట్టినరోజు మే 31 నాటికి (వేసవి కావడంతో) ఊటీలో ఉండేవాడు.[నోట్స్ 10][61] అక్కడే పుట్టినరోజు జరుపుకునేవాడు. తెలుగు నాట పలు ప్రాంతాల నుంచి స్వచ్ఛందంగా అభిమానులు బస్సుల్లో తరలివచ్చేవారు. తర్వాత దశలో చిరంజీవి, బాలకృష్ణ వంటివారి అభిమాన సంఘాలు చూపిన ధోరణుల్లో చాలావరకూ కృష్ణ అభిమానులే ప్రారంభించారు. అటువంటి కృష్ణ అభిమాన సంఘాలు, నటవారసుడిగా వచ్చిన మహేష్ బాబు అభిమాన సంఘాలు 2008లో విలీనమైపోయి సూపర్ స్టార్ మహేష్ కృష్ణ సేనగా ఏర్పడ్డాయి.[62]", "ఘట్టమనేని కృష్ణ\n1998లో సమ్మర్ ఇన్ బెత్లహేం అన్న మలయాళ చిత్రం ద్వారా సినీ రంగ ప్రవేశం చేసిన కృష్ణ కుమార్తె మంజుల 2002లో నిర్మించి, తానే ప్రధాన పాత్రలో నటించిన షో చిత్రం ద్వారా నిర్మాతగా జాతీయ పురస్కారాన్ని, నంది అవార్డునీ అందుకుంది.[51] మంజుల పూర్తిస్థాయిలో సినిమా హీరోయిన్‌గా కెరీర్ మలుచుకునే ప్రయత్నాలు చేసినప్పుడు తమ అభిమాన నటుడి కుమార్తె హీరోయిన్ కావడాన్ని జీర్ణించుకోలేని కృష్ణ అభిమానులు కొందరు తీవ్రమైన ఆందోళనలు చేసి ఒత్తిడి తెచ్చారు.[30] కుటుంబ గౌరవం పేరిట తనకు ఇష్టమైన కెరీర్ పక్కన పెట్టాల్సి వచ్చిందని మంజుల తర్వాతి కాలంలో బాధపడింది.[5] ప్రస్తుతం ఆమె సినిమా నిర్మాణం, నటన, దర్శకత్వం కూడా చేస్తోంది. 2012లో కృష్ణ మూడవ అల్లుడు సుధీర్ బాబు కూడా హీరోగా తొలి సినిమా చేశాడు. అతను కూడా తెలుగు సినీ రంగంలో హీరోగా, నిర్మాతగా కొనసాగుతున్నాడు.[52]", "పర్వతనేని బ్రహ్మయ్య\nబ్రహ్మయ్య 1908, అక్టోబర్ 2 వ తేదీన కృష్ణా జిల్లా నూజెళ్ళలో జన్మించాడు. 1928 లో మద్రాసు లయోలా కళాశాల నుండి పట్టభద్రుడయ్యాడు. తరువాత లండన్ వెళ్ళి యఫ్.సి.ఎ అభ్యసించి ఇంకార్పొరేటెడ్ అకౌంటెంట్ అయ్యాడు.", "హరి వంశ రాయ్ బచ్చన్\nహరి వంశ రాయ్ \"బచ్చన్\" శ్రీవాస్తవ్ (నవంబర్ 27, 1907 — జనవరి 18, 2003) మిగతా కవులతో తన కవితలలో వ్యత్యాసం చూపించి ప్రఖ్యాతి గాంచిన హిందీకవి, ఈయన 20 వ శతాబ్దం మొదలులో హిందీ సాహిత్యంలో చాయావాద సాహిత్యోద్యమమునకు (ప్రణయ కవిత్వం) చెందినవాడు. అతని ప్రతిభకు తొలి విజయం అందించింది మధుశాల (मधुशाला). అంతే కాకుండా ఆయన బాలివుడ్ సూపర్ స్టార్ అమితాబ్ బచ్చన్ తండ్రి కూడా.", "అక్షయ్ కుమార్\nసెప్టెంబరు 9 1967న పంజాబ్ లోని అమృత్ సర్ లో పంజాబీ హిందూ కుటుంబంలో హరి ఓం భాటియా, అరుణా భాటియా దంపతులకు జన్మించారు.[14] ఆయన తండ్రి హరి ఓం సైన్యంలో అధికారి.[15] చిన్నప్పట్నుంచీ నృత్యంపై ఆసక్తి ఎక్కువ ఉన్న అక్షయ్ స్టేజ్ పెర్ఫార్మెన్స్ లు ఇచ్చేవారు. ఆయన చిన్నతనం మొదట్లో ఢిల్లీ లోని చాందినీ చౌక్ లో గడిపారు. ఆ తరువాత ముంబైలో పంజాబీలు ఎక్కువగా ఉండే కోలివాడా ప్రాంతంలో ఉండేవారు.[16] డాన్ బొసొకొ స్కూల్ లోనూ, గురు నానక ఖల్సా కళాశాలలోనూ చదువుకున్నారు ఆయన. మొదటి సంవత్సరం చదివిన ఆయన మధ్యలోనే ఆపేసి బ్యాంకాక్ కు మార్షల్ విద్యలు నేర్చుకునేందుకు వెళ్ళిపోయారు.[17] అక్షయ్ కు చెల్లెలు అల్కా భాటియా కూడా ఉన్నారు. పెద్దయ్యాకా ఏమవుతావని అడిగిన తండ్రికి తాను నటుణ్ణి అవుతానని చెప్పారట చిన్నారి అక్షయ్.[18]", "ఉపాసనీ మహారాజ్\nఆయన పాండిత్యానికి, భక్తికీ ప్రఖ్యాతి చెందిన మహారాష్ట్ర బ్రాహ్మణ ఉపాసనీ కుటుంబంలో మే 15, 1870 న సట్నాలో జన్మించాడు కాశీనాథ్. బడి చదువులు విడచి కాలమంతా సంధ్యావందనం, యోగాభ్యాసము, విష్ణు సహస్రనామ పారాయణలో గడిపేవాడు. వివాహం చేశాక గూడ అతనిలో మార్పేలేదు.[4]", "పుణ్యమూర్తుల చిట్టిబాబు\nచిట్టిబాబు ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్ రాష్ట్రంలోని అమలాపురంలో పుణ్యమూర్తుల ఉమామహేశ్వరరావు, రమణమ్మ దంపతులకు జన్మించారు. వీరి సోదరులు ప్రముఖ హాస్యనటులు రాజబాబు. వీరి తమ్ములు అనంత్ బాబు కూడా తెలుగు చలనచిత్ర పరిశ్రమలో హాస్యనటునిగా సుపరిచితులు. \nచిట్టిబాబు 2009 సార్వత్రిక ఎన్నికకలలో కాంగ్రేసు పార్టీ తరఫున నల్లగొండ జిల్లాలో ప్రచారంచేస్తూ పలు నాటకాలు ప్రదర్శించారు", "ఘట్టమనేని మహేశ్ ‌బాబు\n2003లో మహేష్ కు తను ఎదురుచూస్తున్న విజయం లభించింది. గుణశేఖర్ దర్శకత్వంలో విడుదల అయిన ఒక్కడు చిత్రం 2003వ సంవత్సరానికి అతి పెద్ద హిట్ చిత్రంగా నిలచింది. భూమిక కథానాయికగా, ప్రకాష్ రాజ్ ప్రతినాయకునిగా తయారయిన ఈ చిత్రం ప్రేక్షకులను అమితంగా ఆకట్టుకుని మహేష్ సినీ జీవితంలో మైలురాయిగా నిలచింది. 2003లోనే విడుదల అయిన నిజం చిత్రం పరాజయం పాలయినప్పటికీ మహేష్ నటనకు సర్వత్రా ప్రశంసలు లభించాయి. ఈ చిత్రంలోని నటనకుగానూ మహేష్ ఉత్తమ నటునిగా రాష్ట్ర ప్రభుత్వపు బంనంది పురస్కారాన్ని అందుకున్నాడు. 2004లో తమిళనాట విజయవంతమైన న్యూ చిత్రం మహేష్ ముఖ్యపాత్రధారిగా తెలుగులో నానిగా పునర్నిర్మితమయ్యింది. మహేష్ నటనకు విమర్శకుల ప్రశంసలు లభించినప్పటికీ ఈ చిత్రం మాత్రం బాక్సాఫీసు వద్ద పరాజయం పాలయ్యింది. అదే యేడాది విడుదలైన అర్జున్ పరాజయం కానప్పటికీ అంచనాలను అందుకోలేదనే చెప్పాలి. 18కోట్ల ఖర్చుతో నిర్మితమయిన ఈ చిత్రం ఒక మోస్తరు విజయాన్ని మాత్రమే నమోదు చేసుకుంది.", "బ్రిజ్ మోహన్ లాల్ ముంజల్\nబ్రిజ్ మోహన్ లాల్ 1923లో పాకిస్థానీ పంజాబ్ లోని తోబా టెక్ సింగ్ ప్రావిన్స్ లో కమాలియా మండలంలో జన్మించారు. సాధారణ మధ్యతరగతి కుటుంబానికి చెందినవారు. చదువు పూర్తయిన తరువాత  భారత విభజన కు ముందు  ఆర్డినెన్స్ ఫ్యాక్టరీ ఆర్మీలో ఉద్యోగం చేశారు ఆయన.", "నరేంద్ర మోదీ\n1950, సెప్టెంబర్ 17న గుజరాత్‌లోని మెహ్సానా జిల్లాలోని వాద్‌నగర్‌లో ఒక మధ్యతరగతి కుటుంబంలో జన్మించిన నరేంద్ర మోదీ పాఠశాల విద్య స్థానికంగానే పూర్తి చేశారు. గుజరాత్ విశ్వవిద్యాలయం నుంచి రాజనీతి శాస్త్రంలో మాస్టర్స్ డిగ్రీ పట్టా పొందినారు. విద్యార్థి దశలో ఉన్నప్పుడే అఖిల భారతీయ విద్యార్థి పరిషత్తు నాయకుడిగా పనిచేశారు. 1970లలో విశ్వ హిందూ పరిషత్తులో చేరారు. గుజరాత్‌లోని ఒక మారుమూల గ్రామంలో చాయ్ అమ్మడం ద్వారా మొదలు పెట్టిన జీవితం అనేక మలుపులు తిరిగింది[3]. శాసనమండలి సభ్యుడిగా, గుజరాత్ రాష్ట్ర మంత్రిగా, గుజరాత్ ముఖ్యమంత్రిగా పదవులు పొంది భారతదేశ ప్రధానమంత్రి పదవి అధిష్టించారు.", "బాబు మోహన్\nబాబు మోహన్ తెలుగు సినిమా నటుడు. తెలుగు దేశం పార్టీకి చెందిన మాజీ శాసన సభ్యులు మరియు మంత్రి.\nఆయన ఖమ్మం జిల్లాలోని బీరోలులో జన్మించాడు. తండ్రి ఉపాధ్యాయుడు. ప్రభుత్వ రెవిన్యూ విభాగంలో ఉద్యోగం చేస్తూ సినిమాల మీద ఆసక్తితో అందుకు రాజీనామా చేశాడు. \nఆయన నటించిన మొదటి సినిమా \"ఈ ప్రశ్నకు బదులేది\". మామగారు సినిమాలో చేసిన యాచకుడి పాత్ర హాస్యనటుడిగా మంచి పేరు తెచ్చిపెట్టింది. ఆ తరువాత వచ్చిన మాయలోడు, రాజేంద్రుడు గజేంద్రుడు, పెదరాయుడు, జంబలకిడి పంబ లాంటి సినిమాలలో మంచి హాస్య పాత్రలు ధరించాడు.", "కృష్ణ భగవాన్\nకృష్ణ భగవాన్ ఒక ప్రముఖ తెలుగు చలనచిత్ర హాస్య నటుడు. ఇతని అసలు పేరు మీనవల్లి పాపారావు చౌదరి. ప్రముఖ దర్శకుడు వంశీ తన మహర్షి చిత్రం ద్వారా ఈయనను తెలుగు చలన చిత్ర రంగానికి పరిచయం చేసారు.\nపాపారావు చౌదరి 1965, జూలై 2 న తూర్పుగోదావరిజిల్లా, కైకావోలు గ్రామములో మీనవల్లి వీర్రాజు, లక్ష్మీకాంతం దంపతులకు జన్మించాడు. వీరిది ఉమ్మడి కుటుంబము.", "అల్లూరి సీతారామరాజు\nసీతారామరాజు జన్మదినం 1897 జూలై 4. అనగా హేవళంబి నామ సంవత్సరం, ఆషాఢ మాసం, శుద్ధ పంచమి - 23 ఘడియల 30 విఘడియలు. (సాయంకాల 4 గంటలకు) మఖా నక్షత్రయుక్త వృశ్చిక లగ్నం.[1] వారి స్వగ్రామం ఇప్పటి పశ్చిమ గోదావరి జిల్లాలోని మోగల్లు అయినా విజయనగరం దగ్గరి పాండ్రంగిలో తాతగారైన (మాతామహుడు) మందలపాటి శ్రీరామరాజు ఇంట రాజు జన్మించాడు. రాజును ముద్దుగా చిట్టిబాబు అని పిలిచేవారు. తరువాత సీతమ్మ అనే చెల్లెలు, సత్యనారాయణరాజు అనే తమ్ముడు పుట్టారు.", "దగ్గుబాటి రామానాయుడు\nడాక్టర్ దగ్గుబాటి రామానాయుడు (జూన్ 6, 1936 - ఫిబ్రవరి 18, 2015) తెలుగు సినిమా నటుడు, ప్రముఖ నిర్మాత మరియు భారత పార్లమెంటు మాజీ సభ్యుడు. ఇతను 1936వ సంవత్సరం జూన్ 6వ తేదీన ప్రకాశం జిల్లా కారంచేడులో జన్మించాడు. ఒకే వ్యక్తి శతాధిక చిత్రాలను నిర్మించి, ప్రపంచ రికార్డ్ సృష్టించిన నిర్మాతగా డి. రామానాయుడు గిన్నిస్‌ బుక్‌ ఆఫ్‌ వరల్డ్ రికార్డ్స్ లో చోటు సంపాదించాడు. మూవీ మోఘల్ గా ఈయన్ని అభివర్ణిస్తారు. అంతటితో ఆగకుండా నేటికీ నిర్మాతగా ఆయన కొనసాగుతూ వర్ధమాన నిర్మాతలకు స్ఫూర్తిగా నిలిచాడాయన. అంతేగాక తన సంపాదనలో ప్రధానభాగం సినిమా రంగానికే వెచ్చిస్తూ, స్టూడియో, ల్యాబ్‌, రికార్డింగ్‌ సదుపాయాలు, డిస్ట్రిబ్యూషన్‌, ఎగ్జిబిషన్‌, పోస్టర్స్ ప్రింటింగ్‌, గ్రాఫిక్‌ యూనిట్‌తో సహా సినిమా నిర్మాణానికి సంబంధించిన అన్ని సదుపాయాలను సమకూర్చడంతో పాటు పార్లమెంట్‌ సభ్యునిగానూ రాణించాడు. ఇతను 1999లో బాపట్ల నియోజకవర్గం నుండి తెలుగుదేశం పార్టీ అభ్యర్థిగా లోక్‌సభకు ఎన్నికైనాడు. 2004లో అదే స్థానం నుంచి పోటీచేసి ఓడిపోయాడు.సెప్టెంబర్ 9, 2010న భారత ప్రభుత్వం నాయుడికి దాదాసాహెబ్ ఫాల్కే పురస్కారము ప్రకటించింది. 2015 ఫిబ్రవరి 18న హైదరాబాదులో కాన్సర్ వ్యాధితో బాధపడుతూ మరణించాడు.\nదగ్గుబాటి రామానాయుడు, 1936వ సంవత్సరం జూన్ 6వ తేదీన ప్రకాశం జిల్లా కారంచేడులో ఒక రైతు కుటుంబంలో జన్మించాడు. తండ్రి వెంకటేశ్వర్లు. రామానాయుడుకి ఒక అక్క మరియు చెల్లెలు. మూడేళ్ళ వయసులోనే తల్లి చనిపోయింది. పినతల్లి వద్ద గారాబంగా పెరిగాడు. ఒంగోలులోని డాక్టరు బి.బి.ఎల్.సూర్యనారాయణ అనే బంధువు ఇంట్లో వుంటూ ఎస్సేసేల్సి దాకా విద్యాబ్యాసం చేశాడు. సూర్యనారాయణను చూశాక తానూ కూడా డాక్టరు కావాలని కలలుకనేవాడు. బడి లేనప్పుడు కాంపౌండరు అవతారం ఎత్తేవాడు. విజయవాడలో లయోలా కాలేజి ఏర్పాటు కోసం రెండు లక్షల చందాలు వసులుచేసినందుకు కృతజ్ఞ్యతగా క్రైస్తవ మిషనరీలు మద్రాసులోని ఆంధ్రా లయోలా కాలేజిలో సీటు కొరకు సాయం చేసారు. ఎప్పుడూ కాలేజిలో జరిగే సాంస్కృతిక కార్యక్రమాల్లో మరియు కబడ్డీ మైదానంలోనే కనిపించేవాడు. మొదటి సంవత్సరం పరీక్షలు తప్పడంతో, తండ్రి తీసుకువచ్చి చీరాల కళాశాలలో చేర్పించాడు. ఇక్కడ కాలేజి రాజకీయాలు తోడయాయి. రెండో సంవత్సరం పరీక్షలు కూడా తప్పాడు. రామానాయుడుకు మామ కూతురు రాజేశ్వరితో పెళ్ళి జరిగింది. పెళ్ళయిపోగానే ఆస్తి పంచివ్వమని తండ్రిని అడిగాడు కానీ తండ్రిమాట కాదనలేక మొదటి కొడుకు సురేష్ పుట్టేదాకా ఆస్తి విభజన వాయిదాపడింది. ఆతర్వాత, వందెకరాల పొలంతో సొంత సేద్యం మొదలుపెట్టాడు. వీరికి సురేష్, వెంకటేష్ ఇద్దరు కొడుకులు. పెద్ద కొడుకు పేరు మీద సురేష్ ప్రొడక్షన్స్ స్థాపించారు.", "ప్రణబ్ ముఖర్జీ\nప్రణబ్ ముఖర్జీ డిసెంబరు 11, 1935న పశ్చిమ బెంగాల్ లోని బిర్భుమ్ జిల్లా మిరాఠీ గ్రామంలో బెంగాలీ కులీన బ్రాహ్మణ కుటుంబంలో జన్మించాడు.[5] అతని తండ్రి కమద కింకర ముఖర్జీ భారత స్వాతంత్ర్యోద్యమంలో క్రియాశీల సభ్యుడు. అతని తండ్రి 1952 నుండి 1964 వరకు పశ్చిమ బెంగాల్ లెజిస్లేటివ్ కౌన్సిల్ లో భారత జాతీయ కాంగ్రెస్ తరపున సభ్యునిగా, ఎ. ఐ. సి. సి సభ్యునిగా ఉన్నాడు. అతని తల్లి రాజ్యలక్ష్మీ ముఖర్జీ.[6][7][8]", "పోసాని సుధీర్ బాబు\nసుధీర్ బాబు గా ప్రసిద్ధిచెందిన పోసాని సుధీర్ బాబు ఒక తెలుగు సినిమా నటుడు. ఇతను ప్రసిద్ధ తెలుగు నటుడు ఘట్టమనేని కృష్ణ చిన్నల్లుడు.", "రఘు బాబు\nరఘు బాబు</b>గా ప్రసిద్ధిచెందిన యర్రా రఘు బాబు (జననం: 1960 అక్టోబరు 10)ప్రముఖ తెలుగు సినీ నటుడు. విలన్ గా, హాస్యనటుడిగా, క్యారక్టర్ ఆర్టిస్టుగా పలు పాత్రలు పోషించాడు. ఆయన తండ్రి గిరిబాబు కూడా తెలుగు వారికి సుపరిచితులైన నటుడు. ప్రకాశం జిల్లా రావినూతల గ్రామంలో జన్మించాడు. రఘుబాబు ఇంటికి పెద్ద కొడుకు. ఓ తమ్ముడు, చెల్లెలు ఉన్నారు.", "సత్య సాయి బాబా\nసత్య సాయి బాబా జన్మనామము సత్యనారాయణరాజు . 1926 నవంబరు 23న పుట్టపర్తిలో జన్మించాడు.[1] 20వ శతాబ్దంలో ప్రసిద్ధి చెందిన మతగురువు[2] ఇతనిని 'గురువు' అనీ, 'వేదాంతి' అనీ, 'భగవంతుని అవతారం' అనీ పలువురు విశ్వసిస్తారు.[3][4] ఇతని మహిమల పట్ల చాలామందికి అపారమైన విశ్వాసం ఉంది.[5] ఈయన 2011 ఏప్రిల్ 23న నిర్యాణం చెందారు.", "చిత్తూరు నాగయ్య\nచిత్తూరు నాగయ్య 1904, మార్చి 28న గుంటూరు జిల్లా రేపల్లెలో జన్మించాడు.[4] నాగయ్య అసలు పేరు ఉప్పలదడియం నాగయ్య. తండ్రి ఉప్పలదడియం రామలింగేశ్వర శర్మ రెవిన్యూ శాఖలో ఉద్యోగిగా వుండేవాడు. తల్లి వేంకట లక్ష్మాంబ. వీరికి నాగయ్య కంటే ముందు నలుగురు పిల్లలు పుట్టి వెంటనే మరణించారు. దాంతో వీరికి జీవితంలో నిరాశ, దిగులు ఏర్పడ్డాయి. ఎవరో ఒకాయన కుటుంబంలో నాగదోషం ఉందని చెప్పగా దోష పరిహారార్థం ఆ దంపతులు సత్తెనపల్లి వెళ్ళి నాగప్రతిష్ట చేసి పూజలు సలిపారు. ఆ తర్వాత జన్మించన కొడుకుకు నాగేశ్వరం అని పేరు పెట్టుకున్నారు. నాగయ్య పూర్వీకులు ఒకప్పుడు యజ్ఞయాగాదులు చేస్తూ ఆస్తిపాస్తులు కలిగిఉండేవారైనా రామలింగ శర్మ తరం వచ్చేటప్పటికి అవన్నీ కరిగిపోయాయి. దాంతో ఆయన చిన్న ఉద్యోగం చేస్తూ కుటుంబాన్ని పోషించుకుంటూ ఉండేవాడు. నాగయ్య రెండేళ్ళ వయసులో ఉండగా చిత్తూరు జిల్లా, కుప్పం సమీపంలోని గోగునూరుకు చెందిన ఆయన అమ్మమ్మ ఆయన్ను చూడ్డానికి వెళ్ళింది. అప్పటికే నాగయ్యకు ఒక తమ్ముడు జన్మించి ఉన్నాడు. అప్పటికే వారి కుటుంబ ఆర్థిక పరిస్థితులు సరిగా లేవు. ఆమె కూతురు కుటుంబం మొత్తం తనతో వచ్చి ఉండమంది. నాగయ్య తండ్రి ఉద్యోగం వదిలి వెళ్ళడానికి అంగీకరించలేదు. దాంతో ఆమె పెద్ద కొడుకైన నాగయ్యను తీసుకు వెళ్ళి పెంచి పెద్ద చేస్తామంది. అయిష్టంగానేనైనా రెండో కొడుకు తమ దగ్గరే ఉండటం వలనా, తమ కొడుకు క్షేమం కోరి అందుకు అంగీకరించారా దంపతులు. దారిలో వస్తున్నపుడే నాగయ్యకు నాగుపాము పడగ పట్టడం చూసిన కొంతమంది ఆయన మహర్జాతకుడు అవుతాడు అని ఊహించి చెప్పారు.[4] అలా నాగయ్య అమ్మమ్మతో పాటు గోగునూరుకి వచ్చాడు. నాగయ్య అవ్వ దగ్గర ఆస్తి పాస్తులు, డబ్బు ఉండేవి. భర్త మరణం తర్వాత ఆమె అమాయకత్వం వల్ల సంపదంతా పరుల పాలైంది. ఆస్తి కోసం తమను బంధువులు ఏమైనా చేస్తారేమోనని భయపడి మనవడిని తీసుకుని కుప్పం వచ్చేసింది. కుప్పంలో ఒక ఇల్లు కొనుక్కుని అందులోనే నివసించసాగింది.", "మన్నవ బాలయ్య\nమన్నవ బాలయ్య గుంటూరు జిల్లా వైకుంఠపురం (అమరావతి) శివారు గ్రామం చావపాడు లో గురవయ్య, అన్నపూర్ణమ్మ దంపతులకు ఏప్రిల్ 9, 1930లో జన్మించాడు. బాలయ్య మెకానికల్ ఇంజినీరింగులో బి.ఇ 1952లో పూర్తి చేశాడు. 1957 వరకు మద్రాసు, కాకినాడ పాలిటెక్నిక్‌లలో లెక్చరర్‌గా పనిచేశాడు.", "మల్లి మస్తాన్‌ బాబు\nమల్లి మస్తాన్‌బాబు ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్ కు చెందిన పర్వతారోహకుడు. పర్వతారోహణలో గిన్నిస్‌ ప్రపంచ రికార్డ్ సాధించిన సాహాసికుడు. మస్తాన్ బాబు 172 రోజుల్లో ఏడు ఖండాలలోని ఏడు పర్వతాలను అధిరోహించి గిన్నిస్‌ బుక్‌ రికార్డులలోకి ఎక్కాడు. ఎవరెస్టు పర్వతాన్ని అధిరోహించిన మొదటి తెలుగు బిడ్డడు మస్తాన్‌బాబు.\nమస్తాన్‌బాబు జన్మస్థలం గాంధిజనసంగం.ఈ గ్రామం శ్రీ పొట్టి శ్రీరాములు నెల్లూరు జిల్లా లోని సంగం మండలానికి చెందిన ఒక చిన్న కుగ్రామం. తల్లిదండ్రులు సుబ్బమ్మ, మస్తానయ్యలు మత్స్యకార కుటుంబానికి చెందినవారు. మస్తాన్‌బాబు ఈ దంపతులకు 5వ సంతానంగా క్రీ.శ.1974 సెప్టెంబరు, 3లో జన్మించాడు.ఇతనికి ఇద్దరు సోదరులు, ఇద్దరు అక్కలు. ఒకటో తరగతి నుండి మూడో తరగతి వరకు స్వగ్రామంలోని ప్రాథమిక పాఠశాలలో చదివాడు. 4, 5 తరగతులను సంగంలోని ఒక ప్రెవేటు పాఠశాలలో చదివాడు. ఆతరువాత 1985 లో కోరుకొండ సైనిక పాఠశాలలో 6వ తరగతిలో చేరాడు. ఆరవ తరగతి నుండి ఇంటర్మీడియెట్ వరకు (1985-92) విజయనగరం జిల్లాలోని కొరుకొండ సైనిక పాఠశాలలో విద్యాభ్యాసాన్ని కొనసాగించాడు. తరువాత తన ఎలక్ట్రికల్ ఇంజనీరింగు చదువును జంషెడ్‌పూర్ లోని నిట్‌లో (1992-96) లో పూర్తి చేసాడు. పిమ్మట మస్తాన్‌బాబు తన ఎంటెక్‌ విద్యాభాసాన్నిఖరగ్‌పూర్లోని ఐఐటిలో చేసాడు. 1998నుండి 2001 వరకు సత్యం కంప్యూటర్సులో సాప్ట్‌వేర్ ఇంజనీరుగా ఉద్యోగం చేసాడు. 2002-2004 వరక్ కలకత్తాలోని ఐఐఎంలో పీజీడీఎం కోర్సు చేసాడు.", "బందా సింగ్ బహదూర్\nభాయ్ కహాన్ సింగ్ నభా రాసిన మహాన్ కోశ్ అన్న సిక్ఖు విజ్ఞాన సర్వస్వం ప్రకారం - ఆయన జమ్మూ ప్రాంతంలోని రాజౌరీ కానీ, పంజాబ్ లోని దౌబాకి కానీ చెందిన మిన్హాస్ రాజ్ పుత్. పి.ఎన్.బలి ఆయనను మొహ్యాల్ బ్రాహ్మణుడిగా భావించారు.[5] బలి రాసిన మోహ్యాల్ హిస్టరీ పుస్తకం ప్రకారం జమ్మూ కాశ్మీర్ లోని శివాలిక్ పర్వత శ్రేణుల వద్ద గల బందా పూంఛ్ తాలూకాలోని మెంధర్ జిల్లాలో 1670 అక్టోబరు 27న జన్మించారు. హరీం రాయ్ ఆయనను పంజాబీ ఖత్రీ లేక రాజ్ పుత్ గా భావించారు.[6] జైనీ బుధ్ సింగ్ అనే సుప్రసిద్ధ పండితుడు తన ప్రఖ్యాత గ్రంథం ఛొవెన్ రతన్లో బందా బహదూర్ పుట్టుకతో బ్రాహ్మణుడని భావించారు. హర్జీందర్ సింగ్ దిల్జీర్ తన పుస్తకం సిక్ఖు త్వారీఖ్ (1469-2008) (అమృత్ సర్ సింగ్ సోదరులు, 2008లో 5 సంపుటాల గ్రంథంగా ప్రచురించారు) లో బందా సింగ్ ను పుట్టుకతో రాజపుత్ గా పేర్కొన్నారు. 1670లో లచ్మణ్ దాస్ గా జన్మించిన ఆయన 16వ యేట ఇంటిని వదిలి, దిమ్మరులైన హిందూ సాధువుల గుంపులో కలిసిపోయారు. ఆయన రెండు సంవత్సరాల కాలాన్ని ఇద్దరు సాధువుల (జానకీ దాస్ తర్వాత రాందాస్) వద్ద గడిపారు, ఆపైన బాబా లూనియాను, బుర్హాన్ పూర్ వద్ద కలుసుకున్నారు. 1696లో ఆయన గురు గోవింద్ సింగ్ను కన్ఖల్, హరిద్వార్ వద్ద కొద్ది సమయం కలుసుకున్నారు. ఈ సంఘటన తర్వాత ఆయనను గోవింద్ సింగ్ ఆగస్టు 1708లో సందర్శించారు. అయితే దల్జీర్ వ్రాసిన ఈ కథనాన్ని కొందరు సిక్ఖులు సవాలుచేశారు.[7][8]", "మంగళంపల్లి బాలమురళీకృష్ణ\nబాలమురళీకృష్ణ 1930, జూలై 6న మద్రాసు రాష్ట్రం లోని, తూర్పు గోదావరి జిల్లా, రాజోలు తాలూకా శంకరగుప్తంలో మంగళంపల్లి పట్టాభిరామయ్య, సూర్యకాంతమ్మ దంపతులకు జన్మించాడు.[1] ఆయన కుటుంబీకులు వృత్తి రీత్యా ఇతర ప్రాంతాల్లో స్థిరపడ్డారు. తండ్రి పట్టాభిరామయ్య స్వగ్రామం సఖినేటిపల్లి మండలం అంతర్వేదిపాలెం. కొచ్చర్లకోట రామరాజు ఆయన మొదటి గురువు. తరువాత తమిళనాడులో పక్షితీర్థానికి చెందిన సుబ్రహ్మణం అయ్యర్ దగ్గర కొన్నాళ్ళు శిష్యరికం చేశాడు. ఉన్నట్టుండి ఆయన కనపడకుండా పోవడంతో మళ్ళీ పెద్దకల్లేపల్లికి వచ్చి సుసర్ల దక్షిణామూర్తి శాస్త్రి దగ్గర చేరాడు. ఆయన తదనంతరం ఆయన శిష్యుడైన పారుపల్లి రామకృష్ణయ్య పంతులు దగ్గర ఉన్నత స్థాయి సంగీతం నేర్చుకుని విజయవాడలో స్థిరపడ్డాడు.[3] ఆయన ప్రముఖ సంగీతకారుడు మరియు వేణువు, వయోలిన్, వీణ విద్వాంసుడు. వయోలిన్ టీచర్ గా శంకరగుప్తంలో సంగీత తరగతులు నిర్వహించేవాడు. పుట్టిన 15వ రోజునే తల్లి సూర్యకాంతం మరణించడంతో[1] అమ్మమ్మగారి ఊరు అయిన గుడిమెళ్ళంకలో తండ్రి ఆలనాపాలనలో పెరిగాడు. చిన్నతనంలోనే అతనిలోని సంగీత ప్రతిభను గుర్తించి అతని తండ్రి పారుపల్లి రామకృష్ణయ్య పంతులు దగ్గరకి శిష్యరికానికి పంపారు. పట్టాభిరామయ్య కూడా ఆయన దగ్గరే సంగీతం నేర్చుకోవడం విశేషం.[3]", "ఆగడు\nమొదటి నుంచీ ఈ సినిమా ఫస్ట్ లుక్ టీజర్, పోస్టర్ మహేష్ బాబు తండ్రి కృష్ణ పుట్టినరోజైన మే 31న విడుదల చేసేందుకు సన్నాహాలు చేస్తున్నారని వార్తలొచ్చాయి. గతంలో మహేష్ బాబు హీరోగా 14 రీల్స్ నిర్మించిన దూకుడు, 1 - నేనొక్కడినే సినిమాలకు కూడా ఇదే చర్యలు జరిగాయి. 2014 మే 31న సినిమా ఫస్ట్ లుక్ పోస్టర్, 45 సెకండ్ల టీజర్ విడుదలయ్యాయి. కొన్ని వివాదాలకు దారితీసినప్పటికీ వాటికి భారీ సానుకూల స్పందన లభించింది. సినిమా టీజర్ 4 రోజుల్లో 1 మిలియన్ హిట్స్ పొంది సంచలనం సాధించింది. రెండో టీజర్ 2014 ఆగస్టు 9న మహేష్ బాబు పుట్టినరోజు సందర్భంగా విడుదల చేస్తారని జూలై నెలమధ్యలో తెలిసింది. రెండు పోస్టర్లతో పాటు 37 సెకండ్ల తీజరును కూడా విడుదల చేసారు. టీజరులో మహేష్ చెప్పిన సంభాషణలకు మంచి స్పందన లభించింది. ముఖ్యంగా \"డిక్కీ బలిసిన కోడి చికెన్ షాపు ముందుకొచ్చి తొడ కొట్టిందట... అయినా నువ్వు డైలాగ్ వేస్తే కౌంటర్ ఇవ్వడానికి నేనేమైనా రైటర్నా... ఫైటర్ని\" అంటూ మహేష్ చెప్పిన సంభాషణకి సోషల్ నెట్వర్కింగ్ సైట్లలో విశేషంగా ఆదరించబడింది. సినిమా పాటలను విడుదల చేసిన రోజున ఈ సినిమా ట్రైలరును విడుదల చేసారు. దాంట్లో మరిన్ని పంచ్‌ డైలాగ్‌లున్నాయి. విలన్‌ హీరోని ఉద్దేశించి, ‘వీడ్ని ముక్కలు ముక్కలుగా..’ అని అంటోంటే, మధ్యలోనే అందుకుని మరీ, హీరో విలన్‌ని ఉద్దేశించి ‘కాకులకి గద్దలకి వేసెయ్యాలా.. అప్‌ డేట్‌ అవరేంట్రా..’ అని అంటాడు. ఇదొక్కటే కాదు, ఇలాంటి డైలాగ్స్‌ సినిమాలో ట్రైలరులో ఉన్నాయి. ప్రసాద్ మల్టిప్లెక్స్ లో మహేష్ పోలీస్ యూనిఫార్మ్ వేసుకున్న నలభై అడుగుల పోస్టర్ పెట్టారు.", "మంచు మోహన్ బాబు\nస్వర్గం నరకం చిత్రంతో సినీ ప్రయాణం ప్రారంభించిన మోహన్‌బాబు 2015 వరకూ 520 చిత్రాలకు పైగా నటించాడు. 181 చిత్రాల్లో హీరోగా నటించి నవరసాలు పండించాడు. ఆయన హీరోగా నటించిన చిత్రాలు బాక్సాఫీస్ వద్ద సంచలనం సృష్టించడంతో అభిమానుల గుండెల్లో కలెక్షన్‌కింగ్‌గా కొలువయ్యాడు. అలాగే నిర్మాతగా మారి 50కి పైగా చిత్రాలు నిర్మించి, సక్సెస్‌ఫుల్‌ నిర్మాతగానూ పేరు తెచ్చుకున్నాడు. సినీరంగానికే పరిమితం కాకుండా విద్యారంగంలోకి ప్రవేశించి తన విద్యాసంస్థ శ్రీ విద్యానికేతన్ ద్వారా పేద విద్యార్థులకు రాయితీ విద్యను అందిస్తున్నాడు. కళారంగంలో, విద్యారంగంలో మోహన్‌బాబు చేసిన విశిష్ట సేవలను గుర్తించిన కేంద్రప్రభుత్వం 2007లో ఆయన్ని పద్మశ్రీతో సత్కరించింది. 2015 నవంబరు 22 నాటికి మోహన్‌బాబు చిత్రపరిశ్రమలోకి అడుగుపెట్టి నలభై వసంతాలు పూర్తి చేసుకుంటున్న సందర్భంగా కొన్ని కార్యక్రమాలను నిర్వహిస్తున్నారు[3].", "ఛత్రపతి శివాజీ\nశివాజీ క్రీ.శ. 1630 ఫిబ్రవరి 19వ సంవత్సరం వైశాఖమాసపు శుక్లపక్ష తదియనాడు పూణే జిల్లాలోని జున్నార్ పట్టణం దగ్గర గల శివనేరి కోటలో శహాజీ, జిజాబాయి పుణ్యదంపతులకు జన్మించాడు.[2][3][4]. వీరు మహారాష్ట్రలోని వ్యవసాయం|వ్యవసాయ బొస్లే కులానికి చందినవారు.శివాజీ తల్లి జీజియ బాయ్ యాదవ్ క్షత్రియ వంశమునకు చెందిన ఆడ పడుచు. (దేవగిరి మరాఠా యాదవ రాజుల వంశము). శివాజీకి ముందు పుట్టిన అందరూ మృతి చెందగా ఆమె పూజించే దేవత అయిన శివై పార్వతి పేరు శివాజీకు పెట్టింది. షాహాజీ నిజాంలను ఓడించి గెలుచుకున్న ప్రాంతాల్లో సామ్రాజ్యాన్ని నెలకొల్పడానికి ప్రయత్నిస్తుండగా, మొఘలులు ఆదిల్షాతో కలసి షాహాజీని ఓడించారు. ఆదిల్షాతో సంధి ప్రకారం షాహాజి ప్రస్తుత బెంగుళూరు ప్రాంతాన్ని జాగీరుగా పొంది, పూణే వదిలి వెల్లవలసి వచ్చింది. షాహాజీ పూణేలో తనకున్న జాగీరును వదులుకోవలసిన అవసరం లేకుండా ఒప్పందం కుదుర్చుకొన్నాడు. చత్రపఠీ శివాజీ మహారాజ్ కి జయ్ (అరవింద్ నాగులా). హిందూ సాంప్రదాయాలు కాకుండా, అతనికి 8 భార్యలు ఉన్నారు.", "షేక్ మసూద్ బాబా\nషేక్ మసూద్ బాబా శ్రీకాకుళ సాయుధ పోరాట యోధుడు. అతను ప్రజా ఉద్యమాల పట్ల గొప్ప ప్రేమతో ఆశతో ప్రత్యామ్నాయ రాజకీయాలు నిర్మించడానికి తపన పడిన వారిలో ఒకడు. అతని జీవితం గొప్ప నిజాయితీకి, నిబద్ధతకీ నిలువెత్తు ప్రతీక. అతను ‘బాబా’ గా సుపరిచితుడు.\nమసూద్ బాబా 1946లో అమీనాబీ, మస్తాన్ దంపతులకు గుంటూరు జిల్లాలోని రొంపిచర్ల గ్రామంలో జన్మించాడు. తన చిన్నతనంలో అతని తల్లిదండ్రులు జీననోపాధి వెదుక్కుంటూ విజయవాడలో స్థిరపడ్డారు. అయిదో తగగతి వరకూ చదువుకున్న అతను చిన్నతనం నుంచే మార్క్సిజం పట్ల అభిమానాన్ని పెంచుకున్నాడు.అతని చిన్నతనంలో విజయవాడ సూర్యారావు పేటలోని బెల్లం శోభనాద్రి గ్రంధాలయంలో సోవియట్ పుస్తకాల్లోని బొమ్మలు చూడ్డానికి వెళ్ళేవాడు. ఆవిధంగా క్రమంగా అతను కమ్యూనిస్ట్ సాహిత్యం చదవడానికి అలవాటు పడ్డాడు. అతను మొదట వివాహం చేసుకోవాలని అనుకోకపోయినా తర్వాత ఉద్యమంలో నష్టపోయిన కుటుంబానికి, బోయ కులానికి చెందిన ‘శీలం సౌదమణి’ని వివాహం చేసుకున్నాడు. వారి పెళ్ళికి ప్రముఖ కమ్యూనిస్ట్ నాయకుడు కొల్లా వెంకయ్య పెద్దగా వ్యవహరించాడు.", "అతడు (సినిమా)\nపద్మాలయా స్టూడియోస్ లో త్రివిక్రం శ్రీనివాస్ అతడు సినిమా కథను మహేష్ బాబుకి వివరించారు. విన్నాక ఆ కథ నచ్చి మహేష్ తన తండ్రి, పద్మాలయా స్టూడియోస్ అధినేత, నటుడు కృష్ణకు కూడా వివరించారు. ఆయనకు కూడా సినిమా నచ్చడంతో పద్మాలయా బ్యానర్ పైనే సినిమా తీద్దామని వారు భావించారు. అప్పటికి త్రివిక్రం నువ్వే నువ్వే సినిమాకు దర్శకత్వం వహిస్తూండగా, మహేష్ బాబు టక్కరి దొంగ సినిమా చేస్తున్నారు. అయితే త్రివిక్రం శ్రీనివాస్ దర్శకుడు కాక ముందే ఆయన ప్రతిభ గుర్తించిన నటుడు, వ్యాపారవేత్త, నిర్మాత మురళీ మోహన్ తన జయభేరి ఆర్ట్ ప్రొడక్షన్స్ బ్యానర్లో ఓ సినిమా చేయాలని అడ్వాన్స్ కూడా ఇచ్చారు. కాకుంటే అంతకుముందే స్రవంతి రవికిషోర్ కు ఒప్పుకోవడంతో త్రివిక్రం రెండవ సినిమా జయభేరి బ్యానర్లో చేస్తానని మాటయిచ్చారు. అదే విషయాన్ని మహేష్ బాబుకు చెప్పి, ఈ సినిమా జయభేరి సంస్థలో తీద్దామనడంతో అలాగే ఆలోచించి చూద్దామని చెప్పారు. ఆ తర్వాత త్రివిక్రమ్ దర్శకునిగా తొలి సినిమా నువ్వే నువ్వే పూర్తిచేశారు. రచయితగా విజయ భాస్కర్, చిరంజీవి కాంబినేషన్లో జై చిరంజీవకు కథ-స్క్రీన్ ప్లే-మాటలు రాసి ఇచ్చారు. మహేష్ కథానాయకునిగా టక్కరి దొంగ, బాబి, ఒక్కడు, నిజం సినిమాలు పూర్తిచేశారు. నాని, అర్జున్ సినిమాలు షూటింగ్ సాగుతూండగా మహేష్, త్రివిక్రమ్ ని ఈ సినిమా విషయమై తిరిగి సంప్రదించారు. దాంతో సినిమాను మహేష్ ఓకే చేసిన 3 సంవత్సరాలకు ప్రారంభించారు. జయభేరి ప్రొడక్షన్స్ ఆఫీసులో సినిమా ప్రీ-ప్రొడక్షన్ కార్యకలాపాలు పూర్తిచేశారు.[1]", "అలీ నవాజ్ జంగ్ బహాదుర్\nహైదరాబాదు ప్రజలకు నవాబ్ అలీ నవాజ్ జంగ్ బహదూర్‌గా పరిచితుడైన ఈయన అసలు పేరు మీర్ అహ్మద్ అలీ. 1877 జూలై 11న హైదరాబాదు లో ఒక మధ్య తరగతి కుటుంబంలో జన్మించాడు. తండ్రి మీర్ వాహిద్ అలీ, హైదరాబాదు రాజ్యంలో భారత ప్రభుత్వంతో ఉత్తర ప్రత్యుత్తరాలు జరిపేందుకు నియమించబడిన కార్యాలయం, ‘ధప్తర్-ఎ-ముల్కీ’లో అసిస్టెంట్ సెక్రటరీగా పనిచేస్తుండేవారు.[2] మీర్ అహ్మద్ అలీ హైదరాబాదు, అబిడ్స్‌లోని సెయింట్ జార్జి గ్రామర్ స్కూల్‌లో, మద్రసా ఆలీయాలో ఉన్నత పాఠశాల విద్యను పూర్తి చేశాడు. అక్కడ ఇంగ్లీషుతో పాటు లాటిన్ భాషను కూడా నేర్చుకొన్నాడు. ఆ తర్వాత నిజాం కళాశాలలో చేరి నాలుగేండ్లు ఉన్నత విద్యను అభ్యసించాడు. 1896లో నిజాం ప్రభుత్వపు ఉపకార వేతనంతో ఇంగ్లండులో ప్రఖ్యాతి గాంచిన కూపర్స్ హిల్ లో ఉన్న రాయల్ ఇండియన్ ఇంజనీరింగ్ కళాశాలలో చేరి, సివిల్ ఇంజనీరింగ్ విద్యను అభ్యసించాడు. కూపర్స్ హిల్ ఇంజనీరింగ్ కాలేజీలో ప్రతిభావంతుడైన విద్యార్థిగా తన తరగతిలో ప్రథముడిగా నిలిచి అనేక స్కాలర్‌షిప్పులను అందుకున్నాడు.", "మేఘనాధ్ సాహా\nమేఘనాధ్ సాహా (1893 అక్టోబరు 6 — 1956 ఫిబ్రవరి 16) భారతదేశానికి చెందిన సుప్రసిద్ధ ఖగోళ భౌతిక శాస్త్రవేత్త. నక్షత్రాలలో జరిగే మార్పులు, ఉష్ణోగ్రత, పీడనం లాంటి ఎన్నో ధర్మాల్ని ఆవిష్కరించే సమీకరణాలను కనుగొన్నాడు.\nప్రస్తుతం బంగ్లాదేశ్‌లో భాగమైన ఢాకాలోని సియోర్‌తలి గ్రామంలో 1893 అక్టోబరు 6న, అయిదుగురి పిల్లల్లో చివరివాడిగా పుట్టిన మేఘనాథ్‌ సాహా కేవలం చదువు సాయంతో ఎదిగాడు. చిన్న కిరాణా దుకాణం నడిపే తండ్రి ఆదాయం చాలకపోవడంతో ఆ కుటుంబం తరచు పస్తులతో గడిపేది. సాహాను బడి మానిపించి ఏదైనా పనిలో పెట్టడానికి తండ్రి ప్రయత్నించేవాడు. అయితే సాహా చురుకుదనాన్ని గమనించిన ఉపాధ్యాయులు తండ్రికి నచ్చచెప్పి దాతల సాయంతో ఓ బోర్డింగ్‌ స్కూలులో చేర్చారు. సాహా చక్కగా చదువుతూ స్కాలర్‌షిప్‌లు సాధించి పై చదవుల కోసం ఢాకా వెళ్లాడు.", "మద్దూరి నగేష్ బాబు\nమద్దూరి నగేష్ బాబు (1964-2005) ఒక ప్రముఖ కవి. దళితవాద సాహిత్యంలో పేరు గాంచిన వాడు. దళిత ఉద్యమ రచయిత. తెలుగు కవిత్వం నిండా దళిత కవిత్వం పరుచుకున్న కాలంలో ఆ దళిత కవిత్వ జెండాని రెప రెప లాడించిన ఇద్దరు బాబుల్లో ఒకరు తెరేష్ బాబు అయితే మరొకరు మద్దూరి నగేష్ బాబు. \nఆయన గుంటూరు జిల్లా సత్తెనపల్లి తాలూకాలోని రుద్రారం గ్రామంలో ఆగస్టు 15 1964లో జన్మించాడు. ఆయన తల్లిదంద్రులైన అనసూయమ్మ మరియు జకరయ్యలు ఉపాధ్యాయులు. నగేష్ బాబు 10వ తరగతి చదువుతున్నప్పుడు ఆయన తండ్రి మరణించాడు. ఆయన తన సోదరితో పాటు తన తల్లివద్ద ఉండి నరసరావుపేట లోని లూథరన్ హైస్కూలులో చదివాడు. ఇంటర్మీడియట్ మరియు బి.ఎ (1985-88) విద్యను గుంటూరులోని అంధ్ర క్రిస్టియన్ కళాశాలలో పూర్తిచేశాడు. తదుపరి ఆధ్ర విశ్వవిద్యాలయంలో ఆంగ్ల లిటరేచర్ లో ఎం.ఎ (1988-91) పూర్తి చేసాడు. 1991 నుండి 1993 వరకు ఆయన హైదరాబాదులోని తెలుగు విశ్వవిద్యాలయంలో ఎం.ఫిల్ చేసాడు. 1993లో ఆయన ఆలిండియా రేడియోలో అనౌన్సర్ గా ఎంపిక కాబడి కొత్తగూడెంలో ఉద్యోగంలో చేరాడు. అచ్చట పనిచేస్తున్న మరొ రచయిత ఖాజా ఆయన స్నేహితుడు.\nఈ గ్రంథాలు దళిత సాహిత్యానికీ, ఉద్యమానికీ కూడా కొత్త చూపునీ వూపునీ ఇచ్చాయి. ఒక దృష్టికోణాన్ని, సాహిత్య దృక్పథాన్నీ, తాత్వికతనూ అందించాయి.", "శివనాగేశ్వరరావు\nఆయన గుంటూరు జిల్లాకు చెందిన ఉప్పలపాడు గ్రామంలో జన్మించాడు. ఆయన గుంటూరులోని హిందూ కళాశాలలో గ్రాడ్యుయేషన్ పూర్తిచేసాడు. ఆయనకు బాల్యం నుండి చిత్రపరిశ్రమలో చేరాలనే ఆసక్తి ఉండేది. తన 23వ యేట తెలుగు చలనచిత్ర పరిశ్రమలో చేరుటకు 1979లో చెన్నై వెళ్లాడు. ఆరు నెలల వరకు యిబ్బందులు పడ్డాడు. జీవనాన్ని కొనసాగించుట కొరకు బుర్రిపాలెం బుల్లోడు మరియు సన్నాయి అప్పన్న చిత్రాలలో అనధికారిక జూనియర్ ఆర్టిస్టుగా నటించాడు. వారు మూడు రోజులకు 100 రూపాయలు యిచ్చేవారు. తరువాత ఆయన ఒక కార్యాలయంలో అకౌంటెంట్ గా జాయిన్ అయ్యాడు. ఘట్టమనేని కృష్ణ నటించిన అమ్మాయికి మొగుడు మామయ్యకి యముడు చిత్రానికి దర్శకత్వ విభాగంలో పనిచేయాల్సిందినా త్రిపురనేని చిట్టిబాబు కోరాడు. ఆ చిత్రం పూంపుహార్ బ్యానర్ పై కరుణానిథి నిర్మిస్తున్నది. ఆయన మధుసూదరరావు, లెనిన్‌బాబు, సి.ఎస్.రావు, ఎస్.ఎ.చంద్రశేఖర్ వంటి దర్శకుల వద్ద పనిచేసాడు. క్రాంతికుమార్ వద్ద స్వాతి చిత్రం నుండి ఆరు సంవత్సరాలు పనిచేసాడు.", "బాబూ రాజేంద్ర ప్రసాద్\nరాజేంద్ర ప్రసాద్[3] బీహార్ రాష్ట్రంలో శివాన్ జిల్లాలోని జెర్దాయ్ గ్రామంలో 1884లో డిసెంబరు 3 న జన్మించాడు. అతని తండ్రి మహదేవ్ సహాయ్ సంస్కృతం, పర్శియను భాషలలో పండితుడు. తల్లి కమలేశ్వరీ దేవి ఎప్పుడూ రామాయణం నుండి కథలు వివరించేది. ఐదవ ఏటనే పర్షియన్ భాష, హిందీ భాష , అంకగణితం ను నేర్చుకోవడానికి ఒక మౌల్వీ (ముస్లిం పండితుడు) దగ్గరకు పంపించబడ్డాడు. తరువాత ఛాప్రా ప్రభుత్వ పాఠశాలలో ప్రాథమిక విద్యాభ్యాసం చేసాడు. 12 సంవత్సరాల వయసులోనే రాజ్‌వంశీ దేవిని వివాహం చేసుకున్నాడు. అటు తరువాత విద్యకై పాట్నాలో తన అన్న మహేంద్ర ప్రసాద్ వద్ద ఉంటూ ఆర్.కె.ఘోష్ పాఠశాలలో చదువుకున్నాడు. మరల ఛాప్రా ప్రభుత్వ పాఠశాలలో చేరి కలకత్తా విశ్వవిద్యాలయ ప్రవేశ పరీక్షలో ప్రథమ శ్రేణిలో ఉత్తీర్ణుడై నెలకు రూ.30 ఉపకారవేతనం పొందాడు.", "మగ్దూం మొహియుద్దీన్\nమగ్దూం మొహియుద్దీన్ తెలంగాణ లోని మెదక్ జిల్లా ఆందోల్లో 1908, ఫిబ్రవరి 4 న జన్మించాడు. ఆయన పూర్తిపేరు అబూ సయీద్ మహ్మద్ మఖ్దూమ్ మొహియొద్దీన్ ఖాద్రి (మహ్మద్‌ మగ్దూం మొహియుద్దీన్‌ హుజ్రీ). వీరి పూర్వీకులు ఉత్తర ప్రదేశ్ లోని ఆజంగఢ్‌లో ఉండేవాడు. ఆయన తాత (తల్లితండ్రి) రషీదుద్దీన్ ఔరంగజేబు సైన్యాలతో పాటు దక్కన్ పీఠభూమికి వచ్చాడు. అలాగే, మరో తాత (తంవూడికి తండ్రి) సయ్యద్ జాఫర్ అలీ కూడా ఉత్తరవూపదేశ్ షాజహానాబాద్ నుండి 1857లోనే దక్షిణానికి వచ్చాడు. ఆ రకంగా ఆ కుంటుంబమంతా హైద్రాబాద్ దక్కన్ పరిసరాలకు చేరింది. ఆయన తండ్రి గౌస్ మొహియొద్దీన్ నిజాము ప్రభుత్వంలో సూపరింటెండెంటుగా పనిచేసేవాడు. మగ్దూం చిన్నతనంలోనే నాలుగేళ్ళయినా రాకముందే తండ్రి చనిపోయాడు. తల్లి మరో పెళ్ళి చేసుకోవడంతో మగ్దూం తన బాబాయి బషీరుద్దీన్ వద్ద పెరిగాడు. ప్రాథమిక విద్య హైదరాబాదు లోని ధర్మవంత హైస్కూల్లోను, మెట్రిక్యులేషను సంగారెడ్డిలోను చదివాడు. మఖ్దూం తండ్రి పరమ భక్తుడు- మహమ్మద్ గౌస్ మొహియుద్దీన్. తల్లి- ఉమ్దా బేగం. భర్త మరణానంతరం ఆమె వేరే వివాహం చేసుకుంది. పినతండ్రి బషీరుద్దీన్ పెంచాడు. 1929లో ఉస్మానియా విశ్వవిద్యాలయంలో చేరాడు. పిన తండ్రి కొడుకు నిజాముద్దీన్ మఖ్దూమ్‌ను వెన్నంటి ఉన్నాడు. పినతండ్రి బషీరుద్దీన్ పెంపకంలో మఖ్దూమ్ సూఫీ మత సాంప్రదాయంలో క్రమశిక్షణతో పెరిగాడు.", "మకాని నారాయణరావు\nజాతీయ బీసీ కమిషన్‌ అధ్యక్షుడిగా నియమితులైన తెలుగు వ్యక్తి.1936 ఏప్రిల్‌ 22న నెల్లూరులో జన్మించిన మకాని నారాయణరావు ఆంధ్రావిశ్వవిద్యాలయంలో న్యాయవిద్య పూర్తి చేశారు. 1973లో జిల్లా సెషన్స్‌ జడ్జిగా నియమితులయ్యారు. 1979 నుంచి న్యాయశాఖలో ప్రభుత్వ కార్యదర్శిగా పనిచేశారు. అనంతరం లండన్‌లోని అడ్వాన్డ్స్‌ లీగల్‌ స్టడీస్‌ ఇన్సిట్యూట్‌లో పనిచేశారు. 1986లో రాష్ట్ర హైకోర్టు న్యాయమూర్తిగా వ్యవహరించారు. 1997 నవంబరు నుంచి 1998 వరకు హిమాచల్‌ప్రదేశ్‌ హైకోర్టు ప్రధాన న్యాయమూర్తిగా పనిచేశారు. తర్వాత సుప్రీంకోర్టులో సీనియర్‌ న్యాయవాదిగా కొనసాగారు.", "చక్రపాణి\nచక్రపాణి గుంటూరు జిల్లా తెనాలిలో 1908, ఆగష్టు 5 న ఒక మధ్య తరగతి వ్యవసాయ కుటుంబంలో గురవయ్య, వెంకమ్మ దంపతులకు జన్మించాడు. జాతీయోద్యమ ప్రభావానికి లోనై ఉన్నత పాఠశాల విద్యకు స్వస్తిచెప్పి యలమంచిలి వెంకటప్పయ్య వద్ద హిందీ భాషను అభ్యసించాడు. ఆ సమయంలో హిందీ భాషా వ్యాప్తికి గాఢ కృషిసాగిస్తున్న వ్రజనందన వర్మ దగ్గర హిందీ భాషలో చక్కని పాండిత్యాన్ని గడించాడు. 'చక్రపాణి' అనే కలం పేరును ఈయనకు అతనే ప్రసాదించాడు. తరువాత స్వయంకృషితో సంస్కృతం, ఇంగ్లీషు భాషలలో గాఢ పరిచయాన్ని పొందాడు. క్షయ వ్యాధిగ్రస్తుడై 1932 లో మదనపల్లె లోని శానిటోరియంలో వైద్యం కోసం వెళ్ళాడు. అక్కడే కొన్ని నెలలు ఉండి, సాటి రోగి అయిన ఒక పండితుని సాయంతో బెంగాలీ భాష కూడా నేర్చుకొన్నాడు. నేర్చుకొన్న తరువాత బెంగాలీ నవలలను తెలుగు లోకి అనువదించడం మొదలు పెట్టాడు. ముఖ్యంగా శరత్‌బాబు నవలలకు ఆయన అనువాదం ఎంతటి నిర్దిష్టం అంటే - శరత్‌బాబు తెలుగువాడు కాడన్నా, ఆ పుస్తకాల మూలం బెంగాళీ అన్నా చాలా మంది నమ్మేవారు కాదు. తరువాత తెలుగులో చిన్న చిన్న కథలు, నవలలు వ్రాయటం మొదలుపెట్టాడు.", "చివరకు మిగిలేది\nబుచ్చిబాబు గురించి మధురాంతకం రాజారాం ఓ చోట ఇలా అంటారు- \"బుచ్చిబాబు\"గా ప్రసిద్ధి చెందిన శివరాజు వెంకట సుబ్బారావుగారు పశ్చిమగోదావరి జిల్లాలో 1916లో జన్మించారు. ఎం.ఎ. (ఇంగ్లీషు) పట్టభద్రులు. షేక్స్‌పియర్‌, బెట్రెండ్‌ రస్సెల్‌, సోమర్సెట్‌మామ్‌, టి.ఎస్‌.ఇలియట్‌, ఆల్దస్‌ హాక్స్‌లీ వంటి మహామహుల సాహిత్యాన్ని ఔపోశన పట్టారు. తెలుగులో కథాశిల్పానికి వన్నెలు బెట్టిన మహారచయితల్లో ఒకరు. నిరంతర త్రయం, ఎల్లోరాలో ఏకాంతసేవ, కాలచక్రం నిలిచింది, మరమేకులు-చీరమడతలు, తడిమంటకు పొడినీళ్లు, అడవిగాచిన వెన్నెల, మేడమెట్లు- ఇలా ఖండ కావ్యాల్లాంటి కథలెన్నో రాశారు. తెలుగు నవలల్లో ఆయన రచన 'చివరికి మిగిలేది' ప్రముఖమైనది.[2]", "చందాల కేశవదాసు\nకేశవదాసు ఖమ్మం జిల్లా కూసుమంచి మండలంలోని జక్కేపల్లి లో 1876 జూన్ 20వ తేదీన చందాల లక్ష్మీనారాయణ, పాపమ్మ దంపతులకు జన్మించాడు.[2] [3] అన్న వెంకటరమణయోగి నిర్వహణలోని వీధిబడిలోనే కేశవదాసు విద్యనభ్యసించాడు. ఛందస్సు, అవధానాధి ప్రక్రియలు నేర్చుకున్నాడు.విద్యాభ్యాసానంతరం తను చదువుకున్న వీధి బడి నడుపుతూ అవధానాది ప్రక్రియలలో నేర్పు సాధించాడు.", "ఘట్టమనేని కృష్ణ\n2017 సంక్రాంతికి కృష్ణ 50 ఏళ్ళకు పైగా సాగిన సుదీర్ఘమైన తన సినిమా కెరీర్‌కు రిటైర్‌మెంట్ ప్రకటించాడు.[53] అయితే భవిష్యత్తులో తన కొడుకు మహేష్ బాబు, మనవడు గౌతం కృష్ణలతో కలిసి నటించే అవకాశం వస్తే మాత్రం బావుంటుందన్న కోర్కెనీ వెల్లడించాడు.[54]", "దగ్గుబాటి వెంకటేష్\nవెంకటేష్ గా పేరొందిన దగ్గుబాటి వెంకటేష్ ప్రముఖ తెలుగు సినిమా కథానాయకుడు. ఈయన సుప్రసిద్ధ తెలుగు నిర్మాత మరియు అత్యధిక చిత్రాల నిర్మాతగా గిన్నీస్ బుక్ ప్రపంచరికార్డు సాధించిన డి.రామానాయుడుగారి రెండవ కుమారుడు. డిసెంబర్ 13, 1960 న ప్రకాశం జిల్లా కారంచేడు లో జన్మించాడు. అమెరికా లోని మాంటెర్రీ విశ్వవిద్యాలయము లో ఎం.బి.ఏ చదివాడు. వెంకటేష్ కు బాగా పేరు తెచ్చిన సినిమాలు చంటి, కలిసుందాం రా, సుందరకాండ, రాజా, బొబ్బిలిరాజా, ప్రేమించుకుందాం రా, పవిత్రబంధం, సూర్యవంశం, లక్ష్మి, ఆడవారి మాటలకు అర్ధాలే వేరులే మొదలైనవి. ఆయన రెండు హిందీ సినిమాలు కూడా చేశాడు. వెంకటేష్ అభిమానులు విక్టరీ వెంకటేష్ అని, ముద్దుగా వెంకీ అని పిలుస్తారు. ఇప్పటి వరకు దాదాపు 70కి పైగా సినిమాలలో నటించిన ఈయన 7 నంది అవార్డులు గెలుచుకున్నాడు.", "బుద్ధఘోషుడు\nమహావంశం గ్రంధం ప్రకారం బుద్ధఘోషుడు ఉత్తర భారత దేశంలోని బోధిగయ క్షేత్రానికి సమీపంలో జన్మించాడని తెలుస్తుంది. అయితే ఆతను తెలుగువాడనే ఒక వాదన కూడా వుంది. అనురాధపురంలోని మహావిహారంలోని పెద్ద బిక్షువులు బుద్ధఘోషుని వ్యాఖ్యాన పటిమను ప్రశంసిస్తూ అతనిని ‘మోరండఖేటకా’ అని పిలవడం జరిగింది. మోరండఖేటక పదం పాళీకరణం చేయబడిన తెలుగు పదం. అదే విధంగా అతని రచన 'విసుద్ధిమగ్గ'లో పది పన్నెండు వరకు అచ్చ తెలుగు పదాలు సైతం దొర్లాయి.[3] దీని ప్రకారం ప్రకారం బుద్ధఘోషుడు తెలుగువాడని భావించవచ్చు. ఆ ప్రకారంగా చూస్తె అతని జన్మస్థలం గుంటూరు జిల్లాలోని కోట నెమలిపురం కావచ్చు. లేదా నెమలి గుడ్లపల్లి లేదా నెమలి గుడ్లూరు కావచ్చు.", "మహేష్ భట్\nఇతడు \"డాడీ\", \"స్వయం\", \"ఆషికీ\", \"దిల్ హై కీ మాన్‌ తా నహీ\", \"సడక్\", \"సర్\", \"గుమ్రా\", \"క్రిమినల్\", \"హమ్‌ హై రాహీ ప్యార్ కే\", \"జిస్మ్‌\", \"మర్డర్\", \"వో లమ్హే\" వంటి అనేక హిట్ చిత్రాలను తీశాడు.\nమహేష్ భట్ నానాభాయ్ భట్, సిరీన్ మహమ్మదాలీ దంపతులకు 1948 సెప్టెంబరు 20న జన్మించాడు. ఇతని తండ్రి గుజరాతీ బ్రాహ్మణుడు. తల్లి దావూదీ బొహ్రా తెగకు చెందిన షియా ముస్లీము.", "టంగుటూరి ప్రకాశం\nటంగుటూరి ప్రకాశం 1872 ఆగష్టు 23 న ఇప్పటి ప్రకాశం జిల్లా వినోదరాయునిపాలెము గ్రామంలో నియోగి బ్రాహ్మణులైన సుబ్బమ్మ, గోపాల కృష్ణయ్య దంపతులకు జన్మించాడు.[1] ఆరుగురు పిల్లల్లో ప్రకాశం ఒకడు. అప్పటి గుంటూరు జిల్లాలోని టంగుటూరి లో వారి కుటుంబం వంశపారంపర్యంగా గ్రామ కరణం వృత్తిలో ఉండేది. ఆయన ముత్తాత టంగుటూరులో కరణీకం చేస్తూ ఉండేవాడు. ఆయనకు అప్పాస్వామి, నరసరాజు అనే ఇద్దరు కుమారులు. ఆయన ముత్తాత అనంతరం అప్పాస్వామిలో టంగుటూరులో కరణీకం చేసేవిధంగా, ఆయన తమ్ముడు నరసరాజు టంగుటూరికి దగ్గర్లో ఉన్న వల్లూరులో కరణీకం చేసేట్లుగా నిర్ణయించారు. ఆయనే ప్రకాశం తాతగారు. ఆయనకు నలుగురు కొడుకులు, ఇద్దరు కుమార్తెలు. వారిలో ఆఖరి వాడైన గోపాలకృష్ణయ్యకు ప్రకాశం సంతానంగా జన్మించాడు. ఆయన పదకొండోయేట తండ్రి మరణించడంతో, పిల్లలను తీసుకుని తల్లి ఒంగోలు చేరింది. ఒంగోలులో ఆమె భోజనశాల నడపవలసి వచ్చింది. ఆ రోజుల్లో ఇలాంటి వృత్తి చేసే వారిని సమాజంలో చాలా తేలికగా చూసేవారు. పూటకూళ్ళ వ్యాపారం చేసే తల్లి సంపాదన చాలక, ప్రకాశం ధనికుల ఇళ్ళల్లో వారాలకు కుదిరాడు. పిన్న వయసులోనే ప్రకాశం నాటకాలు వేసేవాడు. తెల్లగా అందంగా ఉండడంతో ఆడ, మగ రెండు వేషాలు కూడా వేసేవాడు. ఆటల్లో కూడా చాలా చురుగ్గా ఉండేవాడు. క్రికెట్ చాలా చక్కగా ఆడేవాడు. ఆ వయసులో అల్లరిగా తిరిగేవాడు.", "అక్కినేని అఖిల్\nఅక్కినేని అఖిల్ (జననం. ఏప్రిల్ 8 1994) భారతీయ సినిమా నటుడు. ఆయన తెలుగు సినిమా పరిశ్రమలో నటునిగా ఉన్నాడు. అతడు ప్రముఖ సినిమా నటులైన అక్కినేని నాగార్జున మరియు అమల అక్కినేని ల కుమారుడు. ఆయన సినీ పరిశ్రమలో తన బాల్యంలోనే ఒక తెలుగు హాస్య సినిమా అయిన సిసింద్రీ తో ప్రారంభించాడు. అప్పటికి అతని వయస్సు ఒక సంవత్సరం. అఖిల్ ఏప్రిల్ 8, 1994 న కాలిఫోర్నియా లోని సాన్ జోస్ లో జన్మించాడు. ఆయన అక్కినేని నాగార్జున మరియు ఆయన రెండవ భార్య అయిన అమల అక్కినేని లకు జన్మించాడు. నాగార్జున యొక్క మొదటి భార్య కుమారుడైన అక్కినేని నాగచైతన్య కూడా తెలుగు సినిమా నటుడే. ఆయన ప్రముఖ నటుడు మరియు దర్శకుడు అయిన అక్కినేని నాగేశ్వరరావు యొక్క మనుమడు. ఆయన తన తండ్రివైపునుండి తెలుగు వారివైపు, తల్లి నుండి బెంగాలీ మరియు ఐరిష్ వారసుడు. [2][3]", "ఘట్టమనేని కృష్ణ\nకృష్ణ కుటుంబం నుంచి కుమారులు మహేష్ బాబు, రమేష్ బాబు, కుమార్తె మంజుల, చిన్న అల్లుడు సుధీర్ బాబు సినిమా రంగంలోకి వచ్చారు. తోటి నటి అయిన విజయనిర్మలను 1969లో ప్రేమించి రెండవ పెళ్ళి చేసుకున్నాడు. కుమారుడు మహేష్ బాబు పలు విజయాలు అందుకుని ప్రేక్షకుల నుంచి సూపర్ స్టార్ అన్న తండ్రి బిరుదు పొందాడు. విజయ నిర్మల అత్యధిక చిత్రాలు దర్శకత్వం వహించిన మహిళా దర్శకులిగా నిలిచింది. 2010 దశకంలో కృష్ణ నటన నుంచి, రాజకీయాల నుంచి విరమించుకుని విశ్రాంతి తీసుకుంటున్నాడు.", "భవభూతి\nభవభూతి సుమారుగా క్రీ.శ. 680-750 మధ్య ప్రాంతంలో నివసించి ఉండవచ్చని నిర్ణయించబడింది. ఇతని జన్మస్థలం విదర్భ దేశంలోని పద్మాపురం [3]. ఇది మహారాష్ట్రలో (మహారాష్ట్ర-మధ్యప్రదేశ్ సరిహద్దు ప్రాంతం) గోండియా జిల్లాలోని ఆమ్‌గావ్ సమీప ప్రాంతంలో ఉంది. భవభూతి కృష్ణ యజుర్వేద తైత్తిరీయ శాఖీయుడు. కాశ్యప గోత్రీయుడు. ఉదుంబర బ్రాహ్మణుడు. ఇతని తండ్రి నీలకంఠుడు, తల్లి జతుకర్ణి. మాలతీ మాధవం నాటకంలో ప్రస్తావనను బట్టి ఇతను వేదాలు, సాంఖ్య, యోగాలను అధ్యయనం చేసాడని వ్యాకరణ, మీమాంస, న్యాయ దర్శనాలయందు ఇతనికి మంచి ప్రవేశం కలదని తెలిస్తుంది.[2] భవభూతి తన గురువు పేరు జ్ఞాననిధి అని స్వయంగా పేర్కొన్నాడు. ఉన్నత విద్యాభ్యాసంకోసం, తన అదృష్టాన్ని వెతుక్కోవడం కోసం స్వస్థలాన్ని విడిచి ఉజ్జయిని చేరుకొన్నాడు.[2] యమునా నది ఒడ్డున గల కల్పి (Kalpi) (కాలప్రియ క్షేత్రం) అనే ప్రాంతంలో భవభూతి తన చారిత్రాత్మక నాటకాలను వ్రాయటానికి ప్రేరణ పొందాడని తెలుస్తుంది.[3][4] తన నాటకాలను కాలప్రియనాధోత్సవం సందర్భంలోనే ప్రదర్శింపచేసాడు. తన మూడు నాటకాలను రాసిన తరువాతనే వృద్ధాప్యంలో కనోజ్ రాజాస్థానాన్ని ఆశ్రయించాడని విమర్శకులు అభిప్రాయపడ్డారు.[5] భవభూతి కనోజ్ రాజ్యపాలకుడైన యశోవర్మ అస్థానకవులలో ఒకడు. మరొక ఆస్థాన కవి వాక్పతికి సమకాలికుడు. భవభూతి, వాక్పతి ఇరువురు యశోవర్మ ఆస్థాన కవులని క్రీ. శ. 12 వ శతాబ్దానికి చెందిన కాశ్మీర కవి కల్హణుడు తన సుప్రసిద్ధ చారిత్రిక గ్రంథం 'రాజతరంగిణి'లో పేర్కొన్నాడు.[2]", "ఘట్టమనేని మహేశ్ ‌బాబు\nపోకిరీ తరువాత నిర్మాణమయిన సైనికుడు చిత్రం భారీ అంచనాల మధ్యన విడుదల అయ్యింది. తొలినాళ్ళలో మంచి వసూళ్ళు రాబట్టినప్పటికీ ఈ చిత్రం బాక్సాఫీసు వద్ద బోల్తాపడింది. ఆ తరువాత వచ్చిన [అతిథి]చిత్రం భారీ అంచనాల మధ్యన విడుదల అయ్యింది. తొలినాళ్ళలో మంచి వసూళ్ళు రాబట్టినప్పటికీ ఈ చిత్రం ఒక మోస్తరు విజయాన్ని మాత్రమే నమోదు చేసింది. అనంతరం 3 సంవత్సరాల గ్యాప్ తర్వాత భారీ అంచనాలతో విడుదలైన ఖలేజా భారీ వసూళ్లను సాధించినప్పటికీ అభిమానుల్లో భారీ అంచనాల వల్ల పెద్దగా విజయం సాధించలేదనే చెప్పాలి. కానీ, ఆ తర్వాత వచ్చిన 'దూకుడు' చిత్రం మహేశ్ కెరియర్ లోనే ఇంకొక భారీ విజయంగా నిలబడింది. అలాగే 'బిజినెస్ మాన్' కూడా ప్రేక్షకుల ఆదరాభిమానాలతో మంచి విజయం నమోదు చేసుకుంది. 2013 లో దగ్గుబాటి వేంకటేష్ గారు, మహేష్ బాబు గారు కలిసి నటించిన \"సీతమ్మ వాకిట్లో సిరిమల్లె చెట్టు\" విడుదలైంది. శ్రీకాంత్ అడ్డాల గారు ఈ చిత్రానికి దర్శకత్వం వహించారు. తరువాత ఆయన సుకుమార్ గారి దర్శకత్వంలో \"1 నేనొక్కడినే\" అనే చిత్రంలో నటించారు. ఆ తరువాత 2014 సెప్టెంబరులో శ్రీను వైట్ల గారి దర్శకత్వంలో ఆయన నటించిన ఆగడు చిత్రం విడుదలైంది. ఆ తరువాత 2015 లో వచ్చిన శ్రీమంతుడు భారీ విజయాన్ని నమోదు చేసింది. ఆ తరువాత శ్రీకాంత్ అడ్డాల గారి దర్శకత్వంలో బ్రహ్మోత్సవం చిత్రంలో నటించారు. మహేష్ గారు మురుగదాస్ గారి దర్శకత్వంలో చేసిన \"స్పైడర్\" చిత్రం 2017 సెప్టెంబర్ 27న విడుదలైంది. ఆ తరువాత 2018 లో కొరటాల శివ గారి దర్శకత్వంలో వచ్చిన \"భరత్ అనే నేను\" చిత్రం మంచి విజయం సాధించింది. అందులో మహేష్ బాబు గారు ముఖ్యమంత్రిగా నటించారు. తదుపరి చిత్రాన్ని వంశీ పైడిపల్లి గారి దర్శకత్వంలో చేస్తున్నారు. కథానాయకుడిగా మహేష్ బాబు గారికి ఇది 25వ చిత్రం. ఆ తరువాతి చిత్రం సుకుమార్ గారి దర్శకత్వంలో చేయనున్నారని సమాచారం.", "నగేష్\nఈయన పూర్వ నామం గుండూరావు. 1933, సెప్టెంబర్ 27న కర్ణాటక రాష్ట్రం, తుమకూరు జిల్లా టిప్టూరు తాలూకాలో చెయ్యూరు అనే ప్రాంతానికి చెందిన ఒక సాంప్రదాయక బ్రాహ్మణ కుటుంబంలో జన్మించాడు. ఈయన తల్లిదండ్రులు రుక్మిణమ్మ, కృష్ణారావు.. చిన్నప్పుడే తాను ఏదో ఒక రంగంలో తన ప్రతిభను నిరూపించుకొన్నాకనే తిరిగి వస్తానని చెప్పి మద్రాసుకు వచ్చేశాడు. చెన్నైలో వెస్ట్ మాంబళంలో ఒక చిన్న సింగిల్ బెడ్ రూమ్ ఇంటిలో ప్రముఖ తమిళ రచయిత వాలి, తమిళ నటుడు శ్రీకాంత్ లతో కలిసి ఉన్నాడు. తరువాత కొద్ది కాలానికి భారతీయ రైల్వేలలో చిన్న ఉద్యోగాన్ని చేపట్టాడు. కానీ అది అంతగా సంతృప్తినివ్వకపోవడంతో దానిని వదిలేశాడు.", "ఘట్టమనేని మంజుల\nమంజుల స్వరూప్, (ఘట్టమనేని మంజుల), మంజులగా సుపరిచితురాలు. ఈమె నటి, నిర్మాతగా ప్రసిద్ధి గాంచారు. తెలుగు సినిమాలలో ఎక్కువగా పనిచేసారు.ఈమె ఘట్టమనేని కృష్ణ కూతురు. 1999 లో రాజస్థాన్ అనే సినిమాలో నటించడం ద్వారా తెరకు పరిచయమయ్యారు. సమ్మర్ ఇన్ బెత్లెహెం అనే మలయాళ సినిమాలో కథానాయకురాలిగా నటించారు. 2002 లో షో సినిమా ద్వారా అందరి మెప్పు పొందారు. ఈ చిత్రానికి జాతీయ స్థాయి ఉత్తమ చిత్రం, మరియు ఉత్తమ స్క్రీన్‌ప్లే పురస్కారాలు దక్కాయి. ఈమె తన సొంత ప్రొడక్షన్ సంస్థ ఇందిరా ప్రొడక్షన్స్ ద్వారా సినిమా నిర్మాణం చేస్తున్నారు.", "మల్లాది సూరిబాబు\nమల్లాది సూరిబాబు ప్రముఖ సంగీత విద్వాంసుడు మరియు ఆకాశవాణి కళాకారుడు.\nమల్లాది సూరిబాబు 1945లో జన్మించాడు. ఇతని కుటుంబంలో వంశపారంపర్యంగా సంగీతం అబ్బింది. ఇతని తండ్రి శ్రీరామమూర్తి గొప్ప సంగీత విద్వాంసుడు. కాబట్టే పుట్టుక నుంచి గొప్ప సంగీత సంస్కారం సూరిబాబుకు ఆనువంశికంగానే వచ్చింది. ఇతని మృదుమధుర స్వరం గాంభీర్య మాధుర్యాలతో ఉండడం అనే ప్రత్యేక లక్షణమే ఇతనికి విజయవాడ ఆకాశవాణి కేంద్రంలో ఎనౌన్సర్‌గా ఉద్యోగం వచ్చేలా చేసింది. తండ్రి శ్రీరామమూర్తి స్ఫూర్తితో నేర్చిన సంగీత బాణి సూరిబాబుకు దశదిశలా పేరు ప్రజ్వలిల్లేలా చేసింది.", "జమ్నాలాల్‌ బజాజ్‌\nనేటి రాజస్థాన్‌ రాజధాని జైపూర్‌లో నవంబర్ 4, 1889 వ సంవత్సరంలో జన్మించారు. స్వాతంత్య్రోద్య మంలో పాల్గొని జైలు కెళ్ళారు. ఒక సందర్భంలో మహాత్మాగాంధీ బజాజ్‌ను తన ఐదవ కుమారుడిగా ప్రకటించారు. వార్ధాలో లక్ష్మీనారా యణ ఆలయం నిర్మించి దళితులకు ప్రవేశం కల్పించారు. మరణించేవరకు కాంగ్రెస్‌ కోశాధికారిగా పనిచేశారు. 1921 నుండి జీవితాంతం అఖిల భారత చేనేత కార్మికుల సంఘానికి అధ్యక్షునిగా సేవలందించారు. గ్రామాభివృద్ధికి దోహదపడే పరిజ్ఞానాన్ని పెంపొందించేవారికి ఈయన పేరు మీద ప్రతి మూడేళ్ళకొకసారి \"జమ్నాలాల్‌ బజాజ్‌\" అవార్డు అందజేస్తారు. ఈ అవార్డు కింద లక్షరూపాయల నగదు ఇస్తారు.", "జవాహర్ లాల్ నెహ్రూ\nజవాహర్‌లాల్ నెహ్రూ బ్రిటీష్ ఇండియాలోని యునైటెడ్ ప్రావిన్సులోని అలహాబాదు (ప్రస్తుతం ఉత్తర ప్రదేశ్ రాష్ట్రంలో భాగం) నగరంలో 1889 నవంబరు 14న రాత్రి 11.30 గంటలకు కాశ్మీరీ పండిట్ కుటుంబంలో జన్మించాడు. అతని తండ్రి మోతీలాల్ నెహ్రూ సంపన్నుడైన బారిస్టర్, తర్వాతి కాలంలో జాతీయోద్యమంలో పాల్గొని రెండు మార్లు భారత జాతీయ కాంగ్రెస్‌కు అధ్యక్షునిగా పనిచేశాడు. తల్లి స్వరూపరాణి తుస్సు లాహోర్‌లో స్థిరపడ్డ కాశ్మీరీ పండిట్‌ కుటుంబానికి చెందినది. మోతీలాల్ మొదటి భార్య బిడ్డను ప్రసవిస్తూ, బిడ్డతో సహా చనిపోగా స్వరూపరాణిని రెండో పెళ్ళి చేసుకున్నాడు. మోతీలాల్ నెహ్రూ, స్వరూపరాణి దంపతులకు జవాహర్‌లాల్ తొలి సంతానం.[1]", "నాజర్ (నటుడు)\nమార్చి 5, 1958 లో తమిళనాడులోని చెంగల్పట్టు సమీపంలో ఉండే మేలేరిపాక్కం లో జన్మించాడు. ఆయన స్వగ్రామం నాన్న పేరు మహబూబ్ బాషా. అమ్మ పేరు ముంతాజ్ బేగం. నాన్నది నగలకు మెరుగుపెట్టే వృత్తి. నాజర్ కు ముగ్గురు తమ్ముళ్ళు ఒక చెల్లెలు. 1977 లో అవకాశాల కోసం మద్రాసుకు వచ్చి తాజ్ కోరమాండల్ హోటల్ లో పనిచేశాడు. అక్కడ నుంచే ఆయన సినీ ప్రస్థానం ప్రారంభమైంది.", "షిర్డీ సాయిబాబా\nసాయిబాబా పుట్టుపూర్వోత్తరాల గురించి తెలియడంలేదు. ఈ విషయమై జరిగిన కొన్ని అధ్యయనాల వల్ల బాబా షిరిడీ చుట్టుప్రక్కలే జన్మించి ఉండవచ్చుననీ, అతని బాల్య నామం హరిభావు భుసారి కావచ్చుననీ కొన్ని అభిప్రాయాలు ఉన్నాయి.[3] తన జన్మ, బాల్యాల గురించి బాబా ఎప్పుడూ స్పష్టంగా చెప్పలేదు. అవి అనవసరమని అనేవాడు. ఎందుకంటే ఎక్కడ పుట్టాడో మరియు పేరు ఏమిటో తెలిస్తే ప్రతి మనిషి ముందు వారి కుల గోత్రాలు చూస్తారు మరియు వారిది ఈ మతం అని మనసులో నాటేసుకొంటారు, బహుశా బాబా అందుకే తన పేరు మరియు పుట్టిన ప్రదేశం ప్రస్తావన చేయలేదు. ఒకమారు తన ప్రియానుయాయుడైన మహాల్సాపతితో తాను పత్రి గ్రామంలో ఒక బ్రాహ్మణ కుటుంబంలో పుట్టి ఒక ఫకీర్ సంరక్షణలో పెరిగినట్లు చెప్పాడని కథనం ఉంది.[4]. మరొకమారు ఫకీరు భార్య తనను సేలుకు చెందిన వెంకోసా అనే గురువుకు అప్పగించినట్లు, తాను వెంకోసా వద్ద పన్నెండేళ్ళు శిష్యరికం చేసినట్లు చెప్పాడట.[5] ఈ రెండు కథనాల వలన బాబా పూర్వ జీవితం గురించి వివిధ అభిప్రాయాలు ఉన్నాయి.[6]", "కన్నెగంటి బ్రహ్మానందం\nబ్రహ్మానందం ఫిబ్రవరి 1, 1956 సంవత్సరంలో గుంటూరు జిల్లా, సత్తెనపల్లి తాలూకా ముప్పాళ్ల మండలం చాగంటివారిపాలెం గ్రామంలో జన్మించాడు. తండ్రి కన్నెగంటి నాగలింగాచారి మరియు తల్లి పేరు కన్నెగంటి లక్ష్మీనరసమ్మ. తను పుట్టగానే తల్లికి గుర్రపువాతం వచ్చి, అందరి దృష్టిలో అపరాధిలా నిలిచాడు. అప్పటికే ఆరుగురు పిల్లలకు జన్మనిచ్చిన తల్లి, ఇతని ప్రసవంతో చనిపోతుందని భావించారు. కానీ అదృష్టవశాత్తు ఆమె ప్రాణాలు నిలిచాయి. తల్లి ప్రాణాలు దక్కినా, బ్రహ్మానందం అనే పసివాడిపై మాత్రం అందరిదీ శీతకన్నే.", "బాబు సాహెబ్\nబాబు సాహెబ్ 1937 లో కర్నూలు జిల్లా, బనగానపల్లె సమీపంలోని చెరువుపల్లి లో జన్మించాడు. ఈయన తండ్రిపేరు షేక్ కతాల్ సాహెబ్.", "మహేష్ భూపతి\nజూన్ 7, 1974 న చెన్నైలో జనించిన మహేష్ భూపతి భారత దేశానికి చెందిన టెన్నిస్ క్రీడాకారుడు. టెన్నిస్ క్రీడలో భారతదేశానికి పేరు తెచ్చిన ఆటగాడు మహేష్ భూపతి. భారతదేశానికి ఒక గ్రాండ్ స్లాం టైటిల్ తెచ్చిపెట్టిన మొట్టమొదటి టెన్నిస్ క్రీడాకారుడు కూడా అతనే. 1997లో ఫ్రెంచ్ ఓపెన్ టెన్నిస్లో జపాన్ కు చెందిన రికా హిరాకీతో కల్సి ఆడి మిక్స్‌డ్ డబుల్స్ లో విజయం సాధించాడు. 2001లో ఫ్రెంచ్ ఓపెన్ డబుల్స్ లోనూ . 1999 వింబుల్డన్ డబుల్స్ లోనూ లియాండర్ పేస్తో కల్సి ఆడి గెల్చాడు. గ్రాండ్‌స్లాంకు చెందిన నాల్గు టోర్నమెంట్లలోనూ ఫైనల్స్ చేరిన ఏకైక జంట వీరిది. 2002లో బుసాన్లో జరిగిన 14 వ ఆసియా క్రీడలలో లియాండర్ పేస్ మనదేశానికి బంగారు పతకం సాధించిపెట్టినాడు. 2006లో మహేష్ భూపతి మార్టినా హింగిస్తో కల్సి మిక్స్‌డ్ డబుల్స్ ఆడి గెల్చాడు. 2007లో చెక్ కు చెందిన ఆటగ్డితో కల్సి ఆస్ట్రేలియన్ ఓపెన్ ఆడి అందులో క్వార్టర్ ఫైనల్ వరకు చేరినాడు. ఫ్రెంచ్ ఓపెన్ లో ఇతనితోనే ఆడి సెమీ ఫైనల్స్ వరకు చేరుకున్నాడు. \nమహేష్ భూపతికి గతంలో ప్రముఖ మోడల్ శ్వేతా జయశంకర్‌తో వివాహమైంది. వీరిద్దరి మధ్య మనస్పర్ధలు తలెత్తడంతో వీరి ఆరేళ్ళ వివాహ జీవితం 2010 జూలై నెలలో ముగిసింది. తర్వాత మహేష్ భూపతికి, బాలీవుడ్ నటి, మాజీ ప్రపంచ సుందరి లారాదత్తాలకు నిశ్చితార్థం న్యూయార్క్‌లో జరిగింది.తఊ", "అమితాబ్ బచ్చన్\nఉత్తర్ ప్రదేశ్ లోని అలహాబాద్ నగరంలో జన్మించారు బచన్[18]. వీరి పూర్వీకులు ఉత్తర్ ప్రదేశ్ లోని ప్రతాప్ గడ్ జిల్లా, రాణీగంజ్ తాలూకా బబుపట్టి గ్రామానికి చెందినవారు[19][20]. అమితాబ్ తండ్రి హరివంశ్ రాయ్ శ్రీవాస్తవ (బచ్చన్) హిందీ కవి. ఆయన తల్లి తేజి బచ్చన్ పంజాబీ సిక్కు. ఆమెది పంజాబ్ రాష్ట్రంలోని లయల్ పూర్ పట్టణం[21]. అమితాబ్ అసలు పేరు ఇంక్విలాబ్. ఇంక్విలాబ్ జిందాబాద్ అనే నినాదానికి ఆకర్షితులైన హరివంశ్ అమితాబ్ కు ఆ పేరు పెట్టారు. ఈ నినాదానికి తెలుగులో విప్లవం వర్ధిల్లాలి అనే అర్ధం వస్తుంది. తన స్నేహితుడు, కవి అయిన సుమిత్రానందన్ పంత్ సూచన మేరకు అమితాబ్ అని తిరిగి పేరు మార్చారు హరివంశ్. అమితాబ్ ఇంటిపేరు శ్రీవాస్తవ అయినా, హరివంశ్ కలం పేరు అయిన బచ్చన్ వారి ఇంటి పేరుగా మారింది. అమితాబ్ తండ్రి 2003లో, తల్లి 2007లో చనిపోయారు[22].", "నాగార్జునుడు\nశ్రీ.ఎస్.సి దాస్ అనే శాస్త్రవేత్త టిబెట్టు నుండి పలు గ్రంథములను సేకరించి అచ్చు వేయించాడు.అందులో 'DpagBsam' అనే గ్రంధము ఒకటి కలదు. ఇందులో నాగార్జుని జన్మస్థలము గురించి కొన్ని విషయములున్నవి. నాగార్జునుడు దక్షిణాపధంలొ ఉన్న '''కహోర''' అనేచోట జన్మించాడు. ఇది కంచిదగ్గర ఉంది. ఇతని కుటుంబం ఇక్కడి నుండి వెళ్ళి విదర్భలో ఉంటూ ఉండవచ్చు.ఇతని ముఖ్య శిష్యులలో ఒకడు నాగహవుడు ఒకడు. ఇతనే తధాగతభద్రుడు. ఇతను తన గురువువలే నలేంద్రలో ఆచార్య పదవిలో ఉన్నాడు. నాగార్జునుడు ఆంధ్ర సింహళములోని ధాన్యకటక, శ్రీగిరిమఠములలో పెక్కు ఏండ్లుండి పనిచేశాడు.", "నానాజీ దేశ్‌ముఖ్\nనానాజీ మరాఠీ భాష మాట్లాడే దేశస్థ బ్రాహ్మణ కుటుంబంలో 1916 అక్టోబరు 11న వషిమ్‌ జిల్లాలోని కడోజీ అనే చిన్న పట్టణంలో జన్మించాడు.[4][5] అతనికి విద్యాభ్యాసం పొందాలనే అభిలాష ఎక్కువగా ఉన్నప్పటికీ డబ్బు లేకపోవడంతొ అది సాధ్యం కాలేదు. అందువలన అతడు కాయగూరల దుకాణంలో పనిచేసి డబ్బు సంపాదించి తన విద్యాధ్యయనానికి ఖర్చు చేసాడు. అతను బాల గంగాధర్ తిలక్ కు ప్రభావితుడైనాడు. [6]", "రావెల కిషోర్‌బాబు\nతాడికొండ మండలం రావెలలో 1959 మార్చి 11న జన్మించిన కిషోర్‌బాబు 1973లో అమరావతి ఎస్‌ఆర్‌కె ఉన్నత పాఠశాలలో ప్రాథమిక విద్యాభ్యాసాన్ని పూర్తిచేసారు. గుంటూరు ఏసి కళాశాలలో ఇంటర్, అమరావతి ఆర్‌వివిఎస్ కళాశాలలో డిగ్రీ, ఆంధ్రా యూనివర్సిటీలో ఎంఎ, నాగార్జున విశ్వవిద్యాలయంలో ఎంఫిల్ చేశారు. తొలుత ప్రకాశం జిల్లా ఒంగోలులోని ఎబిఎం డిగ్రీ కళాశాలలో ఆర్థికశాఖ అధ్యాపకుడిగా చేరిన ఆయన అనంతరం ఎస్‌బిఐలో ప్రొబెషనరీ అధికారిగా గుజరాత్‌లో పనిచేసారు. 1987లో సివిల్స్ రాసి ఐఆర్‌టిఎస్‌కు ఎంపికయ్యారు. 1989లో దక్షిణ మధ్య రైల్వేలో ఉన్నతోద్యోగం పొంది వివిధ శాఖల్లో సీనియర్ లెవెల్ అధికారిగా విధులు నిర్వహించారు. 2000-2002 మధ్య ఢిల్లీలో దివంగత లోక్‌సభ స్పీకర్ జి.ఎం.సి.బాలయోగి వద్ద ఆంతరంగిక కార్యదర్శిగా పనిచేసారు. తర్వాత 2004 వరకు బి. ఆర్ అంబేద్కర్ ఫౌండేషన్ జాతీయ డైరెక్టర్‌గా, తరువాత దక్షిణ మధ్య రైల్వే సికింద్రాబాద్ డెప్యూటీ కమర్షియల్ మేనేజర్‌గా బాధ్యతలు నిర్వహించారు. 2009 నుంచి 2012 వరకు కులీకుతుబ్‌షా అర్బన్ డెవలప్‌మెంట్ అధారిటీ సికింద్రాబాద్‌లో అడ్మినిస్ట్రేటర్‌గా పనిచేసారు. వివిధ ప్రభుత్వ శాఖల్లో అధికారిగా బాధ్యతలు నిర్వహించిన కిషోర్‌బాబు 2014 ఏప్రిల్ 15న తన ఉద్యోగానికి రాజీనామా చేసి సార్వత్రిక ఎన్నికల్లో ప్రత్తిపాడు నుంచి తెలుగుదేశం పార్టీ అభ్యర్థిగా వైసిపి అభ్యర్థిని మేకతోటి సుచరితపై విజయం సాధించారు.", "గౌతమ బుద్ధుడు\nసిద్ధార్ధుడు కపిలవస్తు దేశానికీ చెందిన లుంబిని పట్టణంలో జన్మించాడు. భౌగొళికంగా ఈ ప్రాంతం ప్రస్తుత నేపాల్ దేశంలో ఉంది. కానీ చారిత్రకంగా ఈ ప్రాంతం ప్రాచీన భారతదేశంలోకి వస్తుంది. గౌతమ అనునది సిద్ధార్ధుని ఇంటి పేరు కాదు సిద్ధార్ధుని పెంచిన తల్లి గౌతమి. అందుకు గాను అతనికి ఆ పేరు వచ్చింది. తండ్రి శుద్ధోధనుడు, తల్లిమహామాయ (మాయాదేవి, కోళియన్ దేశపు రాకుమారి). సిద్దార్డుడు గర్భమందున్నప్పుడు, మాయాదేవి, ఒక ఆరు దంతముల ఏనుగు తన గర్భములోకి కుడి వైపు నుండి ప్రవేశించినట్లుగా ఒక స్వప్నమందు దర్శించింది. అది జరిగిన పది చంద్ర మాసముల తర్వాత సిద్ధార్డుడు జన్మించెను. శాక్యవంశాచారము ప్రకారం, గర్భావతిగానున్న మాయాదేవి, ప్రసవానికి తన తండ్రిగారింటికి బయలుదేరింది. కానీ మార్గమధ్యంలో, లుంబిని అనే ప్రాంతంలో ఒక సాలవృక్షం క్రింద ఒక మగ బిడ్డను ప్రసవించింది.", "ఘట్టమనేని మహేశ్ ‌బాబు\nమహేష్ బాబు తన సినీ ప్రస్థానాన్ని తన సోదరుడు రమేష్ బాబు నటించిన నీడ చిత్రంలో ఒక చిన్న పాత్రతో మొదలు పెట్టాడు.[1] 1983 లో ప్రముఖ దర్శకుడు కోడి రామకృష్ణ మనవి మేరకు పోరాటం సినిమాలో తన తండ్రి కృష్ణకు తమ్ముడిగా నటించాడు.[2] ప్రముఖ దర్శక-నిర్మాత డూండీ ఆ చిత్రంలో మహేశ్ నటన చూసి అతను కృష్ణ గారి అబ్బాయి అని తెలుసుకుని ఆశ్చర్యపోయి ఆ అబ్బాయికి మంచి భవిష్యత్తు ఉంది అని కితాబు ఇచ్చాడు. అయన ఊహించిన విధంగానే బాల నటుడిగా తెలుగు ప్రేక్షకుల మెప్పు పొందినాడు. 1987 లో తొలిసారిగా తన తండ్రి దర్శకత్వం వహించిన శంఖారావం చిత్రంలో నటించాడు.[3] 1988 లో విడుదలైన మరియు కోదండరామిరెడ్డి దర్శకత్వం వహించిన బజార్ రౌడీ చిత్రంలో అన్నయ్య రమేష్ తో కలిసి నటించాడు.[4] 1988 లో మరల తన తండ్రి మరియు అన్నయ్యలతో కలిసి ముగ్గురు కొడుకులు సినిమాలో నటించాడు. 1989 లో మరోసారి తన తొలి చిత్ర దర్శకుడు కోడిరామకృష్ణ తీసిన గూడచారి 117 చిత్రంలో నటించాడు.[5] 1989 లో విడుదలైన కొడుకు దిద్దిన కాపురం చిత్రంలో మహేష్ తొలిసారి ద్విపాత్రభినయం చేసాడు.[6] 1990 లో విడుదలైన బాలచంద్రుడు మరియు అన్న - తమ్ముడు సినిమాతో బాలనటుడిగా తన తొలిఇన్నింగ్స్ ని ముగించాడు.[7]", "భావరాజు వేంకట కృష్ణారావు\nభావరాజు వేంకట కృష్ణారావు 1895లో రాజమహేంద్రవరం (నేటి రాజమండ్రి) లో జన్మించారు. ఆయన తల్లి శ్యామలాంబ మరియు తండ్రి బాపిరాజు పంతులు. భావరాజు బాపిరాజు పంతులు గ్రంథకర్తగా ప్రఖ్యాతి వహించారు. ఆయన చిత్తబోధామృతమ్ అనే గ్రంథాన్ని రచించారు. కృష్ణారావు ప్రాథమిక విద్యను కైకలూరులోను, ప్రాథమికోన్నత విద్యను బందరు నోబుల్ కాలేజీ హైస్కూలులోనూ అభ్యసించారు. 1912లో సెకండరీ స్కూలు లీవింగ్ సర్టిఫికేట్ (ఎస్.ఎస్.ఎల్.సి.) పరీక్షలో ఉత్తీర్ణులయ్యారు. పదిహేనేళ్ల వయసులోనే తండ్రిని కోల్పోయాడు.", "అనుష్క శెట్టి\nమంగుళూరులో పుట్టిన అనుష్క పాఠశాల మరియు కళాశాల విద్య అంతా బెంగుళూరులోనే జరిగింది. ఈమె మాతృభాష తుళు. కుటుంబ సభ్యులు ఈమెను స్వీటీ అని, సన్నిహిత స్నేహితులు టొమ్ములు అని పిలుస్తారు. బెంగుళూరు విశ్వవిద్యాలయానికి అనుసంధానంగా ఉన్న మౌంట్ కార్మెల్ కళాశాలనుండి బి.సి.ఏ పట్టా పొందింది. అయితే కంప్యూటర్ రంగంలో పనిచేసే ఉద్దేశ్యమేమీ లేదని, ఫిట్‌నెస్ రంగంలో పనిచెయ్యాలని ఈమె అభిలాష. ఈమె యోగా శిక్షణ కూడా ఇస్తుంది. ఈమె గురువు ఇటీవల భూమికా చావ్లాను పెళ్ళి చేసుకున్న ప్రఖ్యాత యోగా నిపుణుడు భరత్ ఠాకూర్.సినీ నటుడు నాగార్జున ఈమెను సినీరంగానికి పరిచయం చేశాడు.", "ముకేష్ భ‌ట్\nముకేష్ భట్ (జూన్ 5, 1952  ముంబైలో జన్మించారు), భారతీయ చలనచిత్ర నిర్మాత , అనేక బాలీవుడ్ చిత్రాల నిర్మించారు. ఇతను మహేష్ భట్ యొక్క చిన్న సోదరుడు,", "రాజబాబు\nఅక్టోబరు 20, 1935 తేదీన పశ్చిమగోదావరి జిల్లా నర్సాపురం లో పుట్టిన రాజబాబు పూర్తి పేరు పుణ్యమూర్తుల అప్పలరాజు. తల్లిదండ్రులు శ్రీ పుణ్యమూర్తుల ఉమామహేశ్వర రావు మరియు శ్రీమతి రవణమ్మ. నిడదవోలు లోని పాఠశాల చదువు చదువుతూనే బుర్రకథ నేర్చుకోవడానికి శ్రీ అచ్యుత రామయ్య గారి దగ్గర చేరాడు. ఇంటర్మీడియట్ పూర్తయిన తరువాత ఉపాధ్యాయ శిక్షణ కోర్సు ముగించి తెలుగు ఉపాధ్యాయుడుగా కొద్దికాలం పనిచేశాడు. ఉపాధ్యాయునిగా పనిచేసేటప్పుడే నాటకాలలో పాలుపంచుకొనే వాడు. రాజబాబు డిసెంబరు 5, 1965 తేదీన లక్ష్మీ అమ్ములు ను వివాహమాడాడు. వారికి నాగేంద్రబాబు, మహేశ్ బాబు అనే ఇద్దరు బిడ్డలు పుట్టారు.", "వేదగిరి రాంబాబు\nవేదగిరి రాంబాబు గుంటూరు జిల్లా తెనాలి తాలూకా చుండూరులో 1952 అక్టోబరు 14న పూర్ణచంద్రరావు, భార్గవి దంపతులకు జన్మించాడు. అతని తండ్రి ఎక్సైజ్ శాఖలో ఉద్యోగిగా తన విద్యుక్త ధర్మాన్ని సక్రమంగా నిర్వహిస్తున్నందువల్ల రాష్ట్రంలో అనేక ప్రాంతాలకు బదిలీ పై వెళ్ళవలసి వచ్చింది. అందువల్ల రాంబాబు బాల్యం, చదువు అంతా వివిధ ప్రాంతాలలో కొనసాగింది. రాంబాబు నాటకాలలోగానీ, సినిమా ఛాన్సులకోసం ప్రయత్నించడం కానీ అతని తండ్రికి యిష్టముండేది కాదు. డిగ్రీ చదువుతున్నప్పుడే అతనిలో సాహిత్యం పట్ల క్రమంగా అభిరుచి పెరిగింది. సాహితీ కారునిగాఅతనికి యర్రంశెట్టి సాయి రచనలు స్ఫూర్తిదాయకంగా నిలిచాయి. ప్రముఖ రచయితలైన యర్రంశెట్టి సాయి, ఆదివిష్ణు, విహారిలు లను గురుతుల్యులుగా అతను భావిస్తాడు. 1974 సంవత్సరంలో డిగ్రీ ఫైనలియర్‌లో చదువుతుండగా ఆంధ్రపత్రిక దీపావళి కథల పోటీకి సరదాగా పంపిన తన తొలికథ ‘సముద్రం’ బహుమతి సాధించిపెట్టింది. ఇక అదే క్రమంలో అప్పటి ప్రముఖ వారపత్రికలైన యువ, జ్యోతి, స్వాతి, ఆంధ్రపత్రికలకు వరసగా కథలు పంపిస్తుండేవాడు. కొంతకాలం ఆలిండియా రేడియోలో అనౌన్సర్‌గా పనిచేశాడు.[2]", "ఘట్టమనేని మహేశ్ ‌బాబు\n2010 లోనే మహేష్ బాబు గారు ప్రఖ్యాత సామూహిక సంభాషణ వెబ్ సైటు అయిన ట్విట్టర్ లో సభ్యులయ్యారు.[9]", "మహా శ్వేతాదేవి\nఆమె 1926లో ప్రస్తుత బంగ్లాదేశ్ రాజధాని నగరమైన ఢాకాలో జన్మించింది. ఆమె తండ్రి మనిష్ ఘటక్ కూడా కవి మరియు నవలా రచయిత. తల్లి ధరిత్రి దేవి కూడా రచయిత మరియు సామాజిక కార్యకర్త.", "నవీన్ పట్నాయక్\nఆయన అక్టోబరు 16, 1946 లో కటక్ లో జన్మించాడు. ఆయన ఒడిశా పూర్వపు ముఖ్యమంత్రి అయిన బిజు పట్నాయక్ యొక్క కుమారుడు.[3] ఆయన సోదరుడు హిమాంశు పట్నాయక్.[4] పట్నాయక్ డెహ్రాడూన్ లోని ప్రతిష్ఠాత్మక వెల్‌హం బాలుర పాఠశాలలో విద్యాభ్యాసం చేసాడు. తరువాత డూన్ పాఠశాలలో చదివాడు.[5][6][7][8][9][10] డిల్లీ విశ్వవిద్యాలయానికి చెందిన కిరోజీ మాల్ కళాశాలలో చేరిన తరువాత [11] బి.ఎ ఉత్తీర్ణుడయ్యాడు.[12] ఆయన యువకునిగా ఉన్నప్పుడు ఒరిశా మరియు రాజకీయాలకు దూరంగా ఒక రచయితగా ఖ్యాతి పొందాడు. ఆయన తండి మరణం తరువాత 1997లో రాజకీయాలలోనికి ప్రవేశించాడు. ఒక సంవత్సరం తరువాత ఆయన బిజు జనతాదళ్ అనే పార్టీని తన తండ్రి పేరుతో స్థాపించాడు. తరువాత ఆ పార్టీ భారతీయ జనతా పార్టీతో పొత్తు పెట్టుకొని రాష్ట్ర ఎన్నికలలో విజయం సాధించింది. నవీన్ పట్నాయక్ ఒడిశా ముఖ్యమంత్రిగా పదవీ బాధ్యతలు స్వీకరించాడు. ఆయన విధానాలైన \"అవినీతికి వ్యతిరేకంగా నిలబడటం\" మరియు \"పేదల అనుకూల విధానాలు\" ఒడిశా రాష్ట్రలో ఆయనకు భారీ మద్దతుతో విజయానికి సోపానాలయ్యాయి. ఆయన నాలుగు పర్యాయాలు ముఖ్యమంత్రిగా ఉండటానికి దోహదపడ్డాయి. తండ్రివలె ఆయన అధికార స్వామ్యం (బ్యూరోక్రసీ) ని నియంత్రించడమే కాకుండా రాష్ట్ర అభివృద్ధికి ఒక యంత్రంలా మారారు.[13] ఆయన పూరీ లోని జగన్నాథస్వామి యొక్క ఆరాధకుడు మరియు ఒడిశాలోని గంజాం జిల్లాకు చెందిన తారా తరిణి అమ్మవారి భక్తుడు.", "పైడి తెరేష్ బాబు\nప్రకాశం జిల్లా, ఒంగోలు పట్టణంలోని గద్దల కుంటలో సుబ్బమ్మ, శాంతయ్య దంపతులకు 1963 నవంబర్ 3 న జన్మించాడు. శాంతయ్య పద్యాలు రాయడం, పాడడం చేయడంతో తెరేశ్‌బాబు కవిత్వంపై మక్కువ పెంచుకున్నారు. మొదటిసారిగా కొత్తగూడెం లోని ఆలిండియా రేడియోలో వ్యాఖ్యాతగా ఉద్యోగ జీవితం ప్రారంభించారు. 20 సంవత్సరాల క్రితం హైదరాబాద్‌ లోని ఆలిండియా రేడియోలో ఉద్యోగిగా స్థిరపడ్డారు." ]

[ 6.83203125 ]

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[ "Episodes 1 and 2 (Inhumans) \"Behold... The Inhumans\" and \"Those Who Would Destroy Us\" are the first and second episodes, and two-part series premiere, of the American television series \"Inhumans\", initially released together as an IMAX film marketed as Inhumans: The First Chapter. Based on the Marvel Comics race of the same name, the episodes revolve around Black Bolt and other members of the Inhuman Royal Family, and are set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise. The episodes were written by Scott Buck and directed by Roel Reiné, with series regulars Anson Mount, Serinda Swan, Ken Leung, Eme Ikwuakor, Isabelle Cornish, Ellen Woglom, and Iwan Rheon starring. The episodes see the Inhuman Royal Family exiled to Hawaii after a coup by Maximus.", "Inhumans (TV series) Marvel's Inhumans, or simply Inhumans, is an American television series created for ABC by Scott Buck, based on the Marvel Comics race of the same name. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise. The series is a Marvel and IMAX Entertainment project, produced by ABC Studios and Marvel Television in association with Devilina Productions. Buck serves as showrunner." ]

[ "A Fractured House \"A Fractured House\" is the sixth episode of the second season of the American television series \"Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.\", based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. (Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement and Logistics Division), revolving around the character of Phil Coulson and his team of S.H.I.E.L.D. agents as they face an anti-S.H.I.E.L.D. bill after being framed for crimes by Hydra. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films of the franchise. The episode was written by Rafe Judkins and Lauren LeFranc, and directed by Ron Underwood.", "Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series) Buck Rogers in the 25th Century is an American science-fiction adventure television series produced by Universal Studios. The series ran for two seasons between 1979 and 1981, and the feature-length pilot episode for the series was released as a theatrical film, before the series aired. The film and series were developed by Glen A. Larson and Leslie Stevens, based on the character Buck Rogers created in 1928 by Philip Francis Nowlan that had previously been featured in comic strips, novellas, a serial film, and on television and radio.", "Buffyverse The Buffyverse or Slayerverse is the shared fictional universe in which the TV series \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\" and \"Angel\" are set. This term, originally coined by fans of the TV series, has since been used in the titles of published works, and adopted by Joss Whedon, the creator of the fictional universe. The Buffyverse is a place in which supernatural phenomena exist, and supernatural evil can be challenged by people willing to fight against such forces.", "The Unusuals The Unusuals is a comedy-drama television series that aired on ABC from April 8 to June 17, 2009 in the U.S. and Global in Canada. The pilot and first episode were written by Noah Hawley, a former writer and producer for Fox's \"Bones\". An ABC press release described \"The Unusuals\" as \"like a modern-day \"M*A*S*H\"\" that \"explores both the grounded drama and comic insanity of the world of New York City police detectives, where every cop has a secret\". Its premise elaborated:", "Auton The Autons are an artificial life form from the British science fiction television series \"Doctor Who\" and adversaries of the Doctor. They were originally created by Robert Holmes. First appearing in Jon Pertwee's first serial as the Doctor, \"Spearhead from Space\" in 1970, they were the first monsters on the show to be presented in colour.", "List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes \"Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.\" is an American television series created for ABC by Joss Whedon, Jed Whedon, and Maurissa Tancharoen, based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. (Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement and Logistics Division), a fictional peacekeeping and spy agency in a world populated with superheroes and numerous supernatural phenomena. The series is produced by ABC Studios, Marvel Television, and Mutant Enemy and is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, sharing continuity with the films in that franchise. It revolves around the character of Phil Coulson, with Clark Gregg reprising his role from the film series.", "Mutant X (TV series) Mutant X is a science fiction television series that debuted in first-run syndication on October 6, 2001. The show was created by Avi Arad, and it centers on Mutant X, a team of \"New Mutants\" who possess extraordinary powers as a result of genetic engineering. The members of Mutant X were used as test subjects in a series of covert government experiments. The mission of Mutant X is to seek out and protect their fellow New Mutants. The series was filmed in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.", "The Team (Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.) \"The Team\" is the seventeenth episode of the third season of the American television series \"Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.\", based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. (Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement and Logistics Division), revolving around the character of Phil Coulson and his team of S.H.I.E.L.D. agents as they learn of a traitor among the Secret Warriors. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films of the franchise. The episode was written by DJ Doyle, and directed by Elodie Keene.", "The Strain (TV series) The Strain is an American horror drama television series that premiered on FX on July 13, 2014. It was created by Guillermo del Toro and Chuck Hogan, based on their novel trilogy of the same name. Carlton Cuse serves as executive producer and showrunner. Del Toro and Hogan wrote the pilot episode, \"Night Zero\", which del Toro directed. A thirteen-episode first season was ordered on November 19, 2013. The pilot episode premiered at the ATX Television Festival in Austin, Texas, in early June 2014.", "Human Target (2010 TV series) Human Target is an American action drama television series that was broadcast by Fox in the United States. Based loosely on the \"Human Target\" comic book character created by Len Wein and Carmine Infantino for DC Comics, it is the second series based on this title developed for television, the first TV series having been aired in 1992 on ABC. Developed by Jonathan E. Steinberg, \"Human Target\" premiered on CTV in Canada and on Fox in the United States in January 2010. The series was officially canceled on May 10, 2011, after the conclusion of the second season.", "Humans (TV series) Humans (stylised as HUM∀NS) is a science fiction television series that debuted on 14 June 2015 on Channel 4 and AMC. Written by the British team Sam Vincent and Jonathan Brackley, based on the award-winning Swedish science fiction drama \"Real Humans\", the series explores the themes of artificial intelligence and robotics, focusing on the social, cultural, and psychological impact of the invention of anthropomorphic robots called \"synths\". The series is produced jointly by AMC in the United States, and Channel 4 and Kudos in Britain.", "Daredevil (season 2) The second season of the American web television series \"Daredevil\", which is based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, follows Matt Murdock / Daredevil, a blind lawyer-by-day who fights crime at night, crossing paths with the deadly Frank Castle / Punisher along with the return of an old girlfriend–Elektra Natchios. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise. The season is produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios, with Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez serving as showrunners, and series creator Drew Goddard acting as consultant.", "Stargate Infinity Stargate Infinity (often abbreviated as SGI or just Infinity) is an American animated science fiction television series and part of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's (MGM) \"Stargate\" franchise, but is not considered official \"Stargate\" canon. The show was created by Eric Lewald and Michael Maliani, as a spin-off series of \"Stargate SG-1\", which was created by Brad Wright and Jonathan Glassner in 1997 after the release of the original film, \"Stargate\" (1994) by Dean Devlin and Roland Emmerich. The animation had a low viewership rating and poor reception; it was canceled after one season. Co-produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Animation and DIC Entertainment (now DHX Media) and directed by Will Meugniot.", "The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series) The Spectacular Spider-Man is an American animated television series based on the superhero character published by Marvel Comics and developed for television by Greg Weisman and Victor Cook. In terms of overall tone and style, the series is based principally on the original stories by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, with a similar balance of action, drama and comedy as well as a high school setting. However, it also tends to use material from all eras of the comic's run and other sources such as the film series and the \"Ultimate Spider-Man\" comics.", "Deep Throat (The X-Files episode) \"Deep Throat\" is the second episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series \"The X-Files\", which premiered on the Fox network on September 17, 1993. Written by series creator Chris Carter and directed by Daniel Sackheim, the episode introduced several elements which would become staples of the series' mythology.", "List of Legion characters \"Legion\" is an American cable television series created for FX by Noah Hawley, based on the Marvel Comics character David Haller / Legion. It is connected to the \"X-Men\" film series, the first television series to do so. The first season, consisting of eight episodes, began airing on February 8, 2017. A second season was ordered in March 2017.", "Tyrant (TV series) Tyrant is an American drama television series created by director and writer Gideon Raff and developed by Howard Gordon and Craig Wright. The first season of \"Tyrant\" consisting of 10 episodes premiered on American cable network FX on June 24, 2014, and ended on August 26, 2014. Subsequently, FX then went on to renew \"Tyrant\" for a second season which premiered on June 16, 2015, and ended on September 1, 2015.", "Freaks and Geeks Freaks and Geeks is an American period teen comedy-drama television series, created by Paul Feig, with Judd Apatow as executive producer, that aired on NBC during the 1999–2000 television season. Eighteen episodes were completed, but the series was canceled after only 12 had aired.", "Meet the New Boss (Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.) \"Meet the New Boss\" is the second episode of the fourth season of the American television series \"Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.\", based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. (Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement, and Logistics Division), revolving around the character of Phil Coulson and his team of S.H.I.E.L.D. agents as they deal with the enhanced individuals Quake and Ghost Rider. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films of the franchise. The episode was written by Drew Z. Greenberg, and directed by Vincent Misiano.", "List of Defiance episodes \"Defiance\" is an American science fiction television series developed for television by Rockne S. O'Bannon, Kevin Murphy, and Michael Taylor. The series is produced by Universal Cable Productions, in transmedia collaboration with Trion Worlds, who produce an MMORPG video game of the same name that ties into the series." ]

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[ "Joe D'Amato Joe D'Amato (birth name: Aristide Massaccesi; 15 December 1936 in Rome – 23 January 1999 in Rome) was an Italian filmmaker who is most well known for his horror and adult films.", "Alan Mak (director) Alan Mak Siu-fai (; born 1 January 1965), is a Hong Kong writer, director, actor and producer." ]

[ "Jouko Turkka Jouko Veli Turkka (17 April 1942 – 22 July 2016) was a Finnish theatrical director and controversialist. He was assistant director of the Helsinki City Theatre from 1975 to 1982, and a professor at the Theatre Academy Helsinki from 1981 to 1988, being its rector from 1982 to 1985. Turkka influenced a whole generation of Finnish actors, and created a recognisable style of acting.", "A War Named Desire A War Named Desire is a 2000 Hong Kong action film co-written and directed by Alan Mak and starring Francis Ng, Daniel Chan, Dave Wang and Gigi Leung.", "A. D. Calvo Alejandro Daniel Calvo (born 1967 in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine-born producer, writer, and director.", "Edward Dmytryk Edward Dmytryk (September 4, 1908 – July 1, 1999) was a Canadian-born American film director. He was known for his 1940s \"films noir\" and received an Oscar nomination for Best Director for \"Crossfire\" (1947).", "Joe Mantegna Joseph Anthony Mantegna ( , ] ; born November 13, 1947) is an American actor, producer, writer and director.", "Jon Mamoru Takagi Jon Mamoru Takagi (高木 ) (July 2, 1942 – February 5, 1984) was a pioneer of aikido in the United States. He founded Arizona Aikikai, the first aikido dojo in Arizona, and one of the earliest martial arts schools in the western United States. A second-generation American of Japanese descent born in Hawaii, Takagi's career was unexpectedly cut short when he was killed by a drunk driver.", "Mansaku Itami Mansaku Itami (伊丹万作; real name Yoshitoyo Ikeuchi 池内義豊; 2 January 1900 – 21 September 1946) was a Japanese film director and screenwriter known for his critical, sometimes satirical portraits of Japan and its history. He is the father of the director Juzo Itami.", "Brian D'Amato D'Amato received a BA from Yale University and an MA from the CUNY Graduate Center. At Yale, D'Amato studied with John Hollander, Erwin Hauer, and William Bailey. At the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, he studied with Robert Pincus-Witten.", "David Mamet David Alan Mamet ( ; born November 30, 1947) is an American playwright, essayist, screenwriter, and film director. As a playwright, Mamet has won a Pulitzer Prize and received Tony nominations for \"Glengarry Glen Ross\" (1984) and \"Speed-the-Plow\" (1988). Mamet first gained acclaim for a trio of off-Broadway plays in 1976, \"The Duck Variations,\" \"Sexual Perversity in Chicago,\" and \"American Buffalo.\" His play \"Race\" opened on Broadway on December 6, 2009, and his play \"The Penitent\" previewed off-Broadway on February 8, 2017.", "Abel Ferrara Abel Ferrara (born July 19, 1951) is an American filmmaker, known for the provocative and often controversial content in his films, his use of neo-noir imagery and gritty urban settings. A long-time independent filmmaker, some of his best known films include \"Ms. 45\" (1981), \"King of New York\" (1990), \"Bad Lieutenant\" (1992) and \"The Funeral\" (1996).", "Silvio Amato Silvio Amato (born April 10, 1961 in Catania, Italy), a composer of classical, contemporary and popular music, and film soundtracks. Currently, he resides in Woodland Hills, CA, moving from Boston, Massachusetts in March, but maintains a studio in Milan, Italy", "Ara Paiaya Ara Paiaya is a British film director. He is best known for directing and producing Hollywood star-driven action feature films for the worldwide home entertainment market. Ara Paiaya is also a director of photography (cinematographer), film editor and a fight choreographer. He is best known for the film \"Skin Traffik\" starring Mickey Rourke, Eric Roberts, Daryl Hannah, Michael Madsen, Jeff Fahey, Gary Daniels, Dominique Swain, Alan Ford.", "Teddy Maurya Ajay Maurya, popularly known by his industry name Teddy Maurya, is an Indian film and theatre actor, director, writer, musician, production designer and art director.", "Joe Gores Joseph Nicholas \"Joe\" Gores (born December 25, 1931, in Rochester, Minnesota, United States; died January 10, 2011, in Greenbrae, California) was an American mystery writer. He was known best for his novels and short stories set in San Francisco and featuring the fictional \"Dan Kearney and Associates\" (the \"DKA Files\") private investigation firm specializing in repossessing cars, a thinly veiled escalation of his own experiences as a confidential sleuth and repo man. Gores was also recognized for his novels \"Hammett\" (1975; made into the 1982 film \"Hammett\"), \"Spade & Archer\" (the 2009 prequel to Dashiell Hammett's \"The Maltese Falcon\") and his Edgar Award-winning or -nominated works, such as \"A Time of Predators\", \"32 Cadillacs\" and \"Come Morning\".", "Maurizio Sciarra Maurizio Sciarra (born 15 April 1955) is an Italian film director.", "Joe Ahearne Joe Ahearne is a British television writer and director, best known for his work on several fantasy and science fiction based programmes including \"Ultraviolet\", \"Apparitions\" and \"Doctor Who\". He also wrote the screenplay for 2013 feature film \"Trance\".", "Aldo Lado Aldo Lado (born 5 December 1934) is an Italian screenwriter and film director. He was born in Fiume, Italy (now Croatia). He wrote the screenplays for 21 films between 1968 and 2004 and directed 14 cinema films between 1971 and 1994.", "Gyula Maár Gyula Maár (2 August 1934 – 20 December 2013) was a Hungarian film director and screenwriter. He directed 25 films between 1966 and 2007. His 1975 film, \"Mrs. Dery Where Are You?\" won the award for Best Actress (Mari Törőcsik) at the 1976 Cannes Film Festival. In 1986, his film \"Első kétszáz évem\" was entered into the 36th Berlin International Film Festival. In 1993, his film \"Whoops\" was entered into the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival.", "Tony Anthony (actor) Tony Anthony (born Roger Pettito; October 16, 1937) is an American actor, producer, screenwriter and director best known for his starring roles in Spaghetti Westerns, most of which were produced with the aid of his friends and associates Allen Klein and Saul Swimmer. These films consist of \"The Stranger\" series - \"A Stranger in Town\" (1967), \"The Stranger Returns\" (1967), \"The Silent Stranger\" (1968) and \"Get Mean\" (1975) - and the \"Zatoichi\"-inspired \"Blindman\" (1971). Anthony also wrote, produced and starred in \"Comin' at Ya!\" (1981) and \"Treasure of the Four Crowns\" (1983), the first film being largely credited with beginning the 1980s revival of 3D films in Hollywood.", "Alan Goodrick Alan David Goodrick (born April 1962 in Manchester), better known under the pseudonym Gimpo, is an English film director and former roadie, best known as an associate and collaborator of The KLF and the K Foundation." ]

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[ "كوجيكي\nكوجيكي (باليابانية 古事記) وتعني سجلات الأمور التاريخية هي أقدم الكتب المعروفة في اليابان. كتب الكوجيكي مكتوبة بالكانجي، لكنها تحتوي على عدد كبير من الأسماء اليابانية. الأشعار المكتوبة في كوجيكي مكتوبة بلفظ ياباني باستخدام الأحرف الصينية." ]

[ "كتابات أورخون\nكتابات أورخون أو نقوش أورخون أو كتابات الغوك تورك أو الجوك تورك . وهي أول أثر كتاب معروف لدى الأتراك وهو مكتوب بالأبجدية التركية القديمة من قبل الغوك تورك. وقد خطَّ يولليج تيجين كتابات بيلجا كاغان وكول تيجين. ويولليج تيجين في نفس الوقت هو ابن أخ بيلجا كاغان. وقد نُقشت هذه الكتابات الأثرية بأمل بقائها للأبد على حجر يُسمى حجر البانغو. وهذا الحجر في الميثولوجيا التركية باقٍ للأبد.", "الكتاب المقدس\nإلى جانب ذلك، فإن الكتاب المقدس هو أقدم كتاب لم ينقطع تداوله في العالم، وأول كتاب تمت طباعته بطريقة التجميع لحروف المونوتيب المتحركة في العالم الغربي، وأكثر كتاب يمتلك مخطوطات قديمة، والكتاب الأكثر قراءة وتوزيعًا في تاريخ البشرية، والوحيد الذي ترجم لأغلب اللغات البشرية إذ ترجم لسحابة ألفي لغة، وطبع منه آخر قرنين ستة مليارات نسخة، وأكثر كتاب صدر عنه دراسات وكتب وأبحاث جانبية، وأكثر كتاب أوحى برسم لوحات أو مقطوعات موسيقية أو شعر أو أدب أو مسرحيات أو أفلام أو سواها من الآثار البشرية.", "جامعة طوكيو\nتحتوي الجامعة على حديقتين تسيران من قبل المدرسة العليا للعلوم، الحديقة الرئيسية في Koishi Kawa بنفس المنطقة التي يتواجد بها القطب الجامعي هونجو وحديقة \"Satellite\" ب Nikko بمقاطعة Tochigi، وتستعملان للبحث والتكوين كما انهما مفتوحتان للعامة. تعتبر حديقة Koishi Kawa اقدم حديقة باليابان، يعود أصلها إلى سنة 1684 مع انشاء \"المعشبة الطبيعية\" من قبل Shogunat Tokugawa.[33] تشمل مجموعتها العشبية على 4000 من العينات الحية، بما في ذلك 1400 نوعا من الاشجار و1500 نوع من الاعشاب و1100 من النباتات الاستوائية وشبه الاستوائيةن تتربع على مساحة قدرها 1616 هكتار، تحتوي أيضا على حوالي 20000 كتاب، بالاضافى إلى ما يقارب المليةن من العيناتوخاصة ptéridophytes النباتات عاريات البذور وgamopétales، كما يتم زراعة العديد من النباتات المهددة بالنقراض للمحافظة عليها أو بغية اعادة زرعها في المستقبل. وحاليا تتم عمليات الحفظ عليها في جزر البونينBonin و Yakushiwa.", "بوشيدو\nبوشيدو (باليابانية: 武士道 = طريق المحارب)[1] هي مجموعة من القوانين الأخلاقية التي كان يتبعها المحاربون (بوشي) في اليابان أثناء العصور الوسطى، تم تدوينها أثناء فترة إيدو (1603-1867م)، تأثرت هذه التعاليم بمذهب زن البوذي والعقيدة الكونفشيوسية.[2][3][4]", "تاريخ اليابان البحري\nيعتقد أن اليابان كانت جزءاً من آسيا أثناء العصر الجليدي حتى 20000 ق.م. مما سمح باتصال أرخبيل اليابان وانتقال الحيوانات والنباتات بحرية ومنها تأسست فترة جومون. بعد تلك الفترة انفصلت اليابان كجزيرة وأصبح الإبحار هو الوسيلة الوحيدة للانتقال إلى البر الآسيوي الرئيسي. كانت طرق الانتقال هي بين شبه الجزيرة الكورية وتسوشيما على مسافة 50 كم، وبين تسوشيما إلى جزيرة كيوشو من الجنوب، بالإضافة إلى المعبر بين هوكايدو وسخالين من شمال اليابان.", "تاريخ الممالك الثلاث (كتاب)\nتاريخ الممالك الثلاث (بالهانغل: 삼국사기، وبالهانجا: 三國史記، وحرفياً: سَامْغُكْ سَاغِي) هو مُؤَلَّف تاريخي خاص بتاريخ ممالك كوريا الثلاث اكتملت كتابته في سنة 1145 على يد المؤرخ والمسؤول الحكومي كم بو شك بأمر من الملك إنجونغ ملك مملكة غوريو، ويعتبر أقدم كتاب كوري عُثر عليه. تحمل نسخ الكتاب المختلفة والموجودة اليوم الرقم 525، والرقم 722، والرقم 723 وذلك في ترتيب قائمة الكنوز في كوريا الجنوبية.", "مملكة غوريو\nتميزت فترة غوريو بمنتجين هما فخار وسيلادون كوريا وثانياً تربتاكا كوريانا (النصوص البوذية المقدسة (تربتاكا)) وتغطي حوالي 80 ألف قطعة خشبية وخزنت وما تزال مخزنة في معبد هاينسا. اخترع المسؤولون الحكوميون وخدمهم أول طابعة معدنية متحركة في 1234 وأقدم كتاب طبع بواسطتها يعود إلى 1377 وهو كتاب جكجي.", "كيمونو\nلا توجد معرفة كافية عن طبيعة الملابس التي سادت اليابان في فترة كوفون. حيث أن أشهر الكتب الباقية من القرن السابع وهي كوجيكي ونيهون شوكي هي أشهر المصادر لتوثيق تلك الفترة. كما أن الآثار التي عثر عليها والتي أشهرها هي دمى هانيوا تشير إلى أن الناس في تلك الفترة قد ارتدوا الملابس. حيث يلاحظ بأن كلا من الذكور والإناث لديهم قطعتين من الملابس إحداها للنصف العلوي من الجسم وأخرى للنصف السفلي. إلا أن كتابي كوجيكي ونيهون شوكي لا يوضحان أي صورة للملابس، كما أن الوثائق الأخرى قليلة بحيث تبقي الكثير الأمور في وضع غير مؤكد.[10]", "الكتب المقدسة في مصر القديمة\nوهو واحد من أهم الكتب الدينية التي سيطرت على الفكر الديني في الفترة من الأسرات 18-21. ويتكون من 200 فصل كما ذكر العالم الألماني لبسيوس. سجلت فصول كتاب الموتى على ورق البردي، وجدران مقابر الدولة الحديثة، والأسرة 21، والتوابيت والمقاصير ولفائف المومياوات وبعض التمائم.\nسجلت هذه النصوص بالخط الهيروغليفي المبسط، وبالخط الهيراطيقي، وكانت النصوص تزود بمناظر في بعض الأحيان.\nوقد تأثرت نصوص كتاب الموتى بما ورد في نصوص الأهرام والتوابيت، وإن أبدت اهتماماً كبيراً بنصوص محاكمة المتوفى في العالم الآخر من خلال محكمة أوزير (خاصة الفصل 125، والذي يتعلق بالاعتراف الإنكاري للخطايا التي ارتكبها المتوفى).\nويهدف كتاب الموتى بالدرجة الأولى إلى كيفية مساعدة المتوفى على الخروج من قبره نهاراً. والمعروف أن مركزي إعداد مكونات كتاب الموتى في الدولة الحديثة كانا في طيبة ومنف. والمعروف كذلك أن بعض فصول كتاب الموتى تغيرت من أسرة إلى أخرى.", "تاريخ السوشي\nرصد قاموس أوكسفورد الإنجليزي أول ورود لكلمة سوشي في كتاب صدر عام 1893 تحت عنوان الداخلية اليابانية، حيث ذكر أن \"السكان المحليين قدموا لنا الشاي والسوشي أو شطيرة الأرز\".[8][9] وهناك أيضًا ذكر لكلمة سوشي في قاموس ياباني إنجليزي منذ عام 1873,[10] وفي مقالة نشرت عام 1879 عن المطبخ الياباني في الدورية Notes and Queries.[11]", "1952 في اليابان\nمن الكتب التي صدرت هذه السنة في اليابان:", "علم اليابان\nمنشأ هينامارو الدقيق غير معروف، ولكن كان لشروق الشمس معنى رمزي في المخطوطات اليابانية منذ أوائل القرن السابع. كما يشار كثيرًا إلى اليابان باسم \"أرض الشمس المشرقة\". وتذكر قصة الهائيكي من القرن الثاني عشر أن الساموراي حملوا رسومات عليها رمز الشمس على مراوحهم. وهناك سبب آخر محتمل لاستخدام الشمس، أن المحارب الياباني يريد تصاميم بسيطة وأنيقة لتعكس صورة الساموراي المهذب والمثقف. أسطورة أخرى مرتبطة بالعلم، تدور في القرن الثالث عشر أثناء غزو المغول لليابان، عندما أعطى الكاهن البوذي نيشرين راية الشمس لشوغون ليحمله في المعركة. كما أن الشمس هي أيضًا مرتبطة ارتباطًا وثيقًا بالعائلة الإمبراطورية، حيث تقول الأسطورة أن العرش الإمبراطوري ينحدر من إلهة الشمس أماتيراسو.", "مكتبة الفاتيكان\nCoordinates: تقع مكتبة الفاتيكان (باللغة اللاتينيّة: Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana) في مدينة الفاتيكان، وهي إحدى أقدم المكتبات وتحوي مجموعة مخطوطات تاريخية مهمة جدًا. تأسست رسميًا في 1475 مع أنها أقدم من ذلك بكثير، وفيها 75,000 مخطوطة من مختلف العصور.[1]", "مان يوشو\nمان يوشو (万葉集) هو أقدم وأهم كتابات الشعر في الأدب الياباني ومعناها \"كتاب العشرة آلاف ورقة\" وهو عشرون مجلداً ، جمع فيها ناشران للكتاب أربعة آلاف وخمسمائة قصيدة ، نظمها الشعراء خلال الأربعة القرون السالفة ، وفيها تجد على الأخص شعر \"هيتومارو\" وشعر \"أكاهيتو\" ، وهما الشاعران الرئيسيان اللذان ازدهر فيها الشعر في فترة نارا ومطلع فترة هـيـآن، ومن شعر \"هيتومارو\" هذه الأسطر الموجزة التالية التي كتبها يرثي بها حبيبته حين ماتت وتصاعد الدخان من جثمانها المحترق إلى شعاب التلال:", "تعليم اللغة الإنجليزية في اليابان\nومع ذلك، بدءًا من أواخر الثمانينيات في القرن التاسع عشر، عندما كانت اليابان تتحول إلى دولة حديثة بخطى حثيثة، بدأت كتب مثل (にほんじんん أو 日本人) (الشعب الياباني) الذي كتبه شيجا شيجيتاكا في الظهور على السطح لتحذير الشعب الياباني ضد أخطار التأثيرات الغربية. وبالتالي، حتى نهاية الحرب العالمية الثانية، حدث شد وجذب بشكل متنامٍ بين الأيديولوجية الغربية والكبرياء القومي بين الشعب الياباني.", "1935 في اليابان\nمن الكتب التي صدرت هذه السنة في اليابان:", "اليابان\nبوغاكو ونو وكيوغن وبونراكو (باليابانية: 文楽) وكابوكي نو: هو من أقدم المسارح المحترفة الموجودة في العالم وهو فن مسرحي يعتمد على الرقص والموسيقى. كيوجين: وهو فواصل مسرحية هزليه مكلمه لاادا مسرح نو ويقدم مسرح كيوجين فقرات ساخرة حول ضعف الإنسان كما كان يفعل القصاصون الآسيويون بونراكو: وهو مسرح له مكانه فريدة في عالم المسرح الياباني حيث أن أداء الدمي تم قبوله على قدم المساوة مع الدراما التقليدية. كابوكي: يعد واحد من أكبر موروثات المسرح الياباني التقليدي، بدأ مسرح الكابوكي في بدايات القرن السابع عشر.", "شوكو نيهونغي\nشوكو نيهونغي هو كتاب في التاريخ الياباني كتب بمهمة من الإمبراطور وتم إنجاز العمل فيه في عام 797، ويعتبر ثاني كتب التاريخ الوطني الست، والتي أتت بعد كتابي نيهون شوكي ونيهون كوكي. يعتبر هذا الكتاب من أهم المصادر لدراسة التاريخ الياباني في فترة نارا.", "تاريخ اليابان البحري\nبدأت أول أشكال الاتصال البحري في فترة يايوي عندما انتقلت فنون زراعة الرز وصناعة السبائك من البر الآسيوي. ويعتبر غزو سيلا (أحد الممالك الكورية الثلاث) عام 14 هي من أوائل الأعمال العسكرية اليابانية المسجلة.", "مخطوطات الكتاب المقدس\nمخطوطات الكتاب المقدس، هي النسخ أو أجزاء النسخ القديمة، والتي تعود للكتاب المقدس. يبلغ عددها أكثر من 15,000 مخطوطة يرجع أقدمها للقرن الأول قبل الميلاد لسفر اشعياء.\nوقد تم اكتشاف مخطوطات ضمن مخطوطات البحر الميت،", "تاريخ الأوريقامي\nبدأ فن الأوريقامي الياباني في وقت ما بعدما أحضر الرهبان البوذيون الورق إلى اليابان خلال القرن السادس. فيعود تاريخ أول عمل أوريقامي ياباني لتلك الفترة، وقد اُستخدم للأغراض الاحتفالية الدينية فحسب نظرًا لغلاء سعر الورق حينها.", "الكتب المقدسة في مصر القديمة\nومنذ الدولة الحديثة أصبحت هذه النصوص الدينية تسجل على جدران مقابر الملوك والملكات وبعض الأفراد، وتسجل كذلك على لفائف البردي، وأصبحت تعرف باسم \"كتاب الموتى\"، وكتاب ما في العالم الآخر، وكتاب البوابات ... الخ. وتعد نصوص الأهرام- باعتبارها الأقدم- هي الأكثر تعبيراً عن أصالة الفكر الديني المصري.", "علم اليابان\nأقدم الأعلام الموثّقة في تاريخ اليابان، ترجع لفترة أزوتشي-موموياما في أواخر القرن السادس عشر. كان كل داي-ميو، يستخدم علمًا في المعارك. كانت معظم تلك الأعلام طويلة تحمل كامون عشيرة الداي-ميو، وكانت تلك الأعلام بمثابة تحديد للهوية. وفي عام 1854، أثناء شوغونية توكوغاوا، طُلب من السفن اليابانية رفع الهينومارو، لتمييزها عن السفن الأجنبية. قبل ذلك الحين، استخدمت أنواع مختلفة من الأعلام على السفن التي كانت تتاجر مع الأمريكيين والروس. صدر المرسوم الإمبراطوري الذي اعتمد الهينومارو علمًا تجاريًا لليابان في عام 1870، ثم أصبح العلم الرسمي بين عامي 1870-1885، مما يجعله العلم الوطني الأول المعتمد في اليابان.", "تاريخ الكتب\nالكتابة في العظام والقذائف والخشب والحرير موجودة في الصين قبل فترة طويلة من القرن 2 قبل الميلاد. تم اختراع الورق في الصين حوالي القرن الأول الميلادي. ويعزى اكتشاف العملية باستخدام لحاء بلاك بيري بوش إلى تساي لوين ابن عم كار شون الذي هو أعظم مغني في الصين مثل مهانغ خان-نوهر، ولكن قد يكون أكبر سنا. وكانت النصوص تستنسخ بواسطة الطباعة الخشبية؛ كان نشر النصوص البوذية حافزا رئيسيا للإنتاج على نطاق واسع. شكل الكتاب تطور مع مراحل وسيطة من مخطوطات مطوية على غرار كونسرتينا، مخطوطات ملزمة على حافة واحدة (\"كتب فراشة\") وهلم جرا", "1937 في اليابان\nفيما يلي قوائم الأحداث التي وقعت خلال عام 1937 في اليابان.من الكتب التي صدرت هذه السنة في اليابان:", "لغة يابانية\n本に\nكتاب لِ\nللكتاب", "سجلات الممالك الثلاث\nمن أهم ميزات هذا السجل أنه أول وثيقة تاريخية تذكر وجود اليابان. وكان تسلسل الأحداث مبنياً على نفس تسلسل أحداث الممالك الثلاث. فبدأ بالحديث عن إندلاع تمرد العمامات الصفراء. يبدأ كتاب واي بتأسيس واي وينتهي بتنازل الإمبراطور تساو هوان. ويبدأ كتاب شو بتأسيس شو وينتهي بوفاة ليو شان سنة 271م أما كتاب وو فيبدأ بتأسيس وو و وينتهي بوفاة سون هاو سنة 284.", "1948 في اليابان\nفيما يلي قوائم الأحداث التي وقعت خلال عام 1948 في اليابان.من الكتب التي صدرت هذه السنة في اليابان:", "الإسلام في اليابان\nتاريخ الإسلام في اليابان حديث نسبيا مقارنة بوجوده منذ فترة طويلة في بلدان أخرى حول العالم.\nعرف اليابانيون معلومات أولية عن الإسلام من جيرانهم الصينيين، فأخذوا معلوماتهم من الكتب الصينية، ومما كتبه الأوروبيون، وجاءت دفعة جديدة بانفتاح اليابان على العالم الخارجي والاتصال بالبلاد الإسلامية، ففي سنة 1308 هـ زارت إحدى السفن الحربية التركية موانيء اليابان زيارة مجاملة، ولكنها تحطمت في عودتها قرب جزر اليابان، ومات العديد من طاقمها، فأرسلت اليابان إحدى سفنها تحمل الأحياء من الباخرة التركية إلى استنبول وكان هذا أول (اتصال إسلامي رسمي) باليابان.", "فن ياباني\nالفنون اليابانية مجموعة من الفنون المنتشرة في اليابان تشمل عدة فنون قديمة، مثل الخزف والنحت على الخشب والبرونز والتلوين بالحبر على أقمشة الحرير والورق. بالإضافة إلى الفنون الحديثة مثل المانغا والأنيمي. وتاريخ الفنون في اليابان يمتد من الألف العاشر قبل الميلاد.", "المسيحية في اليابان\nهناك في الوقت الحاضر حوالي 500,000 من المسيحيين البروتستانت في اليابان. كان الطبيب جيمس كورتيس هيبورن أول مبشر بروتستانتي إلى اليابان وذلك في عام 1859، ذهب هيبورن إلى اليابان بوصفه مبشّر وطبيب مع البعثة المشيخية الأمريكية، وفتح عيادة في ولاية كاناغاوا وهي قرب طوكيو في الوقت الحاضر. وكان قد أسس في وقت لاحق مدرسة هيبورن، التي كانت أساس جامعة ميجي غاكوين، وكتب القاموس الياباني الإنجليزي. الذي نشر في عام 1886، واعتمد هيبورن نظام جديد بالحروف اللاتينية للغة اليابانية (Rōmajikai). ومن المعروف على نطاق واسع هذا النظام والكتابة بالحروف اللاتينية بإسم هيبورن. كما ساهم هيبورن بترجمة الكتاب المقدس إلى اللغة اليابانية.", "1906 في اليابان\nمن الكتب التي صدرت هذه السنة في اليابان:", "فترة أسوكا\nفترة أسوكا (باليابانية: 飛鳥時代) امتدت ما بين (593 م-710 م) من فترات التاريخ الياباني. سميت هذه الفترة بأسوكا (飛鳥) نسبة إلى المكان الذي احتضن البلاط الإمبراطوري. أهم ما ميزها هو انفتاح البلاد على الثقافتين الصينية -الكورية، وإدخال البوذية.", "مذكرة الموت\nظهرت مذكرة الموت لأول مرة في مجلة القصص المصورة التي تصدر في اليابان شونن جمب الأسبوعية أشهر المجلات التي تقوم بنشر القصص المصورة في اليابان حيث قامت دار النشر شويشا بنشرها في شهر ديسمبر من عام 2003. وبعد ذلك استمرت المجلة في نشرها حتى بلغ إجمالي عدد فصول السلسلة مائة وثمانية فصل. وبعد ذلك، تم جمع الفصول بشكل فردي في اثني عشر كتيب (الكتب التي تصدر بصورة مستقلة دون وجود أجزاء أخرى لها). ومؤخرًا حصلت شركة الترفيه التي تقوم بإنتاج الرسوم المتحركة والمجلات المصورة فيز ميديا على ترخيص يعطيها الحق في نشر مذكرة الموت في أمريكا الشمالية.[16] وصدرت باللغة الإنجليزية لأول مرة في الرابع من شهر أكتوبر في عام 2005.[17] وفي فبراير من عام 2008، قامت الشركة بإصدار نسخة فريدة من نوعها لم يتكرر إصدار مثلها. وتلك النسخة التي ظهرت بعد مرور عامين على نشر آخر أجزاء السلسلة تدور أحداثها حول ظهور كيرا جديد وردود أفعال شخصيات القصة الرئيسية تجاه ظهور هذه النسخة المقلدة.", "اليابان\nاليابان (باليابانية: 日本 وتنطق: نِيپُّونْ \\ نِيهُونْ ، ومعناها: مصدر الشمس أو مَشرق الشمس، من: نِي 日 أي الشمس، هُونْ 本 أي المنبع أو الأصل.) بلد في شرق آسيا، تقع بين المحيط الهادئ وبحر اليابان، وشرق شبه الجزيرة الكورية. أطلق الصينيون على البلاد اسم أرض مشرق - منبع- الشمس، وهذا لوقوعها في أقصى شرقي العالم المأهول آنذاك. تتكون اليابان من جزر عديدة (حوالي ثلاثة آلاف جزيرة)، أربع من هذه الجزر تعد الأهم والأكبر على الإطلاق، وهي على التوالي (من الجنوب إلى الشّمال): كيوشو (九州), شيكوكو (四国), هونشو (本州), هوكايدو (北海道). بعد اعتماد الدستور في عام 1947 تحول نظام الحكم في اليابان إلى نظام ملكي دستوري يضم إمبراطورًا وبرلمان منتخبًا.", "التعليم الاجتماعي في اليابان\nيتميز اليابانيون بشره القراءة. حيث تمتلئ المكتبات العامة منذ لحظة فتح أبوابها يوميا بالقراء الباحثين عن مجموعة مذهلة من عناوين الكتب الخارجية وكذلك اليابانية. كما يبلغ إصدار أعلى أربع صحف وطنية هي أساهي شيمبون(Asahi Shimbun)، وماينيتشي شيمبون(Mainichi Shimbun)،ويوميوري شيمبون(Yomiuri Shimbun)، ونيهون كيزاي شيمبون (Nihon Keizai Shimbun) وحدها دوريات يومية مجتمعة (بطبعتين في كل يوم) أكثر من 35 مليون نسخة ويوجد كذلك أربع صحف يومية باللغة الإنجليزية.", "1967 في اليابان\nفيما يلي قوائم الأحداث التي وقعت خلال عام 1967 في اليابان.من الكتب التي صدرت هذه السنة في اليابان:", "كأس إمبراطور اليابان\nكأس إمبراطور اليابان (باليابانية:天皇杯全日本サッカー選手権大会) هي مسابقة الكأس المحلية لكرة القدم اليابانية. وهي تعتبر من أعرق مسابقات كرة القدم في اليابان وتعود بدايتها لعام 1921 قبل تأسيس الدوري الياباني. حامل لقب الكأس الحالي هو نادي غامبا أوساكا.", "تاريخ الأبجدية\nهناك توثيق مثبت عن كتابات وجدت منذ 5000 سنة قبل الميلاد في كتابات بلاد ما بين النهرين المسمارية والآثار الفرعونية الهيليغريفية. وكانتا هاتان الكتابتان معروفتين في منطقة الشرق الأوسط حيث ظهرت أول أبجدية وهي الأبجدية المصرية وتعتبر أقدم أبجدية في العالم و أصل كل أبجديات العالم ", "مسجد كوبيه\nمسجد كوبيه يعرف باليابانية بعدة أسماء منها 神戸モスク، 神戸回教寺院 神戸ムスリムモスク. هو مسجد يقع في مدينة كوبه اليابانية (أحياناً تكتب بـ كوبي) وهو المسجد الأول في اليابان, ومن أقدم المساجد في اليابان. بنئ المسجد على يد مجموعة من الاتراك، التتار والهنود التجار في أكتوبر/تشرين الأول عام 1935 ميلادية الذين قطنوا المدينة حيث كانت مدينة كوبيه من أهم المراكز التجارية مع العالم الخارجي في ذلك الوقت. وكان بناؤه ممولا بتبرعات اللجنة الإسلامية لكوبه من عام 1928 وحتى افتتاحه عام 1935.\nيعتبر مسجد كوبيه من أحد معالم مدينة كوبيه لقدمه كذلك لانه من المباني القليلة التي صمدت في تاريخ كوبيه العصيف، منها عملية قصف جوية لكوبيه في الحرب العالمية الثانية لذلك اخذه الجيش الياباني على أنه ملجأ في خضم الحرب العالمية الثانية. وكذلك صموده في مواجهة زلزال كوبيه العظيم عام 1995 والحرائق التي أتت بعد الزلزال.", "العصر الحجري الياباني القديم\nالعصر الحجري الياباني هي الفترة التي تقع بين 100000 ق.م. إلى 30000 ق.م. حيث استخدمت الأدوات الحجرية الأولى والذي يمتد إلى نهاية العصر الجليدي حيث ابتدأت فترة جومون. تم اكتشاف أقدم عظام لليابانيين في هاماماتسو، شيزوكا وبالفحص تبين أنها تعود إلى ما قبل 14000 إلى 18000 سنة خلت.", "دار الكتاب المقدس اليابانية\nدار الكتاب المقدس اليابانية هي جمعية خيرية مسيحية غير طائفية لطبع ونشر الكتاب المقدس تم إنشاؤها في 1937 وتهدف إلى جعل الكتاب المقدس متاحًا في اليابان.", "تاريخ اليابان البحري\nسجلت بدءاً من القرن الثاني عشر العديد من المعارك البحرية الكبيرة بين العشائر اليابانية التي استخدم فيها ما يزيد على 1000 سفينة حربية. من أشهر هذه المعارك هي معركة جينبه. عادت ما كانت المعارك تبدأ بتبادل الرماية بالأسهم في الفترة الأولى ثم تتحول إلى مبارزات يدوية بالسيوف والخناجر واستخدمت السفن كساحات معارك طافية.", "تاريخ الكتب\n بدأت الطباعة الأولى من الكتب في الصين وكانت خلال عهد أسرة تانغ (618-907)، ولكن بالضبط عندما لا يعرف. أقدم كتاب مطبوع موجود هو عمل أسرة تانغ في لي مونس تار ويعود إلى 868. عندما زار المبشر الإيطالي الكاثوليكي ماتيو ريتشي مينغ الصين، كتب أن هناك \"أعدادا كبيرة جدا من الكتب المتداولة\" وأشاروا إلى أنهم تم بيعها بأسعار منخفضة جدا.", "قصة غنجي\nقصة غنجي تعد من الروايات الأولى والأشهر على الإطلاق في الأدب الياباني. صاحبة الرواية \"موراساكي شيكيبو\" (紫 式部) ج(973-1025 م.) عاشت أثناء فترة هييآن التاريخية.", "تاريخ هيرودوتس\nتاريخ هيرودوتس هو كتاب لهيرودوت يعد من الأعمال الأولى في التاريخ في . كتب بين عامي 450 ق.م إلى 420 ق.م باللهجة الأيونية للغة الإغريقية. وثق هذا الكتاب للعادات والسياسات والجغرافيا والصراعات القديمة في العديد من الثقافات في منطقة البحر المتوسط وغرب آسيا في تلك الفترة.", "جومون سوجي (شجرة)\nجومون سوجي (باليابانية: 縄文杉) هي أقدم الأشجار من الفصيلة الصنوبرية في جزيرة ياكوشيما اليابانية. قامت منظمة اليونسكو بوضعها ضمن لائحة مواقع التراث العالمي في اليابان. اختلف العلماء في تحدير عمرها فهناك من قال أن عمرها 2000 سنة، وتشير تقديرات أخرى إلى أن عمرها 2170 سنة\nو 7200 سنة.\nوهناك تقديرات تقول أن عمرها هو 5000 سنة على أقل تقدير\"،\n\"أكثر من 6000 سنة\"،\nوتصل إلى إلى عمر أعلى من 7000 سنة\". ينتمي اسم الشجرة إلى فترة جومون وهي فترة من تاريخ اليابان .", "سومو\nتم ذكر كلمة \"سومو\" لأول مرة سنة 712 م في كتابات الكوجيكي (古事記) أو \"وقائع الأحداث القديمة\" وهي أولى المدونات اليابانية المعروفة. تروي الـ\"كوجيكي\" قصة صراع سومو دار بين إلهين قديمين، \"تاكيمي كازوتشي\" و\"تاكيمي ناكاتا\"، ثم انتصار الأول. بعد انتصاره استولى الشعب الذي يقوده \"تاكيمي كازوتشي\" على جزر الأرخبيل الياباني، كما أنحدر من صلبه أباطرة اليابان الحاليين.", "أوكييو-إه\nعرف الحرفيون اليابانيون استعمال فن الرشم (الطباعة برسوم بارزة) منذ القدم، اقتصرت مزاولة هذا النشاط على الأديرة البوذية، وتوجب الانتظار حتى منتصف القرن الـ17 م، حتى تظهر أولى الرواشم (الصور التي يتم طباعتها عن طريق الرشم) ذات الطبيعة الدنيوية (غير دينية). كان للرسام والمصور \"هيشيكاوا مورونوبو\"، والذي ابتكر أولى الرواشم الملونة، الدور الكبير في التشهير بهذا الفن. قام \"هيشيكاوا\" بتكييف طرق الرسم التقليدية مع فن النحت على الخشب، واستطاع أن يطبع العديد من الكتب المصورة، المطويات ورسومات لمناظر طبيعية وغيرها. استمر العمل بهذا الأسلوب حتى العشرية الأولى من القرن الـ18 م.", "تاريخ الكتب\nبدأ تاريخ الكتب مع تطور الكتابة، واختراعات أخرى مختلفة مثل الورق والطباعة، ويستمر حتى الأعمال الحديثة من طباعة الكتب. التاريخ المبكر للكتب في الواقع يسبق ما يمكن أن يسمى تقليديا \"الكتب\" اليوم ويبدأ مع أقراص، مخطوطات، وأوراق من البردي. ثم كتب اليد مكلفة، مكلفة، ووضعت، ودعا المخطوطات، ظهرت. وأتاحت هذه الطرق لحجم الطباعة المطبوعة وتؤدي في نهاية المطاف إلى التوم المطبوعة الجماعية السائدة اليوم. الكتب المعاصرة قد لا يكون لها حتى وجود مادي مع ظهور الكتاب الإلكتروني.", "مصر القديمة\nظهرت الكتابة لأول مرة مع الملكية على العلامات والتسميات للمواد التي وجدت في المقابر الملكية. كان هذا في المقام الأول هو مهنة الكُتاب، الذين عملوا من مؤسسة مفتاح الحياة أو دار الحياة. وقد ضم الأخير مكاتب ومكتبات (سميت دار الكتب) ومعامل ومراصد فلكية.[105] وكانت أشهر قطع الأدب المصري القديم مثل نصوص الأهرام ونصوص التوابيت مكتوبة بالكلاسيكية المصرية.", "خرافات يابانية\nالخرافات اليابانية جذورها متشعبة في الثقافة و التاريخ الياباني و الشعب الياباني باكمله. فالمعتقدات الخرافية مشهورةٌ في اليابان واغلبها لها جذورها عبر التاريخ الياباني. عدد من الخرافات اليابانية متأصلة بالعادات والثقافة اليابانية إما لتعليم درس أو حكمة ما.", "حديقة يابانية\nالحديقة أو الحدائق اليابانية (باليابانية: 日本庭園) هي البساتين التي يتم العناية في اليابان حسب الطرق التقليدية، وتقوم هذه الطرق على فن خاص يعود تاريخه إلى العهود القديمة. يمكن العثور على هذه الحدائق في بعض البيوت التقليدية اليابانية، في الحدائق العمومية، في المعابد البوذية والمزارات الشنتوية، وفي بعض القصور القديمة. تعتبر حدائق «زن» (مذهب بوذي) الأشهر على الإطلاق في اليابان والعالم.", "تاريخ الرسم\nيُعتبر الرسم الياباني (絵 画) واحدا من أقدم الفنون اليابانية وأكثرها دقة، ويضم مجموعة واسعة من الأنواع والأنماط. وكما هو الحال مع الفنون اليابانية بشكل عام، تطور الرسم الياباني من خلال تاريخ طويل من التوليف والتنافس بين الجماليات اليابانية الأصلية والتكيف مع الأفكار المستوردة. \"أوكييو-إه\" أو \"صور العالم العائم\" هو نوع من المطبوعات الخشبية اليابانية (أو \"النقوش الخشبية\") والرسومات التي تم إنتاجها بين القرنين السابع عشر والعشرين، وتتميز بزخارف من المناظر الطبيعية والمسرح ومناطق الملاذ، وهو النوع الفني الرئيسي للطباعة الخشبية اليابانية. وكان للطباعة اليابانية، خاصة في فترة إيدو، تأثير هائل على الرسم الفرنسي خلال القرن التاسع عشر.", "لغة يابانية قديمة متأخرة\nاللغة اليابانية القديمة من العصر المتأخر Late Old Japanese (中古日本語, chūko nihongo?) هي مرحلة من اللغة اليابانية التي كانت تستخدم فيما بين عامي 794 و1185، وهي الفترة التي عرفت بالفترة الهينية. وهي اللغة التالية للغة اليابانية القديمة.", "بانسين شوكاي\nبَنْسِنْ شُوكَاي (وتعني باليابانية البحر الذي يجمع مصب ألف نهر) هي عبارة عن مجموعة كتابات تجمع قوانين وتكتيكات واسترتيجيات النينجا، حيث يعتبر على أنه قانون النينجا. قام بتأليف وتجميع هذه الكتبات المدون فوجيباياشي ياسوتاكي 藤林保武 من عشيرة الإيجا عام 1676 . يتناول المجمع عدة مواضيع منها الفلسفة، التنجيم، الأسلحة وعلم القيادة وما شابه ذلك ومن الواضح تأثر المجمع بشكل كبير بالثقافة والعلوم الصينية .هناك نسختين من الكتاب:", "نوح\nاستنادا إلى معظم المؤرخين والأكاديميين في مجال اللغات فإن التوراة -التي تعتبر أقدم كتاب ديني ذكر قصة نوح- هي في الحقيقة عبارة عن مجموعة من المخطوطات كتبت من قبل العديد من الكتاب وليس من كاتب واحد أو مصدر واحد، وإنها على الأغلب قد جمعت في القرن الخامس قبل الميلاد [7]. ونتيجة الاختلاف في المصادر فإن التوراة تُظهر شخصيتين متناقضتين لنوح فتارة نرى نوح كرجل زاهد قريبا من \"الخالق الأعظم\" الذي اختاره ليخلص البشرية من الدمار، وتارة أخرى نرى التوراة تصف نوح كأول فلاح في البشرية وكان أول صانع للنبيذ. ويرى بعض المحللين إن هذا التناقض في وصف الشخصية قد يكون معناه أنه ربما حدث خطأ أثناء نقل الروايات وإن بطل قصة الطوفان قد يكون جد نوح واسمه بالعبرية أينوخ وبالعربية نوح وإن هناك إحتمإلا أن التشابه في العبرية بين اسمي نوح وآينوخ قد يكون سببا رئيسيا في هذا التناقض [8][9].", "تاريخ جزر المحيط الهادئ\nان تاريخ اليابان يبدأ مع إشارات موجزة في القرن الأول الميلادي أربعة وعشرون تاريخا، مجموعة من النصوص التاريخية الصينية. ومع ذلك، تشير الأدلة الأثرية إلى أن الناس كانوا يعيشون على جزر اليابان في وقت مبكر من العصر الحجري القديم العلوي بعد آخر العصر الجليدي حوالي 12,000 قبل الميلاد ،ان النظم الإيكولوجية الغنية من الأرخبيل الياباني لتعزيز التنمية البشرية. ان الفخار الأقدم ينتمي إلى فترة جومون.", "تاريخ اليابان\nيجب الانتباه إلى أن المؤرخين لم يتفقوا في تحديد بداية ونهاية هذه الفترات وبعضها متداخل مع الآخر، مما يخلق إشكالا في بعض الأحيان:العصر الحجري القديم لليابان يغطي الفترة التي تبدأ من حوالي 100،000 إلى 30،000 قبل الميلاد، عندما وجدت أدوات مصنوعة من الحجر، وتنتهي حوالي 12،000 قبل الميلاد، في نهاية العصر الجليدي الأخير، تتناسب مع بداية فترة جومون الميزوليتي. تاريخ البدء حوالي 35.000 قبل الميلاد هو الأكثر تقبلا على العموم. [2] تم قطع اتصال الأرخبيل الياباني من القارة بعد العصر الجليدي الأخير، حوالي 11،000 ق. بعد بلاغ كاذب من قبل الباحث الهاوي، شينيتشي Fujimura، تعرضت، [3])، والسفلى والوسطى العصر الحجري حيث رفضت الأدلة التي أبلغ عنها Fujimura ورفاقه بعد إعادة التحقيق الدقيق. فقط بعض الأدلة من العصر الحجري القديم الأعلى يمكن اعتبارها مقبولة.", "تاريخ التعليم في اليابان\nدخلت التعاليم الصينية إلى اليابان بدءاً من القرن السادس بالترافق مع دخول البوذية، بالإضافة إلى نظام الكتابة الصينية و الأدب الصيني و الكونفوشيوسية. وبحلول القرن التاسع كان في هييان-كيو (الاسم القديم لكيوتو) التي كانت عاصمة اليابان خمسة معاهد للتعليم العالي، وفي أثناء فترة هييآن تأسست الكثير من المدارس من قبل النبلاء الإقطاعيين والسدة الإمبراطورية. وفي العصور الوسطى (1185 - 1600) تأسس معاهد دينية تتبع الزن البوذية وكان لها أهمية كبيرة في عملية التعليم، بالإضافة إلى أن مدرسة أشيكاغا ازدهرت في القرن الخامس عشر للتعليم العالي.", "1976 في اليابان\nفيما يلي قوائم الأحداث التي وقعت خلال عام 1976 في اليابان.من الكتب التي صدرت هذه السنة في اليابان:", "فترة نارا\nفترة نارا (بـاليابانية: 奈良時代) ما بين (710 م.-784 م.): من فترات التاريخ الياباني. سميت الفترة على اسم نارا، وهي المدينة التي احتضنت البلاط الإمبراطوري.\nأقدم البلاط الإمبراطوري عام 710 م. على تعطيل عادة متبعة، تلزم الإمبراطور الجديد تغيير محل إقامته عند اعتلاء العرش. فتم إقرار \"هيي-جو كيو\" (المكان عرف لاحقاَ بـ\"نارا\" (奈良)، والذي نسبت هذه الفترة من تاريخ اليابان إليه) كعاصمة دائمة للبلاد. تم تصميم العاصمة على نمط مركزي، وشكل مربع تقليدا للمدن الصينية آنذاك. عرفت الحياة السياسية لهذه الفترة هيمنة أبناء \"ناكاتومي نو كاماتاري\"، الذين اشتهروا باسم \"فوجي-وارا\" (藤原) أو (藤氏)، وكان من أهم أعمالهم تشجيع البوذية، كما يشهد على ذلك تمثال نارا لبوذا، والذي أنجز ح 752 م. والحيوية التي عرفتها العلاقات الدبلوماسية مع الصين التي كانت تحكمها سلالة الـ\"تانغ\" آنذاك.\nبدأ السكان في التكاثر المستمر، وبدا أن المساحات المخصصة لزراعة الأرز، والتي تم توزيعها حسب النظام القديم لن تكف. تم منذ العام 723 م. الإعلان عن مرسوم يسمح بموجبه للذين يقومون بتهيئة أراضٍ جديدة، باستغلالها خلال ثلاثة أجيال كاملة. مع بداية تعميم تطبيق هذا المرسوم عام 743 م. بدأت المعابد والعائلات الكبيرة في اقتناء مساحات شاسعة من الأراضي واستغلالها لمدة غير محدودة.\nتمت خلال هذه الفترة كتابة أولى التواريخ اليابانية، كـ\"كوجيكي\" (古事記) أولا العام 712 م. ثم \"نيهون شوكي\" (日本書紀) العام 720 م. كما تم في نفس الفترة الانتهاء من تجميع أولى الملاحم الشعرية، أو ما عرف باسم \"مان يوشو\" (万葉集) \"مجموعة العشرة آلاف ورقة\" ح 760 م. كما عرفت الفترة نفسها انتشار الفنون والطابع المعماري ذو التأثيرات الصينية، مع ظهور بعض العلامات الفارقة فيهما والتي أعطت فيما بعد الطابع المميز للبلاد. بدأت المعابد البوذية في التكاثر، وكثر معها عدد رجال الدين والمستخدمين، وشكل ذلك عبئاً ثقيلا على البلاط الإمبراطوري. حاول الإمبراطور \"كانمو\" (الذي حكم ما بين 781 م. و 806 م.) أن يتخلص من العبئ والتأثير الذين كانا يمارسهما رجال الدين على البلاط، فتم نقل العاصمة إلى \"ناغا أوكا\" سنة 784 م، ثم بعد عشر سنوات مرة إلى إلى \"هيي-آن كييو\" والتي عرفت بعدها باسم \"كيوتو\"، ظلت المدينة مركزا للبلاط الإمبراطوري حتى 1868 م. حين تم إعلان الإصلاحات فانتقل البلاط إلى \"طوكيو\" ودخلت اليابان بعدها الفترة الحديثة.", "1955 في اليابان\nفيما يلي قوائم الأحداث التي وقعت خلال عام 1955 في اليابان.من الكتب التي صدرت هذه السنة في اليابان:", "بوشيدو روح اليابان\nكتب نيتوبى \"بوشيدو:روح اليابان\" في الأصل باللغة الانجليزية (1899) في مونتيرى،كاليفورنيا ،بالرغم من أن مقدمة الكتاب تقول عكس ذلك وأنه كتب في مالفيرن ،بنسلفانيا. ولم يترجم الكتاب إلى اللغة اليابانية حتى نال شهرة في العالم المتحدث بالانجليزية لسنوات عديدة.", "الكتاب المقدس\nإن مخطوطات العهد الجديد، والتي أنشئت في كثير من اللغات ليست كتابًا واحدًا بخط المؤلف نفسه بل هي نسخ أو نسخ النسخ للكتب الأصلية التي فقدت اليوم، إن أقدم النصوص المتوافرة للعهد الجديد ترقى إلى القرن الثالث وقد كتبت باللغة اليونانية على الرق، ويعتبر المجلد الفاتيكاني أقدمها ويعود لحوالي العام 250 وسبب تسميته لأنه محفوظ في مكتبة الفاتيكان، وكذلك المجلد السينائي الذي يعود لحوالي العام 300 وقد أضيف إليه جزء من سفر الراعي لهرماس، وهو من محفوظات المتحف البريطاني في لندن وسبب تسميته اكتشافه في دير سانت كاترين في شبه جزيرة سيناء؛ غير أنه يوجد عدد كبير من البرديات والمخطوطات التي تعود أقدمها إلى بداية القرن الثاني وتظهر أجزاءً مختلفة متفاوتة الطول من العهد الجديد؛ إن نسخ وطبعات العهد الجديد ليست كلها واحدة بل تحوي على طائفة من الفوارق بعضها بقواعد الصرف أو النحو وترتيب الكلمات، لكن بعضها الآخر يتعلق بمعنى الفقرات، إن أصل هذه الفروق يعود لأن نص العهد الجديد قد نسخ طول قرون عديدة وبلغات مختلفة بيد نساخ صلاحهم للعمل متفاوت، ما يؤدي حكمًا إلى أخطاء عديدة في النسخ، سوى ذلك فإن بعض النساخ حاولوا أحيانًا أن يعدلوا بعض الفقرات التي بدت لهم تحوي أخطاءً أو قلة دقة في التعبير اللاهوتي، إلى جانب استعمال نصوص فقرات عديدة من العهد الجديد في أثناء إقامة شعائر العبادة ما أدى أحيانًا إلى ادخال زخارف لفظية غايتها تجميل النص.", "اللغة اليابانية وعلاقتها بالصينية\nإن الصورة النمطية المأخوذة عن اللغة اليابانية هي صورة غير دقيقة و مبالغ فيها، فالصعوبة الحقيقية تكمن في أنظامة الكتابة الثلاثة، وكذلك في العدد الهائل للمقاطع الصوتية التي يجب على القارئ أن يتقنها، كما أن هناك على الأقل \"2000\" مقطع منها كي لا يعد أميًا وتكمن العلاقة بين اللغة اليابانية واللغة الصينية في النظام الثالث الذي تستخدمه اليابان في الكتابة والذي يسمى \"بالكانجي\"، فهذا النظام أو هذه الرموز الكتابية التي تستخدمها اليابان هي في الحقيقة رموز صينية وهي أول نظام كتابة تم استخدامه في اليابان وذلك بعد التبادل الثقافي الذي حصل في القرن الرابع ميلادي، فاستخدموا الحروف الصينية، وطوّعوها للأصوات اليابانية الخاصة بهم، فأصبح لهم أبجدية، لكن عدد الحروف وقتها كان كبيراً لدرجة أنه كان من الصعب على اليابانيين أنفسهم حفظ كل هذا العدد من الحروف فاختصروا العدد حتى أصبح تقريباً 1945 حرف (كانجي).بعدها إبتكر اليابانيون بنفسهم الكاتاكانا وهي لكتابة الكلمات الأجنبية الدخيلة على لغتهم والهيراغانا لكتابة الأصوات الباقية اليابانية الأصل في اللغة كحروف الجر الخ.\nويقال أن الكاتاكانا أبتكرت خصيصاً كي يستخدمها الرجال، والهيراغانا للنساء، أما الكانجي فتستخدم أكثر من طرف الكتاب خصوصا مؤلفي القصص المصورة في اليابان. ولكن السؤال المطروح هنا هو: بما أن الكانجي اليابانية هي نفس الرموز الصينية فهل من الممكن أن يفهم الشخص اللغة الصينية إذا تعلم الكانجي اليابانية؟ الجواب هو لا!!، فبالرغم من أن الرموز هي نفسها إلا أن النطق مختلف حسب اللغتين فنطق رمز الماء باليابانية مثلا هو: \"ميزو\" بينما النطق الصيني هو \"تشوي\" مع أن شكل الرمز هو نفسه لذا التشابه و العلاقة بينهما تكمن في الرموز فقط و ليس النطق.", "يوميات\nأقدم موجودة من اليوميات الشرق الأوسط وern شرق آسيا ن الثقافات، حتى وإن كان في وقت سابق من العمل لنفسي (Τὰ εἰς ἑαυτόν)، كتبت في اليونانية من قبل الإمبراطور الروماني ماركوس أوريليوس في النصف الثاني من القرن 2nd، سبق أن تعرض العديد من الخصائص المميزة لليوميات.بيلوبوك من ق اليابان تمتاز مذكرة السفر بأنها تعرض جوانب نادرة لهذا النوع من الكتابات بالرغم من أنها تقتصر على السجلات اليومية.على سبيل المثال، احتفظ العالم لي أ (القرن التاسع من الميلاد) يوميات عن رحلته عبر جنوب الصين.", "تصميم الجرافيك\nخلال عهد أسرة تانغ الحاكمة (618-906) بين القرنين الرابع والسابع الميلاديين تم تقطيع كتل الخشب من أجل الطباعة على المنسوجات وفي وقت لاحق لاستنساخ النصوص البوذية. كما تم طبع الكتب البوذية(انا لإمبراطور !!!!!!) المقدسة في عام 868 حيث يعتبر أقدم كتاب مطبوع عرف حتى الآن. بداية من القرن الحادى عشر، تم إنتاج مخطوطات وكتب أكثر طولا باستخدام أنواع من الطباعة المتحركة الأمر الذي جعل الكتب متوفرة على نطاق واسع خلال عهد أسرة سونغ (960-1279).[3] في وقت ما حول العام 1450، عملت دار يوهان غوتنبرغ للطباعة الصحفية على نشر الكتب على نطاق واسع في أوروبا. أسهم تصميم كتاب [[ألدوس مانوتياس}]] في تطوير هيكل الكتاب الذي من شأنه أن يصبح أساسا لتصميم المنشورات في الغرب. وتسمى هذه الحقبة من تصميم الجرافيك النمط الإنساني أو القديم.[4]", "طباعة\nوفي القرن الثاني ميلادي كان الصينيون كانوا قد اخترعوا طريقة لطباعة الكتب. وهذه كانت تطورا للطباعة التي كانت تمارس من خلال طبع الرسومات والتصميمات علي القماش منذ القرن الأول م. ومما سهل الطباعة لدى الصينيين اختراعهم لصناعة الورق عام 105 ق م. وانتشار الديانة البوذية بالصين وقتها. وكانت مواد الكتابة وقتها السائدة في العالم الغربي القديم ورق البردي، papyrus والرق vellum (جلد رقيق) وهما لايلائمان الطباعة. لأن ورق البردي هش. والرق كان يؤخذ من الطبقة الداخلية لجلد الحيوانات الطازج وكان غالي الثمن.لكن الورق متين ورخيص. وكانت التعاليم البوذية تطلع بكميات كبيرة لشدة الطلب عليها ولانتشارها. وهذا ما جعل بداية الطباعة الميكانيكية تظهر. وفي سنة 200م. أخذ الصينيون يحفرون الكتابة والصور البارزة فوق قوالب خشبية. وكان كتاب Tipitaka البوذي المقدس يطبع عام 972 م. في 130 ألف صفحة بالقوالب الخشبية. وتطورت الطباعة من كليشهات خشبية صور عليها نص الصفحة بالكامل إلي طريقة التجميع لحروف المونوتيب movable type المتحركة وترصيصها في قوالب (شاسيه). ولأن الأبجدية الصينية تضم من 2000 - 40 ألف حرف منفصل separate characters. لهذا كانت الطباعة بالحروف تواجه مشكلة. لهذا لم تتبع الحروف المنفصلة وهذه المشكلة واجهت الكوريين في القرن 14م. وظلوا يتبعون الطريقة التقليدية بالطبع بقوالب الخشب المنقوشة نقشا يارزا.", "أوراشيما تارو\nظهر اسم أوراشيما تارو للمرة الأولى في القرن الخامس عشر في فترة موروماتشي في كتاب أوتوغيزوشي ولكن القصة في الواقع هي أقدم من ذلك، حيث يقال أنها تعود إلى القرن الثامن في فترة ياماتو. حيث تشير الكتب من تلك الفترة مثل نيهون شوكي ومانيوشو إلى قصة أوراشيما تارو باسم \"أوراشيماكو\" على الرغم من أن محتوى القصة هو ذاته. وهذا بسبب تغير نظام تسمية الأسماء في اليابان بين العهدين المذكورين حيث كانت تستخدم اللاحقة (كو) وتعني ولد في نهاية أسماء الذكور والإناث سابقاً، بينما في عهود لاحقة أصبحت تستخدم غالباً في أسماء الإناث، وتم استبدالها بلاحقة (تارو) وتعني الشاب الصغير في نهاية أسماء الذكور.", "مذكرة الموت\nذكر تاكيشي أوباتا بأنه في البداية فكر في جعلها ككتب \"شبيهة بالكتاب المقدس أو كشيء يستنتج الإنسان بشكل تلقائي إنه مذكرة موت.\" أضاف بأنه شَعر بأن هذا التصميم سيكون معقدً بعض الشيء، فلجأ إلى شكل آخر \"يَسهل استخدامه\" وهو مذكرة جامعية. قال أوباتا بأنه في مرحلة لاحقة فكر في أن مفهوم مذكرة الموت قد يختلف تبعًا للزمان والمكان الذي توجد فيه؛ مثل أن تكون المذكرة في عصر اليابان القديمة في صورة لفافة وتكون في العصور الوسطى الأوروبية في شكل كتاب العهد القديم.[2]", "المسيحية في اليابان\nدخلت المسيحية إلى اليابان من قبل البعثات اليسوعية منذ عام 1549. وفي ذلك العام، وصل اليسوعيون الثلاثة فرنسيس كسفاريوس وكوزمي دي توريس وخوان فرنانديز إلى مدينة كاغوشيما في جزيرة كيوشو في 15 أغسطس. ونشط التجار البرتغاليين في كاجوشيما منذ عام 1543، وقد رحب بهم كبار الإقطاعيين من الداي-ميو المحليين لأنهم استوردوا البارود منهم. ساعد أنيجيرو، وهو ياباني تحول للمسيحية، اليسوعيين على فهم الثقافة اليابانية وترجمة أول كتاب للتعليم المسيحي للغة اليابانية.", "لغة يابانية\nاللغة اليابانية (日本語؛ \"نِهون غو\" نيهون: اليابان؛ غو: لغة ) لغة اليابان الرسمية، وينطق بها أكثر من 130 مليون نسمة. تصنف اللغة اليابانية غالبا كلغة معزولة ولكن البعض يصنفها من اللغات الألطية ، ولكن هذه المعلومة غير مؤكّدة. تكتب اليابانية من اليسار إلى اليمين ومن الأعلى إلى الأسفل (بالرغم أن اللغة اليابانية كانت تكتب من اليمين إلى اليسار كاللغة العربية في فترة من الفترات). هناك نظامان لكتابة اللغة اليابانية: الكانجي، وهي رموز مأخوذة من اللغة الصينية تعبر عن كلمات كاملة، قبل الحرب العالمية الثانية كانت عددها يفوق الأربعين ألف رمز، لكن الولايات المتحدة أجبرت اليابان على تقليص عددها إلى ما يفوق الألفين بقليل. والنظام الثاني هو نظام الكانا وينقسم إلى فرع الهيراغانا وهي أحرف لكتابة الكلمات القواعدية بالإضافة إلى الكلمات من أصل ياباني عوضا عن الكلمات من أصل صيني. والفرع الثاني للكانا هو الكاتاكانا وهي أحرف ذات أشكال مختلفة عن أحرف الهيراغانا لكنها تلفظ مثلها تماما وتستعمل عادة لكتابة الكلمات من جذور غير يابانية وأغلبها الكلمات الدخيلة من اللغة الإنجليزية.", "مانيوغانا\nمانيوغانا أو まんようがな) هو نظام كتابة قديم يستخدم الأحرف الصينية لكتابة اللغة اليابانية. لا يعرف بالتحديد الوقت المحدد لبدء استخدام نظام الكانا، ولكن يعتقد أنه يعود إلى منتصف القرن السابع. اسم \"مانيوغانا\" مشتق من كتاب مانيوشو، كتاب الشعر الياباني الذي يعود إلى فترة نارا ويعتبر من أقدم الكتب المكتوبة بالمنانيوغانا.", "مطبخ ياباني (منزل)\nالمطبخ الياباني أو (台所;. \"الدايدوكورو\") هو المكان الذي يعد فيه الطعام في البيت الياباني. حتى حقبة ميجي كان المطبخ يكنى \"بكامودو\" かまど أي الموقد حيث هناك العديد من المقولات اليابانية التي جعلته رمز للبيت الياباني. المصطلح السابق يمكن أن يطلق للإشارة إلى العائلة ويمكن مقارنة مكانة العائلة في اليابان بالموقد في اللغة الإنجليزية. من الألفية العاشرة قبل الميلاد إلى 300 قبل الميلاد، في فترة جومون تجمع الناس في القرى ، حيث كانوا يعيشون في مساكن بسيطة تدعى أكواخ كانت مساحتها بين 10 إلى 30 متر مربع وتملك موقد في منتصفها. المواقد البدائية كانت عبارة عن حفرة غير عميقة تدعى (جيكارو:地床炉) لكنها لاحقا أحيطت بأحجار لجعل النار محصورة فيها وبذلك أصبحت نيانها أقوى من ذي قبل. أستبدلت هذه المواقد البدائية بإناء طيني مقعر وبذلك أصبحت نارها أقوى وتشعل بسرعة أكبر من المواقد المحاطة بالحجارة كماأنها أصبحت أكثر أمانا للمحاذين لها. تلك الأواني الطينية كانت تدعى (يوميغاميرو:埋甕炉) والتي تعني حرفيا موقد إنائي مدفون. عندما أصبحت المواقد أكثر امانا، نقلت من وسط البيوت إلى أحد زواياها وتم ذلك في القرن السادس في فترة Kofun وعندا كانت جميع البيوت تملك موقدا في أحد أنحائها. العائلات الغنية في تلك الفترة بنت بيوت مستقلة حيث كان الموقد هناك كما عملية الطبخ تتم فيه. كان يتم تخزين المواد الغذائية في هذه المنازل في أكياس وأواني في حفرة في باطن الأرض. تم تشييد تلك المنازل بالقرب من أحد الأنهار أو الينابيع لسهولة الوصول إلى المياه.", "شنتو\nتم اشتقاق اللفظ \"شنتو\" (ويكتب باليابانية: 神道) من اللفظة الصينية للكتابة السابقة، وبما أنه يتم قراءة أغلب الحروف الصينية بطريقتين (الطريقة الصينية الأصلية والطريقة اليابانية المحلية)، فإن الكتابة السابقة يمكن أن تقرأ أيضا -على الطريقة اليابانية-: \"كامي نو ميشي\" -ومعناها طريق الآلهة-، ظهر اللفظ لأول مرة في مخطوطة \"أخبار بلاد اليابان\" أو \"نيهون شوكي\" (日本書紀) ح 720 م. ويظهر أنه قد استُعمل منذ فترة أزوكا لتمييز العادات والطقوس التي عرفتها البلاد قبل إدخال البوذية.", "تاريخ التعليم في اليابان\nبحلول عام 1603، كانت اليابان قد توحدت تحت إمرة توكوغاوا وفي عام 1640 تم ترحيل الأجانب من اليابان ومنع المسيحية ومنع جميع العلاقات مع الأجانب. وبهذا دخلت اليابان في فترة من العزلة وفترة من الهدوء والسلام الداخلي بعد فترة الدويلات المتحاربة استمرت فترة أكثر من 200 عام. عند بداية فترة إدو كان القليل من اليابانيين يستطيعون القراءة والكتابة، أما مع نهاية الفترة فكان نسبة كبيرة من الناس يستطيعون القراءة والكتابة وارتفعت نسبة التعليم وكان هذا الأساس الذي سهل الانتقال أثناء فترة ميجي من العصر الإقطاعي إلى الدولة الحديثة. حيث كانت تقدر نسبة التعليم فوق 80% للرجال، وبين 60% إلى 70% للنساء وترتفع النسبة في المدن الكبرى كإدو وأوساكا.", "تاريخ الأوريقامي\nو نشر أول كتاب في فن الأوريقامي في اليابان في عام 1797م، وهذا الكتاب هو سينبازورو أوريكاتا (Senbazuru orikata) وتوجد العديد من قصص الأوريقامي في الثقافة اليابانية مثل: قصةآبي نو سيمي في صنعه لطائر ورقي وتحويله إياه لطائر حقيقي.", "تاريخ اليابان\nواستمرت فترة جومون من حوالي 14،000 قبل الميلاد إلى 300 قبل الميلاد. ظهرت أولى ملامح الحضارة وأنماط المعيشة المستقرة حوالي 14،000 قبل الميلاد مع ثقافة Jōmon، يتميز أسلوب الحياة في العصر الحجري الحديث الميزوليتي بمزاولة الصيد وقطف الثمار واتخاذ الحفر والمغارات كمنازل، وبالشكل البدائي للزراعة. وكان النسيج وصناعة الملابس ما زالوا مجهولين حيث كانت اللباس يتخذ من الفراء. وبدأ الناس Jōmon لجعل السفن والصلصال، وزينت مع الأنماط التي أدلى بها التأثير في الطين الرطب مع مضفر الحبل أو unbraided والعصي. ويمكن الاطلاع على بعض من أقدم الأمثلة على قيد الحياة من الفخار في العالم في اليابان، استنادا إلى الإذاعة الكربون التي يرجع تاريخها، إلى جانب الخناجر واليشم وأمشاط مصنوعة من قذيفة، والمستلزمات المنزلية الأخرى تعود إلى الألف 11th، [4] على الرغم من أن المحددة التي يرجع تاريخها هو المتنازع عليها. شخصيات معروفة كلاي دوغو كما تم حفرها أيضا. وتحتاج الأدوات المنزلية اقتراح طرق التجارة مع وجود أماكن بعيدة مثل [الاقتباس أوكيناوا]. تحليل الحمض النووي يوحي بأن عينو، من السكان الأصليين الذين يعيشون في هوكايدو والجزء الشمالي من هونشو ينحدرون من Jōmon وتمثل بالتالي المتحدرين من سكان الأولى من اليابان.", "تاريخ العالم\nكما نشأت الحضارات المعقدة، وكذلك ظهرت أديان معقدة ، هى الأولى من نوعها قد نشأت على ما يبدو خلال هذه الفترة.[12][13][14] كيانات جامدة مثل الشمس، والقمر، الأرض، السماء، والبحر في كثير من الأحيان أكثر تحديا.[15] الأضرحة التي تطورت إلى معابد وهى مؤسسات، مع استكمال تسلسل هرمي معقد من الكهنة والكاهنات وغيرهم من الموظفين. كان نموذجيا من العصر الحجري الحديث تميل إلى عبادة مجسم الآلهة. بين أقرب الباقين على قيد الحياة الكتب الدينية المكتوبة هي المصرية نصوص الأهرام، وهي أقدم من ذلك التاريخ إلى ما بين 2400 و2300 قبل الميلاد.[16] بعض علماء الآثار تشير، استنادا إلى الحفريات المستمرة من مجمع المعبد في جوبيكلى تيبي (\"بوت بيللى هيل\") في جنوب تركيا، التي يعود تاريخها إلى ج. قبل 11،500 سنة، سبقت أن دين الثورة الزراعية بدلا من اتباع في أعقابه، كما كان يفترض عموما.[17]", "تعليم اللغة الإنجليزية في اليابان\nوقد تم تنفيذ أول ترجمة لكتاب نحو إنجليزي إلى اللغة اليابانية على يد شيبوكاوا روكوزو، وهو مسئول كبير في باكوفو درس الهولندية في عام 1841، عندما قام بترجمة كتاب \"English Grammar\" \"قواعد النحو الإنجليزية\" الذي كتبه \"موراي\" من اللغة الهولندية إلى اللغة اليابانية. وفي عام 1848، وصل الأمريكي رانالد ماكدونالد إلى اليابان، بعدما تظاهر بأن سفينته قد غرقت، وقام بتدريس اللغة الإنجليزية إلى أربعة عشر مترجمًا يابانيًا رسميًا يتحدثون اللغة الهولندية في نجازاكي بموجب أوامر من باكوفو. وكان من المقرر أن يقوم أحد الطلاب الذين قام ماكدونالد بتعليمهم بدور الترجمة الفورية بين الولايات المتحدة واليابان من أجل تأسيس علاقات تجارية بين الدولتين.", "فترة كوفون\nفترة كوفون (، كوفون جيداي) ما بين (300 م.-593 م.): من فترات التاريخ الياباني. يرجع أصل تسمية فترة كوفون (يمكن ترجمتها بعبارة الآكام أو التلال القديمة) إلى الكومة الكبيرة من ركام التراب التي اتخذت كضريح للقادة الكبار، الذين عرفتهم الفترة ح 300 م. مع تواجد طبقة من القادة أكثر غنى وأكثر قوة، بدأت هذه الأضرحة تأخذ أبعادا هائلة.\nكانت الأضرحة أو كوفون المعروفة خلال الفترة تمتد إلى أكثر من 200 متراً طولاً، تتخذ هيئة ثقب المغلاق، كما يتم إحاطتها بأسطوانات من الطين أو ما يعرف باسم هانيوا، فوق كل منها طبق مخصص للقرابين التي تقدم للآلهة، ومزخرفة بصور تمثل عادة محاربين من تلك الفترة. تم العثور في منطقة كيناي، جنوبي حوض ياماتو، على أقدم نماذج لهذه الأضرحة. وهي تنتشر على كامل القطاع الغربي، وحتى كيوشو، ثم شرقاً حتى كانتو، مما يعطينا فكرة عن مدى الانتشار والتأثير الذي صاحب قيام مملكة ياماتو (大和) في تلك المنطقة. \nبالعودة للإكتشفات الحديثة والحفريات، تآريخ الحوادث الصينية التي تعرضت للفترة آخر عهد الهان، ثم أولى الحوليات اليابانية، كل هذه تسمح لنا بأن نؤكد حقيقة تواجد مملكة جنوب مايعرف اليوم بكيوتو ما بين 300 م. و 500 م.، هذه الدولة الأولى التي اسمتها كتب الحوادث الصينية مملكة ياماتو 大和. يبدو على الأرجح أن إحدى الجماعات البدائية القوية، استطاعت أن توحد من حولها وتحت سلطتها الممالك الأخرى المنتشرة على سهول نارا، وقد تكون هذه العملية قد تمت بمساعدة النازحين الجدد الآتين من مملكة بائيكتشي الكورية. ثم بدأت ومنذ 550 م. هيمنة وتأثير مملكة ياماتو تنتشر في جنوب كيوشو وشرق كانتو، كما دلت عليه آخر الاكتشافات الأثرية، وفي نفس الفترة تم عقد أولى العلاقات الرسمية مع كورية ومملكة سونغ الصينية. كان من ثمار هذه العلاقات الدخول التدريجي للكتابة إلى البلاد، ودخلت اليابان بذلك التاريخ لأول مرة. \nإن هيمنة بلاط ياماتو كان نتيجة لعبة توازنات مدروسة بين العشيرة الحاكمة والعائلات الكبيرة أو أوجي، والتي بات تأثيرها وقوتها في اضطراد مستمر، وبالأخص بعد ح 500 م. كان لبلاط ياماتو الدورالكبير في دخول البوذية البلاد، وقد بدأت هذه الأحداث العام 538 م.، عندما أرسل ملك بائيكشي الكوري إلى اليابان تمثالاً وبعضاً من النصوص البوذية. ترسخت بعد ذلك هذه الثقافة في نفوس شعب الأرخبيل، وكنتيجة لذلك ومنذ القرن السابع، أصبحت البوذية الديانة الرسمية لليابان.", "ناروتو\nصدرت المانغا في اليابان أول مرة عام 1999 بواسطة شركة شوئيشا في العدد الثالث والأربعين من مجلتها شونن جمب الأسبوعية. وهي مقتبسة أساسا من كوميك ون شوت لمؤلفه كيشيموتو والتي نشرت في أغسطس 1997 في مجلة أكامارو جمب. حتى الآن تم إصدار 70 مجلدا من المانغا في اليابان، وسيكون المجلد الحادي والسبعين آخر مجلد في المانغا[1]. تُعد سلسلة ناروتو من أكثر السلاسل مبيعا في العالم؛ حيث تم بيع حوالي 100 مليون نسخة في اليابان.", "نصوص مقدسة\nإن أقدم نص ديني معروف هو نصوص الأهرام والتي كانت موجودة في مصر القديمة (2400-2300) قبل الميلاد. كما أن أقدم شكل للأبجدية الفينيقية كانت تحوي نصوصاً دينية والتي نُحتت على قبر الملك حيرام الأول في مدينة جبيل. ملحمة جلجامش عند السومريون والتي تعود إلى (2150-2000) قبل الميلاد هي أيضاً واحدة من أقدم الأعمال الأدبية والتي تحوي العديد من الشخصيات الأسطورية. الريجفدا الهندوسية تقترح أنها كُتبت بين (1700-1100) قبل الميلاد، الأمر الذي ربما يجعلها أقدم نص ديني مُستعمل حتى يومنا هذا. يُعتقد أن أقدم قسم من أبستاق الزرادشتية كان يُنقل شفوياً لقرون طويلة قبل أن يوجد في شكل مكتوب باللغة الأفستية، ويُجمع الدارسون على أنه وجد بين (1000-600) قبل الميلاد.", "نظام هيبورن\nنظام هيبورن يقصد به استخدام الحروف اللاتينية لكتابة اللغة اليابانية المكتوبة بالرسم اللفظي (أو اللوجُغرام) المستعار من الصينية (كانجي) وحروف أخرى مقطعية (كانا). يستخدم هذا النظام بغرض تسهيل قراءة النصوص اليابانية الموجهة لمن لا يعرفون اللغة، كالأسماء في لافتات الشوارع وجوازات السفر، والقواميس والكتب الدراسية لطلاب اللغة الأجانب.\nأوجِد هذا النظام في العام 1887 من طرف \"جيمس كورتيس هيبورن\" أثناء تأليفه لقاموس إنجليزي للغة اليابانية. ومنذ أن اوجد هذا النظام، ظل هو الأشهر بين جميع أنظمة رومنة اللغة اليابانية المستخدمة حتى القرن الحادي والعشرين.", "1959 في اليابان\nفيما يلي قوائم الأحداث التي وقعت خلال عام 1959 في اليابان.\nمن الكتب التي صدرت هذه السنة في اليابان:", "جيكجي\nيضم كتاب جيك جيسيمتشييوجول (بالكورية 백운화상초록불조직지심체요절) أو اختصارا جيكجي باختصار المبادئ البوذية الكورية ويعد أقدم كتاب من الكتب الموجودة حاليا التي تم إنتاجها بالطباعة المعدنية حيث تم إنتاجه عام 1377 قبل \"إنجيل ال 42 سطر\" الذي أنتجه الألماني يوهان غوتنبرغ (عام 1455) بحوالي 70 عاما. والمكتوب على هذا الكتاب أن تلميذ الراهب الكوري بياك عون الذي ألف هذا الكتاب قام بطباعة الكتاب بالحروف المعدنية في معبد هونغ دوك بمدينة تشونغ جو الكورية في شهر يوليو عام 1377. ويتكون هذا الكتاب من مجلدين الأول والثاني وتم توارث المجلد الثاني فقط لنا ويحفظ هذا المجلد حاليا في المكتبة الوطنية الفرنسية وتم وضعه في شهر سبتمبر عام 2001 في قائمة تراث السجلات العالمية لمنظمة اليونسكو.", "اليابان\nحسب الأساطير اليابانيّة التقليديّة، نشأَتْ اليابان في القرن السّابع قبل الميلاد عن طريق الإمبراطور جيمّو. أثناء القرنين الخامس والسّادس تم إدخال نظام الكتابة الصينيّة والبوذية إلى البلاد. دخلت الثقافة الصينية في المرحلة الأولى عبر شبه الجزيرة الكوريّة ثم فيما بعد مباشرة من الصّين. على الجانب السياسي كان أباطرة اليابان حكاما صّوريينّ على البلاد، كانت السّلطة الفعليّة بيد طبقة من النبلاء الأقوياء، أو ما عرف بالأوصياء، تحولت السلطة فيما بعد إلى أيدي القادة العسكريين (أو ما عرف باسم «الشوغونات».", "المسيحية في اليابان\nفي عام 1859 وصل المبشرين الأوئل من الكنيسة الأنجليكانيَّة، وكان أول المبشرين تشانينج مور وليامز والقس جون ليينس من الكنيسة الأسقفية في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية إلى ناغاساكي في اليابان. كان الطبيب جيمس كورتيس هيبورن أول مبشر بروتستانتي إلى اليابان وذلك في عام 1859، وذهب هيبورن إلى اليابان بوصفه مبشّر وطبيب مع البعثة المشيخية الأمريكية، وفتح عيادة في ولاية كاناغاوا وهي قرب طوكيو في الوقت الحاضر. وكان قد أسس في وقت لاحق مدرسة هيبورن، التي كانت أساس جامعة ميجي غاكوين، وكتب القاموس الياباني الإنجليزي. الذي نشر في عام 1886، واعتمد هيبورن نظام جديد بالحروف اللاتينية للغة اليابانية. ومن المعروف على نطاق واسع هذا النظام والكتابة بالحروف اللاتينية بإسم هيبورن. كما ساهم هيبورن بترجمة الكتاب المقدس إلى اللغة اليابانية، وتأسست دار الكتاب المقدس اليابانية في عام 1937 بمساعدة دار الكتاب المقدس الأمريكية ودار الكتاب المقدس البريطانية والأجنبية. ", "علم اليابان\nأحد أقدم أعلام اليابان موجود في معبد يونبو-جي في محافظة ياماناشي. تقول الرواية، أن الإمبراطور رييزي أعطاه لميناموتو نو يوشيميتسو، لذا عاملته عشيرة \"تاكيدا\" على أنه كنز الأسرة في الألف عام الماضية، رغم الشكوك حول صحة هذه المعلومة التاريخية.", "اليابان\nللإسلام في اليابان تاريخ طويل حيث سمع اليابانيون بالإسلام عن طريق جيرانهم الصينيين، فأخذوا معلوماتهم من الكتب الصينية، ومما كتبه الأوروبيون، وجاءت دفعة جديدة بانفتاح اليابان على العالم الخارجي والاتصال بالبلاد الإسلامية يبلغ تعداد المسلمين في اليابان حسب إحصائيات 2010 إلى مايزيد عن 185,000 مسلم[88]", "الدين في اليابان\nاليابان عالم مغلق إلى القرن السادس؛ توافقت الشعوب المكوّنة له على إحيائية حلوليّة (تجزّىء القوى الطبيعيّة) ومارست شعيرة بدائيّة. لّما انتشـرت البوذيّة, بدأت المعتقدات القديمة تسمّى بالشنتو’ كلمة صينيّة تعني „طريق الآلهة“ (باليابانيّة,كَم-نُ-مش),لتمييزها عن البُتْسُدُ, „طريقبوذا“. ستتَأثّر الدّياّنتان الواحدة بالأخرى في ما بعد. عرفت الأساطير الشنتويّة بواسطة كتابات حرّرت في القرن الثامن:الكجك, “مجموعة الأشـياء القديمة ”, والنَّهُنْف, „مجموعَة أَخبـار اليابان“. ثّم ضبطت في القرن الَعاشـر الصلوات والطقـوس الدينيّة والأعياد السـنويّة الكبرى, في الأنْفِشِـِك, „تراتيب عهد الأنْف“. تثـير هذه النصوص مفهـوم “الكمي”، ترجمت ترجمة رديئة “باللة”. يمثل “الكميِ” كلّ طاقة كفيلة بأن تحوّل تحوّل الواقع: الآلهة الكبـار (أمَتِرَسُ،آلهة الشمس وعالم الأحياء؛ سُسَنُوُ،إلة المحيط والحبّ والفوضى)،لكن أيضا الأبطال والحكماء والحيوانات (الثعلب إنّنِ،محلّ عبادة الخصوبة، شعبيّة جدّا)، وقوى الطبيعية البَدَائيّة، إلّخ.مركز الثقل للشـنتو، هي طبيعة الإمبراطور الإلهيّة، المنحدر من أَمَتِرَسُ، آلة عظيمة يوجد معبدها في إس، بجزيرة هُنْشُ. لم يشتمل الشنتو الأصلي على الأخلاق، إلاّ أنّه يخشـى “الدّنس” -العاهة مثل الخطأ. نضـج تحت تأثير بالبوذيّة. مزج في القرن السـابع مذهبا بين البوذيّة والشنتو:فكوّن الرُّيُبُ-شنتو. بعث الشـنتو من جديد بدءا من القرن السابع عشر بفعل مدرسـة الوَـفَكُ-شَ والشـيخ مُتُـوُر نُرِنَ فَ (1801-1730).وإثر سـقوط الشّوغون الأخير في 1868،جعلة الإمبراطور مُتْسُـهتُ دين الدّولة .ثم ما فتىء في القرن العشـرين أن صارَ مصدر إلهام في نظر الشعب الياباني.", "دستور اليابان\nدستور اليابان هو الوثيقة الدستورية الأساسية في اليابان منذ عام 1947، يعمل الدستور على إرساء نظام برلماني للحكومة ويضمن الحقوق الأساسية. بموجب نص الدستور فإن إمبراطور اليابان هو \"رمز الدولة ووحدة الشعب\" وله دور رمزي دون أي سلطات حكم أو ملكية، ولذلك وعلى عكس الملوك الأخرى فهو ليس حاكم الدولة على الرغم من أنه يعامل ويحترم كما لو أنه كذلك، وأصبح رئيس الوزراء الذى يعينه البرلمان - وليس الإمبراطور - هو المسئول الأول في البلاد وأمام البرلمان. كما أن الدستور الحالي المعروف باسم \"دستور السلام\" (平和憲法، هيوا كينبو) بسبب دحره لفكرة إعلان الحرب في اليابان بحسب الفقرة التاسعة منه. تمت كتابته في فترة احتلال اليابان بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية بهدف استبدال الملكية المطلقة العسكرية بنظام ديمقراطي ليبرالي.", "تاريخ الأديان\nمتابعةً لثورة العصر الحجري، فإن سرعة التقدم والتطور التقني قد تكثفت. وكلما أصبح المجتمع البشري أكثر تعقيداً، أصبحت أنظمة المحاسبة المتطورة أكثر ضرورة. ولقد ابتكر المصريون القدماء والسومريون الكتابة كوسيلة لتسجيل حسابات الصفقات وذلك عام 3000 ق.م. وكانت أول النصوص الدينية العلامة الأولى لبداية التاريخ الديني. فنصوص الأهرام من مصر القديمة تعتبر واحدة من أقدم النصوص الدينية المعروفة حول العالم والتي يبلغ عمرها 2400-2300 ق.م. ولقد لعبت الكتابة دوراً رئيساً في تحَمُّل الديانة المنظمة وذلك عن طريق توحيد الأفكار الدينية في أي زمان ومكان.", "عمارة يابانية\nوتشمل فترة ما قبل التاريخ في فترات جومون، يايوي وكوفون تمتد من حوالي 5000 قبل الميلاد إلى بداية القرن الثامن الميلادي. \nخلال المراحل الثلاث من فترة جومون كان عدد السكان في المقام الأول مجتمع الصيد وجمع الثمار مع بعض المهارات الزراعة البدائية وتم تحديد سلوكهم في الغالب بسبب التغيرات في الظروف المناخية وغيرها من المنشطات الطبيعية. كانت المساكن أوائل البيوت التي تتكون من حفر ضحلة مع سقوف الحشائش مصمم لجمع مياه الأمطار مع المعونة من حاوية فخارية. في وقت لاحق في هذه الفترة، مناخ اصبح الأكثر برودة مع زيادة هطول الأمطار أدى إلى انخفاض في عدد السكان، مما ساهم في اهتمام الطقوس. ظهرت الدوائر الحجرية متحدة المركز الأولى خلال هذا الوقت. [3]\nخلال فترة يايوي بدأ الشعب الياباني للتفاعل مع أسرة هان الصينية، التي المعرفة بالمهارات التقنية بدأ التأثير عليهم. بدأ اليابانيون لبناء مخازن في الطابق كما رفعت صوامع الحبوب التي شيدت باستخدام أدوات معدنية مثل المناشير والأزاميل التي بدأت تظهر في هذا الوقت. وإعادة الإعمار في تورو، شيزوكا هو صندوق خشبي مصنوع من ألواح سميكة انضمت في أركان بأسلوب كوخ خشبي ومعتمدة على ثمانية أعمدة. وسقف بالقش ولكن سقف المساكن الحفر بل هو الجملون على شكل بسيط.\nتميزت الفترة كوفون ظهور العديد من غرف-التلال الجنائزية أو مدافن تلية (كوفون تعني حرفيا \"تلال قديمة\"). ويعتقد تلال مماثلة في شبه الجزيرة الكورية قد تأثرت اليابان.خلال الفترة المبكرة للقبور، والمعروفة باسم \"كوفون ثقب المفتاح\" أو كوفون zenpō-كوين (前‍方‍後‍円‍墳,zen.pō.kō.en.fun)، (ساحة مضاءة في الجبهة، والتعميم في الخلفية القديمة ضريح التلة)، غالبا ما تكون مصنوعة باستخدام التضاريس الموجودة، وتشكيل وأضاف أنه الخنادق التي من صنع الإنسان لتشكيل شكل ثقب المفتاح مميز، أي أن دائرة مترابطة مع مثلث. كان الوصول عبر الفتحة العمودية التي كانت أغلقت بمجرد الانتهاء من الدفن. كان هناك غرفة داخل غرفة للتابوت والبضائع الخطيرة. وغالبا ما زينت من شخصيات تلال الطين يسمى haniwa. في وقت لاحق في الفترة بدأت التلال أن يكون موجودا على أرض مسطحة وحجمها أكبر من بين العديد من الأمثلة في نارا وأوساكا، وأبرزها هو دايزن-كوفون، تسمى مقبرة الإمبراطور Nintoku. قبر يغطي 32 هكتارا (79 فدانا)، ويعتقد أنه قد تم تزيين مع شخصيات haniwa", "كيمونو\nتأسست دولة اليابان في نهاية القرن السابع في الفترة التي تعرف باسم فترة أسوكا، وقد عثر على لوحة جدارية من آثار تاكاماتسوزوكاكوفون من تلك الفترة في عام 1972، وهي اللوحة الوحيدة الباقية إلى اليوم والتي تصور ملامح أشخاص من فترة أسوكا. وتعتبر هذه اللوحة مع اقتباسات من نيهون شوكي هي الآثار الباقية الوحيدة التي تدل على أوائل استخدام القدماء للملابس. وتشير الدراسات الحديثة إلى أن الأشخاص المصورين في لوحة تاكاماتسوزوكاكوفون الجدارية تصور ذكور وإناث لهم ياقة ذات فتحة يسارية (بحيث يكون طرف الثوب اليميني فوق الطرف اليساري عند الياقة). كما تشير هذه اللوحة إلى أن ملابس النصف العلوي من الجسم لا تدخل تحت ملابس النصف السفلي بل تكون متدلية خارجها، مع اعتقاد وجود حزام مصنوع من النسيح يثبتها على الجسم.[8][9]", "اليابان\nوقد ازدادت مؤخرًا شعبية أحد الأندية الثقافية وهو نادي الغو، وهي إحدى ألعاب الرقع الستراتيجية وتلعب بأحجار سوداء وبيضاء وقد بدأ الكثير من الأطفال يبدون اهتمامًا في لعبة الغو على أثر صدور كتاب خاص من المانغا - قصص مرسومة - عن هذه اللعبة. هناك اختيارات أخرى للطلاب تشمل نوادي الكورس والفنون الجميلة وفرق الآلات النحاسية وحفلات الشاي ونوادي تنسيق الأزهار وكلها محببة لدى الطلاب.[89] المدارس ظهرت المدارس الثانوية والجامعات في اليابان عام 1872 مع بداية إصلاح ميجي. منذ عام 1974 أصبح التعليم إلزاميا في اليابان حتى للمرحلتين الابتدائية والإعدادية أي تسع سنوات من التعليم، وتقريبا فإن جميع الطلاب يتابعون تعليمهم في المدرسة الثانوية لثلاث سنوات إضافية. وفقًا لإحصاءات مونبوشو (وزارة التعليم اليابانية) لعام 2005 فإن حوالي 75.9% من طلاب المرحلة الثانوية يتابعون في الدراسة الجامعية أو المعاهد المتوسطة أو المدارس الاختصاصية. الجامعات ويستطيع كل من يبلغ 15 سنة القراءة والكتابة، وقد احتفلت اليابان قبل عشرات السنين بأخر أمي ياباني، وتعدّ جامعة طوكيو وجامعة كيئو من أرقى الجامعات في اليابان.", "فوكوكا (فوكوكا)\nتعتبر فوكوكا المدينة الأقدم في اليابان نظراً لأنها الأقرب إلى كوريا و الصين. المناطق المحيطة بفوكوكا تعتبر من أقدم المستوطنات في فترة جومون في اليابان.", "المسيحية في اليابان\nوصلت الكاثوليكية إلى اليابان في منتصف القرن السادس عشر، وكان المذهب الكاثوليكي أولى المذاهب المسيحية المعروفة في اليابان، والمصدر الرئيسي التنصيري الوحيد في اليابان حتى سقوط شوغن واستعادة ميجي. دخلت المسيحية في البداية من قِبل المبشرين اليسوعيين، وانضم في وقت لاحق اليهم الفرنسيسكان. في عام 1570 كان هناك عشرين مبشّر كاثوليكي في اليابان، الأكثر شهرة منهم كان فرنسيس كسفاريوس الذي وصل في عام 1549 ليكون أول من يدخل المسيحية إليها بشكل نظامي من خلال إقامته في هيرادو، وياماغوتشي، وبونغو.", "علي أحمد الجرجاوي\nوفي عام 1324 هـ /1906م وصلت الأنباء إلى معظم حواضر العالم الإسلامي بأن الشعب الياباني بعد انتصاره على روسيا في سبتمبر 1905؛ سيعقد مؤتمرًا كبيرا للمقارنة بين الأديان المختلفة من أجل اختيار أفضلها وأصلحها، حتى يصبح الدين الرسمي للامبراطورية، فاهتمت عدد من الصحف في أنحاء العالم الإسلامي بهذا الخبر، وكان ممن سمع به وجذب اهتمامه الشيخ علي أحمد الجرجاوي؛ فكتب في صحيفة الإرشاد يدعو شيخ الأزهر وعلماء الإسلام لتشكيل وفد للمشاركة في هذا المؤتمر الذي يمكنهم من خلاله إقناع الشعب الياباني وامبراطوره بالإسلام؛ وهذا من شأنه- إذا حدث- أن يؤدي إلى قيام حلف إسلامي قوي يجمع اليابان وربما الصين أيضا مع السلطنة العثمانية؛ فيعود للإسلام مجده القديم، وعندما لم يجد استجابة لدعوته أعلن عزمه على السفر بنفسه لأداء هذا المهمة، وبالفعل كتب ذلك في آخر عدد من صحيفته بتاريخ 5 جماد الآخر 1324هـ/ 26 يونيو 1906م، وبدأ في إعداد نفسه للسفر، فعاد إلى بلدته القرعان في مركز جرجا، وباع خمسة أفدنة من أرضه لينفق منها على رحلته، واستقل الباخرة من ميناء الإسكندرية قاصدًا اليابان، وغاب أكثر من شهرين، وقد عاد بعد هذه الزيارة بأخبار وحقائق قام بنشرها في كتاب بعنوان \"الرحلة اليابانية\"، وصدرت طبعته الأولى سنة 1325هـ /1907م على نفقته الخاصة، ويعد من دون مبالغة من أطرف كتب الرحلات في القرن العشرين، كما أنه أول كتاب في العالم العربي يكتبه صاحبه عن اليابان التي تصاعد اهتمام العالم الإسلامي بها عقب انتصارها في حربها مع روسيا، ولكن من خلال زيارة واقعية لها، ويذكر الجرجاوي أن اليابانيين بعد انتصارهم على روسيا؛ رأوا أن معتقداتهم الأصلية لا تتفق مع عقلهم الباهر، فاقترح عليهم الكونت كاتسورة رئيس الوزراء إرسال خطابات إلى كل من الدولة العثمانية، وفرنسا، وإنجلترا، وإيطاليا وأمريكا؛ ليرسلوا إليهم العلماء والفلاسفة والمشرعين؛ ليجتمعوا في مؤتمر يتحدث فيه أهل كل دين عن قواعد دينهم وفلسفته، ثم يختار اليابانيون بعد ذلك ما يناسبهم من هذه الأديان، فأرسلت إليهم هذه الدول بمندوبين عنها؛ حيث أرسلت الدول العثمانية وفدًا إسلاميًا، في حين أرسلت بقية الدول وفودًا مسيحية من كل المذاهب المسيحية، وقد بدأت أولى جلسات المؤتمر في السادس من المحرم 1324هـ / الأول من مارس 1906م, وينقل الجرجاوي إعجاب اليابانيين بالإسلام، أنتهى المؤتمر دون الاستقرار على دين بعينه؛ إذ إن كل مجموعة من اليابانيين استحسنت دينًا دون الاتفاق على واحد منها، وأن غالبية من حضروا المؤتمر من اليابانيين وجدوا في أنفسهم ميلاً للإسلام الذي أحسن علماؤه بيان ما فيه من قواعد ومبادئ يتفق معها العقل والمنطق." ]

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[ "The man is using a camera." ]

[ "The man is taking a picture iwth his iPhone.", "Four people next to a tree.", "A girl is skipping in a field.", "Silver coinage was the panacea for William Jennings Bryan's disciples.", "Which is great", "Nobody spoke over Tommy.", "Meals here are cooked in large batches so you can be sure to get in and out in a hurry!" ]

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[ "a man is seated" ]

[ "the man is rowing a boat", "Someone is playing an instrument.", "A man is holding a fish", "Two children are on a swing.", "I traveled by boat across the Mohave Desert.", "Why bother?", "Everyone is home in bed." ]

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[ "The American observer Ingersoll reported at this time that \"as to the accuracy of the bombing of military objectives, here I make no qualifications. The aim is surprisingly, astonishingly, amazingly inaccurate ... The physical damage to civilian London, to sum up, was more general and more extensive than I had imagined. The damage to military targets much less\", and stated that he had seen numerous examples of untouched targets surrounded by buildings destroyed by errant bombs. For example, in two months of bombing, Battersea Power Station, perhaps the largest single target in London, had only received one minor hit (\"a nick\"). No bridge over the Thames had been hit, and the docks were still functioning despite great damage. An airfield was hit 56 times but the runways were never damaged and the field was never out of operation, despite German pilots' familiarity with it from prewar commercial flights. Ingersoll wrote that the difference between the failure of the German campaign against military targets versus its success in continental Europe was the RAF retaining control of the air.:79–80,174" ]

[ "The Ministers and Chiefs of the Defence Staff are supported by a number of civilian, scientific and professional military advisors. The Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Defence (generally known as the Permanent Secretary) is the senior civil servant at the MoD. His or her role is to ensure the MoD operates effectively as a department of the government.", "The Sunday Times has a significantly higher circulation than The Times, and sometimes outsells The Sunday Telegraph. As of January 2013, The Times has a circulation of 399,339 and The Sunday Times of 885,612.", "Isabelle Stengers wrote that \"Whiteheadians are recruited among both philosophers and theologians, and the palette has been enriched by practitioners from the most diverse horizons, from ecology to feminism, practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education.\" Indeed, in recent decades attention to Whitehead's work has become more widespread, with interest extending to intellectuals in Europe and China, and coming from such diverse fields as ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology. One of the first theologians to attempt to interact with Whitehead's thought was the future Archbishop of Canterbury, William Temple. In Temple's Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934 (subsequently published as \"Nature, Man and God\"), Whitehead is one of a number of philosophers of the emergent evolution approach Temple interacts with. However, it was not until the 1970s and 1980s that Whitehead's thought drew much attention outside of a small group of philosophers and theologians, primarily Americans, and even today he is not considered especially influential outside of relatively specialized circles.", "Due to the tree structure of the filter bank, pre-echo problems are made worse, as the combined impulse response of the two filter banks does not, and cannot, provide an optimum solution in time/frequency resolution. Additionally, the combining of the two filter banks' outputs creates aliasing problems that must be handled partially by the \"aliasing compensation\" stage; however, that creates excess energy to be coded in the frequency domain, thereby decreasing coding efficiency.[citation needed]", "In late February, large public rallies took place in Kiev to protest the election laws, on the eve of the March 26 elections to the USSR Congress of People's Deputies, and to call for the resignation of the first secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr Scherbytsky, lampooned as \"the mastodon of stagnation.\" The demonstrations coincided with a visit to Ukraine by Soviet President Gorbachev. On February 26, 1989, between 20,000 and 30,000 people participated in an unsanctioned ecumenical memorial service in Lviv, marking the anniversary of the death of 19th Century Ukrainian artist and nationalist Taras Shevchenko.", "The Early Triassic was between 250 million to 247 million years ago and was dominated by deserts as Pangaea had not yet broken up, thus the interior was nothing but arid. The Earth had just witnessed a massive die-off in which 95% of all life went extinct. The most common life on earth were Lystrosaurus, Labyrinthodont, and Euparkeria along with many other creatures that managed to survive the Great Dying. Temnospondyli evolved during this time and would be the dominant predator for much of the Triassic.", "In 1816, the United Kingdom annexed the islands, ruling them from the Cape Colony in South Africa. This is reported to have primarily been a measure to ensure that the French would be unable to use the islands as a base for a rescue operation to free Napoleon Bonaparte from his prison on Saint Helena. The occupation also prevented the United States from using Tristan da Cunha as a cruiser base, as it had during the War of 1812." ]

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[ "The AFL also had a regional-cable deal with FSN, where FSN regional affiliates in AFL markets carried local team games. In some areas, such as with the Arizona Rattlers, Fox Sports affiliates still carry the games." ]

[ "A diverse range of indigenous cultures exist in Myanmar, the majority culture is primarily Buddhist and Bamar. Bamar culture has been influenced by the cultures of neighbouring countries. This is manifested in its language, cuisine, music, dance and theatre. The arts, particularly literature, have historically been influenced by the local form of Theravada Buddhism. Considered the national epic of Myanmar, the Yama Zatdaw, an adaptation of India's Ramayana, has been influenced greatly by Thai, Mon, and Indian versions of the play. Buddhism is practised along with nat worship, which involves elaborate rituals to propitiate one from a pantheon of 37 nats.", "The Late Cretaceous spans from 100 million to 65 million years ago. The Late Cretaceous featured a cooling trend that would continue on in the Cenozoic period. Eventually, tropics were restricted to the equator and areas beyond the tropic lines featured extreme seasonal changes in weather. Dinosaurs still thrived as new species such as Tyrannosaurus, Ankylosaurus, Triceratops and Hadrosaurs dominated the food web. In the oceans, Mosasaurs ruled the seas to fill the role of the Ichthyosaurs, and huge plesiosaurs, such as Elasmosaurus, evolved. Also, the first flowering plants evolved. At the end of the Cretaceous, the Deccan traps and other volcanic eruptions were poisoning the atmosphere. As this was continuing, it is thought that a large meteor smashed into earth, creating the Chicxulub Crater in an event known as the K-T Extinction, the fifth and most recent mass extinction event, in which 75% of life on earth went extinct, including all non-avian dinosaurs. Everything over 10 kilograms went extinct. The age of the dinosaurs was over.", "Timber was the chief building material during the Han dynasty; it was used to build palace halls, multi-story residential towers and halls and single-story houses. Because wood decays rapidly, the only remaining evidence of Han wooden architecture is a collection of scattered ceramic roof tiles. The oldest surviving wooden halls in China date to the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). Architectural historian Robert L. Thorp points out the scarcity of Han-era archaeological remains, and claims that often unreliable Han-era literary and artistic sources are used by historians for clues about lost Han architecture.", "Recent research supports Jefferson's claim. Brunetti and Weder found \"evidence of a significant relationship between more press freedom and less corruption in a large cross-section of countries.\" They also presented \"evidence which suggests that the direction of causation runs from higher press freedom to lower corruption.\" Adserà, Boix, and Payne found that increases in newspaper readership led to increased political accountability and lower corruption in data from roughly 100 countries and from different states in the US.", "The language has numerous regional dialects which are generally not mutually intelligible. It is employed throughout the Tibetan plateau and Bhutan and is also spoken in parts of Nepal and northern India, such as Sikkim. In general, the dialects of central Tibet (including Lhasa), Kham, Amdo and some smaller nearby areas are considered Tibetan dialects. Other forms, particularly Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Sherpa, and Ladakhi, are considered by their speakers, largely for political reasons, to be separate languages. However, if the latter group of Tibetan-type languages are included in the calculation, then 'greater Tibetan' is spoken by approximately 6 million people across the Tibetan Plateau. Tibetan is also spoken by approximately 150,000 exile speakers who have fled from modern-day Tibet to India and other countries.", "Through its program of need-based financial aid, Yale commits to meet the full demonstrated financial need of all applicants. Most financial aid is in the form of grants and scholarships that do not need to be paid back to the university, and the average need-based aid grant for the Class of 2017 was $46,395. 15% of Yale College students are expected to have no parental contribution, and about 50% receive some form of financial aid. About 16% of the Class of 2013 had some form of student loan debt at graduation, with an average debt of $13,000 among borrowers.", "Many Indo-Aryan languages have aspirated stops. Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, and Gujarati have a four-way distinction in stops: voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and breathy-voiced or voiced aspirated, such as /p pʰ b bʱ/. Punjabi has lost breathy-voiced consonants, which resulted in a tone system, and therefore has a distinction between voiceless, aspirated, and voiced: /p pʰ b/." ]

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[ "William MacKendree William MacKendree is an American artist. He was born in Augusta, Georgia in 1948. He studied Philosophy and Visual Arts at Georgia State University in Atlanta. Following the completion of his university degrees, he left the U.S. to live and work in Greece between 1975 and 1982.", "Atlanta Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2016 population of 472,522. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people and the ninth-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County." ]

[ "William MacKennal He was born on 2 February 1881 and educated at Rugby and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was ordained in 1908 and held curacies at Great St Mary’s, Cambridge and St George, Dunster. A Chaplain to the Forces from 1915 to 1918, when peace returned he held incumbencies at Compton Martin, Chesterton, Cambridge, Kirkby Lonsdale and Hitchin. He became Archdeacon of Ely in 1942, a post he held until his death on 20 June 1947.", "Fulton County, Georgia Fulton County is a county in the north central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of 2016 estimates, the population was 1,023,336, making it Georgia's most populous county and the state's only county with over 1 million inhabitants. Its county seat is Atlanta, the state capital since 1868. Ninety percent of the City of Atlanta is within Fulton County (the other 10% lies within DeKalb County). Fulton County is the principal county of the Atlanta metropolitan area.", "William Albert Morgan William Albert Morgan (born Bandon, County Cork, Ireland, March 6, 1841; died Hutchinson, Kansas, March 24, 1917) was an Irish-American newspaper publisher, politician and prominent citizen of the state of Kansas.", "McCleary, Washington McCleary ( ) is a city in Grays Harbor County, Washington, United States. The population was 1,653 at the 2010 census.", "John W. McCreery John Wallace McCreery was the Democratic President of the West Virginia Senate from Raleigh County and served from 1891 to 1893.", "Mack South, Ohio Mack South was a census-designated place (CDP) in Hamilton County, Ohio, United States. The population was 5,837 at the 2000 census. For the 2010 census it was merged into the Mack CDP.", "Tattnall County, Georgia Tattnall County is a county located in the southeast portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 25,520. The county seat is Reidsville. The county was created on December 5, 1801 from part of Montgomery County, Georgia by the Georgia General Assembly. It is located within the Magnolia Midlands, a part of the Historic South region.", "Mike Mack Mike Mack (November 15, 1873–August 12, 1949) was a member of the Wisconsin State Senate.", "Renfrew Renfrew ( ; (Scots: \"Renfra\" , Scottish Gaelic: \"Rinn Friù\" ) is a town 6 mi west of Glasgow, and the historical county town of Renfrewshire. Called the \"Cradle of the Royal Stewarts\" for its early link with Scotland's former royal house, Renfrew gained royal burgh status in 1397.", "Morrow County, Ohio Morrow County is a county located in the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2010 census, the population was 34,827. Its county seat is Mount Gilead. The county was organized in 1848 from parts of four neighboring counties and named for Jeremiah Morrow, Governor of Ohio from 1822 to 1826. Shawnee people used the area for hunting purposes before white settlers arrived in the early 19th century.", "Cody, Wyoming Cody is a city in Northwest Wyoming and the county seat of Park County, Wyoming, United States. It is named after Colonel William Frederick \"Buffalo Bill\" Cody for his part in the creation of the original town. The population was 9,520 at the 2010 census.", "William Morritt William John Sawrey Morritt (\"c.\" 1813 – 13 April 1874) was a British Conservative Party politician from Rokeby, which was then in Yorkshire but is now in County Durham.", "Camp Mackall Camp Mackall is an active U.S. Army training facility located in eastern Richmond County and northern Scotland County, North Carolina, south of the town of Southern Pines. The facility is in close proximity to and is a sub-installation of Fort Bragg (home to the XVIII Airborne Corps, the 82nd Airborne Division and the U.S. Army Special Operations Command Headquarters).", "William Sprague (Michigan) William Sprague (February 23, 1809 – September 19, 1868) was a minister and politician in the U.S. state of Michigan.", "Lowndes County, Alabama Lowndes County is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2010 census, the population was 11,299. Its county seat is Hayneville. The county is named in honor of William Lowndes, a member of the United States Congress from South Carolina.", "McCurtain County, Oklahoma McCurtain County is located in the southeastern corner of the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2010 census, the population was 33,151. Its county seat is Idabel. It was formed at statehood from part of the earlier Choctaw Nation in Indian Territory. The name honors an influential Choctaw family that lived in the area. Green McCurtain was the last chief when the Choctaw Nation was dissolved before Oklahoma became a state in 1907.", "William Marshall Swayne William Marshall Swayne (December 1, 1828 - May 1, 1918) was a sculptor and writer who lived in Chester County, Pennsylvania.", "Mack Hellings Ronald 'Mack' Hellings (September 14, 1915 – November 11, 1951) was an American racecar driver from Fort Dodge, Iowa. He died in a plane crash in Kern County, California in 1951.", "Oakland County, Michigan Oakland County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan, northwest of the Detroit metropolitan area. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,202,362, making it the second-most populous county in Michigan, behind neighboring Wayne County. The county seat is Pontiac. The county was founded in 1819 and organized in 1820.", "Kincardineshire Kincardineshire, also known as the Mearns (from \"A' Mhaoirne\" meaning \"the Stewartry\"), is a historic county, registration county and lieutenancy area on the coast of northeast Scotland. It is bounded by Aberdeenshire on the north and west, and by Angus on the south." ]

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[ "The man is wearing a hat." ]

[ "The man is sitting down in the water.", "I do not believe she will run again since this is her second term.", "The people are at the cinema watching Zoolander.", "A guy with spectacles is checking his phone.", "The responsibility to be economical with public resources doesn't typically fall on management.", "Two girls like to jog", "A jockey riding his horse." ]

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[ "Gregorian chant c. 520, Benedict of Nursia established what is called the rule of St. Benedict, in which the protocol of the Divine Office for monastic use was laid down. Around 678, Roman chant was taught at York. Distinctive regional traditions of Western plainchant arose during this period, notably in the British Isles (Celtic chant), Spain (Mozarabic), Gaul (Gallican), and Italy (Old Roman, Ambrosian and Beneventan). These traditions may have evolved from a hypothetical year-round repertory of 5th-century plainchant after the western Roman Empire collapsed. John the Deacon, biographer (c. 872) of Pope Gregory I, modestly claimed that the saint \"compiled a" ]

[ "Antiphonary St. Symmachus, St. John I and Boniface II. It is true, also, that the chants used at Milan were styled, in honour of St. Ambrose (called the \"Father of Church Song\"), the Ambrosian Chant. But it is not known whether any collection of the chants had been made before that of St. Gregory, concerning which his ninth-century biographer, John the Deacon, wrote: \"Antiphonarium centonem … compilavit\". The authentic antiphonary mentioned by the biographer has not as yet been found. What was its character? What is meant by cento? In the century in which John the Deacon wrote his life of", "Ambrose the other. (The later pope Saint Gregory I the Great is not known to have composed any Gregorian chant, the plainsong or \"Romish chant\".) However, Ambrosian chant was named in his honor due to his contributions to the music of the Church; he is credited with introducing hymnody from the Eastern Church into the West. Catching the impulse from Hilary of Arles and confirmed in it by the success of Arian psalmody, Ambrose composed several original hymns as well, four of which still survive, along with music which may not have changed too much from the original melodies. Each of", "Paul Jausions on the interpretation and emphasis on Gregorian chant, in which he concentrated mainly on studies. It is likely that Dom Jausions was studying the \"Scriptores ecclesiastici de musica sacra potissimum\" by Martin Gerbert, that the abbey had owned since 1844, thanks to the canon of the Le Mans Cathedral, Augustin Gontier, a friend of Dom Guéranger and instructor of the chant of this abbey. In order that the work of Dom Jausions be actually advanced, the Abbot of Solesmes invited another monk who was able to study the ancient liturgical chant, Dom Joseph Pothier. The latter arrived at Solesmes on", "Cistercian Hymnal Cistercian Hymnal The Cistercian Hymnal is a compilation of the ancient texts and melodies sung by Cistercian monks and nuns during the Liturgy of the Hours. This collection of hymns influenced the Cistercian Order's identity, since early abbots emphasized the compositions' musical quality. The hymnal developed in the course of the centuries. The first Cistercian Hymnal is dated approximately 1108, under the abbacy of Stephen Harding. He sent monks from his Abbey in Burgundy to Milan in order to copy the hymnal kept there. It was considered to be Saint Ambrose’s original, and Ambrosian hymns enjoyed great prestige in the", "Ambrosian chant chant repertory, much as Gregory the Great is not known to have composed any Gregorian chant. However, during his fourth-century tenure as Bishop of Milan, he is credited with introducing hymnody from the Eastern Church into the West. Ambrose composed original hymns as well, four of which still survive, along with music which may not have changed too much from the original melodies. Two methods of singing psalms or other chants are responsorial and antiphonal. In responsorial singing, the soloist (or choir) sings a series of verses, each one followed by a response from the choir (or congregation). In antiphonal", "Church music many gradual changes and some reforms. It was organized, codified, and notated mainly in the Frankish lands of western and central Europe during the 12th and 13th centuries, with later additions and redactions, but the texts and many of the melodies have antecedents going back several centuries earlier. Although popular belief credits Pope Gregory the Great with having personally invented Gregorian chant, scholars now believe that the chant bearing his name arose from a later Carolingian synthesis of Roman and Gallican chant During the following centuries the Chant tradition was still at the heart of Church music, where it changed", "Gregorian chant Roman chant. According to Charlemagne, his father Pepin abolished the local Gallican Rites in favor of the Roman use, in order to strengthen ties with Rome. Thirty years later (785–786), at Charlemagne's request, Pope Adrian I sent a papal sacramentary with Roman chants to the Carolingian court. According to James McKinnon, over a brief period in the 8th century, a project overseen by Chrodegang of Metz in the favorable atmosphere of the Carolingian monarchs, also compiled the core liturgy of the Roman Mass and promoted its use in Francia and throughout Gaul. Willi Apel and Robert Snow assert a scholarly", "Cistercian Hymnal Rule of St. Benedict since they were purported to have been in use at Milan since the 4th Century. The Cistercians, working from what they found in Milan, compiled a hymnal of 34 texts on 19 different melodies and used this for about twenty years. At the end of the 1130s, after Stephen Harding’s death, the General Chapter entrusted Bernard of Clairvaux with the revision of the hymnal (and other parts of the Office) because they considered the first version to be repetitive, and the Ambrosian melodies grated on their Burgundian sensibilities. Respecting Abbot Stephen’s solemn warning and knowing that", "Tonary much later during the last decades of the 10th century, and the oral transmission of Gregorian chant is only testified by additions of neumes in sacramentaries. In the tonary the whole repertory of \"Gregorian chant\" was ordered according to its modal classification of the Octoechos. Michel Huglo developed in his dissertation the hypothesis about an original tonary which preceded the Metz tonary and the tonary of St. Riquier. It was probably a coincidence, that Pope Adrian I supported the Eastern Octoechos reform, but it is also evident that Carolingian diplomates present at the synode did not get interest in the", "Léonin the cathedral known as Anonymous IV, an Englishman who left a treatise on theory and who mentions Léonin as the composer of the \"Magnus Liber,\" the \"great book\" of organum. Much of the \"Magnus Liber\" is devoted to clausulae—melismatic portions of Gregorian chant which were extracted into separate pieces where the original note values of the chant were greatly slowed down and a fast-moving upper part is superimposed. Léonin might have been the first composer to use the rhythmic modes, and may have invented a notation for them. According to W.G. Waite, writing in 1954: \"It was Léonin's incomparable achievement", "Tonary how alleluia melodies are developed by the use of the intonation formula for the \"Autentus protus\". Tonaries can differ substantially in length and shape: During the Carolingian reform the tonary played a key role in the organization and the transfer of Roman chant, which had to be sung by Frankish cantors according to Charlemagne's \"admonitio generalis\" after it was decreed in 789. The historical background was the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 during which Pope Adrian I accepted the Eastern Octoechos reform also for the Roman church. Fully notated neume manuscripts like the gradual and the antiphonary were written", "Wilfrid in the Roman style of church music, which involved a double choir who sang in antiphons and responses. Bede says that this singing master was named Æddi (or Eddius in Latin) and had the surname Stephen. Traditionally historians have identified Æddi as Stephen of Ripon, author of the \"Vita Sancti Wilfrithi\", which has led to the assumption that the \"Vita\" was based on the recollections of one of Wilfrid's long-time companions. However, recent scholarship has come to believe that the \"Vita\" was not authored by the singing master, but by someone who joined Wilfrid in the last years of Wilfrid's", "Thomas Ashwell to records there, and was employed at Durham Cathedral as Cantor or Master of the singing boys, and to provide music for the Lady Chapel, in 1513; no further records survive of his life. The Durham Cathedral archives show the first successor to his duties there as being a William Robson, who began his duties in 1527, and this may be an indication of Ashwell's death some time before that. Only scattered remnants of Ashwell's music survive. As was common for pre-Reformation music in England in Latin, the large majority of manuscripts were destroyed during the Dissolution of the Monasteries", "Antiphon it probable that the antiphonal method was present in the services of the ancient Israelites. According to historian Socrates of Constantinople, antiphony was introduced into Christian worship by Ignatius of Antioch (died 107), who saw a vision of two choirs of angels. Antiphons have remained an integral part of the worship in the Byzantine and Armenian Rite. The practice did not become part of the Latin Church until more than two centuries later. Ambrose and Gregory the Great, who are known for their contributions to the formulation of Gregorian chant, are credited with 'antiphonaries', collections of works suitable for antiphon,", "Regino of Prüm being discovered there in 1581. Regino's works are edited in volume 132 of Migne's Patrologia Latina. Regino's earliest work was \"Epistola de harmonica institutione\", a treatise on music which he wrote in the form of a letter to Archbishop Radbod. Its primary objective was to improve the liturgical singing in the churches of the diocese and probably to ensure Radbod's support for this. He also wrote the \"Tonarius\", a collection of chants. Regino's most influential work is his \"Chronicon\", a history of the world from the Incarnation of Jesus Christ to 906 AD. The \"Chronicon\" is a history of the", "Micrologus of importance is his guideline for the occursus (meaning \"meeting\" or \"concurrence\", running on the same path), which is a predecessor of the later cadence. An occursus occurs where two voices approach a unison. He suggested that the unison should be approached either by contrary motion from a major third, or oblique motion from a major second. Micrologus The Micrologus is a treatise on Medieval music written by Guido of Arezzo, dating to approximately 1026. It was dedicated to Tedald, Bishop of Arezzo. This treatise outlines singing and teaching practice for Gregorian chant, and has considerable discussion of the composition", "Antiphonary then, that these two books receive the names \"Antiphonarium\" and \"Graduale\" from the technical name of the most important chants included in them. Fundamentally all the chants, whether of the Mass or of the Divine Office, are sung antiphonally, and might, with etymological propriety, be comprised in the one general musical title of \"Antiphonary\". The plainsong melodies found in the Roman antiphonary and the \"Graduale\" have received the general title of \"Gregorian Chant\", in honour of pope Gregory the Great (540-604), to whom a tradition, supported by internal and external evidence, ascribes the work of revising and collecting into the", "Gregorian chant consensus that Gregorian chant developed around 750 from a synthesis of Roman and Gallican chants, and was commissioned by the Carolingian rulers in France. Andreas Pfisterer and Peter Jeffery have shown that older melodic essentials from Roman chant are clear in the synthesized chant repertory. There were other developments as well. Chants were modified, influenced by local styles and Gallican chant, and fitted into the theory of the ancient Greek octoechos system of modes in a manner that created what later came to be known as the western system of the eight church modes. The Metz project also invented an", "Charlemagne and church music cantorum at Soissons. According to Ekkehart IV, a chronicler of the tenth century, the same pope sent two more singers to the Court of Charlemagne. One of these, Peter, reached Metz, but Romanus at first being detained at St. Gall by sickness, afterwards obtained permission from the emperor to remain there. Manuscripts found there were used in the recovery of the original form of the Gregorian chant. Charlemagne also made strenuous though not wholly successful efforts to wean Milan and its environs from their Ambrosian Rite and melodies. In 789 he addressed a decree to the whole clergy of his", "Ambrosian hymns Ambrosian hymns Ambrose in the fourth century wrote hymns in a severe style, clothing Christian ideas in classical phraseology, and yet appealing to popular tastes. He had found a new form and created a new school of hymnody. St. Hilary of Poitiers (died 367), who is mentioned by St. Isidore of Seville as the first to compose Latin hymns, and Ambrose, styled by Dreves \"the Father of Church-song\", are linked together as pioneers of Western hymnody. Isidore, who died in 636, testifies to the spread of the custom from Milan throughout the whole of the West, and refers to the", "Saint Cecilia honor was held at Évreux in Normandy in 1570. The Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome is one of the oldest musical institutions in the world. It was founded by the papal bull, Ratione congruit, issued by Sixtus V in 1585, which invoked two saints prominent in Western musical history: Gregory the Great, after whom Gregorian chant is named, and Saint Cecilia, the patron saint of music. Her feast day became an occasion for musical concerts and festivals that occasioned well-known poems by John Dryden and Alexander Pope and music by Henry Purcell (\"Ode to St. Cecilia\"); several oratorios", "Abbey of Saint Martial, Limoges de la Republique. The abbey was the center of several important developments in medieval music, including liturgical chant, early polyphony and troubadours' songs. The first chant manuscripts show revisions of the early 11th century, when Roger de Chabannes introduced his nephew Adémar as cantor and scriptor of notation. A significant body of plainchant and tonaries for its modal classification had been written at the scriptorium of this Abbey (among them Pa 909, 1120, 1121, 1132, 1240). Adémar de Chabannes composed not only sequences and prosulae, but also music for a festal octave for the Patron St Martial. He engaged in", "Improperia the two choirs respond as above. The nine following reproaches are sung alternately by the cantors of each choir, beginning with the second, with the full choir responding after each reproach with the line, \"Popule meus . . .\": <poem> </poem> <poem> </poem> After the last Improperium and its refrain, the hymns \"Crux fidelis\" and \"Pange lingua\" are sung. During the English Reformation, the Reproaches were suppressed by Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury when he authored the first Book of Common Prayer in the sixteenth century. However, the liturgical movement and the desire to connect with ancient liturgical traditions has", "Piae Cantiones translated from \"Piae Cantiones\" were arranged by Sir David Willcocks, Reginald Jacques and John Rutter and published in their popular 1961 collection, \"Carols for Choirs\", and in subsequent volumes in this series. Piae Cantiones Piae Cantiones ecclesiasticae et scholasticae veterum episcoporum (in English \"Pious ecclesiastical and school songs of the ancient bishops\") is a collection of late medieval Latin songs first published in 1582. It was compiled by Jacobus Finno, a clergyman who was headmaster of the cathedral school at Turku. Publication was undertaken by Theodoricus Petri Rutha of Nyland, who lived from about 1560 to about 1630. He came", "Richard Terry (musicologist) engagements outside his Cathedral work and tensions due to his inconsistent approach to congregational singing at the Cathedral). Nonetheless, during this time he was able to establish a choral tradition of great merit at the Cathedral, developing a repertoire of both Gregorian chant and polyphonic music. The choir's particular focus on renaissance polyphony is believed to have influenced the emerging school of 20th century English composers and the performance of church music in England. The \"Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians\" credits Terry with the revival of much English church music, including Peter Philips' \"Cantiones sacrae\", Byrd's three and five", "Amerus the composition of polyphony, which is believed to be the first surviving treatise from Italy to use rhythmic notation. Amerus discusses the \"longa\", \"brevis\", and \"semibrevis\", assigning them in groups of two (rather than three). The work is preserved in the Bamberg Codex, among other places. Amerus Amerus (also Aluredus, Annuerus, Aumerus) was a 13th-century English music theorist who lived in Italy. Amerus worked under Cardinal Ottobono Fieschi, who later became Pope Adrian V, and wrote his only known work, \"Practica artis musicae\", while in Fieschi's employ. It is thought that he wrote the text in 1271 at Viterbo, where", "Antiphonary of St. Gregory's time had never possessed a musical notation, had never been committed to writing. What made his antiphonary so very useful to chanters (as John the Deacon esteemed it) was probably his careful presentation of a revised text with a revised melody, written either in the characters used by the ancient authors (as set down in Boethius) or in neumatic notation. We know that St. Augustine, sent to England by the great Pope, carried with him a copy of the precious antiphonary, and founded at Canterbury a flourishing school of singing. That this antiphonary contained music we know", "Anglican chant the rhythm is based on the natural cadence of speech. Thus, the length of each of these notes bears little relation to the normal musical value of a note such as a minim or semi-breve. Anglican chant was well established by the 18th century. The earliest known examples are single chants written by John Blow, Henry Purcell and their contemporaries. Earlier examples by Tudor composers such as Tallis, Farrant and others are not original. The earliest double chants are from about 1700. The text is pointed for chanting by assigning each verse or phrase to a simple harmonised melody of", "Odo of Arezzo Odo of Arezzo Odo of Arezzo or Abbot Oddo (\"fl.\" late 10th century) was a Medieval composer and theorist who worked in Arezzo. Little is known about his life, except that he was an Abbot in Arezzo, working under Bishop Donatus of Arezzo. Odo composed a tonary (a book of chants which usually included antiphons and responsories) with a discussion of modes, which survives in 20 manuscripts, four of which contain attributions to Odo. In several of the manuscripts a prologue ascribed in three out of six to Odo is entitled \"Formulas quas vobis\". A \"Dialogus de musica\" has been", "Medieval music This was the beginning of the musical staff as we know it today. The completion of the four-line staff is usually credited to Guido d’ Arezzo (c. 1000–1050), one of the most important musical theorists of the Middle Ages. While older sources attribute the development of the staff to Guido, some modern scholars suggest that he acted more as a codifier of a system that was already being developed. Either way, this new notation allowed a singer to learn pieces completely unknown to him in a much shorter amount of time. However, even though chant notation had progressed in many", "Guillaume Legrant his activities, but he was in Rome by October 1418, at which time he entered the papal chapel as a singer, at that time under Pope Martin V; he stayed there until 1421. While no musical activity of his has been documented in France, he had been given benefices there, in the diocese of Rouen. Since he kept at least one until 1449 he is presumed to have still been alive then. Legrant's music is collected in Volume 11 of the \"Corpus mensurabilis musicae.\" Seven pieces survive, of which three are sacred, and the rest secular. The sacred music includes", "Exclusive psalmody psalms and canticles were used almost exclusively until the time of Ambrose of Milan at the end of the fourth century. Even then, the psalms were never completely replaced by original hymns. During the Protestant Reformation, new church music was written in order to revive the practice of congregational singing, which had been replaced by the singing of monastic choirs in Latin. Martin Luther and leaders of the Reformed wing of the Reformation in Strasbourg, Constance, and elsewhere wrote music for psalm texts as well as original hymns, but John Calvin in Geneva used biblical psalms almost exclusively in the", "Ealdred (archbishop of York) of Canterbury, to write the \"Life\" of Saint John of Beverley. This was part of Ealdred's promotion of the cult of Saint John, who had only been canonised in 1037. Along with the \"Pontificale\", Ealdred may have brought back from Cologne the first manuscript of the \"Cambridge Songs\" to enter England, a collection of Latin Goliardic songs which became famous in the Middle Ages. The historian Michael Lapidge suggests that the \"Laudes Regiae\", which are included in Cotton Vitellius E xii, might have been composed by Ealdred, or a member of his household. Another historian, H. J. Cowdrey, argued that", "High Middle Ages The surviving music of the High Middle Ages is primarily religious in nature, since music notation developed in religious institutions, and the application of notation to secular music was a later development. Early in the period, Gregorian chant was the dominant form of church music; other forms, beginning with organum, and later including clausulae, conductus, and the motet, developed using the chant as source material. During the 11th century, Guido of Arezzo was one of the first to develop musical notation, which made it easier for singers to remember Gregorian chants. It was during the 12th and 13th centuries that", "History of Metz an important cultural centre during the Carolingian Renaissance. Gregorian chant was created in Metz during the 8th century as a fusion of Gallican and ancient Roman repertory, and remains the oldest form of music still use in Western Europe. Then called Messin Chant, the bishops of Metz, notably Saint-Chrodegang, promoted its use for the Roman liturgy in Gallic lands in the favorable atmosphere of Carolingian monarchs. The Messin chant made two major contributions to the body of chant: it fitted the chant into the ancient Greek octoechos system, and invented an innovative musical notation, using neumes to show the shape", "Adam of Saint Victor Adam of Saint Victor Adam of Saint Victor (; died 1146) was a prolific poet and composer of Latin hymns and sequences. He is believed to have sparked the expansion of the poetic and musical repertoire in the Notre Dame school with his strongly rhythmic and imagery-filled poetry. In \"Mont Saint Michel and Chartres\", Henry Adams wrote that Adam \"aimed at obtaining his effect from the skillful use of the Latin sonorities for purposes of the chant.\" The first reference to him is from 1098, in the archives of Notre Dame Cathedral, where he was first a subdeacon, and later", "Pope John Paul II became popularly known as Alexander the Great). The three popes who today commonly are known as \"Great\" are Leo I, who reigned from 440–461 and persuaded Attila the Hun to withdraw from Rome; Gregory I, 590–604, after whom the Gregorian Chant is named; and Pope Nicholas I, 858–867, who consolidated the Catholic Church in the Western world in the Middle Ages. John Paul's successor, Benedict XVI, has not used the term directly in public speeches, but has made oblique references to \"the great Pope John Paul II\" in his first address from the loggia of St. Peter's Basilica, at the", "Pope Sixtus IV had donated several historically important Roman sculptures that founded a papal collection of art, which would eventually develop into the collections of the Capitoline Museums. He also refounded, enriched and enlarged the Vatican Library. He had Regiomontanus attempt the first sanctioned reorganisation of the Julian calendar and increased the size and prestige of the papal chapel choir, bringing singers and some prominent composers (Gaspar van Weerbeke, Marbrianus de Orto and Bertrandus Vaqueras) to Rome from the north. In addition to being a patron of the arts, Sixtus was a patron of the sciences. Before he became pope, he had spent", "Affligem Abbey reforms. One notable monk during this period was John Cotton, whose treatise \"De musica\" (c. 1100-1121) is one of the earliest of musical theses, covering the ecclesiastical use of monody in the organum and the roots of polyphony. Saint Bernard of Clairvaux visited Affligem in 1146, where he is said to have had a vision of the Blessed Virgin, in memory of which he gave the abbey his staff and chalice, which are still preserved in the abbey today. Another eminent monk of this period was Jan of Afflighem, Jan van Ruusbroec's Good Cook in the Victorine monastery of Groenendaal,", "Berno of Reichenau during the reign of Stephen, as his wife was Gisela, the emperor Henry II's sister. Berno of Reichenau Berno (c. 978 – 7 June 1048) was the Abbot of Reichenau from his appointment by Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1008. He reformed the Gregorian chant. He compiled a \"tonarius\", dealing with the organisation of the church chants into ‘tones’ – eight modes of the Gregorian chant. Following the reforms initiated under Abbot Immo, who imposed the Benedictine rule at Reichenau, under Berno's enlightened guidance the abbey reached its peak as a centre of learning, with a productive scriptorium, as", "Semiology (Gregorian Chant) the Benedictine community of the Abbey of St Peter in Solesmes, which was established in 1833 by Fr Prosper Guéranger, who wished to create single authoritative editions of chant via paleographical study. This led to the scholarly monks of the abbey, chief among whom was Dom Paul Jausions, spending over half a century finding and copying the most ancient chant manuscripts. Under Guéranger, the monks of Solesmes advocated singing Gregorian chant in a free musical metre giving the majority of sung notes the same durational length. This interpretation was contrary to much contemporary practice elsewhere and at odds with scholars", "Johannes Cotto popes, and it seems unlikely that a pope would address a bishop with deference. The work is also clearly of earlier date, for it speaks of neums being in ordinary use at the time of writing. Another theory ascribes it to a certain \"Joannes Scolasticus\", a monk of St. Matthias' Abbey at Trier, all that is known of whom is that he was living about 1047, and that he wrote much music, but there seems to be no reason why the work should not have been written by the unknown Englishman, John Cotton. From internal evidence its date appears to", "Antiphonary of St. Benigne Antiphonary of St. Benigne The Antiphonary tonary missal of St. Benigne (also called Antiphonarium Codex Montpellier or Tonary of Saint-Bénigne of Dijon) was supposed to be written in the last years of the 10th century, when the Abbot William of Volpiano at St. Benignus of Dijon reformed the liturgy of several monasteries in Burgundy. The chant manuscript records mainly Western plainchant of the Roman-Frankish proper mass and part of the chant sung during the matins (\"Gregorian chant\"), but unlike the common form of the Gradual and of the Antiphonary, William organized his manuscript according to the chant genre (antiphons with", "Aurelian of Réôme archbishop of Lyon from 876 to 895, but the evidence for this is circumstantial at best. The \"Musica disciplina\" is like the other more famous contemporary treatises (\"Musica\" and \"Scolica enchiriadis\", Hucbald of Saint-Amand, Regino of Prüm etc.) one of the earliest Carolingian chant treatises which combine the reception of Ancient Greek music theory (ἁρμονικαὶ) with questions relevant to the contemporary performance of liturgical chant. Isidore of Seville wrote with a similar impact on contemporary Visigothic chant about music, while his subject was the music of antiquity as well. Aurelian's work is one of the earliest authors concerned about Carolingian", "Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia eventual display in the Accademia's multimedia library and archive also available to the public online. The Accademia also maintains a musical instruments museum (the MUSA). Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia The Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia () is one of the oldest musical institutions in the world, founded by the papal bull \"Ratione congruit\", issued by Sixtus V in 1585, which invoked two saints prominent in Western musical history: Gregory the Great, for whom the Gregorian chant is named, and Saint Cecilia, the patron saint of music. Since 2005 it has been headquartered at the Renzo Piano designed Parco della", "Gilbert Universalis rhetoric. Gilbert Universalis Gilbert Universalis or Gilbertus Universalis (died 1134) was a medieval Bishop of London. Gilbert was elected to the see of London about December 1127. He was consecrated on 22 January 1128. He died on 9 August 1134. His death was commemorated on 9 August. Gilbert the Universal worked on the so-called \"Glossa ordinaria\", a compilation of what historically prominent commentators had written on the books of the Bible. Gilbert also compiled the \"Gloss on Lamentations\". He is particularly notable for developing the previous compilation of Paschasius Radbertus on \"Lamentations\" into an argument for the Christian use of", "Eric Thiman the gospels of Matthew and John and hymns by St Thomas Aquinas, Charles Wesley and Johann Franck. Thiman's list of published works numbers about 1,300. These include a large number of partsongs (many for SS or SSA and piano, but also many for SATB) and many anthems and carols. Most of his church music was written for the non-conformist churches, but he also wrote anthems and canticles for Church of England Choirs. He composed some lighter songs under the name Eric Harding (Harding being his middle name), one of which was published when he was only fifteen. He was conductor", "Thomas Tudway written form. He accumulated six volumes (Harleian MSS. 7337–42), of over 3000 pages, an effort documented in correspondence with Humphrey Wanley, as he collected 70 services and 244 anthems by 85 composers; of those 19 anthems and a service were by himself. Materials came from manuscripts around England, but the collection was mainly based on old choir-books at Ely Cathedral. A detailed list of the contents appeared in Grove's \"Dictionary of Music and Musicians\". Thomas Tudway's sacred music is at least the equal of his post-Restoration contemporaries. His writing for the organ as accompanimental instrument is extremely sophisticated, often using", "Johann Burchard he had the power and the knowledge to do, and more, and strove to get me dismissed. The \"Liber Notarum\" is still maintained by the papal Ceremoniere. Though he only described musical details when in the context of innovations or mishaps, his account is an important source for details of papal choir singing. Among other details, he noted the use of polyphony in settings of the Passion, a practice apparently introduced from Spain, and the performance of the now-lost motet \"Gaude Roma vetus\", written in honor of Pope Alexander VI to a text by Johannes Tinctoris. Burchard's residence, built in", "Choir voice). One of the latest examples, \"Oxyrhynchus hymn\" (3c) is also of interest as the earliest Christian music. Of the Roman drama's music a single line of Terence surfaced in the 18c. However, musicologist Thomas J. Mathiesen comments that it is no longer believed to be authentic. The earliest notated music of western Europe is Gregorian chant, along with a few other types of chant which were later subsumed (or sometimes suppressed) by the Catholic Church. This tradition of unison choir singing lasted from sometime between the times of St. Ambrose (4th century) and Gregory the Great (6th century) up", "Juliana of Liège the first women authors of medieval Europe. The first formal theological statement of the doctrine of transubstantiation can be found in the homily by Saint Thomas in the \"Sacerdos in eternum\" version as found in BNF 1143 (a musical manuscript devoted entirely to the office). Scholars have also noted the movement from doctrinal to biblical versions in the Office texts. And, stylistically, Juliana's version sets known texts to new music; the Aquinas version rearranges biblical quotations to known chants, thus creating contrafacta.In 1264 Pope Urban IV issued the papal bull \"Transiturus\" in which the Feast of Corpus Christi, i.e., the", "Medieval music chant in the tenor. Indeed, ever-increasing rhythmic complexity would be a fundamental characteristic of the 14th century, though music in France, Italy, and England would take quite different paths during that time. The Cantigas de Santa Maria (\"Canticles of Holy Mary\"; , ) are 420 poems with musical notation, written in Galician-Portuguese during the reign of Alfonso X \"El Sabio\" (1221–1284) and often attributed to him. It is one of the largest collections of monophonic (solo) songs from the Middle Ages and is characterized by the mention of the Virgin Mary in every song, while every tenth song is a", "Adrian Batten three brothers) on 22 July 1637, so it can be inferred that he died during the middle of that year at the age of approximately 46. To augment his income while at Westminster Abbey, Batten worked as a music copyist, and the Abbey's account books record payments to Batten for copying works of Weelkes, Tallis and Tomkins. Batten is credited with the preservation of many pieces of church music of the time, compiled in the \"Batten Organbook\" (now in possession of St. Michael's College, Tenbury), a 498-page quarto in his handwriting. Containing many popular works of that time, which Batten", "Gregorian chant manuscripts (which were duly published in facsimile editions with ample editorial introductions) Solesmes was able to work out a practical reconstruction. This reconstructed chant was academically praised, but rejected by Rome until 1903, when Pope Leo XIII died. His successor, Pope Pius X, promptly accepted the Solesmes chant – now compiled as the \"Liber Usualis\" – as authoritative. In 1904, the Vatican edition of the Solesmes chant was commissioned. Serious academic debates arose, primarily owing to stylistic liberties taken by the Solesmes editors to impose their controversial interpretation of rhythm. The Solesmes editions insert phrasing marks and note-lengthening \"episema\" and", "Hilary of Poitiers controversy in \"Fragmenta historica\". Some consider Hilary as the first Latin Christian hymn writer, because Jerome said Hilary produced a \"liber hymnorum\". Three hymns are attributed to him, though none are indisputable. Hilary is the pre-eminent Latin writer of the 4th century (before Ambrose). Augustine of Hippo called him \"the illustrious doctor of the churches\", and his works continued to be highly influential in later centuries. Venantius Fortunatus wrote a \"vita\" of Hilary by 550, but few now consider it reliable. More trustworthy are the notices in Saint Jerome (De vir. illus. 100), Sulpicius Severus (\"Chron.\" ii. 39-45) and in", "Byzantine music the work of the so-called \"Maïstores\", “masters, of whom the most celebrated was St. John Koukouzeles (14th century) as a famous innovator in the development of chant. The multiplication of new settings and elaborations of the old continued in the centuries following the fall of Constantinople, until by the end of the eighteenth century the original musical repertory of the medieval musical manuscripts had been quite replaced by later compositions, and even the basic model system had undergone profound modification. To a certain degree there may be found remnants of Byzantine or early (Greek-speaking, Orthodox Christian) near eastern music in", "Jerome of Moravia \"ars musica\", mensural polyphony, mathematical treatments of music, and ecclesiastical chant. He copied large chunks of earlier music treatises. These included Boethius' \"De institutione musica\" and the treatises of Johannes Cotto, Johannes de Garlandia, Franco of Cologne and Petrus de Picardia. The treatise was probably compiled after 1272, and the only extant manuscript was probably copied before 1304. The original owner of this manuscript was Pierre de Limoges, and it was given to the Sorbonne when he died. Anonymous IV was most likely aware of this manuscript when he wrote. The purpose of the manuscript was to educate mainly Dominican", "John Merbecke Creed, have been adapted to \"modern\" wording. His setting has also been adapted for the liturgy of many other denominations; the Roman Catholic Church used it for the new English language rite following the Second Vatican Council of 1962–65. His complete Latin Church music was recorded by The Cardinall's Musick under the direction of Andrew Carwood in 1996. A voluntary choir for young men and women at Southwark Cathedral in London is named the Merbecke Choir in his honour, because Merbecke's heresy trial had been partly held at the church in 1543. Merbecke is honoured, together with William Byrd and", "Gilbert Universalis Gilbert Universalis Gilbert Universalis or Gilbertus Universalis (died 1134) was a medieval Bishop of London. Gilbert was elected to the see of London about December 1127. He was consecrated on 22 January 1128. He died on 9 August 1134. His death was commemorated on 9 August. Gilbert the Universal worked on the so-called \"Glossa ordinaria\", a compilation of what historically prominent commentators had written on the books of the Bible. Gilbert also compiled the \"Gloss on Lamentations\". He is particularly notable for developing the previous compilation of Paschasius Radbertus on \"Lamentations\" into an argument for the Christian use of Ciceronian", "Thomas Helmore him to make several visits, in and after 1875, to the Abbey of Saint Gall in Switzerland, to examine an ancient manuscript supposed to be an accurate copy of a book on Gregorian chant written by Saint Gregory himself. He died at his home in Pimlico on 6 July 1890 and was buried in Brompton Cemetery. Thomas Helmore Thomas Helmore (7 May 1811 in Kidderminster – 6 July 1890 in Westminster) was a choirmaster, writer about singing and author and editor of hymns and carols. Helmore's father was a congregationalist minister (also called Thomas). During the boy's childhood, the family", "Orlande de Lassus entitled \"Prophetiae Sibyllarum\", in a wildly chromatic idiom which anticipates the work of Gesualdo; some of the chord progressions in this piece were not to be heard again until the 20th century. Lassus wrote four settings of the Passion, one for each of the Evangelists, St. Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. All are for \"a cappella\" voices. He sets the words of Christ and the narration of the Evangelist as chant, while setting the passages for groups polyphonically. As a composer of motets, Lassus was one of the most diverse and prodigious of the entire Renaissance. His output varies from", "Nicolas Grenon he worked with Guillaume Dufay on a complete revision of the polyphonic liturgical music of the cathedral. He died in Cambrai in 1456 after an unusually long life. Grenon's music shows aspects of both medieval and early Renaissance practice. His secular music is the most up-to-date, and includes examples of each of the prevailing \"formes fixes\", the \"ballade,\" the \"virelai,\" and the \"rondeau.\" The melody is always in the topmost voice, and all are for three voices. The motets by Grenon are unusual in their use of strict isorhythmic technique, usually in all voices. In some aspects they are similar", "Franz Xaver Haberl pupils are given opportunities for practising the knowledge they have acquired in theory. He fought for the Editio Medicea against the editions of Solesmes and others. In 1868 Haberl re-edited the Medicæa version of the Gregorian chant, and the Holy See declared his edition authentic and official for the Catholic Church. This form of the chant has since been superseded by the \"Editio Vaticana.\" With Proske, he was a prime mover in the \"Caecilia Movement,\" and helped to edit the fourth volume of Musica Divina. For thirty years he gathered data and material for a critical edition of the works", "Johannes Matelart A note in a publication of 1596 indicates that he still held the post of choirmaster there, and was living in Rome. Some of his music has survived, and unusually for a Roman composer, much of it is instrumental. He published a book of music for lute, which included not only 15 fantasias by himself, in tablature, but arrangements of pieces by Cristóbal de Morales, and Francesco Canova da Milano. Matelart also wrote sacred vocal music, including a series of responsories for four and five voices (1596). This collection includes 21 chants by Matelart himself, as well as music by", "Gregorian chant early 4th century, when desert monks following St. Anthony introduced the practice of continuous psalmody, singing the complete cycle of 150 psalms each week. Around 375, antiphonal psalmody became popular in the Christian East; in 386, St. Ambrose introduced this practice to the West. In the fifth century, a singing school, the Schola Cantorum, was founded at Rome to provide training in church musicianship. Scholars are still debating how plainchant developed during the 5th through the 9th centuries, as information from this period is scarce. Around 410, St. Augustine described the responsorial singing of a Gradual psalm at Mass. At", "Obadiah the Proselyte been inspired by the Jewish people during the First Crusade, as well as the story of Andreas, the archbishop of Bari who had converted to Judaism circa 1066–1078. Obadiah's understanding of the Bible may have also played a role. He is known for recording medieval Jewish chant in Gregorian notation. There is a dispute whether this Gregorian melody used is of Jewish origin or of non-Jewish origin. Obadiah is known to us exclusively through a variety of documents from the Cairo Geniza, all but one in his own hand. The key piece of evidence for reconstructing his own varied output", "Adémar de Chabannes musical Mass and office according to the local school of his uncle Roger who worked as a cantor between 1010 until his death in 1025 at St. Martial Abbey using those modal patterns, as they have been documented in the tonaries of the new troper-prosers (F-Pn lat. 1121, 909), chant books to which Adémar had partly contributed as a notator. Concerning the Apostolic feast of the patron he composed as well the hymns as the music which had become the metier of a cantor at Saint Martial. For this liturgical occasion which he had to create, he contributed like other", "Berno of Reichenau Berno of Reichenau Berno (c. 978 – 7 June 1048) was the Abbot of Reichenau from his appointment by Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1008. He reformed the Gregorian chant. He compiled a \"tonarius\", dealing with the organisation of the church chants into ‘tones’ – eight modes of the Gregorian chant. Following the reforms initiated under Abbot Immo, who imposed the Benedictine rule at Reichenau, under Berno's enlightened guidance the abbey reached its peak as a centre of learning, with a productive scriptorium, as a centre of Bendictine monasticism and eleventh-century liturgical and musical reforms in the German churches.", "Nicholas Ludford the Elizabethan composer Thomas Morley (c. 1557–1602), in his \"Introduction to Practicall Music\", noted Ludford as an \"authority\"; but in the 17th century Ludford's music was neglected and finally forgotten. In 1913, scholar H. B. Collins drew attention to Ludford, whose unpublished masses were then being sung by the choir of Westminster Cathedral under Sir Richard Terry. In the 1960s and 1970s, scholar John Bergsagel published Ludford's complete masses and wrote commentaries on his work. The first recordings of Ludford's works, in editions by David Skinner, were made in 1993–95 by The Cardinall's Musick under Andrew Carwood. Significant recorded additions", "Thomas of Bayeux primate. Hugh the Chanter, who was a member of the York community, stated that the metropolitan title was used. Modern historical opinion is divided, with Frank Barlow, author of \"The English Church 1066–1154\" inclined towards the primatial title, but with Richard Southern, in his biography of Anselm, leaning towards the metropolitan title. The whole affair is probably subject to much duplicity and dishonesty, with both sides presenting biased accounts. Herbert de Losinga was appointed a papal legate in 1093 by Pope Urban II to investigate the matter of Thomas' profession of obedience to Lanfranc. Herbert seems to have done nothing", "Pope Leo II control of the Bishop of Rome, but also abolished the tax it had been customary for them to pay when they received the pallium. Also, in apparent response to Lombard raids, Leo transferred the relics of a number of martyrs from the catacombs to churches inside the walls of the city. He dedicated two churches, St. Paul's and Sts. Sebastian and George. Leo also reformed the Gregorian chant and composed several sacred hymns for the divine office. Leo was originally buried in his own monument; however, some years after his death, his remains were put into a tomb that contained", "Tonary idea of its mode and its psalmody in a tonary—for all the cantors who will follow them. In this complex process of chant transmission, which followed Charlemagne's reform, the so-called \"Gregorian chant\" or Franco-Roman chant, as it was written down about 150 years after the reform, was born. The tonary's function within chant transmission explains, why local schools of Latin chant can be studied by their tonary. Hence, the tonary was still substantial for every chant reform between the 10th and the 12th centuries, like the reform of the Cluniac Monastic Association (tonaries of Aquitania, Paris, and Fleury, but also", "Johannes Regis is preserved in the choirbooks of Cambrai Cathedral, between 1462 and 1465, indicating that he may have begun working there then. Between 1464 and 1474 he served as secretary to Guillaume Dufay, and possibly lived in Cambrai for much of this time. Also in the early 1470s he was mentioned as one of the major composers of the time by the theorist Johannes Tinctoris, indicating the spread of his reputation. He probably died in early summer 1496, since his post was declared vacant then, and eliminated. Although Regis was associated professionally with Guillaume Du Fay, his music is stylistically independent", "Vita Sancti Wilfrithi an \"Æddi cognomento Stephanus\" (\"Ædde, also known as Stephen\") was brought to Northumbria by Wilfrid and was the first singing-master (\"cantor\") among the Northumbrians. This is not however thought to be good evidence by many modern historians, while many other factors, such as age, make the attribution positively unlikely. The \"Vita Wilfrithi\" can be dated reasonably securely between 709, the year of Wilfrid's death, and c. 720. The latter date, c. 720, is the approximate date of the \"Vita Sancti Cuthberti\", a text which the \"Vita Wilfrithi\" quotes, and indeed imitates so often that one historian has used the word", "Ambrosian chant several Popes over a period of several centuries to establish Gregorian hegemony. A chronicle by the Milanese historian Landolphus from around the year 1000 recounts a legend that two Sacramentaries, one Gregorian and one Ambrosian, were placed on an altar to see which chant had divine acceptance; miraculously, both books opened simultaneously, showing both were equally acceptable. Ambrosian chant did not wholly escape Gregorian influence. The earliest 8th-century fragments, and the more complete chantbooks from the 11th and 12th centuries that preserve the first recorded musical notation, show marked differences between the Gregorian and Ambrosian repertories. Later additions to the", "Hymn tune Psalms and Hymns for the Parish Church of Banbury\", 3rd edition, 1826. \"Nicaea\" (1861) was written by J. B. Dykes to set it \"for the first edition of \"Hymns A & M\".\" As part of his efforts at reform, after Martin Luther prepared a version of the Mass in Latin, he prepared a version in German, adapting parts of the liturgical texts of the Mass as chorales in the vernacular which could be sung and understood by the congregation. Luther arranged the music for some of these by adapting the music of existing plainsong melodies; he set other texts to", "Charlemagne and church music empire, enjoining on every member to learn the \"Cantus Romanus\" and to perform the office in conformity with the directions of his father Pepin, who had abolished the Gallican chant. Through the synod of Aachen of 803, the emperor commanded again the bishops and clerics to sing the office \"sicut psallit ecclesia Romana\", and ordered them to establish \"scholae cantorum\" in suitable places. He himself provided for the support of those already in existence that is, those in Metz, Paris, Soissons, Orléans, Sens, Tours, Lyon, Cambrai, and Dijon in France, and those of Fulda, Reichenau, and St. Gall. The sons", "John Amner \"vicarius\" (minor canon). In 1615, he published a collection entitled \"Sacred Hymnes of 3, 4, 5 and 6 parts for the Voyces and Vyols\", which represents most of his known works. His other works include \"Preces\" (both for five voices), four settings of the daily canticles, several simple four-part anthems, slightly more complex five-part anthems, and verse anthems. Roughly a dozen of these works were recorded in the 1990s, and many were performed by the choir of Ely Cathedral, including \"Blessed be the Lord God\"; \"Hear, O Lord\"; \"Have mercy\"; \"I will sing unto the Lord as long as I", "Aurelian of Réôme Seville, Cassiodorus, and above all Boethius, but the eight Tones were more likely imported from Byzantine music during the 8th century, though his treatise belonged to a Carolingian chant treatise type called tonary (chapter IX-XVII). The treatise was completed by several lists and descriptions of more than 100 chants. Like other tonaries of the time, no musical notation had been used originally. He did not only refer to the octave species (modi) used by the ancient Greeks as well as by Boethius (Dorian, Phrygian, etc.), he also used names of intonation formulas communicated between chanters, such as \"noannoeane\", and \"noeagis\".", "Amerus Amerus Amerus (also Aluredus, Annuerus, Aumerus) was a 13th-century English music theorist who lived in Italy. Amerus worked under Cardinal Ottobono Fieschi, who later became Pope Adrian V, and wrote his only known work, \"Practica artis musicae\", while in Fieschi's employ. It is thought that he wrote the text in 1271 at Viterbo, where the papal conclave was held. \"Practica artis musicae\" is an instruction treatise for boys, which explains contemporaneous musical notation systems. The bulk of the work is an explanation of the tonary system as it was used in French, English, and Italian churches. The treatise also discusses", "Tonary 11th and 12th centuries in centres like Montecassino and Benevento, or in reform orders like Cistercians or Dominicans etc. The Norman-Sicilian tonary shows a great resemblance with manuscripts written in Cluny. Tonary A tonary is a liturgical book in the Western Christian Church which lists by incipit various items of Gregorian chant according to the Gregorian mode (\"tonus\") of their melodies within the eight-mode system. Tonaries often include Office antiphons, the mode of which determines the recitation formula for the accompanying text (the psalm tone if the antiphon is sung with a psalm, or canticle tone if the antiphon is", "Aelred of Rievaulx that Aelred's efforts during the twelfth-century papal schism brought about Henry II's decisive support for the Cistercian candidate, resulting in 1161 in the formal recognition of Pope Alexander III. Aelred wrote several influential books on spirituality, among them \"Speculum caritatis\" (\"The Mirror of Charity,\" reportedly written at the request of Bernard of Clairvaux) and \"De spiritali amicitia\" (\"On Spiritual Friendship\"). He also wrote seven works of history, addressing three of them to Henry II of England, advising him how to be a good king and declaring him to be the true descendant of Anglo-Saxon kings. In his later years, he", "Gregorian Antiphonary the very year (732) that Egbert was raised to the See of York another prelate, Acca of Hexham, was forced to resign the office which he had held since 709. Bede appears to have been one of Egbert's friends from that time onward, which enables him to inform us (H. E., V, 20) that Acca had learned the ecclesiastical chant from a certain Maban, who had acquired it, himself, while living in Kent, from the successors of the disciples of the Pope Gregory. Acca had, in fact, spent twelve years in Maban's school. If we take 732 as the last", "Vita Sancti Wilfrithi and make the period the best documented period in English history before the age of Alfred the Great. In the preface to the \"Vita Wilfrithi\", the author reveals that he is a priest called Stephen. Writers in modern times often style the author \"Eddius Stephanus\", an attribution that goes back to the 17th century. This attribution is now thought unlikely by many historians. The identification was made because the \"Vita Wilfrithi\" recounts that sometime between 666 and 669, Wilfrid brought two singing masters from Kent to Ripon, Ædde and Æona. This Ædde was also mentioned by Bede, who says that", "Metz familiarly known as TCRM-Blida, encompasses a large hall of while theater and dance companies benefit from a studio of with backstages. Metz was an important cultural centre during the Carolingian Renaissance. For instance, Gregorian chant was created in Metz during the 8th century as a fusion of Gallican and ancient Roman repertory. Then called Messin Chant, it remains the oldest form of music still in use in Western Europe. The bishops of Metz, notably Saint-Chrodegang promoted its use for the Roman liturgy in Gallic lands under the favorable influence of the Carolingian monarchs. Messin chant made two major contributions to", "Tonary notated chant repertory, but more easily by the copies and the local neumes used in tonaries. From this point of view, several tonaries, already transmitted by earlier French sources, can be found in later copies in Italian manuscripts, often written in French scriptoria and their neume notation. Nevertheless, a lot of Italian cantors were authors of tonaries which played a key role during Carolingian, Cluniac, and anti-Cluniac reforms in France and Lake Constance. As example, William of Volpiano from Piedmont, Guido of Arezzo, whose treatises were used during the Cistercian and Beneventan reform, while there is no source which testify", "Hagiopolitan Octoechos ethnical way or whether it was here connected with a kind of music therapy which included certain \"pathe\" as a kind of antidote. Medical treatises of the Mediterranean had been developed later on by the association of melodic modes with 4 elements and 4 humours. The introduction of the eight mode system in Western chant traditions was part of the Carolingian reform. Officially, it was motivated by Pope Adrian I's confirmation of an earlier Eastern chant reform during the synode in 787, during which he accepted the reform for the Western traditions as well. Nevertheless, a Carolingian interest for the", "Pacificus of Verona responsible for copying and restoring a number of other texts in the chapter's possession, and notes and corrections believed to be in Pacificus' hand are found on copies of texts by St Augustine, Pope Gregory the Great, Sulpicius Severus and St Jerome. Pacificus was also credited with the composition of the second of his two epitaphs for some time, until it was noted that the text was in fact an adaptation of the epitaph of Alcuin of York. In addition to his religious compositions, Pacificus is also credited with the writing of several pieces on secular knowledge, including a book", "Church music and Modern\" (1833) by William Sandys. Composers like Arthur Sullivan helped to repopularize the carol, and it is this period that gave rise to such favorites as \"Good King Wenceslas\" and \"It Came Upon the Midnight Clear\", a New England carol written by Edmund H. Sears and Richard S. Willis. Thomas Aquinas, in the introduction to his commentary on the Psalms, defined the Christian hymn thus: \"\"Hymnus est laus Dei cum cantico; canticum autem exultatio mentis de aeternis habita, prorumpens in vocem\".\" (\"A hymn is the praise of God with song; a song is the exultation of the mind dwelling", "Giovanni Dragoni The next year he acquired the prestigious position of \"maestro di cappella\" at one of Rome's most prominent churches and musical establishments, St. John Lateran, and he retained this position for the rest of his life. In 1594, towards the end of his life, Cardinal del Monte appointed Dragoni to assess the progress on the revisions to liturgical chant, part of the extensive reforms following from the Council of Trent. Dragoni died in Rome. Dragoni's output was extensive, but much of his sacred music, kept in the St. John Lateran archive, has been lost, including a collection of settings of", "Joseph Pothier chant, a form of monophonic, unaccompanied sacred song of the Roman Catholic Church. Besides being the composer of many Gregorian songs (\"Officium Defunctorum\", 1887) and the writer of a huge amount of articles, Dom Pothier was also the head and editor of the \"Revue du Chant Grégorien\" (1892–1914) - supervising the publication of several works (Hymnes, Christmas office, Antifonario, Cantus mariales) -, the founder of the \"Paléographie Musicale\" publication for the dissemination of medieval liturgical manuscripts, and the author of a new edition of the choir books based on manuscripts of the Gregorian chant and of several studies on the", "Albertus Parisiensis \"Congaudeant Catholici\". The piece was part of the Codex Calixtinus, a work intended as a guide for travelers making the Way of St. James, a pilgrimage to a shrine in Santiago de Compostela. \"Congaudeant Catholici\" has been recorded by a number of groups devoted to medieval music, including Sequentia, The Rose Ensemble and others. Albertus Parisiensis Albertus Parisiensis (\"fl.\" 1146 – 1177), also known as Albert of Paris, was a French cantor and composer. He is credited with creating the first known piece of European music for three voices. He probably originally came from Estampes in the Arrondissement of Mirande.", "Putta by about 800. After he left Rochester, Theodore of Tarsus, the Archbishop of Canterbury appointed Cwichelm as bishop of that see. The medieval chronicler Bede says Putta learned Roman Chant from students of Pope Gregory the Great, and later taught this to the Mercians. The modern historian Henry Mayr-Harting describes Putta as \"a mild old music master\". The usual dates given for Putta's time at Rochester are thought to have been about 669 to 676. His time at Hereford is considered to have started in 676 and ended sometime between 676 and 688. He died about 688. Putta Putta (died", "Richard Ayleward and greater personnel than Norwich may have possessed in its regular choir. All the manuscripts of his compositions were owned by Norwich Cathedral, and these were purchased by A. H. Mann and published. Some of Ayleward's hymns and musical settings for evensong (especially his Responses) remain in use in the Church of England. Richard Ayleward Richard Ayleward (1626–1669) was an English composer and musician. He is noted for his contribution to the repertoire of Anglican church music. Ayleward was born the son of a minor canon at Winchester Cathedral. There he sang as a chorister in the cathedral choir. During", "Liber Usualis two hundred pages for Holy Week alone). The \"usual book\" or \"common book\" also contains chants for specific rituals, such as baptisms, weddings, funerals, ordinations, and benediction. This modal, monophonic Latin music has been sung in the Catholic Church since at least the sixth century and through to the 2000s. An extensive introduction explains how to read and interpret the medieval musical notation (square notation of neums or neumes). A complete index makes it easy to find specific pieces. The \"Liber\" was first edited in 1896 by Solesmes Abbot Dom André Mocquereau (1849–1930). Its use has decreased since the Second", "Paul Jausions were preparing together a book on the method of performing Gregorian chant. Their writing was said to have been completed in the summer of 1867, according to documents. However, this theoretical book, entitled \"Mélodies Grégoriennes\", was not released until 1880, after the death of Dom Jausions. According to a letter from canon Gontier, instructor of the liturgical chant of Solesmes, the latter and Dom Jausions remained cautious, judging that the theory presented in the manuscript was not yet sufficient. Hence, it is evident that the two monks concentrated henceforth on the preparation of the books of song, gradual and Antiphonary,", "Pérotin \"conductus\" sets a rhymed Latin poem called a sequence to a repeated melody, much like a contemporary hymn.) Pérotin's works are preserved in the \"Magnus Liber\", the \"Great Book\" of early polyphonic church music, which was in the collection of the cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris. The \"Magnus Liber\" also contains the works of his slightly earlier contemporary Léonin. However, attempts by scholars to place Pérotin at Notre Dame have been inconclusive, all evidence being circumstantial, and very little is known of his life. His dates of activity can be approximately established from some late 12th century edicts of", "Guido of Arezzo did have a large group of cathedral singers, whose training Bishop Tedald invited him to conduct. While at Arezzo, he developed new techniques for teaching, such as staff notation and the use of the \"ut–re–mi–fa–so–la\" (do–re–mi–fa–so–la) mnemonic (solmization). The ut–re–mi-fa-so-la syllables are taken from the initial syllables of each of the first six half-lines of the first stanza of the hymn \"Ut queant laxis\", whose text is attributed to the Italian monk and scholar Paulus Diaconus (though the musical line either shares a common ancestor with the earlier setting of Horace's \"\" (\"Odes\" 4.11), recorded in the Montpellier manuscript H425,", "Scribal abbreviation 14,000 by the Carolingians, who used them in conjunction with other abbreviations. However, the alphabet notation had a \"murky existence\" (C. Burnett), as it was often associated with witchcraft and magic, and it was eventually forgotten. Interest in it was rekindled by the Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket in the 12th century and later in the 15th century, when it was rediscovered by Johannes Trithemius, abbot of the Benedictine abbey of Sponheim, in a psalm written entirely in Tironian shorthand and a Ciceronian lexicon, which was discovered in a Benedictine monastery (\"notae benenses\"). To learn the Tironian note system, scribes", "Acca of Hexham a famous cantor named Maban, who had learned in Kent the Roman traditions of psalmody handed down from Gregory the Great through Saint Augustine. Acca was also famous for his theological learning; his theological library was praised by Bede. He was known also for his encouragement of students by every means in his power. It was Acca who persuaded Stephen of Ripon (Eddius) to take on the \"Life of St. Wilfrid\", and he lent many materials for the \"Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum\" to Bede, who dedicated several of his most important works, especially those dealing with Holy Scripture, to him." ]

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[ "Furniture Row Racing Furniture Row Racing Furniture Row Racing (FRR) was an American professional stock car racing team that competed in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series from 2005 to 2018. The team was owned and sponsored by Furniture Row, a U.S. furniture store chain, and was based in Furniture Row's home city of Denver, Colorado, being the only NASCAR team headquartered west of the Mississippi River. FRR most recently fielded the No. 78 Toyota Camry full-time for Martin Truex Jr.. FRR won their first championship in 2017 with Truex, becoming the first winner of the Cup Series under Monster Energy sponsorship. The" ]

[ "1978 American 500 in 25th place (improving his position by two places). Charlie Blanton and Johnny Halford would also retire from NASCAR after this race. Frasson drove the race using a self-owned #18 vehicle with a 1978 Buick Century as his manufacturer and model. The number would be transferred over to a Chevrolet machine when it was transferred to Joe Gibbs Racing starting in the 1992 Daytona 500 and remains with JGR to the present day. The number in question would ultimately become synonymous with Kyle Busch's Toyota Camry starting in 2008. Top prize at this race would be $23,360 in American dollars", "Richard Childress Racing and his many fans hoped he was gearing up for his record-breaking 8th championship. However, this was not to be. Following Dale Earnhardt's death on the last lap of the 2001 Daytona 500, Childress changed the number of the car from 3 to 29, inverted the original paint scheme, and tabbed his 25-year-old Busch Series driver Kevin Harvick to drive it. Harvick originally was scheduled to drive the No. 30 car part-time before going full-time in 2002; but the death of the 7-time Winston Cup champion rushed Harvick into the spotlight. In just his third Winston Cup start, Harvick beat", "Dwayne Leik top 10, 6 top 15, and 13 top 20 finishes. The team’s best qualifying efforts were 2nd at Martinsville, 6th at California and 7th at Richmond. The team earned $751,219 in purse money. Leik ran one race for the team – Daytona. Between 2000 and 2002, Leik attempted to qualify for four Winston Cup Series races, driving a No. 72 Chevrolet for Marcis Auto Racing in all attempts; he failed to qualify for any of the four races. Leik is the owner of two NASCAR-related companies: Leik Motorsports, Inc., a NASCAR team and Motorsports Marketing, Inc., a NASCAR marketing company.", "1998 NASCAR Winston Cup Series 78-Gary Bradberry The DieHard 500 was run on April 26 in Talladega, Alabama. Bobby Labonte won the pole and went on to win the race. The race was marred by \"the Big One\" on lap 141, collecting Dale Earnhardt, Bill Elliott and 18 other cars. The race was broadcast on ABC. Top Ten Results Failed to qualify: 07-Dan Pardus, 7-Geoff Bodine, 8-Hut Stricklin, 29-Jeff Green, 35-Todd Bodine, 60-Matt Kenseth, 61-Bob Strait, 78-Gary Bradberry, 98-Rich Bickle The California 500 was run on May 3 in Fontana, California. Jeff Gordon won the pole. For the second week in a row, a multiple", "Jeff Gordon in with 797 through the 2015 season. In 1998, NASCAR named Gordon to its 50 Greatest Drivers list. In 2008, ten years later, ESPN's Terry Blount ranked him 10th in the 25 Greatest Drivers of All-Time. Foxsports.com named him as the fifth-best NASCAR driver of all time. Gordon, along with Rick Hendrick, co-owns the No.48 Chevrolet driven by Jimmie Johnson, who won seven Cup championships from 2006 to 2010, 2013, and in 2016. Gordon also has an equity stake in the No.24 team. Gordon also owned a Busch Series team between 1999 and 2000, Gordon/Evernham Motorsports (co-owned with Ray Evernham;", "Tommy Baldwin Racing TBR would keep all rights to the team, including owner's points, however the No. 10 and GoDaddy would follow Patrick to SHR. For 2013, TBR changed the car number from No. 10 to No. 7 in honor of team owner Tommy Baldwin's father, who used the number 7NY during his days in NASCAR's Modified division. Heavy machinery manufacturer SANY America sponsored the No. 7 team in 14 races, while Florida Lottery sponsored both Daytona races and Homestead. Blaney moved from the No. 36 car to run the No. 7 for the majority of the season, while Justin Marks made his", "Terry Labonte Chevrolet. In 1984, his team received a sponsorship from Piedmont Airlines and he won races at Riverside International Raceway and Bristol Motor Speedway as well as clinching his first Winston Cup championship. He dropped to seventh in the final points in 1985. During that season, he made his Busch Series debut at Charlotte in the No. 17 Pontiac owned by Darrell Waltrip and won the race. Waltrip asked Labonte to drive after deciding to focus his driving priorities solely on Winston Cup racing during what would be Waltrip's 307-point gain over Bill Elliott in the final eight races of the", "Kurt Busch medical assistance but Busch did not put his helmet back on after he exited the car and could not hear any orders over the radio. His car ran out of gas just in turn 4 and NASCAR officials picked him up and parked the No. 51 team for the remainder of the race. Busch said goodbye to his team members since he was to drive the No. 78 car for a multi-year deal after the race and when asked about the incident, Busch said that he ignored the order because he did not have his helmet on and could not", "Derrike Cope sponsor during Daytona Speedweeks. He began the season as the driver of the No. 41 Metal Jeans Chevrolet Impala for Rick Ware Racing in the Nationwide Series, but was released after three races, and moved to his own team. He has also fielded trucks part-time for himself, Larry Foyt, and Jennifer Jo Cobb. Cope has fielded the No. 78 car for one race in nationwide. He has fielded the No. 73 for most of the races. In 2009, Cope attempted six races with his self-owned team; he failed to qualify for any of them. At the October Martinsville race, Cope", "Kevin Harvick Incorporated No. 77 and hired 2000 Winston Cup champion Bobby Labonte to drive the car for the rest of the season. Labonte, Harvick, and Kertus Davis were scheduled share the 77 for the 2007 season. Labonte brought the number 77 to its first victory at Talladega on April 28, 2007. Davis was later released, with Ron Hornaday Jr. filling in for races that Davis was scheduled to drive for the team, after Davis did not crack the top 30 in his five starts in the No. 77. In 2008 Cale Gale drove the car in three races with sponsorship from VFW", "Mike Curb Group, a team that has won 10 national championships. His sponsorship and ownership have included three of NASCAR's most celebrated drivers: he previously owned Richard Petty's famed No. 43 car in 1984 and 1985, during which Petty achieved his 199th and 200th career wins. Curb was also a sponsor for Dale Earnhardt during his 1980 Winston Cup championship winning season, and sponsored Darrell Waltrip's No. 12 Toyota Tundra in the Craftsman Truck Series, driven by Joey Miller in 2006. Curb-Agajanian also ran cars for many years in the Indianapolis 500, with drivers including Billy Boat and Dan Wheldon, with whom", "Dale Earnhardt Jr. at Talladega Superspeedway with his 7th-place performance in the 2007 Aaron's 499. On May 14, 2007, he was docked 100 driver championship points, car owner Teresa Earnhardt was docked 100 owner points, and his crew chief, Tony Eury Jr., was fined $100,000 and suspended for 6 races due to the use of illegal mounting brackets used to attach the wing to his car. During the April race at Texas Motor Speedway he drove the last 10 laps in the No. 5 car of Kyle Busch owned by Rick Hendrick. On May 27, 2007, Earnhardt rode a camouflage No. 8 car", "Means Racing complete the 40-car field. Josh Williams drove at Michigan. In 2018, the team returned with Josh Reaume behind the wheel at Kentucky. Means Racing Jimmy Means Racing is an American professional stock car racing team that currently competes in the NASCAR Xfinity Series. It is owned by former driver Jimmy Means, who was the team's primary driver upon the team's founding in 1978 as a Winston Cup team known as Means Racing. The team currently fields the No. 52 Chevrolet Camaro full-time for David Starr. After 44 starts driving for Bill Gray (and one for Rod Osterlund), Means made his", "Retired number the 2001 Daytona 500. Following his death, Earnhardt's old team changed to the number 29, and the replacement driver (Kevin Harvick) drove the 29 car through the 2013 season. Dale Earnhardt Jr. made two special appearances in a number 3 car in the Busch Series in 2002 and again in the renamed Nationwide Series on July 2, 2010 at Daytona, but otherwise the number 3 was absent from all three national touring series until 2009, when Austin Dillon drove a number 3 in the Camping World Truck Series. Dillon is the grandson of Earnhardt's longtime friend and car owner Richard", "Rod Osterlund championship in 1980. Osterlund sold this team to Jim Stacy in the middle of the 1981 season. Earnhardt drove four races for Stacy before he left for Richard Childress Racing. Osterlund fielded cars for drivers from which Earnhardt won Osterlund his only Winston Cup Championship in 1980. Other notable drivers include Neil Bonnett in 1977, Dave Marcis in 1978, David Pearson in 1979, Hut Stricklin in 1989, and Jimmy Spencer in 1990. As of 2009 he lives in California. Osterlund as a car owner had 201 starts, 7 wins, 59 top 5 finishes, 91 top 10 finishes, 5 poles, and", "Brian Vickers in the 2001 GNC Live Well 250 at Miwaukee in the No. 29 car; owned by his father Clyde Vickers' BLV Motorsports team. He qualified thirtieth and finished thirty-seventh after a crash. Vickers ran three more races that season; his best finish being 25th at North Carolina. In 2002, Vickers began running the Busch Series in his father's No. 40 Dodge Intrepid. He drove in twenty-one races, competing for Rookie of the Year honors; his best finish was seventh in the Hardee's 250 at Richmond, his only top ten of the season on his way to finishing thirtieth in series", "Kerry Earnhardt Chevrolet for Hixson Motorsports and the number 96 Ford for Brian Kaltreider Racing. Bobby made his NASCAR debut in the Xfinity Series, driving the No. 40 Chevy Camaro for MBM Motorsports at Richmond in 2017. As of 2018, Jeffrey Earnhardt races part-time in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 96 Toyota Camry for Gaunt Brothers Racing. Bobby and Jeffrey are the fourth generation of Earnhardts in professional motorsports. Kerry Earnhardt Kerry Dale Earnhardt (born December 8, 1969) is a former NASCAR driver and the elder son of seven-time Winston Cup Series champion Dale Earnhardt. He is the", "Jimmy Makar Labonte's crew chief. With Labonte, he won 19 races, 143 top-tens and 20 pole positions, as well as the 2000 championship. In 2002, Makar was assigned to his current position, the team's Senior Vice President of Racing Operations. He also assists the team's engineering and aerodynamic departments. Throughout Makar's crew chief career, he won 22 races with three different drivers. He is married to Patti (Jarrett) Makar, and has two children, Alex and Dillon. Jimmy is the brother in law of Dale Jarrett. His family resides in Statesville, North Carolina. Jimmy Makar Jimmy Makar (born March 24, 1956) is the", "SS-Green Light Racing drove the No. 07 with Pray For Paris as his sponsor at Daytona. He finished 11th after avoiding 2 big ones. In 2017 the No. 07 team was sold to Rick Ware Racing. The current No. 08 truck debuted in 2007 as the No. 0 with Sharon Rice listed as the owner. Brandon Knupp drove it first at Texas Motor Speedway, and finished 34th after suffering overheating. Three weeks later, Wayne Edwards drove the truck and finished last with braking malfunction. In 2008, the No. 0 ran a part-time schedule with Christensen as the owner. Butch Miller drove most of", "Scott Heckert seat and was behind the wheel at the Chicagoland, Watkins Glen, and the Road America rounds respectively. Season still in progress<br> Scott Heckert Scott Heckert (born November 21, 1993) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He currently competes part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, driving the Nos. 78 and 8 Chevrolet Camaros for B. J. McLeod Motorsports. Heckert's first season in the series, 2013, saw him log only two top ten finishes for team owner B. J. McLeod. However, Heckert mostly stayed out of trouble, retiring because of a crash only once. In 2014, he switched to Turner", "Dave Marcis history of the NASCAR Winston Cup Series. While he is best known as the last of the non-factory supported independent owner drivers, he is also known as one of the top drivers of the 1970s. During his career, he drove for series championship car owners Nord Krauskopf and Rod Osterlund. Marcis retired in second place on the all-time starts list with 883 behind Richard Petty. Ricky Rudd and Terry Labonte have since passed him on the list. Marcis often owned and drove the No. 71 car. He finished eight times in the top-10 season drivers' points. Marcis finished as high", "Greg Sacks 1985 got off to a rough start for Sacks. After the first four races, his father's team folded. Seven races later, Sacks was able to drive the No. 49 car owned by 1966 NASCAR Rookie of the Year James Hylton. Before the Firecracker 400, DiGard Motorsports asked Sacks to drive their R&D car. Sacks qualified ninth and defeated pole-sitter Bill Elliott to earn his only NASCAR Winston Cup Series victory. The win was considered to be one of NASCAR's biggest upsets, as Sacks's car was only scheduled to run a set number of laps before going behind the wall to", "Martin Truex Jr. up to win by over eight seconds over Jeff Gordon. Truex's 218 race winless streak is second only to Bill Elliott, who went winless in 226 races between 1994 and 2001. It is only the second time a car numbered No. 56 won in NASCAR's highest division, the first being Jim Hurtubise in a 1966 Atlanta race. Returning to Bristol, Truex was involved in a wreck on Lap 448 where his car hit an inside wall at an angle that he broke his right wrist; he continued racing in spite of wearing a cast on his right wrist. At Atlanta,", "Danica Patrick standings. In January 2018, it was announced that Patrick would be reunited with longtime partner GoDaddy for sponsorship of the \"Danica Double\" and assistance as she moved on to her life as a business woman and entrepreneur. For her final NASCAR race at the 2018 Daytona 500, Patrick signed with Premium Motorsports to drive its No. 7 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 after discussions with Chip Ganassi Racing did not yield in a race seat. Her final Daytona 500 came to an early end when she was involved in a six-car accident on lap 102, placing 35th in the final results. Patrick", "1977 World 600 1977 World 600 The 1977 World 600, the 18th running of the event, was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series racing event that took place on May 29, 1977, at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina. Jim Stacy would become the owner of Krauskopf's old NASCAR team after this event; with the famed red #71 Dodge getting repainted into the white #5. Neil Bonnett, however, would stay on the team as a driver. By 1980, NASCAR had completely stopped tracking the year model of all the vehicles and most teams did not take stock cars to the track under their", "Ranier Racing with MDM race at the Talladega 500 with Pond after other key leading cars were slowed when Bill Elliott's car blew a tire and spreading debris. Buddy Baker drove for the team starting in 1979. In 1980, Waddell Wilson was crew chief and engine builder. Baker won the 1980 Daytona 500 for the team in a famous paint scheme known as the \"gray ghost\". The car set the record for fastest Daytona 500 ever run by average speed, a record that still stands. In 1983, Yarborough moved to the No. 28 Hardee's Chevrolet owned by Harry Ranier, competing in 16 events. He", "Richard Petty top ten finishes in the final ten races of the 1978 season and finished sixth in the final standings. He would go on to even better results in 1979. Petty won the Daytona 500 in an Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme and ran most of the remaining races in a Chevrolet, winning four additional races and taking the NASCAR championship for the seventh, and last, time by 11 points which was the closest points margin in NASCAR history until 1992. Petty won two more Daytona 500s in 1979 and 1981. In 1979, he snapped a 45-race drought, winning his sixth Daytona 500,", "Dale Earnhardt The Winston both at Charlotte, and the Pepsi 400 at Daytona. He beat Rusty Wallace for the championship by 80 points. On November 14, 1993, after the Hooters 500 (Atlanta), the last race of that season, the race winner Wallace and 1993 series champion Dale Earnhardt ran a dual Polish Victory Lap together while carrying #28 and #7 flags commemorating Davey Allison and Alan Kulwicki, both drivers died during the season, respectively. In 1994, Earnhardt achieved a feat that he himself had believed to be impossible—he scored his seventh Winston Cup championship, tying Richard Petty. He was very consistent, scoring", "Richard Childress Racing Motorsports, although these are not technical alliances. RCR has won NASCAR's Premier Cup Series championship six times, all with iconic driver Dale Earnhardt, as well as the Daytona 500 three times; Earnhardt in 1998, Kevin Harvick in 2007 and Austin Dillon in 2018. RCR has also fielded cars for notables such as Jeff Burton, Mike Skinner, Ricky Rudd, Neil Bonnett, and Clint Bowyer. RCR debuted at the 1969 Talladega 500 as a 1968 Chevrolet numbered 13. Childress himself drove the car, finishing 23rd after suffering axle problems. In 1972, the team came back to run fourteen races with Childress driving", "Jamie McMurray by the Coke Zero 400, where he led 10 laps and finished seventh. He then got right outside the Top 10 with an 11th-place finish at New Hampshire. In October, McMurray held off Dale Earnhardt Jr. and Ricky Stenhouse Jr. to win at Talladega, snapping a 108-race winless streak. This was his seventh career victory and fourth on a restrictor plate track (with wins at Daytona in 2007 and 2010 and Talladega in November 2009). McMurray had a slow start to the season, finishing 14th at Daytona after a last lap crash, though he posted a Top 10 at Fontana.", "1978 Daytona 500 with a 67-race winless streak. Yarborough dropped out with engine problems. With 11 laps remaining, Baker, dueling with Allison, suffered an engine failure. Allison drove his Bud Moore Ford Thunderbird around Baker to take the lead and capture his first Daytona 500 win. It was the lowest starting position (33rd) that a driver had won the event, until 2007 when Kevin Harvick started one spot further back than Allison. 1978 would be final year for the AMC Matador with Jocko Maggiacomo's entry. First Daytona 500 starts for Bill Elliott, Blackie Wangerin, Morgan Shepherd, and Harry Gant. Only Daytona 500 starts", "Chuck Bown Riveside, where he had his best finish. Bown was named the Most Popular Driver of the Year in the NASCAR Winston West Series in 1977. In 1979, Bown drove Jim Testa's No. 68 Buick and Chevrolet in 7 Winston Cup events. He scored a 7th-place finish in the Daytona 500 and a 6th-place finish in the Firecracker 400. He drove eleven races for the next two years for different owners, but did not reach the top-ten. In 1986, Bown returned to NASCAR, running in the Busch Series. His first start came at the Goody's 300, where he started 28th but", "1978 World 600 1978 World 600 The 1978 World 600, the 19th running of the event, was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series racing event that was held on May 28, 1978, at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina. By 1980, NASCAR had completely stopped tracking the year model of all the vehicles and most teams did not take stock cars to the track under their own power anymore. Zsa Zsa Gabor served as the celebrity grand marshal; sharing time in the spotlight with NASCAR team owner Robert Yates and Buddy Parrott. There were 40 drivers on the starting grid. A live audience", "Dick Brooks top-five. He finished sixth in the final points standings, which would turn out to be a career high. Brooks had another good year in 1978 with 17 top-ten finishes. He finished eight in the final points standings and left the Donlavey team at the end of the season. Brooks moved to the team of Nelson Malloch in 1979 driving the No. 05 Oldsmobile and Chevy. Brooks had a lot of mechanical issues during the season and only managed to finish 13 of 27 races that year. Brooks scored 8 top-ten finishes during the year and finished 22nd in the final", "Rusty Wallace replace Wallace in the number 2 Miller Lite-sponsored Dodge in 2006–2010. In 2011, Brad Keselowski began driving the number 2. In 2006, Wallace returned to his General Motors roots when he raced a Crawford-Pontiac sportscar, painted black and carrying the familiar stylized No. 2. The car was sponsored by Callaway Golf, in the Rolex 24 at Daytona, teamed with Danica Patrick and Allan McNish, In 2008, his Nationwide Series cars switched from Dodge to Chevrolet. To date, Wallace has had 55 NASCAR Cup wins, which is tied for 8th on NASCAR's all-time wins list. They include victories at Charlotte as", "Rick Hendrick brother John) during his year of confinement. In December 2000, Hendrick received a full pardon from President Bill Clinton. His main private jet is a Gulfstream V with the tail number N500RH. In the late 1970s, Hendrick founded a drag boat racing team that won three consecutive championships, as well as setting a world record of with Nitro Fever. He then moved to the NASCAR Model Sportsman Series (now Xfinity Series), in which he earned one victory with Dale Earnhardt at Charlotte Motor Speedway. In 1984, he founded All-Star Racing (now Hendrick Motorsports). With five full-time employees and of work", "Rusty Wallace featured in the game driving the No. 55 Square D Chevrolet (although the game's commercial showed him driving the No. 81 Square D Ford) & Rusty was featured in the game driving his No. 2 Ford, with the exception that the Miller Lite stickers are replaced by Penske Racing stickers similar to current Penske Championship Racing driver Brad Keselowski, whose sponsor is censored by NASCAR's ban on wireless telephone advertising. With 55 career points-paying victories, Wallace is ranked ninth among the all-time NASCAR Cup Series winners; he is ranked seventh (in a tie with Bobby Allison) among those who have", "Petty Enterprises 43 over to that team, where it is currently driven by Darrell Wallace Jr. The No. 44 debuted in 1960 with driver Maurice Petty, Petty finished eighth. Maurice returned with the #44 in 1961, finishing twenty-first at Bowman Gray Stadium. The No. 44 returned as a Dodge team in 2001 with a sponsorship from Georgia-Pacific and Buckshot Jones driving. In his first year driving the car, Jones finished 41st in points, failing to qualify six times and not recording a single Top 10 finish. Jones returned in 2002 but again struggled, and was released approximately mid-season. Petty Enterprises hired several", "Jeremy Mayfield self-owned Toyota, using the number 41. He raced his way into the Daytona 500. After ten races in the 2009 season, Mayfield qualified for just five. He was then embroiled in a substance abuse dispute that, for all intents and purposes, ended his NASCAR career. By July 2009, Mayfield had sold his race team and operations due to lack of sponsorship, and all members of the race team either resigned or were laid off. During his NASCAR career, Mayfield had 36 career Busch Series starts. He had five top tens, his best finish being a fourth at Rockingham in 2003.", "Mario Andretti experience in the United States. In 1977, at Long Beach, he became the only American to win the United States Grand Prix West, and the last American as of 2018 to win any US Grand Prix. The Lotus 78 \"wing car\" proved to be the most competitive car of 1977, but despite winning four races, more than any other driver, reliability problems and collisions with other drivers meant Andretti finished only third in the championship. The following year, the Lotus 79 exploited ground effect even further and Andretti took the title with six wins. He clinched the championship at the", "Morgan Shepherd his life, and his career got back on track in 1975. Shepherd took every chance he got and drove for 17 different car owners during 1975. He finished second in the NASCAR Sportsman national championship to L. D. Ottinger. At last, Shepherd got his big break in 1978 after he met Cliff Stewart, who owned a western North Carolina furniture factory. With Stewart as his owner, Shepherd won the 1980 NASCAR Sportsman Series (now known as the Xfinity Series). During this year, Shepherd won 9 races and finished second 21 times. The Shepherd-Stewart combo moved to the Winston Cup Series", "Richard Petty Winston banner at Homestead-Miami Speedway and took a solo lap honoring his seven Winston Cup Championships for Winston's salute to the champions. In 2009 at the Coke Zero 400 in Daytona, for the 25th anniversary of his final, 200th victory in 1984, Petty was behind the wheel of one of his 1980s Pontiac racecars during the pace laps, leading the field for the first pace lap. The field split him and he followed behind the field for one more pace lap before he pulled it in. In later years of his career, Petty developed the career of crew leader Robbie", "Roger Hamby Roger Hamby Roger Hamby (born July 2, 1943 in Ferguson, North Carolina) is a retired NASCAR Winston Cup Series driver and NASCAR team owner whose career spanned from 1977 to 1981. He was one of the runners-up for the 1978 NASCAR Rookie of the Year award and has employed fellow NASCAR drivers Mark Martin, Lake Speed, and Sterling Marlin as a NASCAR team owner during the late 1980s. Hamby drove in his NASCAR Winston Cup Series career. His average start was 24th place, and his average finish was 21st. He formally competed in 18,446 laps of NASCAR racing, earning a", "1987 NASCAR Winston Cup Series No. 7 for his independent team. Cale Yarborough exited the No. 28 Ford team and drove his self-owned No. 29 Oldsmobile. Davey Allison would compete for Rookie Of The Year in the Harry Ranier No. 28 Ford.. Michael Waltrip would continue driving for Chuck Rider but switched from the No. 23 Chevrolet to the No. 30 Chevrolet. Drivers remaining with the same teams from 1986 would be: No. 3 Dale Earnhardt (owner: Richard Childress), No. 4 Rick Wilson (Larry McClure) No. 5 Geoff Bodine (Rick Hendrick), No. 8 Bobby Hillin, Jr. (Stavola Brothers), No. 9 Bill Elliott ( Harry Melling),", "NASCAR rules and regulations with the permission of the driver or team owner. The number 3 for example, used by Dale Earnhardt and his car owner Richard Childress, has been unofficially retired for all teams and drivers except for an Earnhardt or Childress family member, with Childress paying a licensing fee while the number was out of circulation from 2001 to 2013. In other instances, a number has been relinquished due to a sponsor leaving a team. After the 2002 season, Robert Yates Racing switched from their longtime number 28 to 38 after sponsor Texaco-Havoline ceased their sponsorship. Teams can run numbers from 0", "Jeff Gordon constructed with elastomer from DuPont. Gordon owns JG Motorsports to manage licensing, and the company received up to 20 percent of Gordon-licensed products. Such items produced $112 million in 1998. Gordon owns a dealership, Jeff Gordon Chevrolet, located in Wilmington, North Carolina, and was opened in 1998. With Dale Earnhardt, Gordon owned Performance Partners, Inc., a real estate company, along with Chase Racewear, a casual clothing line; the two were also major shareholders in Action Performance Companies, Inc. (now Lionel Racing), the official die-cast creator of NASCAR. In May 2005, Gordon announced a partnership with Bob Lutz to form the", "Hoss Ellington in the top ten four times, including two career-best 7th-place finishes. In 1970, he made three more starts, at Charlotte, Darlington, and Rockingham, with a best finish of 13th that year. He then retired as a driver after the 1970 American 500 race in order to focus on being a team owner. In 1972, Ellington began fielding cars as an owner for Fred Lorenzen. The car was numbered 28. Lorenzen ran seven races with the team. In Lorenzen's first start with the team, at Darlington, he finished 29th due to an engine failure. Lorenzen would later gather two top 5s", "Mike Wallace (racing driver) him, and finished twenty-third, as well finishing twenty-fourth in an Ultra-owned car at Richmond International Raceway. The following year, Wallace won an additional two truck races and moved up to fourth in points. He also ran eight Busch races for Moy Racing, his best finish a fourteenth at IRP. After Ultra purchased the Mattei Motorsports No. 7 Nations Rent-sponsored Cup team, Wallace was announced as the driver for 2001. Despite starting off the season with a sixth-place finish at the Daytona 500, the team struggled in qualifying, almost costing Wallace his job before he posted two consecutive top tens finishes.", "Kurt Busch They were married on January 7, 2017. Busch's first racing experience was in a Dwarf car at age 14 at Pahrump Valley Speedway. He was put in the Dwarf car by his father. Busch earned his big break after Chris Trickle was wounded in an unsolved shooting. (Trickle would die of the injuries over a year later.) The Star Nursery team looked for a new driver to replace Trickle for the No. 70 team. Busch gained national exposure while competing against Ron Hornaday, Jr., Matt Crafton, Greg Biffle, Kevin Harvick and others for the first time in the 1997 Winter", "Sterling Marlin in the No. 09 Phoenix Racing Miccosukee Resort & Gaming Chevrolet. His best finish for the 2009 season was 35th at Martinsville, which also proved the last of his 748 career starts. An announcement was made preceding the Cup Series finale weekend at Homestead-Miami Speedway that Marlin would attempt the race in the No. 70 Chevrolet for TRG Motorsports, though Marlin later denied it. Marlin announced his retirement from racing on March 18, 2010, and formerly owned a Chevrolet dealership in Ashland City, Tennessee and a Dodge dealership in Dickson, Tennessee. In 2012, Marlin publicly revealed that he had been", "1996 Tyson Holly Farms 400 Gordon led the Drivers' Championship with 3,903 points, eighty-one ahead of Hendrick Motorsports teammate Terry Labonte in second, with Dale Jarrett a further eighty-one points adrift in third. Dale Earnhardt was fourth on 3,562, and Mark Martin was a further seventy-nine behind in fifth place. Martin was the race's defending champion. It was announced shortly beforehand that the Tyson Holly Farms 400 would be the last NASCAR race held at North Wilkesboro Speedway after the track was sold to promoters Bruton Smith and Bob Bahre following the death of its previous owner Enoch Staley in 1995. North Wilkesboro's two races", "Ricky Rudd father, posting another tenth finish at the Firecracker 400. He went full-time in 1977, again driving the No. 22 for his father. He had ten top-ten finishes and was named Rookie of the Year.Rudd was forced to run part-time the following season after picking up only limited funding from 1st National City Travelers Checks. Despite the abbreviated schedule, he earned four top-tens and finished 31st in points. In 1979, he signed with Junie Donlavey to pilot the No. 90 Truxmore car, garnering four top-fives and a ninth place points run. He did not return to Donlavey in 1980, and started", "1978 World 600 overall championship standings. The number of points for Dale Earnhardt and Ron Hutcherson were never recorded into the NASCAR data banks for future storage. Earnhardt got the #98 car ride when Willie T. Ribbs got fired from it because he was arrested for reckless driving; Ribbs had qualified the vehicle in 28th place but Earnhardt would finish the race in 17th place. The entire prize purse for this race was $310,491 ($ when adjusted for inflation); Waltrip received a then-incredible amount of $48,608 to take home to his family ($ when adjusted for inflation) while Jerry Jolly had to take", "Bobby Hamilton Jr. with a fourth at Talladega, and a pair of sevenths at Charlotte and Memphis. Hamilton also won his first career pole in the season finale at Homestead-Miami. He finished 19th in points. During the Homestead weekend in 2000, he made his Winston Cup Series debut at that track, driving the No. 57 Chevrolet owned by his father. He finished 33rd in that race, six laps down. He drove the No. 01 Coors Light Chevrolet for SABCO Racing the following week to a 31st-place finish. Hamilton returned to Carroll had a pair of 5th at Darlington and Rockingham in 2001. He", "Fred Elder average of 12th place, Fred's vehicles have finished an average of 14th place. Fred Elder Frederick \"Fred\" Elder is a former NASCAR Winston Cup Series race car owner whose primary manufacturer was Dodge. His career spanned from 1968 to 1976; employing legendary NASCAR driver Ray Elder through 26 races of his career. Fred has guided his son Ray to two Cup Series wins, nine finishes in the \"top five,\" 15 finishes in the \"top ten,\" and 121 laps led out of 3247 laps competed. Elder has earned a grand total of $96,425 during his career as a NASCAR Cup Series", "Jeff Purvis No. 12 Chevy into three races. He mustered only a 37th, 38th and 39th in those efforts, but did start eighth for the fall race at Charlotte. After a three-year absence from the elite division of NASCAR, Purvis returned for his final season in 2001. Purvis was able to make four races in the No. 51 owned by Finch, who bought Fords from Bill Elliott Racing. He started in the top-20 for three of the four races, but his best finish of the year was a 34th in the No. 51 Subway Ford at Talladega. While racing with Finch's Phoenix", "NASCAR rules and regulations clause. The rule is named after the British cigarette brand Viceroy, and is in reference to the 1972 USAC Championship Car season during which title sponsor Marlboro renounced its branding when Viceroy entered the sport to sponsor entries. The rule has come into effect on several occasions, most notably when Nextel Communications signed a ten-year $700 million deal to replace Winston as the Cup Series sponsor. Active sponsors Cingular Wireless (sponsoring Richard Childress Racing's No. 31 team) and Alltel (sponsoring Team Penske's No. 12 car of Ryan Newman) were allowed to continue their deals, but both sponsor agreements were put", "Bruton Smith end the line at UNC Charlotte, a few miles short of the speedway. Bruton Smith Ollen Bruton Smith (born March 2, 1927) is a promoter and owner/CEO of NASCAR track owner Speedway Motorsports, Inc. Inducted into NASCAR Hall of Fame January 23, 2016. He was ranked #207 on the Forbes 400 list with an estimated worth of $1.5 billion in 2005, and fell to #278 (worth an estimated $1.4 billion) in 2006. He is divorced with four children. He was inducted in the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in 2007. In 2012, Smith was classified by CNN Money as the", "Ron Esau Esau climbed as high in the championship rankings to 62nd place in the 1984 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season in addition to falling as low as 114th place in the 1986 NASCAR Winston Cup Series championship standings. Since 2013, Esau has operated a racing team in the independent circuits of stock cars that feature the old V8 engines that are rarely used in major league motorsports anymore. Esau is married to Marsha; they have one son. He has worked as a mentor to young stock car drivers like Brandon Whitt and Brendan Gaughan. Occasional jobs that Esau has done after", "Darrell Waltrip consultant on some of the newer tracks including the Kentucky Motor Speedway, and the Nashville Superspeedway. Waltrip has a building which holds many of the race cars he drove throughout his career. On June 14, 2011, he was selected to the NASCAR Hall of Fame Class of 2012. Waltrip officially won 84 NASCAR cup races, but yet another, additional, and uncounted \"win\" was as relief driver for Donnie Allison, at the 1977 Talladega 500. (Allison received credit for the win because he was driving the car when the race started). In that race, Waltrip retired after 106, of 188, laps.", "Larry Gunselman ten races. Shortly afterwards, he was hired by Derrike Cope to drive his No. 74 Dodge Ram in the Truck Series, and later by Johnny Davis to drive the No. 0 Chevrolet Monte Carlo in the Nationwide Series. Following the 2008 season, he formed Gunselman Motorsports, which fielded the start-and-park No. 64 Toyota Camry in the Sprint Cup Series for parts of three seasons. After the 2011 Daytona 500, Gunsleman partnered with Front Row Motorsports to purchase the No. 37 and No. 64 teams he owned. Under Gunselman the 37 team attempted every event in 2004 with 39th place finish", "B. J. McLeod first top ten finish. Green, however, would only drive one more race for the team, as McLeod slotted to the 8 car and a rotation of drivers including Tommy Joe Martins, Jordan Anderson, Angela Ruch, Stephen Young, Josh Bilicki, John Graham and Jennifer Jo Cobb drove the 78. Season still in progress<br> B. J. McLeod B. J. McLeod (born November 17, 1983) is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner. He currently competes part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, driving the Nos. 78 and 99 Chevrolet Camaros for B. J. McLeod Motorsports, the No. 74 Camaro for", "1978 Talladega 500 the setup on his vehicle without him knowing about it. Pond still got fired from Ranier's team in the end; making Ranier an owner/driver again because Darrell Waltrip's contract with DiGard Motorsports was too strong to be broken with negotiations. There was only one foreigner in the 41-car lineup: Claude Ballot-Léna from Paris, France. Cale Yarborough would earn the pole position with a speed of while the average speed of the race was . It was considered to be a world's record in 1978. However, Bill Elliott would break that record at the 1985 Winston 500 by driving an average", "Alan Kulwicki Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame in 2001, and the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2010. Kulwicki has been nominated to the NASCAR Hall of Fame. Kulwicki's success as an owner-driver sparked a small trend among NASCAR veterans. Geoff Bodine, his younger brother Brett, Ricky Rudd, Bill Elliott, and Joe Nemechek all began racing teams shortly after Kulwicki's death. However, none were as successful as Kulwicki's. Sprint Cup driver Tony Stewart was the only owner-driver in NASCAR currently running the full schedule but retired in 2016, though the team is fully funded by co-owner Gene Haas. . Robby Gordon", "Kennie Childers Kennie Childers Kennie Childers is a former NASCAR Winston Cup Series owner whose career spanned from 1978 to 1981. In addition to being a NASCAR team owner, Childers also owned a collection on coal mines throughout the Southern United States. Various drivers drove for Childers in his 4-year career including: Harry Gant, Neil Bonnett, Jack Ingram, Lennie Pond, Donnie Allison, Buddy Baker, and David Pearson. Although no wins were created after 59 races, these drivers helped Childers get credit for four finishes in the \"top five\" and 12 finishes in the \"top ten. Childers' drivers would end up leading 498", "Diane Teel Langley Speedway's front stretch with four laps remaining, and the event was temporarily stopped to allow officials to clear the track. Nevertheless, Carver and Teel created a plan to enter her in a full season in the NASCAR Limited Sportsman Division in 1977. She drove a 1966 Chevrolet with the number 19 given to her by Baltimore-based car builder Raymond \"Tiny\" Slayton. In her début race, she finished eighth, and took one second-place along with two third-place finishes that year. She secured two victories along with several top-ten finishes in the 1978 season and clinched the series championship, which made", "Joe Gibbs Racing for 2006, joining fellow rookie teammate Denny Hamlin. Yeley had a dismal rookie season with only three top tens while failing to finish seven races, leading to a 29th-place points finish. Yeley's sophomore campaign was only slightly better, earning a pole at Michigan and scoring three more top tens to finish 21st in points. Yeley moved to JGR-affiliated Hall of Fame Racing for 2008. On August 14, 2007, it was announced that 22-year-old Kyle Busch had signed a contract to drive the number 18 with Joe Gibbs Racing through 2010, leaving Hendrick Motorsports' number 5 car after a successful but", "1978 World 600 higher levels of NASCAR simply because he was black. \"* Driver failed to finish race\" 1978 World 600 The 1978 World 600, the 19th running of the event, was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series racing event that was held on May 28, 1978, at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina. By 1980, NASCAR had completely stopped tracking the year model of all the vehicles and most teams did not take stock cars to the track under their own power anymore. Zsa Zsa Gabor served as the celebrity grand marshal; sharing time in the spotlight with NASCAR team owner Robert", "GM Certified Service closed a major chapter in NASCAR history. Since signing on with the Rookie of the Year driver, Dale Earnhardt, as an associate sponsor in the early 1980s, and assuming title sponsor status for the 1988 season, Goodwrench was present in the winners circle for six of Earnhardt's seven Winston Cup Series championships. Following Earnhardt's death on the last lap of the 2001 Daytona 500, RCR and Goodwrench moved the sponsorship from the trademark \"3\" car to No. 29, with Harvick as the driver. Goodwrench remained an associate sponsor for the 2007 season. In 2008, after a 22-year partnership, GM Goodwrench", "Jack Roush Camel GT in the 1980s and early 90s. In 1988, Roush moved south and founded a NASCAR Winston Cup Series team with driver Mark Martin. Roush Fenway Racing currently fields two cars in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series (driven by Ricky Stenhouse Jr., and Ryan Newman), and two cars in the NASCAR Xfinity Series (the #16 driven by Ryan Reed and the #60 shared between Austin Cindric and Ty Majeski). The Xfinity team was shut down after the 2018 NASCAR season. Roush has won eight championships as a car owner in NASCAR's top three series: two Cup titles (2003", "Kennie Childers Childers' vehicle led dozens of laps and finished in 10th place on a really good race weekend. Kennie Childers Kennie Childers is a former NASCAR Winston Cup Series owner whose career spanned from 1978 to 1981. In addition to being a NASCAR team owner, Childers also owned a collection on coal mines throughout the Southern United States. Various drivers drove for Childers in his 4-year career including: Harry Gant, Neil Bonnett, Jack Ingram, Lennie Pond, Donnie Allison, Buddy Baker, and David Pearson. Although no wins were created after 59 races, these drivers helped Childers get credit for four finishes in", "Elliott Racing 52 The team didn't return until 1979 when Hamby Racing formed an alliance with Elliott Racing with Bill Elliott driving the 17 in 5 rounds Elliott Racing Elliott Racing is a former NASCAR Winston Cup Series race team owned by George Elliott, Father of Bill Elliott. The team was founded in 1966, The organization was closed after Harry Melling bought the team from George Elliott. The No. 9 began in 1976 with driver Bill Elliott car owner George Elliott and crew chief Ernie Elliott (Bill's brother). In 1976 Elliott Racing ran six races, with Bill Elliott driving four races (California", "Jeff Burton wore a plain orange fire suit displaying only small associate sponsor logos. The car arrived in a black hauler with only the number 31 on the side. NASCAR officials said the car would not have made it through inspection with the AT&T logos. On September 7, 2007, NASCAR announced that an agreement had been reached between Sprint Nextel and Richard Childress Racing which would allow AT&T to sponsor the No. 31 car through the end of the 2008 season. Under the terms of the agreement Burton was required to find a new sponsor by 2009. On June 18, 2008, it", "Petty Enterprises of times in the No. 42, including Marvin Panch, Paul Lewis, Tiny Lund, G.C. Spencer, and Dan Gurney. 1979 saw Richard's son, Kyle Petty, start his career winning the very first race he entered - the Arca 200 at Daytona International Speedway, Petty drove five cup races for PE in 1979. In 1983 the No. 42 became the No. 7 for 1984–1985, Petty Enterprises concentrated on Kyle Petty's No. 7 7-Eleven-sponsored entry. Kyle earned eight top 5s, but no wins during that stretch. Petty left to drive for the Wood Brothers in 1986. Believed to be one of the most", "2010 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series of Fame was officially opened in Charlotte, North Carolina. The three-story building houses historic artifacts, interactive displays and the shrine for inductees. The Charter Class of 2010 — made up of seven-time champions Richard Petty and Dale Earnhardt, NASCAR founder Bill France, Sr. and his son and owner/driver Junior Johnson — were inducted on May 23. The total scheduled distance of the season was , but race distances could be shorter or longer depending on weather and green-white-checker finishes. The final schedule was released on September 15, 2009. Fox Sports, their corporate sibling Speed, TNT, and ESPN/ABC are in the", "2006 Checker Auto Parts 500 Denny Hamlin, Jeff Gordon, Carl Edwards, Mark Martin, Kasey Kahne, Kurt Busch , Dale Earnhardt, Jr., and Jeff Burton. Now-retired drivers Kyle Petty and Dale Jarrett also participated in this race during their twilight years. Seven drivers failed to make the race while Robby Gordon was sent to the back of the grid due to an engine replacement. Kyle Busch failed to finish in the top ten in his Hendrick Motorsports #5 Chevrolet Monte Carlo machine. Drivers were racing for a prize bounty of $4,892,924 ($ when adjusted for inflation) with Jimmie Johnson being ahead of Matt Kenseth by a", "Kannapolis Intimidators Charlotte Knights and the Winston-Salem Warthogs. Earnhardt, who drove the number 3 car in NASCAR, was killed in an accident at the Daytona 500 in February 2001. Following Earnhardt's death, the Intimidators avoided assigning the number 3 for team uniforms. Team manager Razor Shines, originally slated to wear the number, changed his uniform number to 43. The team officially retired number 3 on May 15, 2002, in memory of their former co-owner, similar to the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim retiring the number 26 (the 26th man) in honor of former owner Gene Autry. The team plays in Intimidators Stadium", "Vinnie Miller for getting him involved in racing and for being the biggest influences on his life. He currently resides in the town of Cornelius, North Carolina. Season still in progress<br> Vinnie Miller Vance \"Vinnie\" Matthew Miller (born August 16, 1997) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, driving the No. 78 Chevrolet Camaro for B. J. McLeod Motorsports. He has previously driven for JD Motorsports in the Xfinity Series, Bolen Motorsports in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, MDM Motorsports in the K&N Pro Series East and the ARCA Racing Series,", "2017 AAA 400 Drive for Autism us (his team)\" to go \"sit on the pole here\" because it grants \"a really good pit selection for Sunday\" and to boot, \"gives us the track position. We know the 78 car (Truex said) is going to be fast – they always are – and one of the guys we’re going to have to race against,\" Busch added. \"There’s going to be many others that are starting farther back that we’ll be racing against, too, before the end of the day, but we’ll work on our Dogs Rule Pedigree Camry tomorrow in practice and make sure we get a", "Bobby Labonte the early-season race at Rockingham, the Brickyard 400 at Indianapolis, the Southern 500 at Darlington, and the fall race at Charlotte. He led the point standings for 25 weeks straight after taking over at California, and never relinquished it on the way to winning the Winston Cup championship, finishing ahead of Earnhardt by 265 points, with four wins, nineteen Top 5s, and twenty-four Top 10s. In 2001, Labonte began the year with a seventh-place finish in the Bud Shootout. At the Daytona 500, he and his teammate Tony Stewart were two of the 18 drivers involved in a crash on", "Ricky Stenhouse Jr. over Elliott Sadler. Stenhouse drove the No. 6 Sprint Cup Series car for Roush Fenway Racing in the 2012 Daytona 500, finishing 20th. In the Nationwide Series the previous day, Stenhouse had been caught up in a 10-car wreck on the final lap of the series' season-opening event; a week later he finished 3rd at Phoenix, while a week after that Stenhouse won his first race of 2012 at Las Vegas, winning the Sam's Town 300, holding off Mark Martin to take the checkered flag; he would win races at Texas Motor Speedway and Iowa Speedway before suffering a run", "Joe Bessey but got crashed on the first lap and finished 43rd. Bessey made three starts in 2001, with a 17th at Daytona, 43rd at Talladega and a 22nd at New Hampshire (where he started in the 8th position) Bessey made his last two starts: a 25th at New Hampshire and an 18th at Nazareth. Afterwards, Bessey moved back full-time to Busch North Series as an owner, where he continues to this day. Bessey moved his operation up to Winston Cup in 1999, fielding the No. 60 Power Team Chevy driven by Geoffrey Bodine. Bodine was eighth in the second race of", "Bobby Allison Darrell Waltrip, Dale Earnhardt, Jeff Gordon, Jimmie Johnson, and Buddy Baker. Officially, Allison has won 84 Cup Series races, placing him in fourth place on the all-time wins list, tied with Darrell Waltrip. Unofficially, Allison has won 85 races, and may be credited with 86 wins. The controversy lies in two races: the 1971 Myers Brothers 250 held at Bowman Gray Stadium (Winston-Salem, North Carolina), and the 1973 National 500 at Charlotte Motor Speedway. (Charlotte, North Carolina.) Due to reduced sponsorship money being given out by the \"Big Three\" automobile companies in Detroit, some Winston Cup teams chose not to", "Tony Gibson (auto racing) Southern 500 at Darlington. Hendrick Motorsports hired Gibson to head the #24 car with driver Jeff Gordon. Serving as car chief for Gordon the combination recorded 29 victories, winning a Winston Cup title in 1998 and in 2001. Gibson moved to Dale Earnhardt Inc. in 2002 where he worked various roles. As a crew chief he worked with Steve Park and later Michael Waltrip. In 2005, he moved to the car chief position for Dale Earnhardt, Jr. and later worked as his crew chief for 12 races in 2007. Gibson moved over to Dale Earnhardt Inc.’s #8 Chevrolet, in 2008,", "Fred Elder Fred Elder Frederick \"Fred\" Elder is a former NASCAR Winston Cup Series race car owner whose primary manufacturer was Dodge. His career spanned from 1968 to 1976; employing legendary NASCAR driver Ray Elder through 26 races of his career. Fred has guided his son Ray to two Cup Series wins, nine finishes in the \"top five,\" 15 finishes in the \"top ten,\" and 121 laps led out of 3247 laps competed. Elder has earned a grand total of $96,425 during his career as a NASCAR Cup Series vehicle owner and seen his vehicle drive for exactly . While starting an", "Richard Childress Racing 500. Dillon started the 2018 season by winning the Daytona 500. The win coincided with the 20th anniversary of Earnhardt's Daytona 500 win and qualified Dillon in the Playoffs. Dillon, however, struggled to stay consistent throughout the season with two top-fives and five top-10 finishes. He was eliminated in the Round of 16 after hitting the outside wall twice at the Charlotte Roval race and finished the season 13th in points. What eventually became the No. 8 car at RCR was formed in 2001 as the No. 30 America Online-sponsored Chevrolet, with AOL signing a four-year contract. Childress initially planned", "2013 Aaron's 499 Brian Vickers. Under NASCAR rules, Hamlin started the race and was credited with any points or wins earned. The second caution flew on lap 43 for a 16-car crash: occurred when Kyle Busch touched Kasey Kahne entering turn 1, and collected an additional twelve cars, including Truex, Vickers, Kevin Harvick, Tony Stewart, Jamie McMurray, Greg Biffle, Marcos Ambrose, Jeff Burton, David Stremme, Kurt Busch, David Reutimann, Casey Mears, Scott Speed, Clint Bowyer and Jeff Gordon. After the crash, Kyle Busch stated, \"I was trying to go to the outside of him, but he just moved up in front of me", "Mercury Marine even with modern advancements in outboard technology. For 1958, an enlarged version of this engine was introduced. The new \"Mark 78\" boasted 70 horsepower from 66 cubic inches of displacement. No \"H\" version was offered. Also in 1958, a stock Mark 75H set a new world speed record for outboard motors, of 107 mph. Kiekhaefer decided to promote his company by owning a NASCAR and AAA team. The team dominated NASCAR Grand National (now Monster Energy Cup series) (at one point winning 16 straight races), even though it only competed in 1955 and 1956. The team won the 1955 and", "Bobby Gerhart Racing Bobby Gerhart Racing Bobby Gerhart Racing is an American professional stock car racing team that currently competes in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, the Camping World Truck Series, and the ARCA Racing Series. The team is owned by Bobby Gerhart, but in the past has been owned by Billy Gerhart. After starting his Winston Cup career with Gray Racing, Gerhart brought his own cars to Cup events starting in 1984. Qualifying for 22 races, the team used Nos. 71 and 59 in 1984, No. 25 in 1985, and No. 85 from 1986 and on. The team had a best finish of", "Ricky Hendrick two months of healing before he could race again. Hendrick decided to retire from driving in October of the same year. He continued to be employed by Hendrick Motorsports, as the owner of two teams: Brian Vickers in the Nextel Cup Series (now Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series) and Kyle Busch in the Busch Series. Hendrick also founded a motorcycle dealership in Pineville, North Carolina, named Ricky Hendrick's Performance Honda. On October 24, 2004, around 12:30 p.m. EDT, Hendrick died in a plane crash near Martinsville, Virginia, killing him and nine others. The plane, on its way to the Martinsville", "Frank Christian (NASCAR owner) monetary prizes as an owner ($ when adjusted for inflation) in addition to winning 22 races. Notable drivers under his employment included: Speedy Thompson, Buddy Shuman, Banjo Matthews, Fonty Flock, Buck Baker, and Curtis Turner. Christian even did several races as a driver/owner; adding to the lap total of 21,804 that his vehicles did while under his ownership. Out of all these laps, only 5220 were by Mr. Christian's drivers. However, his vehicles did do well in finishing races as the average starting position was sixth place and the average finishing position was twelfth place. Pole positions were plentiful for", "Terry Labonte During this time he also met Louisiana businessman Billy Hagan. Labonte’s first NASCAR race came in 1978 at Darlington Raceway. He qualified 19th in the No. 92 Duck Industries-sponsored Chevrolet and finished fourth that weekend. He ran four more races that season and had an additional two Top 10 finishes. In 1979, he competed for NASCAR Winston Cup Rookie of the Year honors along with Dale Earnhardt, Harry Gant, and Joe Millikan while driving the No. 44 Stratagraph-sponsored Chevrolet for Hagan. Although Labonte failed to win the top rookie award, he was one of three rookies to finish in the", "Jeremy Mayfield stated that the problems with the 19 car stemmed from lack of attention from the team owner due to a \"close personal relationship\" with developmental driver Erin Crocker. Mayfield stated that Evernham was not with the Cup cars most weeks because of the extensive attention that he was giving Crocker and her No. 98 truck team. Evernham later admitted that he was seriously involved in an affair with Crocker, whom he married in 2009. On May 9, 2009, Mayfield was suspended indefinitely by NASCAR for violating NASCAR's substance abuse policy. Owing to NASCAR policy, Dr. Black refused to specify the", "Dale Earnhardt the track where Earnhardt claimed his sixth Winston Cup Series title. Dale Earnhardt Ralph Dale Earnhardt Sr. (; April 29, 1951 – February 18, 2001) was an American professional auto racing driver and team owner, best known for his involvement in stock car racing for NASCAR. The third child of racing driver Ralph Earnhardt and first of two to Martha Coleman, he began his career in 1975 in the World 600 as part of the Winston Cup Series. Regarded as one of the most significant drivers in NASCAR history, Earnhardt won a total of 76 Winston Cup races over the", "Kurt Busch 2012 Sprint Cup Series season, He also ran a limited Nationwide Series schedule for the team, while running additional Nationwide Series races for Kyle Busch Motorsports, sharing the No. 54 car with his younger brother. At the 2012 Aaron's 499 at Talladega, Busch paid homage to the 2006 racing comedy \"\" by running his No. 51 car with the paint scheme of Ricky Bobby's No. 62 \"ME\" Cougar car from the movie, causing \"NASCAR on Fox\" commentators Mike Joy, Larry McReynolds and Darrell Waltrip to jokingly refer to Busch as \"Ricky Bobby\" throughout the race, and Busch also dropped movie", "Sam Hornish Jr. for Brian Keselowski Motorsports (in conjunction with Penske) in its No. 26 Dodge Avenger, starting twelfth and finishing 21st. Before the 2011 season Penske sold the owners' points of its No. 77 car to Rusty Wallace Racing, to be driven by owner Rusty Wallace's son (and team driver) Steve at the season-opening Daytona 500, for financial reasons. As a result, Penske moved Hornish to the Nationwide Series to drive the team's No. 12 Dodge Charger. He drove the 5-hour Energy 500 at Pocono Raceway in Front Row Motorsports' No. 38 Ford Fusion, filling in for Travis Kvapil (who was driving", "Richard Petty is one of the most respected figures in motorsports as a whole. He also collected a record number of poles (127) and over 700 Top 10 finishes in his 1,184 starts, including 513 consecutive starts from 1971–1989. Petty was the only driver to ever win in his 500th race start, until Matt Kenseth joined him in 2013. He was inducted into the inaugural class of the NASCAR Hall of Fame in 2010. Petty is a second generation driver. His father, Lee Petty, won the first Daytona 500 in 1959 and was also a three-time NASCAR champion. His son Kyle was", "Sterling Marlin make the Sharpie 500 at Bristol in the No. 78 car as a replacement for Kenny Wallace, and the UAW-Ford 500 at Talladega, replacing Mike Wallace in the No. 09 car. However, in November he managed to qualify the No. 09 and drove at Phoenix for a 25th-place finish, and a week later at Homestead finishing 33rd. Marlin failed to qualify for the 2008 Daytona 500 in the No. 09 car, but qualified at Talladega and the following week at Richmond as well. For Darlington, Marlin raced in his old No. 40 car and qualified 14th, and also at the", "Jimmy Means which included Bobby Allison, Donnie Allison, Neil Bonnett and Red Farmer and later Davey Allison, Hut Stricklin, Steve Grissom and Mike Alexander. He is the father of Brad Means. Means won dozens of late model races in Alabama and Tennessee in the early '70s, including track championships at Huntsville Speedway and the historic Nashville Speedway USA. Means made his Cup debut in 1976 at the Daytona 500, driving the number 5 Chevrolet for Bill Gray. He led one lap but finished 40th after an engine failure. He ran an additional eighteen races for Gray in the number 52 car with", "Geoff Bodine 0.44 seconds to claim the checkers. Bodine has driven for some of the best car owners in NASCAR, including Junior Johnson, Bud Moore and Rick Hendrick as well as owning his own cars, which he ran for several seasons after buying the assets of Alan Kulwicki's race team after his death in 1993. He has 565 starts, 37 poles, 18 wins, and nearly $16 million in winnings during his Winston Cup/Nextel Cup career. He was honored as one of \"NASCAR's 50 Greatest Drivers\" during NASCAR's 50th anniversary celebration. Bodine has always been a great innovator and brought many ideas to" ]

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[ "France and the UK, the largest shareholders in the Suez Canal Company, saw its nationalization as yet another hostile measure aimed at them by the Egyptian government. Nasser was aware that the canal's nationalization would instigate an international crisis and believed the prospect of military intervention by the two countries was 80 per cent likely. He believed, however, that the UK would not be able to intervene militarily for at least two months after the announcement, and dismissed Israeli action as \"impossible\". In early October, the UN Security Council met on the matter of the canal's nationalization and adopted a resolution recognizing Egypt's right to control the canal as long as it continued to allow passage through it for foreign ships. According to Heikal, after this agreement, \"Nasser estimated that the danger of invasion had dropped to 10 per cent\". Shortly thereafter, however, the UK, France, and Israel made a secret agreement to take over the Suez Canal, occupy the Suez Canal zone, and topple Nasser." ]

[ "Unlike vermilion or red ochre, made from minerals, red lake pigments are made by mixing organic dyes, made from insects or plants, with white chalk or alum. Red lac was made from the gum lac, the dark red resinous substance secreted by various scale insects, particularly the Laccifer lacca from India. Carmine lake was made from the cochineal insect from Central and South America, Kermes lake came from a different scale insect, kermes vermilio, which thrived on oak trees around the Mediterranean. Other red lakes were made from the rose madder plant and from the brazilwood tree.", "Drug trafficking is the major illegal source of income in Tajikistan as it is an important transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; some opium poppy is also raised locally for the domestic market. However, with the increasing assistance from international organizations, such as UNODC, and cooperation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities a level of progress on the fight against illegal drug-trafficking is being achieved. Tajikistan holds third place in the world for heroin and raw opium confiscations (1216.3 kg of heroin and 267.8 kg of raw opium in the first half of 2006). Drug money corrupts the country's government; according to some experts the well-known personalities that fought on both sides of the civil war and have held the positions in the government after the armistice was signed are now involved in the drug trade. UNODC is working with Tajikistan to strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency.", "Mexico City is served by Mexico City International Airport (IATA Airport Code: MEX). This airport is Latin America's second busiest and one of the largests in traffic, with daily flights to United States and Canada, mainland Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Europe and Asia. Aeroméxico (Skyteam) is based at this airport, and provide codeshare agreements with non-Mexican airlines that span the entire globe. In 2014, the airport handled well over 34 million passengers, just over 2 million more than the year before. This traffic exceeds the current capacity of the airport, which has historically centralized the majority of air traffic in the country. An alternate option is Lic. Adolfo López Mateos International Airport (IATA Airport Code: TLC) in nearby Toluca, State of Mexico, although due to several airlines' decisions to terminate service to TLC, the airport has seen a passenger drop to just over 700,000 passengers in 2014 from over 2.1 million passengers just four years prior.", "Paper waste accounts for up to 40% of total waste produced in the United States each year, which adds up to 71.6 million tons of paper waste per year in the United States alone. The average office worker in the US prints 31 pages every day. Americans also use on the order of 16 billion paper cups per year.", "Today, all humans are classified as belonging to the species Homo sapiens and sub-species Homo sapiens sapiens. However, this is not the first species of homininae: the first species of genus Homo, Homo habilis, are theorized to have evolved in East Africa at least 2 million years ago, and members of this species populated different parts of Africa in a relatively short time. Homo erectus is theorized to have evolved more than 1.8 million years ago, and by 1.5 million years ago had spread throughout Europe and Asia. Virtually all physical anthropologists agree that Archaic Homo sapiens (A group including the possible species H. heidelbergensis, H. rhodesiensis and H. neanderthalensis) evolved out of African Homo erectus ((sensu lato) or Homo ergaster).", "In 1353 Bern joined the Swiss Confederacy, becoming one of the eight cantons of the formative period of 1353 to 1481. Bern invaded and conquered Aargau in 1415 and Vaud in 1536, as well as other smaller territories; thereby becoming the largest city-state north of the Alps, by the 18th century comprising most of what is today the canton of Bern and the canton of Vaud.", "Idol Gives Back is a special charity event started in season six featuring performances by celebrities and various fund-raising initiatives. This event was also held in seasons seven and nine and has raised nearly $185 million in total." ]

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[ "Spike Jonze Spike Jonze (pronounced \"Jones\" ; born Adam Spiegel on October 22, 1969) is an American skateboarder, filmmaker, director, producer, photographer, screenwriter, and actor, whose work includes music videos, commercials, film and television.", "Brad Silberling Bradley Mitchell \"Brad\" Silberling (born September 8, 1963) is an American television and film director known for directing feature films such as \"Casper\" (1995), \"City of Angels\" (1998), \"Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events\" (2004) and \"Land of the Lost\" (2009)." ]

[ "Lane Garrison Lane Edward Garrison (born May 23, 1980) is an American actor best known for the role of David \"Tweener\" Apolskis on the television series \"Prison Break\". Garrison stars opposite Kristen Stewart in the feature film, \"Camp X-Ray\", which premiered at Sundance Film Festival and was picked up for distribution by IFC Films. \"Camp X-Ray\" was released in late 2014.", "Adam Gardner Adam Seth Gardner (born May 31, 1973) is an American guitarist and vocalist of the band Guster and a member of the Tufts University Beelzebubs.", "Gak Jonze Micah Lei (born 17 June 1982), better known by the stage name Gak Jonze, is an English rapper. He released his debut album, \"Intelligent Mess\" , in 2013, through his own label Mykali Records. He has self funded his own solo tour in United Arab Emirates, Oman, Bahrain, and Thailand, and is currently working on his follow up album touring on his current tour in China.", "Starland Ballroom The Starland Ballroom is a concert venue located in Sayreville, Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. Opening night was December 7, 2003 and featured a performance by Van Halen lead singer David Lee Roth. The venue was formerly known as the Hunka Bunka Ballroom, which operated as a dance music club in the 1980s and 1990s, though throughout the 1990s it often hosted concerts, specifically punk and ska lineups. And even before that the building was known as the Jernee Mill Inn, a local bar with a banquet hall that sometimes had bands and was used for rehearsal by John Bongiovi and the Wild Ones and Richie Sambora's band. The building is believed to be the place where hometown stars Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora (lead singer and guitarist of Bon Jovi) met in the early 1980s.", "Gene Sperling Eugene B. \"Gene\" Sperling (born December 24, 1958) is an American economist, who was Director of the National Economic Council and Assistant to the President for Economic Policy under Presidents Bill Clinton and Barack Obama.", "Neil Asher Silberman Neil Asher Silberman (born June 19, 1950 in Boston, Massachusetts) is an archaeologist and historian with a special interest in history, archaeology, public interpretation and heritage policy. A graduate of Wesleyan University, he studied Near Eastern archaeology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Awarded a 1991 Guggenheim Fellowship, he is a contributing editor to \"Archaeology\"", "Barbi Twins Shane and Sia Barbi (born April 2, 1963), popularly known as The Barbi Twins, are identical twins, cover models, co-authors, and spokespersons for animal rights advocacy.", "Skip Young (wrestler) Galton W. Young, better known as Skip Young and Sweet Brown Sugar (July 24, 1951 – December 3, 2010) was an American professional wrestler who competed on the Southeastern regional promotions during the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s in Florida Championship Wrestling, World Class Championship Wrestling and the National Wrestling Alliance.", "Bart Sibrel Bart Winfield Sibrel (born 1964) is a conspiracy theorist who claims that the six Apollo Moon landings between 1969 and 1972 were hoaxes. He has produced four films on the subject, but is mostly known for having been punched in the face by Buzz Aldrin for harassing and insulting him.", "Danny Gilmore Danny Gilmore (born December 23, 1973) is a Canadian actor. He has appeared in a number of films and television shows, starting with his role as Vallier in John Greyson's \"Lilies\" (1996). He has also appeared \"L'Âge des ténèbres\". (2007), the third film in Denys Arcand's trilogy, which began with \"The Decline of the American Empire\" (1986) and continued with the Academy Award winning \"The Barbarian Invasions\" (2003). He also starred in the international releases: \"Gaz Bar Blues\", \"Les Fils de Marie\" and \"Marie Antoinette\".", "Sigge Parling Sigvard Emanuel \"Sigge\" Parling (26 March 1930 – 17 September 2016) was a Swedish football player. He also played ice hockey and bandy.", "Billy Barty Billy Barty (October 25, 1924 – December 23, 2000) was an American actor. In adult life, he stood three feet, nine inches (114 cm), due to cartilage–hair hypoplasia dwarfism, and because of his short stature, he was often cast in movies opposite taller performers for comic effect. He specialized in outspoken or wisecracking characters. During the 1950s, he became a television star, appearing regularly in the Spike Jones ensemble.", "Jeb Burton John Edward \"Jeb\" Burton IV (born August 6, 1992), is an American professional stock car racing driver. He is the son of Ward Burton and the nephew of Jeff Burton. He competed for several seasons as a regular driver at South Boston Speedway, an American racing circuit that his family has historically been known for competing at, as well as at Ace Speedway. He currently competes part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, driving the No. 24 Toyota Camry for JGL Racing.", "Edward Selzer Edward Selzer (January 12, 1893 – February 22, 1970) was an American cartoon producer and head of Warner Bros. Cartoons from 1944 to 1958. He served in the US Navy and fought as a Golden Gloves boxer. He won a boxing exhibition for the Navy and was awarded with a weekend pass. While out on leave he met a New York chorus girl named Laura Cohn; he later married Laura and relocated to Los Angeles where they had two children; Phyllis and Robert.", "Jon Tenney Jonathan Frederick \"Jon\" Tenney (born December 16, 1961) is an American actor. He played Special Agent Fritz Howard in TNT's \"The Closer\" and continues in its spinoff \"Major Crimes\".", "List of Younger episodes \"Younger\" is an American comedy-drama television series that premiered on March 31, 2015, on TV Land. Based on the Pamela Redmond Satran novel of the same name, \"Younger\" was created by Darren Star, and stars Sutton Foster in the lead role of Liza Miller, a 40-year-old recently divorced mother who, after finding it difficult to get a job at her age, attempts to pass herself off as a 26-year-old in order to start her life over. Hilary Duff, Debi Mazar, Miriam Shor, Nico Tortorella, Molly Bernard and Peter Hermann also star in supporting roles. On April 21, 2015, \"Younger\" was renewed for a second season of 12 episodes, which premiered in January 2016. On January 6, 2016, \"Younger\" was renewed for a third season of 12 episodes, which aired on September 28, 2016.", "There's a Girl in My Hammerlock There's a Girl in My Hammerlock is a 1991 young adult novel by Jerry Spinelli.", "Kieran Culkin Kieran Kyle Culkin (born September 30, 1982) is an American actor. He began his career as a child actor, acting alongside his older brother Macaulay in the \"Home Alone\" franchise (19901992) before going on to feature in films including the 1991 film \"Father of the Bride\" and its 1995 sequel, \"My Summer Story\" (1994), the sequel to \"A Christmas Story\", \"The Mighty\" (1998), \"She's All That\", \"The Cider House Rules\" (1999), \"The Dangerous Lives of Altar Boys\" (2002), \"Scott Pilgrim vs. the World\" (2010), and \"Movie 43\". His breakout role in \"Igby Goes Down\" (2002) received critical acclaim and he was nominated for a Best Actor Golden Globe Award, as well as winning a Critics' Choice Movie Award and Satellite Award. He has also acted on-stage, most notably in several productions of the Kenneth Lonergan play \"This Is Our Youth\". In 2015, he portrayed Rye Gerhardt in the second season of the critically acclaimed FX series \"Fargo\".", "Brad Byers Brad Byers (born October 8, 1959) is an American entertainer known for his extreme performances, including sword swallowing, lying on beds of nails and inserting various tools into his nasal cavity. For the latter he is also referred to as a “Human toolbox”. He holds several World Records. His brother Rod assists him in some performances.", "Freak (film) Freak is a 1998 film directed by Spike Lee. The film is a live performance of John Leguizamo's one man show on Broadway of the same name. Leguizamo's show was semi-autobiographical as he would talk about many aspects of his life. In the performance piece, he also talks about family members such as his parents, grandparents, uncle, and his younger brother. The film premiered on HBO." ]

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[ "2011 Open Championship 2011 Open Championship The 2011 Open Championship was a men's major golf championship and the 140th Open Championship, held from 14–17 July at Royal St George's Golf Club in Sandwich, Kent, England. Darren Clarke won his first and to date only major championship, three strokes ahead of runners-up Dustin Johnson and Phil Mickelson. This was the fourteenth Open Championship at Royal St George's; the last was in 2003 when Ben Curtis won his only major championship and finished as the only player under par at −1, a stroke clear of Vijay Singh and Thomas Bjørn. The course was lengthened by" ]

[ "2011 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship 2011 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship The 2011 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship was the 66th U.S. Women's Open, played July 7–11 at The Broadmoor East Course in Colorado Springs, Colorado. It was one of 13 national championships conducted by the United States Golf Association (USGA). The course is at an elevation of over above sea level and previously hosted the U.S. Women's Open in 1995, the first major championship won by Annika Sörenstam. Broadmoor East was the first course in the history of the tournament to play longer than Because of repeated weather delays during each of the tournament", "2011 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship 3-5-4=12). 2011 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship The 2011 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship was the 66th U.S. Women's Open, played July 7–11 at The Broadmoor East Course in Colorado Springs, Colorado. It was one of 13 national championships conducted by the United States Golf Association (USGA). The course is at an elevation of over above sea level and previously hosted the U.S. Women's Open in 1995, the first major championship won by Annika Sörenstam. Broadmoor East was the first course in the history of the tournament to play longer than Because of repeated weather delays during each of the", "DPRK Amateur Golf Open DPRK Amateur Golf Open The DPRK Golf Open is an annual amateur event which takes place outside Pyongyang. It was launched in 2011 at North Korea's only open golf course. The Open is a 36-hole tournament, with format varying each year. North Korea currently has two golf courses, one of them the currently out-of-use course at Mount Kumgang and the other, the Pyongyang Golf Club situated 27 km from Pyongyang city. The Pyongyang Golf Complex was designed and built in 1987 by a Japanese company. The course is mainly played by diplomatic staff. In 2004, Koryo Tours hosted the Pyongyang", "English Open English Open The English Open was a professional golf tournament on the European Tour. In 2009, it was due to be played over the Jack Nicklaus designed Signature Course at the St. Mellion International Resort in Cornwall, after a six-year hiatus, but its return to the schedule had to be postponed for at least two years after developers ran into financial difficulties. In most countries where golf is played there is a national open, but in England this role was effectively filled by The Open Championship, sometimes referred to as the \"British Open\". The English Open was founded in 1979", "Golf course at St Andrews to economize on land use, but in modern times this is rare due to the potential for injury from balls coming the other way. Famous links courses include the Old Course at St. Andrews, often described as the \"Home of Golf\", and Musselburgh Links, which is generally regarded as the first recorded golf course. The Open Championship, the oldest of golf’s major championships, is always played on a links course. Links and links-style golf courses have been developed throughout the world, reproducing the broken, treeless terrain with deep bunkers of their Scottish prototypes. An \"executive course\" or", "DPRK Amateur Golf Open course record of 34 sometime in the early 1990s, including 5 holes in one. This was stated to Eric Ellis, a reporter for the Australian Financial Review who visited the club in 1994, and has yet to be confirmed by a credible source. DPRK Amateur Golf Open The DPRK Golf Open is an annual amateur event which takes place outside Pyongyang. It was launched in 2011 at North Korea's only open golf course. The Open is a 36-hole tournament, with format varying each year. North Korea currently has two golf courses, one of them the currently out-of-use course at Mount", "2011 U.S. Open (golf) 2011 U.S. Open (golf) The 2011 United States Open Championship was the 111th U.S. Open, played June 16–19 at Congressional Country Club in Bethesda, Maryland, a suburb northwest of Washington, D.C. Rory McIlroy won his first major title, eight strokes ahead of Jason Day. He set eleven U.S. Open records on the weekend, including the lowest total 72-hole score (268) and the lowest total under par McIlroy and Robert Garrigus became the fifth and sixth in U.S. Open history to score under par in all four rounds. The 2011 U.S. Open was the third at Congressional Country Club. In 1997,", "Bob O'Connor Golf Course at Schenley Park Bob O'Connor Golf Course at Schenley Park Bob O'Connor Golf Course at Schenley Park, formerly known as Schenley Park Golf Course, is located in the rolling hills of Schenley Park between Oakland and Squirrel Hill in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. It is the only golf course within the city limits. Schenley Park Golf Course (est. 1902) is an 18-hole course. The course is open throughout the year, from early morning until after dark, weather permitting. Four full-sized indoor simulators are available whenever the golf course is open and after dark, by reservation. Individual and group lessons, equipment, pull-cart rentals and a", "Brackenridge Park Golf Course first professional golf tournament in Texas and one of the first events to be played during the winter. The first Open held in 1922 had a $5,000 purse, the largest purse of any golf tournament at the time. In 1960, the San Antonio Golf Association moved the Texas Open to Oak Hills Country Club, another Tillinghast designed course. Texas Open winners at Brackenridge Park Golf Course \"* Indicates a win in a playoff\"<br> \"^ Indicates weather-shortened to 54 holes\"<br> \"Note: Green highlight indicates scoring records.\"<br> Main sources The Texas Golf Hall of Fame is now headquartered at Brackenridge Park Golf", "2011 U.S. Open (golf) 72nd hole. McIlroy also had the additional distinction of setting the U.S. Open 72-hole low marks for total shots and shots under par, at 268 and −16, respectively. McIlroy also became only the third golfer ever to shoot all four rounds under 70 at a U.S. Open, after Lee Trevino in 1968 and Lee Janzen in 1993. \"Final round\" \"Cumulative tournament scores, relative to par\" 2011 U.S. Open (golf) The 2011 United States Open Championship was the 111th U.S. Open, played June 16–19 at Congressional Country Club in Bethesda, Maryland, a suburb northwest of Washington, D.C. Rory McIlroy won his", "Turnberry (golf course) In December 2015 the governing body for Golf, the R&A, announced that the 2020 Open Championship would not be played at Turnberry, even though it had previously been considered likely to host the tournament. The R&A were unimpressed with several racist remarks from Trump; one member said he would like Turnberry to host the Open again, but \"not Trump Turnberry\". The Open Championship winners at Turnberry, all played on the par-70 Ailsa Course: Winners of The Senior Open Championship at Turnberry. Winner of the Women's British Open at Turnberry. The Ailsa Course was played as a par-72 at in 2002;", "Pyongyang Golf Course say that he had scored 11 holes in one, and that this was on the first round played at the course in 1987, and there were 17 bodyguards who witnessed it. It is not clear whether the exaggerated version was spread by the North Korean state or foreign news reporting. The website of the DPRK Amateur Golf Open credits German player Claudio Consul with the course record, with a score of 71. Pyongyang Golf Course Pyongyang Golf Club is situated on the banks of Taicheng Lake, from central Pyongyang along the Youth Hero Highway. The 18‑hole 72‑par course covers with", "European Open (golf) European Open (golf) The European Open is a European Tour golf tournament. Founded in 1978, up to 1994 it was played at various courses in England, including Sunningdale and Walton Heath, except for the 1979 event, which was held at Turnberry in Scotland. Between 1995 and 2007 the tournament was held at the K Club in Straffan, Ireland, before moving again in 2008, this time to the Jack Nicklaus-designed Heritage course at the London Golf Club near Sevenoaks, Kent, England. After a five-year hiatus, the event returned to the European Tour schedule in 2015, now played in (Germany). Tournament reduced", "Rackham Golf Course for a parking lot, and the rest for a public golf course to be built. In 1925, the course was complete. Designed by Donald Ross, who also designed the Detroit Golf Club and numerous other courses, created an 18-hole course open to the public. Rackham has also been named one of Donald Ross' ten best public golf courses. It has been the home of Ben Davis, one of the country's first African-American golf pros. Joe Louis, the famous boxer known as the \"Brown Bomber\", played the course on a regular basis back in his day. The historic original front 9", "Torrey Pines Golf Course and \"Tiger Woods PGA Tour 13\". Scott Peterson, now on death row for the murder of his wife Laci, was arrested in the parking lot of Torrey Pines in The U.S. Open will return to Torrey Pines in 2021. The North Course is shorter (from the men's tees) and rated less difficult than the South Course. All measurements made in yards. At , the South Course is the longest course played in a regular PGA Tour event. All measurements made in yards. Torrey Pines Golf Course Torrey Pines Golf Course is a 36-hole municipal public golf facility on the west", "University of Maryland Golf Course Completed in 1999 for $3 million, Mulligan's houses a full-service bar, banquet facility, and pro shop. The golf course underwent a series of renovations from 2008 to 2009. The Melwood Prince George's County Open, a Nationwide Tour event, was held at the golf course in 2010 and 2011. The 2016 Maryland Public Secondary Schools Athletic Association High school 4A/3A and 2A/1A state championships were also held here. University of Maryland Golf Course The University of Maryland Golf Course in College Park, Maryland, is the home of the Maryland Terrapins men's and women's golf teams. The semi-private championship course was designed", "1903 U.S. Open (golf) 1903 U.S. Open (golf) The 1903 U.S. Open was the ninth U.S. Open, held June 26–29 at Baltusrol Golf Club in Springfield, New Jersey, west of New York City. Willie Anderson won the second of his four U.S. Open titles in a playoff over David Brown. The championship was played on the original course at Baltusrol, now known as the Old Course, which no longer exists. Anderson led after each of the first three rounds, with a six-shot lead after 54 holes, but carded 82 in the final round on Saturday afternoon. Brown's 76 equaled them at 307 total, eight", "Kärnten Golf Open Kärnten Golf Open The Kärnten Golf Open was a golf tournament on the Challenge Tour, played in Austria. It was held for the first time in 2009. It was contested over the Pete Dye designed course at the Golf Club Klagenfurt-Seltenheim in Klagenfurt from 2009 to 2012. In 2013 it moved to Jacques Lemans Golf Club in Sankt Georgen am Längsee. In 2014 it moved to the Golfclub Schloss Finkenstein in Gödersdorf. The tournament was presented by European Tour player, and Austria's top ranked professional golfer, Markus Brier, who also played in the inaugural event to promote golf in the", "Keller Golf Course Keller Golf Course Keller Golf Course is a classic parkland golf course in Maplewood, Minnesota, a suburb of St. Paul. The course is historically significant for its long association with the early days of professional golf; it hosted the PGA Tour's St. Paul Open from 1930 to 1968; two majors, the 1932 and 1954 PGA Championships; the 1949 Western Open (a near-major at the time), and in the 1970s, the LPGA Tour's Patty Berg Classic. The course was renovated by architect Richard Mandell and reopened in 2014 after a 2-year closure. The course is owned and operated by Ramsey County", "1915 U.S. Open (golf) 1915 U.S. Open (golf) The 1915 U.S. Open was the 21st U.S. Open, held June 17–18 at Baltusrol Golf Club in Springfield, New Jersey, west of New York City. Four-time U.S. Amateur champion Jerome Travers captured his only U.S. Open title, one stroke ahead of runner-up Tom McNamara. The championship was played on the original course at Baltusrol, now known as the Old Course, which no longer exists. Future U.S. Open champions Jim Barnes and Chick Evans shared the first round lead, with Travers five behind. After a 72 in the second round, Travers pulled to within two-shots of leaders", "Royal Springs Golf Course, Srinagar motorised golf carts etc. and is considered as No.1 golf course of India by Golf Digest. This golf course is one such course which is open to non-members also (not restricted to members only) and golf tournaments are conducted at regular intervals. First ever women's golf tournament conducted at Srinagar valley, was arranged in this course in July 2012, which attracted more than 50 woman golfers across India. Overlooking the golf course, in the hillside, is a heritage structure named Paree Mahal, built by Prince Dara Shikoh, son of Emperor Shah Jahan, during Mughal period. The golf course harbors a", "European Open (golf) to 54 holes due to numerous fog delays. European Open (golf) The European Open is a European Tour golf tournament. Founded in 1978, up to 1994 it was played at various courses in England, including Sunningdale and Walton Heath, except for the 1979 event, which was held at Turnberry in Scotland. Between 1995 and 2007 the tournament was held at the K Club in Straffan, Ireland, before moving again in 2008, this time to the Jack Nicklaus-designed Heritage course at the London Golf Club near Sevenoaks, Kent, England. After a five-year hiatus, the event returned to the European Tour schedule", "Kärnten Golf Open country and his charitable foundation. Kärnten Golf Open The Kärnten Golf Open was a golf tournament on the Challenge Tour, played in Austria. It was held for the first time in 2009. It was contested over the Pete Dye designed course at the Golf Club Klagenfurt-Seltenheim in Klagenfurt from 2009 to 2012. In 2013 it moved to Jacques Lemans Golf Club in Sankt Georgen am Längsee. In 2014 it moved to the Golfclub Schloss Finkenstein in Gödersdorf. The tournament was presented by European Tour player, and Austria's top ranked professional golfer, Markus Brier, who also played in the inaugural event", "The Vintage Golf Course Vintage in 2007, with a new innovative form, whereby a pro-am event is played on the weekend as well as the final two days of the tournament. The prize money in 2007 was $115,000 (AU). In 2008 the tournament grew in size and stature. The event was won by Aaron Townsend. In 2009 the NSW Open once again returned to The Vintage. The event was promoted to the PGA Tour of Australia, scheduled for the week preceding the Australian Open, from 26 November to 29 November. The Vintage Golf Course The Vintage is a golf resort in the Hunter Valley", "English Open been cancelled due to insufficient sponsorship revenue having been raised by the organisers. Only two players have won the tournament more than once; Darren Clarke of Northern Ireland with three victories, and England's Mark James with two. English Open The English Open was a professional golf tournament on the European Tour. In 2009, it was due to be played over the Jack Nicklaus designed Signature Course at the St. Mellion International Resort in Cornwall, after a six-year hiatus, but its return to the schedule had to be postponed for at least two years after developers ran into financial difficulties. In", "Brackenridge Park Golf Course of urban green space. In 2012, Brackenridge Park Golf Course was ranked the 29th Best Municipal Golf Course in the United States by Golf Week. The course was also ranked the 16th Best Course in Texas. Brackenridge Park Golf Course Brackenridge Park Golf Course is a historic golf course in San Antonio, Texas and the oldest 18-hole public golf course in Texas. It opened for play in 1916 and was the first inductee into the Texas Golf Hall of Fame. Brackenridge Park was the original site of the Texas Open which held the tournament for most years between 1922-1959. Located", "Golf course is scarce or water conservation is a priority sometimes feature \"scrapes\" in place of greens. These are made of fine dirt which requires raking between uses but does not require watering. In New Zealand, it is not uncommon for rural courses to have greens fenced off and sheep grazing the fairways. At the 125-year-old Royal Colombo Golf Club in Sri Lanka, steam trains from the Kelani Valley railway run through the course at the 6th hole. Golf course A golf course is the grounds where the game of golf is played. It comprises a series of holes, each consisting of", "De Laveaga Disc Golf Course is known to the locals) was installed in the mid-1980s and was one of the first organized courses for disc golf. In 2011, the PDGA World Championships were held in California, and a round was played here. 2011 Worlds were won by local Nate Doss. Each May, the disc golf community descends upon Santa Cruz, for the Masters Cup, one of the PDGA's national tour events and one of the oldest tournament events in disc golf. De Laveaga Disc Golf Course De Laveaga Disc Golf Course (\"Dela\") is a world-renowned 27-hole disc golf course in the hills of De Laveaga", "Brackenridge Park Golf Course Brackenridge Park Golf Course Brackenridge Park Golf Course is a historic golf course in San Antonio, Texas and the oldest 18-hole public golf course in Texas. It opened for play in 1916 and was the first inductee into the Texas Golf Hall of Fame. Brackenridge Park was the original site of the Texas Open which held the tournament for most years between 1922-1959. Located in historic Brackenridge Park, the course is one of six municipal golf courses managed by the non-profit management group, the Alamo City Golf Trail. The Alamo City Golf Trail consists of Brackenridge Park Golf Course, Cedar", "Waterloo Open Golf Classic Waterloo Open Golf Classic The Waterloo Jaycees Greater Waterloo Open Golf Classic is the oldest and largest golf tournament in the state of Iowa. It has been played annually since 1934, and celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2008. It is traditionally played over the course of third week/weekend in the month of July. The tournament actually consists of five separate tournaments which are organized and run simultaneously by a volunteer committee of Waterloo Jaycees. The tournaments are played on the three public golf courses in Waterloo, Iowa. The Waterloo Open has become nearly a week-long event, and kicks off annually", "Yale Golf Course Yale Golf Course The Yale Golf Course, also known as The Course at Yale, is a golf course in New Haven, Connecticut owned at operated by Yale University. It is a fine example of early American golf course design, with large, deeply bunkered greens and narrow rolling fairways challenging the golfer. In 1988, Golf Magazine ranked Yale as the 71st most difficult course in the world. The 2013 Golfweek's Best Classic Courses list ranked Yale at #35 on the list. In 2011, Golf Magazine name Yale Golf Course #71 on its Top 100 Courses in the United States. In particular,", "Kananaskis Country Golf Course Country Golf Course is part of the collection of seven golf courses and resorts in Alberta, the Canadian Rockies Golf – \"the most storied and recognized group of golf courses in Canada.\" About sixty thousand rounds of golf were played there annually with eighty-five percent played by Albertans. The golf course includes the pro-shop, club house, tournament centre and other golf course buildings which were valued at $15 million in 2015. During the June 2013 Alberta floods, Kananaskis Country \"sustained the most extensive damage in its 36-year history.\" The Alberta government committed $18 million to rebuild the Course and to", "Kananaskis Country Golf Course Kananaskis Country Golf Course Kananaskis Country Golf Course is a publicly accessible world-renowned 36-hole golf course situated in Kananaskis Country, a park system west of Calgary, Alberta, Canada in the foothills and front ranges of the Canadian Rockies which opened in 1983 at a cost of $25.5 million. The golf course near Kananaskis Village, Alberta designed by the golf course architect Robert Trent Jones, consists of two 18-hole golf layouts, played beneath Mt. Lorette and Mt. Kidd, after which the courses are respectively named. \"Score Golf Magazine\" has consistently ranked this facility as a top 100 course in Canada. Kananaskis", "2014 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship 66. This was the easiest scoring day of the championship; 16 players scored under-par and the field average was 72.39. \"Final round\" 2014 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship The 2014 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship was the 69th U.S. Women's Open, held June 19–22 at Pinehurst Resort Course No. 2 in Pinehurst, North Carolina. It marked the first time that the U.S. Women's Open was played on the same course in the same year as the U.S. Open. The U.S. Women's Open was played in the week immediately following the U.S. Open. First played in 1946, the U.S. Women's Open", "2014 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship 2014 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship The 2014 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship was the 69th U.S. Women's Open, held June 19–22 at Pinehurst Resort Course No. 2 in Pinehurst, North Carolina. It marked the first time that the U.S. Women's Open was played on the same course in the same year as the U.S. Open. The U.S. Women's Open was played in the week immediately following the U.S. Open. First played in 1946, the U.S. Women's Open is the oldest of the five current major championships and the second of the 2014 season. It has the largest purse in", "Keller Golf Course up to modern standards. The fairways were converted to bent grass. Mandell's work was recognized by Golf Magazine as the \"Best Municipal Renovation\" of 2014. Additionally, the original clubhouse and pro shop were demolished and replaced with new buildings. Keller Golf Course Keller Golf Course is a classic parkland golf course in Maplewood, Minnesota, a suburb of St. Paul. The course is historically significant for its long association with the early days of professional golf; it hosted the PGA Tour's St. Paul Open from 1930 to 1968; two majors, the 1932 and 1954 PGA Championships; the 1949 Western Open (a", "Kananaskis Country Golf Course business … and in 2026 this will be put out to public tender. Kananaskis Country Golf Course Kananaskis Country Golf Course is a publicly accessible world-renowned 36-hole golf course situated in Kananaskis Country, a park system west of Calgary, Alberta, Canada in the foothills and front ranges of the Canadian Rockies which opened in 1983 at a cost of $25.5 million. The golf course near Kananaskis Village, Alberta designed by the golf course architect Robert Trent Jones, consists of two 18-hole golf layouts, played beneath Mt. Lorette and Mt. Kidd, after which the courses are respectively named. \"Score Golf Magazine\"", "2008 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship 2008 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship The 2008 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship was the 63rd U.S. Women's Open, held June 26–29 at Interlachen Country Club in Edina, Minnesota, a suburb southwest of Minneapolis. It was the first U.S. Women's Open played at the course, which hosted the Solheim Cup in 2002. The winner was 19-year-old Inbee Park, four strokes ahead of runner-up Helen Alfredsson. The tournament was televised by ESPN and NBC Sports. The course hosted the U.S. Open in 1930, part of the grand slam of Bobby Jones. 1. Last 10 U.S. Women's Open Champions Juli Inkster, Birdie", "The Vintage Golf Course The Vintage Golf Course The Vintage is a golf resort in the Hunter Valley NSW, a two-hour drive from Sydney. It has an 18-hole Championship golf course designed by world-renowned golfer and course designer Greg Norman. The resort boasts a $5 million clubhouse, as well as a fitness center and 44 Grand Mecure apartments. The resort is owned by American entrepreneur Don Panoz and Australian business manager John Stevens. Panoz owns other golf resorts in the US, including Chateau Elan in Georgia and the Diablo Grande. The Vintage is home to the NSW Open Golf Championship, the final golf tournament", "Tam O'Shanter Golf Course Tam O'Shanter Golf Course The Tam O'Shanter Golf Course is located in Niles, Illinois. The north branch of the Chicago River flows through the course. The club of was previously owned by George S. May and is currently under the ownership of the Niles Park District. Under May's ownership, the course hosted several prominent golf tournaments on the PGA Tour: All American Open (1941–57) and World Championship of Golf (1946–57) and the LPGA Tour: All American Open (1943–57) and World Championship (1948–57). In 1953, May's assistant, Chet Posson, approved the presence of television cameras at the World Championship of Golf,", "Kananaskis Country Golf Course listed Mt. Kidd as the third Best Public Course in Alberta, with Mt. Lorette taking fifth place and \"Golf Week\" included Mt.Kidd on its list of Best Canadian Golf Modern Courses. In November 2011, the golf publication, \"Golf Digest\" included Kananaskis Country Golf Course on its top 75 golf resorts biennial list. In 2011 the Kananaskis Country Golf Course showed a province wide net economic impact of $14 million, 175 full-time equivalent jobs sustained province wide, and a $4.4 million federal, $1.9 million provincial and $800,000 local taxes generated. The Kananaskis I.D. in which the Kananaskis Country Golf Course is", "Bentra Golf Course Bentra Golf Course Bentra Golf Course is based in Whitehead, County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It is situated on the edge of the small seaside town, surrounded by lush green land and stunning views. The course was designed in 1935 by 5-time Open Champion and renowned golf course architect James Braid. The 9-hole course has seen few changes over the years, staying true to Braid's design. Bentra Golf Course is one of only two courses designed by Braid in Northern Ireland. One of Whitehead, County Antrim's two golf courses. Bentra Golf Course is touted to be one of the longest 9-hole", "Langston Golf Course then became a noted concessionaire for the National Park Service, administered Langston and the other city golf courses for the next four decades. The course opened at 2:00 pm on June 11, 1939. Frank T. Bartside, Acting Superintendent of the National Capital Parks, opened the course. African American golfer Clyde Martin hit the first ball on the course. (Martin became the first pro at Langston Golf Course.) When it opened, Langston was one of only 20 golf courses in the United States open to blacks. But the course was not in good shape. Some of the greens lacked grass. An", "Grover Cleveland Golf Course Grover Cleveland Golf Course The Grover Cleveland Golf Course is a historic golf course located in Buffalo, New York that hosted the 1912 U.S. Open that was founded as The Country Club of Buffalo. It is one of two courses owned by Erie County. The golf course is located at 3781 Main Street. The 18-hole course is (from the back tees) and is a par 69. It has a course rating of 65.5 and a slope rating of 102. The course was founded as The Country Club of Buffalo on February 11, 1889 and was originally located at the intersection", "Golf course Golf course A golf course is the grounds where the game of golf is played. It comprises a series of holes, each consisting of a teeing ground, a fairway, the rough and other hazards, and a green with a flagstick (\"pin\") and hole (\"cup\"). A standard round of golf consists of 18 holes. Most courses contain 18 holes; some share fairways or greens, and a subset has nine holes, played twice per round. Par-3 courses consist of nine or 18 holes all of which have a par of three strokes. Many older courses are links, often coastal. Courses are private,", "2008 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship Inkster (74-81), and Michelle Wie (81-75). \"Saturday, June 28, 2008\"<br> \"Sunday, June 29, 2008\"<br> Source: \"Final round\" \"Cumulative tournament scores, relative to par\"<br> 2008 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship The 2008 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship was the 63rd U.S. Women's Open, held June 26–29 at Interlachen Country Club in Edina, Minnesota, a suburb southwest of Minneapolis. It was the first U.S. Women's Open played at the course, which hosted the Solheim Cup in 2002. The winner was 19-year-old Inbee Park, four strokes ahead of runner-up Helen Alfredsson. The tournament was televised by ESPN and NBC Sports. The course hosted", "English Turn Golf and Country Club English Turn Golf and Country Club The English Turn Golf and Country Club is a private golf course and country club in the southern United States, located in New Orleans, Louisiana. Formerly a venue of the PGA Tour, its par-72 championship course measures from the It is the home course for the Tulane Green Wave college golf teams. Southeast of downtown, the course was designed by Jack Nicklaus for the New Orleans PGA Tour event and opened The event, previously held at Lakewood Country Club, was played at English Turn for sixteen editions (1989–2004), then moved west to TPC Louisiana", "Grover Cleveland Golf Course of Amherst is a (from the back tees), par 72 Donald J. Ross, ASGCA designed golf course also opened in 1926. The course rating is 71.8 and it has a slope rating of 127 on Bent grass. Timothy P. Minahan, CCM manages the course as the General Manager. The clubhouse, which overlooks the eighteenth green, was designed by Duane Lyman and opened in 1927. Grover Cleveland Golf Course The Grover Cleveland Golf Course is a historic golf course located in Buffalo, New York that hosted the 1912 U.S. Open that was founded as The Country Club of Buffalo. It is", "Brackenridge Park Golf Course his role in the air force's space and missile program, and managing the nuclear arsenal during the Cold War. In 2011, Bernard was inducted into the Texas Golf Hall of Fame posthumously (died in 2005). His 97-year-old brother Gerhardt Schriever was there to accept the honor. In 1939, Harold \"Jug\" McSpaden posted the course record of 59 during an exhibition match played with Byron Nelson, Ben Hogan, and Paul Runyan. Mike Souchak set a PGA Tour 72-hole record of 257 at the 1955 Texas Open. The record held until 2001. Three of the first six 60s shot in PGA Tour", "Shadow Creek Golf Course tee times were one hour apart, so only a handful of groups played on any day. Today the course is open to all MGM Resorts International property guests. The course was originally , extended to during a 2008 redesign, when a short game facility was added. There are two homes within the grounds. Shadow Creek Golf Course Shadow Creek is an 18-hole golf course in North Las Vegas, Nevada, designed by Tom Fazio and built by Steve Wynn in 1990. It hosted a 2018 match play challenge between Tiger Woods and Phil Mickelson. It opened in 1989, it was built", "Osprey Meadows Golf Course Resort filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in February 2008 and the resort was closed in March 2009, but the golf course opened that July and continued operations through the 2014 season. It did not open in 2015, due to ongoing proceedings and ownership issues and was sold in 2016. Osprey Meadows Golf Course Osprey Meadows Golf Course is an 18-hole championship golf course in the western United States, located at Tamarack Resort near Donnelly, Idaho. Designed by Robert Trent Jones II, it opened in May 2006, and was rated by \"Golf Digest\" as the top public course in Idaho in", "Langston Golf Course 11, golf celebrities and city officials held a banquet in the Historical Society of Washington, D.C., City Museum, and the African American Golfers Hall of Fame awards were held in the city. Despite the historic nature of the course and the many improvements to it in the past decades, Langston Golf Course has never hosted a PGA event or U.S. Open tournament. Langston Golf Course Langston Golf Course is an 18-hole golf course in Washington, D.C., established in 1939. It was named for John Mercer Langston, an African American who was the first dean of the Howard University School of", "Turnberry (golf course) in 1963, the Amateur Championship in 1961, 1983, 1996, and 2008, and the Senior Open Championship on seven occasions, 1987–90, 2003, 2006, and 2012. The Ailsa Course is featured in the 2004 golf video game Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2005. The other two courses at Turnberry are the Kintyre Course and the nine-hole Arran Course. The Kintyre Course, opened in 2001, is another championship standard course that has hosted final qualifying for The Open. It was designed by Donald Steel and built on the foundations of the old Arran layout, which had been rebuilt along with the Ailsa Course following", "Dinsmore Golf Course Dinsmore Golf Course Dinsmore Golf Course, located in Staatsburg, New York, is listed as the third-oldest golf course in the United States, according to the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. It was originally created by Hal Purdy in the 1890s as a private, nine-hole course, and was expanded to a full 18 holes in 1962. In recent decades, the course has been open to the public, and does not have any water hazards. Par is 70. The Dinsmore Golf Course provides nice views of the Hudson River and the Catskill Mountains. The course is also", "2011 Women's British Open field for the tournament was 144, and golfers gained a place in three ways. Most players earned exemptions based on good past performances on the Ladies European Tour, the LPGA and in previous major championships and top-ranked players in the Women's World Golf Rankings. The rest of the field earned entry by successfully competing in qualifying tournaments open to any professional female golfer or amateur with a low handicap. There were 14 exemption categories for the 2011 Women's British Open. These included: The 2011 course layout at Carnoustie Golf Links. The par-72 course was set by the Ladies Golf Union", "Glen Abbey Golf Course Glen Abbey Golf Course Glen Abbey Golf Club is located in Oakville, Ontario and was the first solo design by Jack Nicklaus in 1976. It is one of Canada's most famous golf courses and is home to the Golf Canada and the Canadian Golf Hall of Fame. It has hosted 30 Canadian Open Championships, more than any other course, with the first having been 1977. As of 2018, Glen Abbey is owned by Clublink, operated by TWC Enterprises Limited, a company which was planning to demolish the golf course in order to build residential and commercial units, if it is", "Charlie Yates Golf Course its No. 2 course. His boyhood hero was Bobby Jones whom he knew and played with on the course at East Lake. Charlie Yates Golf Course In 1998 East Lake Golf Club's No. 2 golf course was transformed into the Charlie Yates Golf Course, a 9-hole \"executive\" public course that also provides golf education to children living in the city of Atlanta. The course was rated one of the top 10 short range courses in America by Golf Range Magazine and all profits from the course go to benefit the East Lake Foundation. Charlie Yates was an East Lake golfer", "Scottish Open (golf) spent a week practising for the Open on links courses in Ireland. In 2011 it was held at Castle Stuart Golf Links, near Inverness, due to the financial difficulties being suffered by Loch Lomond. Play was reduced to 54 holes (three rounds) in the tournament due to heavy rain, which caused flooding and landslides. Aberdeen Asset Management took over sponsorship in 2012, but the event remained at Castle Stuart in 2012 and 2013 before moving to Royal Aberdeen Golf Club in 2014. It was played at Gullane Golf Club in 2015 and at Castle Stuart Golf Links in 2016. In", "Dinsmore Golf Course located inside the Ogden Mills & Ruth Livingston Mills State Park. Dinsmore Golf Course Dinsmore Golf Course, located in Staatsburg, New York, is listed as the third-oldest golf course in the United States, according to the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. It was originally created by Hal Purdy in the 1890s as a private, nine-hole course, and was expanded to a full 18 holes in 1962. In recent decades, the course has been open to the public, and does not have any water hazards. Par is 70. The Dinsmore Golf Course provides nice views of", "Golf course community Golf course community A golf course community is a type of residential housing development built around a golf course. Temple Terrace, Florida is of the first planned golf-course communities in the United States, dating from the 1920s. The community was intended only for the very wealthy who would reside there for an only a few months of the year during the winter. For example, the original homes were built without kitchens as it was planned that they would dine at the community clubhouse. As golf became a sport also played by the middle class of the United States by the", "2019 U.S. Open (golf) 2019 U.S. Open (golf) The 2019 United States Open Championship will be the 119th U.S. Open, scheduled to be played June 13–16 at Pebble Beach Golf Links in Pebble Beach, California. This will be the fifth U.S. Open televised by Fox and FS1. Previous course lengths for major championships About half the field will consist of players who are exempt from qualifying for the U.S. Open. Each player is classified according to the first category in which he qualified, and other categories are shown in parentheses. Dates when a qualifying category will be completely determined are indicated in italics. Lucas", "Karsten Golf Course par-four 4th hole, the tough par-four 9th, the dauntingly long par-three 16th ( from the tips) or the ill humor par-four 18th which is guarded by water down the left side and is considered one of the toughest finishing holes in the state. The course has hosted tournaments, including the collegiate Men’s and Women’s Pac-10 and NCAA Championships, Phoenix Thunderbirds Collegiate Invitational, PING Invitational, and U.S. Open Qualifying. Karsten Golf Course ASU Karsten Golf Course is a classic designed links-style golf course in Tempe, Arizona, located on the campus of Arizona State University. Designed by noted course architect Pete Dye,", "1992 U.S. Open (golf) championships This was the last U.S. Open for a quarter-century to be played at a par-72 course. Since then, it has most often been played to a par of 70, and occasionally 71. When Pebble Beach hosted the tournament in 2000 and 2010, par was 71. The next par-72 course to host the U.S. Open was Erin Hills in 2017. \"Thursday, June 18, 1992\" \"Friday, June 19, 1992\" Amateurs: Duval (+8), Schutte (+9), Voges (+11), Gogel (+17), Pride (+27). \"Saturday, June 20, 1992\" \"Sunday, June 21, 1992\" 1992 U.S. Open (golf) The 1992 U.S. Open was the 92nd U.S. Open,", "1934 U.S. Open (golf) Merion Cricket Club until 1941. This was the first U.S. Open at Merion, which hosted its fifth in 2013, all on the East Course. East Course \"Thursday, June 7, 1934\" \"Friday, June 8, 1934\" \"Saturday, June 9, 1934 (morning)\" \"Saturday, June 9, 1934 (afternoon)\" \"Cumulative tournament scores, relative to par\" 1934 U.S. Open (golf) The 1934 U.S. Open was the 38th U.S. Open, held June 7–9 at Merion Golf Club in Ardmore, Pennsylvania, a suburb northwest of Philadelphia. Olin Dutra won his only U.S. Open, a stroke ahead of runner-up Gene Sarazen on the East Course. Dutra overcame an eight-stroke", "1940 U.S. Open (golf) was the first of three majors at Canterbury. The U.S. Open returned six years later in 1946, won by Lloyd Mangrum in two playoff rounds. It was the first U.S. Open in five years, due to World War II. The PGA Championship was played at the course in 1973, won by Jack Nicklaus. \"Thursday, June 6, 1940\" \"Friday, June 7, 1940\" \"Saturday, June 8, 1940 (morning)\" \"Saturday, June 8, 1940 (afternoon)\" \"Sunday, June 9, 1940\" \"Cumulative playoff scores, relative to par\" 1940 U.S. Open (golf) The 1940 U.S. Open was the 44th U.S. Open, June 6–9 at Canterbury Golf Club", "1985 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship by Tony Manero. The U.S. Women's Open in 1961 was played on the more renowned Lower Course, where Mickey Wright won the third of her four titles. \"Sunday, July 14, 1985\" 1985 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship The 1985 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship was the 40th U.S. Women's Open, held July 11–14 at the Upper Course of Baltusrol Golf Club, in Springfield, New Jersey, west of New York City. Kathy Baker, 24, won her first LPGA Tour event and only major title, three strokes ahead of runner-up Judy Clark (later Dickinson). Baker (later Guadagnino) held the lead after 54", "Tam O'Shanter Golf Course (Pennsylvania) Tam O'Shanter Golf Course (Pennsylvania) Tam O'Shanter Golf Course, officially known as Tam O'Shanter of Pennsylvania, is an 18 hole public golf course built in 1929 and was designed by Emil Loeffler. It is located in Hermitage, Pennsylvania. Emil Loeffler, who was the superintendent of Oakmont Country Club, built the original 18 holes at Tam O'Shanter in 1929, just before the Great Depression began. In 1948, Jack and Mary Lou Kerins purchased the course. After the Kerins family bought the course in 1948, Jack Kerins started the annual Herald Tam O'Shanter Junior Open, which is a tournament held every June", "Poppy Hills Golf Course Poppy Hills Golf Course Poppy Hills Golf Course is the newest golf course in Pebble Beach, California after undergoing an extensive 13-month renovation that was completed in April 2014. The original Poppy Hills was designed by Robert Trent Jones, Jr., and opened in 1986. Along with Pebble Beach Golf Links and Spyglass Hill Golf Course, Poppy Hills co-hosted the PGA Tour's AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am from 1991 to 2009, replacing Cypress Point in the rotation. Poppy Hills will co-host the Champions Tour's Nature Valley First Tee Open with Pebble Beach for three years, beginning in September of 2014. Poppy", "The Greatest Game Ever Played \"making of\" documentaries with cast and crew members, plus a rare 1963 interview with the real Francis Ouimet on WGBH, the Boston public television station, at Brookline, Massachusetts golf course where the 1913 U.S. Open took place. It was released on Blu-ray Disc in 2009, and again as a DVD/Blu-ray combo pack in 2011. The Greatest Game Ever Played The Greatest Game Ever Played is a 2005 biographical sports film based on the early life of golf champion Francis Ouimet. The film was directed by Bill Paxton, and was his last film as a director. Shia LaBeouf plays the role", "1954 U.S. Open (golf) carried by NBC. It was also the first in which ropes were used to control the gallery, and prize money was increased by 20% over the previous year. This was the fourth U.S. Open at Baltusrol, but the first on the Lower Course, which later hosted in 1967, 1980, and 1993. Lower Course Lengths of the courses for previous major championships at Baltusrol: \"Thursday, June 17, 1954\" \"Friday, June 18, 1954\" \"Saturday, June 19, 1954 (morning)\" \"Saturday, June 19, 1954 (afternoon)\" 1954 U.S. Open (golf) The 1954 U.S. Open was the 54th U.S. Open, held June 17–19 at Baltusrol Golf", "Langston Golf Course course include a driving range with 50 slots, golf school, golf shop, putting green, and snack bar. There are several \"junior golf\" programs for children and teens, and a learning center aimed at low-income children. In 2009, about 25,000 rounds of golf were played on the course each year. Some of the more famous people who have regularly played the course include boxer Joe Louis, baseball player Maury Wills, golfer Ted Rhodes, golfer Calvin Peete, golfer Charlie Sifford, golfer Al Morton, comedian Bob Hope, President Gerald Ford, swing singer Billy Eckstine, tennis legend Althea Gibson, celebrated African American amateur golfer", "Barker Lake Golf Course train to help the richness of the clay-like northern Wisconsin soil. Barker Lake Golf Course Barker Lake Golf Course is a golf course that was built in the 1920s by the early prohibition gangster Joseph Saltis, who along with legendary mobsters Al Capone and Hymie Weiss, controlled Chicago's bootlegging business. Barker Lake Golf Course is located in Winter, Wisconsin, and is one of the oldest courses in the northern Wisconsin region, being open almost 90 years. It is still open to the public, and the clubhouse serves as a museum containing Joe Saltis memorabilia that his youngest son donated. Saltis", "Barker Lake Golf Course Barker Lake Golf Course Barker Lake Golf Course is a golf course that was built in the 1920s by the early prohibition gangster Joseph Saltis, who along with legendary mobsters Al Capone and Hymie Weiss, controlled Chicago's bootlegging business. Barker Lake Golf Course is located in Winter, Wisconsin, and is one of the oldest courses in the northern Wisconsin region, being open almost 90 years. It is still open to the public, and the clubhouse serves as a museum containing Joe Saltis memorabilia that his youngest son donated. Saltis effectively ran the southwest side of Chicago until 1929 when his", "Riverside Municipal Golf Course and snowshoeing. From 1938 to 2010, Riverside hosted 42 Maine Open tournaments, the most of any course in the state. Riverside Municipal Golf Course Riverside Golf Course is a municipal public golf course owned by the city of Portland, Maine, United States. It is located on the banks of the Presumpscot River. Built in 1932, it was expanded to an 18-hole course in 1937 through funding from the Works Progress Administration. In 1969, the 9-hole South Course opened featuring a par 35 playing at 2,941 yards. In 2007 the 3-hole practice course was built for the use for junior programming.", "Tam O'Shanter Golf Course the biggest hit we've ever taken. That was one tough storm.\" Tam O'Shanter Golf Course The Tam O'Shanter Golf Course is located in Niles, Illinois. The north branch of the Chicago River flows through the course. The club of was previously owned by George S. May and is currently under the ownership of the Niles Park District. Under May's ownership, the course hosted several prominent golf tournaments on the PGA Tour: All American Open (1941–57) and World Championship of Golf (1946–57) and the LPGA Tour: All American Open (1943–57) and World Championship (1948–57). In 1953, May's assistant, Chet Posson, approved", "Golf course levels required of a traditional 18-hole course, and the artificial nature and single-minded putting focus of miniature golf. Pitch and Putt, specifically its governing association the IPPA, has received financial support and logo rights from the R&A. In 2014, the PGA Tour held a Champions Tour event on a nine-hole par-3 course, the Big Cedar Lodge Legends of Golf in Ridgedale, Missouri, with four (regular division) or three (over-65 division) rounds played over the par-3 course, and one round played on a nearby regulation 18-hole course with par of 71. Pitch and putt is an amateur sport, similar to golf", "Shennecossett Golf Course Groton in 1969. Shennecossett Golf Course Shennecossett Golf Course is a municipal 18 hole golf course located in the city of Groton, Connecticut. It was founded in 1898 as a four-hole layout and over the next 18 years it was enlarged to a six, nine, eleven and eventually an eighteen-hole course. In 1916 golf course architect Donald Ross redesigned the course layout and in 1919 completed his work. The course remained this way until 1997. Famous golfers such as Walter Hagen, Bobby Jones, Tommy Armour, Francis Ouimet, Babe Didrikson, and Glenna Collett have played there. The course was purchased by", "Shennecossett Golf Course Shennecossett Golf Course Shennecossett Golf Course is a municipal 18 hole golf course located in the city of Groton, Connecticut. It was founded in 1898 as a four-hole layout and over the next 18 years it was enlarged to a six, nine, eleven and eventually an eighteen-hole course. In 1916 golf course architect Donald Ross redesigned the course layout and in 1919 completed his work. The course remained this way until 1997. Famous golfers such as Walter Hagen, Bobby Jones, Tommy Armour, Francis Ouimet, Babe Didrikson, and Glenna Collett have played there. The course was purchased by the Town of", "Lions Municipal Golf Course Lions Club, the City of Austin initiated a series of improvements to the course and grounds in 1936–39. World Golf Hall of Famer, Ben Hogan, played with Harvey Penick (against Ed Hopkins and Morris Williams Jr.]) in an exhibition match at Muny in 1950 prior to the 1950 US Open. During the match, it is said that Hogan stood on the tee box of the daunting seventh hole (currently #16) and asked “Where’s the fairway?”. Albert Warren “Tilly” Tillinghast, eminent golf course architect, is said to have “emboldened” the seventh hole by moving the green up a hill and adding", "Turnberry (golf course) just before he was inaugurated as President of the United States, and passed control to his sons Eric and Donald. The Trump Organization spent about two hundred million dollars on renovating the course. Donald Trump remains the owner of Golf Recreation Scotland, which in turn owns SLC Turnberry. The Ailsa Course, redesigned by Mackenzie Ross between 1949 and 1951, and again by Martin Ebert between 2015 and 2016, has staged The Open Championship on four occasions (1977, 1986, 1994, and 2009). It has also hosted many other important golf tournaments, including the Women's British Open in 2002, the Walker Cup", "Langston Golf Course open sewer ran alongside the number three and five fairways. The inadequate facilities at Langston led many black golfers to continue to agitate for expansion of the course. African Americans attempted to play golf at the all-white East Potomac Park Golf Course, Rock Creek Park Golf Course, and other all-white courses, but were usually prevented from doing so. Black golfers continued to lobby, rally, and testify in favor of an additional nine holes at Langston. In 1954, the Supreme Court of the United States held in \"Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka\", 347 U.S. 483, that de jure racial", "German Open (golf) day's play was abandoned and the course then reduced in length because of flooded fairways. The new par was set to 66 and the event shortened to 54 holes. In 1996 the tournament was reduced to 54 holes after the final day's play was abandoned. In 1911 the Baden-Baden golf club organised a 72-hole tournament which they called the \"Open Championship of Germany\". The German Golf Association, of which Baden-Baden was a member, objected to the use of name. Owing to the disagreement the Baden-Baden club withdrew from the German Golf Association. The Championship was played on 18 and 19", "George Wright Golf Course small pond adjacent to the hill, the City of Boston still permits the practice. The course is open seven days a week from April 1 through November 30, located at 420 West Street in the Hyde Park section of Boston, at approximately where West Street turns into Poplar Street. George Wright Golf Course George Wright Golf Course is a municipal golf course in the Hyde Park and Roslindale neighborhoods of Boston, Massachusetts. The course was designed by Donald Ross, with the construction completed as one of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Works Progress Administration (WPA) projects. It represents one of the", "Keller Golf Course and is open to the public. Paul Coates, a Ramsey County civil engineer, designed the course and supervised its construction. Prior to beginning, Coates used his personal vacation to visit some of America's great golf courses, such as Pinehurst, to learn the basics of course architecture. Despite its lack of designer \"pedigree,\" Keller is among the most distinguished courses in the Twin Cities, and is known for its creative, strategic use of rolling terrain. The course continues to host Minnesota Golf Association and regional United States Golf Association tournaments and qualifying events. At , one might expect the course would", "Canadian Open (golf) 18-hole playoff, beating Snead by two strokes (70-72). The small town of Ridgeway, Ontario in the Niagara Peninsula was host of the 1972 Open at Cherry Hill Golf Club. A popular choice of venue, it drew rave reviews by the players, specifically the 1972 champion Gay Brewer, who called it the best course he had ever played in Canada, and Arnold Palmer, who suggested the Open be held there again the following year. In 1975, Tom Weiskopf won his second Open in three years in dramatic fashion at the Blue Course of Royal Montreal's new venue, defeating Jack Nicklaus on", "1895 U.S. Open (golf) to post an 82 and 173 total, two ahead of Dunn and three ahead of Foulis and Canadian Andrew Smith, the lone amateur in the field. Rawlins won a winner's share of $150 and a gold medal. The U.S. Open was played a day after the U.S. Amateur championship. The two championships were held on the same course for the next two years, at Shinnecock Hills Golf Club in 1896 and the Chicago Golf Club in 1897. The U.S. Open was 36 holes total through 1897, increased to 72 in 1898. The golf championships at Newport in 1895 were originally", "Scottish Open (golf) golf sponsorship with the Penfold Professional Golf League in 1938. The first Sunbeam Electric Scottish Open was part of the 1972 European Tour and was held at Downfield Golf Club near Dundee. Neil Coles beat Brian Huggett at the second hole of a sudden-death playoff, holing a 12-foot putt. Total prize money was £10,000 with a first prize of £2,000. Sunbeam Electric had sponsored the Sunbeam Electric Tournament in 1971. In 1973 the event was played on the Old Course at St Andrews. Graham Marsh won by 6 strokes from Peter Oosterhuis. Total prize money was increased to £15,000 with", "Fulwell Golf Course acquired by David Lloyd Leisure), on a 125-year lease and was sub-let to the Gobafoss partnership, part of AXA in 2005. The 'Amida' sports and recreation facility was developed on the site in 2002 and a swimming pool added in 2011. In 2011 the site operator caused local controversy when access to a footpath crossing the site, popular with dog-walkers and part of a cycle route, was temporarily closed following claims of vandalism. The present par 70 course comprises three par 3, four par 4 and two par 5 holes. Fulwell Golf Course Fulwell Golf Club is a golf course", "1973 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship it was the last of her four major titles. The championship was held at the course twenty years earlier in 1953, the first Women's Open conducted by the United States Golf Association (USGA). It was the second consecutive Women's Open played in the state of New York; the 1972 edition was at Winged Foot in Mamaroneck. \"Sunday, July 22, 1973\" 1973 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship The 1973 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship was the 28th U.S. Women's Open, held July 19–22 at the Country Club of Rochester in Rochester, New York. Defending champion Susie Berning won the third of", "Turnberry (golf course) and played marginally longer at in 2015. Citations Sources Turnberry (golf course) Turnberry is a golf resort located on the coast of the Firth of Clyde in South Ayrshire, southwestern Scotland. It comprises three links golf courses, a golf academy, a five-star James Miller-designed hotel from 1906, along with lodge and cottage accommodations. The prominent rock island Ailsa Craig is visible to the southwest. Turnberry was designed as a popular golf course and resort from its inception, and was made accessible because of the Maidens and Dunure Light Railway. It was closed during both World Wars for military use, and", "1964 U.S. Open (golf) on Sunday. The Blue Course at Congressional was the longest in U.S. Open history to date, at . A lack of rainfall in the previous six weeks reduced its effective length, and it played firm and fast. \"Thursday, June 18, 1964\" \"Friday, June 19, 1964\" \"Saturday, June 20, 1964 (morning)\" \"Saturday, June 20, 1964 (afternoon)\" 1964 U.S. Open (golf) The 1964 U.S. Open was the 64th U.S. Open, held June 18–20 at the Blue Course of Congressional Country Club in Bethesda, Maryland, a suburb northwest of Washington, D.C. Ken Venturi won his only major title, four strokes ahead of runner-up", "Turnberry (golf course) Turnberry (golf course) Turnberry is a golf resort located on the coast of the Firth of Clyde in South Ayrshire, southwestern Scotland. It comprises three links golf courses, a golf academy, a five-star James Miller-designed hotel from 1906, along with lodge and cottage accommodations. The prominent rock island Ailsa Craig is visible to the southwest. Turnberry was designed as a popular golf course and resort from its inception, and was made accessible because of the Maidens and Dunure Light Railway. It was closed during both World Wars for military use, and there was concern it would not open following World", "2009 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship playing partner and third-round leader Cristie Kerr, who was chasing a second Open title but carded a 75 (+4) and finished two strokes back. Old Course Source: \"Thursday, July 9, 2009\" \"Friday, July 10, 2009\" \"Saturday, July 11, 2009\" \"Sunday, July 12, 2009\" \"Final round\" \"Cumulative tournament scores, relative to par\"<br> 2009 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship The 2009 United States Women's Open Golf Championship was the 64th U.S. Women's Open. Held July 9–12, it was the first U.S. Women's Open to be played at the Old Course of the Saucon Valley Country Club in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Eun-Hee Ji won", "1951 U.S. Open (golf) 1951 U.S. Open (golf) The 1951 U.S. Open was the 51st U.S. Open, held June 14–16 at the South Course of Oakland Hills Country Club in Birmingham, Michigan, a suburb northwest of Detroit. Ben Hogan won his second consecutive U.S. Open title, two strokes ahead of runner-up Clayton Heafner. Hogan missed the 1949 U.S. Open due to an automobile accident; this was his third title in his last three attempts. The South Course, dubbed \"The Monster,\" played exceptionally tough for the first three rounds. No player was able to break par the first two days, and Jimmy Demaret's 70 was", "Buhl Farm Golf Course also includes a driving range and a First Tee center. It is run by the Buhl Farm Trust and generous donations from the public. The free course is called \"Dum Dum\" by the locals. It also has a children's golf program in the summer. Buhl Farm Golf Course Buhl Farm Golf Course, formerly known as Buhland Golf Course, located in Sharon, Pennsylvania, is the only free public golf course in the United States. The 9-hole course is open from mid-April to November between 8 a.m. to sundown (closing times vary on season, so call ahead). The course is known for", "Golf at the 2018 Asian Games were played 23–26 August. A total of 128 athletes from 25 nations competed in golf at the 2018 Asian Games: Golf at the 2018 Asian Games Golf at the 2018 Asian Games was held at Pondok Indah Golf Course, Jakarta, Indonesia, from 23 to 26 August 2018 and featured four events: the men's individual and team events and women's individual and team events. The event was open to amateur players only. Several national golf associations complained to the Court of Arbitration for Sport that Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Macau and Uzbekistan had possibly entered professional golfers, but the CAS ruled that", "Golf course for practice purposes or as substitute holes if one or more holes become unplayable; a 21-hole golf course, for instance, will have three additional holes that can be used for practice or as substitutes for a flooded or otherwise damaged hole. Links is a Scottish term, from the Old English word hlinc : \"rising ground, ridge\", describing coastal sand dunes and sometimes similar areas inland. It is on links land near the towns of central eastern Scotland that golf has been played since the 15th century. The shallow top soil and sandy subsoil made links land unsuitable for the cultivation", "Irish Open (golf) 2018, Ballyliffin Golf Club became the 19th venue to host. The first Irish Open in 1927 was played at Portmarnock Golf Club from 16 to 18 August. There were 18 holes played on the first two days with the leading 60 players and ties playing a further 36 holes on the final day. In a stiff breeze local professional Willie Nolan led after the first day with a course record 72. On the second day Nolan faded after an 83 and the lead was taken by Henry Cotton on 146 with Jack Smith a shot behind. The cut was 165", "Golf when members modified the course from 22 to 18 holes. Golf is documented as being played on Musselburgh Links, East Lothian, Scotland as early as 2 March 1672, which is certified as the oldest golf course in the world by Guinness World Records. The oldest surviving rules of golf were compiled in March 1744 for the Company of Gentlemen Golfers, later renamed The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers, which was played at Leith, Scotland. The world's oldest golf tournament in existence, and golf's first major, is The Open Championship, which was first played on 17 October 1860 at Prestwick Golf" ]

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[ "My credit cards I have are near a balance of zero and I got rid of as many as I could." ]

[ "I keep a lot of credit cards and my balances are maxxed out.", "A boy is wearing sunglasses in the snow storm.", "Two people are shaking hands on a court.", "The train sped up near towns.", "A boy is sleeping in his bed.", "A dog with a toy is walking in the grass.", "A group of men pick apples to put them in a box." ]

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[ "I looked at my drink." ]

[ "I didn't have anything to drink.", "I believe it is two months.", "Whilst we do hope to have some influence over her, we do not wish to completely control her.", "A girl looking at the sky.", "a woman is leaning on a skateboard", "the skateboarder does a trick at the camp", "The man and woman are outside." ]

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[ "A boy and girl are fishing." ]

[ "A girl throws a fish back into the water.", "Sports and entertainment media are the sources of American cultural influences.", "a boy dances to some music in a building", "My sister has never set foot in Colorado before.", "Service Merchandise used to be the place to go.", "They cannot contain themselves.", "Illegal acts and fraud should not and cannot be reported." ]

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[ "A clown lies on a horse." ]

[ "A clown is trying to climb inside of a dead horse at a circus.", "Benefits transfer is a certain proposition.", "The dogs are running on grass.", "Two women baking cake", "A snowboarder in the air.", "Inroads were already in existence due to the presence of the Dutch in the past.", "The people walk down the trail." ]

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[ "The players are gathered away from the sideline." ]

[ "They are getting ready for tip off of the NBA finals.", "They've used them plenty and are very satisfied.", "No one is listening.", "A boy is trying out his rollerblade moves in the park.", "A woman in he r sleep wear and a men smiling in the hallway.", "There is a parrot in a cage.", "It makes you wonder why most companies don't have any men in upper management." ]

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[ "A person in a field." ]

[ "A person in a field riding a bike.", "Why are they telling kids that pot is safe to inject with dirty needles.", "The rescue shelter is empty.", "The man is skateboarding.", "Women were active participants in palace life.", "A girl is eating a hamburger.", "The mansions were built with money earned in the coal industry." ]

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[ "The crowds don't tend to take over until later on in the day." ]

[ "Artists don't have to set up their own easels, the crowds usually do it for them.", "A man watches as a woman gets dunked into water", "A person is nears the water.", "Betting is illegal here, and being caught in the act will land you in jail with a hefty bail.", "The jockeys are not on horseback.", "A child holds a cat.", "It is all separate." ]

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[ "On the other hand, the opinion of Jagić from 1864 is argued not to have firm grounds. When Jagić says \"Croatian\", he refers to a few cases referring to the Dubrovnik vernacular as ilirski (Illyrian). This was a common name for all Slavic vernaculars in Dalmatian cities among the Roman inhabitants. In the meantime, other written monuments are found that mention srpski, lingua serviana (= Serbian), and some that mention Croatian. By far the most competent Serbian scientist on the Dubrovnik language issue, Milan Rešetar, who was born in Dubrovnik himself, wrote behalf of language characteristics: \"The one who thinks that Croatian and Serbian are two separate languages must confess that Dubrovnik always (linguistically) used to be Serbian.\"" ]

[ "Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900–14,000 nanometers or 0.9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it possible to \"see\" one's environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature, therefore thermography allows one to see variations in temperature (hence the name).", "Under the 1830 Act any householder who paid rates could apply, with a one-off payment of two guineas (roughly equal in value to £168 today), to sell beer or cider in his home (usually the front parlour) and even to brew his own on his premises. The permission did not extend to the sale of spirits and fortified wines, and any beer house discovered selling those items was closed down and the owner heavily fined. Beer houses were not permitted to open on Sundays. The beer was usually served in jugs or dispensed directly from tapped wooden barrels on a table in the corner of the room. Often profits were so high the owners were able to buy the house next door to live in, turning every room in their former home into bars and lounges for customers.", "Each sensory system begins with specialized receptor cells, such as light-receptive neurons in the retina of the eye, vibration-sensitive neurons in the cochlea of the ear, or pressure-sensitive neurons in the skin. The axons of sensory receptor cells travel into the spinal cord or brain, where they transmit their signals to a first-order sensory nucleus dedicated to one specific sensory modality. This primary sensory nucleus sends information to higher-order sensory areas that are dedicated to the same modality. Eventually, via a way-station in the thalamus, the signals are sent to the cerebral cortex, where they are processed to extract biologically relevant features, and integrated with signals coming from other sensory systems.", "The Sumerians were one of the first known beer drinking societies. Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew. They brewed multiple kinds of beer consisting of wheat, barley, and mixed grain beers. Beer brewing was very important to the Sumerians. It was referenced in the Epic of Gilgamesh when Enkidu was introduced to the food and beer of Gilgamesh's people: \"Drink the beer, as is the custom of the land... He drank the beer-seven jugs! and became expansive and sang with joy!\"", "The city struck fortune in the late 18th century with the inventions and industrial activity of Eli Whitney, a Yale graduate who remained in New Haven to develop the cotton gin and establish a gun-manufacturing factory in the northern part of the city near the Hamden town line. That area is still known as Whitneyville, and the main road through both towns is known as Whitney Avenue. The factory is now the Eli Whitney Museum, which has a particular emphasis on activities for children and exhibits pertaining to the A. C. Gilbert Company. His factory, along with that of Simeon North, and the lively clock-making and brass hardware sectors, contributed to making early Connecticut a powerful manufacturing economy; so many arms manufacturers sprang up that the state became known as \"The Arsenal of America\". It was in Whitney's gun-manufacturing plant that Samuel Colt invented the automatic revolver in 1836. The Farmington Canal, created in the early 19th century, was a short-lived transporter of goods into the interior regions of Connecticut and Massachusetts, and ran from New Haven to Northampton, Massachusetts.", "Molecules are moved within plants by transport processes that operate at a variety of spatial scales. Subcellular transport of ions, electrons and molecules such as water and enzymes occurs across cell membranes. Minerals and water are transported from roots to other parts of the plant in the transpiration stream. Diffusion, osmosis, and active transport and mass flow are all different ways transport can occur. Examples of elements that plants need to transport are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulphur. In vascular plants, these elements are extracted from the soil as soluble ions by the roots and transported throughout the plant in the xylem. Most of the elements required for plant nutrition come from the chemical breakdown of soil minerals. Sucrose produced by photosynthesis is transported from the leaves to other parts of the plant in the phloem and plant hormones are transported by a variety of processes.", "Israel has embraced solar energy; its engineers are on the cutting edge of solar energy technology and its solar companies work on projects around the world. Over 90% of Israeli homes use solar energy for hot water, the highest per capita in the world. According to government figures, the country saves 8% of its electricity consumption per year because of its solar energy use in heating. The high annual incident solar irradiance at its geographic latitude creates ideal conditions for what is an internationally renowned solar research and development industry in the Negev Desert. Israel had a modern electric car infrastructure involving a countrywide network of recharging stations to facilitate the charging and exchange of car batteries. It was thought that this would have lowered Israel's oil dependency and lowered the fuel costs of hundreds of Israel's motorists that use cars powered only by electric batteries. The Israeli model was being studied by several countries and being implemented in Denmark and Australia. However, Israel's trailblazing electric car company Better Place shut down in 2013." ]

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[ "A young blond person looking at a white robot on a green table." ]

[ "A young blond girl looking at a white robot on a green table.", "Two men are on the street.", "There are two phases to data collection to keep the process swift.", "a woman playing cards", "A blond child is jumping rope and singing a song.", "Murdoch read, take his single talent and give it to another one who has ten.", "Men are in a boat on Pirates of the Caribbean at Disneyland." ]

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[ "A couple is looking at a phone." ]

[ "The two men discuss the phone options.", "A boy swinging a bat.", "A dog is secretly a cat in a dog costume.", "Even though Jonson died in 1637, his poems are still being submitted to magazines.", "A girl sitting on a pummel horse.", "A man is sitting in the grass picking flowers.", "Internal control is the same as term management control." ]

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[ "2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup decide which teams would participate in the final. The reigning FIFA U-17 World Cup champions, Nigeria, did not have the opportunity to defend their title after failing to qualify for this edition. In failing to qualify, Nigeria became the first incumbent title holder since Switzerland in 2009 to fail to qualify for the subsequent edition. England won the U-17 World Cup for the first time after coming back from a two-goal deficit and beating Spain 5–2 in the final. This meant England became the second nation, after Brazil in 2003, to win both of FIFA's under-age (U-20 and U-17) World" ]

[ "Paulinho (footballer, born 2000) The clubs agreed to a €20 million fee, a club-record deal for Vasco. He joined Leverkusen ahead of the 2018–19 season and signed a five-year contract. In March 2017, Paulinho, along with Vinícius Júnior, Lincoln and Alan, helped Brazil win the South American Under-17 Championship. He scored two goals during the tournament, including the opening goal in Brazil's 5–0 win over Chile in the final. In October 2017, Paulinho helped Brazil reach 3rd place of 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup. Paulinho scored the winning goals against Spain at Brazil's debut, North Korea and on quarterfinals against Germany. Brazil U17 Brazil", "Danny Hay of the All Whites. In 2007, he retired from international football to pursue a teaching career at Sacred Heart College in Auckland which also involved him training the First XI and youth development teams. Hay was appointed as coach of the New Zealand under-17 national team in April 2015. He was manager of the U17s at the 2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup where they lost to Brazil in the round of 16 having qualified from a group featuring Syria, Paraguay and finishing second-place in to France. In February 2017, his team won the 2017 OFC U-17 Championship with a 7–0", "Vinícius Júnior victory. In March 2017, Vinícius debuted in the Under-17 South American Championship for Brazil with a goal in a 3–0 victory over Peru. In the final stage, he scored two goals in a 3–0 win over Ecuador and two goals in a 3–0 victory over Colombia, securing Brazil's place in the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup in India. After leading Brazil to win the Under-17 South American Championship, Vinícius Júnior was named the tournament's best player and was top goal-scorer with 7 goals. Shortly after his arrival at Real in July 2018, \"ESPN FC\" journalist Dermot Corrigan described Vinícius as", "2017 South American U-17 Championship 2017 South American U-17 Championship The 2017 South American Under-17 Football Championship (, ) was the 17th edition of the South American Under-17 Football Championship, a football competition for the under-17 national teams in South America organized by CONMEBOL. It was held in Chile from 23 February to 19 March 2017. Brazil were crowned champions, and together with Chile, Paraguay and Colombia, which were the top four teams of this tournament, qualified for the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup in India. Each team registered a squad of 23 players (three of whom must be goalkeepers). The venues were Estadio El", "Florian Thauvin Premier League inbetween. Thauvin earned 30 caps and scored 14 goals for France from under-18 to under-21 level, winning the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup. He made his senior debut in June 2017 and was part of their squad that won the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Born in Orléans, Thauvin played for youth teams at Ingre, Saint-Jean-de-la-Ruelle, Orléans, and Grenoble before rising through the ranks at the latter, and drawing the interest of larger clubs. He made his first team debut for Grenoble on 11 March 2011 in a 1–1 Ligue 2 away draw against Vannes. Grenoble was relegated to", "Paraguay men's national under-17 football team when they finished in second place, along with two third-place finishes in 2001 and 2017 as well as three fourth-place finishes in 1988, 1997 and 2015. In 2001, el team were crowned champions of the Milk Cup after defeating Manchester United 6–0. \"*Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.\" The following players were selected to compete in the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup. Head coach: Gustavo Morínigo Paraguay men's national under-17 football team The Paraguay national under-17 football team represents Paraguay in international football competitions such as FIFA U-17 World Cup and South American Under-17 Football Championship. The under-17", "Matteo Tosetti Wil. In July 2013, he joined FC Lugano on loan from BSC Young Boys. On 19 February 2014, he was then sold to Lugano. Tosetti is of Italian descent. Tosetti is a Switzerland youth international, having previously competed at under-17 and under-19 level and currently under-20 level. In 2009, he was part of the Swiss under-17 team that won the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup beating the host nation Nigeria 1-0 in the final. Tosetti featured as a substitute in one match at the tournament, a win in the semi-final versus Colombia. Matteo Tosetti Matteo Tosetti (born 15 February 1992)", "Diogo Dalot played in the Primeira Liga on 18 February 2018, coming on as a 75th-minute substitute in a 5–0 home routing of Rio Ave FC. Dalot signed for Premier League club Manchester United on 6 June 2018 on a five-year contract for a fee of £19 million. He made his debut on 19 September 2018 in an away UEFA Champions League group stage match against Swiss side Young Boys. Dalot helped Portugal win the 2016 UEFA European Under-17 Championship, scoring twice in five games in Azerbaijan including once in the final against Spain. The same year, he helped the under-19 team", "Carlos Strandberg season. On 9 August 2017, Club Brugge agreed a fee in the excess of €1 million with Swedish champions Malmö FF for Strandberg who was set for a medical the same day ahead of a permanent move with a contract until 2021. Later that afternoon Strandberg was unveiled as a Malmö FF player. Strandberg scored a goal in the game against IFK Norrköping that won Malmö FF the 2017 Allsvenskan title. In September 2013 Strandberg was selected to the Sweden national under-17 football team that would compete in the 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup. As his mother is Portuguese with", "Mexico national under-17 football team include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks Mexico was placed in Group C along with Australia, Turkey and Uruguay in which Mexico came in second behind Turkey. In the knockout stage, an extra-time victory over zone rivals Costa Rica led to a then convincing victory over the Netherlands. Mexico ended up defeating Brazil 3–0 in the final. The 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup was held in home soil. Mexico was placed in Group A together with North Korea, Congo and the Netherlands. Mexico eventually finished first of their group after winning their three matches and advanced to the Round of", "Claudio Gomes Shield at Wembley Stadium, coming on in added time for John Stones. He was in the game for one second before the final whistle blew and his team won the trophy. Gomes is a youth international for France, having captained the France U17s at the 2017 UEFA European Under-17 Championship, and the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup. He was named in the team of the tournament at the former in Croatia, in which the French reached the quarter-finals. In France's opening match at the latter tournament in India, he scored in a 7–1 win over New Caledonia. In August 2018,", "Honduras national under-17 football team which had surprisingly drawn against Syria. The \"mini H\" lost 4-1 with captain, Johnny Leveron, scoring the only and final goal of the tournament by means of a penalty kick. The final game, to complete their World Cup journey, was a defeat 2-0 at hands of Syria. The Honduran youngsters finished in last place of Group A, losing close games to Argentina and Nigeria 0–1 each, and losing 1–3 to Germany. Anthony Lozano scored the lone goal. The following players were selected for the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup. Head coach: José Valladares Honduras national under-17 football team The Honduras", "Amine Gouiri a 0–0 home draw against Montpellier in Ligue 1. He entered the field after 73 minutes replacing Tanguy Ndombele. A youth international for France, Gouiri was the top scorer at the 2017 UEFA European Under-17 Championship, scoring 7 goals and was the top scorer in the tournament. After his success in the tournament, Gouiri garnered attention of various European clubs and was rated one the best young talents in the world by The Guardian. Gouri also represented France at the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup in India, scoring a brace in his debut in the tournament against the New Caledonia", "Davie Selke appearances, Selke then joined Hertha BSC in June 2017. He has also represented Germany at all youth levels and in 2014 was part of the squad which won the 2014 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, earning the Golden Boot and Golden Player awards for his performances at the tournament. Two years later, he featured at the 2016 Olympic Games where Germany earned a silver medal, losing out to hosts Brazil in the final. The following year he helped his nation claim the UEFA European Under-21 Championship title. Having spent the majority of his youth years at Hoffenheim, Selke signed for Werder", "2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup The 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup was the fifteenth tournament of the FIFA U-17 World Cup. The tournament was held in the United Arab Emirates between 17 October and 8 November. Nigeria won the tournament after defeating Mexico 3–0 in the final, claiming the country's fourth title. Sweden won the bronze with a 4–1 victory over Argentina in the third-place play-off match. There were two official bids: In June 2012, FIFA selected the Sheikh Khalifa International Stadium in Al Ain, the Al Nahyan Stadium in Abu Dhabi, the Al-Rashid Stadium in Dubai, the Emirates Club", "Ángel Di María win over Monaco in the 2017 Coupe de la Ligue Final. On 8 May 2018, he played as PSG won 2-0 against Les Herbiers VF to clinch the 2017-18 Coupe de France. In 2007, Di María was picked to play for the Argentina under-20 squad. He was capped for the 2007 South American Youth Championship in Paraguay. In 2007, he was called up for the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Canada. They went on to win the tournament with Di María scoring three goals in the process. On 28 January 2008, Di María and some of his under-20s teammates", "Davie Selke He scored his first goal at the tournament on 7 August, netting Germany's second in a 3–3 draw with South Korea. Germany ultimately went on to win the Silver Medal, losing to Brazil in the final. The following year, he was included in Germany's 23-man squad for the 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship in Poland where they went on to be crowned champions after beating Spain 1–0 in the final. Former Germany striker Klaus Fischer described Selke as being a \"young Miroslav Klose\", comparing his stature and strength in the air with that of Germany's all-time record goalscorer. Selke himself,", "Kylian Mbappé Kopa Trophy, which is awarded by \"France Football\" to the best player in the world under the age of 21. Mbappé capped a fine debut senior season at Monaco by scoring five times for France as they won the 2016 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, the striker almost single-handedly securing their spot in the final with a sparkling performance in their 3–1 victory against Portugal in the semi-finals. Mbappé was called up to the senior France squad for the first time to face Luxembourg and Spain in March 2017. He made his debut on 25 March 2017 against the former, coming", "Luca de la Torre a Championship match against Bolton Wanderers on October 28, 2017, as a last-minute substitute for Tomáš Kalas in a 1–1 home tie. He scored his first goal for Fulham in an EFL Cup tie against Millwall on 25 September 2018. De La Torre was part of the United States U17 team for the 2015 CONCACAF U-17 Championship and 2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup. He was also part of the United States U20 team that won the 2017 CONCACAF U-20 Championship, scoring the game-winner in a 4–1 group stage win against Haiti U20, and a penalty kick during the penalty shootout", "Gastón Pereiro October 2015, in a KNVB Cup fixture against Genemuiden. He scored the first goal as PSV beat rivals Ajax 3–0 to clinch the 2017–18 Eredivisie title. Pereiro was called by Fabián Coito to play the 2015 South American Youth Football Championship. He played eight matches scoring five goals, helping Uruguay qualify for the 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup. He was selected for the U-20 World Cup squad and in the first match he scored the winning goal against the final champion, Serbia. He was called up to the full Uruguay squad in the autumn of 2017. He made his debut", "Lucas Biglia and Milan had made an agreement for Biglia to join Milan. The move was confirmed on 16 July 2017 when Biglia officially signed a contract that would keep him at the club until 2020 in a deal that reportedly cost Milan €17 million. Biglia made his first international appearance for the Argentina U-17 squad and was part of the squad that won South American Under-17 Football Championship, and came third in the FIFA U-17 World Championship, in which he was named Player of the Year. During the U17 World Cup, Biglia scored his first national goal in a semi-final, in", "Mahmoud Dahoud Leipzig. Having previously represented Germany at U18 and U19 level, Dahoud made his debut for the German U21 team as a substitute in a 4–1 win over the Faroe Islands on 24 March 2016, before making his full debut a week later against Russia. The following year, he was included in Germany's 23-man squad for the 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship in Poland. Germany were ultimately crowned champions, beating Spain 1–0 in the final to claim the title. Dahoud is also eligible to represent Syria, though he stated that he was not interested in doing so, and that he dreamed", "Kingsley Michael 79th-minute substitute for Raffaele Bianco. He represented Nigeria national under-17 football team at the 2015 African U-17 Championship, where Nigeria finished 4th, and 2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup, which Nigeria won. Michael scored a goal in the 3–0 quarterfinal victory over Brazil, but did not appear in the semifinal or final. Kingsley Michael Kingsley Dogo Michael (born 26 August 1999) is a Nigerian football player. He plays in Italy for Perugia on loan from Bologna. He joined Italian club Bologna on 29 August 2017 and was assigned to their Under-19 team. At the end of the 2017–18 Serie A season", "Abel Ruiz starting and scoring the first in a 2–0 2016 UEFA European Under-17 Championship qualification win against Andorra. He was also named in the list for the finals in Azerbaijan, despite being one year younger than his teammates. Ruiz finished the competition with four goals, being awarded the Silver Boot ; he was also included in the tournament's best eleven. During the 2017 edition in Croatia, he captained the side as Spain achieved his ninth title. On 22 September 2017, Ruiz was included in Santiago Denia's squad ahead of the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup, and scored two braces in the", "Mexico national under-17 football team also became the first host nation to win the U-17 World Cup. As defending champions, Mexico was defeated 6-1 by Nigeria in their first match of the group stage. Despite being defeated by a large number of goals, Mexico could still advance to the next round by defeating rivals Iraq and Sweden in the group stage. In their way to the final match, Mexico won their matches against favorites Italy, Brazil and Argentina. In the final round, Mexico faced Nigeria for a second time, but the team lost once again and was left in second place of the tournament. Mexico", "South American Youth Football Championship limit was raised to 20. This change was made in order to use the competition as South American qualification for the FIFA World Youth Championship (now renamed the FIFA U-20 World Cup), held every two years since 1977. The most recent edition (number 28) was hosted by Ecuador and won by Uruguay in 2017. The Championship has had only five champions during its history (Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Colombia and Paraguay). However, since 1983, Brazil has largely dominated the tournament, sharing the trophy only on three occasions with Colombia and on four occasions with Argentina. All matches take place in the", "Rubén Pardo (footballer) May, he renewed his contract with Real Sociedad until 2018. Pardo was loaned to fellow league club Real Betis in January 2017, for the remainder of the season. He made his debut on the 29th, starting in a 1–1 home draw against reigning champions FC Barcelona. Pardo was part of Spain's squad in the 2009 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship, although he only played in one game, as a substitute against France. He was selected by the under-18 team for the unofficial 2010 \"Copa del Atlántico\", which his country won. Pardo featured in every match at the 2011 European Under-19", "2017 South American U-20 Championship 2017 South American U-20 Championship The 2017 South American Youth Football Championship ), ) was the 28th edition of the South American Youth Football Championship, a football competition for the under-20 national teams in South America organized by CONMEBOL. It was held in Ecuador from 18 January to 11 February 2017. Uruguay were crowned champions, and together with Ecuador, Venezuela and Argentina, which were the top four teams of this tournament, qualified for the 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup in South Korea. Each team may register a squad of 23 players (three of whom must be goalkeepers). A total of", "Igor Mijatović a 3–1 home loss to FC Vaduz on 22 August 2010. Mijatović returned to Bellinzona but could still not break into the first team and thus moved to GC Biaschesi on a free transfer in July 2012. Mijatović was a Switzerland youth international at under-17 and under-19 level. In 2009, he was part of the Swiss under-17 team that won the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup beating the host nation Nigeria 1—0 in the final. Mijatović featured as a substitute in two matches at the tournament, victories in the final group game against Brazil and the semi-final versus Colombia. Igor", "Lenny Pintor €4 million in bonuses and a percentage on resale. Pintor scored on his Youth League debut in an away victory against Manchester City. He also scored in his second Youth League game against Shaktior Donetsk. He makes his first full Lyon debut on 19 October 2018, replacing Memphis Depay during the injury time of a 2-0 win against Nîmes Olympique. Pintor represented France at the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup, and scored in the round of 16 loss to the Spain U17s on 17 October 2017. Pintor is of Martiniquais descent. Lenny Pintor Lenny Jean-Pierre Pintor (born 5 August 2000)", "Xande Silva the under-15 and under-20 teams. He was part of the squad that reached the semi-finals of the 2014 UEFA European Under-17 Championship, and was named in the Team of the Tournament. Two years later, Silva helped the country to the last-four stage at the 2016 European Under-19 Championship in Germany. He was then selected by under-20 manager Emílio Peixe to the 2017 FIFA World Cup, where he scored in the quarter-final penalty shootout loss against Uruguay. Silva's father, Joaquim, was also a footballer. Also a forward, he spent most of his career in China and Portugal. Xande Silva Alexandre 'Xande'", "Argentina national under-20 football team July, Argentina won its sixth title after defeating the Czech Republic 3–1. Sergio Agüero, the top scorer of the championship with six goals, was also awarded the Gold Ball as best player. Other notable players on the squad were goalkeeper Sergio Romero; midfielders Éver Banega, Maxi Moralez and Ángel Di María; and forwards Mauro Zárate and Pablo Piatti. In addition to team victories, Argentine players have won many individual awards at FIFA World Youth Cups. The following players were selected to take part in the 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup. Head coach: Claudio Úbeda Argentina national under-20 football team The", "Victor Lindelöf titles. He joined Manchester United in July 2017. Lindelöf has represented Sweden at under-17, under-19, under-21, and senior levels. He was a member of the under-21 side that won the 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship. He made his senior international debut in March 2016 and represented his country at UEFA Euro 2016 and the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Lindelöf played in numerous Västerås-based clubs in his youth such as IK Franke, Västerås IK and Västerås SK. In September 2010, at the age of 16, Lindelöf made his debut for Västerås SK, when the team won 3–0 against BK Forward. In", "Jordi Bitter Not making any appearances in the final tournament, which the Dutch won, securing their first European Under-17 Championship title. The three qualification matches in which Bitter did appear in were against Austria U-17, Croatia U-17 and Portugal U-17, which ended in 2 wins and a draw for the Netherlands. He did however play again in the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup for the Netherlands U-17, appearing in the fixtures against North Korea U-17 and Mexico U-17 in Mexico, which ended in a draw and a loss for the Dutch as they exited the tournament after the group stage. Jordi Bitter", "Tonny Vilhena as well in the team. The player himself said: \"I decided to stay in Feyenoord for personal reasons. I want to thank all the teams who have shown interest on me. I think that this was the best decision now”. On April 22, 2018 he played as Feyenoord won the 2017/18 KNVB Cup final 3-0 against AZ Alkmaar. Vilhena has represented his country up to Under-21 level. He won the 2011 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship with the Netherlands U-17 team and was also the tournament's joint top scorer with 3 goals. He also won the 2012 UEFA European Under-17", "Ramil Sheydayev won the 2013 UEFA European Under-17 Championship with Russia, scoring two goals in the semifinal penalty shootout against Sweden and one more in the final penalty shootout against Italy. He also participated in the 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup. Later he represented Russia national under-19 football team at the 2015 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, where Russia came in second place, and he was selected for the team of the tournament. Sheydayev was called up and played for the Azerbaijan national football team in a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification 1-0 win over San Marino. On 8 October 2017, he scored", "Nigeria national under-17 football team of the team was determined by MRI scanning to be overage and excluded from the team. In their first match, the team defeated the defending champions Mexico with a 6-1 score. They only failed to defeat Sweden in the group stage, but they did so in the semi-finals. In the final match they faced and defeated Mexico for a second time, obtaining their fourth U-17 World Cup and becoming the national team to win the most U-17 tournaments so far. The team were again the subject of age cheating accusations when 26 members, almost half, of the squad failed MRI", "Charyl Chappuis win in a friendly match against Simork. Chappuis made his league return on 8 May 2016 coming on as a substitute in the 80th minute for goalscorer Carmelo in a 1-0 win over Army United. Chappuis was a Switzerland youth international. In 2009, he was part of the Swiss under-17 team that won the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup beating the host nation Nigeria 1—0 in the final, featuring in all seven matches at the tournament. Chappuis was called up by Thailand's ex-coach Winfried Schäfer to play against Lebanon national football team for the 2015 AFC Asian Cup qualification. He", "Kurt Zouma at the 2011 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship and 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup. Zouma has been the captain for the French under-21 side. He was part of the under-20 team that won the 2013 World Cup in Turkey. In the quarter-finals against Uzbekistan in Rize, he headed the last goal of a 4–0 victory. Senior France manager Didier Deschamps wanted to build a defence around Zouma and fellow youngster Raphaël Varane, and on 19 March 2015, he was called him up for the first time for friendlies against Brazil and Denmark. He made his debut in the latter match", "Atsushi Uchiyama 1986. After retirement, Uchiyama started coaching career at Yamaha Motors (later \"Júbilo Iwata\") in 1992. He mainly served as a coach for top team and a manager for youth team. In September 2007, he became a manager for top team as Adílson Batista successor. However he was sacked in August 2008. In 2015, he became a manager for Japan U-20 national team. At 2016 AFC U-19 Championship, U-20 Japan won the champions first time and won to qualify for 2017 U-20 World Cup for the first time in 10 years. He resigned after 2017 U-20 World Cup. Atsushi Uchiyama Uchiyama", "James Rodríguez On 15 September 2018, James scored his opening goal of the season in a 3–1 victory over Bayer Leverkusen. James was part of the Colombia U-17 team that finished runners-up in the 2007 South American Under-17 Championships, where he scored three goals. He also helped Colombia advance to the knockout stages during the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup, where they eventually lost to the winners of the tournament Nigeria. He was also part of the Colombia under-20 squad in three youth tournaments during 2011: the Toulon Tournament, the South American U-20 Championship and the U-20 World Cup that was held", "Yosuke Ideguchi U23's that won the AFC U-23 Championship on 31 January 2016, he played in the final for Japan U23's in a 3–2 victory against South Korea U23. Ideguchi got his first call up to the senior Japan squad for matches against Oman and Saudi Arabia in November 2016. On 31 August 2017, he scored the second goal when Japan beat Australia 2–0 and qualified for the 2018 World Cup in the process. On 9 December 2017, Ideguchi scored the winner for Japan in a 1–0 victory against North Korea in the 2017 EAFF E-1 Football Championship On 15 March 2018,", "Federico Dimarco loss to Pisa. On 16 September, he scored his first goal in Serie A in a 1–0 win against Inter at San Siro. In 2013, he was a member of the Italy under-17 side which finished runners-up at the UEFA European Under-17 Championship in Slovakia and was eliminated in the second round of the FIFA U-17 World Cup. With the Italy under-19 he took part at the 2016 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, where Italy reached the final. He scored four goals in the tournament, including three penalties and one free kick. In 2017, he took part in the FIFA U-20", "Yassin Fortuné the club, he appeared in a number of matches. His second goal for the club then came on 11 November 2018, in a 2–1 win over FC Zürich. Fortuné is eligible to play for France, Algeria and Haiti. Fortuné scored 5 goals for France U16 in 11 appearances, scoring against Ukraine U16 and Czech Republic U16. Between September 2015 and May 2016, Fortuné then represented France U17, scoring 2 goals in 13 appearances, which were against Czech Republic U17 and Denmark U17. He also played three matches during the UEFA European Under-17 Championship tournament. Fortuné then scored 7 goals in", "Brazil national under-20 football team Brazil national under-20 football team The Brazil national under-20 football team, also known as Brazil Sub-20 or Seleção Sub-20, represents Brazil in association football at this age level and is controlled by the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF). The team has won the South American Youth Championship a record eleven times and is the second most successful nation in the FIFA U-20 World Cup, having won the competition five times (against six of rivals Argentina). It also plays in unofficial under-19 and under-21 tournaments, such as the Toulon Tournament, of which Brazil is an eight-time winner. Notable players that came through", "Samir Nasri match. At under-17 level, Nasri, Menez and Ben Arfa were joined by Karim Benzema and tasked with the goal of winning the 2004 UEFA European Under-17 Championship on home soil. Nasri made his debut with the team in the opening match of the season against Sweden, scoring a goal in a 5–2 victory. In the team's second straight yearly appearance at the \"Tournio du Val-de-Marne\", Nasri scored his lone goal in the competition against the United States in a 2–0 win as France were declared champions without conceding a goal. At the 2004 UEFA European Under-17 Championship, Nasri scored against", "John Yeboah his youth international career with the Germany under-16 team, making his debut on 16 May 2016 in a friendly against France, which finished as a 1–1 away draw. In 2017, he was included in Germany's squad for the 2017 UEFA European Under-17 Championship in Croatia. He scored against Serbia in the group stage, with Germany managing to reach the semi-finals before losing on penalties to Spain. Later that year, Yeboah was included in Germany's squad for the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup in India. He scored against Colombia in the round of 16, with Germany later being eliminated in the", "Álvaro Vázquez he was loaned to Gimnàstic de Tarragona in Segunda División for six months. On 23 August 2018, Vázquez joined fellow second level team Real Zaragoza on a one-year loan. Vázquez represented Spain at the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Colombia. He finished the competition with five goals (second-best, but with as many goals as the winner, Brazil's Henrique), as the nation reached the quarter-finals. Also in 2011, Vázquez made his debut for the under-21 team. He helped them win the 2013 UEFA European Championship by scoring in his only appearance, the 3–0 group stage win against the Netherlands. Spain", "Emerson Palmieri an eventual 2–1 away win against Liverpool, in the third round of the EFL Cup. Emerson represented Brazil at under-17 level during the 2011 South American U-17 Championship and during 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup, being crowned champions of the former. He was an undisputed starter during both tournaments, scoring a goal against Chile on 16 March 2011. In March 2017, after being close to acquiring Italian citizenship, Emerson was reportedly pursued by Italy head coach Gian Piero Ventura with the intention of switching his international allegiance to Italy. He officially switched allegiance to Italy on 29 March 2017. Emerson", "Oliver Buff that won the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup beating host nation Nigeria 1—0 in the final. Buff played in 6 of the 7 matches at the tournament and scored in the team's quarter-final against Italy. Oliver Buff Oliver Buff (born 3 August 1992) is a Swiss professional footballer who plays for Spanish club Real Zaragoza as a midfielder. Buff spent his youth years with FC Zürich and became part of the first team in 2010. He won the 2013–14 Swiss Cup and 2015–16 Swiss Cup with Zürich. After 12 years with the club he decided in May 2017 to not", "2005 UEFA European Under-17 Championship World Championship with Croatia missing out. 2005 UEFA European Under-17 Championship The 2005 UEFA European Under-17 Championship was the fourth edition of UEFA's European Under-17 Football Championship. Italy hosted the championship, during 3–14 May. Turkey defeated Netherlands in the final to win the competition for the second time. \"2005 UEFA European Under-17 Championship qualifying round\" For winning their semi-finals, Netherlands and Turkey qualified for the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship with Italy and Croatia meeting in the third place playoff for the third and final place in the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship. For winning the third place play-off, Italy", "Daniel Opare Sadick Adams with precise crosses from wide areas. At the back, he looks equally comfortable and composed. He assisted on many of Ghana's goals at the 2007 African Under-17 Championship in Togo in March 2007, as well as in the U-17 World Cup, where he was a standout in all seven matches he played in. In September 2009, Opare was included in the Ghana national under-20 team (\"the Black Satellites\") for the 2009 U-20 World Cup in Egypt, in which Opare had helped the Ghana team win for the first time by defeating Brazil in the finals at the Cairo", "Jan-Arie van der Heijden great free kick in the top corner leaving the goalkeeper without any chance. In January 2010, Ajax teammate Mitchell Donald joined Van der Heijden on loan from Ajax at the Tilburg club. On April 22, 2018 he played as Feyenoord won the 2017/18 KNVB Cup final 3-0 against AZ Alkmaar. Van der Heijden also participated in the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship, where the Netherlands reached the semi finals, but they were beaten by the later winners Mexico. He was called up for the 2008 Toulon Tournament. On 13 October 2009, he made his U-21 debut in a 2011 European", "Ivan Šunjić a 1–0 league victory against Cibalia. On 12 February 2018, Šunjić rejoined Dinamo Zagreb and signed a contract till 15 June 2023. However, at the same time, he was loaned to Lokomotiva for the rest of the season. Šunjić was included in the under-17 national squad for the 2013 under-17 World Cup. In May 2017, Šunjić was called to the senior international team for a friendly match against Mexico. On 28 May, he made his international debut playing the whole ninety minutes of a 2–1 victory against Mexico. Winner Runners-up Ivan Šunjić Ivan Šunjić (born 9 October 1996) is a", "Rodrigo Bentancur scored his first goal for the club in a 2–0 away win over Udinese in Serie A. Bentancur was a member of Uruguayan national under-20 team, winning 2017 South American U-20 Championship. The squad also finished as the fourth in 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup. In September 2017, Bentancur received his first senior call-up to the Uruguayan national team by manager Óscar Tabárez for the team's upcoming 2018 World Cup qualifiers against Venezuela and Bolivia in October. He made his international debut on 5 October, coming on as a substitute in Uruguay's 0–0 away draw against Venezuela. He was named", "India national under-17 football team second time since 2013. The AIFF Youth Cup was first competed for in 2016. It was organised by the All India Football Federation (AIFF) as a preparatory tournament for the India under-17 team for the 2016 AFC U-16 Championship and the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup. The first tournament was held from 15 May to 25 May 2016 at the Tilak Maidan Stadium in Vasco, Goa. A total of five teams participated in the tournament after being invited by the All India Football Federation. The final was won 2–1 by South Korea over the United States. The following officials are", "Donny van de Beek in an 8–0 league victory against NAC Breda. Ajax captain Joël Veltman hailed the feat as \"extra nice\". He featured 34 times in the league and scored 11 times, besides adding six assists. In July 2018, he rejected an offer made by Italian club Roma citing that \"Ajax is the right place for his development\". On 11 September 2013, Van de Beek made his debut for the Netherlands under-17 team against Germany. He was part of the squad that managed to reach the final of the 2014 UEFA European Under-17 Championship after defeating Scotland in the semifinal. However, they finished", "Rúben Neves players named in a starting line-up. On 6 October 2018, Neves made his 50th appearance for Wolverhampton and marked the occasion by contributing in the build-up for Matt Doherty's winning goal in a 1–0 victory over Crystal Palace. Neves represented Portugal at the 2014 UEFA European Under-17 Championship, helping the country reach the semi-finals as team captain. For his performances, he was named among the top ten talents of the tournament by a selection of UEFA reporters. On 29 August 2014, still aged 17, Neves was called by coach Rui Jorge to be part of the under-21 side. He scored", "Captain Tsubasa Japanese win the Asia Youth title beating South Korea 2–0 and qualifying for the FIFA World Youth Championship. In the first phase, Japan defeats Mexico 2–1, Uruguay 6–5 and Italy 4–0. In the quarterfinals, they beat Sweden 1–0 and Netherlands 1–0 in the semifinal. The Japanese win in the \"Great Final\" the World Youth Championship, defeating Brazil 3–2 after extra time with Tsubasa scoring a hat-trick and the golden goal despite the fact that Brazil used a new player at the extra time called Natureza, who became the third person to score a goal on Wakabayashi from outside the goal", "Anthony Martial he scored his eighth goal of the season with the match ending in a 2-2 draw. On 17 December 2018, United triggered an option to extend Martial's contract that would keep him at the club until 2020. Martial scored five goals as France topped their qualification group for the 2012 UEFA European Under-17 Championship: two goals in a 5–0 win over the Faroe Islands, and a hat-trick against Northern Ireland in Luxembourg. He added two more in elite round victories against Switzerland and Sweden to confirm qualification. He netted once in a group stage exit at the final tournament in", "2005 UEFA European Under-17 Championship 2005 UEFA European Under-17 Championship The 2005 UEFA European Under-17 Championship was the fourth edition of UEFA's European Under-17 Football Championship. Italy hosted the championship, during 3–14 May. Turkey defeated Netherlands in the final to win the competition for the second time. \"2005 UEFA European Under-17 Championship qualifying round\" For winning their semi-finals, Netherlands and Turkey qualified for the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship with Italy and Croatia meeting in the third place playoff for the third and final place in the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship. For winning the third place play-off, Italy qualified for the 2005 FIFA U-17", "Cesc Fàbregas in the final. Fàbregas opened his account for the 2018–19 season, scoring the winner against Derby County in the fourth round of the EFL Cup. The Blues triumphed 3–2 at Stamford Bridge. Although he features regularly for the Spain national football team, Fàbregas' international career began at youth level. At the 2003 FIFA U-17 World Championship held in Finland, he finished as top scorer of the tournament despite playing in midfield, and was voted Player of the Tournament. Spain finished runners-up in the tournament to Brazil. Fàbregas was next involved in the 2004 UEFA U-17 European Championship, where Spain also", "Karim Rekik Brooks to VfL Wolfsburg. Rekik is eligible to play for Netherlands, through his birthplace, and Tunisia, through his father. Rekik was called up by Netherlands U17 in September 2010 and made his Netherlands U17 debut, in a 0–0 draw against Italy U17. Rekik was then called up into the squad by Netherlands U17 for the UEFA European Under-17 Championship and scored the opening game of the season, in a 2–0 win over Germany U17. Rekik went on to help the club reached the final, where Netherlands U17 beat Germany U17 5–2. Rekik was then called up by Netherlands U19 in", "Alphonse Areola every youth level and was part of the France U20 side that won the FIFA U-20 World Cup in 2013 and the senior side that won the 2018 FIFA World Cup trophy. Areola began playing football at the age of six for Entente Sportive des Petits Anges and spent seven years at his local club before signing for Ligue 1 side, Paris Saint-Germain. When Areola was 15, and upon the advice of coaches in Paris, he enrolled at the Clairefontaine football centre in order to further his development. He returned to PSG the following year and signed his first professional", "UEFA European Under-21 Championship Petr Čech, 2010 World Cup winner Iker Casillas, 2006 World Cup winners Francesco Totti, Fabio Cannavaro, Gianluigi Buffon, Alberto Gilardino and Andrea Pirlo, and Euro 2004 winner Georgios Karagounis began their international careers in the youth teams. Germany are the reigning champions, defeating Spain 1–0 in the 2017 final. The finals of the 2017 competition were hosted by Poland. Up to and including the 1992 competition, all entrants were divided into eight qualification groups, the eight winners of which formed the quarter-finals lineup. The remaining fixtures were played out on a two-legged, home and away basis to determine the eventual", "Kylian Mbappé Pelé but let's put things into context – Pelé is in another category.\" On 15 July, Mbappé scored with a 25 yard strike against Croatia in the 2018 World Cup Final, with France winning 4–2. He became the second teenager, after Pelé, to score in a World Cup Final, and with four goals in the tournament he received the FIFA World Cup Best Young Player Award. Pelé congratulated him on social media, and stated \"welcome to the club\". Mbappé has been described by Arsène Wenger as a \"huge football talent\" who \"has similarities to Thierry Henry\". His talent and precocious", "Chile national under-17 football team defeated the Southeast Asian country by a score of 6-2, but the result would not be good enough for them to advance onto the second round as Chile with only 4 points could not surpass Egypt who came in second place with 5 points. In 2011, Chile was chosen to host the 2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup, therefore the team qualified automatically for the tournament. For the 2017 edition, Chile qualified by finishing in second place behind Brazil and ahead of Paraguay in the 2017 South American Under-17 Football Championship. \"*Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.\" Coach: Leonardo", "2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup record of 172 during the 2013 edition in the United Arab Emirates. The 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup also recorded the highest goal average of 3.40 per match since the tournament format was expanded from 16 teams to 24 teams in 2007. In September 2017, India submitted a bid to host the 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup, but lost to Poland. 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup The 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup was the 17th FIFA U-17 World Cup, a biennial international football tournament contested by men's under-17 national teams. Organized by FIFA, the tournament took place in India between", "Lennart Thy proud,\" Thy said during his acceptance speech. Thy was joint topscorer in the tournament alongside Luc Castaignos as Germany won the 2009 UEFA European Under-17 Championship. Thy scored the equaliser to Castaignos' opener in the final as Germany beat Netherlands 2–1 after-extra-time. Individual Germany Lennart Thy Lennart Thy (born 25 February 1992) is a German footballer who plays as a striker for Büyükşehir Belediye Erzurumspor. On 18 January 2016, Werder Bremen announced Thy would be returning to the club for the 2016–2017 season. He signed a three-year contract. On 24 September 2016, he scored his first goal for the club", "Italy national under-20 football team that qualifies European teams for the U-20 World Cup. So far, the best result of the team is just third place in 2017. Italy managed to qualify for two consecutive U-20 World Cup for the first time, after topping the group in 2018 UEFA European Under-19 Championship. Each season the team mainly participates in friendly tournaments, in which overage players may also be selected. The U20 team participated until 2017 in the annual Four Nations Tournament with Germany, Switzerland and Poland (which replaced Austria). Since the 2017–18 season, the Italy U20 team participates in the annual Under 20 Elite League,", "Pajtim Kasami to hit the heights that were expected of him when brought to Nottingham by French manager Philippe Montanier, who has since been sacked. On 14 February 2017, Kasami's half-volley gave Forest an early lead in a 3-2 away loss against Fulham F.C. On 5 May 2017, Nottingham Forest announced that Kasami had returned to Olympiacos. On 31 August 2017, Kasami signed a three years contract with Swiss club FC Sion for an undisclosed fee. Kasami was part of the Swiss under-17 team that won the 2009 World Cup. Whilst at Bellinzona, he earned a call-up to the Switzerland U21 team", "2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup rights. Finally, on 5 December 2013, FIFA announced that India had won the 2017 FIFA World Cup hosting rights. As host, India made their first ever appearance at the FIFA U-17 World Cup and their first appearance in the World Cup at any age level. As well as India, New Caledonia and Niger also made their first appearance in the FIFA U-17 World Cup. The previous U-17 World Cup title holders, Nigeria, failed to qualify for this edition. In failing to qualify, Nigeria became the first nation since Switzerland in 2009 to fail to qualify for the next edition of", "Daniel Aquino Pintos win over UD Mutilvera on 7 May 2017. Aquino represented Spain at both under-17 and under-19 levels. During the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup he scored three goals and was the nation's second-best scorer, only trailing Bojan Krkić's five. Subsequently, Aquino appeared at the 2008 UEFA European Under-19 Championship held in the Czech Republic. Aquino's father, Daniel Toribio Aquino, was born in Argentina, but played for seven different teams in Spain, most notably Murcia and Real Betis. Spain U17 Daniel Aquino Pintos Daniel \"Dani\" Aquino Pintos (born 27 July 1990) is a Spanish footballer who plays for Real Murcia. Left-footed,", "Adryan Ballon d'Or winner Cristiano Ronaldo of Real Madrid among others. On 26 June 2015 it was announced that Adryan had joined French Ligue 1 side FC Nantes in a season-long loan move. Moved to FC Sion July 3, 2017. Adryan was a key player for Brazil U-17 team in the 2011 South American Under-17 Football Championship victorious campaign. He played eight matches and scored three goals in the tournament and finished as champion. The young player has been called up by coach Émerson Ávila alongside Lucas Piazón as the biggest stars of Brazil U-17 team in the 2011 FIFA U-17", "Memphis Depay Depay scored a hat-trick against Nice as Lyon won 3-2 and qualified for next season's champions league. Depay was a member of the Netherlands under-17 team which won the 2011 European Championship in Serbia. In the final against Germany in Novi Sad, he scored the goal which put the Netherlands ahead as they came from behind to defeat their rivals 5–2. Later that year, he participated in the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup held in Mexico. Depay made his international debut on 15 October 2013, coming on for Jeremain Lens in the last minute of a 2–0 away win against", "Nadiem Amiri which lasts until 2020. On 20 October, Amiri scored a goal in a 3–1 UEFA Europa League victory over İstanbul Başakşehir F.K. and sealed their club's first ever victory in Europe. Amiri made his debut for Germany under-21 in March 2016, coming on as a late substitute in a European U21 Championship qualifier against Russia under-21. He was the part of the Germany under-21 team that won the 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship by defeating Spain under-21 in the final. He was born in Ludwigshafen to Afghan parents. He has a cousin Zubayr Amiri and brother Nauwid Amiri who also", "Emiliano Alfaro injured Kalu Uche.On 20th November, he suffered an injury while training for his new club ATK. Eli Babalj was signed as a replacement of him. \"Details correct to 24 November 2018\" Alfaro first represented Uruguay at the 2005 South American Under-17 Football Championship held in Venezuela. The Uruguayans were runners-up to Brazil and qualified for the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship, which was hosted by Peru. Alfaro also played at the world championship, but Uruguay finished bottom of its group. He then played with the Uruguayan under-20 team at the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup held in Canada alongside Edinson", "Bangladesh national under-17 football team Bangladesh national under-17 football team The Bangladesh U-17 national football team is a youth football team operated under the Bangladesh Football Federation. The team would represent Bangladesh in the AFC U-16 Championship, SAFF U-16 Championship and has yet to qualify for the FIFA U-17 World Cup. The team won the won the 2018 SAFF U-15 Championship, defeating Pakistan in the final. Goal Keepers:<br> Mohammed Emon Hawlader<br> Md Sameule Bashar<br> Lemon Hossen Defenders:<br> Md Saiful Islam<br> Yeasin Arafat(c)<br> Nazmul Biswas<br> Rony Kumer<br> Md Jihad Hossain <br> Sadekujaman Fahim<br> Md Runi Hadeir Midfielders:<br> Md Minhazul Karim Shadin<br> Mohammed Raja Sheikh<br> Md Faysal", "Hatem Ben Arfa goal in the final against Italy, though France lost the match 5–1. Ben Arfa made his debut with the under-17 team in the opening match of the season against Sweden converting a first-half hat-trick in a 5–2 victory. In the Tournio de Val-de-Marne, Ben Arfa scored two goals as France were crowned champions without conceding a goal. At the 2004 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship, Ben Arfa, alongside teammates Samir Nasri, Benzema, and Jérémy Menez contributed to the team winning the competition. Ben Arfa appeared in all five matches and scored goals against Northern Ireland, Turkey and Portugal. In total", "Mauro Zárate in his first four games, he then scored three goals in as many games for the UAE Pro-League club. In January 2018, after eight appearances for Al-Nasr, it was announced that Zárate had rejoined Vélez Sarsfield on loan, for his third spell at the club where he started his career. In July 2018, Zárate signed for Boca Juniors, despite previously indicating his intention to sign permanently with Velez. In 2007, Zárate helped the Argentina national under-20 team win the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup, scoring the winning goal in the final against the Czech Republic. In 2008, Diego Maradona was", "Moise Kean the club. Although born in Italy, Kean remains eligible to play for both the Italy and Ivory Coast senior national teams, as his father is from the latter country. Since 2015, Kean has represented Italy at under-15 level. With the Italy U17 team he took part at the 2016 and 2017 editions of the UEFA European Under-17 Championship, scoring 1 goal in each tournament. With the Italy U19 he took part in the 2018 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, and scored in the group stage against Norway and in the semi-final against France in a 2–0 win to help Italy reach", "2001 FIFA U-17 World Championship the USA (5–3) and Japan (5–1) in group matches, before brushing past two footballing giants, Brazil and Argentina (2–1 in both games) at the knockout stage and overcoming Nigeria 3–0 in the final to win their first ever FIFA U-17 World title. The official mascot of this FIFA U-17 World Championship, Trinidad & Tobago 2001, was BEATS, the humming bird. Its outfit is the same as the home national team, red shirt, black short and red socks. It has Trinidad & Tobago 2001 on the chest. The following 16 teams qualified for the tournament: <br> <br> <br> <br> Florent Sinama-Pongolle", "Australia national under-20 soccer team final before losing 3–0 to UAE in the semi-final. However, by making it through to the semi-final was enough to qualify for the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup. Australia qualified for the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Egypt after finishing in the final four of the 2008 AFC U-19 Championship. A late James Holland penalty meant Australia lost their opening game to Czech Republic 2–1 before Costa Rica defeated the 'Young Socceroos' 3–0. In the final group game against Brazil, Aaron Mooy gave Australia an early lead however the final result saw Brazil win 3–1 and the Australians eliminated", "Jonathan Viera million. The player acknowledged the transfer \"took care\" of his future, and Las Palmas retained a buy-back option in the future. Viera played once with the Spain under-21s, featuring the last minutes of the 1–1 friendly draw to Belarus in Alcalá de Henares. On 9 October 2017, as the full side had already qualified as champions for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, manager Julen Lopetegui handed him his debut, and he played the entire 1–0 away win over Israel. Las Palmas Beijing Guoan Individual Jonathan Viera Jonathan Viera Ramos (; born 21 October 1989) is a Spanish professional footballer who", "Renato Sanches in their penalty shootout victory, and was again elected man of the match. Following the match, teammates Nani and José Fonte praised Sanches' stamina, confidence and desire to learn from his elders. After his nation's 1–0 extra-time victory over hosts France in the final of the tournament, Sanches received the Young Player of the Tournament Award for his performances. Sanches and striker Eder were notable Euro 2016 winners omitted from Portugal's squad for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup in Russia; Sanches played in the 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship instead. He was also absent from the 35-man preliminary squad for", "Álvaro Morata On 4 October, he netted the winner in a 1–0 win over MOL Vidi FC for the group stage of the UEFA Europa League. A month later, he scored twice to help beat Crystal Palace 3–1 in a league fixture at home. Morata was called by the Spain under-17 team for the 2009 FIFA World Cup in Nigeria, playing four matches and scoring two goals for the third-placed team. Subsequently, he represented the under-19s at the Japan International Tournament, helping to a second-place finish after the hosts. Morata was selected by Spain to the squad that appeared in the 2011", "France national football team Argentina 4–3 in the round of sixteen and then Uruguay 2–0 to qualify for the semi-final stage, where they beat Belgium 1–0 courtesy of a goal from defender Samuel Umtiti. On 15 July, France beat Croatia in the final with result 4–2 to win the World Cup for the second time. Didier Deschamps became the third man to win the World Cup as a player and a coach and also became the second man to win the title as a captain and a coach. Kylian Mbappé was awarded the Best Young Player award and Antoine Griezmann was awarded the Bronze", "Jonathan Klinsmann In 2017, Klinsmann was included in the squad for the under-20 national team at the 2017 CONCACAF U-20 Championship. He started in all the tournament matches, bar the unimportant last group fixture against Saint Kitts and Nevis. The United States were crowned under-20 champions of CONCACAF following a 5–3 win on penalties in the final against Honduras. Klinsmann was awarded the golden glove as the best goalkeeper of the tournament, and included in the team of the tournament. In addition, the United States qualified for the 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup in South Korea, where Klinsmann started in all five", "2018 FIFA World Cup Final were drawn into Group C alongside Australia, Denmark, and Peru. The team defeated Australia 2–1 in its opening match in Kazan, with a penalty called by the video assistant referee and scored by Antoine Griezmann followed by an own goal deflected by Australian defender Aziz Behich. In its second match, France won 1–0 over Peru on a goal scored by 19-year-old Kylian Mbappé, who became France's youngest goalscorer at a major tournament. The victory over Peru qualified France for the knockout stage, allowing manager Didier Deschamps to rest several starting players for the final group stage match against Denmark. The", "2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup The 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup was the thirteenth tournament of the FIFA U-17 World Cup held in Nigeria from 24 October to 15 November 2009. The tournament was won by Switzerland, beating the host team and holders, Nigeria. The Golden Ball to the Best Player was given to Nigerian Sani Emmanuel; the Golden Shoe for top scorer was given to Spaniard Borja, with five goals (although he tied with Nigerian Sani Emmanuel, Uruguayan Sebastián Gallegos, and Swiss Haris Seferović); the Golden Glove was given to Swiss Benjamin Siegrist; finally, the FIFA Fair Play Award", "Wallace Oliveira 3–1 victory over Brasil de Pelotas, playing the full 90 minutes. On 28 June 2017, Wallace's loan spell at Grêmio was terminated after falling out of the first-team picture. Wallace helped Brazil win the South American Under-17 Championship in 2011 before contributing to their fourth-placed finish at the Under-17 World Cup in Mexico three months later. On 30 May 2014 Wallace scored the first of seven goals for Brazil U20 vs Qatar U20 in the Toulon tournament. Wallace Oliveira Wallace Oliveira dos Santos, or simply Wallace (born 1 May 1994), is a Brazilian professional footballer who last played for Chelsea.", "Iraq national under-23 football team second game was played against the hosts and pre-tournament favourites, Brazil, which also ended up as a 0–0 draw, which was hailed as a great result for Iraq. In the third game, Iraq tied South Africa 1–1, despite having a huge 29 shots in the match. This result, coupled with Denmark's defeat to Brazil, saw Iraq get eliminated at the group stage. Iraq qualified for the 3rd tournament by topping the group in the qualification stage in Saudi Arabia in July 2017. In the final tournament, with the defending champion Japan not bringing their strongest squad, Iraq had many chances", "Camille Catala women's under-17 and under-19 teams. With the under-17 team, she participated in both the 2008 UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship and the inaugural 2008 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup, where France were eliminated in the group stage. Catala's only goal in the World Cup came in France's 6–2 thrashing of Paraguay. With the under-19s, Catala played in the La Manga Cup international tournament and the 2009 UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship reached the semi-finals before bowing out to Sweden in extra time. \"Statistics accurate as of 1 September 2016\" Camille Catala Camille Catala (born 6 May 1991 in Montpellier) is a French", "Diego Polenta in 2016, with the Nacional winning the 2016 Uruguayan Primera División. He subsequently became the Captain of Nacional. In July 2017 he won the Torneo Intermedio Final. In July 2018, with Polenta's contract expiring at Nacional at the end of June 2018, Spanish Newspaper El País, reported that Polenta had received contract offers from Mexican side Club Atlas, Saudi Arabian side Al-Ittihad and English side Leeds United, with the player taking time to consider the proposals. He has been capped by the Uruguay national under-17 football team for the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup and by the Uruguay national under-20", "Sergio Agüero derbies in the Premier League era, level with Wayne Rooney). Agüero was selected for the Argentina U17 team to participate at the in Paraguay in September. He participated in all of Argentina's group stage matches, scoring in a 2–1 win against the United States and a 3–1 win against Ecuador to help Argentina finish top of their group. Agüero scored in the 47th minute of Argentina's 1–0 quarter-final victory against Peru, setting up a semi-final match against Colombia which Argentina lost 2–0. Agüero represented Argentina at two FIFA World Youth Championships, winning back-to-back world titles. He was part of the", "Argentina national under-20 football team team won its fourth title, the third championship in seven years. Argentina debuted in the Estadio José Amalfitani (the venue where the team played all its games in Buenos Aires) defeating Finland 1–0. The next game Argentina thrashed Egypt 7–1 (with three goals by Javier Saviola), and closed its participation in Group A by smashing Jamaica by 5–1. In the knockout round, Argentina successively eliminated China (2–1), France (3–1) and Paraguay (5–0), winning the tournament with a convincing 3–0 over Ghana at the final, played on 8 July at Vélez Sársfield. Argentina won its fourth youth title unbeaten, scoring 27", "2017–18 UEFA Youth League 2017–18 UEFA Youth League The 2017–18 UEFA Youth League was the fifth season of the UEFA Youth League, a European youth club football competition organised by UEFA. Barcelona won their second Youth League title following a win over Chelsea in the final. Red Bull Salzburg were the defending champions, but were eliminated in the round of 16. Starting from this season, the UEFA Youth League title holders were given an automatic berth in the Domestic Champions path if there was a vacancy. A total of 64 teams from 43 of the 55 UEFA member associations entered the tournament, with Albania,", "Benjamin Siegrist in the Swiss Super League in the Summer 2016 transfer window for a fee of £210,000. Siegrist signed a two-year contract with Scottish Championship club Dundee United in June 2018. Siegrist has been part of Switzerland squads at U17, U18, U19, and U21 level. Siegrist won the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Nigeria with his nation: the goalkeeper was an integral part of the side that beat the hosts in the final and won the tournament's first Golden Glove award as a result. He was chosen as a backup goalkeeper for Switzerland's U21 squad at the 2011 UEFA European", "Toby Alderweireld Real Madrid that ended in a 3–1 win. The injury would keep him out of the team for a few months. On 7 February 2018, he returned to the starting lineup in the fourth round replay of the FA Cup against Newport County, which Tottenham won 2–0. However, an injury to the tendon of his hamstring suffered while training two weeks later meant that he was again out of the team. Alderweireld first represented Belgium at under-17 level in October 2005 and took part in the 2006 UEFA U17 Championship. After the 2008–09 season concluded, he made his senior debut", "Lautaro Martínez made his unofficial debut ten days later and scored in a 3–0 friendly win over Swiss club, Lugano. His full debut followed on 19 August when he started in a 1–0 Serie A loss to Sassuolo, and scored his first league goal in a 2–0 win to Cagliari on 29 September. In 2017, Martínez represented Argentina at the 2017 South American Youth Football Championship where he ended as the tournament's joint-top scorer with five goals, in the process helping Argentina qualify for the 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup. He was subsequently named in the squad for the World Cup which" ]

[ 11.3828125 ]

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[ "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nВиктория Фёдоровна Аза́ренко (Belarusian: Вікторыя Фёдараўна Аза́ранка; род. 31 июля 1989, Минск, Белорусская ССР, СССР) — белорусская профессиональная теннисистка, заслуженный мастер спорта Республики Беларусь (2010), экс-первая ракетка мира в одиночном разряде. Олимпийская чемпионка 2012 года в миксте с Максимом Мирным, бронзовый призёр в одиночном разряде; победительница двух турниров Большого шлема в одиночном разряде (Открытый чемпионат Австралии-2012, -2013); финалистка двух турниров Большого шлема в одиночном разряде (Открытый чемпионат США-2012, -2013); победительница двух турниров Большого шлема в миксте (Открытый чемпионат США-2007 c Мирным и Открытый чемпионат Франции-2008 с Бобом Брайаном); победительница 26 турниров WTA (из них 20 в одиночном разряде)." ]

[ "Открытый чемпионат Катара по теннису среди женщин 2014 в одиночном разряде\nПрошлогодняя чемпионка — Виктория Азаренко — не защищала свой титул.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nАзиатская серия началась на турнире в Токио, где Виктория весьма уверенно дошла до полуфинала одиночного разряда, но там сталкивается с ожесточённым сопротивлением Агнешки Радваньской и, в итоге, уступила со счетом 6-3, 4-6, 6-2. В паре с Кириленко также дошла до полуфинала, где уже в первом сете Азаренко получила травму правой ноги[50] и отказалась от продолжения борьбы. На турнире в Пекине Виктория вновь испытывает проблемы со здоровьем, снялась с соревнований перед матчем 3-круга из-за травмы[51]. В паре с Кириленко дошли до 2-круга, где проиграли на чемпионском тай-брейке Гарригес и Павлюченковой 6-2, 4-6, 10-8. Это был последний парный матч в этом сезоне.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nГод начался с долгожданного дебютного одиночного титула WTA — в Брисбене она сначала взяла реванш в полуфинале у Эррани за прошлогодний Кубок Кремля, а затем обыграла в финале Марион Бартоли. На Australian Open была посеяна 13-й и дошла до четвёртого круга, где не смогла доиграть матч против будущей победительницы турнира Серены Уильямс, снявшись из-за проблем с самочувствием при счёте 6-3, 2-4 в свою пользу.", "Открытый чемпионат Франции по теннису 2009\n Анабель Медина Гарригес / Вирхиния Руано Паскуаль обыграли Викторию Азаренко / Елену Веснину со счётом 6-1, 6-1.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nСледующий турнир был проведён в Цинциннати. Одиночный турнир закончился уже в первом матче, хотя Виктория и выиграла первый сет, а также уверенно вела во втором. В паре же удалось выйти в первый за 15 месяцев финал. В главном матче турнира дуэту Азаренко / Кириленко противостоял сверхопытный противник — пара Стаббс / Реймонд. Дуэт из бывшего СССР оказался чуть сильнее и победил на двух тай-брейках.", "Открытый чемпионат Катара по теннису среди женщин\nСреди победительниц турнира в одиночном разряде — пять первых ракеток мира: Мартина Хингис, Моника Селеш, Мария Шарапова, Жюстин Энен и Виктория Азаренко. Между 2003 и 2011 годом в одиночном соревновании весьма удачно играли представительницы России: было выиграно шесть из семи титулов и лишь четырежды кто-то, представляющий другую страну пробивался в финал. При этом турнир имеет достаточно широкий список победителей: за первые 13 розыгрышей чемпионата его выиграли десять разных теннисисток и ни одна из них не завоевала одиночный титул хотя бы трижды. В парном разряде список победительниц ещё шире: повторить свою победу на катарском соревновании удалось четырём спортсменкам. Турнир 2014 года определил новую первую ракетку парного рейтинга — Пэн Шуай благодаря титулу смогла обеспечить себе новый статус.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nВиктория родилась в семье инструктора по вождению Федора Михайловича Азаренко и его супруги Аллы Валентиновны, работавшей методистом в Республиканском центре олимпийской подготовки по теннису Республики Беларусь. Также есть старший брат Максим. Виктория начала заниматься теннисом в 7 лет по настоянию мамы. Первым её тренером стала Валентина Егоровна Ржаных.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nОднако вскоре её стали преследовать травмы, что привело к неудачным выступлениям (или к отказу продолжать матчи) на турнирах в Мадриде, Риме и на Ролан-Гаррос.", "Шарапова, Мария Юрьевна\n26 апреля 2017 года Шарапова, после окончания дисквалификации, впервые приняла участие в турнире WTA Porsche Tennis Grand Prix в Штутгарте, где ей была предоставлена wild card[43]. Она вышла в полуфинал турнира, обыграв итальянку Роберту Винчи (7:5, 6:3), соотечественницу Екатерину Макарову (7:5, 6:1) и эстонку Анетт Контавейт (6:3, 6:4)[44]. В полуфинале уступила француженке Кристине Младенович (6:3, 5:7, 4:6)[45]. Затем Мария Шарапова участвовала в двух грунтовых турнирах: в Мадриде и Риме — организаторы этих турниров предоставили россиянке wild card[46][47]. На турнире в Мадриде Шарапова уступила во втором круге Эжени Бушар (5:7, 6:2, 4:6)[48], в Риме снялась с турнира по ходу матча второго круга с Мирьяной Лючич-Барони при счёте 4:6, 6:3, 2:1 в свою пользу из-за повреждения бедра[49]. Шарапова планировала принять участие на Roland Garros 2017, однако организаторы турнира отказались предоставить ей wild-card[50]. Далее Шарапова собиралась приехать на травяные турниры: в Бирмингем, где ей предоставили специальное приглашение[51], и на квалификацию Wimbledon 2017 (Шарапова отказалась просить wild-card на турнир[52]) — но из-за повреждения бедра, полученного в Риме, была вынуждена пропустить весь травяной сезон[53].", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nВозвращение в Европу ознаменовалось четвёртым финалом на турнире WTA — в Праге, где не уступив до финала ни сета, она всё-таки не смогла завоевать первый крупный титул — россиянка Вера Звонарёва выиграла 6:7(2) 2:6. Затем, в Берлине Виктория оформила 2 полуфинала (в одиночке была выбита из турнира седьмая ракетка мира Анна Чакветадзе, прежде чем её остановила набиравшая в тот момент ход Динара Сафина; а в паре их дуэт с Шахар Пеер взяв в четвертьфинале реванш у сестёр Бондаренко за Australian Open снялся после трёх геймов матча с первой парой турнира Кара Блэк / Лизель Хубер. Последовавший за этим римский Мастерс был завершён досрочно в третьем раунде против Цветаны Пиронковой. когда после девяти геймов она была вынуждена сняться из-за травмы левого колена.[30]", "Бартель, Мона\nВ январе 2011 года Бартель выиграла 25-тысячник ITF во Франции. В мае она отобралась через квалификацию на Открытый чемпионат Франции, ставший для неё первым в карьере турниром серии Большого шлема. Немка смогла преодолеть первый раунд в лице Сибиль Баммер, а во втором она проиграла № 15 в мире на тот момент Анастасии Павлюченковой. В июне Мона смогла неплохо выступить на турнире в Копенгагене. Преодолев квалификацию, она смогла выиграть три матча подряд и выйти в полуфинал. На этой стадии Бартель впервые встретилась с действующей первой ракеткой мира, которой на тот момент являлась Каролина Возняцки. Датская теннисистка на правах фаворита разгромила Мону в борьбе за выход в финал. Успешно завершилась для Бартель и квалификация на Уимблдонский турнир, однако в основной сетке она проиграла в первом же раунде. Перед Открытым чемпионатом США она впервые поднимается в первую сотню женского одиночного рейтинга. На Большом шлеме в США Мона выходит в стадию второго раунда. В сентябре в цикле турниров ITF она выиграла 50-тысячник в Местре, а через неделю после этого 75-тысячник в Шрусбери. По итогам сезона она заняла уже 67-е место в мировой классификации.В январе 2012 года Бартель выиграла свой дебютный титул в WTA-туре. На турнире в Хобарте она начала своё выступления с квалификации, а затем смогла пройти по сетке до финала. В решающем матче немка переиграла первую сеянную на турнире Янину Викмайер со счётом 6-1, 6-2. Это победа позволила ей попасть в Топ-50 мирового рейтинга. На дебютном Открытом чемпионате Австралии Мона смогла выйти в третий раунд, где её продвижение остановила Виктория Азаренко. В феврале на Премьер-турнире в Париже Бартель вышла в четвертьфинал, где у неё взяла реванш за поражение в Хобарте Янина Викмайер. В апреле она вышла в четвертьфинал на турнирах в Копенгагене и Штутгарте, а также одержала первую победу на теннисисткой из Топ-10 (Марион Бартоли). В июле она вышла в полуфинал грунтового турнира в Бостаде. Следующим турниром для Бартель стала Олимпиада в Лондоне. В первом же раунде она проиграла полячке Уршуле Радваньской. В сентябре Мона вышла в полуфинал турнира в Квебеке.", "Открытый чемпионат Франции по теннису 2010 в женском парном разряде\nВинус и Серена вернули себе титул французского приза Большого шлема после одиннадцатилетней паузы; титул на местных кортах стал для американок четвёртым подряд на любых соревнованиях серии Большого шлема, позволив им оформить некалендарный Большой шлем в этом разряде.\n Бетани Маттек-Сандс / Янь Цзы \"(Третий раунд)\n Чжань Юнжань / Чжэн Цзе \"(Третий раунд)\n Мария Кириленко / Агнешка Радваньская \"(Четвертьфинал) \n Квета Пешке / Катарина Среботник \"(Финал)\n Ивета Бенешова / Барбора Заглавова-Стрыцова \"(Третий раунд)\"\n Вера Душевина / Екатерина Макарова \"(Второй раунд)\"\n Ольга Говорцова / Алла Кудрявцева \"(Третий раунд)\"\n Андреа Главачкова / Луция Градецкая \"(Третий раунд)\" Софи Лефевр / Орели Веди \"(Первый раунд)\n Клер Фёэрстен / Стефани Форетц \"(Первый раунд)\n Матильда Юханссон / Камиль Пен \"(Первый раунд)\"", "Арруабаррена-Весино, Лара\nВ игре испанка активно передвигается по всему корту и выполняет большое число плоских ударов. Своим любимым покрытием Лара считает грунт.Свои выступления Арруабаррена начала в 2007 году. В 2008 году она выигрывает первый титул на турнирах ITF. В 2009 она выиграла у себя на родине три одиночных и два парных турнира ITF с минимальным призовым фондом 10 000 долларов. За 2010 год Лара выигрывает уже пять 10-тысячников в одиночном разряде и по одному 50, 25 и 10-тысячнику в парном. В мае в паре с Марией-Тересой Торро-Флор она выходит в финал юниорского Открытого чемпионата Франции. Весной следующего года она выиграла еще два 10-тысячника. В апреле 2011 года испанка дебютирует в основных соревнованиях WTA-тура, пройдя квалификационный отбор на турнир в Марбелье. По ходу того турнира она смогла обыграть Монику Никулеску и Сандру Заглавову и в итоге пройти в четвертьфинал. Соперницей на этой стадии стала 14-я в мире на тот момент Светлана Кузнецова, которая и прошла в полуфинал. В сентябре в паре с россиянкой Екатерина Ивановой она смогла выиграть 100-тысячник ITF в Пьемонте. В октябре Лара прибавляет парный трофей на 25-тысячнике в Испании.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nУдарно поработав в межсезонье, Виктория смогла с первых матчей показывать свою лучшую игру, обыгрывая одну за другой всех своих соперниц. На открывавшем сезон соревновании в Сиднее белорусская спортсменка переиграла в финале Ли На 6-2, 1-6, 6-3 и завоевала свой девятый одиночный титул WTA. Полученная уверенность в своих силах позволила хорошо выступить и на Australian Open. Там без проблем дошла до четвертьфинала, где победила Агнешку Радваньскую в трех сетах 6-7, 6-0, 6-2. В полуфинале одержала победу над Ким Клейстерс 6-4, 1-6, 6-3 и вышла в свой первый в карьере финал турнира Большого шлема в одиночном разряде. В решающем матче за титул и первую строчку рейтинга Виктория более чем уверенно переигрывает Марию Шарапову 6:3, 6:0[52].", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nЗатем был Australian Open — в паре (вместе со Светланой Кузнецовой) удалось дойти до 3-го круга (уступили паре Блэк / Хубер), а в одиночном турнире удалось дойти до 1/4 финала (причём во всех выигранных матчах неизменно оформляла один из выигранных сетов за 6 геймов), где проиграла первой сеяной Серене Уильямс, причём вела по ходу матча 6-4, 4-0.", "Спорт в Белоруссии\nСамая известная и титулованная теннисистка Белоруссии — Виктория Азаренко. Профессиональную карьеру в WTA она начала в 2003 году. В январе 2009 года белоруска выиграла первый титул в карьере — в австралийском Брисбене. В январе 2012 стала первой в истории Белоруссии теннисисткой выигравшей турнир Большого шлема — Виктории покорился Australian Open. Этот успех позволил 30 января занять первую строчку в рейтинге WTA и стать 21 по счету первой ракеткой мира. После этих успехов она была награждена Орденом Отечества III степени. На Олимпийских играх 2012 года в Лондоне Виктория Азаренко завоевала бронзу в одиночном разряде, а в паре с Максимом Мирным стала олимпийской чемпионкой. Это первая медаль белорусских теннисистов в истории — и сразу же золотая. В 2013 году теннисистка повторила свой успех на Australian Open.", "Мыскина, Анастасия Андреевна\nСтартовала в сезоне 2006 года Мыскина на Открытом чемпионате Австралии и вышла там в четвёртый раунд. После него она сыграла на турнире 1-й категории в Токио, где попала в полуфинал. Следующим заметным результатом для россиянки стал выход в 1/4 финала на турнире в Майами в конце марта. В мае в дуэте с Еленой Лиховцевой она смогла выиграть парный титул на турнире в Варшаве. Преддверии Ролан Гаррос Мыскина сыграла в финале турнира в Стамбуле, но проиграла его Шахар Пеер — 6-1, 3-6, 6-7(3). На самом же Открытом чемпионате Франции она прошла в четвёртый раунд, переиграв в третьем Ану Иванович. В борьбе за путевку в четвертьфинал Анастасия проиграла Жюстин Энен-Арденн, которая в том году стала чемпионкой турнира. В июне Мыскина вновь встретилась с бельгийкой в финале турнира в Истборне и снова проиграла (6-4, 1-6, 6-7(5)). На Уимблдонском турнире Анастасия выиграла четыре матча в том числе и у двух сеяных теннисисток: Анабель Медины Гарригес и Елены Янкович и вышла второй год подряд в четвертьфинал. На этой стадии она, как и год назад, встретилась Амели Моресмо, которая была первым номером посева, и опять проиграла в борьбе за выход в полуфинал. В августе Мыскина вышла ещё в один финал по ходу сезона на турнире в Стокгольме. На этот раз её обыграла китаянка Чжэн Цзе — 4-6, 1-6. На Открытом чемпионате США россиянка вылетела уже на старте, уступив 17-летней Виктории Азаренко. До конца сезона она сыграла только на одном турнире в Цюрихе, где проиграла уже в первом раунде, закончив сезон на итоговом 16-м месте.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nC началом грунтового сезона был сделан небольшой шажок назад — Виктория заявилась на турнир WTA International в Марбелье — однако и там её ждало очередное разочарование — отдав в трёх матчах своим соперницам лишь 9 геймов, она, тем не менее, не проходит в полуфинал, будучи вынужденной сняться с турнира (в середине четвертьфинала против всё той же Мартинес Санчес белорусская спортсменка получает болезненное повреждение левого бедра).[39] Попытка сыграть с недолеченой травмой уже на следующей неделе в Чарлстоне аукнулась в первом же матче — в середине второго сета опять пришлось сняться.[40]", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nФиниш сезона прошёл на спаде результатов — в семи турнирах после Уимблдона Виктория ни разу не выиграла больше двух матчей и максимум чего смогла добиться — это четвертьфинал в Токио. Однако несмотря ни на что она впервые в карьере попала на Итоговый турнир в Доху.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nБелорусская теннисистка возвращается в игру спустя полторы недели: проблемы со здоровьем решены и Виктория матч от матча набирает уверенность в собственных силах. Теннисистке сначала покоряется соревнование в Люксембурге, где в финале обыграла Никулеску 6-2, 6-2. На кортах Итогового турнира в Стамбуле легко доходит до финала, где уступает находящейся в прекрасной форме Петре Квитовой в трех сетах 7-5, 4-6, 6-3.", "Porsche Tennis Grand Prix 2012\nПервым номером посева в женском одиночном турнире стала Виктория Азаренко (№ 1 в мире на тот момент). Белорусская спортсменка оправдала свой статус, преодолев евсь турнирный путь, но в решающем матче ей не удалось справиться со второй ракеткой турнира: Марией Шараповой, взяв у россиянки лишь пять геймов. Прошлогодняя чемпионка — Юлия Гёргес — защищала свой титул, но уступила во втором раунде. Сильнейшие несеянные теннисистки уступили в четвертьфинале.", "Открытый чемпионат Китая по теннису 2012\n Виктория Азаренко обыграла Марию Шарапову со счётом 6-3, 6-1.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nНа Australian Open Виктория была впервые посеяна — 26-й. Относительно легко пройдя первые 2 раунда, в третьем ей пришлось завершить борьбу — действующая чемпионка турнира Серена Уильямс была сильнее — 3:6 4:6. В паре Виктория, вместе со своей партнёршей получили 12-й номер посева. Пройдя одних за другими 5 пар (из которых три были сеянными — шестых сеянных Саню Мирзу / Алисию Молик, 13х сеянных Жанетт Гусарову / Флавию Пеннетту и седьмых сеянных Чжэн Цзе / Янь Цзы (чемпионок турнира-2006), они вышли в финал, где уступили несеянной украинской паре Катерина / Алёна Бондаренко, хотя и выиграли у них первый сет.", "Список финалов Открытого чемпионата Франции по теннису в женском одиночном разряде\nОдиночный турнир среди женщин на Открытом чемпионате Франции по теннису разыгрывается с 1897 года. До начала «Открытой эры» современного тенниса дамы выявляли лучшую в рамках чемпионата Франции.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nВ 2006 году, на турнире в Мемфисе, Виктория обыграла первого игрока Top20 (Николь Вайдишова), а двумя месяцами позже — второго игрока Top30 (Елену Янкович в Майами). Во время грунтового сезона, Азаренко с большим трудом проигрывает на тай-брейке третьего сета чемпионке РГ-2004 Анастасии Мыскиной в третьем круге супертурнира в Риме, а также обыгрывает специалиста по играм на грунте Анабель Медину Гарригес в первом круге Roland Garros. На US Open 2006 она берёт реванш у Мыскиной в первом круге, затем дойдя до третьего круга, где уступила Анне Чакветадзе. На следующем турнире в Ташкенте, Виктория во второй раз во взрослой карьере доходит до полуфинал турнира WTA, где уступает Сунь Тяньтянь из Китая. Год завершила в северо-американском турне напоследок дойдя до финала турнира ITF в Питтсбурге, где уступила представительнице Канады Александре Возняк.[24]", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nНа турнире G4 Siauliai \"Mayors Cup\" 2003 в Шяуляе Азаренко дошла до четвертьфинала одиночного разряда, где уступила Ирине Бурячок со счетом 6-2, 6-3. В парном разряде Азаренко начинает сотрудничество с другой сильнейшей белорусской теннисисткой этого поколения — Ольгой Говорцовой и завоевывает первый титул парного юниорского разряда.[4] На турнире G3 23rd Tashkent International Junior Tournament в Ташкенте Азаренко выигрывает свой первый турнир одиночного юниорского разряда, победив в финале Анастасию Жукову 6-2, 6-3.[5] В паре с Олесей Назаровой также становится чемпионкой данного турнира. На турнире G2 Tournoi International Junior de Triangle D'or во Франции в паре с Ольгой Говорцовой дошли до четвертьфинала.[6] На турнире G2 20th International Junior Tournament of Salsomaggiore в Италии дошла до финала одиночного разряда, где уступила Михаэлле Крайчек со счетом 6-4, 6-1.[7] В парном разряде вместе с Ольгой Говорцовой завоевали титул. На турнире GA 44th Italian Junior Open Trofeo Bonfiglio Campionati в Италии в матче 3-круга одиночного разряда уступила Вере Душевиной со счетом 7-5, 6-4. В парном разряде вместе сГоворцовой уступили в матче 2-круга.[8] На турнире G1 LTA International Junior Tennis Championships - Roehampton в Лондоне в матче 3-круга одиночного разряда уступила Алисе Клейбановой со счетом 6-0, 6-2. В парном разряде вместе с Говорцовой дошли до финала, где уступили Крайчек и Флипкенс со счетом 7-6(4), 6-4. .[9] На турнире G1 Canadian Open Junior Tennis Championships в Квебеке уступила в матче 2-круга одиночного разряда Мадалине Гойня со счетом 3-6, 7-5, 6-4. В парном разряде вместе с Говорцовой дошли до четвертьфинала.[10] На турнире G1 USTA International Winter Championships в Ки-Бискейне в четвертьфинальном матче одиночного разряда уступила Делиа Сескиореану 6-1, 6-4. В парном разряде вместе с Говорцовой дошли до четвертьфинала.[11] На турнире GA Orange Bowl в Майами уступила в матче 2-круга одиночного разряда Мадалине Гойня со счетом 6-1, 6-1. В парном разряде вместе с Говорцовой дошли до финала, где уступили Марине Эракович и Екатерине Косминскай в трех сетах 6-0, 4-6, 7-6(7).[12]", "Открытый чемпионат Катара по теннису среди женщин 2012 в одиночном разряде\nВиктория Азаренко — победительница турнира.", "Шарапова, Мария Юрьевна\nНа Австралийском чемпионате 2010 года Шарапова уже на старте проиграла соотечественнице Марии Кириленко. В феврале стала чемпионкой турнира в Мемфисе, где в финале обыграла Софию Арвидссон 6:2, 6:1. В мае победила в Страсбурге, переиграв в решающей встрече немку Кристину Барруа 7:5, 6:1. На Ролан Гаррос уже в третьем раунде Шарапова проиграла Энен. В июне традиционно приняла участие на турнире в Бирмингеме, где вышла в финал, проиграв китаянке Ли На 5:7, 1:6. На Уимблдоне уже в четвёртом раунде Шарапова проиграла лидеру мирового тенниса Серене Уильмс в двух сетах. В начале августа сыграла в финале хардового турнира в Станфорде, где её обыграла Виктория Азаренко 6:4, 6:1. Через две недели Шарапова в финале на турнире в Цинциннати в трёхсетовом матче — 6:2, 6:7(4), 266 — потерпела поражение от Ким Клейстерс).[14]. На Открытом чемпионате США выбыла в четвёртом раунде от датчанки Каролине Возняцки. Второй сезон подряд Шарапова завершила за пределами Топ-10, заняв 18-ю строчку.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nВ соревнованиях для теннисисток не старше 18 лет Виктория дебютирует в августе 2002 года на домашнем турнире G5 Belarus cup 2002 в Минске, где уступив в первом же матче одиночного разряда россиянке Ольге Пучковой. В паре с Ниной Маглатюк Виктория сразу же доходит до финала.[3]", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nНа следующем календарном турнире сезона — Roland Garros её посеяли 16-й. Относительно легко пройдя 3 матча (ни одного проигранного сета), в четвёртом ей вновь (как и в Майами) преградила путь Светлана Кузнецова. В парном турнире вместе с Пеер дошли до 1/4 финала, а вот в миксте удалось выиграть турнир — их дуэт с Бобом Брайаном стал не просто сильнейшим, но и сделал это, обыграв в полуфинале и финале 2 первые пары турнира (в полуфинале вторых сеянных — Пешке / Визнер и в финале — первых сеянных Среботник / Зимонич).", "Виджайя, Анжелик\nНа следующий год Анжелик поднялась в рейтинге на высшую в карьере 15-ю позицию после выхода в четвертьфинал Открытого чемпионата Австралии (также с Венто-Кабчи, с которой они уже были посеяны под шестым номером). Однако в дальнейшем ей не удалось добиться успехов, равнозначных прошлогодним, она ни разу не дошла до финала в турнирах WTA, и её лучшим результатом за остаток сезона стал выход с Венто-Кабчи во второй подряд четвертьфинал на Уимблдоне, где они уступили первой паре турнира — Вирхинии Руано и Паоле Суарес. К этому успеху она присовокупила аналогичное достижение на Открытом чемпионате Франции в смешанном парном разряде, где её партнёром был аргентинец Лукас Арнольд-Керр. Во втором круге они с Арнольдом-Керром переиграли посеянных шестыми Мартину Навратилову и Леандера Паеса, но в четвертьфинале их остановили будущие победители Татьяна Головин и Ришар Гаске. Ещё одно важное достижение было связано с Кубком Федерации: в июле Энджи, в круговом турнире игравшая только в парах, а потом в финале Азиатско-Тихоокеанской группы принесшая команде два очка в матче с новозеландками, практически в одиночку разгромила в плей-офф Мировой группы словенок, победив во всех трёх своих играх, и вывела Индонезию на следующий год в Мировую группу. В августе она приняла участие в Олимпиаде в Афинах, где камнем преткновения для неё дважды стала хорватка Каролина Шпрем, победившая её в первом круге в парном и во втором — в одиночном разряде.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nВ начале января 2016 года Виктория победила в турнире в Брисбене, уверенно переиграв в финале немку Кербер со счетом 6:3 и 6:1, ставшую в сентябре 2016 года первой ракеткой мира.", "Открытый чемпионат Франции по теннису 2006 в женском одиночном разряде\nОткрытый чемпионат Франции по теннису 2006 в женском одиночном разряде проводился в 99-й раз. В основной сетке было 128 участниц, 8 из которых получили wildcard от организаторов, а ещё 12 прошли через квалификацию.", "Кириленко, Мария Юрьевна\nНа Открытом чемпионате Австралии 2011 года Кириленко выбывает во втором раунде. В парном же разряде она смогла дойти до финала. Выступив на турнире в команде с Викторией Азаренко, в решающем матче Мария проигрывает дуэту Хисела Дулко и Флавия Пеннетта (6-2, 5-7, 1-6). В миксте совместно с сербом Ненадом Зимоничем она вышла в полуфинал. В начале мая Азаренко и Кириленко выиграли парный трофей на турнире высшей категории серии премьер в Мадриде. Перед Ролан Гаррос она вышла в четвертьфинал в Страсбурге. На самом же Открытом чемпионате Франции Кириленко смогла пройти в стадию четвёртого раунда, а в парном разряде с Азаренко попала в четвертьфинал. На Уимблдонском турнире россиянка в третьем раунде вышла на Серену Уильямс и проиграла ей в двух сетах. В конце июля Азаренко и Кириленко выиграли ещё один совместный титул на турнире в Станфорде, который стал для Марии 10 парным титулом на основных соревнованиях ассоциации. В августе их дуэт вышел в финал турнира в Торонто, но выступить в нём они не смогли из-за травмы Азаренко. На Открытом чемпионате США Кириленко вышла в четвёртый раунд, где проиграла итоговой победительнице того розыгрыша турнира Саманте Стосур. В парных соревнованиях она прошла в полуфинал в альянсе с Надеждой Петровой. В сентябре Кириленко выходит в полуфинал турнира в Гуанчжоу и четвертьфинал в Токио, где обыграла по пути к нему представительницу Топ-10 Саманту Стосур и сеянную на турнире Ану Иванович. Ещё одну победу над Стосур Мария одержала в начале октября на турнире в Пекине, где её результатом стал выход в 1/4 финала. В конце сезона Кириленко выступила в составе сборной России в финале Кубка Федерации против команды Чехии. Помочь своей сборной она не смогла и проиграла обе личных встречи и, таким образом, кубок выиграли чешки, победившие в финале с общим счётом 3-2.На Открытом чемпионате Австралии 2012 года Кириленко вышла в третий раунд, где после семи проигранных геймов подряд второй ракетки мира Петре Квитовой отказалась от продолжения матча. В начале феврале она смогла выйти в финал турнира в Паттайе, где уступила Даниэле Гантуховой — 7-6(4), 3-6, 3-6. В марте на премьер-турнире в Индиан-Уэллсе Мария вышла в 1/4 финала. На другом мартовском турнире той же категории в Майами она стала чемпионкой в парном разряде в альянсе с Надеждой Петровой. Кириленко и Петрова смогли выйти в парный финал на Открытом чемпионате Франции, но взять первый в карьере Большой шлем они не смогли и уступили итальянской паре Сара Эррани и Роберта Винчи со счётом 6-4, 4-6, 2-6. В одиночных соревнованиях Ролан Гарроса Мария проиграла на стадии второго раунда. В июне пара Кириленко и Петрова сыграла в финале турнира на траве в Хертогенбосе, где вновь уступила дуэту Винчи и Эррани. На Уимблдонском турнире Кириленко смогла победить Александру Каданцу, Лурдес Домингес Лино, Сорану Кирстя и Пэн Шуай, и впервые пройти в четвертьфинал этого турнира. В матче за выход в полуфинал Мария проиграла № 3 в мире Агеншке Радваньской. В июле Кириленко выступила на Олимпийских играх в Лондоне. В одиночном турнире она смогла выйти в полуфинал, пройдя таких соперниц, как Мариана Дуке-Мариньо, Хезер Уотсон, Юлия Гёргес и Петра Квитова. В полуфинале она проиграла соотечественнице Марии Шараповой и отправилась играть матч за третье место. В борьбе за медаль Кириленко также проиграла Виктории Азаренко. Но с Олимпиады без медали она не уехала. Стать призёром ей удалось в парном разряде, где Кириленко завоевала бронзовую медаль в паре с Надеждой Петровой.", "Звонарёва, Вера Игоревна\n2008 стал годом возвращения Звонарёвой в элиту. Начала она его с выхода в 1/4 финала в Окленде и попадания в финал в Хобарте, где она не сыграла титульный матч с Элени Данилиду из-за травмы лодыжки. На Открытом чемпионате Австралии россиянка оступилась уже в первом раунде. В феврале на турнире в Дохе Звонарёва смогла выиграть ряд сильных соперниц и выйти в финал. В решающем матче она проигрывает Марии Шараповой со счётом 1:6, 6:2, 0:6. В марте Звонарёва сыграла в четвертьфинала на турнирах в Бангалоре и Индиан-Уэллсе. На следующем турнире в Майами она сумела пройти в полуфинал. В апреле на турнире 1-й категории в Чарслстоне Вера смогла обыграть, начиная с третьего раунда № 11 в мире Марион Бартоли, № 5 Елену Янкович и № 8 Елену Дементьеву. В финале Звонарёва встретилась с американкой Сереной Уильямс и потерпела поражение со счётом 4:6, 6:3, 3:6. В начале мая россиянка выигрывает турнир в Праге, обыграв в финале Викторию Азаренко — 7-6(2), 6-2. На Открытом чемпионате Франции Звонарёва прошла в четвёртый раунд и на этой стадии проиграла Елене Дементьевой. На Уимблдонском турнире она выбыла уже во втором раунде, проиграв Тамарин Танасугарн. В июле на турнире в Станфорде Вера вышла в финал парных соревнований совместно с Еленой Весниной.", "Открытый чемпионат Франции по теннису 2012 в женском одиночном разряде\n10 турниров понадобилось Марии Шараповой, чтобы пробиться в решающий матч французского турнира Большого шлема. На Уимблдоне она была в финале со второй попытки, в США — с 4-й, в Австралии — с 5-й.", "Веснина, Елена Сергеевна\nВ парных соревнованиях Веснина закрепляется в статусе одной из сильнейших теннисисток в этом разряде. На фоне результатов года выделяется грунтовая серия соревнований, проведённая с белорусской Викторией Азаренко — сыгравшись на двух турнирах премьер-серии, дуэт затем доходит до финала на Roland Garros, обыграв по дороге две пары китаянок, Елена и Виктория не находят контраргументов в решающей встрече против испанок Вирхинии Руано Паскуаль и Анабель Медины Гарригес, взяв у них за матч лишь два гейма.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nГод начала на выставочном турнире в Гонконге, затем был сыгран первый официальный турнир — в Сиднее, где удалось дойти до полуфинала, уступив будущей победительнице Елене Дементьевой из России.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nАзаренко завершила год седьмой в мире с результатом выигранных/проигранных матчей 45-15, имея три выигранных титула в одиночном разряде и два в парном. Виктория впервые в карьере отобралась на Итоговый турнир WTA.", "Andalucia Tennis Experience 2010\n1-й сеянной в одиночном турнире была Виктория Азаренко (тогдашняя 7-я ракетка мира).", "Арруабаррена-Весино, Лара\nНа дебютном Открытом чемпионате Австралии в 2013 году Арруабаррена выбывает уже в первом раунде. В феврале она смогла выиграть трофей младшей серии WTA 125 в Кали. На турнире в Боготе, где испанка победила в прошлом году, она на этот раз завершает выступления на стадии четвертьфинала. На турнире Премьер-серии в Индиан-Уэллсе Лара смогла выиграть три матча, в том числе и у 16-й в мире на тот момент Роберты Винчи. В четвёртом раунде её остановила вторая сеяная на турнире Мария Шарапова. В апреле Лара выигрывает парные соревнования турнира в Катовице (совместно с Лурдес Домингес Лино). Следующий раз на корт вышла через три месяца, когда началась травяная часть сезона. На Уимблдонском турнире она проигрывает в первом раунде Лесе Цуренко. Также на старте Арруабаррена проиграла на Открытом чемпионате США. В сентябре она выходит в полуфинал турнира в Сеуле. По итогам года она заняла последнее место в Топ-100.На Австралийском чемпионате 2014 года испанка вновь выбывает в первом раунде. В апреле в Боготе она доходит до четвертьфинала, начав турнир с квалификации, а в парном разряде выигрывает титул в дуэте с Каролин Гарсией. В июле она выходит в четвертьфинал турниров в Бухаресте и Бостаде. В августе она смогла победить на 100-тысячнике ITF в Боготе. В сентябре совместно с румынской теннисисткой Ириной-Камелией Бегу выигрывает парные соревнования в Сеуле.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nПоследовавшие за этим два американских супертурнира стали триумфальными — в Индиан-Уэллсе удалось добиться полуфинала в одиночном турнире (обыграв по ходу вторую ракетку мира Динару Сафину) и титула в парном (вместе с обидчицей по полуфиналу одиночного турнира Верой Звонарёвой). Эти результаты позволил войти в Top10 одиночного рейтинга.[33] Причём, она стала лишь второй теннисисткой из Белоруссии (после Натальи Зверевой (ещё во времена СССР). которая смогла столь высоко подняться в рейтинге[33]).", "Открытый чемпионат Австралии по теннису\nЖенщины: (6-0 6-0) Маргарет Корт — 4 раза (1961, 1963, 1969-70) Венди Тёрнбулл — 3 раза (1974, 1985) Мари Пьерс — 2 раза (1998) Ким Клейстерс — 2 раза (2007, 2011) Мария Шарапова — 2 раза (2013) Доминика Цибулкова — 1 раз (2009) Вера Звонарева — 1 раз (2009) Мария Хосе Мартинес Санчес — 1 раз (2010) Марион Бартоли — 1 раз (2011) Серена Уильямс — 1 раз (2013) Анника Бек — 1 раз (2014)", "Открытый чемпионат Австралии по теннису 2013\n Виктория Азаренко обыграла Ли На со счётом 4-6, 6-4, 6-3.", "Уильямс, Винус\nАвстралийский чемпионат 2003 года также ознаменовался полным преимуществом сестёр Уильямс. Они разыграли в финале главный титул, который вновь выиграла Серена, а также выиграли парные соревнования. В феврале Винус победила на турнире в Антверпене, выиграв в титульном матче у Ким Клейстерс (6-2, 6-4). В мае она сыграла финал в Варшаве, но проиграла его француженке Амели Моресмо. На Открытом чемпионате Франции Винус неожиданно уступает в четвёртом раунде россиянке Вере Звонарёвой 6-2, 2-6, 4-6, прервав тем самым серию выходов в финалы турниров серии Большого шлема, насчитывающую 4 финала подряд. Но уже через месяц на Уимблдонском турнире она вновь оказалась в финале, где опять проиграла своей сестре Серене 6-4, 4-6, 2-6. После Уимблдона Винус не может принять участие в туре до конца сезона из-за травмы. Этот большой перерыв способствовал тому, что американка вылетела из Топ-10, заняв по итогам сезона 11-ю строчку.После полугодового перерыва Винус возвращается на корт в январе 2004 года на Открытом чемпионате Австралии. В итоге прошлогодняя финалистка выбывает в третьем раунде, уступив Лизе Реймонд. На турнирах в Токио, Дубае и Майами её результатом становится выход в четвертьфинал. В апреле на грунтовом турнире в Чарлстоне Винус смогла выиграть главный приз, обыграв в финале Кончиту Мартинес. В мае она взяла ещё один трофей на турнире в Варшаве, разыграв его со Светланой Кузнецовой. На турнире в Берлине Уильямс вновь проходит в финал, но отказывается от участия в нём из-за травмы и титул таким образом достался Амели Моресмо. На Открытом чемпионате Франции Винус в четвертьфинале проиграла итоговой победительнице того турнира Анастасии Мыскиной.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nПосле месячного перерыва Виктория начала грунтовой сезон — в Штуттгарте пришлось зачехлить ракетку после второго раунда, когда не удалось переиграть Хиселу Дулко. Затем в Риме Виктория дошла до полуфинала, где не смогла переиграть Светлану Кузнецову. В Мадриде, на фоне небольшой травмы, она уступила в третьем круге Агнеш Савай. Однако, это повреждение не помешало ей подойти в должной форме к Roland Garros.", "Дюрр, Франсуаза\nИгровая карьера Дюрр включает любительский и профессиональный период. Пиком её выступлений в статусе теннисистки-любительницы стал чемпионат Франции 1967 года, когда она стала чемпионкой и в одиночном разряде (переиграв в четвертьфинале Марию Буэно, а в финале Лесли Тёрнер), и в женских парах. Её победа в одиночном разряде стала последней, одержанной французской теннисисткой на «Ролан Гаррос» до 2000 года, когда Открытый чемпионат Франции выиграла Мари Пьерс. В этом же году Дюрр выиграла также чемпионат Германии и стала полуфиналисткой чемпионата США.", "Рыбарикова, Магдалена\nСезон 2016 года оказался для Рыбариковой коротким, закончившись сразу после Уимблдона. Её высшим достижением в этом году стал четвертьфинал на премьер-турнире в Индиан-Уэллсе, куда словацкая теннисистка, занимавшая в рейтинге 97-е место, попала после побед над восьмой и десятой ракетками мира (Белинда Бенчич и Роберта Винчи соответственно), прежде чем проиграть будущей чемпионке Виктории Азаренко со счётом 6-0, 6-0; такой односторонний счёт был результатом травмы, полученной Рыбариковой по ходу игры. На Открытом чемпионате Австралии Рыбарикова выбыла из борьбы во втором круге, на Открытом чемпионате Франции и Уимблдонском турнире — в первом.", "Открытый чемпионат Франции по теннису 2015 в женском одиночном разряде\nЧехия и Чехословакия смогли провести свою представительницу в титульный матч впервые с 1981 года.\n Сара Эррани \"(Четвертьфинал)\n Светлана Кузнецова \"(Второй раунд)\n Элина Свитолина \"(Четвертьфинал)\n Сабина Лисицки \"(Третий раунд)\n Гарбинье Мугуруса \"(Четвертьфинал)\n Барбора Стрыцова \"(Первый раунд)\n Тимея Бачински \"(Полуфинал)\n Пэн Шуай \"(Первый раунд, отказ)\"\n Елена Янкович \"(Первый раунд)\n Саманта Стосур \"(Третий раунд)\n Виктория Азаренко \"(Третий раунд)\n Флавия Пеннетта \"(Четвёртый раунд)\n Ализе Корне \"(Четвёртый раунд)\n Ирина-Камелия Бегу \"(Третий раунд)\n Каролин Гарсия \"(Первый раунд)\n Зарина Дияс \"(Второй раунд) Фиона Ферро \"(Первый раунд)\n Амандин Эсс \"(Второй раунд)\n Матильда Юханссон \"(Первый раунд)\n Бетани Маттек-Сандс \"(Первый раунд, PR) Йоханна Конта \"(Первый раунд)\n Петра Мартич \"(Первый раунд)\n Тельяна Перейра \"(Второй раунд)\n Дина Пфиценмайер \"(Первый раунд)\n Оливия Роговска \"(Первый раунд)\n Вероника Сепеде Роиг \"(Первый раунд) Доминика Цибулкова Виржини Раззано \"(Второй раунд)", "Открытый чемпионат Франции по теннису 2006 в одиночном разряде среди девушек\nОткрытый чемпионат Франции по теннису 2006 в одиночном разряде среди девушек проводился в 54-й раз. В основной сетке было 64 участницы, 8 из которых получили wildcard от организаторов, а ещё 8 прошли через квалификацию.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nПобедная серия зимой-весной 2016 года Виктории достигла результата — 26 побед. Её рейтинг WTA из третьего десятка быстро поднялся до пятого места. Серия побед вывела Азаренко на первое место в Чемпионской гонки (отбор на Сингапур-2016) в апреле.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nСкоротечный травяной сезон был начат в Хертогенбосе (Нидерланды), где Виктория на старте уступила 8-й ракетке мира и будущей победительнице турнира Анне Чакветадзе. И закончен на Уимблдоне, где она доходит до третьего раунда, снова уступая Вайдишовой (на тот момент 14-й ракетке мира).", "Звонарёва, Вера Игоревна\nНа Открытом чемпионате Австралии 2010 года Звонарёва вышла в четвёртый раунд, проиграв на этой стадии Виктории Азаренко. После Австралии она во второй раз подряд выиграла турнир в Таиланде — в Паттайе. В финале Вера выиграла у «хозяйки кортов» Тамарин Танасугарн (6:4, 6:4). Этот титул стал десятым на турнирах WTA в спортивной карьере Звонарёвой. Через неделю россиянка вышла в четвертьфинал турнира в Дубае, где снова проиграла Азаренко. В апреле на первом для себя грунтовом турнире в Чарлстоне Звонарёва вышла в финал, пройдя в 1/2 финала вторую в мире на тот момент Каролину Возняцки (датчанка снялась в первом сете при счёте 5-2 в пользу Звонарёвой). В титульном матче Вера проиграла австралийской теннисистке Саманте Стосур — 0:6, 3:6. На Ролан Гаррос она выбыла во втором раунде. В июле 2010 года на Уимблдонском турнире Звонарёва впервые в карьере вышла в финал турнира Большого шлема в одиночном разряде. Будучи только 21-й сеяной Вера в финале встретилась с первой ракеткой мира Сереной Уильямс из США и не сумела помешать той выиграть 4-й в карьере Уимблдонский турнир в одиночном разряде. Там же на Уимблдоне россиянка вышла в финал и в парном разряде, но в паре с Еленой Весниной уступила американо-казахстанской паре Ваня Кинг и Ярослава Шведова — 6:7(6), 2:6. Для Звонарёвой это был второй в карьере финал турнира Большого шлема в женском парном разряде.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nФиниш сезона оказался скоротечным и вместил в себя 3 турнира на границе сентября/октября. В Люксембурге она доходит до 1/4 финала, попутно переиграв Агнешку Радваньскую и Надежду Петрову (Более чем уверенно — 6-2, 6-1 — это ещё была и первая победа над игроком Top10). В 1/4 финала её останавливает Вера Звонарёва. В паре (вместе с Шахар Пеер) доходит до финала. На следующей неделе в Ташкенте (Узбекистан) она добивается второго в карьере финала турнира WTA (хотя и была посеяна на турнире под первым номером). Год завершился на турнире 1-й категории в Москве (Россия). Во втором раунде удаётся переиграть 4-ю ракетку мира Марию Шарапову — 7-6 (9-7) 6-2, отыграв 6 сетпойнтов в первом сете.[27] В четвертьфинале же она вынуждена сложить оружие перед будущей победительницей турнира Еленой Дементьевой. В парном же турнире, Виктория вместе с соотечественницей Татьяной Пучек доходит до финала, где уступает лишь на супер-тай-брейке паре Лизель Хубер / Кара Блэк (на тот момент третьей паре мира)- 6-4 1-6 [7-10]. В конце года удалось подняться на 27-е место в одиночном рейтинге и на 29-е — в парном.", "Арруабаррена-Весино, Лара\nВ розыгрыше Австралийского чемпионата 2015 года Лара впервые преодолевает первый раунд, закончив выступления на турнире во втором. В феврале в паре с Марией-Тересой Торро-Флор побеждает на турнире в Акапулько. В апреле 2015 года она сыграла первые матчи за Сборную Испании в розыгрыше Кубка Федерации. В том же месяце на грунтовом турнире в Марракеше Арруабаррена вышла в четвертьфинал, а в мае в Нюрнберге дошла до полуфинала. На Открытом чемпионате Франции в первом раунде уступает Тимее Бачински. На Уимблдонском турнире выходит во второй раунд, где проигрывает Камиле Джорджи. В июле в шведском Бостаде во втором раунде она смогла выиграть вторую сеяную на турнире Саманту Стосур 7-6(5), 6-0 и пройти в полуфинал турнира. На Открытом чемпионате США в одиночном разряде она выбывает в первом раунде, а в парных соревнованиях, выступая с Андреей Клепач, впервые добралась до четвертьфинала Большого шлема. Затем со словенской теннисисткой она выигрывает парные соревнования в Сеуле. Сезон 2015 года она завершает четвёртый год подряд в Топ-100, заняв 86-е место. В парном рейтинге она впервые по итогам года поднялась до 31-й строчки.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nТурнир в Дохе Азаренко провела на высоком уровне, отдав соперницам лишь 18 геймов по ходу турнира, где в финале одолела Саманту Стосур 6-1, 6-2. На кортах Индиан-Уэллса беспроигрышная серия белорусской спортсменки продолжается. В финале одиночного разряда этого турнира Азаренко переиграла Марию Шарапову 6-2, 6-3 и довела серию до 23 победных матчей. В паре с Квитовой дошли до 2-круга и снялись с турнира. Это было единственное выступление Азаренко в парном разряде. В Майами она достигла лишь четвертьфинала, где уступила Марион Бартоли 6-3, 6-3 и прервала серию на 26 победах.", "Открытый чемпионат Эшторила по теннису 2007\nПервым номером посева в женском одиночном турнире стала Марион Бартоли (№ 24 в мире на тот момент). Француженка уверенно выиграла пару матчей, но в четвертьфинале вынуждена была прекратить борьбу из-за болей в области брюшных мышц; в её отсутствие титул разыграли Грета Арн и Виктория Азаренко: немецкая спортсменка, начав соревнование с квалификации, смогла не только добраться до финала, но и переиграть там на решающем тай-брейке белорусскую спортсменку, а до этого выиграть затяжную встречу у ещё одного прогрессирующей юной теннисистки: во втором раунде взяв верх над Каролиной Возняцки. Обе участницы решающего матча впервые сыграли в титульной игре на подобном уровне.", "Бондаренко, Катерина Владимировна\nПосле этого успеха сёстры Бондаренко стали победительницами парных соревнований в Париже. Там же, но в одиночном разряде, Катерина смогла выйти в четвертьфинал. На Открытом чемпионате Франции 2008 года она проиграла в первом раунде Динаре Сафиной, а в парном розыгрыше Алёна и Катерина Бондаренко смогли выйти в полуфинал. В июне Катерина смогла выиграть свой первый и пока единственный индивидуальный титул на соревнованиях WTA. Происходит это на травяном турнире в Бирмингеме, где на пути к главному призу соревнований украинская спортсменка переиграла Энн Кеотавонг, Саманту Стосур, Мелинду Цинк, Петру Цетковскую, Марину Эракович и в финале бельгийку Янину Викмайер (7-6(7), 3-6, 7-6(4)). На Уимблдонском турнире Бондаренко проигрывает на стадии второго раунда Светлане Кузнецовой. В августе Катерина приняла участие в первых для себя Олимпийских играх, которые проходили в Пекине. В одиночных соревнованиях она проиграла уже на старте россиянке Елене Дементьевой, которая по итогу стала Олимпийской чемпионкой. В парном разряде сёстры Бондаренко остановились в шаге от медалей Олимпиады. Они смогли выйти в полуфинал, где проиграли ещё одним сёстрам Винус и Серене Уильямс, а в борьбе за бронзовую медаль уступили китаянкам Чжэн Цзе и Янь Цзы. На Открытом чемпионате США Катерина уже в первом раунде сразилась с Сереной Уильямс и проиграла ей. По итогам сезона она заняла 63-е место в одиночном и 10-е в парном рейтингах.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nНачав год 96-й ракеткой мира, Азаренко стартовала с серии австралийских турниров. Сначала была квалификация турнира в Хобарте, где она уступая 3-6, 2-5 отказалась от продолжения борьбы в матче против Эммануэль Гальярди из Швейцарии. Далее был Australian Open, где она второй раз подряд дошла до третьего раунда одиночного турнира Большого Шлема, попутно обыграв Марион Бартоли (во втором раунде), прежде чем проиграть 11-й ракетке мира Елене Янкович из Сербии.", "Иванович, Ана\nПервым турниром для Иванович в качестве первой ракетки мира стал Уимблдон 2008 года, где она проиграла уже на стадии третьего раунда. После вылета с Открытого чемпионата США во втором раунде Ана потеряла место лидера в женском теннисе. В октябре она вышла в полуфинал в Цюрихе, а затем выиграл титул в Линце, обыграв в финале Веру Звонарёву (6-2, 6-1). На Итоговом турнире Иванович проиграла два матча Елене Янкович и Вере Звонарёвой и затем снялась с турнира из-за вирусной инфекции. По итогам сезона она заняла пятую строчку рейтинга.В начале январе 2009 года Иванович сыграла в Брисбене, где вышла в четвертьфинал. На Австралийском чемпионате она проиграла в третьем раунде Алисе Клейбановой. В феврале на турнире в Дубае она вышла в четвертьфинал. На престижном турнире в Индиан-Уэллсе Ана остановилась в шаге от защиты прошлогоднего титула. В финальном матче она проиграла россиянке Вере Звонарёвой — 6-7(5), 2-6. В мае на Открытом чемпионате Франции Иванович также не смогла защитить свой статус чемпионки и уже в четвёртом раунде она проиграла Виктории Азаренко. Потеря большого количества рейтинговых очков лишила сербскую теннисистку места в Топ-10. На Уимблдоне она проиграла Винус Уильямс также на стадии четвёртого раунда. Открытый чемпионат США и вовсе завершился для Иванович в первом раунде.", "Раззано, Виржини\nВиржини Раззано (, родилась 12 мая 1983 года в Дижоне, Франция) — французская профессиональная теннисистка; победительница трёх турниров WTA (два — в одиночном разряде); победительница двух юниорских турниров Большого шлема в одиночном разряде (Открытый чемпионат Франции-1999, Открытый чемпионат Франции-2000); победительница одного юниорского турнира Большого шлема в парном разряде (Открытый чемпионат Австралии-1999); бывшая вторая ракетка мира в парном юниорском рейтинге; бывшая третья ракетка мира в одиночном юниорском рейтинге.", "Звонарёва, Вера Игоревна\nСезон 2003 года Звонарёва начинает с выхода в четвертьфинал турниров в Окленде и Хобарте. В марте на турнире 1-й категории в Индиан-Уэллсе она также вышла в четвертьфинал. В апреле до этой же стадии она добралась на турнире в Чарлстоне. В мае Вера выиграла первый в карьере титул WTA. Произошло это на грунтовом турнире в Боле, где в финале она выиграла у испанской теннисистки Кончиту Мартинес Гранадос — 6:1, 6:3. Через неделю после этой победы Звонарёва на турнире 1-й категории в Берлине впервые выиграла у теннисистки из Топ-10. Она нанесла поражение № 10 в мире на тот момент Анастасии Мыскиной, а в целом прошла в четвертьфинал. За неделю до Открытого чемпионата Франции на турнире в Страсбурге россиянка вышла в четвертьфинал. На самом же Ролан Гаррос Вера оформила первый выход в четвертьфинал Большого шлема, переиграв в четвёртом раунде третью ракетку турнира американку Винус Уильямс со счётом 2:6, 6:2, 6:4. В 1/4 финала Звонарёва уступила своей соотечественнице Надежде Петровой — 1:6 6:4 3:6. После выступления во Франции она смогла впервые войти в Топ-20 мирового рейтинга.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nСтоль же удачно прошла серия европейских грунтовых турниров. В Марбелье спортсменка снова взяла титул обыграв в финале Бегу 6-3, 6-2. На турнире в Штутгарте в матче 2-круга была вынуждена снятся из-за травмы правого плеча[46]. В Мадриде Виктория добирается до финала одиночного разряда, где в равной борьбе уступает чешке Петре Квитовой) 7-6, 6-4. В парном разряде завоевали титул вместе с Марией Кириленко в финале одолев Пешке и Среботник 6-4, 6-3. На турнире в Риме дошла до четвертьфинала, где в третий раз за три месяца не доигрfла матч из-за проблем со здоровьем[47]. Главный старт грунтового сезона на кортах Roland Garros белоруска начала весьма уверенно, не проиграв в первых четырёх матчах ни сета, но в четвертьфинале одиночного разряда Азаренко вновь, как и в Австралии, встретилась с китаянкой Ли На и вновь не смогла достойно сопротивляться сопернице, проиграв 5-7 2-6. В парном разряде с Кириленко смогли достичь четвертьфинала, где проиграли паре из США Хубер и Реймонд в трех сетах 6-4, 4-6, 6-4.", "BNP Paribas Open 2016\nВ женском одиночном турнире, как и в мужском, выступило восемь теннисисток из первой десятки. Не смогли принять участие в соревнованиях седьмая ракетка мира Мария Шарапова, сославшись на травму предплечья. Однако уже в день старта турнира 7 марта россиянка на своей пресс-кофренции объявила, что её проба на допинг во время проведения Открытого чемпионата Австралии этого года дала положительный результат. В её крови был обнаружен запрещенный c 1 января препарат Милдронат. Помимо Шараповой перед стартом турнира также снялась шестая теннисистка в мире Карла Суарес Наварро, которая сослалась на травму правой лодыжки. Прошлогодняя победительница соревнований Симона Халеп защищала свой титул под пятым номером посева и добралась до четвертьфинала, где проиграла лидеру женского тенниса Серене Уильямс. Американка в итоге смогла дойти до финала, где её соперницей стала Виктория Азаренко (№ 13 посева). Белорусская спортсменка смогла обыграть главного фаворита турнира в двух сетах. Азаренко выигрывает главный трофей Индиан-Уэллса во второй раз в карьере (до этого в 2012 году). В основной сетке турнира приняло участие пять россиянок, лучше всех смогла выступить Дарья Касаткина, которая пробилась в четвертьфинал, где уступила Каролине Плишковой.", "Открытый чемпионат Франции по теннису 2012 в женском одиночном разряде\nСара Эррани повторила достижение Мари Пьерс 2005 года, пробившись в финал с 21 номером посева. В 2006-11 годах столь низкосеянной теннисистки в решающем матче не было.", "Открытый чемпионат Катара по теннису среди женщин 2014 в одиночном разряде\nДобравшись до третьего раунда турнира, Ли На поднялась на вторую строчку мирового рейтинга, потеснив не приехавшую защищать прошлогодний титул Викторию Азаренко. Таким образом, Ли стала первой азиатской теннисисткой, которая расположилась настолько высоко в рейтинге.", "Моресмо, Амели\nПосле Уимблдона Моресмо взяла паузу и вышла на корт в конце августа. На Открытом чемпионате США она смогла выйти в полуфинал, но проиграла в нём Марии Шараповой. В конце сентября француженка сыграла в финале турнира в Пекине, но не смогла там переиграть Светлану Кузнецову (4-6, 0-6). В концовке сезона она не смогла защитить прошлогодний титул на Итоговом чемпионате, однако смогла принять участие в финальном матче. В решающий момент её обыграла Жюстин Энен-Арденн (4-6 3-6). Бельгийка по итогам сезона заняла первое место в рейтинге, а Моресмо опустилась на третью строчку, пропустив вперёд ещё и Марию Шарапову.После ярко проведенного сезона 2006 года спортивные результаты Моресмо пошли на спад. Уже на Открытом чемпионате Австралии 2007 года она не смогла защитить прошлогодний титул, проиграв на стадии четвёртого раунда Луции Шафаржовой. В феврале она сыграла в полуфинале в Париже и смогла защитить титул в Антверпене, где в финале победила Ким Клейстерс (6-4 7-6(4)). На турнире в Дубае Амели прошла в финал, где уступила ещё одной бельгийской теннисистке Жюстин Энен (4-6, 5-7). Свой следующий финал она сыграла в преддверии Ролан Гаррос в конце мая на турнире в Страсбурге, где была обыграна испанской теннисисткой Анабель Мединой Гарригес. Перед Уимблдоном Моресмо сыграла в финале турнира в Истборне и проиграла Жюстин Энен (5-7 7-6(4) 6-7(2)). Защитить титул Уимблдона её не удалось, как и в Австралии она выбыла на стадии четвёртого раунда, уступив на этот раз Николь Вайдишовой. Открытый чемпионат США Моресмо пришлось пропустить и она вернулась в тур в конце сентября, но выступала не слишком удачно и завершила сезон 2007 года за пределами Топ-10.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nВ январе 2014 года Виктория выступает на Открытом чемпионате Австралии по теннису, где в четвертьфинале проигрывает Агнешке Радваньской со счётом 6-1, 5-7, 6-0. Таким образом защитить титул ей не удалось, что ведет к потере 1570 очков в рейтинге WTA. Азаренко оставляет за собой вторую строчку, но преимущество над третьим местом всего лишь 9 очков. Белоруска была вынуждена сняться с турниров в Дохе и Дубае из-за травмы стопы. В марте спортсменка принимает участие в турнире в Индиан-Уэллсе (США), где проигрывает в 1/32 финала американке Лорен Дэвис со счётом 6-0, 7-6(2). В рейтинге она располагается уже на 4 строчке. Виктория берет паузу, чтобы заняться лечением травмированной стопы. Следующим её испытанием становится турнир в Истборне, но и тут Азаренко проигрывает в первом же матче Камиле Джорджи со счётом 4-6, 6-3, 7-5. В конце июня Виктория выступает на Уимблдонском турнире. Здесь ей удается дойти до 1/32 финала где она проигывает Бояне Йовановски со счетом 6-3, 3-6, 7-5. После этого она отправляется на турнир в Станфорд. Не получается у Виктории и здесь - проигрывает в первом же матче Винус Уильямс со счетом 6-4, 7-6(1). В августе месяце Азаренко примет участие в двух турнирах: Открытом чемпионате Канады по теннису и Открытом чемпионате США по теннису. В обоих турнирах она уступит в четвертьфинале. В Монреале - Агнешке Радваньской со счетом 6-2, 6-2 и в Флашинг Медоус - Екатерине Макаровой со счётом 6-4, 6-2. Виктория опустится в рейтинге уже на 17 строчку. Последним турниром в 2014 году будет Toray Pan Pacific Open. В 1/8 финала она проиграет Ане Иванович со счетом 6-3, 6-4. Таким образом в 2014 году Виктория не выиграла ни одного турнира, имела три поражения в первых же матчах, 8 раз снялась с турниров и упала в рейтинге до 31 места. Причиной такого неудачного сезона в определенной степени стали повреждения обоих стоп и правого колена.", "Звонарёва, Вера Игоревна\nНа Уимблдонском турнире 2011 года его прошлогодняя финалистка проиграла в третьем раунде Цветане Пиронковой, которую в прошлогоднем розыгрыше обыграла в полуфинале. В июле Звонарёва выиграла второй титул в сезоне, взяв его на турнире в Баку. В финале нового турнира WTA Звонарёва обыграла соотечественницу Ксению Первак (6:1, 6:4), став первой победительницей женского турнира в Азербайджане. В начале августа Звонарёва в финале турнира в Карлсбаде проиграла Агнешке Радваньской 3:6, 4:6. На турнире в Цинциннати проиграла в полуфинале Марии Шараповой. На Открытом чемпионате США вышла в четвертьфинал, где проиграла Саманте Стосур, которая в том розыгрыше впервые взяла титул Большого шлема. В конце сентября 26-летняя россиянка вышла в финал на турнире в Токио. В полуфинале она обыграла действующую чемпионку Уимблдона Петру Квитову (7:6(2), 6:0), а в финале уступила Агнешке Радваньской 3:6, 2:6. В октябре на кубке Кремля Звонарёва проиграла в четвертьфинале словацкой теннисистке Цибулковой. На Итоговый турнир в Стамбул Звонарёва приехала в качестве шестой ракетки мира. В своей группе она проиграла № 3 Петре Квитовой и № 8 Агнешке Радваньской и обыграла № 1 Каролину Возняцки. Несмотря на отрицательный баланс побед, Звонарёва вышла в полуфинал по дополнительным показателям при равенстве побед у трёх спортсменок. В 1/2 финала она в двух сетах проиграла № 4 Виктории Азаренко и завершила сезон на седьмой строчке рейтинга.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nВ 2005 году, удачно проведя серию турниров в США, Виктория прорывается в Top300. В дальнейшем, на соревнованиях ITF в Европе, Виктория добирает рейтинговые очки и к началу сентября вплотную приближается к месту в Top200. Чуть позже, на соревнованиях в Гуанчжоу, белорусская теннисистка впервые проходит квалификацию на турнирах WTA и, в итоге, добирается до полуфинала, попутно переиграв двух игроков Top100. Данный успех позволяет войти и закрепиться в Top200 и обеспечить себе место в квалификации Australian Open.", "Открытый чемпионат Австралии по теннису 2012 в женском одиночном разряде\nВиктория Азаренко становится первой с 2004 года теннисисткой выигравшей не только Australian Open, но и непосредственно предшествующий ему турнир в Сиднее.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nВо время осенней части сезона Виктория отмечается в полуфинале турнира P5 в Токио и выигрывает турнир в Москве, что позволяет ей завершить год в Top10 одиночного рейтинга и отобраться на итоговый турнир в Доху.", "Открытый чемпионат Франции по теннису 2016\nВ женском турнире фаворитом была Серена Уильямс, которая могла повторить достижение легендарной Штеффи Граф и выиграть 22-й титул на Турнирах Большого шлема. Однако последние два мэйджора американка выиграть не смогла, а в сезоне 2016 смогла выиграть лишь один турнир в Риме. Главными соперницами Серены стали Ангелика Кербер, выигравшая у титулованной американской теннисистки в финале Открытого чемпионата Австралии, и Агнешка Радваньская. Эти теннисистки могли бы завоевать звание первой ракетки мира, если бы Серена проиграла на ранних стадиях, а они бы дошли до решающих матчей. К фаворитам относились румынка Симона Халеп, которая выиграла турнир в Мадриде, и испанка Гарбинье Мугуруса, которая добиралась до четвертьфинала французского чемпионата два предыдущих года.", "Арруабаррена-Весино, Лара\nВ феврале 2012 года 19-летняя испанская теннисистка выигрывает дебютный титул WTA. Происходит это на турнире в Боготе, где она в финале обыграла Александру Панову 6-2, 7-5. Этот успех позволил Арруабаррене в мировом рейтинге сразу подняться со 174-й до 108-й строчки. В мае того же года, пройдя три квалификационных раунда, проходит на Открытый чемпионат Франции, который стал первым в её карьере взрослым турниром серии Большого шлема. В первом раунде того розыгрыша она попадает на 14-ю в мире Ану Иванович и проигрывает, взяв за матч всего два гейма. В августе Лара также через квалификацию попадает на Открытый чемпионат США и в первом раунде обыграла Шахар Пеер, а во втором уступила Елене Янкович. После выступлений в США она впервые входит в Топ-100 мирового рейтинга, а сезон завершает на высоком для себя 77-м месте.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nНа Australian Open в одиночном разряде дошла до 4-круга, где не смогла переиграть Ли На) 6-3, 6-3. Относительная свобода, после проигрыша в одиночном разряде, позволила высвободить дополнительные силы на пару. В парном разряде вместе с Кириленко дошли до финала, где проиграли первым сеяным турнира Хисела Дулко и Флавия Пеннетта в трех сетах 2-6, 7-5, 6-1.", "Открытый чемпионат Франции по теннису 2012 в женском одиночном разряде\nПосле выхода в финал Мария Шарапова впервые с 8 июня 2008 года возглавила одиночный рейтинг WTA.\n Роберта Винчи \"(Первый раунд)\n Флавия Пеннетта \"(Третий раунд)\n Елена Янкович \"(Второй раунд)\n Луция Шафаржова \"(Второй раунд)\n Сара Эррани \"(Финал)\n Анастасия Павлюченкова \"(Третий раунд)\n Кайя Канепи \"(Четвертьфинал)\n Петра Цетковская \"(Второй раунд)\n Юлия Гёргес \"(Третий раунд)\n Светлана Кузнецова \"(Четвёртый раунд)\n Надежда Петрова \"(Третий раунд)\n Пэн Шуай \"(Третий раунд)\n Анабель Медина Гарригес \"(Третий раунд)\n Мона Бартель \"(Первый раунд)\n Чжэн Цзе \"(Второй раунд)\n Моника Никулеску \"(Первый раунд) Ирэна Павлович \"(Второй раунд)\n Араван Резаи \"(Первый раунд)\n Клер Фёэрстен \"(Второй раунд)\n Виктория Ларрьер \"(Первый раунд) Хезер Уотсон \"(Второй раунд)\n Чжан Шуай \"(Первый раунд)\n Чжань Юнжань \"(Второй раунд)\n Ярослава Шведова \"(Четвертьфинал)\n Хейди Эль Табах \"(Первый раунд)\n Лора Робсон \"(LL, Первый раунд)\n Сесиль Каратанчева \"(LL, Второй раунд) Ким Клейстерс \"(Разрыв мышц бедра)\n Андреа Петкович \"(Травма голеностопа)\n Агнеш Савай\n Сильвия Солер-Эспиноса Магдалена Рыбарикова \"(Первый раунд)", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nВ соревнованиях взрослого тура Азаренко дебютирует осенью 2003 года, сыграв несколько 10-тысячников в Израиле. На этих соревнованиях белорусская теннисистка одерживает свою первую победу — вместе с Говорцовой выигран мелкий турнир в Рамат-ха-Шароне.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nВ дальнейшем улучшила свои результаты на серии турниров в США: сначала Виктория дошла до четвертьфинала одиночного разряда в Индиан-Уэллсе, где в матче против Каролины Возняцки была вынуждена сняться из-за травмы ноги[45]., из-за которой не приняла участие в полуфинале парного разряда вместе с Кириленко. Далее на турнире в Майами смогла завоевать титул обыграв в финале Шарапову со счетом 6-1, 6-4.", "Радваньская, Агнешка\nВ начале сезона полька продолжила показывать стабильно высокие результаты: на серии турниров в Австралии Агнешка доходит до полуфинала соревнования в Сиднее и четвертьфинала на Australian Open. Оба раза турнирный путь Радваньской заканчивается в матчах против Виктории Азаренко, которая затем завоёвывала титулы чемпионки этих соревнований. Помимо этого полька одержала ещё одну локальную победу — в Сиднее, впервые за шесть совместных официальных поединков, была обыграна тогдашняя первая ракетка мира Каролина Возняцки. Последующая хардовая серия была отмечена очередным поражением от Азаренко (в полуфинале турнира в Дохе) и первым в сезоне титулом (на соревновании в Дубае на пути к главному трофею были обыграны Елена Янкович и Юлия Гёргес). Следом Агнешка сыграла серию из трёх турниров в США: сначала полька дошла до четвертьфинала соревнований в Индиан-Уэллсе, где в 10-й раз за взрослую карьеру уступила Виктории Азаренко, после чего выиграла аналогичные крупные соревнования в Майами, переиграв на пути к титулу Винус Уильямс, Марион Бартоли и Марию Шарапову.", "Медина Гарригес, Анабель\nНа Открытом чемпионате Австралии 2004 года Анабель выходит в третий раунд, где уступает Амели Моресмо. Француженке она проиграла и на Открытом чемпионате Франции, но на стадии второго раунда. В июне она прошла в полуфинал травяного турнира в Хертогенбосе, а на Уимблдоне выбывает в первом раунде. В конце июля Медина сделала победный дубль на турнире в Палермо. В одиночном финале она выигрывает итальянскую теннисистку Флавию Пеннетту со счётом 6-4, 6-4, а в парном победила в альянсе с Аранчей Санчес-Викарио. В августе она принимает участие на летних Олимпийских играх в Афинах, однако выступила там неудачно, проиграв свои стартовые поединки в обоих разрядах. В преддверии Открытого чемпионата США испанка вышла в полуфинал турнира в Форест-Хилсе. На кортах чемпионата США Медина выбывает во втором раунде. В сентябре она проходит в четвертьфинал в Пекине, а в октябре в полуфинал в Люксембурге. Сезон 2004 года она заканчивает на 39-м месте в рейтинге.В 2005 году на Открытом чемпионате Австралии Медина выбывает в первом раунде одиночных соревнований, а в парах со своей новой партнёршей Динарой Сафиной вышла в 1/4 финала. В феврале совместно с россиянкой она вышла в два парных финала. В мае с другой россиянкой Марией Кириленко дошла до парного финала в Риме. Через неделю Анабель выиграла титул на турнире в Страсбурге, выиграв в решающем матче Марту Домаховску из Польши. На Открытом чемпионате Франции 2005 года она дошла до третьего раунда, где проиграла Жюстин Энен-Арденн. В июне в альянсе с Сафиной выиграла парный титул турнира в Хертогенбосе. На Уимблдонском турнире Медина проигрывает в первом раунде. В июле она в третий раз в карьере выиграл турнир в Палермо, выиграв на этот раз в финальном матче Клару Коукалову 6-4, 6-0. В августе на харде она выходит в полуфинал турнира в Нью-Хэйвене. На Открытом чемпионате США в матче третьего раунда Медина не смогла переиграть Линдсей Дэвенпорт. В сентябре в одном дуэте с Робертой Винчи Медина выигрывает парный титул в Портороже.", "Открытый чемпионат Австралии по теннису 2014 в женском одиночном разряде\nВиктория Азаренко защищала два своих титула, но уступила в четвертьфинале.", "Открытый чемпионат США по теннису 2016 в женском одиночном разряде\nЖенский одиночный турнир собрал девятнадцать представителей Топ-20 мирового рейтинга: из лидеров не выступила только седьмая ракетка мира\nВиктория Азаренко из-за своей беременности. Также в турнире не приняла участие его прошлогодняя победительница итальянка Флавия Пеннетта, которая завершила карьеру в конце 2015 года. Первым номером посева выступила лидер мировой классификации и шестикратная чемпионка турнира Серена Уильямс. Американка смогла добраться до полуфинала, но второй год подряд на этой стадии она неожиданно уступает. На этот раз победить Серену удалось Каролине Плишковой, посеянной под десятым номером. Для Плишковой выход в финал стал дебютным на соревнованиях Большого шлема и впервые с 1993 года в финале женского одиночного розыгрыша в США сыграла представительница Чехии (в том сезоне в финал прошла Хелена Сукова). Из нижней части сетки в финал пробилась немка Анжелика Кербер, имевшая второй номер посева. ", "Касаткина, Дарья Сергеевна\nКульминацией грунтового сезона стало выступление на Открытом чемпионате Франции. Здесь Даша впервые в карьере сумела выйти в 1/4 финала. В первом раунде пришлось играть с Кайей Канепи, за которой остались последние 2 встречи в личном противостоянии с Касаткиной. Но на этот раз победила Даша — 6/4 6/1. В матче второго круга была обыграна Кристен Флипкенс из Бельгии 6/3 6/3. В третьем — гречанка Мария Саккари со счетом 6/1 1/6 6/3. Первое серьезное испытание в лице второй ракетки мира ожидало Дарью в 4 раунде. Даша сумела в третий раз подряд в этом сезоне одержать верх над Каролин Возняцки — 7/6 6/3. В 1/4 финала Дарья попыталась одолеть американку Слоан Стивенс, но к сожалению, легко уступила ей со счетом 6/3 6/1.", "Павлюченкова, Анастасия Сергеевна\nПервый отрезок сезона 2012 года сложился для Павлюченковой не лучшим образом. На Открытом чемпионате Австралии она проигрывает во втором раунде. К следующему Большому шлему в мае на Ролан Гаррос она выиграла в сезоне всего 5 матчей при 14 поражениях. Единственного положительного результата в этот период она достигла в апреле на турнире в Чарлстоне, где выиграла парные соревнования в дуэте с Луцией Шафаржовой. На Открытом чемпионате Франции Анастасия впервые в сезоне выиграла два матча подряд в одиночках и прошла в третий раунд. В июне на траве в Истборне она вышла в четвертьфинал, а на Уимблдоне закончила выступления во втором раунде. В июле россиянка сыграла в 1/4 финала в Бостаде. В начале августа Павлюченкова вышла в финал турнира в Вашингтоне, но проиграла в решающей встрече Магдалене Рыбариковой. Через две недели после этого Павлюченкова на турнире в Цинциннати смогла обыграть представительницу первой десятки Каролину Возняцки (6-4, 6-4) и попасть в четвертьфинал. На Открытом чемпионате США она выбыла на стадии второго раунда. За сезон она потеряла 20 позиций в рейтинге и закончила год на 36-м месте.В начале 2013 года Павлюченкова успешно выступила на турнире в Брисбене. Она смогла выбить из борьбы двух теннисисток из Топ-10: Петру Квитову и Анжелику Кербер. Оказавшись затем в финале россиянка встретилась с Сереной Уильямс и уступила её со счётом 2-6, 1-6. На Открытом чемпионате Австралии Павлюченкова выбыла уже на старте, проиграв Лесе Цуренко, которую недавно обыграла в полуфинале турнира в Брисбене. В парном разряде в Австралии Анастасия прошла в четвертьфинал совместно с Луцией Шафаржовой. В начале марта россиянка сыграла в полуфинале на турнире в Куала-Лумпуре. В начале апреля она в третий раз стала чемпионкой турнира в Монтеррее. В финале ей не смогла помешать шестая ракетка мира Анжелика Кербер — 4-6, 6-2, 6-4. В начале в мая Павлюченкова выиграла ещё один трофей. Произошло это на турнире в Оэйраше, где она взяла первый одиночный титул WTA на грунте и пятый в карьере. В финале она выиграла у испанки Карлы Суарес Наварро — 7-5, 6-2.", "Гарсия, Каролин\nВ 2013 году она участвует в основных соревнованиях Австралийского чемпионата, где не смогла в первом раунде обыграть россиянку Елену Веснину. В апреле того же года Каролин впервые сыграла за Сборную Франции в розыгрыше Кубка Федерации. В мае она выигрывает титул на 100-тысячнике ITF в Кань-сюр-Мере. На Открытом чемпионате Франции-2013 во втором раунде Гарсия попадает на первую ракетку мира Серену Уильямс и с разгромом проигрывает своей именитой сопернице 1-6, 2-6. Рейтинговых очков, полученных во Франции хватило, чтобы впервые по завершению турнира войти в Топ-100 мировой классификации WTA. Пробившись через квалификацию на Уимблдонский турнир, во втором раунде она вновь встречается с Уильямс и проигрывает ей на этот раз 3-6, 2-6. На дебютном в основной сетке Открытом чемпионате США Каролин выходит во второй раунд. Сезон 2013 года она впервые завершает в первой сотне, заняв 75-ю строчку.", "Открытый чемпионат Франции по теннису 2009 в женском парном разряде\nАльянс Анабель Медина Гарригес / Вирхиния Руано Паскуаль защитил свой прошлогодний титул. В этот раз в финале испанки обыграли белорусско-российскую пару Виктория Азаренко / Елена Веснина.", "Шарапова, Мария Юрьевна\n6 июня в полуфинале Открытого чемпионата Франции Шарапова впервые в 2013 году встретилась с Викторией Азаренко. Проиграв первый гейм, уверенно выиграла первую партию 6:1. В конце второго сета начался дождь, но игра не была прервана. Азаренко выиграла четыре гейма подряд и взяла сет со счётом 6:2. После получасового перерыва, связанного с непогодой, Азаренко снизила активность, что позволило Шараповой одержать победу 6:1, 2:6, 6:4[19]. Таким образом Шарапова во второй раз подряд вышла в финал «Ролан Гаррос», где в очередной раз сразилась с Сереной Уильямс[21] и проиграла ей 4:6, 4:6[22].", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nОдиночный год начался с четвертьфинала турнира в Сиднее, где Виктория уступила Ким Клейстерс со счетом 6-3, 6-2.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nПарный сезон-2005 был также весьма успешным. Виктория сыграла пять турниров (время от времени сотрудничая с Алисой Клейбановой, Мариной Эракович и Агнеш Савай). Ей удалось добиться права сыграть четыре финала, в которых были взяты три титула (все на соревнованиях Большого шлема). Единственный сбой случился в финале турнира G1 в Мельбурне, где Азаренко и Клейбанова уступили Франковой и Савай.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\n31 января 2005 года, после титула на Australian Open, Азаренко впервые взбирается на вершину юниорского рейтинга. По итогам же всего сезона, оценив успехи белорусской теннисистки, ITF признаёт её лучшей молодой теннисисткой года.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nПеред сезоном-2010 произошла любопытная рокировка: тренер Азаренко начал работу с Верой Звонаревой, а тренер россиянки вошел в команду Виктории. Это был Самюэль Сумик. С французом у спортсменки получился самый продуктивный период. Именно с Сумиком белоруска одержала свои главные на текущий момент карьерные победы, окончательно закрепилась в статусе теннисистки топ-уровня и некоторое время возглавляла женский рейтинг.", "Open Saint-Gaudens Midi Pyrénées\nЗа свою историю турнир не имел какой-то определённой группы теннисисток, которая из года в год доходила до финалов на местных кортах. За 16 лет существования было зафиксировано лишь два случая, когда одна и та же спортсменка выиграла местный приз в одном разряде более одного раза: Татьяна Перебийнис выигрывала одиночный турнир в 2003 и 2007 годах, а Орели Веди — парный (в 1998 и 2011 годах). Несколько раз одной теннисистке покорялся турнир в обоих разрядах в один год: первой в 2000 году это достижение установила Елена Татаркова, в 2003 году его повторила всё та же Перебийнис.", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nКороткий травяной сезон состоял из двух турниров. На кортах Истборна Азаренко дошла до четвертьфинала, где на отказе[48] уступает француженке Марион Бартоли, а на травяных кортах Уимблдона белорусская теннисистка впервые в карьере дошла до полуфинала турнира Большого шлема, где уступила будущей чемпионке турнира Петре Квитовой в трёх сетах 6-1, 3-6, 6-2.", "Скьявоне, Франческа\nВ апреле 2013 года Скьявоне смогла победить на грунтовом турнире в Марракеше, переиграв в финале Лурдес Домингес Лино со счётом 6-1, 6-3. На Открытом чемпионате Франции она смогла пройти до стадии четвёртого раунда, где проиграла Виктории Азаренко. В сентябре она вышла в полуфинал турнира в Сеуле. Следующий раз до полуфинала в одиночных соревнованиях она добралась уже в июле 2014 года на турнире в Баку. В сентябре того же года она вышла в 1/2 финала турнира в Гонконге.", "Кнапп, Карин\nНа Открытом чемпионате Франции 2016 года в первом раунде Кнапп удаётся пройти № 5 в мире Викторию Азаренко на отказе соперницы от борьбы в третьем сете. По итогу её результатом стал выход в третий раунд. В июле она сыграла в 1/4 финала в Бостаде. В августе она приняла участие в первых для себя Олимпийских играх в Рио-де-Жанейро. Кнапп уже в первом раунде проиграла чешской теннисистке Луции Шафаржовой.", "Открытый чемпионат Франции по теннису 2017\nобыграла со счётом", "Открытый чемпионат Франции по теннису 2014 в женском одиночном разряде\nМария Шарапова впервые в карьере смогла выиграть один турнир Большого шлема более одного раза. Roland Garros — второе соревнование серии, где она в третий раз в своей карьере добирается до титульного матча.\n Роберта Винчи \"(Первый раунд)\"\n Эжени Бушар \"(Полуфинал)\"\n Саманта Стосур \"(Четвёртый раунд)\"\n Ализе Корне \"(Второй раунд)\"\n Кирстен Флипкенс \"(Второй раунд)\"\n Екатерина Макарова \"(Третий раунд)\"\n Луция Шафаржова \"(Четвёртый раунд)\"\n Анастасия Павлюченкова \"(Второй раунд)\"\n Кайя Канепи \"(Первый раунд)\"\n Сорана Кырстя \"(Третий раунд)\"\n Светлана Кузнецова \"(Четвертьфинал)\"\n Андреа Петкович \"(Полуфинал)\"\n Винус Уильямс \"(Второй раунд)\"\n Клара Коукалова \"(Первый раунд)\"\n Даниэла Гантухова \"(Третий раунд)\"\n Елена Веснина \"(Второй раунд)\" Амандин Эсс \"(Первый раунд)\n Матильда Юханссон \"(Первый раунд)\n Тейлор Таунсенд \"(Третий раунд)\n Ивета Мельцер \"(PR, Первый раунд) Мишель Ларшер де Бриту \"(Первый раунд)\n Грейс Мин \"(Первый раунд)\n Тамира Пашек \"(Второй раунд)\n Ксения Первак \"(Первый раунд)\n Хезер Уотсон \"(Второй раунд)\n София Шапатава \"(Первый раунд) Лора Робсон\n Джейми Хэмптон Сабина Лисицки \"(Второй раунд)\n Анастасия Павлюченкова \"(Второй раунд)", "Шарапова, Мария Юрьевна\nВ составе сборной России Шарапова сыграла в 1/8 финала Кубка Федерации, который проходил в Московском дворце спорта «Олимпийский» на харде. Приняла участие в одной встрече и победила испанку Сильвию Солер-Эспиносу. В феврале играла на турнире в Париже, где уступила в 1/4 финала будущей победительнице немке Анжелике Кербер. В марте дошла до финалов турниров серии Премьер в Индиан-Уэллсе и Майами, где уступила Виктории Азаренко 2:6, 3:6 и Агнешке Радваньской 5:7, 4:6. Грунтовый сезон начала с турнира Штутгарте, на котором завоевала 25-й в карьере титул WTA. В финале впервые за последнее время переиграла Викторию Азаренко 6:1, 6:4. На синем грунте турнира в Мадриде дошла до четвертьфинала, где проиграла 1:6, 3:6 будущей чемпионке Серене Уильямс. Как и в прошлом году, победила на крупном грунтовом турнире серии Премьер в Риме, обыграв в финале Ли На 4:6, 6:4, 7:6(5). Матч запомнился сильными спадами и камбеками с обеих сторон. По ходу игры Шарапова проигрывала 4:6, 0:4 во второй партии, но затем выиграла шесть геймов подряд и выиграла второй сет. В третьем вела 4:1, но Ли На перевела его в тай-брейк. При счете 6:6 начался дождь, и матч был прерван. Двухчасовой перерыв пошёл на пользу Шараповой, и на тай-брейке она выиграла.[14] Следующим турниром Шараповой стал открытый чемпионат Франции, где она завоевала титул, уступив на пути к финалу лишь один сет (Кларе Закопаловой в 3-м круге); в финале обыграла итальянку Сару Эррани 6:3, 6:2. Выход в финал позволил Шараповой занять 1-е место в рейтинге WTA.[17] Победив на Ролан Гаррос-2012, Шарапова смогла собрать «карьерный шлем» (победа на всех четырёх турнирах Большого шлема в разные годы), что удалось сделать лишь шести теннисисткам в Открытой эре.[14][17][18].", "Азаренко, Виктория Фёдоровна\nВ 15 лет, благодаря спонсорской помощи, спортсменке удалось устроиться в академию тенниса на испанском курорте Марбелья, где Виктория тренировалась у бывшего наставника знаменитой Штеффи Граф Клауса Хофсаса.", "Петрова, Надежда Викторовна\nНа Открытом чемпионате Австралии 2003 года Петрова вышла в третий раунд, уступив там Патти Шнидер. В парном разряде в дуэте с Кончитой Мартинес она добралась до четвертьфинала. На Открытом чемпионате Франции Петрова выступила хорошо и смогла выйти в свой первый полуфинал Большого шлема. Уже в первом раунде Надя смогла одолеть известную теннисистку Монику Селеш. Затем она легко обыграла менее известных теннисисток Сильвию Талаю и Мариссу Ирвин. В четвёртом раунду Петрова в трёх сетах обыграла седьмую ракетку мира Дженнифер Каприати. В четвертьфинале она одолела соотечественницу Веру Звонарёву. В борьбе за выход в финал Петрова проиграла № 2 в мире Ким Клейстерс. Этот результат позволил россиянке с 76-го места рейтинга подняться на 29-е." ]

[ 8.9765625 ]

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[ "There are 6 people in this picture." ]

[ "The two professional ping-pong players were in the final round of the world championships.", "We have never gone to any company.", "Simon refused to carry Jesus's cross that's why he died.", "The young man in black is working with the TV.", "Dorcas was never here.", "Do you know Whittington's address?", "A frat party is getting crazy with young college men." ]

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[ "Men are riding horses." ]

[ "Men are riding bicycles.", "A man poses with a gun.", "The man has no sunglasses.", "People are riding on a subway car.", "A young boy wears a plaid shirt and stands perfectly still in a pumpkin patch.", "His face bloody, Inglethorp brought a handkerchief up to wipe his face with both hands.", "Neither my wife nor her mother has been to Florida yet." ]

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[ "Tuppence put the glass to her mouth." ]

[ "Tuppence didn't have a glass.", "Four black-haired people wait for their picture to be taken.", "A group of native americans are playing the drums.", "The people are on the stairs.", "The Legal Aid Society has a brand new office location in New York City.", "He had no interest whatsoever in Anse's needs.", "The assessment predicts that the nation's economy will drop every year." ]

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[ "横浜スタジアム\nコンサート会場としても数多く利用され、国内外の多数の有名アーティスト<!-- アーティスト名の羅列は際限がなくなってしまうので控えましょう-->が大規模なコンサートを行なってきた。国内人気ロックバンドであるTUBEは1988年から26年以上にわたり毎年8月、横浜スタジアムでコンサートを実施しており、夏の風物詩となっているのをはじめ、そのほかの人気国内アーティストも毎年夏に1組程度[注 5]野外コンサートを開催している。加えて2006年から2009年、2011年には横浜レゲエ祭も開催された。しかし、屋根がない横浜スタジアムは、天候によってイベント開催の可否が左右されやすく近隣への騒音問題もあり、また3万人収容という施設に応じた集客が難しいことから、横浜アリーナや横浜国際総合競技場が完成した1990年代以降、野球以外の大規模イベントで使用される機会は減少傾向にあるが2014年から2015年にかけてはSCRAP主催の体感型謎解きイベントであるリアル脱出ゲームの野外ツアーとして2014年は進撃の巨人とのコラボ『ある城塞都市からの脱出横浜公演』が、2015年はONE PIECEとのコラボ『頂上戦争からの脱出横浜公演』が開催され、リアル脱出ゲーム野外ツアー横浜公演の会場として利用された。" ]

[ "横浜スタジアム\n横浜スタジアムが建設される前、この地には1929年に落成した横浜公園平和野球場（通称：平和球場）が存在した。この平和球場は、戦前にはのちの日米野球の前身となる米大リーグ選抜対日本代表の親善試合が行われ、ベーブ・ルースやルー・ゲーリッグといった当時のスター選手が訪れてプレーをしている。しかし太平洋戦争後、アメリカ軍による接収を経て横浜市に返還された後は老朽化が進行し、1970年代初頭にはスタンドが半分近く使用不可能な状況であった。", "平和台野球場\nちなみにこの間、本球場で主催・主管試合を開催しなかったのは中日ドラゴンズのみだが、これは「原則として中日新聞（北陸中日新聞も含む）の販売エリアで主催試合を行う」という同球団特有の“暗黙の了解”が影響したと考えられる。また、広島東洋カープは公式戦での主催試合は行わなかったが、1981年3月28日にオープン戦で主催試合（対近鉄戦）を開催している他（出典：読売新聞・岡山版、1981年3月28日、テレビ・ラジオ欄。広島ホームテレビが中継）、1984年の日米野球でホームゲーム扱いの試合を開催した（ただし主催は読売新聞社だった）。", "オンタマ\n全て横浜アリーナでの開催", "横浜スタジアム\n横浜スタジアムは、完成後現在に至るまでの間に多くの改装を受けている。", "横浜スタジアム\n「みかん氷」以外にも、スタジアムのオリジナルメニューが非常に豊富で、オリジナルビールの「ベイスターズエール」と「ベイスターズラガー」はお土産用の瓶入りも販売されており、ベイスターズの選手寮「青星寮」で選手が食べているカレー「青星寮カレー」はお土産用の缶詰が販売されている他、実際に横浜市内にある小学校の給食として出されたことがある。他にも「ベイカラ」「ベイメンチ」「ベイ餃子」などの新メニューも登場して人気を博している。", "ニッポン放送ショウアップナイター\n2016年までニッポン放送内にあった公式サイトのヘッダー部分に表示されていた野球場は、ニッポン放送、フジテレビと縁のある東京ヤクルトスワローズの本拠地明治神宮野球場ではなく、横浜DeNAベイスターズの本拠地の横浜スタジアムである。これはニッポン放送が以前保有していた球団株がヤクルト球団では無く横浜ベイスターズだったためである（ニッポン放送が保有していた横浜DeNAの球団株は、一時期フジ・メディア・ホールディングスに移動していたものの2016年までに全株式を親会社であるディー・エヌ・エーに売却している）。", "高尺スカイドーム\nなお、11月4-5日以後もこの野球場では2015年内に高校野球の秋季全国大会、プロ野球選手によるチャリティー試合、プロ野球選手・指導者の出身高校別対抗戦（野球大祭典）なども行われた。", "新横浜パフォーマンス\n主に日産スタジアム会場を中心に、日本全国のB級グルメ及び地元のホテルやレストランの出店のほか、横浜市が人事交流を行っている都市の物産展や地元企業のPRが行われている。", "新横浜パフォーマンス\n主に、日産スタジアム会場と新横浜駅前広場のステージで開催され、地元郷土芸能やダンス・音楽活動をする人たちの発表の場となっている。", "埼玉スタジアム2002\nその後もFIFAワールドカップ予選や親善試合において日本代表のホームゲーム開催実績を多く持ち、首都圏では横浜国際総合競技場とともに日本代表の事実上のメインスタジアムとして用いられている。当スタジアムは陸上競技用のトラックがないので陸上競技の開催は不可能であり、サッカー以外の球技に利用できないというわけではないが、ゴールラインとスタンドの距離も近いためか、ラグビーやアメリカンフットボールの開催も行われていない（一般開放も前述のとおり、第4グラウンド・フットサルコート以外は行っていないが、施設見学は可能。2015年7月現在）。コンサートへの利用は構造的には可能だが、芝生保護などの理由でピッチ上でのステージ構築などを見合わせているため現在まで開催実績はない。", "富士総合運動公園野球場\n静岡学生野球連盟、全国高等学校野球選手権静岡大会やプロ野球・イースタン・リーグ（横浜DeNAベイスターズ主催試合）、オープン戦（横浜DeNAベイスターズ主催試合）に使用される。", "私を野球に連れてって\n日本でも東京ドーム、千葉マリンスタジアム、ほっともっとフィールド神戸でのプロ野球試合で、マスコットのダンスと共に演奏されているほか、かつて東京ドーム、阪神甲子園球場及び広島市民球場では日本語歌詞の付いた楽曲が流されていた。その他の球場でも、試合の合間などにオルガン等などでよく演奏されている。2015年3月13日からは、東京ドームの最寄駅である東京メトロ南北線の後楽園駅で発車メロディ（スイッチ制作）として用いられている。", "千葉マリンスタジアム\n社会人野球公式戦のJABA千葉市長杯争奪野球大会の第1回大会を皮切りに高校野球や社会人野球などのアマチュア野球も行われるようになった。", "野球場\n一方、明治神宮球場・横浜スタジアムなどは、守備側が概ね南側を向くようになっており、さらにマツダスタジアムは公認野球規則に完全に従い、本塁から投手板を経て二塁に向かう線を東北東向きとしている。公認野球規則の規定は球場内の多数を占める内野スタンドの観客が直射日光に晒されないよう配慮されたもので、アメリカ・メジャーリーグのスタジアムで数多く見られる伝統的なグラウンド配置である。こうした球場での午後のデーゲームは、内野スタンドの大部分が日陰になる一方、外野手のサングラス着用は必須となっている。", "阪神甲子園球場\n試合ではないが、毎年オフシーズンに行っていたイベントも場所を変えて開催された。", "Tvkプロ野球中継 横浜DeNAベイスターズ熱烈LIVE\n2007年までJ SPORTS制作分の土・日・祝日の横浜ホーム戦中継でJ SPORTSでは副音声（FMハマスタ）を放送していた。2007年4月21日のデーゲーム「横浜×広島」戦は「Asahi富士山のバナジウム天然水」のスポンサー協賛試合となり、この日は14:00 - 16:55の時間帯にて『Asahi 富士山のバナジウム天然水Presents 横浜ベイスターズ中継』と題して放送（同日に限り『中央競馬ワイド中継』を14:00で飛び降り、第2部休止）。横浜球場ではベイスターズロゴ入りの同商品ボトルなどが配布された。また、同試合の始球式は「1230アッと!!ハマランチョ」月・火曜司会の金田賢一が務めた。ほか、デーゲーム中継番組中に同商品のプレゼントクイズなども行われた。", "ナゴヤドーム\nプロ野球では、過去に大阪近鉄バファローズやオリックス・ブルーウェーブ、西武ライオンズが主催試合を行ったことがある。ただし、このドームは中日の本拠地という性格上、5大ドームの中で唯一、同じセ・リーグの巨人の主催試合が行われたことはない。その他プロ野球の試合として、独立リーグ扱いとなる日本女子プロ野球機構の試合が2010年9月に1試合行われた。", "上府中公園小田原球場\n全国高等学校野球選手権神奈川大会やプロ野球・イースタン・リーグ（横浜DeNAベイスターズ主催試合）に使用される。", "横浜スタジアム\n建物の立体的な外観は、他の野球場に見られるような垂直的なそれではなく、スタンドの上辺が広く下辺が狭い逆円錐形をしている。これは都市公園法施行令第6条1項1号で定められている、都市公園内運動施設の建蔽率規制によるもので、スタンドの下辺をもって建蔽率を計算する[注 6]ためのいわば苦肉の策である。兎にも角にも面積上の問題をクリアするために様々な特徴ある設計を行っている。また、1990年代以降に建設されたいわゆる「国際規格」の野球場に比べ、収容観客数の少なさやグラウンド面積の狭さが指摘されて久しいが、法規上の制限ギリギリ[注 7]で設計されていることから、スタンドの増築を伴う観客席増設や、スタンドの構造変更を伴うグラウンド面積の拡張なども、法令の改正がなされない限り事実上不可能であったが、2012年の法改正に伴い建蔽率が12%まで緩和された[注 8]。", "阪神甲子園球場\nまた、大学野球の試合にも使用され、毎年春・秋に開かれる関西六大学野球連盟と、関西学生野球連盟リーグ戦の一部試合が当球場にて実施されている。野球以外では、アメリカンフットボールの全日本大学選手権の決勝戦である甲子園ボウルが開催されている。", "東日本大震災によるスポーツへの影響\n震災発生当日の3月11日に挙行された日本プロ野球オープン戦4試合のうち、横浜ベイスターズ（現：横浜DeNAベイスターズ）対東京ヤクルトスワローズ戦（横浜スタジアム）と東北楽天ゴールデンイーグルス対千葉ロッテマリーンズ戦（兵庫県立明石公園第一野球場）がコールドゲームとなった（横浜スタジアムは地震によるもの。明石は楽天の選手家族などの安全確認 のため）。横浜スタジアムでは地震発生後にスタンドの観客をフィールドへ降ろして安全を確保すると共に、周辺の公共交通機関が麻痺していたため復旧まで球場内で待機させた。一方、楽天は3月20日に予定していた中日とのオープン戦を中止し（18,19日に予定していた試合は開催。19日の試合前には楽天の選手達が募金活動を行った）、希望する選手を被災地でもあり本拠地である仙台に帰れるように調整していたが、希望者がいなかったと報道されている。しかし、楽天の田中将大投手は4月12日、Twitterでこの報道を否定した。また、当時楽天所属であった山崎武司内野手は選手が仙台に戻る交通手段がなく、逆に仙台にいる選手の家族たちを楽天球団側が手配して東京に移動させたと証言している。結局、選手達が本拠地仙台に戻ったのは、震災から27日後の4月7日であった。", "横浜スタジアム\nディー・エヌ・エーでは、このような背景や「（当スタジアムの）コミュニティー・ボールパーク化」という構想の下に、野球事業での収入の増加などを見込んで球団とスタジアムの一体運営を模索。2015年10月9日には、運営会社の発行済み株式の過半数を保有すべく、総額100億円規模の友好的TOBを実施することで同社と基本的に合意した[20][21]。同年11月24日からは、球団を通じて、運営会社への友好的TOBを実施[18]。2016年1月20日の締め切り時点で、ディー・エヌ・エーが運営会社の発行済み株式の76.87%を所有するに至った。このため、運営会社は同月28日付で、ディー・エヌ・エーの連結子会社（孫会社）に名義を変更した[4][22]。", "MAZDA Zoom-Zoom スタジアム広島\n本球場では、旗や鳴り物による応援活動は「パフォーマンスシート」と名づけられた外野2階席に限定されている。ホーム側応援席となる「カープパフォーマンスシート」は外野ライトスタンドに、ビジター側応援席となる「ビジターパフォーマンスシート」はレフトスタンドに近い三塁側内野スタンド後方に位置する。\nかつてプロ野球の応援活動は内野スタンドで行われていたが、現在においては、ビジター側に限定されているとはいえ、内野スタンドに応援活動エリアが設定されているのは本球場が唯一である。", "大田スタジアム\n開場以来、社会人野球をはじめ首都大学野球連盟、東京新大学野球連盟、東京六大学準硬式野球連盟などの大学野球、高校野球などアマチュア野球公式戦で使用されている。プロ野球では東京ヤクルトスワローズがイースタン・リーグ（二軍）公式戦を年数試合開催した他、オープン戦を開催したこともある。", "横浜文化体育館\nまた、建設当時は現在の横浜スタジアムの場所にあった横浜公園体育館を上回る客席数（約5000席）を誇っており、1989年に横浜アリーナが完成するまでは神奈川県内で規模の大きい屋内施設でもあった為、横浜市の成人式会場としての利用や世界のスーパースターのコンサート会場としても有名であった。", "木の花ドーム\nソフトボール、軟式野球、硬式野球、サッカー、フットサル、ゲートボール、コンサート、展示会など。読売ジャイアンツの春季キャンプでは、雨天時にサンマリンスタジアム・ひむかスタジアムで練習が出来ない場合に備えての予備会場として使っている。またアリーナ内には軟式野球とサッカー・ラグビーに対応したスコアボードパネルが設置されている。", "横浜国際総合競技場\n横浜国際総合競技場（よこはまこくさいそうごうきょうぎじょう、International Stadium Yokohama）は、神奈川県横浜市港北区にある陸上競技場兼球技場である。施設は横浜市所有で、運営管理は横浜市体育協会、横浜F・マリノス、管理JV（ハリマビステム、東京ビジネスサービス、シンテイ警備、西田装美、協栄）共同事業体が指定管理者として行っている。", "横浜スタジアム\n本拠地問題が収束した後も、大洋が横浜移転発表前後に配慮を行わず紛糾を呼んだ経緯などから川崎市と大洋は半ば絶縁状態となった。このため、川崎球場での大洋の主催公式戦は横浜に移転した1978年に2試合行われたが[13]、翌1979年から1992年までは一試合も組まれず、「横浜ベイスターズ」となった1993年8月6日に大洋時代を含め15年ぶりに主催公式戦（対阪神タイガース戦）が組まれたものの雨天中止となり[注 21]、これ以降も横浜の主催公式戦は一試合も行われることなく[注 22]、2000年に川崎球場の観客席は解体された。", "阪神甲子園球場\n甲子園球場のスタンド外には、高校野球を記念して建立されたモニュメント「野球塔」が存在する。", "横浜公園平和野球場\n横浜市内の競技施設でほぼ同時期に連合軍に接収された横浜競馬場は、本来とは違う使用目的（住宅施設等）に供されたが、横浜公園球場は接収下でも野球場として利用され、球場名もこの地でプレーし日米開戦の直前に世を去ったゲーリッグにちなんで、「ルー・ゲーリック・メモリアル・スタジアム」と改称された。場内には日本では正式に発売されていなかったコカ・コーラやペプシコーラの看板があり、販売されていたと思われる。", "横浜国際総合競技場\nなお、トラックの外周には堀が作られており観客のスタンド乱入防止策となっている。スタンドの最前列には樹脂ボードの壁があり、観客が転落してしまう場合を考慮している。横浜市は2003年から、新横浜公園内各施設について命名権のスポンサー企業を募集していた。2004年10月7日、市は日産自動車と5年間総額23億5,000万円の条件で契約に合意し、翌2005年3月1日から、公園内にある3施設（横浜国際総合競技場、小机競技場、スポーツコミュニティプラザ）の呼称をそれぞれ「日産スタジアム」「日産フィールド小机」「日産ウォーターパーク」とすることが決まった。市はこの命名権売却により、年間4〜5億円にのぼる維持費の赤字解消を試みた。一方、日産は本社機能を2010年までに横浜市中心部のみなとみらい地区へ移転するため、命名権の取得によって、総合競技場をホームとする横浜F・マリノスとの相乗効果による地域密着のアピールを狙った。", "横浜スタジアム\n外野スタンドは傾斜が急なため、幼児・高齢者・下肢の不自由な者が観戦しづらい。反対に、外野席上段でもグラウンド面が比較的楽に見渡せるという利点もある スコアボードが外野席最前列に設置されているため、外野席や内野席の一部には見づらい所や全く見えない所が存在する[注 13]。 スコアボードに関しては、近年他のプロ野球本拠地球場では大型化、ハイビジョン対応、動画対応のサブスコアボードなどのグレードアップが行われているが、前述のように拡張工事が困難であり既存サイズ内での改修にとどまる。 バックスクリーンが外野フェンスのすぐ後ろ（数十cmの段差があるだけ）でフェンス最上段に黄色い識別用ラインが引かれているものの、その段差部分に飛び込んだ打球の判別に困難な時がある。2009年に中日ドラゴンズのトニ・ブランコがここに当たる打球を放ったが、オーバーフェンスではないという判定になった。当時監督だった落合博満が「オーバーフェンスかどうかを識別しやすい構造に変えるべきだ」と報道陣にコメントしている。2010年シーズンからは段差部分に土嚢が置かれ、土嚢に当たったボールの跳ね返りでオーバーフェンスかどうかの判別をしやすいようにしている。 2007年に改修されたベイブルーシートエリアを除くと、内外野とも前後の座席間隔が狭いため試合中の離席が困難である。 コンコースが狭いため売店やトイレが少なく、試合終了時に通路やゲートが非常に混雑する。また、スタジアムが全席禁煙化されてからは、コンコース内やスタジアム外周に張り出して設置された喫煙場所を利用する喫煙者で、コンコース中が混雑している。", "東京ドーム\nプロ野球を開催する場合のみ使用され、アマチュア野球や他のイベントは使用しない。ただし、アマチュア野球の試合であってもシートの撤去はしない。アメリカンフットボールやコンサートなど、特にフィールドを広く使うイベントである場合は撤去される。 利用する観客へは防御用のヘルメットとグローブが貸し出される。ヘルメットは必ず着用しなければならない。 売り子が入ることができない。入口際のネット越しに購入することが可能である。 巨人主催ゲームについては年間予約席（108席）と一般指定席（120席）の2種類が設定され、一般席は抽選で販売される。座席数が非常に少ないため抽選は毎回高倍率となる（2008年（平成20年）まで）。 2010年（平成22年）以降の巨人主管試合は日本マクドナルド協賛「マクドナルドエキサイトシート」として運営されている。協賛の一環として、巨人主管試合では額面1700円以上のチケット（エキサイトシート以外も含む）による入場者に漏れなく全国マクドナルド店舗で利用できるビッグマック割引クーポンが贈呈される。巨人主催試合の一部で巨人と対戦相手双方でホームランが出た場合「BIG MAC TWIN ARCH」としてビッグマックを無料進呈。どちらか一方しか出なかったりホームランがない場合でも200円で優待[29]。 日本ハム主催ゲームは2008年（平成20年）までシーズンシートだけの設定だったが、2009年からは一般発売もされている。", "YOKOHAMA MUSIC AWARD\nFM横浜の番組グッズ、ステッカーの配布、サッカーチームとの協同企画など、コアなファンから、ヘビーリスナーまで、聖地横浜アリーナの前にある、clubではない、ロックミュージシャンも演奏するライブハウスで、新たなEVENTを盛り上げた。", "西武ドーム\n社会人野球は球場のオープンと同年に創部されたプリンスホテル硬式野球部が近くに合宿所を構えたこともあり、関東地区の主要球場として利用された。毎年3月中旬に行われるJABA東京スポニチ大会の開催球場のひとつとなっている。また全日本クラブ野球選手権大会の本大会が、1979年から1995年までは西武球場・西武第三球場で毎年、以降は隔年で行われている。都市対抗野球東京都の予選が行われることもある。草野球では、ストロングリーグにより、2004年から全国軟式野球統一王座決定戦・ジャパンカップの全国大会に使用されている。", "応援団\n社会人野球・都市対抗野球大会や日本プロサッカーリーグ（一部）、あるいは高校生の全国規模の著名なスポーツ大会（全国高等学校総合体育大会、高校サッカー、春の高校バレー、高校野球など）では、応援席で郷土芸能を取り入れたり、本拠地にゆかりのある民謡や盆踊りをアレンジしたもの（例・川崎市のチーム=東芝硬式野球部や川崎フロンターレの「川崎踊り」、栃木サッカークラブや日光アイスバックスの「栃木県民の歌」など）、また広島県に本拠地を置くチーム（日本プロ野球・広島東洋カープやJリーグ・サンフレッチェ広島、その他アマチュアクラブ多数）がしゃもじを使うなど、郷土色のある応援を繰り広げる例がある。", "東京スタジアム (多目的スタジアム)\nなお、各種球技の試合が行われたり、コンサート・物品展示会などイベントが行われる場合は従来どおりトラック付近に人工芝を敷く[注 3][7] 場合もある。", "横浜スタジアム\n横浜スタジアムを2020年夏季東京オリンピック野球・ソフトボール競技の主会場に用いることが2016年に承認されたことを受けて、運営会社では2017年3月15日に85億円規模のスタジアム改修計画を横浜市に提出した。計画によれば、バックネット裏や一・三塁側に合計で約6,000席を増設する。個室観覧席やデッキ席を新設するほか、エレベーターの台数を増やすなど、バリアフリーへの対応を進めるという。横浜市が管理する横浜公園内にスタジアムがあることから、横浜市が計画を承認した場合には2017年プロ野球シーズン終了後の11月から改修工事に着手。プロ野球のオフシーズンを中心に工事を進めるために2020年2月頃の完了を予定している。なお、計画どおりに工事が完了した場合にはスタジアムの収容人数が工事前の約2万9,000人から約3万5,000人に増えることになっている[25]。", "横浜スタジアム\n通常、この規模の建築物であれば2年前後の工期がかかるが、横浜スタジアムは翌年のプロ野球開幕に間に合わせるため、平和球場の解体を含めて1年程度の非常に短い工期が組まれることとなる。このため着工当初は7社程度のゼネコンによる共同企業体であったが、工期の関係上最終的には11社に及ぶゼネコンが結集し、超突貫体制で建築作業が行われた。法律上、公有地に企業が運営する施設を設置することができないため、建設は横浜スタジアム社が行った上で、一旦横浜市に施設を無償譲渡する形を執り、運営を横浜スタジアム社が行うという形が取られた。なお平和球場解体の際、スコアボードは藤沢市八部野球場に移設され、その後10年ほど使われていた。", "神戸総合運動公園野球場\n2000年（平成12年）には、内野にも天然芝が張られた。内外野ともに天然芝の球場は、かつては阪急西宮球場や後楽園球場、東京スタジアムなどでも見られたが、現在のところ、NPB球団の本拠地では当球場とMAZDA Zoom-Zoom スタジアム広島、楽天Koboスタジアム宮城の3球場のみであり、日本のプロ野球開催の野球場としてはサンマリンスタジアム宮崎、鶴岡ドリームスタジアムがあるのみである。一時期ドーム化が計画されていたこともあったが、当時ブルーウェーブに在籍していたイチローが「グリーンスタジアムは日本一の球場」と猛反対したこともあり、断念した。イチローはMLB移籍後も、オフシーズンの自主トレに本球場を使用している。", "宇都宮清原球場\nまた、プロ野球も公式戦やオープン戦が不定期ながら開催されており、過去には横浜大洋ホエールズや日本ハムファイターズなどが主催公式戦を開催した事があるが、公式戦は1997年から2007年まで開催されていなかった。但し、オープン戦については読売ジャイアンツ（巨人）が3年に1回のペースで主催試合を開催している（詳細は後述）。", "横浜スタジアム\n全国高等学校野球選手権神奈川大会 デーゲーム・スコアボード（二代目） 昇降式のマウンドと初代スコアボード 横浜ランドマークタワー69階の展望台（スカイガーデン）からの眺め", "横浜スタジアム\nディー・エヌ・エーの連結子会社でもある株式会社横浜DeNAベイスターズが、友好的TOBを通じて、2015年11月からスタジアム運営会社（株式会社横浜スタジアム）の発行済み普通株を取得[1][2]。TOBの締め切り（2016年1月20日）までに、議決権所有割合の過半数（71.12%）に該当する普通株を、総額74億2,500万円で取得した[3]。このため、運営会社は同月28日付で、横浜DeNAベイスターズの子会社（ディー・エヌ・エーの孫会社）に名義を変更[4]。ディー・エヌ・エーによる球団とスタジアムの一体運営体制へ移行した（詳細後述）。", "野球場\nイベントとして多いのはコンサートである。特にドーム球場は当初よりコンサート開催を考慮して設計されている。日本ではかつて、日本武道館で単独コンサートを行うことが一流の証と考えられてきた時代があったが、近年は収容能力をはるかにしのぐ野球場でのコンサート（主に東京ドーム）が最大のステイタスとされている。観客動員力が高いバンド・アーティストを『スタジアム級』と称することからも、それが伺える。ただし、野球場はもともと歌や演奏を聞かせるために作られた施設ではないため、音響や舞台設置の面で問題が生じるために、高い人気を得ていてもあえてスタジアムコンサートを行わないアーティストもいる。近年ではサッカースタジアムおよび陸上競技場を用いるケースが増えたため、相対的に野球場でのコンサート開催は減少している。", "豊中ローズ球場\n開場以来、高校野球や大学野球など、主にアマチュア野球の公式戦を開催。阪神甲子園球場から14kmほどの距離に位置することから、同球場で全国高等学校野球選手権大会や選抜高等学校野球大会が開かれる期間中には、近隣に宿泊する出場校の選手が練習で使用している。日本の高校球児の選抜チーム（日本代表）が出場した2015 WBSC U-18ワールドカップ（2015年8月26日 - 9月6日）では、大阪市南港中央野球場・舞洲ベースボールスタジアムと併用しながら、9月5日まで日本戦を除くグループリーグの試合の一部を開催した。", "平塚総合体育館\n男子Bリーグに所属する横浜ビー・コルセアーズの準ホームアリーナ、同じくBリーグに所属する川崎ブレイブサンダース、女子Wリーグに所属する富士通レッドウェーブのホームゲーム会場として使用している。2011-12・12-13シーズンに横浜が3位・4位となった場合、プレイオフ・カンファレンスファーストステージ(地区1回戦)を、当体育館で開催する予定となっていた\n。しかしいずれのシーズンにおいても横浜は2位となり、プレイオフ・カンファレンスセミファイナルからの出場となったため、当体育館での試合はなく、プレイオフは横浜文化体育館で開催された。人気バスケ漫画スラムダンクにも当体育館が登場している", "シンガポール・インドア・スタジアム\nまた、バスケットボール、WWEの大会も行われている。", "野球場\n広大さと収容能力の点で利点を持つことから、野球場は古くから野球以外のスポーツやイベントの開催地として使われてきた（阪神甲子園球場は設立当時から多目的施設としての利用も視野に入れていた）。", "東京体育館\nコンサートやそれに類するイベントでは日本武道館や代々木体育館・横浜アリーナなど首都圏での同規模の会場と比べると、あまり使用されない。開催されたものとしては下記のものがある。", "神奈川県野球交流戦\nこの大会は神奈川県横浜市に本拠地を置いている横浜DeNAベイスターズが神奈川県の野球振興を通した地域貢献活動の一環として行い、これまで実現しなかったプロと大学・社会人のアマチュア野球団体が一体となってのトーナメント大会を通して、広く野球というスポーツを多くのファンに浸透させることをめざしている。", "横浜アリーナ\nスポーツイベントとしては、1993年に東レ パン・パシフィック・オープン・テニストーナメントの試合会場として使用された。また、1998年のかながわ・ゆめ国体では体操会場として使用された。さらに、2008年バレーボール・ワールドグランプリ決勝ラウンド、2009年世界卓球選手権横浜大会、2018年バレーボール女子世界選手権プールA・ファイナルフォーの試合会場として使用された。2018年5月26日にはB.LEAGUEチャンピオンシップファイナルが開催された。", "富山市民球場アルペンスタジアム\nプロ野球の公式戦は毎年行われているが上述のような設計上の問題点や設備の経年劣化もあり、開催数が伸び悩んでいる。セ・リーグの公式戦は開場以来、中日ドラゴンズ（毎年開催していたが、2015年は組まれなかった）と広島東洋カープ（隔年開催だったが、新潟県立野球場開場以降は不定期）の主催により年間1〜2試合が開催されているものの（2017年は開催なし）、パ・リーグ公式戦は2005年7月27日の千葉ロッテマリーンズ対西武ライオンズ戦を最後に開催が途絶えていた。ただし、2000年代後半以降では日本生命交流戦での中日主管の対パ・リーグ勢の試合が割り振られることがある（2010年の日本ハム戦は降雨中止 → 6月16日にナゴヤドームで代替開催）。2011年は久々のセ・リーグ同士の対戦となるヤクルト戦が予定されたが、前日の金沢を含め2日間連続の雨天中止となった。2017年9月5日は日本ハム対東北楽天ゴールデンイーグルスが開催、12年ぶりのパ・リーグ公式戦開催となる。", "東京ドーム\n都市対抗、大学選手権、プロ野球のアジアシリーズが開催される期間中は、一・三塁側スタンド最前列に応援団の特設ステージが設けられる。[27][28]", "東京スタジアム補助グラウンド\nなお、近年サッカーの試合では部分的であるが人工芝のグラウンドでの試合が認められるようになった。だが、Jリーグ、JFLといった全国規模のサッカー大会では現状天然芝のみしか開催が許可されていない。この為、2004年まで開催されたJFLの公式戦（佐川急便東京SC、横河武蔵野FC、国士舘大学サッカー部など）の試合が開催されなくなった（後述の「西競技場」が完成したことにより、2012年度は横河主催の試合の一部や関東大学サッカーリーグ・日本女子サッカーリーグ（なでしこリーグ・チャレンジリーグ）を西競技場で行う）。", "横浜スタジアム\n上記のような球場の特色は、観客の応援スタイルにも影響を及ぼしている。ジェット風船を使った応援は、横浜市のポイ捨て・喫煙禁止条例抵触と<b data-parsoid='{\"dsr\":[14046,14058,3,3]}'>試合進行妨害、近隣を走るJR根岸線への影響[注 15]を理由に2012年まで通常時は禁止していた。1995年のオールスターゲームのみ特別に許可され、チームカラーの1つである黄色い風船で埋め尽くされた。2012年にはジェット風船の代用としてシャボン玉を使用した応援が行なわれていた。2013年から「スタージェット」（球場外へ飛び出す可能性が低く、球場周辺の公園の環境面や、近くを走る電車への影響という安全面でも優れた風船）のみ使用可能となった[6]。 かつてバックネット裏にあった各社の放送席は、グラウンド側には格子があるもののガラス窓がないことから、場内の音が入りやすかった。 東京ヤクルトスワローズ応援団（ツバメ軍団）による「ビニール傘応援」は、座席間隔が狭いため危険として一時期禁止されていた。 バックスクリーンが肌色と相対色である青色であるため、投手のリリースポイントが見やすい。そのためか当球場での試合は乱打戦になる傾向がある。 横浜の選手に本塁打が出ると\"Good-bye Baseball!\"（「入った! ホームラン!」の意）のアナウンスとともに、船の汽笛が鳴り響いたが、後に廃止され、2017年シーズンから花火が、打ち上がる演出に変更された。 時々グラウンドに鳥やネコが入り込んで試合が中断することがある。2015年にはシーズン初頭に何度もネコが内野グラウンドに入り込んで試合が中断、2017年4月13日の試合でもネコが入り込んで中断した[7]。過去には、雨天時に外野グラウンドにカエルが入り込んだことがある。 3塁側内野スタンドの1階部分には剣道場（剣道横浜公武館）が入居している。 1990年代初頭まではファウルポールに広告が掲載されていた他、内野席の椅子の背もたれにも広告ステッカーが貼られていた。 相手チームが勝利した時のヒーローインタビューも行っている。 2013年から外野席全てが指定席となる[8]。 2013年からビジターチームの7回表の攻撃前にビジターチームの球団歌を流すようになる（巨人・阪神（※2017年9月29日時点では阪神の球団歌が流されるようになった。2018年時点で巨人の応援歌も流されるようになっている）除く）。 2013年からDeNA攻撃時は常時スタジアムDJが場内放送を担当するようになった(以前からも土日の試合を中心にスタジアムDJが担当することもあった)。 2014年から内野席の自由席も廃止になり、全席指定となる。 2015年6月3日のDeNA対福岡ソフトバンクホークス戦では、6回表にソフトバンクの柳田悠岐がDeNAの三浦大輔から放った打球がスコアボード上のスクリーン（ホームチーム3番打者のポジション表示部の右横付近）に組み込まれた30cm四方の液晶パネル1枚を直撃（記録はソロ本塁打）[9]、その影響でパネルが変形した。柳田がホームランを放って変形したそのパネルは、試合後の交換で取り外された後に期間限定でソフトバンクの本拠地・福岡ヤフオク!ドームに展示されている[10]。 2016年7月8日、東京オリンピックで野球・ソフトボール競技が開催都市追加種目に採用されたした場合、その競技の有力開催競技場となっていると報道された[11]。 2016年8月4日、東京オリンピックの野球・ソフトボール競技の開催都市追加種目として実施されることが正式に決定され、同時に横浜スタジアムを会場として開催されることも決まった[12]。", "関市民球場\n高校野球などアマチュア野球公式戦が行われている他、プロ野球では中日ドラゴンズ主催のウエスタン・リーグ（二軍）公式戦が不定期で開催される。", "横浜スタジアム\n1978年3月、老朽化した横浜公園平和野球場（よこはまこうえん・へいわやきゅうじょう、通称「平和球場」）の跡地に竣工。同年より、川崎球場（現：川崎富士見球技場）から移転した横浜大洋ホエールズ（現：横浜DeNAベイスターズ）の本拠地となったほか、神奈川大学野球連盟のリーグ戦や、全国高等学校野球選手権神奈川大会、横浜市長杯関東地区大学野球選手権大会（明治神宮野球大会出場決定戦）、社会人野球等、アマチュア野球の会場としても用いられる他に、アメリカンフットボールの会場としてもしばしば利用されている。高校野球夏の大会では、開会式のほか1回戦から使用され、準々決勝以降は保土ケ谷球場[注 2]にかわりメインスタジアムとなる。", "大阪近鉄バファローズ\n日生球場は収容人員が日本野球機構主催によるオールスターや日本シリーズを開催する時の最低下限である3万人よりも少なかったので、近鉄主管で行われる場合（1979年、1980年のプレーオフも）大阪球場を使った他、オールスターについては近鉄が主管となる順番となった回は南海ホークスに開催権を譲渡していた。ただし、1975年のプレーオフは藤井寺で開催しており、仮に日本シリーズ出場が決まった場合も藤井寺を使う予定だった。なお、ナイトゲーム主催のために近鉄は日生球場にナイター設備（1958年）や観客席増設（1962年）の工事を負担している[18]。", "札幌ドーム\nシーズン閉幕の時期の違いからプロ野球の日程がJリーグよりも先に決定するため、北海道コンサドーレ札幌の札幌ドーム利用日程の決定にあたっては、プロ野球が先に決めた日程の隙間で使わざるを得ないという課題も抱えている。2011年において、東日本大震災により延期された主催3試合（3月12日：ギラヴァンツ北九州戦、3月19日：ジェフユナイテッド市原・千葉戦、4月2日：東京ヴェルディ1969戦）の代替についても一時は厚別など他の競技場への代替も考えられたが、当初の札幌ドームでの開催ができるよう、J2の他チームと異なる日に開催するよう日程調整を行っている（振り替え後の開催日は、北九州戦：7月6日、千葉戦：8月17日、東京V戦：9月21日）。", "札幌ドーム\nプロ野球・Jリーグ・コンサート等の大規模イベント時に運行されている。", "横浜スタジアム\n近年は横浜スタジアムに替わる新球場建設の動きも見られた[注 28]。", "東北電力名取スポーツパーク\n愛島球場では高校野球、大学野球、社会人野球などアマチュア野球公式戦が行われていた。また場内各スポーツ施設には、日本プロサッカーリーグ（Jリーグ）に加盟するジェフユナイテッド市原・千葉の協力による「NASPA・JEF UNITEDサッカースクール」の他、テニススクールなど6種のスポーツスクールが開設されていた。", "大阪ドーム\nアマチュア野球では社会人野球日本選手権大会や全国高等学校野球選手権大阪大会の開会式と、その直後の二試合が行われている。またコンサート、展示会などのイベントが開催される他、草野球利用目的の一般貸し出しも行われている。", "横浜スタジアム\nスタンドの座席配色を統一 これまで統一されていなかったスタンドの座席配色を、チームカラーの「横浜ブルー」に塗り替える。今回はライトスタンド、3塁側内野指定席（A・B全席、FAの一部、合計6035席）を対象とし、今後は段階的に統一させる予定（2018年統一化完了） 内野席の名称を1塁側は「BAY SIDE」、3塁側は「STAR SIDE」にそれぞれ変更し、「1塁側が主管チーム（DeNA側）、3塁側がビジターチーム」という規定概念をなくして、「球場全体が一体となってプロ野球を楽しんでもらいたい」とする趣向で取り組む。 ベイスターズ専用応援団席の増築 3塁側・STAR SIDEの一部にベイスターズ応援団専用エリアを拡大させ、「ホーム・ビジターの色分けをなくしたスタジアムで、これまで以上にファンや街（地域）の皆さんが集まっていただける環境づくりをするため」と考えているという[33]。", "阪神タイガース主催試合の地方球場一覧\nこの項では、阪神タイガース主催試合のうち、阪神甲子園球場以外の地方球場開催分をリストアップした。\n（フランチャイズ制度が導入された1952年から）\n※阪神の後攻（各回のウラの攻撃側）で行われたが、「主催」は、MLB・MLB選手会・日本野球機構・読売新聞社だった。", "横浜国際総合競技場\n通常、これら3施設については命名権により付与された呼称が使用されるが、国際大会など大会・興行のスポンサー以外の企業名称が使用できない場合（FIFA主管試合における「クリーンスタジアム」の措置など）は、正式名称である「横浜国際総合競技場」を使用し、新横浜公園内に掲出されている全ての「日産」「NISSAN」と表示される掲示を覆い隠すなどの措置をとった（このため、補助競技場は「フィールド小机」、スポーツコミュニティプラザは「ウォーターパーク」と単に呼ばれることとなる）。なお、新横浜公園外はクリーンスタジアムの対象とはならないため、新横浜駅をはじめ近隣街路の表示、及びバス停名は変更されない。", "横浜スタジアム\nスタジアム内で売られている「みかん氷」が名物となっている。かき氷の上に缶詰のみかんが乗り、その上に缶詰みかんのシロップをかけたもので、一杯350円。特に真夏のデーゲームや、高校野球神奈川大会の際には売り場に長蛇の列ができる。2009年までは1,3塁側の内野売店（2004年までは3塁側のみ）での販売であったが、2010年より外野席の売店でも販売するようになった。2007年からは1塁側のみだが、みかんの代わりに缶詰パイナップルとシロップを使った「パイナップル氷」が発売された。一杯350円。", "横須賀スタジアム\n横須賀スタジアム（よこすかスタジアム）は、神奈川県横須賀市の追浜公園内にある横須賀市立の野球場。プロ野球・横浜DeNAベイスターズが二軍の本拠地として使用している。指定管理者制度に基づき、一般財団法人シティサポートよこすか・横浜DeNAベイスターズ共同事業体が指定管理者として運営管理を行っている。", "横浜の都市デザイン\n横浜公園は、日本最初の西洋式公園で、都心においてまとまった緑を確保し、人々の憩いの場となっている。1978年のプロ野球球団の誘致の際に市民株主を募集し整備した横浜スタジアムが立地し、広く市民に愛されている。", "横浜スタジアム\nブルペンを外野スタンド下に収める構造を採用した結果、横浜スタジアムの外野フェンスは高さがドーム球場並み[注 10]の5mに達するものになった。このため、グラウンド内でバウンドした打球がフェンスを越えてエンタイトルツーベースに至ることはほとんどあり得ず、フェンスによじ登ってのフライ捕球もまず不可能である（内野エキサイティングシートのフェンスは低いため、こちらに入ってのエンタイトルツーベースは何度か起きている[注 11]）。フェンスが高いものの外野スタンドの奥行きは狭いため、プロのパワーヒッターであれば場外ホームランを打つことも可能である[注 12]。ドーム球場並みの5mもある外野フェンスからの転落はその高さのために生命にかかわる事故も起きている。2009年8月27日開催の横浜対阪神戦において、泥酔した観客がライトスタンドから1mあるフェンスを乗り越えて5m下のグラウンドに転落したことで2日後に死亡する事故が発生している[5]。", "神戸総合運動公園野球場\n近隣により適した会場が多いため、野球以外の大規模イベントの開催は少ない。\nコンサートは2012年、2013年にNEWSが、2014年にポルノグラフィティが、2017年にBIGBANGのSOLが開催している。", "野球場\n野球以外のスポーツで野球場を利用することが最も多い競技は、野球と同じく米国発祥の競技であり、広大なフィールドを必要とするアメリカンフットボールである。シーズン開催時期があまり重ならないことから、米国では野球場がMLBとNFLの本拠地としてよく併用され、特に1960年代からは可動スタンドを備えた円形球場（後述）が多数、新設された。近年の米国では新古典派球場ブームにより分化されていき、MLBとNFLの本拠地として併用されているのは残りわずかである。日本でも甲子園ボウル、ライスボウル（東京ドームで開催）などのように、ボウル・ゲームを野球場で行うケースが多い。", "横浜スタジアム\n横浜スタジアムには、外野レフトスタンドのポール際にベーブ・ルースのレリーフが、ライトスタンドのポール際にルー・ゲーリッグのレリーフがそれぞれ設置されている。これは、後述の通りルースやゲーリッグというメジャーリーグベースボールの歴史に名を残すスターがこの地でプレーしたことを記念するものである。", "スカイA スタジアム\nその他、キャンプ期間中の練習試合・オープン戦や、ファーム日本選手権、フレッシュオールスターゲーム、アマチュア野球中継では独自仕様のテロップが使われる。", "阪神甲子園球場\n日本プロ野球セントラル・リーグの阪神タイガースの本拠地球場であるほか、全国高等学校野球選手権大会および選抜高等学校野球大会という2大高校野球全国大会が戦前から優先的に開催されており、日本国内では大学野球における明治神宮野球場と並んで「野球の聖地」と称されている。", "横浜スタジアム\n可動スタンドや昇降式マウンドは、いずれもプロ野球以外の興行への使用を前提に設置されており、横浜スタジアムは日本で初めて設計段階から多目的スタジアムとして造られた建築物といえる。二塁ベース後方を中心として真円形に作られたフィールドなど、アメリカで1960年代から1970年代にかけて流行したアメフト兼用球場の影響が見てとれる。この設計思想は後のドーム球場等にも取り入れられた。また、日本のプロ用野球場としては初めて、建設時から全面人工芝グラウンドと電光掲示式スコアボード、および映像表示装置を設置している。", "下関球場\nプロ野球は翌1989年から開催されるようになり、かつて下関を本拠地としていた横浜大洋ホエールズが同年3月に読売ジャイアンツ（巨人）とのオープン戦、8月にヤクルトスワローズとの公式戦を主催で開催。大洋は以後、球団名が「横浜ベイスターズ」→「横浜DeNAベイスターズ」となってからもほぼ毎年オープン戦・一軍公式戦・イースタン・リーグ公式戦のいずれかの形で主催試合を行っている。ただし、一軍戦の開催は横浜以外の球団主催も含め2008年以降は実施されていない。なお、ベイスターズは下関市を「球団発祥の地」としてその歴史を尊重しており、日本一となった1960年と1998年には下関市内でも優勝パレードを実施している。このような縁から球団は下関を「準本拠地」として明確な定義こそしてはいないものの、地元には「下関はベイスターズのふるさと」「横浜の準本拠地」と崇めるファンも数多い。", "横浜スタジアム\n1929年 - 横浜公園平和野球場落成 1977年2月 - 株式会社横浜スタジアム設立 1978年3月 - 横浜スタジアム竣工 施設を横浜市へ寄贈すると同時に興行使用権を取得 1978年3月 - 株式会社大洋球団（現：横浜DeNAベイスターズ）の専用球場となる。 1979年3月 - 関連会社横浜球場商事株式会社設立 スタジアム商品、入場券等販売委託、酒類小売業経営（現・連結子会社） 1984年8月 - 屋内練習場竣工 施設を横浜市へ寄贈 1993年2月 - 関連会社スタジアム・エンタープライズ株式会社設立（現・連結子会社） 2015年11月 - 株式会社横浜DeNAベイスターズが、株式会社横浜スタジアムに対する友好的TOBを開始。 2016年1月 - 友好的TOBの終了を機に、株式会社横浜スタジアムを、株式会社ディー・エヌ・エーの連結子会社に異動[4]。", "I☆YOKOHAMA\nI ☆ YOKOHAMA（I LOVE YOKOHAMA/あい らぶ よこはま）とは、日本のプロ野球球団横浜DeNAベイスターズがコミュニティ・ボールパーク化構想の一つとして掲げる、横浜を愛する人々を対象にプロ野球をきっかけとしたまちづくりを推進していくプロジェクトの総称。", "東都大学野球連盟\n2013年以前は原則として神宮第二球場で開催していた。ただし、神宮第二球場はゴルフ練習場を兼ねている都合上、使用できない予備日等においては、東京農業大学グラウンドを始めとした各大学が所有する野球場を使用して試合を実施していた。\n2014年から神宮第二球場での開催は、球場が非常に狭く、ファールボールが場外に飛び出すなどといった問題や施設の老朽化などもあるため、原則として参加校のグラウンドを使用することになった。土日開催を原則とし、1・2回戦は対戦校の各大学グラウンドを入替えるホーム＆アウェイ方式とし、3回戦以後にもつれ込んだ場合（および、土曜・日曜に雨天などの中止が生じ、月曜日以後に延期分が繰り越された場合）は原則として町田市小野路球場を使用するが、東京六大学野球連盟が日曜日までにその週の試合を終えていれば神宮球場で開催するという変則的な日程を採用した。しかし、大学グラウンドの所在地によって移動が長距離となることから選手やファンからは不評であったことや、郊外開催となりプロ野球球団のスカウトが訪れる機会が減少するといった切実な事情もあり、2016年以後は原則として、相模原球場や大和スタジアムを中心に、平日の首都圏の公営球場で試合を開催することとなった。なお、2016年は西武ドーム（当時は西武プリンスドーム）で開催した他、神宮球場で、一部リーグとの同時開催をした実績もある。", "Tvkプロ野球中継 横浜DeNAベイスターズ熱烈LIVE\n本拠地以外の球場においても大洋→横浜とヤクルトの一部の主催試合（ひたちなか市民球場、草薙球場、平和台野球場他）が放送されたことがあった。近年は神奈川県内の平塚球場、サーティーフォー相模原球場のみ放送されることがある。", "ヨコハマボウル\nヨコハマボウルは、2008年まで例年5月か6月に、神奈川県横浜市にある横浜スタジアムで東西対抗戦を謳って開催されていたアメリカンフットボールの日本におけるドリームゲームの一つ。2009年度以降、開催が中断されているが、その理由は詳らかでない。", "横浜ユナイテッドアリーナ\n横浜ユナイテッドアリーナ（よこはまユナイテッドアリーナ）は、横浜市が横浜文化体育館（以下本館）再整備事業の一環として、本館の横浜ユナイテッドアリーナ（以下メインアリーナ）建て替え及び横浜武道館（以下サブアリーナ）新設のプロジェクトである。", "海老名運動公園野球場\n高校野球（夏の県大会を除く）やプロ野球・イースタン・リーグ（横浜DeNAベイスターズ主催試合）に使用される。また11月にはクラストカップ神奈川・静岡決戦会場（リトルシニア南関東支部・あさひテレビ主催）としても使用されている。", "野球場\n近年ではプロレス（主に新日本プロレス）・K-1などの格闘技が行われることも多い。ほかにもサッカー、競輪などが野球場で行われた例がある。また日米のプロサッカークラブの一部が野球場を本拠地としている。札幌ドームのホヴァリングサッカーステージの他に、米国ではアメフト兼用球場のアメフト用フィールドをそのままサッカー用に転用している。ただしこちらもサッカー用スタジアムがそろいつつある。詳細は各野球場の記述を参照。", "横浜国際総合競技場\n鶴見川の多目的遊水池との共同事業で整備されたスタジアムであり、スタジアム自体にも遊水池機能を備える。北側を流れる鶴見川の増水時には、西側（上流側）の越水堤から水が流れ込む。大雨で遊水池機能を発現させるために、スタジアムから観客が15分以内で避難できるようにスタジアムの周囲はペデストリアンデッキ（人工地盤）で覆われている。延べ床面積は172,758平方メートル。", "横浜スタジアム\n内野スタンドの前段とピッチャーズマウンドは日本で初めて可動式を採用した。野球開催時（通常時）はグラウンドの形状が扇形になっているが、アメリカンフットボールなどの試合を開催する際は一塁側・三塁側の可動スタンドを移動させてグラウンド形状を長方形に変更することが可能であった。マウンドは昇降式であり、野球以外のイベント開催時にはマウンドを降下させ、その上に骨組みを組み、さらに人工芝マットを敷くことでグラウンド全体を水平にすることができる。", "TOKYO MX STADIUM\n大学野球中継はその後打ち切られたため、放送対象はプロ野球公式戦と高校野球大会だけとなり、2007年からは阪神戦とソフトバンク戦の他に、明治神宮野球場で行われる東京ヤクルトスワローズ主催試合（主に対中日ドラゴンズ戦、三重テレビとぎふチャンへもネット）の自社制作放送という陣容となる。なお、2006年以降の東京ヤクルト主催公式戦の自社制作は、対中日戦を年2、3試合程度放送で三重テレビとぎふチャンにネットするという放送形式でほぼ固定されていた。", "横浜ベイホール\nさらに、ライブだけでなく、イベント、パーティなどにも対応できる。", "パシフィック・リーグ\nまた、スタジアム内でも、福岡ドームやメットライフドームの勝利の花火、ZOZOマリンスタジアムかでの特定曜日花火、京セラドーム大阪のお好み焼きタイム等、観客を野球以外で楽しませるための演出や入場者へのホームチームノベルティプレゼント、各試合ごとのイベント（ホームチーム地元在住者は証明出来れば内外野自由席無料、サラリーマンは500円、女性は1000円等）を行うなど、各球団がさまざまな営業努力を払っている。この結果、平日のナイターでも多くの観客を動員するまでに至っている。", "横浜スタジアム\nこのオーナーズシートは、当球場で行われる公式戦・オープン戦の大洋（→横浜→DeNA）球団主管全試合（年60試合前後）を球場の賃貸契約期間満了までの45年間に渡り、無料で入場・観戦できるというもの。株式公開買い付けが行われた2015年12月時点ではその株主の総数は554の個人・法人・団体が株主登録されていたが、その半数弱は個人だった。なお球場の株式公開買い付けによりディー・エヌ・エーとDeNA球団が運営母体となってからも、引き続き運営会社の株式とは別契約となっているとする観点から、オーナーズシートは契約満了の2023年まで利用することができることになっている[14]。", "横浜スタジアム\n売店は内野スタンド2階通路と外野スタンド1階に設置されている。内野スタンド一塁側にはサーティワン アイスクリームが、三塁側にはケンタッキーフライドチキンがあり、一・三塁側双方にドミノ・ピザがワゴン形式で出店している。[注 14]場内で販売されていた牛丼は2000年頃までは吉野家、2001年頃からはなか卯となっていたが、現在は撤退している。", "野球場\n一方で屋外球場では自治体によってグリーンスタジアム神戸（1988年）、千葉マリンスタジアム（正確には第三セクターによる）（1990年）が建設され、プロ野球の球団誘致に成功している。大阪ドーム、札幌ドームも第三セクターによるものである。", "オリックス・バファローズ ナイトスタジアム\nその『バファローズナイター』のノウハウを生かし、合併球団にあたるオリックス・バファローズのホーム（主催）ゲームに特化した中継として、金曜日に本拠地球場の大阪ドーム、神戸総合運動公園野球場（スカイマークスタジアム）で行われるナイターを19:00 - 22:00の放送枠で中継することになった（全18試合）。参考として、4月の予定カードは、8日の対楽天戦（大阪ドーム）、15日の対西武戦（スカイマーク）だった。野球中継が21:30までに終了した場合は『浅野亜希子の演歌ルンルンスタジオ』をクッション番組として編成。また、予定の試合が中止となった場合も予備カード（他の中継カード）は設定しないでスタジオ構成のレインコート番組『ナイトスタジアムジョッキー』（19:00 - 21:30）を編成した。", "横浜スタジアム\n横浜スタジアム建設前には大型の競技場やコンサートホールなどが存在せず、横浜市はスポーツイベントや音楽興行の分野では立ち遅れた都市であったが、横浜スタジアムの完成がこれらの解消にも大きく寄与した。長年にわたり横浜国際女子駅伝の発着会場となった[注 4]ほか、Jリーグ草創期にはグラウンドに天然芝のマットを敷いてプレシーズンマッチを開催したこともある。", "松山中央公園野球場\n供用開始以降、高校野球、社会人野球などアマチュア野球公式戦が行われている。また公式戦の一部は坊っちゃんスタジアムの他、マドンナスタジアムでも行われている。", "新潟県立野球場\nしかしTBS側・住生活G側とも、交渉段階では当球場の準本拠地化には否定的な姿勢を見せていた。住生活G側で球団取得関連の検討グループでプロジェクトリーダーを務めていたトステムの溝口和美取締役副社長は10月22日の取材で本拠地問題に関し、横浜スタジアムについて「駅からも近く、12球団の中では一番立地がいい。人口も多いし、いい立地条件があるならそれを生かせばいい」とした上で、県側との接触については「新潟とは全然やってません。アクセスも大変だし、横浜が一番いい」と交渉の事実を否定し、準本拠地化には消極的な見解を示した。だが一方、住生活Gの潮田洋一郎会長は10月7日、株式買収後に県側から誘致を受けた場合の対応について「球団の株を取得した時にそういう話があれば、全ての可能性を拒絶すべき理由はない」と、将来的には本拠地移転も視野に入れて検討する意向を示唆し、交渉過程では本拠地と球団首脳陣の人事について「白紙」を強調し続けていた。その後、一時は交渉の進捗こそ見られたものの、神奈川県内の他地域や新潟市、当時静岡県草薙総合運動場硬式野球場の大規模改修が3箇年計画で進められていた静岡市などへの本拠地移転を模索する住生活G側と、横浜での本拠地継続を求めるTBS側との間で条件面で折り合いが付かなくなり、結局両社は10月27日までに交渉を断念。2011年シーズンはTBSが横浜の球団株式を継続保有する方向となった。同日開かれた住生活G側の交渉決裂に関する記者会見で、溝口は本拠地問題などの存在を認めたものの「実際に相手の球場や、新潟といったところと話し合いをしたことは一度もない」と、県側との接触がないことを改めて強調した。なお横浜球団は同年5月8日、当球場でセ・リーグ公式戦（対阪神タイガース1試合・デーゲーム）を開催したが、これは売却交渉以前から開催が内定していたものである。", "横浜スタジアム\n従って、必然的に球場の建設イコール平和球場の建て替え、という図式へ流れていったが、平和球場を解体してプロ野球も開催可能な規模の球場を建設するには、公園内建築物の建ぺい率制限や、所管官庁である建設省との折衝、さらに神奈川県立武道館等、球場建設によって移転を迫られる横浜公園内施設の代替地問題など、資金面以外にもさまざまなハードルがあった。中でも、横浜公園内の米軍横浜チャペルセンターの立ち退きに際しては、日本国政府のほかに在日米軍との調整も必要であった。", "飛鳥田一雄\nまた飛鳥田は「横浜公園にプロ野球の公式戦が出来る野球場を造りたい」「その新球場をプロ野球チームの本拠地としたい」と考え、戦前から在った横浜公園平和野球場の建て替えを決断する。新球場建設のために飛鳥田自身も神奈川県内の企業などを回って計画の説明などを行い、横浜市議会でもスタジアム運営に関する案件などを可決するために努力を払った。更にその当時、川崎球場を本拠地にしていた大洋ホエールズ（現：横浜DeNAベイスターズ）の横浜への本拠地移転に飛鳥田が自らが動いたことでも知られている。そうした経緯で現在の横浜スタジアムの完成に漕ぎつけ、横浜スタジアムこけら落とし試合となった1978年4月4日の大洋ホエールズ 対 読売ジャイアンツ第1回戦に際しては、市長を辞職して日本社会党委員長になっていた飛鳥田が始球式を行っている。", "いわきグリーンスタジアム\n開場以来高校野球、大学野球などアマチュア野球公式戦が行われている。また、プロ野球公式戦は年1～2試合程度開催。例年東京ヤクルトスワローズ、東北楽天ゴールデンイーグルスの主催で、同県福島市の福島県営あづま球場もしくは茨城県ひたちなか市のひたちなか市民球場との2連戦が組まれている。2010年･2014年にも読売ジャイアンツ主催試合が組まれているが、同じくこの日程である。" ]

[ 8.140625 ]

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[ "It's too late." ]

[ "It isn't too late.", "Three women are standing in the living room.", "I gave him a sharp look.", "Nascar race ends in disappointment", "A child is looking at something tiny.", "I will not watch the show after hearing her sing that song.", "teenagers listen to music" ]

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[ "A child is climbing." ]

[ "A child is eating a pizza.", "the people are at a store", "Three women are playing ping pong.", "A boy holds a yellow umbrella inside a house.", "the worker is dead", "A person is holding a camera.", "A little toddler learning how to bake." ]

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[ "Eurotrash (TV series) by the production company, Rapido Television. A one-off special aired on 17 June 2016 to coincide with the UK's referendum on European Union membership. The show was conceived in Paris for London-based Rapido Television by producer and director Peter Stuart. Rapido Television makes over 100 programme titles, mostly for Channel 4, and was originally launched with backing by Richard Branson. The first \"Eurotrash\" series were presented by Antoine de Caunes and Jean-Paul Gaultier, with narrative voiceovers by British comic actress Maria McErlane. Gaultier left at the end of series 7 and de Caunes then co-presented with a range of guest", "Antoine de Caunes part ailleurs\" for Canal+. De Caunes came to fame in the English-speaking world on the BBC2 television series \"Rapido\", notable for his catchphrase, in the thickest of French accents, \"Rap, Rap, Rap, Rapiiiidoo\". He then went on to create the long-running adult entertainment programme \"Eurotrash\" with Jean-Paul Gaultier for Channel 4. He also presented a short-lived chat show on Channel 4 called \"Le Show\". In addition he appeared in an advertising campaign for Rowntree's Fruit Pastilles ice lollies, which he claimed to be \"a French lollipop, on a very British stick\". Since September 2013, he hosts Canal + daily evening", "Jean-Paul Gaultier and video directed by Jean-Baptiste Mondino. The album also featured a collaboration with accordion player Yvette Horner. Starting in 1993, he co-hosted the Channel 4 program \"Eurotrash\" with Antoine de Caunes. Gaultier hosted the show until 1997. Gaultier was the creative director of Hermès from 2003 to 2010, where he succeeded Martin Margiela. He is also well known for sponsoring the 2003–04 exhibit in the Costume Institute of New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art entitled \"Braveheart: Men in Skirts,\" which showed designs by Dries van Noten, Vivienne Westwood, and Rudi Gernreich in addition to Gaultier's in order to examine \"designers", "Jean-Paul Gaultier Jean-Paul Gaultier Jean-Paul Gaultier (; born 24 April 1952) is a French haute couture and prêt-à-porter fashion designer. He was the creative director of Hermès from 2003 to 2010. He co-presented the television series \"Eurotrash\" with Antoine de Caunes. Gaultier grew up in a suburb of Paris. His mother was a clerk and his father an accountant. It was his maternal grandmother, Marie Garage , who introduced him to the world of fashion. He never received formal training as a designer. Instead, he started sending sketches to famous couture stylists at an early age. Pierre Cardin was impressed by his", "Alex Berger Newman, Antoine de Caunes and prolific producer Peter Stuart partner with Richard Branson to create a 50/50 joint venture : Rapido TV. Rapido TV instantly becomes a significant TV program supplier in the UK \"Euro Trash\" on channel4 with Antoine de Caunes & Jean Paul Gaultier, « Passengers », « Around the world in 80 raves », « Baadasss TV » presented by Ice-T, « The Girly Show », « Unzipped », « Carnal Knowledge »…), fictions (« Is Harry on the Boat ? ») & documentaries (« Fortean TV », « Channel Hopping », « Dying to be beautiful", "Eurotrash (TV series) respect, which stood out from the usual comic tone of the programme. Eurotrash (TV series) Eurotrash was a 30-minute magazine-format programme in English, presented by Antoine de Caunes and Jean-Paul Gaultier and produced by Rapido Television. It was shown in the United Kingdom on Channel 4 from 24 September 1993 and was a late-night comical review of unusual topics mainly from Western and Central Europe; though, despite the title, also around the world. The show averaged around a 20 percent audience share, pulling in around 2–3 million viewers each week, making it the most popular entertainment show on the channel.", "Eurotrash (TV series) Eurotrash (TV series) Eurotrash was a 30-minute magazine-format programme in English, presented by Antoine de Caunes and Jean-Paul Gaultier and produced by Rapido Television. It was shown in the United Kingdom on Channel 4 from 24 September 1993 and was a late-night comical review of unusual topics mainly from Western and Central Europe; though, despite the title, also around the world. The show averaged around a 20 percent audience share, pulling in around 2–3 million viewers each week, making it the most popular entertainment show on the channel. Channel 4's slot average for Eurotrash's broadcast time is around 900,000 viewers,", "Rapido (TV series) late night Channel 4 television show \"Eurotrash\". Rapido was notable for De Caunes' idiosyncratic delivery. His English is completely fluent, but he (deliberately) spoke it with French intonations and speech rhythms on the programme. Rapido (TV series) Rapido is a BBC2 television show which ran from 1988 to 1992, and was presented by Antoine de Caunes. It ran in over 14 countries worldwide. The show which would usually go out in an early evening slot, such as 7.30pm on a Wednesday night, featured reports from up and coming new bands linked together with footage of Antoine standing in front of", "Georges de Caunes a passion for theatre and in 1979 wrote a play entitled \"Comédie pour un meurtre\". He was also a keen sports presenter fronting several football matches across the world for French television De Caunes was married three times. His first wife was the writer Benoîte Groult, they had two daughters Blandine (born 1946) and Lison (born 1950). He left Groult for television presenter Jacqueline Joubert from whom they had a son Antoine (who is now one of France's best known entertainers and the host of Eurotrash). In 1960 De Caunes divorced Joubert and in 1967 he married reporter Anne-Marie Carmentrez" ]

[ "Antoine de Caunes detective, Sam Murchinson: Several collections of his speeches \"Nulle part ailleurs\" were published; texts written with Albert Algoud: He also wrote a dictionary: Antoine de Caunes Antoine de Caunes (born 1 December 1953) is a French television presenter, actor, writer and film director. He is the son of two prominent French personalities, television journalist-reporter Georges de Caunes and television announcer Jacqueline Joubert. He is the father of the actress Emma de Caunes. He began his career writing theme songs for cartoons for Antenne 2 under the pseudonym of Paul Persavon, including \"Cobra\" and \"Space Sheriff Gavan\" (known in France as", "Antoine de Caunes Antoine de Caunes Antoine de Caunes (born 1 December 1953) is a French television presenter, actor, writer and film director. He is the son of two prominent French personalities, television journalist-reporter Georges de Caunes and television announcer Jacqueline Joubert. He is the father of the actress Emma de Caunes. He began his career writing theme songs for cartoons for Antenne 2 under the pseudonym of Paul Persavon, including \"Cobra\" and \"Space Sheriff Gavan\" (known in France as \"X-Or\"). His early TV appearances included \"Chorus\" (1975), the series \"Les Enfants du rock\", again for A2, and then his breakthrough with \"Nulle", "Jean-Paul Gaultier thereafter, the Eau de Cologne Fleur du Mâle was released, demonstrating a lighter version of the scent. Another addition is the women's fragrance Ma Dame. On 6 July 2011, the new men's fragrance, Kokorico, was launched at the La Gaîté Lyrique, just after the haute couture F/w 2011–2012 fashion show. From the early 1990s to 2015, all Jean Paul Gaultier perfumes were produced under a long-term license by Paris-based Beauté Prestige International. Jean-Paul Gaultier Jean-Paul Gaultier (; born 24 April 1952) is a French haute couture and prêt-à-porter fashion designer. He was the creative director of Hermès from 2003 to", "The Great British Bake Off (series 9) final of 7.7 million and the lowest since 2012. The ratings below are cumulative figures over longer periods, and they include multiple-screen viewing figures (on TV, computer, tablet and smartphone), the first year this system was implemented, and the figures are therefore slightly higher than it would have been without the multiple-screen viewing figures. The Great British Bake Off (series 9) The ninth series of \"The Great British Bake Off\" began on 28 August 2018, with this being the second series to be broadcast on Channel 4. The series is presented by Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig, with judges Paul", "Antoine de Caunes show Le Grand Journal. He provided voices in the Aardman Animation TV show \"Rex the Runt\". He has been a long-time AIDS awareness campaigner, fronting the organisation Soirées de l'humour — Solidarité sida. Two CD Titles, \"Il a pas peur de personne,’’ Film Music by BO from the animated show \"Lucky Luke\" televised on France 3 and sold in 2001 by Sony Music. Song writer : Antoine de Caunes wrote his first book published with Éditions Albin Michel in the collection Rock & Folk in the Magma groupe: He wrote two novels about the conquests of the New York private", "Jean-Paul Gaultier Kim Kardashian wore one of his designs on the Grammys red carpet in 2015. In 2016, he designed more than 500 costumes for the revue THE ONE Grand Show at Friedrichstadt-Palast Berlin. He also designed the dress Katy Perry wore at a \"Vanity Fair\" after-party in early 2017. In 2017, he designed a dress that Solange Knowles wore to the 2017 Glamour Women of the Year Awards in New York City. This dress was a part of the Jean-Paul Gaultier Fall 2017 couture collection. Gaultier designed the wardrobe for many motion pictures, including: Gaultier's labels include Jean Paul Gaultier and", "Jean-Paul Gaultier Gaultier PARIS (couture collection), and the former JEAN'S Paul Gaultier, Eyewear Jean Paul Gaultier and Jean Paul Gaultier Argent. Besides his ready-to-wear collection, in 1988 Gaultier expanded his brand to include the label Junior Gaultier, a lower-priced line designed for the youth market with a heavy nautical influence that he began to carry throughout all of his collections. In 1988, a Junior Gaultier outfit was selected by Jeff Banks as the Dress of the Year. The Junior Gaultier label was replaced in 1994 with JPG by Gaultier, a unisex collection that followed the designer's idea of fluidity of the sexes.", "The Great British Bake Off (series 4) by an episode of \"Top Gear\" in 2007. Series 4 had an average of viewing figure of 7.4 million. Official episode viewing figures are from BARB. The Great British Bake Off (series 4) The fourth series of \"The Great British Bake Off\" began airing on 20 August 2013. Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins again presented the show and Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges. As with series three, the competition was held at Harptree Court in East Harptree, Somerset. 13,000 amateur bakers applied to appear on the programme, and 100 were selected for screen test, with the best", "Jean-Paul Gaultier As a result of this success, Hermès hired Gaultier as creative director from 2003 to 2010. Hermès took a 30% stake in Jean Paul Gaultier in 2003 and later increased their stake to 45%. Gaultier's spring 2009 couture was influenced by the visual style of singer Klaus Nomi, and he used Nomi's recording of \"Cold Song\" in his runway show. Jean Paul Gaultier licenses a line of perfumes in collaboration with the Puig company. The first fragrance, Classique, a women's floral-oriental, was introduced in 1993, followed by Le Mâle for men two years later. Both were highly successful, and in", "Emma de Caunes Emma de Caunes Emma de Caunes (born September 9, 1976) is a French actress, the daughter of actor and director Antoine de Caunes. De Caunes was born in Paris on September 9, 1976 as the daughter of actor and director Antoine de Caunes and director and graphic designer Gaëlle Royer. Her grandparents are journalist Georges de Caunes and Jacqueline Joubert, one of the first continuity announcers on French television. She was married to the singer Sinclair from 2001 to 2005: their daughter, Nina, was born in October 2002. In September 2011, she married comic book artist Jamie Hewlett. De Caunes's", "Emma de Caunes role of an actress in Willem Dafoe's character's independent film. Emma de Caunes Emma de Caunes (born September 9, 1976) is a French actress, the daughter of actor and director Antoine de Caunes. De Caunes was born in Paris on September 9, 1976 as the daughter of actor and director Antoine de Caunes and director and graphic designer Gaëlle Royer. Her grandparents are journalist Georges de Caunes and Jacqueline Joubert, one of the first continuity announcers on French television. She was married to the singer Sinclair from 2001 to 2005: their daughter, Nina, was born in October 2002. In September", "Paul O'Grady special for ITV. That same evening he appeared on ITV in \"Hilda Ogden's Last Ta-ra\", which was a tribute to the late \"Coronation Street\" actress Jean Alexander. In 2017, O'Grady presented a two-part ITV series called \"Paul O'Grady: For the Love of Animals – India\". In June 2017, O'Grady's life was the subject of a one-off Channel 5 documentary called \"The Paul O'Grady Story\". In August 2017, O'Grady presented the three part Channel 4 documentary \"Paul O'Grady's Hollywood\". In 2008 and 2009, O'Grady occasionally sat-in for Elaine Paige on her BBC Radio 2 show \"Elaine Paige on Sunday\". Since April", "Jean-Paul Gaultier the Brooklyn Museum in New York City, the Barbican Centre in London, the National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne, and the Grand Palais in Paris. The exhibition in Paris, which took place from April to August 2015, was the subject of a documentary called \"Jean Paul Gaultier at the Grand Palais\" aired exclusively on Eurochannel. The \"granny gray\" hair color trend is attributed to Gaultier, whose autumn/winter 2011 show featured models in grey beehives. In the spring of 2015, his catwalk show at Paris Fashion Week featured silver-haired models again, as did the shows of other fashion designers, Chanel and", "The Show-Off (1946 film) earned $1,928,000 in the US and Canada and $451,000 elsewhere resulting in a profit of $723,000. \"The Show-Off\" was presented on \"Lux Radio Theater\" in 1935 starring Joe E. Brown and 1943 starring Harold \"Great Gildersleeve\" Peary, Una Merkle, and Beulah Bondi, with slightly altered plot lines. \"Theatre Guild on the Air\" presented a one-hour adaptation on February 22, 1953 starring Paul Douglas and Jan Sterling. The Show-Off (1946 film) The Show-Off is a 1946 film directed by Harry Beaumont based on the play by George Kelly. It stars Red Skelton and Marilyn Maxwell. It was previously filmed in 1926", "Jean-Paul Gaultier and individuals who have appropriated the skirt as a means of injecting novelty into male fashion, as a means of transgressing moral and social codes, and as a means of redefining an ideal masculinity.\" He also designed some furniture for the French furniture brand Roche Bobois. In 2011, the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts in collaboration with the Maison Jean Paul Gaultier organized a retrospective exhibit, \"The Fashion World of Jean Paul Gaultier: From the Sidewalk to the Catwalk.\" That exhibit is on tour with venues at the Swedish Centre for Architecture and Design (\"Arkitektur- och designcentrum\", ArkDes) in Stockholm,", "The Great British Bake Off (series 4) The Great British Bake Off (series 4) The fourth series of \"The Great British Bake Off\" began airing on 20 August 2013. Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins again presented the show and Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges. As with series three, the competition was held at Harptree Court in East Harptree, Somerset. 13,000 amateur bakers applied to appear on the programme, and 100 were selected for screen test, with the best 60 advancing to a three-day audition. From these, 13 contestants were chosen this year so the judges could eliminate two people whenever they wanted. The winner", "Off the Air (TV series) response that its audience would be \"pretty young, late teens, early 20s\" and \"strangely positive and engaged.\" The network has broadcast praise of the show written by viewers in the form of bumpers, often hinting at further episodes being produced. Episodes have been distributed to sites like YouTube, while a continuous online stream of the show was launched by the network on September 5, 2014. On December 19, 2014, the show's Facebook page announced that additional exclusive material will be added to the livestream. Off the Air (TV series) Off the Air is an American anthology television series created by", "The Show Must Go Off! special features have been incorporated into the DVD releases. Episode 9, The Vandals \"Live at the House of Blues\" uses the most of such bonus features thus far, including a \"Josh Freese cam\" with a picture-in-picture close-up of his foot pedal, optional on-screen lyrics, and multiple band commentaries. The Show Must Go Off! The Show Must Go Off! is a live concert DVD series produced by Kung Fu Films, an offshoot of the Kung Fu Records label run by Vandals bassist Joe Escalante, who also acts as producer for the series. The series began in 2002 and has thus far", "Cut-off Channel Morton's Leam, set back from the channel to allow it to hold flood water; improvements to the River Nene from Guyhim to Wisbech; building bigger and better banks set further back from the Bedford River, a new channel which had recently been completed; and a cut-off drain along the eastern edge of the Fens to take water from the River Wissey, River Lark and River Little Ouse and return it to the River Great Ouse at Denver. Only some of this was carried out, and the cut-off channel was one of the items which did not get constructed. The issues", "Cut-off Channel levels: high, good, moderate, poor and bad. There are several components that are used to determine this, including biological status, which looks at the quantity and varieties of invertebrates, angiosperms and fish, and chemical status, which compares the concentrations of various chemicals against known safe concentrations. Chemical status is rated good or fail. The water quality of the Cut-off Channel was as follows in 2016. The chemical status has improved since 2014, when it was rated Fail. Cut-off Channel The Cut-off Channel is a man-made waterway which runs along the eastern edge of the Fens in Norfolk and Suffolk, England.", "Petersen's 4-Wheel & Off-Road of rock buggies. The February issue of the same year featured the first coverage of a competitive rockcrawling competition. Vehicle buildups, or project vehicles, have been a part of \"4-Wheel & Off-Road\" since the January 1979 issue, which focused on building a street-worthy off-road van. Beginning in 1994, \"4-Wheel & Off-Road\" shifted from show trucks to real-world trucks, a trend that continues today. The \"4-Wheel & Off-Road\" \"Ultimate Adventure\" was created by the magazine's editorial staff and consists of 20 handpicked 4x4s, including ones owned by readers, which travel to different regions of the country each year to conquer four", "Hats Off to the Buskers \"Show Us Your 5\" advertisement. Initial critical response to \"Hats Off to the Buskers\" was positive. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 75, based on 17 reviews. All songs written by Kyle Falconer. US release w/ bonus tracks: Hats Off to the Buskers Hats Off to the Buskers is the debut album by Scottish band The View. It was released on 22 January 2007 on 1965 Records. It was reported on the band's official forum that the album had leaked to various internet", "One/Off Printmakers group show that year was at Middle Street Gallery in Washington, Virginia. The group presented a print show in 2007 in the large exhibition area of the Montpelier Art Center, Montpelier, Virginia. In 2008 One/Off Printmakers celebrated the 25th anniversary of the organization with an exhibition at the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts Studio School gallery. In 2009 the group again showed at Middle Street Gallery in Washington, Virginia. On loan from the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts collection, One/Off Printmakers showed \"Three One/Off Portfolios\" at Art6 Gallery in Richmond, Virginia. Thirteen artists of One/Off Printmakers were featured in the", "Bake Off: The Professionals ratings are from BARB. Viewing figures for Channel 4 are total numbers including +1. Bake Off: The Professionals Bake Off: The Professionals (previously Bake Off: Crème de la Crème from 2016–2017) is a British television baking competition featuring teams of professional pastry chefs pit against one another through two different challenges. It is a spin-off from \"The Great British Bake Off\", and its first episode was screened on BBC Two on 29 March 2016. The eight-episode first series of the programme was presented by Tom Kerridge, with Benoit Blin, Cherish Finden and Claire Clark serving as judges. The second series", "Jean-Paul Gaultier 2014, he designed for three collections: his own couture and ready-to-wear lines, for both men and women. At the spring/summer 2015 show he announced that he was closing the ready-to-wear labels to focus on haute couture. Gaultier produced sculptured costumes for Madonna during the nineties, starting with her infamous cone bra for her 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour, and designed the wardrobe for her 2006 Confessions Tour. Gaultier has designed some of the costumes and outfits worn by rocker Marilyn Manson, including for his \"The Golden Age of Grotesque\" album. In France, the costumes he designed for singer Mylène Farmer", "Channel 4 finance its public service obligations after digital switch-over. However, some certainty came with the announcement in April 2006 that Channel 4's digital switch-over costs would be paid for by licence fee revenues. On 28 March 2007, Channel 4 announced plans to launch a music channel \"4Music\" as a joint venture with British media company EMAP which would include carriage on the Freeview platform. On 15 August 2008, 4Music was launched across the UK. Channel 4 announced interest in launching a high-definition version of Film4 on Freeview, to coincide with the launch of Channel 4 HD, however the fourth HD slot", "Book Off Book Off As stores are larger it is easier for shoppers to find what they are looking for. Browsing is encouraged, shown with a typical scene of high-school students who read through entire series of manga standing quietly in the aisles. Another innovation cited for its success is the practice of shaving the edges off the pages of books using a special machine in order to make them appear newer. By offering a wide selection of books that appear like new at reduced prices, Book Off has aggressively targeted conventional bookstore chains, which since 1953 have been unable to discount", "Caunes-Minervois Early hunter-gatherer inhabitants would have made use of the many caves in limestones of the southern Montagne Noire. Their passage is now marked by hundreds of dolmens and menhirs throughout the area. Many of these have been or are in jeopardy of becoming lost to agriculture or neglect. One of the closest is the large and well-preserved covered alley at Saint-Eugène, some 4 km south of Caunes. This and other ceremonial sites have funerary goods which show activity of trade across Europe. In 1827 Paul Tournal, a local amateur archaeologist, found early human bones and other remains (about 6000 years", "The Paul O'Grady Show up and him unable to use it. He invited viewers to telephone or e-mail Channel 4 bosses to allow him to play the phone-in game. On 22 October 2007, O'Grady announced on his show that \"The Organ Game\" would be returning; however there were only four special organ games leading up to Christmas, primarily for people who deserve the cash prize being offered (the phone line entries which used to be on the show have remained suspended). On 19 November 2007, the first of the four special \"Organ Game\"s aired. The fifth series on Channel 4 began on 17 March", "Five Go Off to Camp on Anne: \"If you weren't such a coward, if you hadn't been too frightened to come, I'd have been able to go too!\" she says. She later apologises to them all for her behaviour, but that night sets a trap that doesn't work. Refusing to join the others the next day, she goes off with Timmy to try to find the spook trains by herself. She does find one, which enters a secret area behind a supposedly blocked-off section of the tunnel. Meanwhile, the boys explore the tunnel while Anne waits outside, but they are captured by some men led", "One (Canadian TV channel) the rebrand introduced a new logo, on-air presentation, and programming, through a licensing agreement with the U.S.-based Veria TV. Although the channel introduced new programming, the channel focuses largely on the same genre of programming as it previously did with the addition of programs related to romantic relationships, as indicated by the addition of \"Love\" to its moniker. On October 29, 2015, via a Facebook posting, the channel announced that it was rebranding as One which will coincide with a national free preview of the channel on November 2, 2015. The rebrand will introduce new on-screen graphics, a website, logo,", "The Paul O'Grady Show same slot. This was partially the reason why, for its first few series on the new channel, Channel 4 billed the programme as \"The New Paul O'Grady Show\". During its time on both ITV from 2004–05 and Channel 4, \"The Paul O'Grady Show\" was broadcast live on Mondays, Tuesdays, and Wednesdays, but Thursday's and Friday's episode were pre-recorded on the Tuesday and Wednesday of that week, respectively, at 12:30 pm. After four years off-air, the show returned on 11 November 2013, in the same teatime slot from 5–6pm, on its original channel ITV. with a new theme tune written and", "Things Which Have Never Yet Been Done (Skyler Wexler) undergoes bone marrow extraction to donate to Cosima in an attempt to cure Cosima's illness. Alison and her husband Donnie (Kristian Bruun) attempt to bury Dr. Aldous Leekie's body, while Helena attempts to escape from the ranch of the Proletheans, a religious extremist group. \"Things Which Have Never Yet Been Done\" marked the first on-screen appearance of Kathryn Alexandre, who also works on the show as Maslany's \"clone double\" when filming scenes where multiple clones interact. The episode was filmed at various locations in Toronto and the title was taken from Francis Bacon's work \"Novum Organum\". It was", "Jean-Paul Gaultier Gaultier Jean's, a similar line consisting mainly of denim and more simply styled garments with a heavy street influence, followed in 1992, which was then replaced with Jean's Paul Gaultier from 2004 to 2008. Junior Gaultier's name was reused in 2009 for the launching of the child's wear, to be completed with a Baby Line in 2011. What brought Gaultier immense success was the advent of his haute couture line in 1997. Through this collection, he was able to freely express the scope and range of his aesthetic, drawing inspiration from radically divergent cultures, from Imperial India to Hasidic Judaism.", "Off the Page Off the Page Off The Page is a British discussion programme, broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on Fridays at 11 PM. The programme features a panel of contributors who tackle a subject on which they are experts. Each panelist writes an introductory column with their take on the week's topic which acts as a springboard for further discussion. Until 2006 the series was presented by Matthew Parris, who has moved on to Radio 4's biography series \"Great Lives\". He was succeeded by Dominic Arkwright, a radio reporter for the \"Today\" programme who has covered conflicts in Afghanistan, Mozambique, Nagorno-Karabakh, Kashmir", "The Sing-Off announced that \"The Sing-Off\" would return for a fourth season, with additional production by Mark Burnett's One Three Media, which also produces NBC's other singing competition show, \"The Voice\". After the fourth season was announced, Sara Bareilles announced that she would not be returning to the show. On July 2, 2013, it was announced that Jewel would replace Bareilles as a judge. As a new addition to the season, at the end of every show, the bottom two groups decided by the judges faced off in an \"Ultimate Sing-Off\", with each group singing the same song trying to eliminate their", "Louis-Antoine Gaultier Louis-Antoine Gaultier Louis-Antoine Gaultier (1898–1970) was a général of the French Army who served mainly in the French Foreign Legion. Louis-Antoine prepared the admission entrance of École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr when he was mobilized in 1917. Assigned to the 4th Zouaves Regiment (), he was promoted to Caporal (Corporal) then Sergent (Sergeant) and Aspirant at the end of the war. Nominated as a Sous-lieutenant on February 1 1919 at the 1st Foreign Regiment 1 RE, he remained in the Legion almost his entire career. Nominated as a Sous-lieutenant on February 1 1919 at the 1st Foreign Regiment 1 RE,", "The Great British Bake Off 2017. After the show moved to Channel 4, PBS purchased the BBC's third series, broadcasting it as Season 5 instead of licensing the eighth series from Channel 4. As of 2018, PBS has the rights to air the second BBC series as Season 6 in 2019, and has chosen to not license the Channel 4 series. The CBC began broadcasting \"The Great British Bake Off\" in Canada in August 2016, starting with the sixth series and also with the \"Great British Baking Show\" title. The seventh series aired the year after. In 2018, the Channel 4 Series 8 was made", "Off the Ropes \"On The Mat\", broadcast some 25 years earlier. The show is significant in New Zealand professional wrestling history in that \"Off the Ropes\" is the first show featuring New Zealand professional wrestling show to be broadcast on a nationally-available free-to-air television channel since \"On The Mat\" ceased transmission by South Pacific Pictures circa 1984. \"Off the Ropes\" began transmission of its 13-episode first season on Sunday 15 November 2009. Currently, the show airs every Sunday at 1:30 pm – 2:00pm on Prime Television New Zealand, a free-to air national television network. Each episode is approximately 24 minutes in length (produced", "Off-the-grid to achieve autonomy; they do not rely on one or more of municipal water supply, sewer, gas, electrical power grid, or similar utility services. A common misconception is that a true off-grid house is able to operate completely independently of all traditional public utility services. Although this is not the case. The term \"off the grid\" traditionally refers to the electrical grid only. The idea has been recently popularized by certain celebrities including Ed Begley, Jr. who stars in the \"Living with Ed\" television show on the Home & Garden Television (HGTV) network. Actress Daryl Hannah promotes off-grid living and", "Shuffle Off to Buffalo Shuffle Off to Buffalo \"Shuffle Off to Buffalo\" is a song written by Al Dubin and Harry Warren and introduced in the 1933 musical film \"42nd Street\". The song was also popular on the radio in that year and was later performed and recorded by the Boswell Sisters, the Three X Sisters and the Andrews Sisters. It was recorded by Roy Smeck, and presented by \"The Lawrence Welk Show\" on television. Comedy acts with the song have included Abbott and Costello, Laurel and Hardy, Fred Gwynne, and \"The Odd Couple\". The lyrics talk about going by railroad train \"to Niag'ra", "Louis-Antoine Gaultier () général Commandant of the subdivision of Montpellier, before taking his retirement as général on July 1 1955. On September 17 1966, he was elected as President of the French Foreign Legion Veteran Societies Federation (Légion étrangère) (FSALE). On December 1969, he left the Presidency of the association and died in March of the following year in Toulon. He received a total of 11 citations. He wrote notably: Louis-Antoine Gaultier Louis-Antoine Gaultier (1898–1970) was a général of the French Army who served mainly in the French Foreign Legion. Louis-Antoine prepared the admission entrance of École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr when", "Georges de Caunes Georges de Caunes Louis Georges Gustave de Caunes (26 April 1919 – 28 June 2004) professionally known as Georges de Caunes was a well-known French television and radio presenter, journalist, writer and producer whose career spanned over six decades in French language television and radio. De Caunes joined broadcasting in 1945, shortly after the Second World War, there he translated Voice of America into French for the National broadcaster Radiodiffusion française. When television was launched in 1949, De Caunes became one of the first newsreaders on National TV, for which he co-anchored with Pierre Tchernia and Claude Dargat. He later", "Georges de Caunes they had two children together Marie and Pierre (who is now a presenter). De Caunes became a grandfather in 1977, when his son Antonie's wife gave birth to a girl: Emma de Caunes who is now a well-known actress in France. He was awarded both National Order of Merit and the Legion of Honour by President François Mitterrand. Following a long time of illness, De Caunes died on 28 June 2004. Since his death, tributes rendered him, streets and avenues named after him. Writers of adventure books receive the \"literary Prix Georges de Caunes\" as the book festival in La", "Tracey MacLeod youth show \"Network 7\". Other screen credits include channel 4’s \"A Stab in the Dark\" with David Baddiel and Michael Gove, \"All I Want – A Portrait of Rufus Wainwright\", \"Kitchen Criminals\", \"Masterchef\", and voicing over many music documentaries and the long-running BBC2 show \"Rapido\", presented by Antoine de Caunes. She appeared as a guest interviewer in Sean Hughes' 1992 comedy series \"Sean's Show\". Her friend Helen Fielding partly based the Jude character in \"Bridget Jones's Diary\" on her, and she appeared as an extra in the literary party scene of the film, directed by Sharon Maguire. She was a", "Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars have worked from would have 16:9 and 4:3 safe areas so that the full screen version would not crop off too much of any important visual elements (such as characters). However, the film is broadcast in widescreen on Cartoon Network in the United States and released in widescreen on the Region A Blu-ray. \"\" was released on October 11, 2005. Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars is a 2005 animated comic science fiction film starring the Academy Award-winning cat-and-mouse duo Tom and Jerry. Produced by Warner Bros. Animation and Turner Entertainment Co.,", "Cut-off Channel at Blackdyke, and in order to prevent the intakes getting clogged with vegetation, a stretch of about either side of the intake is dredged with a dragline each year. The channel, which is about deep at this point, supports blanket weed at the sides, and the bed consists of chalk silt. Examination of the dredgings revealed irregular distributions of the depressed river mussel in this location as well. Under the Water Framework Directive, there is an obligation to achieve good chemical and ecological status on all bodies of water within the EU. The Cut-off Channel failed to meet these requirements,", "To Have and Have Not (film) between Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall on screen. Bogart and Bacall began an off-screen relationship during production and married in 1945, after the film's release. \"To Have and Have Not\" was one of the top thirty grossing films in 1944 and it received an award from the National Board of Review. In the summer of 1940, world-weary Harry Morgan (Humphrey Bogart) operates a small fishing-boat, the \"Queen Conch\", in Fort-de-France, on the French colony of Martinique. It is not long since the fall of France and the island is controlled by pro-German Vichy France. Harry makes a modest living chartering", "Off-by-one error Off-by-one error An off-by-one error (OBOE), also commonly known as an OBOB (off-by-one bug), or OB1 error is a logic error involving the discrete equivalent of a boundary condition. It often occurs in computer programming when an iterative loop iterates one time too many or too few. This problem could arise when a programmer makes mistakes such as using \"is less than or equal to\" where \"is less than\" should have been used in a comparison, or fails to take into account that a sequence starts at zero rather than one (as with array indices in many languages). This can", "Animal Face-Off artificially, results in real life may vary. Each episode of \"Animal Face-Off\" is one hour long, with the exception of the 12th episode, which is two hours long. Each episode of \"Animal Face-Off\" has been released on DVD. They can also be rented from the Netflix DVD service. Animal Face-Off Animal Face-Off is a television program that aired on the Discovery Channel and Animal Planet in 2004. This program, produced by NHNZ, centers on hypothetical battles between two animals that could meet in the wild, or, in some cases, have been compared to each other by scientists. CGI replicas and", "Jean-Antoine Constantin is seen as one of the forefathers of Provençal painting. François Marius Granet, Auguste de Forbin, Louis Mathurin Clérian, Émile Loubon are some of the later painters to have sought inspiration from his paintings. [This article has been translated from the French Wikipedia.] Jean-Antoine Constantin Jean-Antoine Constantin, (January 1756 in Marseille - 9 January 1844 in Aix-en-Provence), was a French painter. Born in the vicinity of the Loubière, in Marseille, Jean-Antoine Constantin studied at the Academy of Painting in Marseille under the tutelage of Jean-Joseph Kappeler, David de Marseille, and Jean-Baptiste Giry. Although born and bred in Marseille, he spent", "Things Which Have Never Yet Been Done was shot with a handheld camera by the episode's director, TJ Scott, with Maslany and Outerbridge improvising the dialogue and use of props. The subsequent shot of the barn on fire was created by the visual effects company Intelligent Creatures. The title of the final two episodes, \"Things Which Have Never Yet Been Done\" and \"By Means Which Have Never Yet Been Tried\", are taken from a Francis Bacon quotation in his philosophical work \"Novum Organum\": \"It would be an unsound fancy and self-contradictory to expect that things which have never yet been done can be done except by means", "Which Way to the War Which Way to the War Which Way to the War is an intended British television sitcom written by David Croft and Jeremy Lloyd, which was discontinued after a one-off broadcast pilot on 19 August 1994. It was also Croft and Lloyd's only ITV sitcom and Croft's last World War II sitcom. In the Western Desert of World War Two, a party of British \"Desert Rats\" soldiers and a party of Australian soldiers are holed up in a remote building, when an ambulance of Italian \"nurses\" arrive. The pilot was badly received (Or quite well received, depending on what column of", "Rapido (TV series) Rapido (TV series) Rapido is a BBC2 television show which ran from 1988 to 1992, and was presented by Antoine de Caunes. It ran in over 14 countries worldwide. The show which would usually go out in an early evening slot, such as 7.30pm on a Wednesday night, featured reports from up and coming new bands linked together with footage of Antoine standing in front of a large Rapido sign on a white background. The show developed from shows De Caunes presented in France, and gave the name to the production company Rapido TV (later Planet Rapido) which created the", "Which Way to the War figures one were read on the official report commissioned by ITV) and was never brought back for or developed into a series despite the success David Croft had with \"Dad's Army\", \"It Ain't Half Hot Mum\" and \"'Allo 'Allo!\". The pilot was directed by Roy Gould who had worked for David Croft at the BBC. Which Way to the War Which Way to the War is an intended British television sitcom written by David Croft and Jeremy Lloyd, which was discontinued after a one-off broadcast pilot on 19 August 1994. It was also Croft and Lloyd's only ITV sitcom and", "Channel 4 News Channel 4 News Channel 4 News is the main news programme on British television broadcaster Channel 4. It is produced by ITN, and has been in operation since Channel 4's launch in November 1982. \"Channel 4 News\" is the name of Channel 4's award-winning flagship evening news programme. The editor is Ben de Pear, appointed in July 2012. The programme is presented by Jon Snow, Krishnan Guru-Murthy, Cathy Newman and Matt Frei and is on the air Monday to Thursday from 7.00 to 7.55 pm, Friday from 7.00 to 7.30 pm, and at variable times on weekends. Alex Thomson is", "Rover chair production cost. Original chairs made by Arad's One Off company have been auctioned by Christie's, Bonhams, Bonhams & Butterfield and Göteborgs Auktionsverk. Hundreds have been produced since 1981, fetching thousands of pounds at auctions at the turn of the century. The success of the chair, which has become an icon, launched Arad's career. The chairs were produced by One Off until 1989, and in 2008 were being produced by Vitra in two models. A two-seater version was auctioned in 2011. Fashion designer Jean Paul Gaultier bought six chairs in 1981, while they also attracted the attention of furniture manufacturer Vitra.", "The Paul O'Grady Show began on 21 September 2009. The series concluded on 18 December 2009 and was the last to air on Channel 4. During this series, it was announced that the popular pet, Buster, had retired, and on 23 November it was announced that Buster had died aged fourteen on 19 November 2009. A spokesman for the comedian confirmed the news by telling The \"Daily Mirror\" that O'Grady was \"absolutely gutted\". On Friday 18 December 2009, O'Grady presented his final show with an array of special guests; including Beverley Callard and William Roache, Honor Blackman, Natalie Cassidy, JLS, Scott Maslen, Joe McFadden,", "Hats Off to Ice Hats Off to Ice Hats Off to Ice was an ice show originally conceived by figure skating champion Sonja Henie, G.S. Eyssell, and Arthur Wirtz. The show was presented at the Center Theatre in New York City and ran from 1944-1946 for a total of 889 performances. It became Henie's most popular show. As an ice theater, the Center Theatre's initial presentation was of Henie's production \"It Happens on Ice\", the first of the musical ice spectacles by Henie. More ice spectacles produced by Henie and Wirtz soon followed, including: \"Stars on Ice\", \"Hats Off to Ice\", \"Icetime\", and \"Howdy", "Take Off! with The Savvy Stews Take Off! with The Savvy Stews Take Off! with The Savvy Stews (also branded as Take Off!) is an American travel-themed television series.. The show is hosted by \"The Savvy Stews,\" Bobby Laurie and Gailen David. With a combined 40 years in the travel industry as flight attendants and travel writers, they share their experiences for novice travelers as well as experienced jet-setters. The show is based on David and Laurie's appearances on local morning talk shows and their on-location travel segments. Since 2010 both flight attendants have been appearing on television offering viewers tips, tricks and insider information based", "The Sing-Off (season 4) in March 2013 that it would bring back the program as a special like the first two seasons. A group was eliminated from the show each week in a new feature called the \"Ultimate Sing-Off\", where the two groups ranked lowest at the end of each show would compete by singing the same song. The groups took turns alternating verses, before ending the song singing together. Also unlike previous seasons, the winner was chosen by the judges instead of by the general public. The Sing-Off (season 4) The fourth season of \"The Sing-Off\" premiered on December 9, 2013. The number", "Off-by-one error for the calling routine. One approach that often helps avoid such problems is to use variants of these functions that calculate how much to write based on the total length of the buffer, rather than the maximum number of characters to write. Such functions include codice_11 and codice_12, and are often considered \"safer\" because they make it easier to avoid accidentally writing past the end of a buffer. (In the code example above, calling codice_13 instead would remove the bug.) Off-by-one error An off-by-one error (OBOE), also commonly known as an OBOB (off-by-one bug), or OB1 error is a logic", "Off-by-one error codice_3. A programmer who misunderstands the third parameter to be the number of increments might hope that codice_4 would achieve a sequence but instead would get . A common off-by-one error which results in a security-related bug is caused by misuse of the C standard library codice_5 routine. A common misconception with codice_5 is that the guaranteed null termination will not write beyond the maximum length. In reality it will write a terminating null character one byte beyond the maximum length specified. The following code contains such a bug: Off-by-one errors are common in using the C library because it", "Petersen's 4-Wheel & Off-Road one of the most prestigious in the automotive industry, bestowed annually upon a new factory 4x4 pickup truck or SUV that excels in five categories: Ride and Drive, Mechanical, Interior, Exterior, Four-Wheeling Attributes, and Empirical Data. Winners of the 4x4 of the Year award: The following persons have been editor-in-chief of the magazine: Petersen's 4-Wheel & Off-Road Petersen's 4-Wheel & Off-Road is a magazine dedicated to 4x4 and off-road trucks and SUVs. The first issue was published in 1977; it began as a special-interest publication from the editors of Hot Rod magazine. \"4-Wheel & Off-Road\" covers a range of topics", "Off the Air (TV series) Off the Air (TV series) Off the Air is an American anthology television series created by Dave Hughes for Adult Swim. The series is presented without explanation or narration as a showcase of surreal footage arranged around a single loose theme (expressed in the episode title) and blended without pause into a single continuous presentation. The show follows a strange format of euphoric images that transform into something dark, then into calm. The series premiered Adult Swim on January 1st, 2011 4.00 am New Year Eve Hughes, a former employee of MTV Animation, first pitched it to Mike Lazzo at", "The Great British Bake Off move it to BBC One for the next three series. After its seventh series, Love Productions signed a three-year deal with Channel 4 to produce the show for the broadcaster. The programme was originally presented by Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc, with judges Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood. The current presenters are Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig, with Hollywood and Prue Leith as the judges. In chronological order, the winners are Edd Kimber, Joanne Wheatley, John Whaite, Frances Quinn, Nancy Birtwhistle, Nadiya Hussain, Candice Brown, Sophie Faldo and Rahul Mandal. The show has become a significant part of British culture", "That Antony Cotton Show Paul O'Grady Show\", which originally was shown on ITV. ITV Productions Granada thought Anthony Cotton would have been either more popular or as popular as with viewers as Paul O'Grady was. \"That Antony Cotton Show\" launched with 2 million viewers (17.6% share of available audience) at 5pm on Monday 13 August 2007. This was significantly up on the slot average of 1.7 million viewers (12.9%). It also attracted more than Channel 4's flagship daytime show, \"Richard & Judy\", which pulled in just 1.1 million viewers (9.7%) at the same time. However, by its third episode, the show had lost 500,000", "Take Off! with The Savvy Stews September 10, 2013 from Mazatlan, Mexico and later won them a Telly Award in the \"Travel Programs & Segments: Travel/Tourism category.\" Though their agreement didn't expire until August 2014, in April 2014 Laurie & David renewed their position with the show through August 2015. \"Take Off!\" has been broadcast on Destination America, a channel featuring lifestyle, historical and travel programmes. It is the network's first travel show and the first travel show releasing new episodes in a daytime time slot. The show is also available on Hulu. Take Off! with The Savvy Stews Take Off! with The Savvy Stews (also", "Animal Face-Off Animal Face-Off Animal Face-Off is a television program that aired on the Discovery Channel and Animal Planet in 2004. This program, produced by NHNZ, centers on hypothetical battles between two animals that could meet in the wild, or, in some cases, have been compared to each other by scientists. CGI replicas and models were used to collect data (such as strength, bite force, etc.) about the animals. Then, in a virtual arena, a brief computer-animated fight scene reveals the results. Some people have declared this show similar to the hit Spike TV show \"Deadliest Warrior\". Since the fights are created", "Hats Off to the Bull ever was one. It opens up with the heavy hitter, 'Face to the Floor', and largely keeps the energy flowing from there. Chevelle’s sixth proper full-length is a well-produced and overall very enjoyable rock album. However, the band is starting to show age in their formula, making \"Hats Off to the Bull\" feel like it's been down a very, very well-traveled path.\" The song \"Hats Off to the Bull\" was ranked at No. 90 on Music Choice's Top 100 Songs of 2012. Hats Off to the Bull Hats Off to the Bull is the sixth studio album by the American", "The British Guide to Showing Off \"...this playful movie is partly a biography of the gay, ever-cheerful, Oxford-educated sculptor Andrew Logan and the extravagantly staged Alternative Miss World shows he's been putting on at various London venues since 1972.\" The British Guide to Showing Off The British Guide to Showing Off is a 2011 documentary film written and directed by Jes Benstock, which follows the build-up and execution of the twelfth Alternative Miss World - artist Andrew Logan's pastiche of the Miss World beauty pageant. As well as charting the latest incarnation of the Alternative Miss World, the film studies the history of the show itself,", "Treasure Hunt (UK game show) on the Challenge satellite and cable channel, as well as Sky Travel. The first episode was repeated on 30 October 2007 on the digital channel More4 as part of Channel 4's 25th anniversary celebrations. This was a one-off and there are no current plans to repeat the TV show. On 21 November 2013, Challenge announced that they re-acquired the first two series. The first episode was repeated again on 28 December 2013 as part of Challenge's First Ever Episodes weekend. Challenge have confirmed that the re-run of series 1 and 2 would air on Saturdays and Sundays from 8 February", "Jean Paul de Gua de Malves Newton seems to have regarded it as obvious. De Gua de Malves was acquainted with many of the French philosophes during the last decades of the Ancien Régime. He was an early, short-lived, participant, then editor (later replaced by Diderot) of the project that ended up as the \"Encyclopédie\". Condorcet claimed that it was in fact the de Gua who recruited Diderot to the project, though this claim has never been verified. In either case, Jean-Paul and Jean le Rond d'Alembert, also thought to have been recruited by the de Gua, first show up on the December 1746 payroll of", "One-off housing one-off housing may characterise those who would limit this type of development as Dublin 4 urbanites motivated by a desire to maintain the hegemony of cities and put country people in their place. Opponents of one-off housing are sometimes compared to colonial British landlords from the era before Irish independence. \"\"There could have been 40 houses on one road in my area – and, of course, the British landlords evicted them. Now unfortunate people are trying to get planning permission in those areas today but there is a new British landlord, An Taisce, objecting to them. \"\" One-off housing development", "Hats Off to the Buskers Hats Off to the Buskers Hats Off to the Buskers is the debut album by Scottish band The View. It was released on 22 January 2007 on 1965 Records. It was reported on the band's official forum that the album had leaked to various internet sites in mid December 2006. The album entered the UK Albums Chart at #1 on 28 January 2007. The album charted at #45 in the UK end of year album chart, after selling around 319,000 copies in 2007. The album has been certified platinum. The song \"Wasteland\" is also the background music for the Nike", "Castaway 2007 of the world\". Another change since \"Castaway 2000\", was that the castaways were voted off the island one-by-one, in a manner similar to other reality series like \"Big Brother\". The prize for the winning castaway, which was Jonathan, was a trip around New Zealand with a friend later in the year. \"Castaway 2007\" was broadcast on BBC One and presented by Danny Wallace, with spin-off shows on BBC Three. The main show was initially 60 minutes long, broadcast each Sunday at 9pm. It was further announced on 11 March 2007 that there would be a spin-off show on weekday evenings", "Antoine de Laroque Antoine de Laroque Antoine de Laroque (1672, Marseille – 3 October 1744, Paris) was an 18th-century French librettist. When Laroque was constable of the Royal Guard, a cannonball smashed his leg during the battle of Malplaquet, and they had to cut it off above the knee. He left the service with the Cross of Chevalier of the Order of Saint Louis and a pension from Louis XIV. In 1721, he took over the privilege of the \"Mercure de France\", to which his brother Jean de Laroque also participated and perfected it, writing in collaboration with Fuzelier and Dufresny, from June", "Watching Movies with the Sound Off announced that the first single from \"Watching Movies with the Sound Off\" would be \"S.D.S.\". He premiered a snippet of the song on the second episode of his reality show. The song is produced by Flying Lotus. Then on April 21, Miller announced that he would be releasing the song on April 23, 2013, and music video the following day. The song peaked at number 41 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. On May 4, 2013, Mac Miller announced on Twitter that the second single off the album would be titled \"Watching Movies\" and produced by himself along with Sap.", "Paul O'Grady Live show has not been on air since. O'Grady previously presented \"The Paul O'Grady Show\", which was a huge success due to its variety of speciality acts and high-profile celebrity guests. The show featured comic stunts, musical performances, and occasionally viewer competitions. It ran for eight series on Channel 4 and three on ITV. \"Paul O'Grady Live\" is similar in format, but more adult-themed. Most episodes throughout the show's first series averaged over 3 million viewers. Series one averaged 3.87 million viewers. Series two averaged 3.37 million viewers. Paul O'Grady Live Paul O'Grady Live is a British comedy chat show hosted", "One-off housing land-maintenance, forestry and tourism-related services. Opponents of one-off housing sometimes claim the motivation for this type of development is financial. Their argument is that due to the presumed Irish property bubble, it has become far cheaper to build rather than buy a house in Ireland and that one-off housing regulations allow for the conversion of inexpensive agricultural land into plots often worth more than €150,000 per site. They argue that farmers have become reliant on housing as a cash crop, while one-off builders are motivated by the capital gains they expect to make on their property. By contrast, advocates of", "Pants-Off Dance-Off the UK on MTV's new channel Viva. The show has a completely new look and currently broadcasts in double bill episodes. There is no cash prize on the UK version and there is no overall winner. A Much Music version aired in Canada which involved the dancers stripping, often with the use of \"mystery object\", while an unseen narrator makes jokes. The first season was hosted by Tila Tequila and Krista Ayne. Former child star Jodie Sweetin joined the show as host for Season 2. Willa Ford hosted Season 3. The show's creator is Tad Low. Pants-Off Dance-Off Pants-Off Dance-Off", "Spin Off (Canadian game show) Spin Off (Canadian game show) Spin Off was a Canadian game show created and produced by Mark Burnett for CHCH-DT. The series is hosted by Canadian comedian Elvira Kurt and debuted on September 11, 2013. The show appeared to only have one season, and reruns air randomly on CHCH overnight and weekends. There is one contestant at a time, who answers questions in sequence while the results are displayed by changing the colours of wedges on a large wheel. The game consists of up to three numbered rounds followed by an Endgame round, unless the player is eliminated sooner. The", "Which Bridge to Cross (Which Bridge to Burn) and raises the chill bumps at every turn.\" \"Which Bridge to Cross (Which Bridge to Burn) debuted at number 61 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of February 4, 1995. Which Bridge to Cross (Which Bridge to Burn) \"Which Bridge to Cross (Which Bridge to Burn)\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Vince Gill. It was released in January 1995 as the fourth single from the album \"When Love Finds You\". The song reached number 4 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. It was written by", "Lift Off with Ayshea Lift Off with Ayshea Lift Off with Ayshea is a British TV show, produced by Granada Television for the ITV network, which ran for 144 editions spanning eight series, between November 1969 and December 1974. Preceded by the show \"Discotheque\" which had been hosted by Dianne Greaves, the replacement was originally entitled \"Lift Off\" and was aired in the children's programming schedule, but was seen by many as ITV's junior answer to the BBC's \"Top Of The Pops\". Ayshea Brough (aka Ayshea) had appeared on the earlier \"Discotheque\" in March 1969 and was one of the first women of Asian", "Off the Air (TV series) Deacon. A second special—the second-season episode \"Nightmares\" played in literal reverse—aired after Halloween night on November 1, 2014. The third special is a music video of Deacon's song \"When I Was Done Dying\" from his album \"Gliss Riffer\" animated by nine directors featured previously in \"Off the Air\", that broadcast March 24, 2015. It has received positive critical reception, with McManus conducting an eight-page interview and profile of Hughes in appreciation of the series. The magazine had previously published a special issue centered on the network and its shows in July 2012, but overlooked \"Off the Air\", presenting an \"opportunity", "Paul-Antoine Léonard de Villefeix Paul-Antoine Léonard de Villefeix Paul-Antoine Léonard de Villefeix OP (born 1728, date of death unknown) was a French Dominican priest. He conducted the first Christian service in New Zealand. He was the chaplain of French navigator and explorer Jean-François-Marie de Surville when de Surville, in his ship, the \"Saint Jean Baptiste\", sighted the North Island of New Zealand in 1769. De Surville remained two weeks in Doubtless Bay, near Whatuwhiwhi, where Villefeix celebrated the first Mass in New Zealand waters on Christmas Day 1769. Villefeix was born near Etouars in Perigord. One of his brothers, Léonard de Lestang, was also", "Burning off few cases, the pilot may prove popular enough that a series is eventually commissioned; such was the case with \"Barney Miller\" and \"The Seinfeld Chronicles\", the latter of which led to the long-running sitcom \"Seinfeld\". Anthology series such as \"Love, American Style\" were devoted to many such failed pilots. Since the late 1990s, episodes of long-running shows that are no longer hits and have been taken off the schedule have been burned off. \"The Drew Carey Show\" is an example of a series whose entire final season was burned off (the series' ninth season aired on ABC in the summer", "Sign-on and sign-off sign off; however, they may simply cut to a black screen with no sound (as other digital subchannel networks on the same channel space may broadcast 24/7, requiring the station to remain powered up; consideration after 2017 in the United States is now also given to channel sharing partners who may do the same). Occasionally, the signal is cut off entirely, causing digital broadcast receivers (cable/satellite boxes, digital TVs/converter boxes) to display error messages. Both sign-offs and sign-ons have become less common with the increasing prevalence of twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week broadcasting. They are, however, still", "Off the Wall (game show) Off the Wall (game show) Off the Wall is an American children's game show produced by Vin Di Bona Productions that was shown on the Disney Channel from 1998 to 1999. It was hosted by Larry Zeno, and co-hosted by Kelli Kirkland. Two teams of three children compete in a series of weird, outrageous and unusual events,; all played against nine pre-videotaped on-the-street contestants. In the first two rounds, one player from each team chose a video on-the-street player from the wall (hence the name of the show) to play against in a stunt. A brief videotaped interview, was then", "Channel 4 platforms, in contrast with other broadcasters such as ITV. Channel 4 is also seen outside the United Kingdom where it is widely available in Ireland, Switzerland and Belgium. Here viewers receive the channel either on basic cable subscription services or premium services. Channel 4 has been available in large parts of Ireland, especially border counties which have been able to receive terrestrial transmissions from Northern Ireland. Channel 4 has been carried on Irish cable networks since the station went on the air in 1982. From 4 December 2006 Channel 4 was officially available to Sky viewers in Ireland; some programmes,", "Lift Off with Ayshea are a stand-alone season between series 6 and 7. Lift Off with Ayshea Lift Off with Ayshea is a British TV show, produced by Granada Television for the ITV network, which ran for 144 editions spanning eight series, between November 1969 and December 1974. Preceded by the show \"Discotheque\" which had been hosted by Dianne Greaves, the replacement was originally entitled \"Lift Off\" and was aired in the children's programming schedule, but was seen by many as ITV's junior answer to the BBC's \"Top Of The Pops\". Ayshea Brough (aka Ayshea) had appeared on the earlier \"Discotheque\" in March 1969" ]

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[ "The soccer playing was on the sideline." ]

[ "The soccer player was in the midst of a game.", "The property should be accounted for as a custodial activity.", "A man is playing outside on the grass.", "A couple is in a hot tub.", "I used to live in a thirty one hundred square foot home that had two stories.", "A female is in a room filled with light.", "Get out of here!" ]

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[ "A man outdoors." ]

[ "A man lounging in a pool.", "A man sitting on a chair looking into the street.", "I just wear what I want.", "They would be strengthened by the fact that all tax increases should be broad-based.", "The man was drumming.", "The man wearing dirty pants just finished painting.", "I wanted a copy that was more tangible." ]

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[ "A monochrome piece of art from Germany stunned me." ]

[ "No one in Germany has ever made any art.", "A young child with ringlet curls laying in a grassy area.", "Someone is jumping.", "Michael Lewis refreshed the topic in his Dispatches on the Microsoft case.", "There is no shopping in the square.", "Nobody is at the exhibit.", "We are fortunate to live in a society that promotes healthy attitudes towards sexuality and eschews violence." ]

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[ "The bad publicity hurt." ]

[ "They only ever had good publicity.", "A young man is rollerblading.", "There are people outside cooking food.", "Animals in the field", "There are people at the beach", "Adrin didn't have a rapier.", "At Kiyomizu temple, Sundays are very busy." ]

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[ "A person is sketching some people." ]

[ "A man is sitting on his hands, numbing them", "Fans are storming the field.", "A utility worker fixing a utility box.", "The boys dance while wearing shredded leather.", "The man is building a treehouse with a hammer.", "Auditors have a requirement to do certain checks.", "Johnny's head and arms were on the table." ]

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[ "15 ديسمبر أو 15 كانون الأوَّل أو يوم 15 \\ 12 (اليوم الخامس عشر من الشهر الثاني عشر) هو اليوم التاسع والأربعين بعد الثلاثمائة (349) من السنة، أو الخمسين بعد الثلاثمائة (350) في السنوات الكبيسة، وفقًا للتقويم الميلادي الغربي (الغريغوري). يبقى بعده 16 يومًا على انتهاء السنة.\n\nأحداث \n 687 - سرجيوس الأول ينتخب بابا للكنيسة الكاثوليكية.\n 1256 - هولاكو خان يستولي على معقل الحشاشين في ألموت ويدمر قلعتهم.\n 1467 - أسطفان الكبير يهزم ملك المجر متياس كورفن، والذي أصيب ثلاث مرات في معركة بايا.\n 1612 - عالم الفلك الألماني سيمون ماريوس يتمكن من رصد مجرة المرأة المسلسلة من خلال المنظار لأول مرة.\n 1791 - بدء الدراسة في أول مدرسة للقانون أو كلية حقوق في الولايات المتحدة وذلك في جامعة بنسلفانيا.\n 1794 - الثورة الفرنسية تلغي محكمة الثورة التي تولت محاكمة رموز العهد الملكي في السنوات الأولى للثورة.\n 1814 - بدء اجتماعات مؤتمر هارتفورد في هارتفورد، بولاية كونيتيكت الأمريكية.\n 1914 - الجيش الصربي يستعيد بلغراد من الجيش النمساوي المجري.\n 1918 - المؤتمر اليهودي العالمي يعقد أول مؤتمر له في الولايات المتحدة.\n 1931 - توقيع معاهدة بين المملكة المتوكلية اليمنية والمملكة العربية السعودية وتمت الموافقة عليها في يناير 1932.\n 1945 - الجنرال دوغلاس ماكارثر يأمر بإلغاء الشنتو كدين رسمي في اليابان وذلك أثناء الاحتلال الأمريكي للبلاد.\n 1946 - القوات الإيرانية المدعومة من الولايات المتحدة تسقط جمهورية مهاباد وتضع حدًا للأزمة القائمة.\n 1952 - إجراء أول جراحة لتغيير جنس إنسان في العالم وكانت للدنماركي «جورج يورجنسن»، والذي تحول إلى «كريستين يورجنسن».\n 1954 - توقيع ميثاق مملكة الأراضي المنخفضة.\n 1955 - تأسيس الجامعة الليبية في بنغازي، لتكون أول جامعة في ليبيا.\n 1973 - \nالجمعية الأمريكية للأطباء النفسيين تصوت 13–0 لإزالة المثلية الجنسية من اللائحة الرسمية للاضطرابات النفسية والدليل التشخيصي والإحصائي للاضطرابات النفسية.\nوزير الخارجية الأميركي هنري كيسنجر يزور دمشق للمرة الأولى، تبعتها زيارات أخرى ضمن جولات مكوكية بين سوريا وإسرائيل انتهت بالتوصل إلى اتفاقية فض الاشتباك بين الجانبين في أيار 1974.\n 1991 - وقوع حادث العبارة سالم إكسبريس في البحر الأحمر مما أسفر عن غرق أكثر من 450 شخص.\n 1993 - رئيس وزراء المملكة المتحدة جون ميجور ورئيس وزراء أيرلندا الشمالية ألبرت رينولدز يصدران ما عرف باسم «إعلان داوننغ ستريت» الذي يعترف بحق سكان أيرلندا الشمالية في تقرير المصير.\n 1994 - بالاو تنضم إلى منظمة الأمم المتحدة.\n 1995 - تدشين محرك البحث ألتا فيستا.\n 1998 - الرئيس الجزائري اليمين زروال يعين إسماعيل حمداني رئيسًا للحكومة.\n 2000 - إيقاف المفاعل الثالث في مفاعل تشرنوبل.\n 2001 - إعاده افتتاح برج بيزا المائل بعد 11 سنة من الإغلاق والصيانة بتكلفة بلغت 27 مليون دولار أمريكي من دون إيقاف ميلان البرج.\n 2004 - سعد الفقيه يدعو لمظاهرات واعتصامات في السعودية تعبيرًا لمعارضته لنظام الحكم فيها.\n 2006 - أول رحلة للوكهيد مارتن إف-35 لايتنيغ الثانية.\n 2009 - اختتام أعمال الدورة الثلاثين للقمة الخليجية في الكويت بالاتفاق على تشكيل قوة مشتركة للتدخل السريع لمواجهة الأخطار الأمنية ووضع جدول زمني للوحدة النقدية الخليجية وإنشاء مجلس نقدي مشترك.\n 2010 - مجلس الأمن الدولي يتخذ قرارًا بإنهاء غالبية العقوبات التي كان فرضها على العراق أبان عهد الرئيس السابق صدام حسين.\n 2011 - إنزال العلم الأمريكي في العراق إيذانًا بانتهاء الوجود الأمريكي فيه والذي استمر قرابة تسعة أعوام وذلك بحضور وزير الدفاع الأمريكي ليون بانيتا.\n 2012 - \nالمصريون يتوجهون لصناديق الاقتراع للمشاركة في الجولة الأولى من الاستفتاء على الدستور الجديد وسط انقسام حوله.\nمقتل العقيد يوسف الجادر أحد قادة الجيش السوري الحر، أثناء المعارك مع قوات الجيش السوري حول مدرسة المشاة قرب حلب.\n 2013 - تشيع جثمان الرئيس السابق لجنوب أفريقيا نيلسون مانديلا بعد عشرة أيام من وفاته.\n 2013 - فشل الانقلاب العسكري في جنوب السودان واندلاع الحرب الأهلية في البلاد.\n 2014 - \nقيام رجل مسلح باحتجاز عدد من الرهائن في مقهى بمدينة سيدني بأستراليا.\nسقوط معسكر وادي الضيف جنوب محافظة إدلب بأيدي قوات المعارضة السورية بقيادة جبهة النصرة.\n 2015 - الإعلان عن تشكيل حلف عسكري بِقيادة السُعوديَّة تحت مُسمَّى التحالف الإسلامي العسكري لِمُكافحة الإرهاب.\n 2016 - \nاغتيال مهندس الطيران التونسي محمد الزواري في مدينة صفاقس، والذي كان قد عمل على تطوير طائرات بدون طيار وتصنيعها لصالح كتائب القسام التابعة لحركة حماس، ويُرجح أن يكون الموساد الإسرائيلي هو من يقف وراء عملية الاغتيال.\nبدء إجلاء الآلاف من مقاتلي المعارضة السورية والمدنيين من آخر أحياء حلب الشرقية المحاصرة بموجب صفقة تم التوصل إليها برعاية روسية وتركية، وتضمنت أيضاً إجلاء مدنيين من قريتي الفوعة وكفريا المحاصرتين من قبل قوات المعارضة في محافظة إدلب.\n 2019 - مقتل ستة أفراد على الأقل واعتقال آخرين في احتجاجات ضد تعديل قانون المواطنة في الهند بسبب التمييز الديني.\n\nمواليد \n\n 37 - نيرون، خامس الأباطرة الرومان.\n 130 - لوسيوس أورليوس فيروس، إمبراطور روماني.\n 1447 - ألبرت الرابع، دوق بافاريا.\n 1789 - كارلوس سوبليت، جنرال وسياسي فنزويلي، والرئيس الحادي عشر لبلاده.\n 1832 - غوستاف إيفل، معماري فرنسي.\n 1852 - هنري بيكريل، عالم فيزياء فرنسي حاصل على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء عام 1903.\n 1859 - \n لودفيك زامنهوف، مخترع لغة الإسبرانتو.\n نجيب إبراهيم طراد، صفحي ومترجم لبناني عثماني.\n 1860 - نيلس فينسن، طبيب دنماركي حاصل على جائزة نوبل في الطب عام 1903.\n 1861 - بير إفيند سفينهوفد، رئيس فنلندا الثالث.\n 1891 - أبو عبد الله الزنجاني، فقيه شيعي وأستاذ جامعي إيراني.\n 1907 - أوسكار نيماير، معماري برازيلي.\n 1910 - علوية جميل، ممثلة مصرية.\n 1916 -\n خضر التوني، رياضي مصري.\n موريس ويلكنز، عالم فيزياء نيوزلندي حاصل على جائزة نوبل في الطب عام 1962.\n 1918 - عفيفة الحصني، مدرسة وشاعرة سورية.\n 1920 - جمال البنا، مفكر إسلامي مصري.\n 1923 - فريمان دايسون، عالم رياضيات وفيزياء نظرية أمريكي.\n 1925 -\n كيسي روجرز، ممثلة أمريكية.\n موشيه ساسون، ثاني سفير لإسرائيل في مصر.\n 1933 - غريغوريوس الثالث لحام، رجل دين مسيحي سوري وبطريرك كنيسة الروم الملكيين الكاثوليك.\n 1934 - عبد الله يوسف أحمد، رئيس الصومال.\n 1939 - إنعام سالوسة، ممثلة مصرية.\n 1942 -\n تحسين شردم، عسكري أردني.\n كاتلين بلانكو، سياسية أمريكية.\n مايك سمربي، لاعب كرة قدم إنجليزي.\n 1943 - الأميرة فادية، ابنة فاروق الأول ملك مصر.\n 1944 - ميلان زيفادينوفيتش، لاعب كرة قدم صربي\n 1945 - سلمى بكار، مخرجة تونسية.\n 1946 - بيت شريفرز، لاعب كرة قدم هولندي.\n 1948 - عبلة الكحلاوي، داعية إسلامية مصرية.\n 1949 - دون جونسون، ممثل أمريكي.\n 1950 - محمد عبد العاطي، مجند مصري لقب بصائد الدبابات.\n 1951 - جوي جوردان، لاعب ومدرب كرة قدم اسكتلندي.\n 1952 - ألان سيمونسن، لاعب ومدرب كرة قدم دنماركي.\n 1963 - هيلين سلاتر، ممثلة أمريكية.\n 1966 - هيكتور فيرغارا، حكم كرة قدم كندي.\n 1967 - أنوار أحمد، ممثلة سورية تعمل في الكويت.\n 1969 - مبارك الحسنات، قائد فلسطيني \n 1971 - نجاتي شاشماظ، ممثل تركي.\n 1972 - خالد الرويحي، لاعب كرة قدم سعودي.\n 1974 - مريم علي، ممثلة سورية.\n 1976 - بايشونغ بهوتيا، لاعب كرة قدم هندي.\n 1977 - محمد أوريليو، لاعب كرة قدم تركي.\n 1979 - آدم برودي، ممثل أمريكي.\n 1980 - جي منغي، لاعب كرة قدم صيني.\n 1981 -\n حسام غالي، لاعب كرة قدم مصري.\n نجوى بيليزل، مغنية فرنسية من أصل مغربي.\n رومان بافليوتشينكو، لاعب كرة قدم روسي.\n كاو يانغ، لاعب كرة قدم صيني.\n 1982 - ماتياس ديلغادو، لاعب كرة قدم أرجنتيني.\n 1983\n زلاتان ليوبييانكيتش، لاعب كرة قدم سلوفيني.\n رينيه رومان، لاعب كرة قدم إسباني.\n 1984 - مارتين شكرتيل، لاعب كرة قدم سلوفاكي.\n 1986 - كيلور نافاس، حارس مرمى كرة قدم كوستاريكي.\n 1988 - رحمة حسن، ممثلة مصرية.\n 1990 - رايتشل بروسنان، ممثلة أمريكية.\n 1994 - إيما لوكهارت، ممثلة أمريكية.\n\nوفيات \n 1025 - باسيل الثاني، إمبراطور بيزنطي.\n 1072 - ألب أرسلان، سلطان سلجوقي.\n 1161 - وان يان ليانغ، إمبراطور من سلالة جين.\n 1574 - سليم الثاني، سلطان عثماني.\n 1625 - محمد حجازي الواعظ، عالم مسلم مصري.\n 1675 - يوهانس فيرمير، رسام هولندي.\n 1819 - دانيال رذرفورد، طبيب اسكتلندي.\n 1917 - فلاديمير بروخوروفيتش أماليسكي، عالم أحياء قديمة روسي.\n 1958 - فولفغانغ باولي، عالم فيزياء نمساوي حاصل على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء عام 1945.\n 1966 - والت ديزني، منتج ومدير رسوم متحركة أمريكي ومؤسس شركة والت ديزني.\n 1979 - حبيب الله منطقي، شاعر إيراني.\n 1993 - زينب صدقي، ممثلة مصرية.\n 2004 - جميل الأسد سياسي سوري، وعم الرئيس بشار الأسد.\n 2008 - حسيب بن عمار، سياسي تونسي.\n 2011 ـ كريستوفر هيتشنز، كاتب وصحافي أمريكي.\n 2015 - لوتشيو جيلي، ممول إيطالي وزعيم ماسوني.\n 2016 - محمد الزواري، مهندس طيران تونسي.\n\nأعياد ومناسبات \n يوم زامنهوف عند حركة الإسبرانتو تكريمًا لمخترعها لودفيك زامنهوف.\n\nوصلات خارجية \n\n وكالة الأنباء القطريَّة: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.\n النيويورك تايمز: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.\n BBC: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.\n\nأيام ميلادية\nديسمبر" ]

[ "بول روبين كروغمان (بالإنجليزية:Paul Robin Krugman) من مواليد 28 فبراير 1953، هو اقتصادي أمريكي، وأستاذ الاقتصاد في مركز الدراسات العليا بجامعة مدينة نيويورك، وكاتب عمود في صحيفة نيويورك تايمز. في عام 2008، نال كروغمان جائزة نوبل في العلوم الاقتصادية عن مساهماته في النظرية التجارية الجديدة والجغرافيا الاقتصادية الجديدة. واستشهدت لجنة الجائزة بعمل كروغمان الذي يشرح أنماط التجارة الدولية والتوزيع الجغرافي للنشاط الاقتصادي، من خلال دراسة آثار وفورات الحجم وتفضيلات المستهلكين على مختلف السلع والخدمات.\n\nعمل كروغمان سابقًا أستاذًا للاقتصاد في معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا، ثم لاحقًا في جامعة برينستون. تقاعد من برينستون في يونيو 2015 حاملًا للقب أستاذ فخري، كما أنه حمل أيضًا لقب «أستاذ المئويّة» في كلية لندن للاقتصاد. كان رئيسًا للرابطة الاقتصادية الشرقية في عام 2010، وهو من أكثر الاقتصاديين نفوذًا في العالم. معروفٌ في الأوساط الأكاديمية بعمله في الاقتصاد الدولي (بما في ذلك النظرية التجارية والمالية الدولية)، وفي الجغرافيا الاقتصادية وفخاخ السيولة وأزمات العملة.\n\nساهم كروغمان في 27 كتابًا بين تأليف وتحرير، بما في ذلك الأعمال الأكاديمية، والكتب المدرسيّة، والكتب الموجّهة للعوام، ونشر أكثر من 200 مقال علمي في مجلات مهنية ومجلدات منقحة. كما كتب عدة مئات من الأعمدة حول القضايا الاقتصادية والسياسية لصحيفة نيويورك تايمز، ومجلة فورتشن، ومجلة سليت. في مسح أُجري عام 2011 مع أساتذة الاقتصاد، أُطلق عليه اسم الخبير الاقتصادي المفضل لديهم ممن هم دون سن الستين. كمعلق، كتب كروغمان عن مجموعة واسعة من القضايا الاقتصادية بما في ذلك توزيع الدخل، والضرائب، والاقتصاد الكلي، والاقتصاد الدولي. يعتبر كروغمان نفسه ليبراليًّا معاصرًا، بناءً على كتبه، ومدوّنته في صحيفة نيويورك تايمز، وكتابه في عام 2007 «ضمير ليبرالي». جذب تعليقه الشعبي اهتمامًا واسعًا وتعليقات إيجابية وسلبية على حدّ سواء.\n\nنشأته وتعليمه \nولد كروغمان لأسرة روسية ويهودية، هو ابن أنيتا وديفيد كروغمان. في عام 1922، هاجر أجداده من جهة أبيه إلى الولايات المتحدة من بريست، بيلاروس التي كانت في ذلك الوقت جزءًا من بولندا. ولد في ألباني، نيويورك، ونشأ في ميريك، إحدى قرى مقاطعة ناسو. تخرج من مدرسة جون ف. كينيدي الثانوية في بلمور. حسب كروغمان، بدأ اهتمامه بالاقتصاد بروايات مؤسسة إسحاق أسيموف، حيث يستخدم علماء اجتماع المستقبل علم «التاريخ النفسي» الجديد في محاولة لإنقاذ الحضارة. بسبب قصور العلوم الحالية كثيرًا عن «التاريخ النفسي»، تحول كروغمان إلى الاقتصاد باعتباره أفضل شيء آخر.\n\nحصل كروغمان على شهادة البكالوريوس مع مرتبة الشرف في الاقتصاد من جامعة ييل عام 1974، وأكمل دراسته للحصول على الدكتوراه في الاقتصاد من معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا. في عام 1977، نجح في إكمال الدكتوراه في ثلاث سنوات، بأطروحة بعنوان «مقالات عن أسعار الصرف المرنة». في معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا، كان جزءًا من مجموعة صغيرة من طلاب معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا الذين أُرسلوا للعمل في البنك المركزي البرتغالي لمدة ثلاثة أشهر في صيف عام 1976، خلال فترة الفوضى التي تلت ثورة القرنفل.\n\nأشاد كروغمان لاحقًا بمشرفه على رسالته للدكتوراه، رودي دورنبوش، ووصفه بأنه «أحد أعظم أساتذة الاقتصاد في كل الأوقات». في عام 1978، قدم كروغمان عددًا من الأفكار إلى دورنبوش، الذي أشار إلى فكرة النموذج التجاري الاحتكاري التنافسي باعتبارها فكرة مثيرة للاهتمام. وبتشجيع منه، عمل كروغمان على هذه الفكرة وكتب لاحقًا: «عرفت خلال بضع ساعات أن مفتاح حياتي المهنية كلها في متناول يدي». وفي نفس العام، كتب كروغمان «نظرية التجارة بين النجوم» (بالإنجليزية: The Theory of Interstellar Trade)، وهو مقال ساخر عن حساب أسعار الفائدة على السلع العابرة بالقرب من سرعة الضوء. يقول إنه كتبها ليبهج نفسه عندما كان «أستاذًا مساعدًا مرهقًا».\n\nمسيرته الأكاديميّة \nأصبح كروغمان أستاذًا مساعدًا في جامعة ييل في سبتمبر 1977. التحق بكلية معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا في عام 1979. في الفترة من عام 1982 إلى عام 1983، أمضى كروغمان عامًا في العمل في البيت الأبيض أثناء إدارة الرئيس رونالد ريغان كموظّف في مجلس المستشارين الاقتصاديين. ثم عاد إلى الالتحاق بمعهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا عام 1984، كما درّس كروغمان في جامعة ستانفورد، وجامعة ييل، وكلية لندن للاقتصاد.\n\nفي عام 2000، انضم كروغمان إلى جامعة برينستون بصفته أستاذًا للاقتصاد والشؤون الدولية. وهو أيضًا أستاذ في كلية لندن للاقتصاد، وعضو في مجموعة الثلاثين من الاقتصاديين الدوليين، وهو شريك باحث في المكتب الوطني للبحوث الاقتصادية منذ عام 1979. كان كروغمان رئيسًا للرابطة الاقتصادية الشرقية في عام 2010. في فبراير 2014، أعلن أنه سيتقاعد من برينستون في يونيو 2015 وأنه سينضم إلى هيئة التدريس في كلية مركز الدراسات العليا في جامعة مدينة نيويورك.\n\nكتب بول كروغمان بشكلٍ واسعٍ عن الاقتصاد الدوليّ، بما في ذلك التجارة الدوليّة، والجغرافيا الاقتصادية، والتمويل الدولي. يصنفه مشروع الأبحاث في الاقتصاد من بين أكثر خبراء الاقتصاد تأثيرًا على مستوى العالم. شارك في تأليف كتابٍ بعنوان «الاقتصاد الدولي لكروغمان: النظرية والسياسة» مع موريس أوبستفيلد، والذي يعد كتابًا نموذجيًّا في مجال الاقتصاد الدّولي للطلاب الجامعيّين في المراحل الأولى. كتب كروغمان عن مواضيع اقتصادية موجّهة إلى عامة الناس، والتي تتناول في بعض الأحيان المواضيع الاقتصادية الدوليّة وتوزيع الدخول والسياسة العامّة.\n\nذكرت لجنة جائزة نوبل أن أهم مساهمة قدمها كروغمان هي تحليله لآثار الاقتصادات الكبيرة، مقترنًا بافتراض أن المستهلكين يقدرون التنوّع، والتجارة الدوليّة، وموقع النشاط الاقتصادي. تعززت أهمية القضايا المكانيّة في الاقتصاد بفضل قدرة كروغمان على تعميم هذه النظرية المعقّدة بمساعدة الكتب الميسرة والتوليفات الحديثة. \"كان كروغمان دون شك اللاعب الرئيسي في \"وضع التحليل الجغرافي في صلب التيار الاقتصادي\"... وفي منح ذلك الدور المركزي الذي يفترض الآن.\n\nالحياة الشخصيّة \nتزوج كروغمان مرتين، زوجته الأولى هي روبن برغمان والتي كانت تعمل كمصممة. وهو متزوج حاليًّا من روبين ويلز، الخبيرة الاقتصادية الأكاديمية التي حصلت على شهادة البكالوريوس من جامعة شيكاغو، والدكتوراه من جامعة كاليفورنيا في بيركلي. وهي –مثل كروغمان- درّست في معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا. تعاون كروغمان وزوجته معًا في العديد من الكتب الاقتصادية. على الرغم من الشائعات التي بدأت تتردد في أوائل عام 2007 حول أن «ابن» كروغمان كان يعمل لصالح حملة هيلاري كلينتون، إلا أن كروغمان أكد في عمود التحرير في صحيفة نيويورك تايمز على أنه وزوجته لم ينجبا أطفالًا.\n\nيعيش كروغمان حاليا في مدينة نيويورك. عندما تقاعد من برينستون بعد خمس عشرة سنة من التدريس في يونيو 2015، تناول هذا الموضوع في عموده، مشيرًا إلى أنه في حين أنه يحتفظ بأقصى درجات الثناء والاحترام لمدينة برينستون، فإنه يرغب في الإقامة في مدينة نيويورك ويأمل في التركيز أكثر على قضايا السياسة العامة.\n\nأصبح أستاذًا في مركز الدراسات العليا في جامعة مدينة نيويورك وباحثًا متميّزًا في مركز دراسات الدخل في مركز لوكسمبورغ للدراسات العليا.\n\nانظر أيضًا \n\n لائحة اليهود الحاصلين على جائزة نوبل.\n\nمراجع\n\nوصلات خارجية \n\n \n\nأشخاص على قيد الحياة\nأشخاص من لونغ آيلند\nأعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة برنستون\nأعضاء هيئة تدريس كلية لندن للاقتصاد\nأعضاء هيئة تدريس مركز كاني للخريجين\nأمريكيون حازوا جائزة نوبل\nأمريكيون من أصل يهودي أوكراني\nأمريكيون من أصل يهودي بيلاروسي\nاقتصاديون أمريكيون\nاقتصاديون أمريكيون في القرن 20\nاقتصاديون أمريكيون في القرن 21\nاقتصاديون أمريكيون يهود\nاقتصاديون كينزيون جدد\nاقتصاديون من ولاية نيويورك\nالليبرالية في الولايات المتحدة\nالمكتب القومي للأبحاث الاقتصادية\nحائزون على جائزة نوبل في الاقتصاد\nحاصلون على جائزة الحريات الأربع\nخريجو جامعة ييل\nخريجو معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا\nزملاء الأكاديمية الأمريكية للفنون والعلوم\nزملاء جمعية الاقتصاد القياسي\nصحفيون أمريكيون يهود\nكتاب أعمدة نيويورك تايمز\nكتاب أمريكيون\nكتاب أمريكيون في القرن 20\nكتاب عمود أمريكيون\nكتاب عن العولمة\nكتاب غير روائيين ذكور أمريكيون\nكتاب مقالات أمريكيون\nكتاب مقالات أمريكيون في القرن 20\nكتاب مقالات أمريكيون في القرن 21\nكتاب من ألباني (نيويورك)\nكتاب وكاتبات أمريكيون في القرن 20\nكتاب وكاتبات أمريكيون في القرن 21\nكينزيون\nمجلس كارنيغي للأخلاقيات في الشؤون الدولية\nمجموعة 30\nمختصون بالعلوم الاجتماعية أمريكيون يهود\nمدونون أمريكيون\nمدونون ومدونات أمريكيون\nمواليد 1953\nمواليد في ألباني (نيويورك)\nمؤلفون أمريكيون عن السياسة الخارجية الأمريكية\nيهود أمريكيون\nيهود حازوا جائزة نوبل", "باربرا مكلينتوك (16 يونيو 1902م-3 سبتمبر 1992م) عالمة أمريكية في اختصاص الوراثيات الخلوية والتي حصلت على جائزة نوبل في الفسيولوجيا أو الطب عام 1983م.تلقت مكلينتوك شهادة الدكتوراة في علم النبات من جامعة كورنيل في عام 1927م. فقد بدأت هناك حياتها المهنية كرائدة في تطور علم الوراثة الخلوية لنبات الذُرة وكان ذلك محور بحثها بقية حياتها. ومنذ أواخر العشرينيات درست مكلينتوك الكروموسومات وكيف أنها تتغير خلال عملية الاستنساخ في الذرة.انها وضعت هذه التقنية لتصور الكروموسومات الذرة واستخدام التحليل المجهري لإثبات العديد من الأفكار الجينية الأساسية. وكانت واحدا إحدى هذه الافكار هي فكرة إعادة التركيب الجيني عن طريق ظاهرة العبور التي من خلالها يحدث الانقسام الاختزالي-الآلية التي بها تبدل الكروموسومات المعلومات. وأنتجت أول خريطة جينية للذرة، والتي تربط مناطق الكروموسوم بالصفات المادية. ولقد برهنت على دور التيلومير والسنترومير، مناطق الكروموسوم التي تعتبر مهمة في الحفاظ على المعلومات الجينية. كانت معترف بها كواحدة من بين الأفضل في هذا المجال، ومُنحت زمالات دراسية مرموقة، وتم انتخابها عضوا في الأكاديمية الوطنية للعلوم في عام 1944م.\nوقد اكتشفت مكلينتوك خلال الأربعينات والخمسينات نقل الجينات واستخدمتها لإثبات أن الجينات هي المسؤولة عن تحول الخصائص الفيزيائية داخليا وخارجيا. ثم وضعت بعض النظريات التي تفسر قمع المعلومات الوراثية والتعبير عنها من جيل واحد من نباتات الذُرة إلى جيل قادم. وقد توقفت عن نشرالبيانات التي تقدمها عام 1953م بسبب شكوك بحثها والآثار المترتبة عليه.\n\nوفي وقت لاحق، قدمت دراسة مكثفة في علم الوراثة الخلوية والنباتات العرقية للذُرة في أمريكا الجنوبية. وفي الستينات والسبعينات، أصبح بحث مكلينتوك مفهوم جيداً، كما أكد علماء آخرين على آلية التغيير الجيني والتنظيم الجيني اللذان أقامت عليهما الحجة في أبحاث الذُرة التي أجرتها في الأربعينيات والخمسينيات. ثم تتابعت الجوائز والتقديرا ت لما ساهمت به في هذا المجال، بما في ذلك جائزة نوبل في الفسيولوجيا أو الطب، والتي مُنحت لها عام 1983م لاكتشاف نقل الجينات؛ فهي المرأة الوحيدة التي حصلت على جائزة نوبل في هذا المجال دون أن يشاركها أحد.\n\nنشأتها \n\nولدت باربرا مكلينتوك والتي عرفت باليانور مكلينتوك في السادس عشر من يونيو عام 1902م في هارتفورد، في مدينة كونيتيكت، وكانت ثالث أربعة أطفال ولدوا للطبيب توماس هنري مكلينتوك وسارة هاندي مكلينتوك. وكان توماس مكلينتوك طفلا من أطفال المهاجرين البريطانيين، وتنتسب سارة هاندي، وليدة النعمة إلى عائلة ماي فلاور الأمريكية القديمة. وكان مارجوري، الطفلة الكبرى، قد وُلدت في أكتوبر 1898؛ ومغنون، الابنة الثانية، ولدت في نوفمبر عام 1898م وقد ولُد الطفل الأصغر، مالكولم رايدر (ويسمى توم)، بعد باربرا بثمانية عشر شهراً. وكفتاة شابة، قرر والديها أن اليانور، وهو مسمى «مؤنث» و«يُوحي بالضعف» لم يكن مناسبا لها، واختارا باربرا بدلا من ذلك. وكانت مكلينتوك طفلة تعتمد على نفسها ابتداء من سن مبكرة جدا، وهي سمة اعترفت هي فيما بعد بأنها «لديها القدرة على أن تكون وحدها».ومنذ سن الثالثة حتى بدأت المدرسة، عاشت مكلينتوك مع عمتها وعمها في بروكلين، بنيويورك من أجل تخفيف العبء المالي على والديها في حين بدأ والدها الممارسة الطبية. وقد وصفت بأنها طفلة انفرادية ومستقلة، ووصفت أيضا بالمسترجلة.وكانت قريبة من والدها، ولكنها علاقتها بوالدتها كانت سيئة، والسبب التوتر الذي بدأ عندما كانت صغيرة.\n\nوقد انتقلت العائلة مكلينتوك إلى بروكلين في عام 1908م وأكملت مكلينتوك تعليمها الثانوي هناك في مدرسة ايراسموس هول الثانوية. وتخرجت في عام 1919في وقت مبكر. واكتشفت حبها للعلم وأكدت على شخصيتها الانفرادية خلال المرحلة الثانوية. وقالت أنها تريد أن تكْمل دراستها في جامعة كورنيل في كلية الزراعة. وقد اعترضت والدتها على إرسالها إلى الكلية، خوفا من أن يسبب ذلك حرمانها من الزواج. وقد تم منع مكلينتوك تقريبا من بدء دراستها الجامعية، ولكن والدها تدخل قبل بدء التسجيل مباشرة، وقد التحقت بجامعة كورنيل عام 1919م.\n\nالبحث والتدريب بجامعة كورنيل \n\nبدأت مكلينتوك دراستها في كلية الزراعة بجامعة كورينيل في عام 1919م. وهناك، شاركت في الحكومة الطلابية ودُعيت للانضمام إلى نادي نسائي، على الرغم من أنها سرعان ما أدركت أنه من الأفضل لها عدم الانضمام إلى المنظمات الرسمية. بدلا من ذلك، انشغلت مكلينتوك بالموسيقى، وتحديدا موسيقى الجاز.وقد درست علم النبات، وتلقت درجة البكالوريوس في عام 1923م. وبدأ اهتمامها بعلم الوراثة عندما أخذت الدورة الأولى لها في هذا المجال في عام 1921م.واستندت الدورة بالطبع على واحدة مماثلة لها تم تقديمها في جامعة هارفارد، وكانت تدرس من قبل سي بي هوتشيسون، وهو مربي النبات وعالم الوراثة. وقد أعجب هوتشيسون باهتمامات ماكلينتوك، واتصل هاتفيا لدعوتها للمشاركة في دورة علم الوراثة للدراسات العليا في جامعة كورنيل في عام 1922.وعلى حد قول مكلينتوك فإن دعوة هوتشيسن كانت سببا جعلها واصلت الدراسة في علم الوراثة: «من الواضح أن هذه المكالمة التليفونية كانت من حددت مصير مستقبلي فقد بقيت مع علم الوراثة بعد ذلك.» وعلى الرغم من ماتم تقريره من أنه لا يمكن للنساء التخصص في علم الوراثة في جامعة كورنيل، وبالتالي فإن الماجستير والدكتوراه التي حصلت عليهما عامي 1925و 1927على التوالي، قد تم منحهم لها رسميا في علم النبات، فقد كشفت البحوث التي أجريت مؤخرا أن النساء قد نلن بالفعل الشهادات العليا في قسم تربية النبات بجامعة كورينيل خلال الوقت الذي كانت فيه مكلينتوك طالبة في نفس الجامعة.\n\nخلال دراساتها العليا تم تعيينها كمدرس علم النبات بعد التخرج، وكانت مكلينتوك تلعب دورا أساسيا في تجميع المجموعة التي درست هذا المجال الجديد من علم الوراثة الخلوية في الذُرة. فقد أحضرت هذه المجموعة مربي النباتات ومتخصصي علم الوراثة الخلوية معا، وشملت ماركوس روودس، وجورج بيدل الذي حاز على جائزة نوبل بعد ذلك، وهارييت كريتون. وقد دعم رولنزاى.ايمرسون، رئيس قسم تربية النبات، هذه الجهود، على الرغم من أنه لم يكن مختصا في علم الوراثة الخلوية.\n\nكما عملت كمساعد باحث لكل من لويل فيتز راندولف ثم لليستر جورج شارب، وكلاهما عالم من علماء النبات بجامعة كورينيل.\n\nوقد ركزت أبحاث ماكلينتوك في علم الوراثة الخلوية على تطوير طرق لتصوير وتمييز كروموسومات الذرة. وهذا الجزء من عملها أثرعلى جيل من الطلاب، كما أنه تم ادراجه في معظم الكتب المدرسية.وقد قامت أيضا بتطوير تقنية تستخدم تلطيخ اللون القرمزي لتصوير كروموسومات الذرة، وأظهرت لأول مرة تركيب عشرة من كروموسومات الذرة. وجاء هذا الاكتشاف نتيجة لملاحظتها الخلايا من بوغ مكروي مخالفة لقمة الجذر. من خلال دراسة تركيب الكروموسومات، أصبحت مكلينتوك قادرة على ربط مجموعة كروموسوم معينة من الصفات التي ورثتها معا. وقد بيّن ماركوس روودس أن بحث ماكلينتوك في علم الوراثة عام 1929م والذي درس توصيف الكروموسومات الثلاثية الصيغة الصبغية في الذرة، أثارالاهتمام العلمي في علم الوراثة الخلوية للذرة، ونسب إليها عشرة من سبعة عشر من التقدمات الكبيرة في هذا المجال الذي قام به علماء جامعة كورنيل بين عامي 1929م و 1935م.\n\nوفي عام 1930م، كانت مكلينتوك أول شخص يصف التفاعلات التي على شكل قطاعات من الكروموسومات المتماثلة أثناء الانقسام الاختزالي. في العام التالي، أثبت كلا من مكلينتوك وكريتون وجود الرابط بين تقاطع الكروموسومات أثناء الانقسام الاختزالي وإعادة تركيب الصفات الوراثية. كما لاحظا كيفية ترابط إعادة تركيب الكروموسومات عند النظر تحت المجهر مع صفات جديدة. وحتى هذه النقطة، قد تم الافتراض فقط أن إعادة التركيب الجيني يمكن أن يحدث أثناء الانقسام الاختزالي، على الرغم من أنه قد ثبت وراثيا. وقد نشرت مكلينتوك الخريطة الجينية الأولى للذرة في عام1931م، والتي تبين حدود ثلاثة جينات على كروموسوم الذرة التاسع. أنتجت تحليلا وراثيا خلويا للسنترومير، تصف فيه تنظيم وظيفة السنترومير، فضلا عن حقيقة أنه يمكن تقسيمه.\n\nوقد أدى تقدم ماكلينتوك المعرفي المفاجئ ومنشوراتها، ودعم من زملائها، إلى منحهاعدة زمالات ما بعد الدكتوراه من المجلس القومي للبحوث. وقد سمح هذا العطاء لها بالاستمرار في دراسة علم الوراثة في جامعة كورنيل، جامعة ولاية ميسوري، ومعهد كاليفورنيا للتكنولوجيا، حيث عملت مع إي جي أندرسون. وخلال صيفي عام 1931م وعام 1932م، عملت في ولاية ميسوري مع علم الوراثة لويس ستادلر، الذي قدمها لاستخدام الأشعة السينية كمغير جيني. ومن الممكن أن يزيد التعرض للأشعة السينية من معدل التحور فوق مستوى الخلفية الطبيعي، مما يجعله أداة بحث قوية لعلم الوراثة. فمن خلال عملها مع الذُرة المتغيرة جينيا بالأشعة السينية، تعرفت على حلقة الكروموسومات، والي تتشكل عندما تندمج نهايات الكروموسوم الواحد مع بعضها البعض بعد الضرر الناتج عن الإشعاعات. ومن خلال هذا الدليل، افترضت مكلينتوك أنه يجب أن يكون هناك بنية على طرف الكروموسوم من شأنها أن يضمن الاستقرار بشكل طبيعي. وأوضحت أن فقدان حلقة الكروموسومات في الانقسام الاختزالي سببت الاختلاف في أوراق شجر الذُرة في الأجيال اللاحقة للأشعة الناجمة عن حذف الكروموسومات. وخلال هذه الفترة، أثبتت وجود منطقة منظمة نوية على منطقة أخرى على كروموسوم الذُرة السادس وهو مطلوب لتجميع النوية. وفي عام 1933، أكدت أن الخلايا يمكن أن يصيبها الضرر عندما يحدث إعادة التركيب غير المتجانس. وخلال هذه الفترة نفسها، افترضت مكلينتوك أن أطراف الكروموسومات يحميها التيلومير.\nوقد تلقت مكلينتوك زمالة مؤسسة غوغنهايم التي مكنتها ستة أشهر من التدريب في ألمانيا خلال عامي 1933 و 1934م. وقد عزمت العمل مع كيرت ستيرن، الذين أقام الحجة على وجود ظاهرة العبور في ذبابة الفاكهة بعد أسابيع فقط من إثبات مكلينتوك وكريتون ذلك; ومع ذلك، فقدهاجر ستيرن للولايات المتحدة.وبدلا من ذلك، عملت مع عالم الوراثة ريتشارد.بي جولدشميت، الذي كان رئيس معهد القيصر ويلهلم. وغادرت ألمانيا في وقت مبكر وسط تصاعد التوتر السياسي في أوروبا، وعادت إلى جامعة كورنيل، وبقيت هناك حتى عام 1936، عندما قبلت العمل كمدرس مساعد اوالذي عرضه عليها لويس ستادلر في قسم علم النبات في جامعة ميسوري-كولومبيا. وحين ظلت في جامعة كورنيل، تم تأييدها بمنحة مؤسسة روكفلر التي مدتها عامين وحصلت عليها من خلال جهود إيمرسون.\n\nجامعة ميسوري \n\nخلال فترة وجودها في جامعة ميسوري، واصلت مكلينتوك بحثها حول تأثير الأشعة السينية على علم الوراثة الخلوية في نبات الذُرة. ولاحظت مكلينتوك أن الكروموسومات تنكسر وتنصهر في خلايا الذرة التي تتعرض لللأشعة. وكانت أيضا قادرة على أن تبين أنه في بعض النباتات، يحدث كسرالكروموسوم في خلايا السويداء. وأثناء الانقسام الميتوزي، لاحظت أن نهايات الكروماتيدات المكسورة انضمت مرة أخرى إلى بعضها البعض بعد تضاعف الكروموسومات. وخلال مرحلة طور الصعود من هذا الانقسام، شكلت الكروموسومات المكسورة جسرا كروماتيدي، والذي تم كسره عندما توجهت الكروماتيدات نحو قطبي الخلية. وتم إعادة انضمام النهايات المكسورة في مرحلة الطور البيني اثناء الانقسام الميتوزي التالي.وعندما تتكرر الدورة فإنها تسبب طفرة هائلة والتي فسرتها بتعدد الأالوان في السويداء. وكانت دورة الكسر التي تعد بمثابة جسر الاتصال المفتاح الرئيسي لاكتشاف علم الدراسة الخلوية لعدة أسباب. أولها، أنها بينت أن اتصال الكروموسومات لم يكن حدثا عشوائيا، وثانيها، أنها أقامت مصدرا واسع النطاق للطفرة. ولهذا السبب، بق اليوم منطقة اهتمام في أبحاث السرطان.\n\nوعلى الرغم من تقدم أبحاثها في جامعة ميسوري، لم تكن مكلينتوك راضية عن منصبها في الجامعة. وأشارت إلى استبعادها من اجتماعات أعضاء هيئة التدريس، ولم تكن على علم بالوظائف المتاحة في المؤسسات الأخرى. وفي عام 1940م، كتبت لتشارلز بيرنهام، «لقد قررت أنني يجب أن أبحث عن عمل آخر.و بقدر استطاعتي سأنظر في الأمر. لم يعد هناك شيء أكثر اهمية بالنسبة لي هنا. فانا اعمل كأستاذ مساعد بمبلغ ثلاثة آلاف دولار وأنا على يقين أن هذا هو الحد الادني بالنسبة لي.» وفي البداية، تم وضع منصب مكلينتوك خصيصا لها من قبل ستادلر، وربما قد اعتمدت على وجوده في الجامعة. واعتقدت مكلينتوك انها لن تكسب الحيازة في جامعة ميسوري، على الرغم من أنه وفقا لبعض الروايات، قد عرفت أنه سيتم تقديم ترقية لهامن ميسوري في ربيع عام 1942م. وتكشف الأدلة الحديثة أن مكلينتوك قد قررت على أغلب الظن ترك ميسوري لأنها فقدت الثقة في عائلها وفي إدارة الجامعة، بعد ان اكتشفت أن منصبها سيكون في خطر إذا غادر ستادلر لمعهد كاليفورنيا للتكنولوجيا، كما كان يضع هذا في اعتباره. وقدضخم انتقام الجامعة من ستادلر مشاعرها.\n\nوفي أوائل عام 1941م، أخذت إجازة من جامعة ميسوري على أمل العثور على وظيفة في أي مكان آخر. فقد وافقت على الأستاذية المؤقتة في جامعة كولومبيا، حيث كان زميلها السابق في جامعة كورنيل ماركوس روودس أستاذا. كما عرض روودس أيضا تبادل حقل أبحاثه في كولد سبرينج هاربور في جزيرة لونج. وفي ديسمبر عام 1941م، عرضت بحثا أشرف عليه ميليسلاف ديميريس، المعين حديثا والقائم بأعمال مدير معهد كارنيجي في قسم واشنطن من مختبر كولد سبرينج هاربور لعلم الوراثة الخلوية.وقبلت مكلينتوك دعوته على الرغم من مخاوفها، وأصبحت عضوا دائما في الكلية.\n\nكولد سبرينج هاربور \n\nوبعد تعيينها المؤقت لمدة عام، قبلت مكلينتوك عمل البحث كدوام كامل بمختبر كولد سبرنج هاربور. وهناك، كانت مبدعة للغاية وواصلت عملها في دورة جسر الكسر والانصهار، واستخدمتها لتحل محل الأشعة السينية كأداة لرسم خرائط الجينات الجديدة.و في عام 1944م، وتقديرا لمكانتها في مجال علم الوراثة خلال هذه الفترة، تم انتخاب مكلينتوك للأكاديمية الوطنية للعلوم، وهي ثالث امرأة يتم انتخابها. وفي ذلك العام نفسه، أصبحت أول رئيسة لجمعية علم الوراثة الأمريكية؛ وتم انتخابها نائبا لرئيسها في عام 1939م. وفي عام 1944 م أجرت تحليلا وراثيا خلويا من فطر كراسا العصيباء المبوغة بناء على اقتراح من جورج بيدل، الذي استخدم الفطر للتدليل على علاقة جين واحد لانزيم واحد. ودعاها إلى ستانفورد لإجراء الدراسة. ووصفت بنجاح عدد الكروموسومات، أو النمط النووي، من فطر كاراسا N. ووصفت حياة الدورة الكاملة لهذه الأنواع.وأصبح فطر كاراسا N منذهذا الحين نموذجا لأنواع التحليل الجيني الكلاسيكية.\n\nاكتشاف عناصر التحكم \n\nوفي صيف عام 1944م في مختبر كولد سبرنج هاربور، بدأت مكلينتوك دراسات منهجية حول آليات أنماط الألوان الفسيفسائية لبذور الذرة والآثار الغير ثابتة لهذه الاصباغ. فقد تعرفت على اثنين من المواضع الجينية الوراثية السائدة المتفاعلة الجديدة التي اسمتها ديسوسيتور (DS)والمنشط (AC). ووجدت أن الديسوسيتورليس مجرد فصل أو إنشاء الكسر في الكروموسوم ، وكان لها أيضا مجموعة متنوعة من الآثار على الجينات المجاورة عندما كان المنشط موجود أيضا والذي من بينها جعل بعض الطفرات الثابتة غير ثابتة. وفي أوائل عام 1948م، جعلت الاكتشاف المدهش أن كلا من الديسوسيتور والمنشط بإمكانهم تبديل أو تغيير المواضع على الكروموسوم.\n\nولاحظت آثار نقل ACوDS من خلال أنماط التلوين المتغيرة في حبات الذرة على مدى أجيال من الرموزالتي يتم السيطرة عليها، ووصفت العلاقة بين الموضعين من خلال التحليل المجهري المعقد. وخلصت إلى أن AC يتحكم في تبديلDS من الكروموسوم 9، وأن حركة DS يرافقه تكسر الكروموسوم. وعندما يتحرك DS، يتم الإفراج عن الجين آلورون اللون من أثر القمع الذي نقله DS وحوله إلى الشكل النشط، والذي يبدأ بالأصباغ في الخلايا. وتبديل DS في خلايا مختلفة يكون عشوائيا، والتي قد تنتقل في بعضهم وبعضهم الآخر لا، والذي يسبب لون الأصباغ. ويتم تحديد حجم البقعة الملونة على البذور عن طريق مرحلة من مراحل تطوير البذور خلال التفكك. ووجدت مكلينتوك أيضا أن نقل DS يتم تحديده بعدد النسخ AC في الخلية.\n\nوبين عامي 1948م و 1950م، وضعت نظرية والتي بها تنظم هذه العناصر المتنقلة الجينات عن طريق تثبيط أو تحوير عملها. وأشارت إلى ديسوسياتور والمنشط باسم «وحدة التحكم» -ثم ، بأنهم «عناصر التحكم» - لتمييزها عن الجينات. وافترضت أن تنظيم الجينات يمكن أن يفسر كيف أن الكائنات متعددة الخلايا المعقدة والمصنوعة من خلايا متطابقة في العوامل الوراثية لديها خلايا ذات وظيفة مختلفة. وتحدى اكتشاف ماكلينتوك مفهوم العوامل الوراثية كمجموعة ثابتة من التعليمات تتناقلها الأجيال. وفي عام 1950م، ركزت عملها على ACوDS وأفكارها حول تنظيم الجينات في بحث بعنوان «الأصل والسلوك للمواضع القابلة للتغيير في الذرة» والذي تم نشره في وقائع مجلة الأكاديمية الوطنية للعلوم. وفي صيف عام 1951م، عندما ركزت عملها على الأصل والسلوك للمواضع القابلة للتغيير في الذرة في الندوة السنوية في مختبر كولد سبرنج هاربور، قدمت بحثا يحمل نفس الاسم. وقد نقب البحث عن حالة عدم الاستقرار الناجمة عن DCو AS أو مجرد AS في أربع جينات بالإضافة إلى ميل هذه الجينات إلى العودة التي لا يمكن التنبؤ بها إلى النمط الظاهري البرية. وحددت أيضا «الأسر» من الترانسبوزونات، التي لم تتفاعل مع بعضها البعض.\n\nكان عملها على عناصر التحكم وتنظيم الجينات صعبا من الناحية المفاهيمية وغير مفهوم على الفور أو مقبول من قبل المعاصرين لها. فقد وصفت استقبال بحثها ب «الحيرة، بل والعداء». ومع ذلك، واصلت مكلينتوك تطوير أفكارها حول عناصرالتحكم. وقد نشرت بحثا في علم الوراثة في عام 1953م، حيث قدمت جميع البيانات الإحصائية التي توصلت لها، وأجرت جولات المحاضرات في الجامعات في التسعينات للحديث عن عملها. وواصلت التحقيق في المسألة والتعرف على العنصر الجديد والذي أسمته بالكابت الطفرة (spm)، والذي على الرغم من ماشبهته AC/DS ، يعمل بطريقة أكثر تعقيدا.ويمكن لبعض الإصدارات التبديل من تلقاء نفسها ولا يمكن للبعض الآخرذلك مثلها في ذلك مثل AC/DS. وبخلاف AC/DS، عندما تكون موجودة، تقمع تماما تعبير الجينات الطافرة رغم أنها عادة لا يمكن منعها تماما. وبناء على ردود أفعال العلماء الآخرين تجاه بحثها، شعرت مكلينتوك أنها تخاطر بتنفير التيار العلمي، ومنذعام 1953 توقفت حسابات نشر أبحاثها حول عناصر التحكم.\n\nأصول الذرة \n\nوفي عام 1957م، تلقت مكلينتوك التمويل من الأكاديمية الوطنية للعلوم لتبدأ البحث عن السلالات الأصلية للذرة في أمريكا الوسطى وأمريكا الجنوبية. وقد رغبت في دراسة تطور الذرة من خلال التغيرات الكروموسومية، وكونها في أمريكا الجنوبية من سيتيح لها العمل على نطاق أوسع. واستكشفت مكلينتوك في الخصائص التطورية والتركيبية والكروموسومية لأصول الذرة المختلفة. وبعد العمل المكثف في الستينات والسبعينات نشرت مكلينتوك والمتعاونين معها دراسة بعنوان البنية الكروموسومية لأصول الذرة، واضعين بصمتهم على علم أحفوريات النباتات، النباتات الطبية، وعلم الأحياء التطوري.\n\nإعادة النظر في عناصر التحكم الذي اكتشفتها مكلينتوك \n\nوقد تقاعدت مكلينتوك رسميا من منصبها في معهد كارنيجي عام 1967م، تم تعيينها عضو مساعد متميز في معهد كارنيجي في واشنطن. وقد سمح هذا الشرف لها بمواصلة العمل مع طلاب الدراسات العليا والزملاء في مختبركولد سبرينج هاربور كعالمة فخرية. وعاشت في البلدة. وفي إشارة إلى قرار لها قبل عشرين عاما لوقف نشر تقارير مفصلة حول عملها على عناصر التحكم، وكتبت في عام 1973:\n\nوقد تم الكشف عن أهمية المساهمات التي قامت بها ماكلينتوك في الستينات، عندما وصف عمل علماء الوراثة الفرنسيين فرانسوا يعقوب وجاك مونو في التنظيم الجيني لمشغل لاك، وهو مفهوم أثبتته مع AC\\DS في عام 1951م. وعقب صحيفة يعقوب ومونوعام1961م، وهو بحث الأحياء الجزيئية «الآليات التنظيمية الوراثية في تخليق البروتينات»، كتبت مكلينتوك مقالا عن المقارنة الطبيعية الأمريكية لمشغل لاك وعملها في عناصرالتحكم في الذرة. ولاتزال مساهمة ماكلينتوك في علم الأحياء غير معترف بها على نطاق واسع كقيمة لاكتشاف التنظيم الجيني.\n\nوكان الفضل لمكلينتوك على نطاق واسع لاكتشافها عملية التحويل بعد أن اكتشف أخيرا باحثين آخرين العملية في الجراثيم والخميرة، والبكتيريا في أواخر الستينات وفي أوائل السبعينات. وخلال هذه الفترة، طور علم الأحياء الجزيئي تكنولوجيا جديدة هامة، وكان العلماء قادرين على اظهار الأساس الجزيئي للتبديل. وفي السبعينات، تم استنساخ ACوDS من قبل علماء آخرين، وتم عرضهما كترانسبوزونات من الدرجة الثانية.يعد AC ينقولا كاملا والذي يمكن أن ينتج ترانسبوزاز وظيفي، وهو مطلوب للعنصر للتحرك داخل الجينوم. أما DS فلديها طفرة في جين ترانسبوزازالخاص بها ، وهو ما يعني أنه لا يمكن أن يتحرك من دون مصدر آخر للترانسبوزاز. وهكذا، كما لاحظت مكلينتوك، فإن DS لا يمكنه التحرك في غياب AC. كما تم يتميز SPM باعتباره ينقول. وقد أظهرت الأبحاث اللاحقة أن الترانسبوزونات عادة لا تتحرك إلا إذا تم وضع الخلية تحت الضغط، مثل الإشعاع أو دورة جسر الكسرو الانصهار ، وبالتالي فإن تفعيلها أثناء الإجهاد يمكن أن تكون بمثابة مصدر التنوع الجيني للتطور. وقد فهمت مكلينتوك دور الترانسبوزونات في التطور وتغيير الجينوم جيدا قبل اغتنام باحثون آخرون هذا المفهوم. في الوقت الحاضر، ويستخدم AC\\DSكأداة في علم أحياء النبات لتوليد نباتات متحولة والتي تستخدم لتوصيف وظيفة الجين.\n\nأوسمة الشرف والتقديرات \n\nوفي عام 1947م، حصلت مكلينتوك على جائزة الإنجاز من الجمعية الأمريكية للنساء الجامعيات. وتم انتخابها كزميل الأكاديمية الأمريكية للفنون والعلوم في عام 1959م. وفي عام 1967، حصلت مكلينتوك على جائزة كيمبر في علم الوراثة، وبعد ثلاث سنوات، تم منحها الوسام الوطني للعلوم ومنحه لها ريتشارد نيكسون في عام 1970م. وكانت أول امرأة تحصل على جائزة الوسام الوطني للعلوم. وقد أسمت كولد سبرينج هاربر مبنى باسمها عام 1973م. وقد حصلت على جائزة لويس وبيرت فريدوم فونديشن وجائزة لويس اس. روزنستيل عام 1978م . وفي عام 1981، أصبحت المستفيدة الأولى من منحة ماك آرثر فونديشن، وحصلت على جائزة ألبرت لاسكر للبحث الطبي الأساسي، جائزة وولف في الطب وميدالية توماس هانت مورجان من قبل جمعية علم الوراثة الأمريكية. وفي عام 1982م، مُنحت جائزة لويزا جروس هورويتز من جامعة كولومبيا لبحثها في «تطور المعلومات الوراثية والتحكم في التعبير عنها.»\n\nوأبرز هذه الجوائز، هي جائزة نوبل للفسيولوجيا أو الطب التي نالتها عام 1983، وكانت أول امرأة تفوز بتلك الجائزة وحدها دون أن يشاركها فيها أحد، بفضل مؤسسة نوبل لاكتشاف «العناصر الجينية المتنقلة». وكان ذلك بعد أكثر من ثلاثين عاما لوصفها في البداية لظاهرة عناصرالتحكم. وتمت مقارنتها بجريجور مندل في إطار مسيرتها العلمية من قبل الأكاديمية السويدية للعلوم عندما مُنحت الجائزة.\n\nوتم انتخابها عضوا خارجيا للجمعية الملكية (ForMemRS) عام 1989م. وتلقت مكلينتوك وسام بنيامين فرانكلين للإنجاز المتميز في علوم الجمعية الفلسفية الأمريكية عام 1993م. وقد نالت 14 دكتوراه فخرية في درجات العلوم ودكتوراه فخرية في الآداب الإنسانية. وفي عام 1986 م تم تنصيبها في القاعة القومية لشهرة المرأة. وفي سنواتها الأخيرة، عاشت مكلينتوك حياة عامة بدرجة أكبر، ولاسيما بعد ان كتبت ايفلين فوكس كيلر سيرتها عام 1983م ، مجرد شعور يجلب قصة ماكلينتوك للجمهور. وقد بقيت موجودة بانتظام في جمعية كولد سبرينج هاربور، وتلقي محاضرات حول العناصر الوراثية المتنقلة وتاريخ البحوث الوراثية لصالح العلماء الصغار. وتم نشر مقتطفات لثلاثة وأربعين منشورا لها حول اكتشاف وتوصيف العناصر المتنقلة : وتم نشر وثائق باربرا مكلينتوك التي تم جمعها عام 1987م.\n\nالسنوات الأخيرة \n\nقضت مكلينتوك سنواتها الأخيرة، بعد جائزة نوبل، كقائد رئيسي وباحث في هذا المجال في مختبر كولد سبرنج هاربور في لونج آيلاند، بنيويورك. وتوفت مكلينتوك لأسباب طبيعية في هنتنجتون، نيويورك، في الثاني من سبتمبر عام 1992م في سن التسعين؛ ولم تتزوج ولم يكن لها أطفال.\n\nتراثها \n\nومنذ وفاتها، أصبحت مكلينتوك موضوع السيرة الأساسي لعمل كتبه مؤرخ العلوم ناثانيل سي كومفورت وهو كتاب \"ذا تانجلد فييلد\": والذي يشير فيه إلى بحث باربرا ماكلينتوك عن أنماط عناصر التحكم الوراثية. وتذكر سيرة كومفورت بعض الادعاءات حول مكلينتوك، وصفها ب\" أسطورة مكلينتوك\"، والتي يدعي تخليدها في سيرة كيلر السابقة. وكانت أطروحة كيلر أن مكلينتوك تم تجاهلها طويلا أو أنها واجهت السخرية لأنها كانت امرأة عاملة في مجال العلوم. فعلى سبيل المثال، عندما قدمت مكلينتوك النتائج التي توصلت إليها أن الوراثة في الذُرة لا تتفق مع توزيعات مندل، أعرب عالم الوراثة سيوال رايت عن اعتقاده أنها لاتفهم الرياضيات الضمنية التابعة لعملها، وهو اعتقاد أعرب عنه رايت تجاه النساء الأخريات الموجودات في ذلك الوقت. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، روى عالم الوراثة لوت أورباك أن جوشوا لدربيرج قد عاد من زيارة إلى مختبر ماكلينتوك حاملا ملاحظة يقول فيها: \"والله، ‘ن هذه المرأة إما مجنونة أو عبقرية\". \"وبسبب مايقوله أورباك ، قد طردت مكلينتوك لدربيرج وزملاؤه بعد نصف ساعة\" بسبب غرورهم، فقد كانت لا تقبل بالغطرسة ...فقد شعرت أنها قد عبرت الصحراء وحدها، ولم يتبعها أحد.\"\n\nومع ذلك، يؤكد كومفورت أن مكلينتوك كانت في مكانة مرموقة بين زملائها المهنيين، حتى في السنوات الأولى من حياتها المهنية. وعلى الرغم من قول كومفورت أن مكلينتوك لم تكن ضحية للتمييز بين الجنسين، فقد تم الكتابة عنها على نطاق واسع في سياق دراسات المرأة. وتبين معظم أعمال السيرة الذاتية الحديثة حول وضع المرأة تجاه العلم حسابات خبرتها. وقد اعتبرت بمثابة قدوة للفتيات في أعمال أدب الأطفال كما في عمل إديث هوب فاين «باربرا مكلينتوك»، الحائزة على جائزة نوبل في علم الوراثة، وعمل ديبورا هيليجمان «باربرا مكلينتوك»: الفريدة في مجالها وعمل ماري كيترايدج «باربرا مكلينتوك». وتقدم سيرة ذاتية حديثة للشباب والتي كتبها نعومي باساكوف، باربرا مكلينتوك، العبقرية في علم الوراثة، منظورا جديدا، استنادا إلى الأدب الحالي.\n\nوفي الرابع من مايو عام 2005م، أصدرت دائرة بريد الولايات المتحدة «العلماء الأمريكيين» سلسلة طوابع البريد التذكارية ، ومجموعة من أربعة 37 سنتا لطوابع ذاتية اللصق في عدة صور. وتم تصوير العلماء: باربرا مكلينتوك وجون فون نيومان وجوزيه جيبس، وريتشارد فاينمان. وقد تم تصوير مكلينتوك أيضا في إصدار أربعة طوابع عام 1989م من السويد وهو الأمر الذي يوضح عمل ثمانية من علماء الوراثة الحائزين على جائزة نوبل. وقد تم تسمية مبنى صغير في جامعة كورنيل ومبنى مختبرات في مختبر كولد سبرنج هاربور باسمها. وقد سمي شارع باسمها في «جمعية التنمية ادلرشوف» الجديدة بحديقة العلوم في برلين.\n\nوتمت الإشارة إلى بعض الإنجازات الشخصية والعلمية لمكلينتوك في رواية جيفري ايوجينيدز عام 2011م «ذا ماريج بلوت»، والتي تحكي قصة عالم وراثة الخميرة والذي يدعى ليونارد والذي يعاني من اضطراب ثنائي القطب. وهو يعمل في مختبر مبني على نطاق واسع على كولد سبرينج هاربور. وهذه الشخصية التذكيرية لمكلينتوك هي عبارة عن عالم وراثة متوحد في مختبر خيالي والذي يساوي الاكتشافات بنظيرها الواقعي.\n\nانظر أيضا \n\n قائمة السيدات الحاصلات على جائزة نوبل\n\nروابط خارجية\n\nمراجع \n\nأشخاص من بروكلين\nأشخاص من كولومبيا (ميزوري)\nأشخاص من هارتفورد (كونيتيكت)\nأعضاء الأكاديمية الوطنية الأمريكية للعلوم\nأعضاء أجانب في الجمعية الملكية\nأعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة ميزوري\nأمريكيون حازوا جائزة نوبل\nأمريكيون من أصل بريطاني\nحائزون على جائزة ألبرت لاسكر للأبحاث الطبية الأساسية\nحائزون على جائزة لويزا غروس هورويتز\nحائزون على جائزة نوبل في الطب\nحائزون على زمالة غوغنهايم\nحائزون على قلادة العلوم الوطنية الأمريكية\nخريجو ثانوية صالة إيراسموس\nخريجو جامعة كورنيل\nزملاء الأكاديمية الأمريكية للفنون والعلوم\nزملاء ماكارثر\nعالمات\nعالمات القرن 20\nعالمات أحياء أمريكيات\nعالمات أحياء تطورية\nعالمات أمريكيات في القرن 20\nعالمات نبات أمريكيات\nعالمات وراثة\nعالمات وراثة أمريكيات\nعالمات وظائف الأعضاء\nعلماء أحياء أمريكيون\nعلماء أحياء أمريكيون في القرن 20\nعلماء أحياء تطوريون\nعلماء أمريكيون في القرن 20\nعلماء من ميزوري\nعلماء من ولاية نيويورك\nعلماء نباتات أمريكيون في القرن 20\nعلماء وراثة أمريكيون\nمسيحيون حازوا جائزة نوبل\nمواليد 1902\nمواليد في هارتفورد (كونيتيكت)\nنساء حاصلات على جائزة نوبل\nوفيات 1992\nوفيات في هنتنغتون (نيويورك)", "توماس بين (1737 - 1809) هو ثوري وناشط ومنظّر سياسي ومفكر أمريكي من أبرز فلاسفة عصر التنوير في الولايات المتحدة ومن الآباء المؤسسين للولايات المتحدة. ولد في بريطانيا وهاجر إلى أمريكا عام 1774 عندما كان عمره 37، حيث اشتغل في الصحافة. شارك في الثورة الأمريكية. ألّف مطوية مؤثرة مشهورة تحرض على استقلال المستعمرات الأمريكية من مملكة بريطانيا. وكتب أيضا «عصر العلم». كان لمؤلفه «الحس العام» سنة 1776 أثر كبير في التعجيل بإعلان الاستقلال، وكذلك فعل عمله الآخر «الأزمنة الأمريكية». لم يقتصر دفاعه عن الثوار في الولايات المتحدة فحسب، بل دافع أيضا عن الثورة الفرنسية في كتابه «حقوق الإنسان» الذي انقسم إلى جزأين (1791-1792)، الذي هاجم فيه الحكومة الإنكليزية وساسة الإنكليز المناوئين للثورة الفرنسية، مما أدى إلى محاكمته، فهرب إلى فرنسا سنة 1792 ، وانضم إلى المؤتمر الوطني ولكنه لم يلبث أن سجن في باريس وكاد يعدم بالمقصلة لاعتراضه على إعدام الملك، ولم يفرج عنه إلا بوساطة السلطات الأمريكية. هاجم الدين والكتاب المقدس في مؤلفه «عصر العقل» في جزئين 1794-1795.\n\nحياته المبكرة وتعليمه \nوُلد توماس بين في 29 يناير 1736، وهو نجل جوزيف بين، مزارع وصانع مشدات نسائية، وفرانسيس (وُلدت باسم كوك) بين، في ثيتفورد، نورفولك، إنجلترا. كان جوزيف من الكويكرز (جمعية الأصدقاء الدينية) أما فرنسيس فأنجيليكية. رغم الادعاءات الكثيرة حول تغيير توماس تهجئة اسم عائلته بعد هجرته إلى أمريكا في عام 1774 إلا أنه كان لا يزال يستخدم \"Paine\" في 1769، في لويس، ساسكس.\n\nالتحق بمدرسة ثيتفورد للقواعد (1744- 1749)، في وقت لم يكن فيه التعليم إجباريًا. في سن الـ 13، بدأ تعلم مهنة والده. يؤكد الباحثون أن وظيفة والد بين قد أسيء تفسيرها لتعني أنه صانع مشدات للسيدات، والتي كانت على الأرجح إهانة اخترعها خصومه السياسيون لاحقًا. صنع الأب وابنه المتدرب المشدات النسائية من الحبال السميكة المستخدمة على السفن الشراعية. ذكر براين مكارتن في كتاب توماس «الفطرة السليمة» والمنشورات الثورية (2002): \" كانت صناعة المشدات لأعمدة السفن المهنة الأساسية لصانعي المشدات لعدة قرون. تمثل النوع الآخر من صناعة المشدات في القرن الثامن عشر في صناعة المشدات النسائية. تحديد ما إذا كان جوزيف صانع مشدات للسفن أو للسيدات، فالمسألة لا تزال مثيرة للجدل\".\n\nحافظت ثيتفورد تاريخيًا على تجارة نشطة مع دوونريفر ثم الميناء الرئيسي لمدينة كين لين. شرحت العلاقة بين الشحن والملاحة سبب تجنيد توماس في أواخر فترة مراهقته وخدمته لفترة وجيزة قرصانًا لإحدى السفن قبل عودته إلى بريطانيا في عام 1759، حيث أصبح خبيرًا في صنع المشدات، وأنشأ متجرًا في ساندويتش، كنت.\n\nتزوج توماس بين في 27 سبتمبر 1759 من ماري لامبرت. انهار عمله بعد ذلك بفترة وجيزة. حملت ماري وانتقلا بعدها للعيش في مارجريت حيث أتاها المخاض مبكرًا فتوفيت هي وطفلها. عاد بين إلى ثيتفورد في يوليو 1761 للعمل كموظف إضافي مساعد وتسلم في ديسمبر 1762 منصب جابي ضرائب في غرانثام، لينكولنشاير. نُقل في أغسطس 1764 إلى ألفورد براتب 50 جنيهًا إسترلينيًا سنويًا. فُصل في 27 أغسطس 1765 من منصبه بسبب إدعاءه فحص بضائع أُثبت فيما بعد أنه غير صادق.\n\nطلب في 31 يوليو 1766 من مجلس الجمارك والرسوم إعادة تعيينه الذي منحه في اليوم التالي منصبه مجددًا لكونه شاغرًا. في انتظار عودته إلى منصبه، عمل في صنع المشدات. ومجددًا، صنع مشدات أعمدة السفن وليس المشدات النسائية. عُين عام 1767 في منصب في غرمبوند، كورونوال. في وقت لاحق طلب ترك هذا المنصب في انتظار وظيفة شاغرة، وأصبح مدرسًا في لندن. عُين في 19 فبراير 1768، في مدينة لويس في ساسكس، وهي مدينة ذات تقاليد معارضة للنظام الملكي ومؤيدة للنظام الجمهوري منذ العقود الثورية في القرن السابع عشر. وعاش هناك فوق «بول هاوس» المنزل الذي يعود إلى القرن الخامس عشر، في متجر التبغ لصموئيل أوليف وإستير أوليف.\n\nشارك بين لأول مرة في الشؤون المدنية عندما كان يقطن في لويس. يظهر في كتاب المدينة عضوًا في محكمة ليت، الهيئة الحاكمة للمدينة. وكان أيضًا عضوًا في مجلس الكنيسة الأبرشية، وهي مجموعة من الكنسية المحلية ذات نفوذ كبير، تشمل مسؤولياتها الدينية جمع الضرائب والأعشار لتوزيعها على الفقراء. تزوج عن سن يناهز الـ 34، في 26 مارس 1771، من إليزابيث أوليف، ابنة مالك العقار الذي يعيش فيه. انضم بين من عام 1772 إلى عام 1773 إلى ضباط الجمارك المطالبين البرلمان بأجور أفضل وظروف عمل أحسن. وقد نشر في صيف عام 1772 «قضية ضباط المكوس»، وهي مقالة متكونة من 12 صفحة وتعد أول عمل سياسي له.\n\nقضى فصل الشتاء في توزيع 4000 نسخة مطبوعة على البرلمان وغيره من المؤسسات في لندن. طُرد في ربيع عام 1774 من خدمة الجمارك والمكوس ثانية لغيابه عن العمل دون إذن بالإضافة إلى فشل متجر التبغ خاصته. لتجنب دخول السجن، باع في 14 أبريل جميع ممتلكاته المنزلية لدفع ديونه. انفصل في 4 يونيو 1774 رسميًا عن زوجته إليزابيث وانتقل للعيش بلندن، حيث قدمه في سبتمبر عالم الرياضيات وزميل الجمعية الملكية، ومفوض المكوس جورج لويس سكوت إلى بنجامين فرانكلين الذي اقترح الهجرة إلى المستعمرة البريطانية الأمريكية وقدم له رسالة تزكية. هاجر بين في أكتوبر إلى المستعمرات الأمريكية ووصل إلى فيلادلفيا في 30 نوفمبر 1774.\n\nالثائر الأمريكي \n\nوصل بين إلى أمريكا ومعه رسائل توصية من فرانكلين. وسرعان ما أصبح بين محررًا مشاركًا في مجلة بنسلفانيا، ثم بدأ يعمل من أجل قضية الاستقلال. وفي عام 1776م، نشر مذكرته «الفطرة السوية» Commonsense (يناير 1776) وهي طرح ذكي لقضية المستوطنين الأوائل. وقد طالبت هذه المذكرة بالاستقلال الكامل عن بريطانيا وبإنشاء اتحاد فدرالي قوي. كما احتوت المذكرة أيضًا على هجوم بارع على فكرة الملكية والمكانة الموروثة. وأكد بين أن الثورة الأمريكية سوف تمثل بداية عهد جديد في تاريخ العالم. وقد قرأ تلك المذكرة جورج واشنطن وتوماس جفرسون وآخرون من القادة المستعمرين ونالت استحسانهم، كما قرأها مئات الآلاف من المواطنين الأمريكيين العاديين. وبذلك حققت مذكرة الفطرة السوية أوسع انتشار تحققه مذكرة في التاريخ الأمريكي حتى ذلك الحين. وفي عام 1776م، أتبع بين الفطرة السوية بسلسلة من المذكرات تحت عنوان الأزمة. وقد استهل أولى تلك المذكرات بما يلي «تلك هي الأَزمة التي تمتحن نفوس الرجال. إن جندي الصيف وبطل الشمس المشرقة سرعان ما يتواريان في تلك الأزمنة عن خدمة بلادهما... فالاستبداد كالجحيم تمامًا، ليس من اليسير التغلب عليه». وقد أمر واشنطن بأن تقرأ المذكرة بصوت عالٍ على جنوده. لقد ألهبت كلمات بين الجريئة الواضحة مشاعر الجيش الأمريكي في أحلك أيام الحرب.\n\nعمل بين جنديًا في عام 1776، وأصدر سلسلة من نشرات الدعاية باعتباره معاونا للجنرال ناثانيال جرين Nathanael Greene بعنوان الأزمة لرفع الروح المعنوية لجيش الثوار وللمواطنين• وقد بدأت إحدى هذه النشرات بالعبارة الشهيرة في هذه الأوقات تعرف معادن الرجال أوبتعبير آخر تلك هي الأوقات التي تختبر فيها أرواح الرجال. كما انضم إلى مجموعة من البنسلفانيين لوضع دستور ديمقراطي للولاية. وفي أبريل من عام 1777م، أصبح سكرتيرًا للجنة الكونغرس للشؤون الخارجية. غير أن أمانة بين في فضح الممارسات المريبة لمندوب أمريكا في فرنسا، سلاس دين، قد جلبت له الأعداء، وبذلك أُجبر على الاستقالة من منصبه.\n\nحقوق الفرد\n\nعصر العقل \n\nوفي الفترة من 1787 إلى 1802 كان يعيش معظم الوقت في أوروبا عاملاً لصالح الثورة الفرنسية في كل من فرنسا وإنجلترا• ووجدناه يخاطر برأسه عند تصويته لصالح تخفيف عقوبة الإعدام الصادرة ضد لويس السادس عشر إلى النفي• وفي ديسمبر من هذا العام (3971) - بتحريض ظاهر من روبيسبير (2) - أصدرت الجمعية الوطنية مرسوما بطرد كل الأجانب من عضويتها ولم يبق فيها إلا اثنان: أناكارزيس كلوتس Anacharsis Cloots وتوماس بين وعندما توقع بين Paine أن يقبض عليه سارع بكتابة ما يعرف الآن بالجزء الأول من عصر العقل The Age of Reason، وأرسل مخطوطة الكتاب إلى أمريكا مشفوعة بالإهداء التالي:\n\nإلى رفاقي أهل بلدي في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية: إنني أضع العمل التالي تحت حمايتكم• إنه يضم آرائي في الدين• إنكم ستسدون إليّ عدلاً إن تذكرتم أنني كنت دائما أؤيد بشدة حق كل إنسان في إبداء رأيه مهما كان مختلفا مع ما قد يكون رأيي• إن من ينكر على الآخرين حقهم في إبداء رأيهم إنما هو عبد لرأيه الحالي لأنه يسلب نفسه حق تغيير هذا الرأي•\nإن العقل هو أمضى سلاح ضد كل أنواع الخطأ ولم يحدث أبداً أن استخدمت سواه وإنني واثق أنني لن أثق - مستقبلاً - في سواه •\nصديقكم المخلص ومواطنكم\n\nتوماس بين\n\nباريس، 72 يناير 4971•\n\nويقدم لنا بين Paine في مستهل كتابه هذا سببا غير متوقع لتأليف كتابه فيقول: إنه لا يهدف إلى تدمير الدين وإنما يهدف إلى منع الفساد الناتج عن أشكاله (أشكال الدين) غير العقلية (اللاعقلانية) من أن يقوض النظام الاجتماعي ويدمره خوفا من الخراب العام الذي تسببه الخرافة، والذي تسببه النظم الحكومية الزائفة واللاهوت الزائف، فهذه النظم الزائفة تفقدنا الأخلاق والإنسانية واللاهوت الحق ويضيف قائلاً ومؤكداً مجدداً: إنني أومن بالله الواحد الأحد لا رب سواه One and no more، وإنني آمل في تحقيق السعادة بعد هذه الحياة أي بعد الموت (3)•\n\nثم يستل موسى أكام Occam يقول: إنني لا أومن بعقائد اليهود ولا عقائد كنيسة روما ولا كنيسة الأورثوذكسية الشرقية (الكنيسة اليونانية) ولا عقائد المسلمين (النص: الكنيسة التركية Turkish Church) ولا الكنيسة البروتستنطية ولا أي كنيسة (مؤسسة دينية) أعرفها• فعقلي هو كنيستي• فكل الكنائس كمؤسسات وطنية••• لاتبدو لي أكثر من كونها بدع بشرية أقيمت لإرهاب البشر واسترقاقهم ولاحتكار السلطة وتحقيق المكاسب (4)•\n\nوكان معجبا بالمسيح كرجل فاضل ودود وكان مقتنعا أن الأخلاق والقيم اللتين بشر بهما وطبقهما كانتا خيرتين إلى أقصى حد لكن حكاية كونه ابن الله ليست سوى خرافة مشتقة من خرافة شائعة بين الوثنيين•\n\nإذ يكاد كل الرجال المميزين الذين عاشوا في ظل الميثولوجيا الوثنية قد كرروا الزعم بأنهم أبناء الآلهة ••• لقد كان اتصال الأرباب (الآلهة) اتصالا جنسيا بالنساء رأيا شائعا بين الناس• فالرب جوبيتر Jubiter في زعمهم قد تعايش مع كثيرات عيشة الأزواج• وعلى هذا فحكاية أن المسيح ابن الله ليست جديدة ولا غريبة ولا مدهشة ولا فاحشة وإنما هي مجرد فكرة كانت موجودة بالفعل ومريحة ومتمشية مع آراء وعقول غير اليهود Gentiles، ولأنها كانت منتشرة بينهم فهم وحدهم الذين آمنوا بها• أما اليهود الذين احتفطوا بالإيمان بإله واحد ولا سواه (لا شريك له) فكانوا يرفضون دائما الميثولوجيا الوثنية ولم يوافقوا أبدا على هذه الحكاية (على أن المسيح هو ابن الله)(5)•\n\nوعلى هذا فالميثوجيا المسيحية ليست سوى الميثولوجيا الوثنية في شكل جديد• إنها لا تعدو كونها تكراراً للميثولوجيا الوثنية:\n\nففكرة التثليث أو وجود أرباب (أقانيم) ثلاثة التي ظهرت بعد ذلك ليست سوى تخفيض أو تنقيص للتعددية السابقة التي كانت تقول بوجود نحو عشرين ألف أوثلاثين ألف رب• وقد حل تمثال مريم (العذراء) محل تمثال ديانا الإفسوسية Diane of Ephesus، وحل تطويب القديسين (المصطلح المسيحي تطويب يعني ضم شخص ما إلى قائمة القديسين) محل تأليه (أو تعظيم) الأبطال• فالمؤمنون بالأساطير (الميثولوجيون) لديهم آلهة (أرباب) لكل شيء، والمسيحيون المؤمنون بالأساطير عندهم قديسون لكل شيء، وأصبحت الكنيسة مزدحمة بهم كما كان البانثيون Pantheon مزدحما بالآلهة• فالنظرية (العقيدة) المسيحية لا تختلف إلا قليلا عن وثنية الميثولوجيين القدماء بعد تحويرها (أي العقيدة المسيحية) لتخدم أغراض السلطة والدخل (الاقتصاد) وبقي على العقل والفلسفة أن يبطلا هذا الدجل المبهم (6)• ثم راح بين Paine يلقي أضواءه البحثية مستخدما العقل في سفر التكوين (السفر الأول في التوراة) ولم يطق صبرا على حكاياته الرمزية وأمثاله فهوى بمعوله على حواء والتفاحة• وكان مثل ميلتون Milton مفتونا بالشيطان أول الثائرين لقد كـان الشيطان (إبليــس) ملكاً أُدْخِــل جهنــم لمحاولتــه الإطاحــة بالعرش، وفي جهنم ظل يعاني طول الوقت بلا نهاية• ومع هذا فلا بد أن يهرب من هذه النار التي لاتخمد (جهنم) في وقت أو آخر لأنه كان قد وجد طريقه إلى جنة عدن، ولأنه استطاع غواية (الناس) بأكثر الطرق التواء• لقد استطاع أن يقدم المعرفة لحواء ونصف عالم المسيح• ويعجب بين Paine من أن الميثولوجيا المسيحية قد أضفت على الشيطان (إبليس) شرفاً كبيرا• إنها تفترض أنه أجبر الله (عز وجل) على إرسال ابنه (المقصود المسيح) لبلاد اليهودية Judea ليُصلَب، وذلك ليعيد له (المقصود لله سبحانه) على الأقل جزءا من أهل الأرض كانوا على علاقة حب - بشكل واضح - مع الشيطان• ورغم صلب المسيح فلازال الشيطان يحتفظ لنفسه بكل الممالك غير المسيحية بل وله ملايين من الأتباع في الممالك المسيحية نفسها•\nكل هذا - كما يقول مفكرنا المتشكك توماس - تُقدمه لنا بوقار شديد - على لسان الله جل جلاله - سلسلة من الأقوال منسوبة إلى موسى وحتى القديس بول (بولس)• ورفض بين Paine كل هذه الأقوال (الحكايات) باعتبارها حكايات تصلح لأطفال الحضانة وللكبار الذين أنهكهم البحث عن الخبز والزبد وأعياهم المرض وأرهبهم الموت فباع لهم اللاهوتيون أوهام الوعود الموعودة• وقدم بين Paine لذوي الأرواح الأقوى الله بصورة لا تشبه الإنسان وإنما باعتباره حياة الكون (الروح الحي في الكون)•\n\nلا يمكننا أن نوحد كل أفكارنا عن الله الإ من خلال الخلق •• إن الخلق (الكون) يتحدث لغة عالمية (كونية) ••• إنه كلمة الله (الكون) التي توحي للبشر كل ما هو ضروري لمعرفة الله• أتريد أن تتأمل قوته؟ إنها تتجلى في عظمة خلقه• أتريد أن تتأمل حكمته؟ إنها تتجلى في سنن الكون التي لا يعتريها تبديل والتي تحكم الكل الذي لايحيط به أحد• أتريد أن تتأمل كرمه؟ إنها تتجلى في تلك الوفرة التي تملأ الأرض• أتريد أن تتأمل رحمته؟ إنها تتجلى في كونه لايمسك فضله حتى عن العصاة• باختصار أتريد أن تعرف الله؟ ابحث عنه في الخلق لا في الكتاب المقدس المسيحي Scripture(7)•\n\nوقد سُجن في الفترة من 82 ديسمبر 3971 حتى سقوط روبيسبير في 72 يوليو سنة 4971• وفي 4 نوفمبر دعتني الجمعية الوطنية Convention علناً وبالإجماع للعودة إليها (الجمعية الوطنية)••• وقبلت (8)• وفي أثناء الاضطراب العظيم لرد الثيرموديريين Thermidorean reaction ألف الجزء الثاني من كتابه (عصر العقل The Age of Reason) وكرسه لتوجيه نقد حاد للكتاب المقدس Bible وأضاف قليلا لنقد أفكار وردت في دراسات أكاديمية كان معظمها من تأليف رجال الدين• لقد ضاعت سدى - في إنجلترا وأمريكا - اعتراضاته على الإيمان بالرب (المقصود هنا يسوع المسيح) بسبب اعتراضه وعدم تعاطفه مع الكتاب المقدس الذي كان عزيزا على الشعوب والحكومات، فوجد نفسه بلا تكريم في وطنه الأصلي ووطنه الجديد، وعندماعاد في سنة 1802إلى نيويورك (التي سبق لها أن قدرت خدماته لجمهور الأمريكيين بمنحه 003 أكر (فدان) في نيوروشل New Rochelle) ووجه باستقبال بارد• وأدمن الشرب في السنوات السبع الأخيرة من عمره ومات في نيويورك سنة 9081 وبعد موته بعشرة أعوام عمل وليم كوبت William Cobbett على نقل رفاته إلى إنجلترا، حيث لعبت روحه غير الواهنة - من خلال كتبه - دورا في المعارك الطوال التي تمخض عنها صدور مرسوم الإصلاح Reform Act في سنة 2381•\n\nورغم أن بين Paine كان من القائلين بوجود إله (دون إيمان بأديان منزلة) ولم يكن ملحدا إلا أن كثيرين من المؤمنين بالمسيحية شعروا أن إيمانه بوجود إله لم يكن إلا غطاء مهذبا لعدم إيمانه برب متجسد (المسيح كرب) وقدم وليم بالي William Paley كاهن أسقفية ويرموث Wearmouth دفاعا مقتدرا عن عقيدته في كتابه نظرة في البراهين على المسيحية (4971) لدرجة أن قراءة هذا الكتاب ظلت حتى سنة 0091 شرطا للقبول في جامعة كيمبردج وكان كتابه لاهوت الطبيعة Natural history (2081) لايزال هو الأكثر شهرة فهو كتاب يبحث في البرهنة على وجود قوة ذكية علوية بتجميع براهين وأدلة من العلوم المختلفة• لقد قال: برهنا إذا رأى إنسان ساعة ولم يكن قد سبق له رؤية ساعة من قبل، ألن يتفحص ماكينتها، ويضع في اعتباره أن كائنا ذكيا صممها؟! ثم أليس في الطبيعة مئات العمليات تشير إلى تنظيم الوسائل لتحقيق الأثر المطلوب؟! فمن ناحية نحن نرى قوة ذكية ترتب نظام الكواكب ••• ومن ناحية أخرى فإنها - أي هذه القوة الذكية تقدم العملية (الميكانيكية) المناسبة لحركة جناحي الطائر الطنان وحركة ريشه••• فكل جسم طبيعي متسق، بما ينطوي عليه من إمكانية حفظ نوعه وكيانه وإمكانية تكاثره يشهد بعناية الخالق وتوجيهه لتحقيق أهدافه (9)•\n\nوبدأ نصف المتعلمين في إنجلترا بمنافشة كتب بالي Paley وساعته، وتحدث كولردج Coler idge ووردسورث Wordsworth وهازلت Hazlitt عنها في مناقشة حيّة في كزويك Keswick• لقد عاش كتاب اللاهوت الطبيعي Natural Theulogy طويلا، بل إن دارون العظيم نفسه درسه بعناية (01) قبل صياغة نظريته المنافسة عن تكيف الأعضاء وتطورها لتحقيق الغايات المطلوبة وأن البقاء للأصلح من خلال الانتخاب الطبيعي• وبعد بالي Paley بقرن جاء هنري بيرجسون Bergson ليفيد - ببلاغة - صياغة برهان من تصميم الكون في كتابه Levolution Creatrice الصادر في سنة 6091• واستمر الجدل•\n\nالثائر الفرنسي \nسافر بين إلى فرنسا عام 1787م، ثم إلى إنجلترا، وخلال وجوده في إنجلترا عامي 1791 و1792م، نشر مذكرته الشهيرة «حقوق الإنسان» التي كان يرد فيها على هجوم إدموند برك على الثورة الفرنسية. غير أن حكومة وليام بت حظرت هذا العمل، وأجرت لبين محاكمة بتهمة الخيانة، وأدين إثرها في ديسمبر 1792م، غير أن بين كان قد عاد إلى فرنسا.\n\nوفي 26 أغسطس 1792م، منح مجلس النواب الوطني الفرنسي بين الجنسية الفرنسية، ليصبح بعد ذلك عضوًا في الجمعية الوطنية. غير أن أصدقاءه، وهم أعضاء يطلق عليهم الجيرونديون، فقدوا القوة في الجمعية، ففصل منها، وحرم من جنسيته الفرنسية، وسجن لأكثر من عشرة شهور. غير أن الوزير الأمريكي جيمس مونرو اعترف به مواطنًا أمريكيًا وأطلق سراحه.\n\nوخلال وجوده في السجن، كتب بين عصر العقل معبرًا فيه عن أفكاره حول الدين، وقد سماه معظم الناس إنجيل الإلحاد. وبدأه قائلا: «إنني أومن بإله واحد، لا أكثر، وأتطلع إلى سعادة في حياة بعد هذه الحياة». اختلف بين مع عدد من التعاليم الكنسية الراسخة، ورأى في الكنائس الأوروبية القائمة عوائق كأداء في سبيل التغيير الاجتماعي.\n\nالأعوام الأخيرة \n\nفي عام 1802م، رتَّب الرئيس توماس جيفرسون لبين عودة إلى الولايات المتحدة. فوجد بين الناس من يتذكرونه بسبب أفكاره عن الدين أكثر مما يتذكرونه بسبب الخدمات التي قدّمها للثورة الأمريكية. وفي آخر سنين حياته مرض ومات بنيويورك ودُفن فيها.\n\nمؤلفاته \n\nمؤلفاته المترجمة للعربية\n منطق العقل،\nدار الفجر للنشر والتوزيع\n\nمؤلفات عربية عن فلسفته وفكره\n حقوق الإنسان؛ ونظام الحكم والسلام عند توماس بين، فريال حسن خليفة، 2003\nمكتبة مدبولي\n العقل والمقدس عند توماس بين، فريال حسن خليفة،\nمكتبة مدبولي\n\nمعرض صور\n\nانظر أيضًا \n الثورة الفرنسية\n حقوق الإنسان\n الثورة الهايتية\n الثورة الأمريكية\n\nالمصادر\n\nمراجع \n موسوعة السياسة، المؤسسة العربية للدراسات والنشر، الطبعة الثالثة، 1990، الجزء الأول، ص 659.\n\nوصلات خارجية \n \n \n جمعية توماس بين (المملكة المتحدة) \n \n\nأشخاص أمريكيون في القرن 18\nأشخاص في حروب في إنديبيندينس في الأمريكتين\nأشخاص من التنوير الأمريكي\nأشخاص من ثيتفورد\nأشخاص من قرية غرينويتش\nأصحاب أعمال إنجليز\nأعضاء الجمعية الفلسفية الأمريكية\nأمريكيون مناهضون للعبودية\nالوطنيين في الثورة الأمريكية\nإنجليز في القرن 18\nإنجليز في القرن 19\nبريطانيون في الثورة الأمريكية\nبريطانيون مهاجرون إلى المستعمرات الثلاث عشرة\nتاريخ نيو روتشيل (نيويورك)\nتحرريون أمريكيون\nتحرريون يساريون\nثوريون أمريكيون\nدعاة الجمهورية في إنجلترا\nربوبيون أمريكيون\nربوبيون بريطانيون\nسجناء حكم علهم بالإعدام على يد فرنسا\nعصر التنوير\nفلاسفة الأديان\nفلاسفة التاريخ\nفلاسفة التنوير\nفلاسفة الثقافة\nفلاسفة القرن 18\nفلاسفة القرن 19\nفلاسفة تعليم\nفلاسفة سياسيون\nفلاسفة سياسيون أمريكيون\nفلاسفة كتبوا حول النشاط والتغيير الاجتماعي\nقادة سياسيون في الثورة الأمريكية\nقوميون أمريكيون\nكتاب أمريكيون\nكتاب أمريكيون في القرن 18\nكتاب أمريكيون في القرن 19\nكتاب إنجليز في القرن 18\nكتاب إنجليز في القرن 19\nكتاب ذكور إنجليز في القرن 18\nكتاب غير روائيين ذكور أمريكيون\nكتاب في القرن 18\nكتاب في القرن 19\nكتاب من نورفولك\nكتاب من نيو روتشيل (نيويورك)\nكتاب وكاتبات إنجليز\nليبراليون كلاسيكيون أمريكيون\nليبراليون كلاسيكيون بريطانيون\nمخترعون إنجليز\nمدافن في ولاية نيويورك\nمعادو الملكية\nمعلقون اجتماعيون بريطانيون\nمفكرون ربوبيون\nمنظرون على الحضارة الغربية\nمواليد 1737\nمؤلفون أمريكيون عن السياسة الخارجية الأمريكية\nناشطون من نيو روتشيل (نيويورك)\nنقاد اجتماعيون\nنقاد الأديان\nنقاد المسيحية\nنقاد اليهودية\nوفيات 1809\nوفيات في نيويورك\nناشطون سياسيون من بنسيلفانيا\nنقاد أمريكيون في المسيحية", "كانت محكمة العدل الدولية الدائمة، التي غالبًا ما تسمى المحكمة العالمية، موجودة من عام إلى عام . كانت محكمة دولية ملحقة بعصبة الأمم. أنشئت في عام ، لقيت المحكمة في البداية ترحيبًا جيدًا من الدول والأكاديميين على حد سواء، مع تقديم العديد من القضايا إليها خلال العقد الأول من عملها.\n\nتعدّ المحكمة الدائمة للعدل الدولي الصورة الأولى للقضاء الدولي الدائم حيث ارتبطت المحكمة بنشأة المحكمة بقيام عصبة الأمم عام ، عندما نصت المادة 14 من عهد عصبة الأمم على تكليف مجلسها بإعداد مشروع محكمة دائمة للعدل الدولي، وبالفعل دعا مجلس العصبة لجنة استشارية للمتشرعين لإعداد مشروع نظام المحكمة، الذي عُرض على المجلس ثم على الجمعية العامة التي وافقت عليه بقرار في 3 ديسمبر من عام . وقد أصبح النظام الأساسي للمحكمة الدائمة للعدل الدولي سارياً في 16 ديسمبر ، وذلك بعد التصديق عليه من أغلبية الدول الأعضاء في المنظمة.\n\nأصدرت منذ سنة حتى سنة (31) حكماً قضائياً في ما مجموعه 29 قضية وقدمت 27 رأيًا استشاريًا منفصلاً (فتوى)، وكل هذه الاراء الإفتائية كانت بنائاً على طلب من مجلس العصبة. مع تصاعد التوتر الدولي في الثلاثينيات، أصبح استخدام المحكمة أقل. توقف نشاط المحكمة بعد اندلاع الحرب العالمية الثانية واحتلال الألمان لهولندا حيث نُقل مقر المحكمة خلال الحرب إلى مدينة جنيف في سويسرا، وبموجب قرار من عصبة الأمم في ، لم يعد يوجد كل من المحكمة والعصبة واستعيض عنهما بمحكمة العدل الدولية والأمم المتحدة.\n\nيأتي الاختصاص الإلزامي للمحكمة من ثلاثة مصادر: البند الاختياري لعصبة الأمم، والاتفاقيات الدولية العامة والمعاهدات الدولية الثنائية الخاصة. يمكن أيضًا للدول تقديم القضايا مباشرة، لكنها ليست ملزمة بتقديم المواد ما لم تقع ضمن هذه الفئات الثلاث. يمكن للمحكمة أن تصدر أحكامًا أو فتاوى. كانت الأحكام ملزمة بشكل مباشر ولكنها ليست فتاوى. في الممارسة العملية، اتبعت الدول الأعضاء في عصبة الأمم الآراء الاستشارية على أي حال خوفًا من احتمال تقويض السلطة الأخلاقية والقانونية للمحكمة والعصبة.\n\nتاريخ\n\nالبوادر \nيعود اقترح إنشاء محكمة دولية إلى فترة طويلة، حيث اقترحها بيير دوبوا عام و عام . ظهرت فكرة إنشاء محكمة عدل دولية في العالم السياسي في مؤتمر لاهاي الأول للسلام عام ، حيث أُعلن أن التحكيم بين الدول هو الحل الأسهل للنزاعات، وتوفير هيئة مؤقتة من القضاة للتحكيم في مثل هذه القضايا، فكانت محكمة التحكيم الدائمة (PCA) أول مؤسسة دائمة تأسست لغرض تسوية النزاعات الدولية. شارك في المؤتمر، بمبادرة من القيصر الروسي نيكولاس الثاني، جميع القوى الكبرى في العالم، بالإضافة إلى العديد من الدول الأصغر، وأسفر عن أولى المعاهدات متعددة الأطراف المعنية بإدارة الحرب. ومن بين هذه الاتفاقيات اتفاقية التسوية السلمية للمنازعات الدولية، التي حددت الإطار المؤسسي والإجرائي لإجراءات التحكيم، والتي عقدت في لاهاي بهولندا. على الرغم من أن الإجراءات ستدعم من قبل مكتب دائم - تكون وظائفه معادلة لوظائف السكرتارية أو سجل المحكمة - سيُعين المحكمين من قبل الدول المتنازعة من مجموعة أكبر يوفرها كل عضو في الاتفاقية. تأسست محكمة التحكيم الدائمة في عام وبدأت إجراءاتها في عام .\n\nفي مؤتمر لاهاي الثاني للسلام في عام ، والذي ضم معظم الدول ذات السيادة في العالم، بمراجعة الاتفاقية وتعزيز القواعد التي تحكم إجراءات التحكيم أمام محكمة التحكيم الدائمة. خلال هذا المؤتمر، قدمت الولايات المتحدة وبريطانيا العظمى وألمانيا اقتراحًا مشتركًا لمحكمة دائمة يعمل قضاتها بدوام كامل. تمت صياغة مشروع اتفاقية لمحكمة دائمة للعدالة التحكيمية على الرغم من النزاعات والأعمال الملحة الأخرى في المؤتمر ونظرًا لعدم تمكن المندوبين من الاتفاق على كيفية اختيار القضاة، فقد عُلق الأمر مؤقتًا في انتظار اتفاق يُعتمده في مؤتمر لاحق. أثرت مؤتمرات لاهاي للسلام والأفكار التي انبثقت عنها في إنشاء محكمة عدل أمريكا الوسطى، التي تأسست عام كواحدة من أولى الهيئات القضائية الإقليمية. وضعت خطط ومقترحات مختلفة بين عامي و1919 لإنشاء محكمة قضائية دولية، والتي لن تتحقق في تشكيل نظام دولي جديد بعد الحرب العالمية الأولى.\n\nالتأسيس \nكان من الواضح لعدة أكاديميين أن اندلاع الحرب العالمية الأولى، وعلى وجه الخصوص، ما ترتب عنها، استدعى الحاجة إلى نوع من المحكمة العالمية، وكان من المتوقع على أن تُؤسس واحدة. كما أدى إراقة الدماء غير المسبوقة في الحرب العالمية الأولى إلى إنشاء عصبة الأمم، التي أنشأها مؤتمر باريس للسلام عام كأول منظمة حكومية دولية عالمية تهدف إلى الحفاظ على السلام والأمن الجماعي. دعت المادة 14 من ميثاق عصبة الأمم إلى دراسة إنشاء محكمة دولية، والتي ستكون مسؤولة عن الفصل في أي نزاع دولي يُقدم إليها من قبل الأطراف المتنازعة، بالإضافة إلى تقديم رأي استشاري بشأن أي نزاع أو سؤال مشار إليه لها من قبل عصبة الأمم. في يونيو ، وضعت لجنة استشارية من الحقوقيين عينتها عصبة الأمم أخيرًا مبادئ توجيهية عملية لتعيين القضاة، ثم فُوضت اللجنة بعد ذلك بصياغة دستور لمحكمة دائمة ليس للتحكيم ولكن للعدالة. قُبل النظام الأساسي للمحكمة الدائمة للعدالة الدولية في جنيف في .\n\nفي كانون الأول / ديسمبر ، وبعد عدة مسودات ومناقشات، تبنى مؤتمر العصبة بالإجماع النظام الأساسي للجنة الدائمة، والذي تم التوقيع والمصادقة عليه في العام التالي من قبل غالبية الأعضاء. من بين أمور أخرى، حل النظام الأساسي الجديد القضايا الخلافية المتعلقة باختيار القضاة من خلال النص على أن ينتخب القضاة من قبل كل من المجلس والجمعية العامة بشكل متزامن ولكن بشكل مستقل. سيعكس تكوين المحكمة الدائمة للعدل الدولي . وضعت المحكمة الدائمة للعدل الدولي بشكل دائم في قصر السلام في لاهاي، إلى جانب محكمة التحكيم الدائمة.\n\nتمثل المحكمة الدائمة للعدل الدولي ابتكارًا رئيسيًا في الفقه الدولي بعدة طرق:\n\n على عكس هيئات التحكيم الدولية السابقة، كانت هيئة دائمة تحكمها أحكامها القانونية وقواعدها الإجرائية\n كان لديها سجل دائم يعمل كحلقة وصل مع الحكومات والهيئات الدولية؛\n كانت إجراءاتها علنية إلى حد كبير، بما في ذلك المرافعات والحجج الشفوية وجميع الأدلة الوثائقية؛\n كانت في متناول جميع الدول ويمكن أن تعلن من قبل الدول أن لديها ولاية قضائية إلزامية على النزاعات؛\n كانت النظام الأساسي المحكمة الدائمة للعدل الدولي أول من سرد مصادر القانون التي يمكن الاعتماد عليها، والتي بدورها أصبحت مصادر القانون الدولي\n كان القضاة أكثر تمثيلاً للعالم وأنظمته القانونية من أي هيئة قضائية دولية سابقة.\n بصفتها هيئة دائمة، ستتخذ محكمة العدل الدولية، بمرور الوقت، سلسلة من القرارات والأحكام التي من شأنها تطوير القانون الدولي\n\nعلى عكس محكمة العدل الدولية، لم تكن المحكمة الدائمة للعدل الدولي جزءًا من العصبة، ولم يكن أعضاء العصبة تلقائيًا طرفًا في نظامها الأساسي. الولايات المتحدة، التي لعبت دورًا رئيسيًا في كل من مؤتمر لاهاي الثاني للسلام ومؤتمر باريس للسلام، لم تكن عضوًا في العصبة، على الرغم من أن العديد من مواطنيها عملوا كقضاة في المحكمة.\n\nالسنوات الأولى \nانعقدت المحكمة لأول مرة في ، في قصر السلام، لاهاي، وغطت الأعمال التمهيدية خلال الجلسة الأولى (مثل وضع الإجراءات وتعيين الضباط) جلس تسعة قضاة، إلى جانب ثلاثة نواب، لم يتمكن أنطونيو سانشيز دي بوستامانتي إي سيرفين، روي باربوزا ووانغ تشونغ هوي من الحضور، وكان آخرها في مؤتمر واشنطن البحري. انتخبت المحكمة برنارد لودر رئيسًا وماكس هوبر نائبًا للرئيس؛ استبدل هوبر بأندريه فايس بعد شهر. وفي 14 فبراير/ شباط، افتُتحت المحكمة رسمياً، ووضعت لائحة الإجراءات في 24 مارس/ آذار، عندما أنهت المحكمة جلستها الأولى. انعقدت المحكمة لأول مرة للبت في القضايا في 15 يونيو. أصدرت المحكمة، خلال السنة الأولى من عملها، ثلاث فتاوى، تتعلق جميعها بمنظمة العمل الدولية المنشأة بموجب معاهدة فرساي.\n\nكان رد الفعل الأولي للسياسيين والمحامين الممارسين والأكاديميين على حد سواء من المحكمة جيدًا. صرح إرنست بولوك، المدعي العام السابق لإنجلترا وويلز، وصرح جون هنري ويجمور إن إنشاء المحكمة ، وكتب جيمس براون سكوت أن . كان هناك الكثير من الثناء على تعيين قاضٍ أمريكي على الرغم من حقيقة أن الولايات المتحدة لم تصبح من الدول الموقعة على بروتوكول المحكمة، وكان يُعتقد أنها ستفعل ذلك قريبًا.\n\nزيادة العمل \n\nواجهت المحكمة عملًا متزايدًا مع استمرارها، مما أدى إلى تهدئة مخاوف هؤلاء المعلقين الذين اعتقدوا أن المحكمة ستصبح مثل المحكمة العليا للولايات المتحدة، التي لم تُعرض على قضية لفتراتها الست الأولى. نظرت المحكمة في تسع قضايا خلال عامي 1922 و1923، مع أحكام تسمى «قضايا» وفتاوى تسمى «أسئلة». فُصل في ثلاث قضايا خلال الجلسة الأولى للمحكمة، واحدة خلال جلسة استثنائية بين 8 يناير و (قضية الجنسية التونسية المغربية)، وأربع قضايا خلال الجلسة العادية الثانية بين و (سؤال كاريليا الشرقية، قضية ويمبلدون، سؤال المستوطنين الألمان، مسألة الحصول على الجنسية البولندية) وواحدة خلال جلسة استثنائية ثانية من 12 نوفمبر إلى (سؤال جاورزنيا). عُثر أيضًا على بديل لـ روي باربوسا (الذي توفي في دون سماع أي قضايا)، وذلك بانتخاب إبيتاسيو بيسوا في . نقص عبء العمل في العام التالي، حيث اشتمل على حكمين وفتوى واحدة؛ وهي قضية امتيازات مافروماتيس فلسطين، وتفسير قضية معاهدة نويي (القضية الأولى لغرفة الإجراءات الموجزة للمحكمة) ومسألة دير سان نعوم. خلال العام نفسه، انتخب رئيس ونائب رئيس جديدين، حيث كلفا بالخدمة لمدة ثلاث سنوات. في انتخابات ، نتخب أندريه فايس مرة أخرى نائبًا للرئيس وأصبح ماكس هوبر ثاني رئيس للمحكمة. أُنشأت المعاشات القضائية في نفس الوقت، مع منح القاضي 1/30 من أجره السنوي عن كل عام عمل فيه بمجرد تقاعده وبلغ 65 عامًا.\n\nكان عام عامًا مزدحمًا للغاية بالنسبة للمحكمة، التي استغرقت 210 يومًا، حيث عقدت أربع جلسات استثنائية بالإضافة إلى الجلسة العادية، وأصدرت 3 أحكام و4 آراء استشارية. صدر الحكم الأول في قضية تبادل السكان اليونانيين والأتراك، وكان الثاني (من قبل محكمة الإجراءات الموجزة) بشأن تفسير تفسير معاهدة نويي، والثالث في قضية امتيازات مافروماتيس في فلسطين. كانت الآراء الاستشارية الأربعة الصادرة عن المحكمة في قضية دائرة البريد البولندية في دانزيج، ومسألة طرد البطريرك المسكوني، ومسألة معاهدة لوزان، ومسألة المصالح الألمانية في سيليزيا العليا البولندية. شهد عام تقليص حجم الأعمال بدورة عادية واحدة ودورة استثنائية واحدة؛ ومع ذلك، كانت هذه هي السنة الأولى التي حضر فيها جميع القضاة الأحد عشر للنظر في القضايا. استمعت المحكمة في قضيتين حكم واحد ورأي استشاري. سؤال ثانٍ حول المصالح الألمانية في سيليزيا العليا البولندية، وهذه المرة حكم وليس رأي استشاري، ورأي استشاري بشأن منظمة العمل الدولية.\n\nعلى الرغم من تقليص العمل في عام ، كان عام عامًا مزدحمًا آخر، حيث عقدت المحكمة جلستها باستمرار من 15 يونيو إلى 16 ديسمبر، حيث أصدرت 4 أوامر و4 أحكام وفتوى واحدة. كانت الأحكام في قضية بلجيكا - الصين، والقضية المتعلقة بالمصنع في تشورزو، وقضية لوتس واستمرار قضية امتيازات مافروماتيس القدس. 3 من الآراء الاستشارية بشأن اختصاص المفوضية الأوروبية بشأن نهر الدانوب، والرابعة بشأن اختصاص محاكم دانزيغ. كانت الطلبات الأربعة على المصالح الألمانية في سيليزيا العليا البولندية. شهد هذا العام مجموعة أخرى من الانتخابات. في 6 ديسمبر، مع انتخاب ديونيسيو أنزيلوتي رئيسًا وانتخاب أندريه فايس نائبًا للرئيس. توفي فايس في العام التالي، واستقال جون باسيت مور؛ انتُخب ماكس هوبر نائبًا للرئيس في ليخلف فايس، حين أن الوفاة الثانية (اللورد فينلي) تركت المحكمة تعاني من نقص متزايد في الموظفين. انتخب بديلين لمور وفينلي في ؛ هنري فروماجوت وسيسيل هيرست على التوالي.\n\nبعد الجولة الثانية من الانتخابات في سبتمبر 1930، أعيد تنظيم المحكمة. في ، عُين مينيتشيرو أداتشي رئيسًا، وجوستافو غيريرو نائبًا للرئيس.\n\nالولايات المتحدة لم تنضم أبدا \nلعبت الولايات المتحدة دورًا رئيسيًا في إنشاء المحكمة العالمية لكنها لم تنضم إليها أبدًا. أيد كل من الرؤساء ويلسون وهاردينج وكوليدج وهوفر وروزفلت العضوية، لكنه كان من المستحيل الحصول على أغلبية 2/3 في مجلس الشيوخ من أجل المعاهدة.\n\nلم تنضم الولايات المتحدة أبدًا إلى المحكمة العالمية، وذلك أساسًا لأن أعداء عصبة الأمم في مجلس الشيوخ جادلوا بأن المحكمة مرتبطة ارتباطًا وثيقًا بعصبة الأمم. وكان الخصم الرئيسي هو السناتور ويليام بورا، الجمهوري عن ولاية أيداهو. اعترفت الولايات المتحدة أخيرًا باختصاص المحكمة، بعد عملية طويلة وطويلة الأمد. اقترح الرئيس وارن ج.هاردينغ لأول مرة إلتزام الولايات المتحدة في عام ، وفي ، وُقع على ثلاثة بروتوكولات قضائية. وطالبت الولايات المتحدة باستخدام حق النقض (الفيتو) على القضايا المتعلقة بالولايات المتحدة لكن الدول الأخرى رفضت الفكرة.\n\nلم يخاطر الرئيس فرانكلين روزفلت برأسماله السياسي ولم يقدم سوى الدعم السلبي على الرغم من الحاجة إلى موافقة ثلثي مجلس الشيوخ. تدفق وابل من البرقيات على الكونغرس، مستوحاة من الهجمات التي شنها تشارلز كوغلين وآخرون. فشلت المعاهدة بسبعة أصوات في .\n\nقبلت الولايات المتحدة أخيرًا اختصاص المحكمة في ، لكن لم يصادق على المعاهدة مطلقًا، ولم تنضم الولايات المتحدة أبدًا. يعزو فرانسيس بويل الفشل إلى عنصر انعزالي قوي في مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي، بحجة أن عدم الفعالية التي أظهرها عدم مشاركة الولايات المتحدة في المحكمة والمؤسسات الدولية الأخرى يمكن ربطها ببداية الحرب العالمية الثانية.\n\nتنامي التوتر الدولي \nكان عام عامًا حافلًا بالمهام بالنسبة للمحكمة، التي فصلت قضيتها العشرين (و «أكبر انتصار»)؛ قضية شرق جرينلاند. تميزت هذه الفترة بالتوتر الدولي المتزايد، مع إعلان اليابان وألمانيا انسحابهما من عصبة الأمم، ليصبح ساري المفعول في عام . لم يؤثر ذلك بشكل مباشر على المحكمة، حيث صودق على البروتوكول الذي يقبل اختصاص المحكمة بشكل منفصل، لكنه أثر على إستعداد الدولة لرفع قضية أمامها، كما يتضح من انسحاب ألمانيا من قضيتين معلقتين. 1934، وهو العام الثالث عشر للمحكمة، «كان يتماشى مع التقاليد المرتبطة بهذا العدد»، مع عدد قليل من القضايا منذ أن كانت حكومات العالم أكثر اهتمامًا بالتوتر الدولي المتزايد. استمرت أعمال المحكمة قليلة في 1935، 1936، 1937، 1938، و1939 على الرغم من أن عام تميز بقبول موناكو لبروتوكول المحكمة. كان الناتج القضائي للمحكمة في عام يتألف بالكامل من مجموعة أوامر، اكتملت في اجتماع بين 19 و26 فبراير، بسبب الوضع الدولي، ترك للمحكمة «آفاق غير مؤكدة للمستقبل». في أعقاب الغزو الألماني لهولندا، لم تتمكن المحكمة من الاجتماع على الرغم من منح المسجل والرئيس حصانة دبلوماسية كاملة. في 16 يوليو غادر الرئيس والمسجل هولندا بعدما علما أن الوضع صار غير متسامح بعد مغادرة البعثات الدبلوماسية من الدول الأخرى لاهاي وانتقلوا إلى سويسرا برفقة موظفيهم.\n\nمنذ جلستها الأولى في عام حتى عام ، تعاملت اللجنة مع 29 نزاعًا بين الدول وأصدرت 27 رأيًا استشاريًا. وقد انعكس قبول المحكمة الواسع النطاق من خلال حقيقة أن عدة مئات من المعاهدات والاتفاقات الدولية منحت المحكمة الولاية القضائية على فئات معينة من النزاعات. بالإضافة إلى المساعدة في حل العديد من النزاعات الدولية الخطيرة، ساعدت اللجنة في توضيح العديد من نقاط الغموض في القانون الدولي التي ساهمت في تطويره.\n\nحل المحكمة \nبعد ذروة نشاطها في عام ، بدأت المحكمة الدائمة للعدل الدولي في التقهقر في أنشطتها بسبب التوتر الدولي المتزايد والانعزالية التي ميزت تلك الحقبة. لم تتمكن المحكمة من الاجتماع بين عامي 1941 و1944، لكن إطار العمل ظل كما هو، وسرعان ما أصبح من الواضح أن المحكمة ستحل. وضعت الحرب العالمية الثانية حداً فعلياً للمحكمة، التي عقدت آخر جلسة علنية لها في ديسمبر 1939 وأصدرت أوامرها الأخيرة في فبراير 1940. في عام ، أعلنت الولايات المتحدة والمملكة المتحدة دعمهما المشترك لإنشاء أو إعادة إنشاء محكمة دولية بعد الحرب، في عام ، اجتمعت لجنة دولية للنظر في «مسألة محكمة العدل الدولية الدائمة»، \n\nوفي عام ، ترأست المملكة المتحدة لجنة من القانونيين من جميع أنحاء العالم، «لجنة الحلفاء»، لمناقشة المادة. أوصى تقريرها ل عام بما يلي:\n\n يجب أن يستند النظام الأساسي لأي محكمة دولية جديدة إلى النظام الأساسي لمحكمة العدل الدولية في فلسطين.\n يجب أن تحتفظ المحكمة الجديدة بولاية استشارية؛\n يجب أن يكون قبول اختصاص المحكمة الجديدة طوعياً؛\n يجب أن تتعامل المحكمة فقط مع الأمور القضائية وليس السياسية\n\nبعد عدة أشهر، أصدر مؤتمر لقوى الحلفاء الكبرى - الصين، والاتحاد السوفيتي، والمملكة المتحدة، والولايات المتحدة - إعلانًا مشتركًا يعترف بضرورة «إنشاء منظمة دولية عامة في أقرب وقت ممكن عمليًا، على أساس مبدأ المساواة في السيادة بين جميع الدول المحبة للسلام، ومفتوحة لعضوية جميع هذه الدول، كبيرها وصغيرها، لصون السلم والأمن الدوليين».\n\nبين 21 آب / أغسطس و7 تشرين الأول / أكتوبر 1944، عُقد مؤتمر دومبارتون أوكس، الذي أنشأ، من بين أمور أخرى، محكمة دولية ملحقة بالأمم المتحدة لتحل محل محكمة العدل الدولية الدائمة. نتيجة لهذه المؤتمرات وغيرها، استقال قضاة المحكمة الدائمة للعدالة الدولية رسميًا في أكتوبر 1945، وبموجب قرار من عصبة الأمم في ، لم يعد هناك وجود للمحكمة والعصبة، واستبدلا بكل من محكمة العدل الدولية والأمم المتحدة.\n\nنشر مؤتمر الحلفاء التالي في دمبارتون أوكس بالولايات المتحدة مقترحًا في أكتوبر 1944 دعا إلى إنشاء منظمة حكومية دولية تضم محكمة دولية. عُقد اجتماع بعد ذلك في واشنطن العاصمة في أبريل 1945، شارك فيه 44 من فقهاء القانون من جميع أنحاء العالم لصياغة قانون للمحكمة المقترحة. كان مشروع النظام الأساسي مشابهًا إلى حد كبير لمشروع محكمة العدل الدولية، وكان هناك تساؤل حول ما إذا كان ينبغي إنشاء محكمة جديدة. خلال مؤتمر سان فرانسيسكو، الذي انعقد في الفترة من 25 أبريل إلى وشارك فيه 50 دولة، تقرر إنشاء محكمة جديدة تمامًا كجهاز رئيسي للأمم المتحدة الجديدة. سيشكل النظام الأساسي لهذه المحكمة جزءًا لا يتجزأ من ميثاق الأمم المتحدة، الذي من أجل الحفاظ على الاستمرارية، نص صراحة على أن النظام الأساسي لمحكمة العدل الدولية يستند إلى النظام الأساسي لمحكمة العدل الدولية.\n\nوبناءً على ذلك، اجتمع المحكمة الدائمة للعدل الدولي للمرة الأخيرة في أكتوبر 1945 وقرر نقل أرشيفه إلى خليفته، والذي سيحل محله في قصر السلام. استقال قضاة محكمة العدل الدولية في 31 كانون الثاني / يناير 1946، مع انتخاب أول أعضاء لمحكمة العدل الدولية في شباط / فبراير التالي في الدورة الأولى للجمعية العامة للأمم المتحدة ومجلس الأمن. في أبريل 1946، حُلت المحكمة الدائمة للعدل الدولي رسميًا، وانتخبت محكمة العدل الدولية، في اجتماعها الأول، رئيسًا خوسيه غوستافو غيريرو من السلفادور، والذي كان قد شغل منصب الرئيس الأخير للمحكمة الدائمة للعدل الدولي. كما عينت المحكمة أعضاء مكتبها، والذين ينتمون إلى حد كبير إلى مكتب المحكمة الدائمة للعدل الدولي، وعقدت جلسة عامة افتتاحية في وقت لاحق من ذلك الشهر.\n\nالتنظيم\n\nالقضاة \n\nتألفت المحكمة في البداية من 11 قاضياً و4 نواب قضاة، وضعتهم الدول الأعضاء في عصبة الأمم تحت وصايةالأمين العام لعصبة الأمم، الذي يعرضهم على المجلس والجمعية للانتخاب. كان على المجلس والجمعية أن يضعوا في اعتبارهم أن لجنة القضاة المنتخبين كان عليها أن تمثل كل التقاليد القانونية الرئيسية في العصبة، إلى جانب \"كل حضارة كبرى\". سُمح لكل دولة عضو التوصية بأربعة قضاة محتملين، بحد أقصى اثنين من دولتها. ينتخب القضاة بأغلبية الأصوات بشكل مستقل في المجلس والجمعية. يخدم القضاة لمدة تسع سنوات، وتنتهي فترة ولايتهم في نفس الوقت، مما يستلزم انتخاب مجموعة جديدة تمامًا. كان القضاة مستقلين وتخلصوا من جنسيتهم لأغراض النظر في القضايا، ولا يدينون بالولاء لأي دولة عضو، ولكن كان ممنوعًا أن يكون هناك أكثر من قاضٍ من نفس الإختصاص.مُنح القضاة حصانة دبلوماسية كاملة عند مشاركتهم في أعمال المحكمة دليلًا على استقلالهم عن الروابط الوطنية. كانت المتطلبات الوحيدة للقضاة هي \" و.\n\nانتخبت اللجنة الأولى في ،انتخب في الاقتراع الأول بأغلبية أصوات كل من المجلس والجمعية كل من رافائيل ألتاميرا إي كريفيا من إسبانيا، وديونيزيو أنزيلوتي من إيطاليا، وبرنارد لودر من هولندا، وروي باربوسا من البرازيل، ويوروزو أودا من اليابان، وأندريه فايس من فرنسا، وأنطونيو سانشيز دي بوستامانتي إي سيرفين من كوبا، واللورد فينلاي من المملكة المتحدة. وانتخب في الاقتراع الثاني كل من جون باسيت مور من الولايات المتحدة، وديدريك نيولم من الدنمارك وماكس هوبر من سويسرا. انتخب النواب الأربعة يوم 16 سبتمبر كل من وانغ تشونج هوي من الصين وديمتر نيغوليسكو من رومانيا ومايكلو يوفانوفيتش من يوغسلافيا. اختلفت الجمعية والمجلس بشأن النائب الرابع للقاضي، ولكن في النهاية عُين فريدريك بيتشمان من النرويج. كان نواب القضاة فقط بدلاء للقضاة الغائبين ولم يُمنحوا حق التصويت في تغيير إجراءات المحكمة أو المساهمة في أوقات أخرى. على هذا النحو، سُمح لهم بالعمل كمستشارين في القضايا الدولية حيث لم يكونوا قضاة.\n\nفي عام ، ارتفع عدد القضاة إلى 15، وأجريت مجموعة جديدة من الانتخابات. أجريت الانتخابات في ، حيث حصل 14 مرشحًا على الأغلبية في الاقتراع الأول، بينما حصل فرانسيسكو خوسيه أوروتيا على الأغلبية في الثاني. وكانت المحكمة بكامل هيئتها أوروتيا، مينيشيرو أداتشي، رافاييل ألتميرا ي كريفيا، ديونيسيو أنزيلوتي، بوستامانتي، فيليم فان إيسينجا، هينري فروماجيوت، خوسيه غوستافو غيريرو، سيسيل هورست، إدوارد رولان-فرانك بيلينجز كيلوج، فرانك بيلينجز كيلوج، نيغوميسكو، ميتشا يان روستووروفسكي، والثر شوكينج ووانغ تشونغ هوي.\n\nيتقاضى القضاة فلورين هولندي سنويًا، مع مصاريف يومية قدرها 50 فلورين لدفع نفقات المعيشة، و45000 فلورين إضافية للرئيس، الذي كان مطلوبًا منه العيش في لاهاي. كما وفرت نفقات السفر، و «بدل الواجب» قدره 100 فلورين أثناء جلسة المحكمة، مع 150 لنائب الرئيس. اقتصر بدل العمل هذا على فلورين سنويًا للقضاة و30000 فلورين لنائب الرئيس؛ على هذا النحو، نصت على 200 يوم من جلسات المحكمة، مع عدم تقديم بدل إذا عقدت المحكمة لفترة أطول. ولم يتلق نواب القضاة أي رواتب، ولكن عند استدعائهم للخدمة، يزودون بمصاريف السفر، و50 فلورين في اليوم لتغطية نفقات المعيشة و150 فلورين في اليوم كبدل الواجب.\n\nالإجراءات \nبموجب ميثاق عصبة الأمم، اتفق جميع أعضاء العصبة على أنه إذا كان هناك نزاع بين الدول فإنهم ، فسdرفع الأمر إلى المحكمة من أجل التحكيم، مع وجود نزاعات مناسبة تدور حول تفسير معاهدة دولية، ومسألة تتعلق بالقانون الدولي، وصحة الوقائع، التي، إذا كانت صحيحة، من شأنها أن تخرق الالتزامات الدولية وطبيعة أي تعويضات يتعين تقديمها لخرق الالتزامات الدولية. نص النظام الأساسي الأصلي للمحكمة على أنه كان مطلوبًا من جميع القضاة الأحد عشر حضور كل قضية. كانت هناك ثلاثة استثناءات: عند مراجعة بنود العمل من معاهدة سلام مثل معاهدة فرساي (التي أجرتها غرفة خاصة من 5 قضاة، يُعينون كل 3 سنوات)، عند مراجعة القضايا المتعلقة بالاتصالات أو النقل الناشئة عن معاهدة سلام (التي استخدمت إجراءً مماثلاً) وعند الاستماع إلى قضايا الإجراءات الموجزة، والتي راجعتها هيئة من 3 قضاة.\n\nلمنع ظهور أي تحيز في تشكيل المحكمة، إذا كان هناك قاض من دولة عضو في اللجنة ولم تكن الدولة العضو الأخرى «ممثلة»، فلديهم القدرة على اختيار قاض خاص من جنسيتهم لسماع القضية. في جلسة استماع كاملة، زاد ذلك العدد إلى 12؛ في إحدى الغرف المكونة من 5 قضاة، حل القاضي الجديد محل إحدى الغرف الخمس الأصلية. هذا لا ينطبق على حالات الإجراءات المستعجلة. وكان من المتوقع لتلبية جميع متطلبات القاضي الطبيعي المخصص، اختارهم الدول الأعضاء،. كان لرئيس المحكمة السلطة التقديرية المطلقة بشأن تفويضه للجلوس. فوضت المحكمة لفتحها في 15 يونيو من كل عام وتستمر حتى الانتهاء من جميع القضايا، مع جلسات استثنائية إذا لزم الأمر؛ بحلول عام ، كانت هناك جلسات استثنائية أكثر من الدورات العادية. تجري أعمال المحكمة باللغتين الإنجليزية والفرنسية كلغات رسمية، وكانت الجلسات علنية ما لم يُنص على خلاف ذلك.\n\nبعد استلام الملفات في قضية محسوبة على أنها تؤدي إلى إصدار حكم، يتبادل القضاة وجهات نظرهم بشكل غير رسمي بشأن النقاط القانونية البارزة في القضية، ثم تُحدد مهلة زمنية لإصدار الحكم. ثم يكتب كل قاضٍ ملخصًا مجهولاً يتضمن رأيه؛ تُعمم الآراء على المحكمة لمدة يومين أو ثلاثة أيام قبل أن يصوغ الرئيس حكمًا يحتوي على ملخص لتلك الملخصات الفردية للقضاة. وستوافق المحكمة بعد ذلك على القرار الذي يرغبون في التوصل إليه، إلى جانب نقاط الحجة الرئيسية التي يرغبون في استخدامها. وبمجرد الانتهاء من ذلك، تقوم لجنة مؤلفة من 4 قضاة، بما في ذلك الرئيس والمسجل وقاضيان منتخبان بالاقتراع السري، بصياغة حكم نهائي، ثم تصوت المحكمة بأكملهاعليه. بمجرد تحديد الحكم النهائي، يُسلم للجمهور والصحافة. كل حكم يحتوي على أسباب القرار وموافقة القضاة. سُمح للقضاة المخالفين بإصدار أحكامهم بأنفسهم، مع قراءة جميع الأحكام في جلسة علنية أمام وكلاء أطراف النزاع. لا يمكن مراجعة الأحكام إلا عند اكتشاف حقيقة غير معروفة عند انعقاد المحكمة ولكن ليس إذا كانت الحقيقة معروفة ولكن لم تُناقش بسبب الإهمال.\n\nكما أصدرت المحكمة «فتاوى» نشأت عن المادة 14 من الميثاق المنشئ للمحكمة، والتي نصت على أنه . يفسر غودريتش ذلك على أنه يشير إلى أن واضعي الصياغة يقصدون أن تكون للمحكمة صفة استشارية بحتة، وليست سلطة ملزمة. أفاد مانلي أوتمر هدسون (الذي كان قاضياً) إن الرأي الاستشاري ، لكن تشارلز دي فيشر قال إنه في حالات معينة، يمكن أن يكون الرأي الاستشاري ملزمًا لمجلس عصبة الأمم، وبموجب بعض بعض الدول؛ وافق إم. بوليتيس، قائلاً إن آراء المحكمة الاستشارية تعادل حكمًا ملزمًا. في عام ، عينت المحكمة لجنة للنظر في هذه المسألة، وذكرت أنه . من الناحية العملية، كان عادةً تُتبع الآراء الاستشارية، ويرجع ذلك في الغالب إلى الخوف من أنه إذا لم تُتبع قرارات المحكمة الدولية «الثورية»، فإنها ستقوض سلطتها. احتفظت المحكمة بالسلطة التقديرية لتجنب إعطاء رأي استشاري، الذي استخدمته في بعض الأحيان.\n\nمكتب التسجيل \nوبخلاف القضاة، ضمت المحكمة أيضًا مسجلاً وأمانته ومكتب تسجيل المحكمة. عندما اجتمعت المحكمة في جلستها الأولى، التي افتتحت في للسماح بإنشاء الإجراءات وتعيين مسؤولي المحكمة، أصدر الأمين العام لعصبة الأمم قرارًا طارئًا من خلال الجمعية، والذي عين مسؤولًا من العصبة وموظفيه مسجلًا ومكتبًا للتسجل على التوالي، وكان المسجل الأول شك همرشولد. كُلف المسجل، المطالب الإقامة في لاهاي، في البداية بوضع خطة لإنشاء أمانة عامة تتسم بالكفاءة، باستخدام أقل عدد ممكن من الموظفين وبتكلفة قليلة قدر الإمكان. ونتيجة لذلك، قرر أن يكون كل عضو في الأمانة العامة رئيسًا لإدارة معينة، بحيث يمكن زيادة أو تقليل عدد الموظفين الفعليين حسب الضرورة دون التأثير على مكتب التسجيل الفعلي. في عام ، أُنشئ منصب نائب المسجل، وكُلف بمعالجة البحث القانوني للمحكمة والرد على جميع المراسلات الدبلوماسية التي يتلقاها مكتب التسجيل للمحكمة.\n\nكان النائب الأول للمسجل بول روجر؛ بعد استقالته في ، اختير جوليو لوبيز أوليفان لخلافته. استقال أوليفان في عام لتولي منصب المسجل من همرشولد، وحل محله جورستاد.\n\nكان الموظفون الثلاثة الرئيسيون في مكتب التسجيل، بعد المسجل ونائب المسجل، هم أمناء التحرير الثلاثة. كلف سكرتير التحرير الأول، المعروف باسم أمين الصياغة، بمهمة صياغة منشورات المحكمة (بما في ذلك النشرة السرية، وهي وثيقة يتلقاها قضاة المحكمة حصريًا) والقسمان د وهـ من الجريدة الرسمية، بما في ذلك البنود التشريعية التي تمنح الاختصاص القضائي بشأن المحكمة والتقرير السنوي للمحكمة. سكرتير التحرير الثاني، المعروف باسم السكرتير الشفهي، كان مسؤولاً بشكل أساسي عن الترجمة الشفوية والترجمة لمناقشات المحكمة. بالنسبة لجلسات الاستماع العلنية، كان يساعده مترجمون فوريون، ولكن للاجتماعات الخاصة، يُقبل هو فقط والمسجل ونائب المسجل. ونتيجة لهذا الواجب، كُلف السكرتير الشفهي أيضًا بكتابة القسم ج من الجريدة الرسمية، والذي يتألف من التفسيرات الشفوية لمحاضر المحكمة، إلى جانب القضايا والأسئلة المطروحة على المحكمة. كُلف السكرتير الثالث، المعروف باسم السكرتير الكتابي، بمهمة الترجمات الكتابية لأعمال المحكمة، والتي كانت «متعددة وكبيرة». وساعده في ذلك أمناء آخرون ومترجمون للغات ليست لغته؛ كان من المتوقع أن يتحدث جميع الأمناء اللغة الإنجليزية والفرنسية بطلاقة وأن يكون لديهم معرفة عملية بالألمانية والإسبانية.\n\nقُسم مكتب تسجيل المحكمة إلى عدة أقسام؛من قسم المحفوظات والمحاسبة والتأسيس وقسم الطباعة وقسم النسخ تضمن قسم المحفوظات خدمة توزيع وثائق المحكمة والنصوص القانونية التي تستخدمها المحكمة نفسها ووصفت بأنها من أصعب الإدارات من حيث التنظيم. تعاملت دائرة المحاسبة والتأسيس مع طلبات وتخصيص الميزانية السنوية للمحكمة، والتي وضعها المسجل، ووافقت عليها المحكمة، وقدمت إلى عصبة الأمم. أُنشاء قسم الطباعة، الذي يُشغل من مصنع طباعة واحد في ليدن، للسماح بتداول منشورات المحكمة. يتألف قسم النسخ من خدمات الاختزال والطباعة والنسخ، ويضم سكرتارية للمسجل والقضاة ومراسلي الطوارئ القادرين على تدوين الملاحظات الحرفية والنسخ؛ وهي أصغر الإدارات وتتألف من 12 إلى 40 موظفًا حسب عمل المحكمة.\n\nرؤساء المحكمة\n\nالقضايا\n\nقضايا \n\n قضية إس إس ويمبلدون \n امتيازات مافروماتيس فلسطين \n امتيازات مافروماتيس القدس \n اهتمامات ألمانية معينة في سيليزيا العليا البولندية \n مصنع في قضية خورزو عام \n قضية لوتس \n حقوق الأقليات في سيليزيا العليا (مدارس الأقليات) \n المناطق الحرة في أعالي سافوي ومقاطعة جيكس (فرنسا ضد سويسرا)\n حالة القروض البرازيلية \n حالة القروض الصربية \n الإختصاص القضائي الإقليمي للجنة الدولية لنهر أودر قضية \n الوضع القانوني للإقليم الجنوبي الشرقي لجرينلاند \n قضية المنارات بين فرنسا واليونان \n قضية بورشغريف\n قضية أوسكار تشين \n مدارس الأقليات في قضية ألبانيا عام \n قضية لوسنجر \n تحويل المياه من قضية ميوز \n الفوسفات في المغرب حالة \n قضية سكة حديد بانيفيزيس سالدوتيسكيس \n شركة الكهرباء في صوفيا وبلغاريا قضية \n الشركة التجارية البلجيكية Société Commerciale de Belgique \n تفسير معاهدة نويي القضية\n\nإنذارات \n\n حالة سؤال كاريليا الشرقية \n مراسيم الجنسية الصادرة في تونس والمغرب سنة \n المستوطنون الألمان في بولندا \n Jaworzina \n دير القديس نعوم السؤال \n تبادل سكان اليونان وتركيا سؤال \n خدمة البريد البولندية في سؤال دانزيج عام \n طرد المسألة البطريركية المسكونية\n مسألة معاهدة لوزان\n اختصاص منظمة العمل الدولية لتنظيم عرضي العمل الشخصي لصاحب العمل \n اختصاص المفوضية الأوروبية لنهر الدانوب\n اختصاص محاكم قضية دانزيج \n سؤال «المجتمعات» اليونانية البلغارية عام \n تفسير الاتفاقية اليونانية التركية لعام \n الوصول إلى مدارس الأقليات الألمانية في سيليزيا العليا \n نظام الجمارك بين ألمانيا والنمسا سؤال \n حركة السكك الحديدية بين ليتوانيا وبولندا سؤال \n تفسير الاتفاقية اليونانية البلغارية لعام \n المناطق الحرة في أعالي سافوي ومقاطعة جيكس \n تفسير اتفاقية عام بشأن عمل المرأة في الليل عام\n\nالاختصاص القضائي \nكان اختصاص المحكمة اختياريًا إلى حد كبير، ولكن كانت هناك بعض الحالات التي يكون فيها لها «اختصاص إلزامي»، وكان يُطلب من الدول إحالة القضايا إليها. جاء ذلك من ثلاثة مصادر: البند الاختياري لعصبة الأمم، والاتفاقيات الدولية العامة، و«المعاهدات الدولية الثنائية الخاصة». كان البند الاختياري عبارة عن بند ملحق ببروتوكول إنشاء المحكمة ويطلب من جميع الموقعين إحالة فئات معينة من النزاع إلى المحكمة، مع صدور أحكام إلزامية. كان هناك ما يقرب من 30 اتفاقية دولية كان للمحكمة بموجبها اختصاص مماثل، بما في ذلك معاهدة فرساي واتفاقية الملاحة الجوية ومعاهدة سان جيرمان وجميع الولايات التي وقعتها عصبة الأمم. وكان من المتوقع أيضا أن تُدرج بنود في المعاهدات الدولية الثنائية، من شأنها أن تسمح بإحالة المنازعات إلى المحكمة؛ التي حدثت، مع وجود مثل هذه الأحكام في المعاهدات بين تشيكوسلوفاكيا والنمسا، وبين تشيكوسلوفاكيا وبولندا.\n\nوطوال فترة وجودها، وسعت المحكمة اختصاصها قدر الإمكان. بالمعنى الدقيق للكلمة، كان اختصاص المحكمة مختصًا فقط بالنزاعات بين الدول، لكنها قبلت بانتظام النزاعات التي كانت بين دولة وفرد إذا رفعت دولة ثانية قضية الفرد إلى المحكمة. وجادل بأن الدولة الثانية أكدت حقوقها، وبالتالي أصبحت القضايا واحدة بين دولتين.\n\nالشرط القائل بأن المحكمة معنية بالنزاعات التي لا يمكن «تسويتها بشكل مرض عن طريق الدبلوماسية» لم يجعلها تتطلب أبدًا دليلًا على أن المناقشات الدبلوماسية قد جرت قبل رفع القضية. في قضايا القروض، أكد الإختصاص القضائي على الرغم من عدم وجود انتهاك مزعوم للقانون الدولي، ولا يمكن إثبات وجود أي عنصر دولي للمطالبة. وبررت المحكمة نفسها بالقول إن ميثاق عصبة الأمم يسمح لها بأن تكون لها ولاية قضائية في القضايا على «وجود أي حقيقة، إذا ثبتت، من شأنها أن تشكل انتهاكًا للالتزامات الدولية» ودفعت بأنه بما أن الحقيقة «من أي نوع»، كان لها اختصاص إذا كان النزاع يتعلق بقانون بلدي. لقد ثبت منذ فترة طويلة أن القانون المحلي يمكن اعتباره نقطة جانبية للنزاع حول القانون الدولي، لكن قضايا القروض ناقشت القانون المحلي دون تطبيق أي نقاط دولية.\n\nروابط خارجية \n محكمة العدل الدولية الدائمة (PCIJ) 1922-1946 الأحكام والفتاوى والأوامر بصيغة PDF\n قرارات المحكمة العالمية ذات الصلة بـ UNCLOS (2010) والمحتويات والفهارس\n نص قابل للبحث في الأحكام والفتاوى ووثائق PCIJ\n\nالمراجع\n\nفهرس المراجع\n\nالمعلومات الكاملة للمراجع \n\n Accinelli, Robert D. \"The Roosevelt Administration and the World Court Defeat, 1935.\" Historian 40.3 (1978): 463–478.\n \n \n Dunne, Michael. \"Isolationism of a Kind: Two Generations of World Court Historiography in the United States.\" Journal of American Studies 21#3 (1987): 327–351.\n Dunne, Michael. The United States and the World Court, 1920–1935 (1988).\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Kahn, Gilbert N. \"Presidential Passivity on a Nonsalient Issue: President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the 1935 World Court Fight.\" Diplomatic History 4.2 (1980): 137–160.\n \n \n \n \n \n\nالمحاكم البالية\nمحاكم دولية\nمنظمات مقرها في لاهاي", "ماري روبنسون سياسية وحقوقية إيرلندية (ولدت في 21 مايو 1944). هي سياسية أيرلندية مستقلة شغلت منصب الرئيس السابع لأيرلندا من ديسمبر 1990 حتى سبتمبر 1997، لتكون بذلك أول امرأة تشغل هذا المنصب. شغلت أيضًا منصب مفوض الأمم المتحدة السامي لحقوق الإنسان بين عامي 1997 و2002، وعملت سبع فترات عضوًا في مجلس الشيوخ عن جامعة دبلن من عام 1969 إلى 1989، وكانت مستشارة محلية في شركة دبلن بين عامي 1979 و1983. برزت لأول مرة بصفتها أكاديمية ومحامية بالقضاء العالي وناشطة. هزمت بريان لينيهان من حزب فيانا فايل وأوستن كوري من حزب فاين غايل في الانتخابات الرئاسية عام 1990، لتصبح أول مرشح مستقل يرشحه حزب العمال وحزب العاملين وأعضاء مجلس الشيوخ المستقلين. كانت أول رئيس يُنتخب دون دعم من حزب فيانا فايل في تاريخ الرئاسة.\n\nتُعتبر ماري نموذجًا للتحول على نطاق واسع في أيرلندا والرئاسة الأيرلندية، إذ أعادت الحياة إلى منصب سياسي كان محافظًا وغير بارز سابقًا وحررته. استقالت من الرئاسة قبل شهرين من انتهاء فترة ولايتها لتتولى منصبها في الأمم المتحدة. خلال فترة عملها في الأمم المتحدة، زارت التبت (1998)، وهي أول مفوض سام يقوم بذلك؛ وانتقدت سياسة الهجرة في أيرلندا، وانتقدت أيضًا استخدام عقوبة الإعدام في الولايات المتحدة. مددت فترة ولايتها الفردية البالغة أربع سنوات بصفتها مفوضة سامية لعام إضافي لترأس المؤتمر العالمي لمكافحة العنصرية لعام 2001 في ديربان في جنوب أفريقيا؛ وأثار المؤتمر للجدل بسبب مسودة وثيقة ساوت الصهيونية بالعنصرية. استقالت روبنسون من منصبها تحت ضغط مستمر من الولايات المتحدة في سبتمبر 2002.\n\nبعد مغادرة روبنسون الأمم المتحدة في عام 2002، شكلت إعمال الحقوق، وهي مبادرة عولمة أخلاقية وصلت إلى النهاية المخططة لها في أواخر عام 2010. تمثلت أنشطتها الأساسية في 1) تعزيز التجارة العادلة والعمل اللائق، 2) دعم الحق في الصحة والدعوة لسياسات هجرة أكثر إنسانية، و3) العمل على تعزيز قيادة المرأة وتشجيع المسؤولية الاجتماعية للشركات. دعمت المنظمة أيضًا بناء القدرات والحكم الرشيد في البلدان النامية. عادت للحياة في أيرلندا في نهاية عام 2010، وأنشأت مؤسسة ماري روبنسون للعدالة المناخية، التي تهدف إلى أن تكون «مركزًا لقيادة الفكر والتعليم والدعوة بشأن النضال من أجل ضمان العدالة العالمية لضحايا تغير المناخ الذين قلما يُذكرون والفقراء والضعفاء والمهمشين في جميع أنحاء العالم».\n\nكانت روبنسون الرئيسة المؤسسة لمعهد حقوق الإنسان والأعمال بين عامي 2009 و2012، وهو مؤسسة فكرية لحقوق الإنسان تركز على الآثار السلبية للشركات على الأفراد، وما تزال تعمل مديرة فيه. عملت مستشارة لجامعة دبلن من عام 1998 حتى عام 2019. زارت كليات وجامعات أخرى وألقت محاضرات حول حقوق الإنسان. تعد عضوًا في مجلس إدارة مؤسسة محمد إبراهيم، وهي منظمة تدعم الحكم الرشيد والقيادة العظيمة في إفريقيا، وتعمل عضوًا في لجنة جائزة إبراهيم التابعة للمؤسسة. تشغل أيضًا منصب قائد الفريق بي جنبًا إلى جنب مع ريتشارد برانسون ويوشين زيتر ومجموعة من قادة الأعمال والمجتمع المدني الذين يشكلون جزءًا من الفريق بي. تعمل أيضًا أستاذة استثنائية في مركز حقوق الإنسان ومركز الجنسانية والإيدز والجندر في جامعة بريتوريا. شغلت روبنسون منصب الرئيس الفخري لمنظمة أوكسفام من عام 2002 حتى استقالتها في عام 2012، وهي الرئيس الفخري للمركز الأوروبي المشترك بين الجامعات لحقوق الإنسان والديمقراطية (إي آي يو سي) منذ عام 2005. عملت أيضًا رئيسة سابقة للمعهد الدولي للبيئة والتنمية (أي آي إي دي) وتعد عضوًا مؤسسًا ورئيسة لمجلس قادة العالم النسائي. كانت واحدة من الأعضاء الأوروبيين في المفوضية الثلاثية.\n\nفي عام 2004، حصلت على جائزة سفيرة الضمير المرموقة التابعة لمنظمة العفو الدولية عن عملها في دعم حقوق الإنسان.\n\nحياتها المبكرة وخلفيتها (1944-1969) \nولدت في بالينا ضمن مقاطعة مايو عام 1944، وعمل والداها طبيبين. كان والدها الدكتور أوبري بورك من بالينا، في حين كانت والدتها الدكتورة تيسا بورك (أودونيل قبل الزواج) من كارندوناغ في إينيشوين ضمن مقاطعة دونيجال. نشأت ماري مع إخوتها في فيكتوريا هاوس (فيكتوريا تيراس رقم 1 و2)، وهو منزل والديها في وسط بالينا. كانت لعائلتها صلات مع العديد من الأطراف السياسية المختلفة في أيرلندا. كان أحد أجدادها ناشطًا بارزًا في رابطة الأراضي الوطنية الأيرلندية في مايو وجماعة الإخوان الجمهوريين الأيرلندية (آي آر بي)، حصل عمها، السير باجيت جون بورك، على وسام فارس من قبل الملكة إليزابيث الثانية بعد أن عمل قاضيًا في الجيش الاستعماري، وكانت إحدى قريباتها راهبة كاثوليكية. كانت بعض فروع العائلة أعضاء في الكنيسة الأنجليكانية في أيرلندا في حين كان البعض الآخر من الكاثوليك. كان من بين الأقارب البعيدين ويليام لياث دي بيرغ، وتيبوت ماكوالتر كيتاغ بورك، وتشارلز بورك.\n\nالتحقت ماري بمدرسة ماونت أنفيل الثانوية في دبلن ودرست القانون في كلية الثالوث في دبلن (حيث انتخبت باحثة في عام 1965). كانت الكنيسة الكاثوليكية تحظر على الكاثوليك الالتحاق بكلية الثالوث في وقت تقديم طلب بورك، لذلك لجأ والداها إلى طلب إذن من رئيس الأساقفة ماكويد للسماح لها بالحضور، وكان ذلك الطلب الأول من نوعه. كانت واحدة من ثلاث نساء في فصلها في الثالوث، وتخرجت عام 1967 بدرجة امتياز مع مرتبة الشرف. انتقدت بعض تعاليم الكنيسة الكاثوليكية علانيةً خلال خطابها الافتتاحي بصفتها مدققة لحسابات جمعية القانون في جامعة دبلن في عام 1967، ودعت إلى إزالة حظر الطلاق من الدستور الأيرلندي، وإلغاء الحظر المفروض على استخدام موانع الحمل، وإلغاء تجريم المثلية الجنسية والانتحار. واصلت دراستها في كلية كينغز إينس ومُنحت إجازة المحاماة الأيرلندية في عام 1967. حصلت على منحة في كلية الحقوق بجامعة هارفارد، وحصلت على ماجستير في القانون عام 1968. في عام 1969، عُينت بورك أستاذة للقانون في الكلية.\n\nروابط خارجية\n\nمصادر \n\nأشخاص على قيد الحياة\nأعضاء الأكاديمية الملكية الأيرلندية\nأعضاء الجمعية الفلسفية الأمريكية\nأعضاء الدورة الثامنة عشر لمجلس الشيوخ الأيرلندي\nأعضاء الدورة الخامسة عشر لمجلس الشيوخ الأيرلندي\nأعضاء الدورة السابعة عشر لمجلس الشيوخ الأيرلندي\nأعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة بريتوريا\nأكاديميون من كلية الثالوث (دبلن)\nأيرلنديات في القرن 21\nأيرلنديون مغتربون في سويسرا\nحائزون على الوسام الرئاسي للحرية\nحاصلون على الدكتوراه الفخرية من جامعة فلورنسا\nحاصلون على جائزة أنديرا غاندي\nحاصلون على جائزة الحريات الأربع\nحاصلون على وسام توماس ماساريك\nحاكمات في القرن 20\nخريجو كلية ترينيتي (دبلن)\nخريجو كلية هارفارد للحقوق\nدارسون من كلية الثالوث (دبلن)\nرئيسات دول\nرؤساء أيرلندا\nزملاء المجتمع الجغرافي الملكي الإسكتلندي\nسياسيات أيرلنديات\nسياسيات أيرلنديات في القرن 20\nسياسيون من مقاطعة مايو\nمحاميات أيرلنديات\nمرشحو رئاسة أيرلندا\nمستشارو جامعة دبلن\nمسؤولون أيرلنديون في الأمم المتحدة\nمواليد 1944\nموظفو الأمم المتحدة\nناشطات أيرلنديات\nناشطو إل جي بي تي من أيرلندا\nنساء رئيسات", "صموئيل «سام» هيوستن هو سياسي أمريكي من مواليد من 2 مارس من عام 1793 في مقاطعة روكبريج بولاية فرجينيا الأمريكية. شغل هيوستن منصب حاكم ولاية تينيسي الأمريكية ما بين تشرين الأول 1827 إلى نيسان 1829 وشغل كذلك منصب رئيس جمهورية تكساس مرتين المرة الأولى كانت ما بين 22 تشرين الأول 1836 إلى 10 كانون الأول 1838 والمرة الثانية كانت ما بين 13 كانون الأول 1841 إلى 9 ديسمبر 1844 خدم صموئيل هيوستن في مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي ممثلا عن ولاية تكساس ما بين عامي 1846 إلى 1859. شغل صموئيل هيوستن كذلك منصب حاكم ولاية تكساس الأمريكية ما بين عامي 1859 إلى عام 1861 توفي صموئيل هيوستن في 26 تموز / يوليو 1863 في هاتسفيل بولاية تكساس.\n\nبدايات حياته \n\nكان هيوستن من أصل اسكتلندي – أيرلندي وولد قرب لكسينغتون في فرجينيا في 2 مارس 1793 وكان أبوه الذي حارب في حرب الاستقلال الأمريكية قد مات عام 1806 فانتقل سام مع أمه إلى محافظة بلاونت على الحدود مع تينيسي، وعندما كان في الخامسة عشرة وجد له إخوته الأكبر عملا ككاتب حسابات في محل تاجر، ثم هرب وعاش مع الهنود في شرق تينيسي لثلاث سنوات. وعندما عاد فتح مدرسة في الريف وحضر لاحقا محاضرة أو اثنتين في أكاديمية ماريفيل.\n\nالحروب \n\nخدم أثناء حرب 1812 تحت إمرة أندرو جاكسون ضد هنود كريك، وتمت ترقيته لرتبة ملازم لشجاعته في معركة توهوبيكا التي أصيب فيها بعدة جروح. في عام 1817 عين وكيلا ثانويا في إدارة العمل المتعلقة بإبعاد الشيروكي من شرق تينيسي إلى محمياتهم في أركانساس، لكنه أهين وتلقى التوبيخ من جون كالهون، الذي كان وزير الحرب آنذاك، لأنه ظهر أمامه في ملابس هندية، بالإضافة إلى خضوعه للتحقيق بشأن تهم أثرت على مصداقيته الرسمية، واستقال من منصبه في عام 1818.\n\nسجل نفسه في مكتب قانون في ناشفيل، وأدخل في نقابة المحامين، وانتخب بعد وقت قصير كمدعي عام المقاطعة. مثل هيوستن المنطقة التاسعة لتينيسي في الكونغرس من عام 1823 إلى 1827، وانتخب حاكم الولاية من قبل الديمقراطيين في عام 1827. وتزوج إليزا ألين في يناير 1829؛ وتركته زوجته بعد ثلاثة أشهر، واستقال من منصب الحاكم، وذهب ليعيش ثانية بين الشيروكي الذين كانوا في هذا الوقت على وشك أن ينتقلوا إلى الأرض الهندية، وتقبلوه رسميا عضوا في أمتهم.\n\nزار واشنطن في عام 1830 لفضح الاحتيالات التي مورست على الشيروكي من قبل عملاء الحكومة، وزارها ثانية في عام 1832 وجذب انتباه الأمة بلقائه مع وليام ستانبيري في 13 أبريل 1832، وهو عضو كونغرس من أوهايو، الذي أعلن بأن هيوستن نفسه كان يريد غشهم.\n\nالحياة في تكساس \n\nذهب هيوستن بتكليف من قبل الرئيس جاكسون إلى تكساس في ديسمبر 1832 للمفاوضة على المعاهدات مع القبائل الهندية هناك لحماية التجار الأمريكيين على الحدود. قرر هيوستن البقاء في تكساس وانتخب مندوبا إلى المؤتمر الدستوري الذي عقد في سان فيليبي يوم 1 أبريل 1833 لرسم مذكرة إلى الكونغرس المكسيكي يطلب فيها انفصال تكساس عن كواويلا، التي كان الحزب المعادي للأمريكيين مسيطرا فيها، بالإضافة إلى وضع دستور للكومنولث كعضو جديد في الجمهورية المكسيكية، وعمل كرئيس للجنة الصياغة، وأخذ دورا بارزا في التحضيرات للحرب عندما تم رفض العريضة في السنة التالية.\n\nفي أكتوبر 1835، ومباشرة بعد اندلاع حرب استقلال تكساس، اختارت لجان قسم ناغوكدوتشيس الإداري هيوستن كقائد عام القوات في شرق تكساس، واختير كقائد عام لجيش تكساس بعد اتفاقية سان فيليبي في نوفمبر. وفي 21 أبريل 1836، بينما كان يقود 743 جنديا غرا، اجتمع على ضفاف نهر سان خاسينتو مع حوالي 1600 محارب مكسيكي تحت قيادة سانتا أنا ودحروهم بالكامل؛ وفي اليوم التالي أخذ سانتا أنا سجينا.\n\nتم الاستقلال المطلق (المعترف به بمعاهدة وقعت في 14 مايو) بهذا النصر الحاسم، وانتخب هيوستن كرئيس للجمهورية الجديدة في 1 سبتمبر وتم تنصيبه في 22 أكتوبر. وانتهت فترته في ديسمبر 1838؛ وانتخب ثانية في عام 1841 وظل في المنصب حتى العام 1844. وأثناء فترة حكمه سميت مدينة مؤسسة حديثا عليه وكانت مقر الحكومة في أعوام 1837-39 وفي 1842-45.\n\nتم ضم تكساس إلى الاتحاد الأمريكي في عام 1845، وانتخب هيوستن كأحد أعضاء مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي الأوائل عن الولاية. عمل كديموقراطي مخلص من مارس 1846 حتى 1859؛ عارض قانون كانساس نبراسكا في خطاب بارع (3 مارس 1854)، وتكلم كثيرا في الدفاع عن حقوق الهنود. في عام 1859 انتخب حاكما لولاية تكساس وحاول منع انشقاق الولاية؛ وعندما رفض في مارس 1861 بأن يقسم الولاء إلى الإتحاد الانفصالي للولايات الجنوبية أعلن عن خلعه عن منصبه. مات في هانتسفيل، تكساس في 26 يوليو 1863.\n\nقراءات أخرى \n سام هيوستن وحرب الاستقلال في تكساس Sam Houston and the War of Independence in Texas بقلم ألفرد ماسون وليامز (بوسطن، 1893).\n حياة الجنرال هيوستن Life of General Houston بقلم هنري بروس (نيويورك، 1891)\n حياة وبقايا أدبية منتقاة لسام هيوستن Life and Select Literary Remains of Sam Houston بقلم وليام كاري كراين (فيلادلفيا، 1884).\n\nروابط خارجية\n\nمصادر \n\n \n\nأشخاص في حرب الكريك\nأشخاص من تكساس في الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية\nأشخاص من ثورة تكساس\nأشخاص من مرفيل\nأشخاص من مقاطعة روكبريج (فيرجينيا)\nأشخاص من هانتسفيل (تكساس)\nأعضاء الحزب الديمقراطي الجمهوري في تينيسي\nأعضاء الحزب الديمقراطي الجمهوري في مجلس النواب الأمريكي\nأعضاء الحزب الديمقراطي الجمهوري في مجلس النواب الأمريكي من تينيسي\nأعضاء جاكسونيون في تينيسي\nأعضاء جاكسونيون في مجلس النواب الأمريكي\nأعضاء جاكسونيون في مجلس النواب الأمريكي من تينيسي\nأعضاء حزب لا أدري في تكساس\nأعضاء مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي من الحزب الجمهوري من تكساس\nأعضاء مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي من الحزب الديمقراطي من تكساس\nأعضاء مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي من تكساس\nأعضاء مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي من حزب لا أدري\nأعضاء مجلس النواب الأمريكي من تينيسي\nأعضاء مجلس شيوخ الحزب الديمقراطي الأمريكي\nأفراد الجيش الأمريكي في حرب عام 1812\nأمريكيون من أصل إسكتلندي\nأمريكيون من أصل إسكتلندي أيرلندي\nأمريكيون مهاجرون إلى المكسيك\nالكنيسة المعمدانية من تكساس\nالكنيسة المعمدانية من تينيسي\nالكنيسة المعمدانية من فرجينيا\nجنرالات أمريكيون\nحكام ولايات أمريكية من الحزب الجمهوري الديمقراطي\nحكام ولاية تكساس\nحكام ولاية تينيسي\nديمقراطيون من ولاية تكساس\nرومان كاثوليك أمريكيون\nرؤساء جمهورية تكساس\nسياسيون أمريكيون\nسياسيون أمريكيون في القرن 19\nضباط الجيش الأمريكي\nماسونيون أمريكيون\nمحامون من ولاية تينيسي\nمدعون عامون أمريكيون\nمرشحو الرئاسة الأمريكية لعام 1860\nمستقلون من ولاية تكساس\nمعمدانيون أمريكيون\nمقاطعة هيوستون (تكساس)\nمقاطعة هيوستون (تينيسي)\nمقاطعة هيوستون (مينيسوتا)\nملاك عبيد أمريكيون\nمواليد 1793\nمواليد في مقاطعة روكبريج (فيرجينيا)\nموقعون على إعلان استقلال تكساس\nهيوستن (تكساس)\nوفيات 1863\nوفيات في هانتسفيل (تكساس)", "جون تايلر (29 مارس 1790 - 18 يناير 1862) هو الرئيس العاشر للولايات المتحدة (1841-1845). وكان لفترة وجيزة نائب الرئيس العاشر (1841)، وانتخب لهذا المنصب عن حزب اليمين في انتخابات عام 1840 مع وليام هنري هاريسون. أصبح تايلر الرئيس بعد وفاة هاريسون في أبريل 1841، وذلك بعد شهر واحد فقط من بدء فترة حكمه. كان معروفا عنه قبل انتخابه تأييده لحقوق الولايات، الأمر الذي حبب إليه مواطني ولايته فرجينيا، وأظهرت قراراته كرئيس أنه كان على استعداد لدعم السياسات الوطنية طالما أنها لا تتعدى على صلاحيات الولايات. ومع ذلك، فإن الظروف التي رفعته لرئاسة الجمهورية دون سابق إنذار، وكذلك تهديده لطموحات الرئاسة لدى سياسيين مثل هنري كلاي وغيرهم، كلها عوامل تركته مبعدا من أفراد الحزبين الرئيسيين. كان تايلر مؤمنا بمذهب المصير الحتمي، وسعى لتقوية الاتحاد والحفاظ عليه من خلال التوسع الإقليمي، أبرز ما فعله في هذا الإطار هو ضم جمهورية تكساس المستقلة في أيام رئاسته الأخيرة.\n\nولد تايلر لعائلة مرموقة من فرجينيا، وبزغ نجمه في زمن الاضطرابات السياسية. ففي عشرينات القرن التاسع عشر، انقسم الحزب السياسي الوحيد في البلاد، الجمهوري الديمقراطي، إلى عدة فصائل. ورغم أنه كان ذا ميول ديمقراطية، فقد تحالف مع حزب اليمين لأنه كان يعارض أندرو جاكسون ومارتن فان بيورين. دخل تايلر المجلس التشريعي لولاية فرجينيا، وأصبح حاكما عليها ونائبا لها في مجلس النواب، وسيناتورا عن الولاية في مجلس الشيوخ قبل انتخابه في منصب نائب الرئيس في انتخابات العام 1840. وكان قد أدرج في الانتحاب لجذب الجنوبيين الذين أيدوا حقوق الولايات في ما كان يعرف آنذاك بالائتلاف اليميني ليضمنوا هزيمة مارتن فان بيورين الذي ترشح لولاية ثانية.\n\nتوفي هاريسون فجأة بذات الرئة بعد شهر من توليه المنصب، وأصبح تايلر أول نائب رئيس يتولى الرئاسة خلفا لسابقه دون أن ينتخب للمنصب. كما تولى المنصب لأطول مدة قضاها رئيس غير منتخب، وذلك لقصر مدة ولاية هاريسون. أدى تايلر اليمين الدستورية على الفور، وذلك ليستبق أي إجراءات دستورية غير متوقعة، وانتقل إلى البيت الأبيض واستلم كافة صلاحياته الرئاسية كاملة، وهي سابقة من شأنها أن تحكم عملية خلافة الرئيس في المستقبل، وتم تقنينها في النهاية في التعديل الدستوري الخامس والعشرين. كان تايلر مفسر قوانين صارم، ووجد أن أغلب الأسس التي بني عليها حزب اليمين غير دستورية، ونقض العديد من مشاريع القوانين التي قدمها حزبه. كان يرى أن الرئيس ينبغي أن يحدد السياسة بدلاً من أن يذعن للكونغرس، وحاول تجاوز مؤسسة حزب اليمين، والأخص السيناتور هنري كلاي من كنتاكي. استقال معظم وزراء تايلر بعد توليه بفترة قصيرة، وطرده زملاؤه اليمينيون من الحزب. ورغم أن تايلر لم يكن أول رئيس يصوت بالنقض على القوانين، إلا أنه كان أول رئيس تم تجاوز نقضه من قبل الكونغرس. واجه تايلر حالة من الجمود في السياسة الداخلية، ولكن يحسب له العديد من الإنجازات في مجال السياسة الخارجية، بما في ذلك معاهدة وبستر-أشبرتون مع بريطانيا ومعاهدة وانغهيا مع سلالة تشينغ الصينية.\n\nكرّس الرئيس تايلر في السنتين الأخيرتين في منصبه لضم تكساس. وسعى في البداية ليترشح للانتخابات الرئاسية لفترة ولاية كاملة، ولكنه قرر الانسحاب بعد أن فشل في الحصول على الدعم من اليمينيين أو الديمقراطيين على حدٍّ سواء. وفي الأيام الأخيرة من ولايته، أصدر الكونغرس قرارا يجيز ضم تكساس والذي نفذه خليفة تايلر، جيمس بوك. وقف تايلر مع الحكومة الكونفدرالية عندما اندلعت الحرب الأهلية في عام 1861، وفاز في انتخابات مجلس النواب الكونفدرالي قبل فترة وجيزة من وفاته. أشاد البعض بما امتلكه تايلر من تصميم في السياسة، إلا أن عموم المؤرخين لا يقيمون الكثير من التقدير لفترة حكمه؛ ويعتبر اليوم رئيسا منسيا، ولم يقدم الكثير في الذاكرة الثقافية الأمريكية.\n\nمطلع حياته وانخراطه في مهنة القانون \nوُلد جون تايلر في 29 مارس 1790، ونشأ في مقاطعة تشارلز سيتي في ولاية فيرجينيا تمامًا مثل خصمه الذي نافسه في الانتخابات، وانحدر من عائلة أرستقراطية منغمسة في السياسة وذات أصول إنجليزية. تعود أصول عائلة تايلر في نسبها إلى المستعمر ويليامسبرغ في القرن السابع عشر. كان جون تايلر الأب (الذي اشتهر بلقب القاضي تايلر) صديقًا لتوماس جيفرسون وزميله في السكن الجامعي، وخدم في مجلس نواب فيرجينيا بجانب بينجامين هاريسون الخامس، والد ويليام هنري هاريسون. عمل الأب تايلر ناطقًا باسم مجلس النواب لأربعة أعوام قبل أن يُعيّن قاضيًا في محكمة الولاية. وفيما بعد تولّى تايلر منصب حاكم الولاية وعُيّن قاضيًا في محكمة الولايات المتحدة المحلية في ريتشموند. وكانت زوجته، ماري ماروت، إبنة مالك مزارع بارز، وتوفيت إزاء سكتة دماغية عندما كان ابنها جون بعمر السابعة.\n\nنشأ جون تايلر الابن بجانب أخوين وخمس أخوات في مزارع جرينواي؛ قطعة أرض بمساحة 1,200 أكر (5 كم مربع) تحتوي على قصر ذي ستة غرف بناه والده بنفسه. امتلكت عائلة تايلر أربعين عبدًا لزراعة عدة محاصيل مختلفة مثل القمح والذرة والتبغ. دفع القاضي تايلر أجورًا باهظة للمعلمين لتحسين أداء أبنائه الأكاديمي. كان الابن تايلر واهنًا نحيفًا وعرضة للإصابة بالإسهال باستمرار طوال حياته. التحق تايلر وهو بعمر الثانية عشر بالفرع الإعدادي من كلية ويليام وماري النخبوية التزامًا بتقاليد عائلة تايلر التي تقتضي الالتحاق بتلك الكلية. تخرج تايلر في الكلية عام 1807 بعمر السابعة عشر. من بين الكتب التي شكّلت آراؤه الاقتصادية كتاب «ثروة الأمم» لعالم الاقتصاد الإسكتلندي آدم سميث، وصار كذلك كلفًا بأعمال شيكسبير طوال حياته. استوحى تايلر آرائه السياسية من الأسقف جيمس ماديسون؛ رئيس كلية ويليام وماري، وابن عم الرئيس الرابع جيمس ماديسون الابن الذي كان يحمل نفس الاسم. كان الأسقف أبًا ثانيًا لتايلر ومرشدًا له.\n\nدرّس تايلر القانون بعد تخرجه تحت إشراف والده الذي كان قاضيًا في محكمة الولاية آنذاك، وبعدها تحت إشراف إدموند راندولف نائب عام الولايات المتحدة السابق. حصل تايلر على رخصة مزاولة مهنة المحاماة قبل أوانه عن طريق الخطأ وهو بعمر التاسعة عشر، فقد تغافل القاضي المسؤول عن السؤال عن عمره. وبحلول ذلك الوقت عُيّن والده حاكم ولاية فيرجينيا، وشرع تايلر في مزاولة مهنة القانون في ريتشموند، عاصمة الولاية. وفي عام 1813 اشترى تايلر مزارع وودبرن ومكث فيها حتى عام 1821.\n\nصعوده السياسي\n\nانخراطه في سياسة فيرجينيا \nفي عام 1811 اُنتخب تايلر بعمر الحادية والعشرين لتمثيل مقاطعة تشارلز سيتي في مجلس النواب، واحتفظ بمقعده في هذا المجلس لخمس فترات متوالية بطول عام لكل فترة، وانضم إلى لجنة المحاكم والعدالة. تجلت مواقف رجل السياسة الشاب بنهاية فترته الأولى في عام 1816، وهي التأييد الصارم لحقوق الولايات ومعارضة إنشاء بنك وطني. اتفق تايلر مع المُشرّع بينجامين لي على حجب الثقة عن نائبي الولايات المتحدة، ويليام برانش غايلز وريتشارد برنت، اللذين صوّتا لصالح إعادة إصدار ترخيص لبنك الولايات المتحدة الأول على خلاف أوامر هيئة فيرجينيا التشريعية.\n\nحرب 1811 \nكان تايلر معارضًا لبريطانيا مثله مثل معظم الأمريكيين في ذلك الوقت، وفي مستهل حرب 1812 ناشد مجلس النواب في خطابه بضرورة تأييد الأعمال العسكرية ضد بريطانيا. وعقب استيلاء بريطانيا على هامبتون، فيرجينيا في صيف عام 1813، سارع تايلر بتنظيم فرقة ميليشيا «بنادق تشارلز سيتي» للدفاع عن ريتشموند، والتي أصبح قائدًا لها برتبة نقيب. ولكن المدينة لم تشهد أي هجوم، وتفككت الفرقة بعدها بشهرين. حصل تايلر على قطعة أرض بالقرب مما يعرف حاليًا بمدينة سو في ولاية آيوا كمكافأة على خدمته العسكرية.\n\nتوفي والد تايلر في عام 1813، وورث منه ابنه ثلاثة عشر عبدًا بجانب المزارع التي كان يمتلكها. وفي عام 1816 تنحى تايلر عن مقعده التشريعي في مقابل تعيينه عضوًا في مجلس حاكم الولاية؛ وهي مجموعة مكونة من ثمانية مستشارين مُنتخبين من قبل اللجنة العامة.\n\nالمراجع\n\nوصلات خارجية \n \n\n John Tyler from the المكتب التنفيذي لرئيس الولايات المتحدة\n John Tyler: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress\n Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos\n U.S. Senate Historian's Office: Vice Presidents of the United States—John Tyler\n John Tyler in Union or Secession: Virginians Decide at the Library of Virginia\n\nأسقفيون أمريكيون\nأشخاص توفوا أثناء شغلهم لمنصب\nأشخاص من فرجينيا في حرب عام 1812\nأشخاص من مقاطعة تشارلز سيتي (فرجينيا)\nأعضاء الحزب الجمهوري الوطني في فرجينيا\nأعضاء الحزب الديمقراطي الجمهوري في فرجينيا\nأعضاء الحزب الديمقراطي الجمهوري في مجلس النواب الأمريكي\nأعضاء الحزب الديمقراطي الجمهوري في مجلس النواب الأمريكي من فرجينيا\nأعضاء حزب اليمين في فرجينيا\nأعضاء مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي من الحزب الديمقراطي الجمهوري\nأعضاء مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي من الحزب الديمقراطي من فرجينيا\nأعضاء مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي من فرجينيا\nأعضاء مجلس النواب الأمريكي من فرجينيا\nأعضاء مجلس نواب فرجينيا\nأعضاء مجلس وزراء إدارة ويليام هنري هاريسون\nأفراد عسكريون أمريكيون في حرب عام 1812\nأمريكيون من أصل إنجليزي\nحكام ولايات أمريكية من الحزب الجمهوري الديمقراطي\nحكام ولاية فرجينيا الأمريكية\nخريجو كلية وليام وماري\nرؤساء الولايات المتحدة القرن 19\nتايلر\nرؤساء حزب اليمين في الولايات المتحدة\nسياسيون أمريكيون في القرن 19\nسياسيون توفوا أثناء شغلهم لمنصب\nمحامون من ولاية فرجينيا\nمرشحو الرئاسة الأمريكية لعام 1844\nمرشحو نائب رئيس الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية 1836\nمرشحو نائب رئيس الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية 1840\nمرشحون لمنصب نائب الرئيس من حزب اليمين\nمستشاري الكليات في كلية وليام وماري\nملاك عبيد أمريكيون\nمواليد 1790\nمواليد في مقاطعة تشارلز سيتي (فرجينيا)\nنواب رؤساء الولايات المتحدة\nنواب رؤساء الولايات المتحدة القرن 19\nوفيات 1862\nوفيات بسبب مرض دماغي وعائي\nوفيات في ريتشموند (فيرجينيا)", "جورج هيفيشي (Georg Karl von Hevesy) هو كيميائي مجري ولد في 1 أغسطس 1885 وتوفي في 5 يوليو 1966.\n\nدرس الكيمياء في جامعة بودابست وجامعة برلين التقنية وجامعة فرايبورغ التي تخرج منها سنة 1908. في سنة 1910 ذهب إلى بريطانيا للدراسة في جامعة مانشستر تحت إشراف إرنست رذرفورد. استقر سنة 1902 في كوبنهاغن للعمل مع نيلز بور. في سنة 1926 عاد إلى فرايبورغ ليعمل كأستاذ كيمياء وفيزياء وفي سنة 1930 درس في جامعة كورنيل.\n\nبين 1934 و 1952 عمل في معهد نيلز بور. عند اجتياح الدانمارك من قبل النازيين قام بصهر ميداليات نوبل الذهبية لكل من ماكس فون لاو وجيمس فرانك في الماء الملكي واحتفظ بهما في وعاء واحتفظ به في مكتبه بمعهد نيلز بور. بعد الحرب ذهب إلى مؤسسة نوبل التي أعادت صنعهما. بعد تقاعده واصل نشاطه العلمي بالتعاون مع جامعة ستكهولم.\n\nتحصل على جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء سنة 1943.\n\nالسيرة الذاتية\n\nالسنوات المبكرة \nولد جورج هيفيشي في بودابست عاصمة المجر لأسرة ثرية ذات أصول يهودية، وهو الطفل الخامس من بين الأطفال الثمانية لوالديه لاجوس بيشيتز والبارونة يوجينيا (جيني) شوسبرغر (سُمِّيَت باسم دي تورنيا). قدم أجداده من كلا الجانبين زعماءً للجالية اليهودية في بشت. تحول والديه فيما بعد إلى الرومانية الكاثوليكية. نشأ جورج في بودابست وتخرج من من مدرسة بياريشتا الثانوية. عام 1903 كان اسم العائلة في عام 1904 هو هيفيشي بيشيتز، وقام هيفيشي فيما بعد بتغيير اسمه.\n\nبدأ هيفيشي دراسته الكيمياء في جامعة بودابست لمدة عام واحد، وفي جامعة برلين للتكنولوجيا لعدة أشهر، لكنه انتقل فيما بعد إلى جامعة فرايبورغ. التقى هناك بلودفيغ جاتيرمان. في عام 1906 بدأ أبحاث الدكتوراه الخاصة به. بأطروحته مع جورج فرانز جوليوس ماير، حصل هيفيشي على درجة الدكتوراه في الفيزياء عام 1908. في عام 1908، عُرض على هيفيشي منصبًا في المعهد الفدرالي للتكنولوجيا في زيورخ في سويسرا، ولكنه كان ثريًا وقادرًا على اختيار بيئة البحث الخاصة به. على التوالي، عمل مع فريتز هابر في كارلسروه بألمانيا، ثم مع إرنست رذرفورد في مانشستر بإنجلترا، حيث التقى أيضًا نيلز بور. في المنزل في بودابست، عُيِّن أستاذًا للكيمياء الفيزيائية عام 1918. وفي عام 1920 استقر في كوبنهاغن.\n\nأبحاثه \nفي عام 1922، اكتشف هيفيشي (مع ديرك كوستر) عنصر الهافنيوم (من الكلمة اللاتينية هافنيا بمعنى كوبنهاغن مسقط رأس نيلز بور). رتب الجدول الدوري لماندلييف عام 1869 العناصر الكيميائية في نظام منطقي، ولكن كان يفتقد عنصرًا كيميائيًا يملك 72 بروتون. قرر هيفيشي البحث عن هذا العنصر على أساس نموذج بور الذري. قدم المتحف المعدني للنرويج وغرينلاند في كوبنهاغن مواد البحث. أشارت تسجيلات أطياف الأشعة السينية للعينة إلى اكتشاف العنصر الجديد. وقد اعترض مانسل ديفيز وإريك سكري على الحساب، لدعمهما التنبؤ الذي يقول بأن العنصر 72 سيكون عنصرًا انتقاليًا للكيميائي تشارلز بوري.\n\nبدعم مالي من مؤسسة روكفلر، كان عام هيفيشي منتجًا للغاية؛ إذ طور طريقة التحليل الفلوري بالأشعة السينية، واكتشف أشعة الساماريوم ألفا. بدأ هنا باستخدام النظائر المشعة في دراسة العمليات الأيضية للنباتات والحيوانات، من خلال تتبع المواد الكيميائية في الجسم عن طريق استبدال جزء من النظائر المستقرة بكميات صغيرة من النظائر المشعة. في عام 1923، نشر هيفيشي أول دراسة حول استخدام 212Pb المشع طبيعيًا كمقتفي مشع لمتابعة عملية الامتصاص والانتقال في جذور وسيقان وأوراق نبات الفول. في وقت لاحق، في عام 1943، فاز بحث هيفيشي حول التتبع الإشعاعي بجائزة نوبل في الكيمياء.\n\nفي عام 1924، عاد هيفيشي إلى فرايبورغ كأستاذ للكيمياء الفيزيائية. وفي عام 1930، ذهب إلى جامعة كورنيل في إيثاكا كمحاضر بدرجة بيكر. بعد أربع سنوات، استأنف أنشطته في معهد نيلز بور واستقر هناك حتى عام 1952. خلال عام 1943، كان يقيم في ستوكهولم حيث كان زميلًا في معهد أبحاث الكيمياء العضوية. في عام 1949، اختير ليحصل على أستاذية فرانكي في جامعة خنت. في تقاعده، بقي مساعدًا علميًا نشطًا في جامعة ستوكهولم. عرضت جامعة فرايبورغ على هيفيشي منصبًا وظيفيًا وقبل به.\n\nانظر أيضا \n\n قائمة اليهود الحاصلين على جائزة نوبل.\n\nروابط خارجية\n\nمراجع \n\nأشخاص من بودابست\nأعضاء أجانب في الجمعية الملكية\nأعضاء الأكاديمية السويدية الملكية للعلوم\nحائزون على جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء\nحائزون على وسام كوبلاي\nحاصلون على وسام الاستحقاق (فئة مدنية)\nخريجو جامعة فرايبورغ\nرومان كاثوليك مجريون\nعلماء كيمياء فيزيائية مجريون\nعلماء كيمياء فيزيائية يهود\nعلماء من بودابست\nكيمياء إشعاعية طبية\nكيميائيون مجريون\nكيميائيون يهود\nمجريون حازوا جائزة نوبل\nمجريون مغتربون في الدنمارك\nمجريون مغتربون في السويد\nمسيحيون حازوا جائزة نوبل\nمكتشفو العناصر الكيميائية\nمواليد 1885\nمواليد في بودابست\nنبلاء مجريون\nنبلاء من بودابست\nوفيات 1966\nوفيات في فرايبورغ\nيهود تحولوا إلى الكاثوليكية\nيهود حازوا جائزة نوبل\nيهود مجريون", "سيلفيا بلاث (27 أكتوبر 1932 – 11 فبراير 1963) شاعرة وروائية وكاتبة قصة قصيرة أميركية، تعد رائدة الشعر الاعترافي، كتبت الناقوس الزجاجي إحدى أشهر الروايات الأميركية الحديثة، توفيت منتحرةً في 1963 بعد تشخيصها بالاكتئاب السريري لفترة طويلة من حياتها. حصدت بعد وفاتها جائزة البوليتزر، وتحولت قصتها إلى فيلم السيرة الشخصية سيلفيا في العام 2003، وأسند دور البطولة فيه إلى جوينيث بالترو.\n\nالحياة والعائلة \nولدت في ولاية ماساتشوستس من الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية ودرست في جامعة سميث وجامعة نيونهام في كامبريدج قبل أن تشتهر كشاعرة وكاتبة محترفة. تزوجت من الشاعر تيد هيوز في 1956 وعاشوا أولاً في الولايات المتحدة قبل أن ينتقلوا إلى بريطانيا، لديهم طفلان: فريدا ونيكولاس.\n\nلا يزال الجدال يدور حول أحداث حياتها ووفاتها وعن كتاباتها وتراثها، فقد كانت معروفة لديوانها المشهور: «العملاق» و«قصائد أخرى وأرييل».وفي عام 1982 أصبحت أول شاعرة تفوز بجائزة البوليتزر وكان هذا بعد وفاتها، وذلك لديوانها «القصائد المتجمعة»، وكتبت أيضا «الناقوس الزجاجي» وهي عبارة عن سيرة ذاتية نُشرت قبل وفاتها بوقت قصير، تعد الآن من أشهر الأعمال الأدبية الأميركية التي تُرجمت إلى عدة لغات.\n\nالنشأة \nولدت بلاث خلال فترة الكساد الكبير في السابع والعشرون من أكتوبر 1932 في مستشفى ميموريال في حي جامايكا ماساتشوستس في بوسطن، كانت أمها أورييليا شوير بلاث من أصول نمساويةووالدها أوتو أميل بلاث من جرابو ألمانيا، وكان أستاذًا للالأحياء واللغة الألمانية في جامعة بوسطن، ومؤلف كتبٍ عن النحل، وقد كان منبوذًا من قبل عائلته عندما اختار ألا يصبح وزيرا لوثرية كما تمنى منه أجداده. التقى بأوريليا التي كانت تدرس الماجستير في التدريس أثناء حضورها إحدى دوراته، هذا ما يشير إلى فارق العمر بين والدي بلاث وهو إحدى وعشرون سنة.\n\nولد شقيق بلاث في نيسان 1935 وانتقلت العائلة لتعيش في نثروب في 1936مسقط رأس والدتها، وعاشت في ذلك الجزء من البلدة المسمى ببويت شيرلي، وهو مذكورٌ في شتى أشعارها. في ذلك الوقت نشرت قصيدتها الأولى في سن ثماني سنوات في مجلة بوسطن هيرالد ومجلة بوسطن ترافلر في القسم المخصص لأطفال، بالإضافة إلى الكتابة، أظهرت مهارات جيدة في الرسم خاصة بعد فوزها بجائزة في فن الكتابة والفن لاحدى من لوحاتها في 1947.\n\nالانتقال إلى الولايات المتحدة \nتوفي والدها أوتو بلاث في الخامس من نوفمبر 1940 بعد أسبوع ونصف من عيد ميلادها الثامن، إثر مضاعفاتٍ خطيرة بعد بتر رجله بسبب مرض السكري غيرالمعالج، حدث ذلك بعد تشخيصه الشخصي تجاه أعراض مرضه بأنها تشابه أعراض صديقٍ له مصاب بسرطان الرئة، ولم يسع للعلاج إلا في وقتٍ متأخر، ودفن في مقبرة نثروب.\n\nتم تربية بلاث على أسس ميسحية موحدة، ولكن بعد وفاة والدها فقدت إيمانها وظلت متناقضة حول الدين طوال حياتها، كما أن زيارات قبر والدها دفعتها لكتابة القصيدة «أليكترا على مسار الأزالية». بعد وفاته انتقلت والدتها أوريليا وأطفالها وأهلها إالى إلوود روود في ويسلي ماساتشوستس في 1942، درست بلاث في برادفوورد المرحلة الثانوية وتخرجت في 1950.\n\nفي كتابات بلاث الأخيرة صوّرت أول تسع سنوات لها في البلدة:\n\n«محبوس مثل سفينة في زجاجة جميلة لا يمكن الوصول اليها، عفى عنها الزمن والغلرامات، بالفعل، كأسطورة بيضاء تحلق»\n\nالصدى الأدبي في شبابها \nبالتزامن مع تسجيلها في جامعة سميث قاربت بلاث على كتابة أكثر من خمسين قصة قصيرة ونُشرت في مجموعة من المجلات.\n\nدراسيًا تخصصت في اللغة الإنجليزية وفازت بجميع الجوائز الكبرى في الكتابة والبحوث العلمية، وقامت بتحرير مجلة الجامعة مادموزيل وعند تخرجها فازت بجائزة جلاسكوك لكتاباتها: «المحبوبان» و«المتجول على البحر»، وفي وقت لاحق، كتبت لمجلة اسكواش التي نشرت مجموعتها الأولى «العملاق وقصائد أخرى» في بريطانيا في أواخر الستينيات.\n\nكانت بلاث على قائمة أصغر منافسة لكتاب الشعراء في جامعة ييل، وطبعت أعمالها في مجلة هاربر، ومجلة ذي سبيكتيتر وفي الملحق الأدبي لمجلة تايمز.\n\nو كانت لها عقد مع مجلة نيويروكر ومن هنا أنطلقت سمعتها.\n\nمنشورات بعد الوفاة \nبقي تأثير ديوانها «أرييل» حبيسًا حتى نشر بعد وفاتها ولاقى نجاحًا واسعًا، كما نشر لها في العام 1975 كتاب منزل الرسائل، وهو مجموعة من رسائل سيلفيا التي وجهتها إلى أفراد عائلتها في مراهقتها، مع إجراء والدتها بعض التعديلات.\n\nقصة الوفاة \nشرع الدكتور هوردر وهو صديقها المقرب في صرف مضادات الاكتئاب لبلاث قبل بضعة أيام من وفاتها، رغم أنه كان عرضة للخطر إلى جانب أطفالها، إلا أنه استمر في زيارتها بشكلٍ يومي وحاول بشتّى الوسائل إدخالها لتلقي العلاج في أحد المستشفيات ولكن وسائله تلك لم تثمر بنتيجة تُذكر، وعندما أخفق في جعلها تحصل على العلاج وفّر لها ممرضةً متفرغة على مدار الساعة. جادل بعض المعلقين بأن فعالية العقاقير تستغرق فترة تصل إلى ثلاثة أسابيع بالتالي وصفة هووردر لم تأتي بفائدة.\n\nكان من المقرر أن تصل الممرضة في الساعة التاسعة صباحًا من يوم الحادي عشر من فبراير 1963 لمساعدة بلاث في رعاية أطفالها، عند وصولها لم تستطع دخول الشقة، واستطاعت الدخول مستعينةً بالعامل تشارلز لانجريدج ليجدوا جثة بلاث، وقد ماتت اثر التسمم بأول أكسيد الكربون بعد أن حشرت رأسها في الفرن، وقد حرصت على وضع مناشف مبللة تحت الأبواب لتكون حاجزًا بين المطبخ وبين غرف أطفالها ويتوقع أن وقت تنفيذ ذلك كان قرابة الرابعة والنصف صباحًا داخل فرن الطهو في مطبخها أثناء تشغيله، لتموت منتحرةً وهي ابنة الثلاثين عامًا.\n\nانظر أيضًا \n تأثير سيلفيا بلاث\n\nمراجع\n\nوصلات خارجية \n \n \n\nأسماء قلمية\nأشخاص مصابون باضطرابات المزاج\nأشخاص من جامايكا بلاين\nأمريكيون مغتربون في إنجلترا\nأمريكيون من أصل ألماني\nأمريكيون من أصل نمساوي\nتاريخ الصحة النفسية في المملكة المتحدة\nتوحيديون مسيحيون أمريكيون\nتيد هيوز\nحائزون على جائزة بوليتزر\nحائزون على منحة فولبرايت\nخريجو كلية سميث\nخريجو كلية نونهم (جامعة كامبريدج)\nروائيات أمريكيات\nروائيون أمريكيون في القرن 20\nروائيون من ماساتشوستس\nشاعرات أمريكيات\nشاعرات منتحرات\nشعراء أمريكيون في القرن 20\nشعراء من ماساتشوستس\nكاتبات أمريكيات في القرن 20\nكاتبات قصة قصيرة أمريكيات\nكاتبات مذكرات\nكاتبات مقالات أمريكيات\nكاتبات منتحرات\nكاتبات يوميات\nكتاب أطفال أمريكيون\nكتاب قصة قصيرة أمريكيون في القرن 20\nكتاب مقالات في القرن 20\nكتاب من بوسطن\nكتاب وكاتبات أمريكيون في القرن 20\nكتاب وكاتبات مقالات أمريكيون\nكتاب يوميات أمريكيون\nكتاب يوميات في القرن 20\nمدافن في غرب يوركشاير\nمنتحرات\nمنتحرون 1963\nمنتحرون في لندن\nمواليد 1932\nمواليد في بوسطن\nوفيات 1963\nوفيات في لندن", "برتقالة آلية هو فيلم خيال علمي وجريمة بريطاني 1971 من إخراج وإنتاج وسيناريو ستانلي كوبريك، مبني على الرواية التي تحمل نفس الاسم للكاتب أنتوني برجس. الفيلم يعرض مشاهد مزعجة من العنف الجنسي والجسدي تسلط الضوء على الطب النفسي وجرائم المراهقين والعصابات ومواضيع أقتصادية وسياسية واجتماعية أخرى في نسخة ديستوبيا عن بريطانيا. ترشح لأربع جوائز أوسكار. صنفه معهد السينما الأمريكي في المرتبة 46 ضمن قائمة أعظم 100 فيلم أمريكي على مر العصور.\n\nيقول كاتب الرواية إنه أخذ الاسم من مصطلح بريطاني تعلمه عندما كان في الملايو، وهو يستخدم بمعنى إنسان منتظم مثل الساعة أو استجابته آلية. وكلمة برتقالة حرفها البريطانيون عن كلمة (Orang) بالملاوية وتعني إنسان.\n\nالقصة \nفي اليوم الأول يهاجم «إليكس» وعصابته متشرد عجوز يلتقون به في الطريق بدون سبب. ثم يذهبون للمشاجرة مع عصابة «بيلي بوب» عدوه اللدود. وأخيرا يذهبون للاعتداء على أحد الكتاب في منزله واغتصاب زوجته فيتركونه ليشل بينما زوجته تفارق الحياة. في صباح اليوم الثاني يتغيب «إليكس» عن المدرسة ويذهب إلى محل موسيقى ويعود للبيت مع فتاتين وفي مشهد مسرع أثار الكثير من الجدل باعتباره فاحش، يمارس معهما الجنس على أنغام افتتاحية أوبرا (وليام تل) للملحن جواكينو روسيني. ثم في بمنتصف النهار يواجه عصيان عصابته ولكنه ينجح بأن يفرض قوته عليهم. وفي الليل يذهب وعصابته للهجوم على أحد المنازل لكن سيدة المنزل ترفض إدخالهم وتقوم بالاتصال بالشرطة لكن «إليكس» لا يعي ذلك فيحاول الدخول عن طريق النافذة لينشب بينه وبين المرأة شجار فيضربها بمجسم قضيب ضربة تودي بحياتها. لاحقاً وعندما يحاول الفرار يتعرض للضرب من قبل أفراد عصابته ويترك في مسرح الجريمة فاقدا الوعي.\n\nيحكم على «إليكس» بالسجن 14 سنة بتهمة القتل غير العمد. وفي السجن يعمل كمساعد لقسيس السجن وفيه نرى «إليكس» يقول أنه عندما كان يقرأ الكتاب المقدس كان يستمتع بقصص ضرب قدماء اليهود لبعضهم ومغامراتهم الجنسية، كما كان يتخيل نفسه وهو يعذب ويجلد المسيح، وكما يقول كان مسئولاً عن الجلد ودق المسامير. في هذا الجزء من الفيلم ومن خلال موعظة القسيس، نتعرف على المحور الأساسي للفيلم، وهو تعريف الصلاح، وهل ينبغي أن يكون تطوعيا يأتي من داخل الإنسان أو أن يفرض فرضا كما سنرى لاحقا. يقول القس: «إن الإنسان إذا فقد القدرة على الاختيار فقد فقد إنسانيته».\n\nفي السجن يسمع «أليكس» ببرنامج علاجي تجريبي اسمه «علاج لودفيكو»، وهو بالمناسبة الاسم اللاتيني المقابل لاسم بيتهوفن الأول «لودفيغ». والبرنامج شبيه بتجربة العالم الروسي بافلوف التي عرفت باسم الإشراط الكلاسيكي. يختار «إليكس» لهذا العلاج من قبل وزير الداخلية شخصياً، وفي هذه التجربة العلاجية يتم الربط بين العنف وبين الشعور بالغثيان ليصبح «أليكس» يشعر بالغثيان عندما مشاهدة أي عنف لكن بطريق الخطأ يتم الربط أيضا بين السيمفونية التاسعة لبيتهوفن والشعور بالغثيان. بعد العلاج المستمر يخرج «أليكس» وهو لا يستطيع الإقدام على أي أعمال عنف حتى لو كان دفاعا عن النفس.\n\nيعود «إليكس» إلى منزله ليجابه بالرفض من أهله الذين قاموا بتأجير غرفته لشخص آخر. بدون اعتراض يهيم على وجهه في الشوارع ليلتقي أولا بالمتشرد الذي سبق وأن اعتدى عليه «إليكس» سابقا، فيقوم المتشرد بمهاجمته هو ومجموعة من العجائز، وفي هذا رمزية لمحاربة الكبار الشباب أو التقاليد القديمة مع العادات الجديدة. لاحقا، يلتقي «أليكس» باثنين من أفراد عصابته السابقين الذين أصبحوا من رجال الشرطة. يقتادون هؤلاء «أليكس» إلى أطراف المدينة ويقومون بالاعتداء عليه بالضرب ثم يتركونه خائر القوى. ويذهب إليكس إلى أقرب منزل وهو بالمصادفة منزل الكاتب الذي اعتدى عليه سابقاً. يحسن الكاتب ضيافة «إليكس» حتى يكتشف هويته ويعرف إنه أيضا لا يستطيع تحمل السيمفونية التاسعة فيقوم بحبسه في إحدى الغرف ويسمعه موسيقى بيتهوفن. ولكي يتخلص «إليكس» من عذابه يقفز من النافذة في محاولة انتحار فاشلة ينقل على أثرها إلى المستشفى حيث تتم عملية عاكسة لعلاج لودفيكو ويعود «إليكس» لطبيعته ويتلقى زيارة خاصة من وزير الداخلية يعتذر له فيها ويعرض له عمل في الحكومة لتحسين صورتها.\n\nتصنيف الفيلم \nعام 1972، عرض الفيلم للمرة الأولى في أمريكا بالتصنيف X (تصنيف الأفلام الإباحية). لكن كوبريك عاد وحذف 30 ثانية من الفيلم ليحصل على تصنيف R ليعاد طرحه في العام 1973. والجدير بالذكر إن النسخ المتداولة الآن هي التي تحمل التصنيف X.\n\nكما أن مكتب السينما والبث الإذاعي التابع لمجلس الأساقفة الكاثوليك في الولايات المتحدة منحه تصنيف C وهو الحرف الأول من كلمة مدان لمحتواه الجنسي الفاضح والعنيف أيضاً.\n\nأما في المملكة المتحدة (دولة الفيلم) فقد سحب الفيلم من السوق البريطانية بسبب تأثيره السلبي على الشباب وتقليدهم الجرائم وأعمال العنف التي ارتكبت في الفيلم. ويقال بسبب تهديد لكوبريك وعائلته. وظل الفيلم ممنوعا في بريطانيا مدة 27 عاما. حتى أعيد طرحه في العام 2000 بعد وفاة كوبريك.\n\nترشيح الفيلم للجوائز\n\nترشيحات الأوسكار \nترشح الفلم لأربع جوائز أوسكار عن الفئات التالية: أفضل مونتاج، أفضل سيناريو مقتبس، أفضل إخراج وأفضل فيلم، وخسرها كلها لصالح فيلم الاتصال الفرنسي.\n\nترشيحات الأكاديمية البريطانية \nترشح الفيلم لسبعة جوائز بافتا وهي: جائزة البافتا لأفضل فيلم، أفضل مخرج، أفضل سيناريو، أفضل تصوير، أفضل مونتاج، أفضل موسيقى تصويرية وأفضل صوت. ولم يفز بأي منها.\n\nترشيحات الكرة الذهبية \nترشح الفيلم لثلاثة جوائز غولدن غلوب: أفضل فيلم درامي وأفضل مخرج وأفضل ممثل درامي للممثل مالكولم ماكدويل. ولم يفز بها.\n\nأبرز الفروقات بين الكتاب والفيلم \n لا يصور الفيلم الفصل الأخير من الكتاب وفيه يختار أليكس أن يصبح إنسان صالح طواعية، ويعود السبب في ذلك أن كوبريك كتب السيناريو بناء على النسخة الأمريكية من الرواية وهي لا تحتوي على الفصل المذكور.\n عمر أليكس في الكتاب 15 سنة، لكن في الفيلم هو حوالي 18 سنة.\n في الكتاب يعتدي أليكس على أمين مكتبة وهذا لا يحدث في الفيلم.\n في الكتاب لا يلتقي أليكس بالمتشرد بعد خروجه من السجن لكنه لتقي بأمين المكتبة الذي يعتدي عليه مع مجموعة من العجائز.\n في الكتاب يغتصب أليكس فتاتين في سن العشر سنوات لكن في الفيلم يمارس الجنس مع فتاتين عمرهما قريب من ال 17 سنة.\n\nوصلات خارجية\n\nمراجع \n\nأفلام أمريكية\nأفلام أنتجها ستانلي كوبريك\nأفلام الأرشيف الوطني الأمريكي السينمائي\nأفلام إثارة بريطانية\nأفلام إستديوهات باينوود\nأفلام إنتاج 1971\nأفلام باللغة الإنجليزية\nأفلام باللغة الإنجليزية في عقد 1970\nأفلام بريطانية\nأفلام بريطانية عن انتقام\nأفلام بريطانية في عقد 1970\nأفلام بلغات خيالية\nأفلام تقع أحداثها في المستقبل\nأفلام تقع أحداثها في لندن\nأفلام جريمة أمريكية\nأفلام جريمة درامية في 1971\nأفلام جريمة درامية في عقد 1970\nأفلام جريمة كوميدية إنتاج عقد 1970\nأفلام جريمة كوميدية درامية بريطانية\nأفلام جريمة ودراما أمريكية\nأفلام جريمة ودراما بريطانية\nأفلام حائزة على جائزة الأوسكار لأفضل مخرج\nأفلام حاز كاتبها على جائزة الأوسكار لأفضل سيناريو أصلي\nأفلام خيال علمي أمريكية\nأفلام خيال علمي إنتاج عقد 1970\nأفلام خيال علمي بريطانية\nأفلام درامية في 1971\nأفلام ديستوبيا\nأفلام ديستوبيا إنتاج عقد 1970\nأفلام عن الاغتصاب\nأفلام عن السجون بريطانية\nأفلام عن غسيل دماغ\nأفلام كوميديا سوداء أمريكية\nأفلام مصورة في أوكسفوردشاير\nأفلام مصورة في باكينغهامشير\nأفلام مصورة في بيركشاير\nأفلام مصورة في لندن\nأفلام مصورة في هيرتفوردشاير\nأفلام مقتبسة من روايات بريطانية\nأفلام مقتبسة من روايات خيال علمي\nأفلام من إخراج ستانلي كوبريك\nأفلام وارنر برذرز\nاغتصاب جماعي في الخيال\nاقتحام المنازل في الأفلام\nرقابة ذاتية\nمواضيع جدلية بسبب الفحش في الأفلام\nنصوص سينمائية كتبها ستانلي كوبريك", "18 أغسطس أو 18 آب أو يوم 18 \\ 8 (اليوم الثامن عشر من الشهر الثامن) هو اليوم الثلاثون بعد المئتين (230) من السنوات البسيطة، أو اليوم الحادي والثلاثون بعد المئتين (231) من السنوات الكبيسة وفقًا للتقويم الميلادي الغربي (الغريغوري). يبقى بعده 135 يوما لانتهاء السنة.\n\nأحداث \n 1807 - انطلاق أول رحلة لسفينة بخارية نظامية اخترعها المهندس الأمريكي روبرت فلتون مدشنًا بذلك عصر الملاحة ذو الدفع الميكانيكي.\n 1920 - اجتماع بين الوفد المصري بزعامة سعد زغلول والوفد البريطاني وذلك لوضع صيغة الاعتراف باستقلال مصر.\n 1927 - الملك محمد الخامس يتولى مقاليد الحكم في المغرب.\n 1964 -\n منع جنوب أفريقيا من المشاركة في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الثامنة عشر المقامة في طوكيو وذلك بسبب رفضها إدانة سياسة التفرقة العنصرية.\n انتخاب شارل حلو رئيسًا للجمهورية اللبنانية.\n 1992 - إعلان إفلاس شركة تقنية المعلومات العملاقة «وانغ ».\n 2008 - الرئيس الباكستاني برويز مشرف يستقيل من منصبه بعد اشتداد الضغط السياسي المطالب باستقالته أو إقالته.\n 2011 - وحدة عسكرية إسرائيلية تقتل وتصيب عددًا من الجنود المصريين على الحدود المصرية / الإسرائيلية.\n 2013 - اختتام بطولة العالم لألعاب القوى 2013 في موسكو وفوز روسيا بأغلب الميداليات الذهبية.\n 2017 - مقتل شخصين وإصابة عشرة آخرين بسبب حادثة طعن قام بها شاب مغربي في مدينة توركو الفنلندية.\n 2018 - \n لاعب الكريكيت السابق عمران خان يصبح رسميًا رئيس الوزراء في باكستان.\n انطلاق دورة الألعاب الآسيوية 2018 المنعقدة في الفترة ما بين 18 أغسطس و2 سبتمبر في جاكرتا عاصمة إندونيسيا.\n 2020 - المحكمة الدولية الخاصة بلبنان تصدر حكمها بإدانة سليم عياش ضمن قائمة المتهمين، في قضية اغتيال رئيس الوزراء اللبناني الأسبق رفيق الحريري.\n\nمواليد \n\n 1414 - عبد الرحمن الجامي، شاعر فارسي.\n 1611 - الملكة ماريا لويزا غونزاغا، ملكة بولندا.\n 1792 - جون رسل، رئيس وزراء المملكة المتحدة.\n 1830 - فرانز جوزيف الأول، إمبراطور الإمبراطورية النمساوية المجرية.\n 1920 - شيلي وينترز، ممثلة أمريكية.\n 1922 - خالد محيي الدين، عسكري وسياسي مصري وأحد أفراد حركة الضباط الأحرار.\n 1924 - أنيس منصور، كاتب صحفي وأديب مصري.\n 1925 - برايان ألديس، كاتب إنجليزي.\n 1927 - روزالين سميث كارتر، زوجة الرئيس الأمريكي جيمي كارتر.\n 1933 -\n رومان بولانسكي، مخرج وممثل بولندي.\n جاست فونتين، لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي.\n 1936 - روبرت ريدفورد، ممثل ومخرج أمريكي.\n 1941 - محمد الغنوشي، سياسي تونسي.\n 1943 -\n روبيرتو روزاتو، لاعب كرة قدم إيطالي.\n جاني ريفيرا، لاعب كرة قدم إيطالي.\n 1946 - إبراهيم نصر، ممثل مصري.\n 1952 - باتريك سويزي، ممثل ومغني وراقص وكاتب أغاني أمريكي.\n 1955 - طاهر الجمل، عالم أمريكي من أصل مصري في علم التعمية.\n 1958 - مادلين ستو، ممثلة أمريكية.\n 1961 - هيام طعمة، ممثلة ومغنية سورية.\n 1962 - فيليبي كالديرون، رئيس المكسيك.\n 1968 - خالد البلطان رجل أعمال سعودي ورئيس نادي الشباب\n 1969 - إدوارد نورتون، ممثل أمريكي.\n 1976 - باراسكيفاس أنتزاس، لاعب كرة قدم يوناني.\n 1978 - شادي مقرش، ممثل سوري.\n 1980 - إستبان كامبياسو، لاعب كرة قدم أرجنتيني.\n 1981 -\n ليليا الأطرش، ممثلة سورية.\n سيزار ديلغادو، لاعب كرة قدم أرجنتيني.\n ديميتريس سالبينغيديس، لاعب كرة قدم يوناني.\n 1983 -\n ميكا، مغني بريطاني من أصل لبناني.\n رندا البحيري، ممثلة مصرية.\n 1984 - روبرت هوث، لاعب كرة قدم ألماني.\n 1986 - روس ماكورماك، لاعب كرة قدم اسكتلندي.\n 1987 - ميكا بورم، ممثلة أمريكية.\n 1988 - \n جاك هوبز، لاعب كرة قدم إنجليزي.\n جي دراغون، مغني وعضو فرقة بيغ بانغ.\n\nوفيات \n 1227 - جنكيز خان، قائد مغولي.\n 1503 - البابا إسكندر السادس، بابا الكنيسة الرومانية الكاثوليكية.\n 1765 - فرانسيس الأول، إمبراطور الإمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة.\n 1850 - أونوريه دي بلزاك، أديب فرنسي.\n 1952 - سلطان إبراهيم الكليب، اقتصادي وسياسي كويتي.\n 1992 - كريستوفر جونسن مكندلز، مغامر أمريكي.\n 2000 - مرزوق المرزوق، ملحن كويتي.\n 2009 - كيم داي جونج، رئيس كوريا الجنوبية حاصل على جائزة نوبل للسلام عام 2000.\n 2015 - خالد الأسعد، عالِم آثار سوري قتل على يد تنظيم داعش.\n 2018 - كوفي أنان، دبلوماسي غاني والأمين العام السابع للأُمم المتحدة.\n\nأعياد ومناسبات \n اليوم الوطني في أفغانستان.\n\nوصلات خارجية \n\n وكالة الأنباء القطريَّة: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.\n النيويورك تايمز: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.\n BBC: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.\n\nأغسطس\nأيام ميلادية", "28 ديسمبر أو 28 كانون الأوَّل أو يوم 28 \\ 12 (اليوم الثامن والعشرون من الشهر الثاني عشر) هو اليوم الثاني والستون بعد الثلاثمائة (362) من السنة، أو الثالث والستون بعد الثلاثمائة (363) في السنوات الكبيسة، وفقًا للتقويم الميلادي الغربي (الغريغوري). يبقى بعده 3 أيَّام على انتهاء السنة.\n\nأحداث \n 1836 - تأسيس جنوب أستراليا وأديليد.\n 1882 - الإنجليز ينفون الزعيم المصري أحمد عرابي إلى جزيرة سرنديب.\n 1903 - افتتاح المتحف الإسلامي في القاهرة.\n 1908 - زلزال في مدينة مسينة من جزيرة صقلية يحصد 75000 نسمة.\n 1912 - ظهور الترام لأول مرة في شوارع سان فرانسيسكو.\n 1947 - مجموعة يهودية تهاجم «مقهى اللفتاوي» في البلدة القديمة من القدس وتقتل وتجرح 17 فلسطينيًا.\n 1948 -\n اغتيال رئيس الوزراء المصري محمود فهمي النقراشي.\n انعقاد مؤتمر في نابلس أقر فيه بمبايعة الملك عبد الله الأول بن الحسين ملكًا شرعيًا على فلسطين وشرق الأردن.\n 1968 - قوة كوماندوس إسرائيلية تشن هجومًا على مطار بيروت الدولي وتدمر أسطولًا مكونًا من 13 طائرة مدنية تابعة لمختلف شركات النقل اللبنانية العاملة آنذاك، وقد جاءت هذه العملية ردًا على هجوم قام به عنصران تابعان للجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين ضد طائرة إل عال الإسرائيلية في مطار أثينا الدولي.\n 1999 - انتخاب الرئيس التركمانستاني صابر مراد نيازوف رئيسًا مدى الحياة.\n 2002 - اغتيال النائب الاشتراكي اليمني جار الله عمر بالرصاص على يد مجهول.\n 2004 - أسامة بن لادن يظهر في شريط مرئي يدعو فيه إلى مقاطعة الانتخابات العراقية.\n 2007 - البرلمان النيبالي يلغي الحكم الملكي ويعلن نيبال جمهورية ديمقراطية.\n 2010 - مجلس الأمة الكويتي يناقش استجواب لرئيس الوزراء الشيخ ناصر المحمد الصباح قدم من قبل النواب مسلم البراك وصالح الملا وجمعان الحربش حول قضايا يتعلق بانتهاكات محتملة للدستور والحريات العامة، وعشرة نواب بعد نهاية الجلسة يقدمون كتاب بعدم التعاون مع رئيس الحكومة.\n 2013 - الحكومة الصينية تخفف من قانون سياسة الطفل الواحد وتسمح بإنجاب طفل ثان لزوجين أحدهما كان الابن الوحيد لأسرته.\n 2014 - اختفاء رحلة طيران آسيا رقم 8501 في بحر جاوة في الحدث الثالث من نوعه في نفس العام.\n 2015 - القوات العراقية تستعيد السيطرة على مدينة الرمادي في معركة الرمادي الثانية ضد تنظيم الدولة الإسلامية.\n 2017 - اندلاع احتجاجات مناهضة للحكومة في عدد من المدن الإيرانية بسبب ارتفاع تكلفة المعيشة.\n 2019 - مقتل أكثر من 91 شخصًا بينهم أجانب في تفجير انتحاري وقع عند نقطة تفتيش للشرطة في العاصمة الصومالية مقديشو، وهو التفجير الأكثر دموية منذ عامين.\n\nمواليد \n\n 1522 - مارغريت هابسبورغ، حاكمة هولندا.\n 1856 - وودرو ويلسون، رئيس الولايات المتحدة الثامن والعشرون حاصل على جائزة نوبل للسلام عام 1919.\n 1870 - جمال الدين تشاوشيفيتش، إمام بوسني.\n 1882 - \n السير آرثر ستانلي إدنغتون، عالم إنجليزي في علم الفلك والفيزياء.\n محمد جميل الشطي، عالم مسلم وقاضي وصوفي وشاعر سوري.\n 1902 - مورتيمر أدلر، فيلسوف أمريكي.\n 1903 - جون فون نيومان، عالم رياضيات أمريكي.\n 1921 - عبد المنعم مدبولي، ممثل مصري.\n 1922 -\n علي إسماعيل، موسيقار مصري.\n ستان لي، كاتب وممثل أمريكي.\n 1936 - أنتي زانتيك، لاعب كرة قدم يوغسلافي.\n 1944 - كاري موليس، عالم كيمياء أمريكي حاصل على جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء عام 1993.\n 1925 - ناهد صبري، ممثلة وراقصة مصرية.\n 1953 - ريتشارد كلايدرمان، موسيقي فرنسي.\n 1954 - دنزل واشنطن، ممثل أمريكي.\n 1955 - ليو شياوبو، ناشط صيني في حقوق الإنسان حاصل على جائزة نوبل للسلام عام 2010.\n 1969 - لينوس تورفالدس، مهندس برمجيات فنلندي.\n 1971 - شعبان عباس، ممثل كويتي.\n 1974 - أميرة فتحي، ممثلة مصرية.\n 1976 - جو مانغانيلو، ممثل أمريكي.\n 1980 -\n لومانا لوا لوا، لاعب كرة قدم كونغولي.\n فينيسا فرليتو، ممثلة أمريكية.\n 1981 -\n سينا ميلير، ممثلة إنجليزية.\n خالد بولحروز، لاعب كرة قدم هولندي من أصل مغربي.\n ميكا فايراينن، لاعب كرة قدم فنلندي.\n 1982 - غدير صفر، ممثلة كويتية.\n 1984 - ليروي ليتا، لاعب كرة قدم إنجليزي.\n 1986 - توم هودلستون، لاعب كرة قدم إنجليزي.\n 1987 - توماس ديكر، ممثل أمريكي.\n\nوفيات \n 300 - البابا ثاؤنا، بابا الإسكندرية.\n 1503 - بييرو الثاني دي ميديشي، حاكم فلورنسا.\n 1663 - فرانشيسكو ماريا جريمالدي، عالم رياضيات وفيزياء إيطالي.\n 1694 - الملكة ماري الثانية، ملكة إنجلترا.\n 1703 - السلطان مصطفى الثاني، السلطان العثماني الثالث والعشرين.\n 1947 - الملك فيكتور عمانويل الثالث، ملك مملكة إيطاليا.\n 1948 - محمود فهمي النقراشي، رئيس وزراء مصر.\n 1965 - هلال بن بدر البوسعيدي، شاعر وكاتب عماني.\n 2002 - الأميرة فادية، ابنة فاروق الأول ملك مصر.\n 2007 - الشيخ عبد الله الأحمر، رئيس مجلس النواب اليمني.\n 2009 - الحبيب بورقيبة الابن، سياسي تونسي.\n 2012 - ذهني الوحيدي، طبيب فلسطيني، كان وزيرًا للصحة ضمن حكومة أحمد قريع الثالثة.\n 2014 - \n جبار طاووس الكحيلي، الزعيم الروحي لطائفة الصابئة المندائية.\n بسام الجلبي، باحث ومؤرخ وقاص وصحفي عراقي.\n 2016 - \nديبي رينولدز، مُمثلة أمريكية. \nغريغوريو كونرادو ألفاريز، رئيس الأوروغواي السابق.\n 2021 - محمد الشماط، ممثل سوري.\n\nأعياد ومناسبات \n ذكرى مذبحة الأبرياء.\n\nوصلات خارجية \n\n وكالة الأنباء القطريَّة: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.\n النيويورك تايمز: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.\n BBC: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.\n\nأيام ميلادية\nديسمبر", "أحمد جودت باشا (1237 هـ - 1312 هـ / 1822 - 1895م) رجل دولة تركي كان عالمًا ومفكرًا وبيروقراطيًا وإداريًا ومؤرخًا وأديباً عثمانيًا من القرن التاسع عشر للميلاد.\nكان وزيراً (ناظر) في الدولة العثمانية عدة مرات لوزارات مختلفة هي: ناظر الحقّانية (وزير العدل) وناظر المعارف (وزير التربية) وناظر الداخلية وناظر الأوقاف وناظر التجارة. كما عمل صدراً أعظم للدولة مدة عشرة أيام عام 1879، بعد عزل خير الدين باشا.\nوكان شخصية ذا دور بارز في إصلاحات تنظيمات الإمبراطورية العثمانية. رأَس لجنة مجلة الأحكام العدلية التي دونت الشريعة الإسلامية لأول مرة ردًا على تغريب القانون. غالبًا ما يُنظر إليه على أنه رائد في تدوين القانون المدني. ظلت المجلة معمولًا بها في العديد من الدول العربية الحديثة في أوائل ومنتصف القرن العشرين. كتب العديد من الكتب في التاريخ والقانون والقواعد واللغويات والمنطق وعلم الفلك. كان يتقن العربية والفارسية والفرنسية والبلغارية فضلًا عن التركية لغته.\n\nنشأته وتعليمه \nولد في 22 مارس 1822 في لوفجة شمالي بلغاريا، حيث كان والده حاجي إِسماعيل آغا عضواً في المجلس الإِداري للمدينة. وتلقى أحمد مبادئ العلوم الإِسلامية في مسقط رأسه وتابعها وتعمق فيها في إِحدى مدارس إسطنبول، عاصمة الدولة العثمانية، والمركز الأكبر للإِشعاع الفكري فيها، مضيفاً إِليها بعض العلوم العصرية، كالرياضيات، والفلك، والجيولوجية، والفلسفة. وسعى وهو في العاصمة لإِجادة اللغتين العربية والفارسية، حتى نظم الشعر بهما كما نظمه بالتركية، فأعطي اسم «المخلص جودت» الذي عُرف به. ونال نتيجة دراساته الإِجازة التي تسمح لهُ بالانخراط في سلك القضاء.\n\nويمكن أن يُمَيَّز في حياة أحمد جودت بعد تخرجه وحتى وفاته أربع مراحل:\n\n المرحلة الأولى: وتمتد ثلاثة عشر عاماً (1262-1275هـ/1846-1858م)\n والمرحلة الثانية: وتمتدّ ثماني سنوات (1275-1283هـ/1858-1866م)\n والمرحلة الثالثة: وهي أطول المراحل ودامت ما يقرب من ربع قرن (1283-1307هـ/1866-1890م)،\n والمرحلة الرابعة: ومدتها خمس سنوات (1307-1312هـ/1890-1895م)، وهي التي انتهت بوفاته.\n\nالمرحلة الأولى \n\nبزغ نجم أحمد جودت في ميدان الأدب، والفكر التاريخي والتشريعي. ويبدو أنه أظهر في أثناء دراسته فكراً واسعاً وعميقاً، ودقة في تفهم الأمور الشرعية، حتى إِنه عين وهو في الرابعة والعشرين من عمره (1846م) بتوصية من شيخ الإِسلام، مساعداً للصدر الأعظم، مصطفى رشيد باشا، في أثناء إِعداده للقوانين، و«النظام نامه الجديدة»، التي كانت الدولة العثمانية بصدد تهيئتها في هذه المرحلة الإِصلاحية من حياتها. وبقي ملازماً للصدر الأعظم ثلاثة عشر عاماً، أي حتى وفاة هذا الأخير عام 1275هـ/1858م.\n\nوتحت تأثير رشيد باشا عُيّن لمناصب تعليمية وثقافية لها شأنها، منها إِدارة دار المعلمين المنشأة حديثاً، والسكرتارية الأولى لمجلس المعارف. وفي المنصبين أدى خدمات مفيدة للتربية والتعليم والثقافة. وإِلى هذه المرحلة يرجع إِسهامه الفعال في إِنشاء ما سمي بـ «الإِنجومين دانيش» (1851م)، التي كانت أشبه ما تكون بالأكاديمية الفرنسية\n\nوتحت تأثير هذه الجمعية، وبدفع من السلطان عبد المجيد (1255-1278هـ/ 1839-1861م) شرع أحمد جودت بتأليف عمله التاريخي الكبير الذي عرف فيما بعد باسمه، وهو تاريخ وقائع الدولة العثمانية. وعندما قدم الأجزاء الثلاثة الأولى منه إِلى السلطان كافأه السلطان بتعيينه مؤرخاً رسمياً للدولة (وقعة نويس).\n\nوإِلى جانب تأليفه التاريخي ذاك، فإِنه أسهم في وضع «القانون النامة الجزائية», و«قانون نامه الطابو» نتيجة عمله عضواً في مجلس التنظيمات، ثم رئيساً لـ «لجنة الأراضي السنية» وألف كتاباً في القواعد التركية تحت عنوان «قواعدي عثمانية» بالاشتراك مع فؤاد باشا.\n\nالمرحلة الثانية \n\nوتبتدئ بوفاة رشيد باشا، وقد شجعه فيها كل من فؤاد باشا وعالي باشا - وهما أكبر شخصيتين سياسيتين كان لهما دور رئيسي في الإِصلاحيات التي حققتها الدولة العثمانية - على ترك عمله ذي الطابع العلمي، والاتجاه إِلى الأعمال الإِدارية والسياسية. ولثماني سنوات بقي أحمد جودت عاملاً في المنحيين معاً: المنحى العلمي، والمنحى الإِداري الذي أثبت كفاية في مضماره عندما عمل على تهدئة بعض الأقاليم الثائرة بإِدخال الإِصلاحات الضرورية فيها، كمنطقة قُزان في طوروس، وإِقليم البوسنة.\n\nالمرحلة الثالثة \n\nوفيها انصرف أحمد جودت تماماً إِلى الأعمال الإِدارية والسياسية، فترك عمله التاريخي بصفته» وقعة نويس» عام 1866م، ومنح رتبة وزير، ولقب باشا، وتنقل لربع قرن تقريباً، وبالتناوب بين منصبي الولاية والوزارة\n فعين لمنصب ناظر الحقّانية (وزير العدل) خمس مرات (1886,1879,1876,1875,1870)\n ولمنصب ناظر المعارف (وزير التربية) ثلاث مرات (1876,1875,1873)\n ولمنصب ناظر الداخلية مرة واحدة (1876),\n وللأوقاف (1877)\n وللتجارة (1878) مثلها.\n كما عمل صدراً أعظم مدة عشرة أيام عام 1879, بعد عزل خير الدين باشا.\n\nوقد أظهر جودت باشا، نشاطاً كبيراً في أثناء وزاراته المختلفة، وحماسة للإِصلاح والتقويم، وإِن كانت أفكاره مزيجاً من نزعات تقدمية ورجعية. فهو يريد الإِصلاح، وتقدم المجتمع العثماني، وهو يهاجم بقوة كل مظاهر الجهل، والتعصب، والانصراف وراء المصلحة الخاصة، التي كانت من صفات الهيئات الحاكمة آنذاك كما كان يحارب بشدة الخرافات المنتشرة بين الشعب، إِلا أنه بالمقابل كان لا ينسجم مع أخذ الجديد من الحضارة الغربية. وقد ازدادت أفكاره تقليدية مع تقدمه بالسن، وخصومته لمدحت باشا، فقد كان هذا الأخير يندد دوماًَ بعدم إِجادته اللغة الفرنسية، وبضآلة معرفته بالأفكار الأوربية المعاصرة.\n\nوقد يكون أبرز ما قدمه في أثناء تسلمه منصب ناظر الحقانية تدوينه قانون القضاء أو ما يسمى بـ «مجلة الأحكام العدلية» وقد استند في صياغته إِلى التشريع الإِسلامي على الفقه الحنفي، متجاوزاً الأفكار التي كان يؤيدها عالي باشا التي كانت تطالب بتبني القانون المدني الفرنسي. وقد ثابر على عمله هذا حتى إِنجازه في عام 1877, على الرغم من التحاقه بأعمال ووزارات أخرى.\n\nوفي أثناء وجوده في نظارة المعارف أصلح المدارس الابتدائية للذكور، ووضع البرامج التعليمية للمدارس الرشدية والإِعدادية، وعمل على إِيجاد كتب للطلاب، وألف هو نفسه ثلاثة منها، وأعاد تنظيم دار المعلمين.\n\nولم يظهر أحمد جودت باشا كفاية في أعماله الوزارية فحسب، وإِنما حقق نجاحاً في أعمال الولاية عندما تسنم منصبها على التوالي، في حلب، وبروصة، ومرعش، ويانينة، والشام مرتين، على الرغم من المدد القصيرة نسبياً التي كان يمكث فيها.\n\nوقد أظهر أحمد جودت باشا في أثناء ممارسته لمناصبه في الوزارة والولاية، توافقه التام مع اجراءات السلطان عبد الحميد، وخلافًا لما يفعله مدحت باشا في أثناء وزارته الرابعة للحقانية (1879-1882). وهذا ما جعل مدحت باشا يرى أن موقف جودت باشا من الدستور موقف رجعي، وأن أفكاره بعيدة عن الأفكار المعاصرة. ومن ثمَّ فقد نُسب إِلى جودت باشا أنه كانت له يد طولى في اتهام مدحت باشا بالخيانة ومناصرة النصرانية. وهو الذي ذهب بنفسه إِلى إزمير للقبض عليه، وحمله إِلى العاصمة بصفته رئيساً للفرقة التي كلّفت هذا الأمر.\n\nالمرحلة الرابعة والأخيرة من حياته \n\nوفيها اعتزل أحمد جودت باشا العمل السياسي تماماً، بعد أن استقال من النظارة الخامسة للحقانية عام 1307هـ/ 1890م. فاعتكف في بيته لمتابعة ما ابتدأه من تآليف أدبية وتاريخية، حتى وافته المنية في منزله في «بيبك» على شاطئ البوسفور، ودفن في تربة الَسلطَان أحمد الفاتح.\n\nمؤلفاته \n \nخلَّف أحمد جودت عدداً من المؤلفات، بعضها بالعربية، وبعضها الآخر بالتركية.\nأما العربية فهي:\n خلاصة البيان في جمع القرآن،\n وتعليقات على أوائل المطوّل في البلاغة،\n وتعليقات على الشافية في النحو.\n\nومؤلفاته باللغة التركية أكثر عدداً وتنوعاً. فهناك إِسهاماته القانونية الكثيرة والمهمة، التي أشير إِلى معظمها آنفاً. وهناك ما دونه في ميدان قواعد اللغة التركية وبلاغتها، ومنها\n «قواعدِ تركیه»\n و«بلاغتِ عثمانیه» وقد ألف الكتاب الأخير لطلاب مدرسة الحقوق.\n\nوله في الأدب:\n «آداب سداد»,\n كما له «تقويم أدوار» وقد أثار فيه لأول مرة قضية ضرورة إِصلاح التقويم.\n\nوقد كان لأحمد جودت باشا أيضاً إِنتاجه الشعري الذي جمعه في ديوان «ديوانجه» بناء على طلب من السلطان عبد الحميد، وشرح «ديوان صائب» المشهور بين دواوين الشعر الفارسية.\n\nإِلا أن المؤلَّف الذي شغل مكان الصدارة بين مؤلفاته هو:\n «تاريخ وقائع الدولة العثمانية» الذي عرف بـ«تاريخ جودت» وهو في اثني عشر جزءاً، ويتناول من تاريخ الدولة العثمانية، المرحلة الممتدة من معاهدة كوشوك قينارجه عام 1774م. إِلى القضاء على الانكشارية عام 1826م. وقد كتبه على طريقة الحوليات، واستغرق تدوينه له ثلاثين عاماً. وطبع أول مرة في إسطنبول بين 1271و 1301هـ/ 1856و 1884م. وكررت طباعته. ونقل عبد القادر دنا البيروتي الجزء الأول منه إِلى العربية. ويتصف الكتاب بصورة عامة، بوفرة مصادره، واعتماد مجلداته الأولى على الوثائق الرسمية، وبحس صاحبه النقدي، ومحاكمته الصائبة، إِلا أنه بالمقابل زاخر بتحيزاته للدولة العثمانية.\n\n من مؤلفاته التاريخية أيضاً: «قصص الأنبياء وتاريخ الخلفاء», وهو كتاب ذو هدف تعليمي تربوي، فقد كان أحمد جودت باشا يؤمن بأهمية التاريخ في التربية. وهو مؤلف من 12 جزءاً، ويبتدئ بآدم وينتهي بعهد السلطان مراد الثاني.\n\n من تدويناته التاريخية مجموعة من التقارير قدمها للسلطان عبد الحميد، وتؤرخ المرحلة من 1839 إِلى 1876م، وهي في خمسة أجزاء، وقد نشر منها فقط الجزء الثاني، والثالث، والرابع، وله كذلك مجموعة من الملاحظات، دونها عن حوادث عصره عندما كان «وقعة نويس», وأطلق عليها «تذاكري جودت» وقد اعتمدت ابنته فطمة علية خانم على بعضها في كتابها «جودت باشا وزماني».\n\n يضاف إِلى مدوّناته التاريخية إِكماله ترجمة مقدمة ابن خلدون التي ابتداها «بيري زاده أحمد صائب».\n\nروابط خارجية\n\nمراجع \n\nأتراك بلغاريا\nأحناف\nأشخاص من لوفتش\nباشاوات\nحقوقيون من الدولة العثمانية\nعلماء اجتماع من الدولة العثمانية\nعلماء عثمانيون\nكتاب عثمانيون في القرن 19\nكتاب غير روائيين من الدولة العثمانية\nماتريدية\nمواليد 1237 هـ\nمواليد 1822\nمواليد 1823\nمواليد في لوفتش\nمؤرخو الدولة العثمانية\nمؤرخو الدولة العثمانية القرن 19\nمؤرخو القرن 19\nمؤرخون عثمانيون في القرن 19\nمؤرخون مسلمون في الدولة العثمانية\nوزراء تجارة وزراعة عثمانيون\nوفيات 1312 هـ\nوفيات 1895\nوفيات في إسطنبول", "الفلسفة القديمة في أوروبا، تشير لانتشار المسيحية عبر العالم الروماني ايذانا بنهايه الفلسفة الهيلينيه، وبشرت ببدايات الفلسفه في القرون الوسطى.\n\nنظرة عامة \nنشأ الفكر الفلسفي الحقيقي –اعتماداً على الأفكار الفردية الأصلية- في العديد من الثقافات بشكل متزامن تقريباً. وصف كارل غاسبرز الفترة الحرجة للتطور الفلسفي التي بدأت في القرن السابع عشر تقريباً واختتمت في القرن الثالث قبل الميلاد بعصر محوري في الفكر الإنساني.\n\nالفلسفة الصينية القديمة \nالفلسفة الصينية هي الفلسفة السائدة في الصين وغيرها من البلدان في المجال الثقافي لشرق آسيا والتي تشترك في لغة مشتركة، بما في ذلك اليابان وكوريا وفيتنام.\n\nالفلسفة اليونانية والرومانية القديمة\n\nفلاسفة ما قبل سقراط \n المدرسة الميليسية\n طاليس (624 - حوالي 546 قبل الميلاد)\n أناكسيماندر (610 - 546 قبل الميلاد)\n أنكسيمانس الملطي (حوالي 585 - حوالي 525 قبل الميلاد)\n فيثاغورية\n فيثاغورس (582 - 496 قبل الميلاد)\n فيلولاوس (470 - 380 قبل الميلاد)\n ألكمايون الكروتوني\n أرخيتاس (428-347 قبل الميلاد)\n هرقليطس (535 - 475 قبل الميلاد)\n المدرسة الإيلية\n كزينوفانيس (570-470 قبل الميلاد)\n بارمينيدس (510 - 440 قبل الميلاد)\n زينون الإيلي (490-430 قبل الميلاد)\n ميليسوس من ساموس (حوالي 470 قبل الميلاد -؟)\n مدرسة التعددية\n إمبيدوكليس (490 - 430 قبل الميلاد)\n أناكساغوراس (500 - 428 قبل الميلاد)\n الذرية\n ليوكيبوس (النصف الأول من القرن الخامس قبل الميلاد)\n ديموقريطس (460 - 370 قبل الميلاد)\n ميترودوروس من تشيوس (القرن الرابع قبل الميلاد)\n\nمدارس التفكير\n\nمدارس التفكير المائة \nكانت مدارس التفكير المائة للفلاسفة –والتي ازدهرت من القرن السادس إلى العام 221 قبل الميلاد- حقبة من التوسع الثقافي والفكري الكبيرين في الصين. على الرغم من أن هذه الفترة –والتي عرفت في وقت سابق باسم فترة الربيع والخريف وفترة الدول المتحاربة- كانت مشحونة بالفوضى والمعارك الدامية، إلا أنها تعرف أيضاً باسم العصر الذهبي للفلسفة الصينية بسبب مجموعة واسعة من الأفكار المتطورة والقدرة على مناقشتها بحرية. لقد أثّرت الأفكار التي تمت مناقشتها وصقلها خلال هذه الفترة تأثيراً عميقاً على أنماط الحياة والوعي الاجتماعي حتّى يومنا هذا في بلدان شرق آسيا. تميز المجتمع الفكري في هذه الحقبة بعلماء متنقلين، كانوا يعملون في كثير من الأحيان من قبل مختلف حكام الولايات كمستشارين لأساليب الحكومة والحرب الدبلوماسية. انتهت هذه الفترة مع ظهور أسرة تشين وتطهير الصين من المعارضين لاحقاً. يذكر كتاب هانشو عشر مدارس رئيسية، هي:\n الكونفوشيوسية، التي تعلم أن البشر قابلون للتعلم والتحسين والوصول إلى لكمال من خلال المساعي الشخصية والمجتمعية وخاصة فيما يتعلق بتهذيب الذات وخلق الذات. الفكرة الرئيسية للكونفوشيوسية هي زراعة الفضيلة وتكوير الكمال الأخلاقي. الكونفوشيوسية ترى أنه يجب على المرء أن يتخلّى عن حياته إذا لزم الأمر –إما بشكل سلبي أو بشكل فعال- من أجل التمسك بالقيم الأخلاقية الأساسية للرين والـ يي.\n القانونية، في كثير من الأحيان تقارن مع المكيافيلليّة، والأساس هو للإمبراطورية الصينية البيروقراطية التقليدية، درس القانونيون الأساليب الإدارية، مؤكدين على توحيد واقعي لثروة وسلطة المستبدين والدولة.\n الطاوية، وهي فلسفة تؤكد على الجواهر الثلاثة الأساسية في التاو: الرحمة والاعتدال والتواضع، بينما يركز الفكر الطاوي عموماً على الطبيعة والعلاقة بين الإنسانية والكون؛ الصحة وطول العمر. وو وي (العمل من خلال التقاعس عن العمل). الانسجام مع الكون، أو مصدره (تاو)، هو النتيجة المقصودة للعديد من القواعد والممارسات الطاوية.\n الموهية، والتي دافعت عن فكرة الحب العالمي: اعتقد الموهيون أن «الجميع متساوون قبل الوصول إلى الجنة»، وأنه ينبغي على الناس السعي لتقليد الجنة من خلال الانخراط في ممارسة الحب الجماعي (أي حب الإنسان لأخيه الإنسان). ويمكن اعتبار نظريتها نظرية التجريبية المادية البدائية. لقد كانت تعتقد أن الإدراك الإنساني يجب أن يقوم على تصورات الفرد –تجارب الشخص الحسية كالبصر والسمع- بدلاً من الخيال أو المنطق الداخلي، عناصر تستند إلى القدرة البشرية على التجريد. شجع الموهيون على التكاسل، وأدانوا التأكيد الكونفوشيوسيّ على الطقوس التأملية والموسيقية، والتي وصفها بأنها مفرطة.\n الطبيعية، مدرسة علماء الطبيعة أو مدرسة يين يانغ، التي جمعت مفاهيم يين يانغ والعناصر الخمسة؛ يعتبر زو يانغ مؤسس هذه المدرسة.\n الزراعية، التي دعت إلى الشيوعية الفلاحية والمساواة. اعتقد الزراعيون أن المجتمع الصيني يجب أن يكون على غرار مجتمع الملك الحكيم شين نونغ، البطل الشعبي الذي تم تصويره في الأدب الصيني بأنه «يعمل في الحقول، جنباً إلى جنب مع أي شخص آخر، والتشاور مع الجميع عندما يتعين على أي قرار يمكن الوصول إليه.»\n المنطقية، أو مدرسة الأسماء، ركزت على التعريف والمنطق. يقال أن لها أوجه تشابه مع السفسطائيين القدماء أوالمجادلون اليونانيين.\n المدرسة الدبلوماسية، أو مدرسة التحالفات العمودية والأفقية، والتي ركزت على المسائل العملية بدلاً من أي مبدأ أخلاقي، لذلك شددت على التكتيكات السياسية والبلوماسية ومهارات الحوار. كان الباحثون من هذه المدرسة خطباء جيدين ومحاورين وأخصائيين.\n مدرسة المتفرقات، والتي دمجت تعاليم من مدارس محتلفة؛ على سبيل المثال، طلب لو بوي من العلماء من المدارس المختلفة كتابة كتاب يسمى «لوشي تشونكيو» بشكل تعاوني. حاولت هذه المدرسة دمج مزايا المدارس المختلفة وتجنب عيوبها المتصورة.\n مدرسة «المحادثات الصغيرة»، والتي لم تكن مدرسة فكرية فريدة من نوعها، ولكنها فلسفة مبنية على جميع الأفكار التي نوقشت ونشأت من الناس العاديين في الشارع.\n المدرسة العسكرية، درست استراتيجيات وفلسفة الحرب. ولكن هذه المدرسة لم تكن من بين المدارس التي حددها هانشو في كتابه.\n\nالصين الإمبراطورية المبكرة \nمؤسس أسرة تشين، التي تنتمي للمدرسة القانونية واعتبرتها الفلسفة الرسمية للإمبراطورية، وسحقت كل من المدرسة الموهية والكونفوشيوسية. ظلّت هذه المدرسة شرعية ومؤثرة بالإمبراطورية إلى أن تبنى أباطرة أسرة هان الطاوية والكونفوشيوسية فيما بعد كعقيدة رسمية. هذه المدرستان الأخيرتان أصبحتا القوة الحاسمة للفكر الصيني حتى ظهور البوذية.\n\nكانت الكونفوشيوسية قوية بشكل خاص في عهد أسرة هان، وكان دونغ تشونغشو أعظم مفكريها، حيث دمج الكونفوشيوسية مع أفكار مدرسة تشونغشو ونظرية العناصر الخمسة. كما كمان مروجاً لمدرسة «النص الجديد»، التي اعتبرت كونفوشيوس شخصية إلهية وحاكماً روحياً للصين، وحدث كما توقعت حيث بدأ تطور العالم نحو السلام العالمي. عل عكس ذلك، كانت هناك مدرسة النص القديم التي دعت إلى استعمال الأعمال الكونفوشيوسية المكتوبة باللغة القديمة (لهذا السبب تدعى بمدرسة النص القديم) والذي كان أكثر موثوقية بكثير. على وجه الخصوص، دحضوا افتراض كونفوشيوس كشخصية إلهية واعتبروه أعظم حكيم، ولكن ببساطة بشري.\n\nشهد القرنان الثالث والرابع ظهور (التعلم الغامض)، والذي يطلق عليه أيضاً الطاوية الجديدة. كان أهم الفلاسفة لهذه الحركة هم وانغ بي وشيانغ شيو وغوه شيانغ. كان السؤال الرئيسي في هذه المدرسة هو ما إذا كان الوجود قبل عدم الوجود. ومن السمات المميزة لهؤلاء المفكرين الطاويين -مثل الحكماء السبع- مفهوم فنغ لو (الريح والتدفق)، وهو نوع من الروح الرومانسية التي شجعت على اتباع الدافع الطبيعي والغريزي.\n\nوصلت البوذية إلى الصين نحو القرن الميلادي الأول، ولكنها لم تحصل على نفوذ أو اعتراف كبير حتّى في السلالات الشمالية والجنوبية وسوي وتانغ. في البداية كانت تعتبر جزءاً من المدرسة الطاوية، وكانت هناك أيضاً نظرية حول لاوزي -مؤسس الطاوية- الذي ذهب إلى الهند وقام بدراسة فلسفة بوذا. نشأت كل المدارس الهندية والطوائف الصينية المحلية في القرن الخامس. وكان كل من سينغزاو وداوشينغ أشهر الفلاسفة حينها. لكن ربما كانت أكثر أتباع هذه المدارس نفوذاً وأصالةً هي طائفة تشان، التي كان لها تأثير أقوى في اليابان مثل طائفة زن.\n\nالفلسفة الهندية القديمة \nالفلسفة الهندية القديمة هي مزيج من اثنين من العادات والتقاليد القديمة: التقليد الفيدي وتقليد السرامانا.\n\nالفلسفة الفيدية \nتبدأ الفلسفة الهندية بالفيدا حيث يتم طرح الأسئلة المتعلقة بقوانين الطبيعة وأصل الكون ومكان الإنسان فيه. يسأل الشاعر في نشيد ريفيديك الخلقي الشهير (Nasadia Sukta):\n\"من أين حصلت كل المخلوقات على أصلها،\n هو، سواء صممها أم لم يفعل،\n هو، الذي يشاهد كل شيء من فوق الجنة،\n إنه يعرف- أو ربما لا يعرف.\"\n\nفي النظرة الفيدية، ينسب الخلق إلى الوعي الذاتي للكائن البدائي (بوروشا). هذا يؤدي إلى التحقيق في الكائن الذي يقوم عليه تنوع الظواهر التجريبية وأصل كل شيء. يسمى النظام الكوني هيئة الطرق والمواصلات والقانون السببي من قبل الكارما.\n\nالفلسفة السمارية \nتعتبر المدرسة اليانية والبوذية استمرار للمدرسة السرامية. زرعت السرامية نظرة متشائمة للعالم واعتبرتها أنها مليئة بالمعاناة ودعت إلى التخلي عن التقشف. ركزوا على المفاهيم الفلسفية مثل أهيمسا والكارما وجنانا وسامسارا وموكسا. فلسفة الكارفاكا أو (الإلحادية) والمعروفة أيضاً باسم لوكاياتا، وهو نظام الفلسفة الهندوسية التي تفترض أشكال مختلفة من الشك الفلسفي واللامبالاة الدينية، سميت باسم مؤسسها كارفاكا.\n\nالفلسفة الإيرانية القديمة \nفي حين أن هناك علاقات قديمة بين الفيدا الهندية والأفيستا الإيرانية، تميزت العائلتان الرئيسيتان للتقاليد الفلسفية الهندية الإيرانية بالاختلافات الجوهرية في آثارها على مكانة الإنسان في المجتمع ورؤيتهما لدور الإنسان في الكون. غالباً ما ينظر إلى الميثاق الأول لحقوق الإنسان من قبل سايروس الكبير على النحو المفهوم في أسطوانة غورش على أنه انعكاس للأسئلة والأفكار التي عبر عنها زاراثوسترا والتي تم تطويرها في مدارس الفكر الزرادشتية من عصر الأخمينيين في التاريخ الإيراني.\n\nانظر ايضاً \n فلسفة يونانية\n أفلاطونية\n أفلاطونية محدثة\n مفهوم الخير والشر\n\nمراجع", "21 يونيو أو 21 حُزيران أو 21 يونيه أو يوم 21 \\ 6 (اليوم الحادي والعشرون من الشهر السادس) هو اليوم الثاني والسبعون بعد المئة (172) من السنوات البسيطة، أو اليوم الثالث والسبعون بعد المئة (173) من السنوات الكبيسة وفقًا للتقويم الميلادي الغربي (الغريغوري). يبقى بعده 193 يوما لانتهاء السنة.\n\nأحداث \n 217 ق م - قوات قرطاجنة بقيادة حنبعل تنصب كمينا للجيش الروماني بقيادة جايوس فلامينيوس وتلحق به الهزيمة في معركة بحيرة تراسمانيا خلال الحرب البونيقية الثانية.\n 1318 - وقوع «معركة البيرة» في غرناطة بين النصارى القشتاليين والمسلمين، وكانت نتيجة المعركة انتصار المسلمين.\n 1582 ـ انتحار الداي-ميو الياباني أودا نوبوناغا في «معبد هونو جي» في كيوتو.\n 1621 ـ إعدام 27 من النبلاء التشيك في ساحة المدينة القديمة في براغ في أعقاب معركة الجبل الأبيض.\n 1749 ـ تأسيس مدينة «هاليفاكس» في مقاطعة نوفا سكوشا الكندية.\n 1788 - ولاية نيوهامشير تصادق على الدستور الأمريكي لتكون الولاية التاسعة التي تصادق عليه، وبذلك أصبح الدستور وثيقة قانونية حاكمة على الأراضي الأمريكية.\n 1824 - القوات المصرية تستولي على «جزيرة بسارا» اليونانية الواقعة في بحر إيجة إبان حرب الاستقلال اليونانية.\n 1898 - الولايات المتحدة تستولي على جزيرة غوام من إسبانيا بلا مقاومة تذكر من حامية الجزيرة.\n 1854 - منح صليب فيكتوريا للمرة الأولى، وذلك أثناء قصف «بومارزوند» في جزر أولند.\n 1940 - القوات الألمانية تسيطر على كامل الأراضي الفرنسية وذلك في الحرب العالمية الثانية.\n 1941 - سقوط دمشق بأيدي القوات البريطانية وقوات فرنسا الحرة، وخلال الأيام التالية بسط الحلفاء سيطرتهم على سوريا واستسلمت قوات حكومة فيشي الفرنسية بموجب هدنة عكا التي وقعت لاحقا في 12 تموز.\n 1942 - الجنرال إرفين رومل يهاجم القوات البريطانية في طبرق بليبيا، وانتهى هذا الهجوم بالانتصار عليهم، واستسلام أكثر من ثلاثين ألف جندي للقوات الألمانية.\n 1958 - إعلان الجمهورية في موريتانيا.\n 1963 - الحكومة الفرنسية تعلن عن سحبها لقواتها البحرية من أسطول حلف شمال الأطلسي.\n 1976 - قوات الردع العربية تبدأ بالوصول إلى لبنان بعد قرار جامعة الدول العربية إرسالها لوقف الإقتتال الدائر هناك.\n 1981 - مقتل الدكتور مصطفى تشمران فيزيائي وسياسي ومن مؤسسي حركة أمل اللبنانية وأول وزير دفاع إيراني بعد الثورة الإسلامية في الحرب العراقية الإيرانية. \n 2003 - الجيش الإسرائيلي يغتال القائد القسامي عبد الله القواسمي، المطلوب الأول للاحتلال الإسرائيلي آنذاك.\n 2004 - مركبة الفضاء سبيس شيب وان تهبط بسلام بعد قيامها بأول رحلة خاصة مأهولة إلى الفضاء الخارجي والتي وصلت إلى الطبقات العليا من الغلاف الجوي.\n 2005 - اغتيال جورج حاوي في تفجير سيارته في لبنان.\n 2009 - جرينلاند تحصل على الحكم الذاتي تحت التاج الدنماركي.\n 2011 - الجمعية العامة للأمم المتحدة تعيد انتخاب أمين عام الأمم المتحدة بان كي مون لولاية ثانية تبدأ في 1 يناير 2012.\n 2016 - محكمة القضاء الإداري المصريَّة تقضي بِبُطلان تنازل الحُكومة المصريَّة عن جزيرة تيران لِصالح المملكة العربيَّة السُعوديَّة الذي تمَّ في شهر أبريل الفائت.\n 2017 - \n تدمير الجامع النوري مع منارته الحدباء التاريخية خلال معارك تحرير الموصل من سيطرة داعش.\n ملك المملكة العربية السعودية سلمان بن عبد العزيز آل سعود يعفي الأمير محمد بن نايف من جميع مناصبه ويعلن محمد بن سلمان وليًا للعهد.\n 2020 - كسوف شمسي لوحظ في معظم أنحاء أفريقيا وآسيا، بالإضافة إلى أجزاء من جنوب شرق أوروبا.\n 2021 - فوز حزب العقد المدني الحاكم في أرمينيا برئاسة نيكول باشينيان بالأغلبية في الانتحابات المبكرة لجمعية أرمينيا الوطنية.\n\nمواليد \n\n 598 - ثيودور الأول.\n 1002 - ليون التاسع.\n 1528 - ماريا من النمسا.\n 1535 - ليونهارت راوولف، طبيب وعالم نبات ألماني.\n 1639 - إنكريس ميذر، مؤلف ووزير أمريكي.\n 1646 - ماريا فرانسيسكا من سافوي.\n 1730 - موتوري نوريناغا، باحث وشاعر ياباني.\n 1759 - الكسندر جاي دالاس، محامي وسياسي أمريكي ووزير الخزانة الأمريكي السادس.\n 1764 - سيدني سميث، أدميرال وسياسي أنجليزي.\n 1774 - دانيال تومبكينس، محامي وسياسي أمريكي ونائب رئيس الولايات المتحدة السادس.\n 1884 - كلود أوكنلك، عسكري إنجليزي.\n 1887 - محمد عزة دروزة، مفكر وكاتب ومناضل قومي عربي شامي.\n 1891 - بيير لويجي نيرفي، معماري إيطالي.\n 1892 - سليمان نجيب، ممثل مصري.\n 1905 - جان بول سارتر، كاتب فرنسي حاصل على جائزة نوبل في الأدب عام 1964 (رفضها).\n 1914 - ويليام فيكري، اقتصادي كندي حاصل على جائزة نوبل في العلوم الاقتصادية عام 1996.\n 1925 - جيوفاني سبادوليني، رئيس وزراء إيطالي.\n 1929 - عبد الحليم حافظ، مغني مصري.\n 1940 - فاروق فلوكس، ممثل مصري.\n 1947 - شيرين عبادي، محامية إيرانية وناشطة في حقوق الإنسان حاصلة على جائزة نوبل للسلام عام 2003.\n 1951 - جيم دوغلاس، سياسي أمريكي.\n 1953 - بينظير بوتو، رئيسة وزراء باكستان.\n 1954 - عبد الرحمن رشاد، رئيس الإذاعة المصرية .\n 1955 - ميشيل بلاتيني، لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي.\n 1959 - زهير رمضان، ممثل سوري.\n 1964 - محمد خير الجراح، ممثل سوري.\n 1967 - ينغلوك شيناواترا، رئيسة وزراء تايلاند.\n 1969 - جمعان الرويعي، ممثل ومخرج بحريني.\n 1970 - جبران باسيل، سياسي لبناني.\n 1972 - نرمين الفقي، ممثلة مصرية.\n 1973 - جوليت لويس، ممثلة أمريكية.\n 1978 - كريستيانو لوباتيلي، لاعب كرة قدم إيطالي.\n 1979 - كوستاس كاتسورانيس، لاعب كرة قدم يوناني.\n 1982 -\n الأمير ويليام، دوق كامبريدج.\n ريما الشيخ، ممثلة سورية.\n 1985 -\n كريس ألن، مغني أمريكي.\n لانا ديل راي، مغنية أمريكية.\n 1987 - سيباستيان برودل، لاعب كرة قدم نمساوي.\n\nوفيات \n 870 - أبو إسحاق محمد المهتدي بالله، خليفة عباسي\n 1037 - ابن سينا عالم وشاعر وعالم فلك وطبيب وفيزيائي مسلم.\n 1208 - فيليب السوابي.\n 1305 - فينسيسلاوس الثاني ملك بوهيميا.\n 1377 - الملك إدوارد الثالث، ملك المملكة المتحدة.\n 1527 - نيكولو مكيافيلي، فيلسوف إيطالي.\n 1591 - لويجي غونزاغا، يسوعي إيطالي.\n 1874 - آندرز أنجستروم، عالم فيزياء سويدي.\n 1876 - أنطونيو لوبيز دي سانتا أنا، رئيس المكسيك الثامن.\n 1981 - مصطفى تشمران فيزيائي وسياسي وأول وزير دفاع إيراني بعد الثورة الإسلامية ومن مؤسسي حركة أمل اللبنانية\n 1885 - محمد أحمد المهدي، زعيم سوداني.\n 1908 - نيكولاي ريمسكي كورساكوف، موسيقي روسي.\n 1914 - برتا فون سوتنر، ناشطة سلام نمساوية حاصلة على جائزة نوبل للسلام عام 1905.\n 1929 - محمد بن حسين الخليفة، \tفقيه ومدرس سعودي.\n 1932 - حافظ إبراهيم، شاعر مصري.\n 1957 - يوهانس شتارك، عالم فيزياء ألماني حاصل على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء عام 1919.\n 1960 - أحمد الرمل، شاعر وخطيب ديني جعفري عراقي.\n 1967 - أمين سعيد، صحفي ومؤرخ سوري.\n 1970 - أحمد سوكارنو، رئيس إندونيسيا.\n 1986 - عاصي الرحباني، موسيقي لبناني.\n 1988 - محمد بن عبد الله الملحم، فقيه وأستاذ جامعي وشاعر سعودي.\n 2001 - سعاد حسني، فنانة مصرية.\n 2003 - عبد الله القواسمي، مجاهد وقائد عسكري فلسطيني.\n 2005 - جورج حاوي، سياسي لبناني.\n 2012 - راماز شينغيليا، لاعب كرة قدم جورجي.\n 2020 - أحمد راضي، لاعب كرة قدم عراقي.\n 2022 -\n باتريزيا كافالي، شاعرة إيطالية.\n غريب عسقلاني، كاتب وروائي فلسطيني.\n\nأعياد ومناسبات \n اليوم الوطني في جرينلاند.\n الانقلاب الصيفي في نصف الكرة الأرضية الشمالي، والانقلاب الشتوي في نصف الكرة الجنوبي.\n\nوصلات خارجية \n\n وكالة الأنباء القطريَّة: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.\n النيويورك تايمز: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.\n BBC: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.\n\nأيام ميلادية\nيونيو", "22 أكتوبر أو 22 تشرين الأوَّل أو يوم 22 \\ 10 (اليوم الثاني والعشرين من الشهر العاشر) هو اليوم الخامس والتسعين بعد المئتين (295) من السنة، أو السادس والتسعين بعد المئتين (296) في السنوات الكبيسة، وفقًا للتقويم الميلادي الغربي (الغريغوري). يبقى بعده 70 يومًا على انتهاء السنة.\n\nأحداث \n 1797 - أول محاولة ناجحة للقفز بالمظلة قام بها ‹أندري جاك غارنوران› مستعينًا بمنطاد هوائي.\n 1859 - بدء التدخل الإسباني في المغرب.\n 1873 - عقد تحالف بين الإمبراطوريات الألمانية والروسية والنمساوية المجرية.\n 1907 - الإعلان عن تأسيس الحزب الوطني المصري برئاسة مصطفى كامل.\n 1940 - إيطاليا تعلن الحرب على اليونان في الحرب العالمية الثانية.\n 1956 - اختطاف طائرة مغربية كانت تقل زعماء الثورة الجزائرية وهم أحمد بن بلة وخمسة من رفاقه.\n 1962 - الرئيس الأمريكي جون كينيدي يعلن في خطاب متلفز فرض حصار بحري وجوي على كوبا وذلك بعد أن نشر الاتحاد السوفيتي صواريخ نووية فيها وهو ما عرف بأزمة الصواريخ الكوبية.\n 1964 - الأديب الفرنسي جان بول سارتر يرفض استلام جائزة نوبل في الأدب.\n 1989 - النواب اللبنانيون يصادقون على اتفاق الطائف.\n 1990 - الجمعية الجغرافية الملكية البريطانية تكشف عن أن المنطقة المدمرة بيئيًا حول بحر آرال تمثل أسوأ كارثة بيئية في العالم، إذ توقع العلماء أن البحر سيتلاشى في غضون 25 سنة.\n 2001 - إسرائيل تغتال قائد كتائب القسام في نابلس أيمن حلاوة بعد تفخيخ السيارة التي كان يستقلها.\n 2008 - سفير الكويت لدى العراق علي المؤمن يقدم أوراق اعتماده إلى الرئيس العراقي جلال طالباني ليكون أول سفير كويتي في العراق منذ غزو العراق للكويت في 2 أغسطس 1990.\n 2015 -\n شاب سويدي يهاجم مدرسة في مدينة ترولهاتن السويدية ويقتل شخصين ويصيب آخرين ثم يُقتل أثناء محاولة اعتقاله.\n قوات أمريكية وكردية تقوم بعملية إنزال جوي على معتقل لتنظيم داعش قرب الحويجة وتحرر حوالي 70 معتقلا.\n 2017 - السلطات اليابانية تخلي أكثر من 380 ألف شخص من منازلهم تحسباً لإعصار لان.\n 2018 - العثور على سلسلة من الطرود المفخخة تستهدف معارضي الرئيس الأمريكي دونالد ترامب.\n2020 - إغتيال الشيخ محمد عدنان الأفيوني بانفجار عبوة ناسفة في سيارته.\n\nمواليد \n\n 1858 - محمد مجدي باشا، عالِم حقوقي مصري.\n 1870 - إيفان بونين، كاتب روسي حاصل على جائزة نوبل في الأدب عام 1933.\n 1881 - كلنتون دافيسون، عالم فيزياء أمريكي حاصل على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء عام 1937.\n 1903 - جورج بيدل، عالم أمريكي في علم الأحياء حاصل على جائزة نوبل في الطب عام 1958.\n 1915 - إسحاق شامير، رئيس وزراء إسرائيل السابع.\n 1919 - دوريس ليسينغ، كاتبة بريطانية حاصلة على جائزة نوبل في الأدب عام 2007.\n 1929 - ليف ياشين، حارس مرمى كرة قدم سوفيتي.\n 1938 - كرستوفر لويد، ممثل أمريكي.\n 1943 - كاترين دينوف، ممثلة فرنسية.\n 1949 - أرسين فينغر، لاعب ومدرب كرة قدم فرنسي.\n 1952 - جيف غولدبلوم، ممثل أمريكي.\n 1953 - فاطمة التابعي، ممثلة مصرية.\n 1958 - حسين القلاف، سياسي كويتي.\n 1964 - باول مكستاي، لاعب كرة قدم اسكتلندي.\n 1966 - سهير أياد، ممثلة عراقية.\n 1973 - أندريس بالوب، لاعب كرة قدم إسباني.\n 1975 - ميشيل سالغادو، لاعب كرة قدم إسباني.\n 1979 - هيفاء حسين، ممثلة بحرينية.\n 1980 - فاطمة الطباخ، مذيعة وممثلة كويتية.\n 1991 - عيسى ماندي، لاعب كرة قدم جزائري.\n\nوفيات \n 741 - كارل مارتل، مؤسس الإمبراطورية الكارولنجية.\n 1383 - الملك فرناندو الأول، ملك مملكة البرتغال.\n 1906 - بول سيزان، رسام فرنسي.\n 1941 - توفيق حبيب مليكة، صحفي وكاتب مصري.\n 1986 - ألبرت ناجيرابولت، عالم فيزيولوجيا هنغاري حاصل على جائزة نوبل في الطب عام 1937.\n 2001 - أيمن حلاوة، مجاهد فلسطيني وقائد كتائب القسام في نابلس.\n 2007 - إيف كوري، كاتبة فرنسية.\n 2008 - براك المرزوق، رئيس ديوان المحاسبة الكويتي.\n 2011 - الأمير سلطان بن عبد العزيز آل سعود، ولي العهد النائب الأول لرئيس مجلس الوزراء ووزير الدفاع والطيران والمفتش العام في المملكة العربية السعودية. \n 2012 - عفيفة إسكندر، مغنية عراقية.\n2020 - الشيخ محمد عدنان الأفيوني، داعية سوري ومفتي دمشق وريفها.\n2021 - سمير صبيح، شاعر عراقي.\n\nأعياد ومناسبات \n اليوم العالمي للتأتأة.\n\nوصلات خارجية\n\n BBC: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.\n النيويورك تايمز: حدث في مثل هذا اليوم.\n\nأكتوبر\nأيام ميلادية", "الكُتُب العظيمة تشير إلى منهج دراسي وقائمة كتب، وتشير كذلك إلى منهج تربوي اقترحه الفيلسوف آلان بلوم. مورتيمر أدلر وضع 3 معايير لوضع كتاب ما ضمن الأسفار العظيمة:\n أن يكون الكتاب ذو صلة بمشاكل وقضايا عصرنا.\n أن الكتاب لا ينضب، بمعنى أنه يمكن قراءته مراراَ وتكراراَ بفائدة.\n أن يكون الكتاب ذو صلة بعدد كبير من الأفكار العظيمة والقضايا الكبرى التي شغلت العقول على مدى الخمس عشرين قرناَ الماضية.\n\nتشكل الكتب العظيمة ركيزة أساسية في أدب الثقافة الغربية. تتراوح مجموعات محددة من الكتب العظيمة عادةً بين 100 و150 كتاب، لكنها تختلف حسب الغرض والسياق. فمثلًا، تُبنى بعض القوائم ليقرأها الطلاب الجامعيين في النظام الدراسي الفصلي الجامعي (130 كتاب، معهد توري أونورز)، يُجمع بعضها لبيعها كمجموعة مجلدات واحدة (500 كتاب، مورتيمر أدلر)، في حين تهدف بعض القوائم إلى النقد الأدبي الشامل (2400 كتاب، هارولد بلوم).\n\nالبداية \nجاءت هذه الفكرة نتاجًا لمناقشات جرت بين أكاديميين ومعلمين أمريكيين. بدأ هذه النقاشات في عشرينيات وثلاثينيات القرن العشرين البروفيسور جون إرسكين من جامعة كولومبيا حول موضوع تطوير نظام التعليم العالي من خلال العودة إلى المنهجية الغربية في تدريس الفنون الحرة المرتكزة على تغطية مجالات واسعة من المعرفة.\n\nمن الأكاديميين الذين ناقشوا هذا الموضوع: روبرت هوتشينز، ومورتيمور أدلر، وسترينغفيللو بار، وسكوت بوتشانان، وألكساندر مايكليجون. من بين آرائهم أن التركيز على مجالات تخصصية ضيقة في الكليات الأمريكية أضرت بنوعية التعليم وذلك بسبب الفشل في تعريض الطلاب لنتاجات وأفكار الحضارة الغربية.\n\nلقد كانوا على خلاف مع كلاَ من المؤسسات التعليمية القائمة في ذلك الوقت والنظرية التربوية المعاصرة. المنظرين التربويين أمثال سيدني هوك وجون ديوي لم يتفقوا مع الرأي القائل أن هناك تداخلاَ في التعليم، على سبيل المثال، دراسة الفلسفة والخطابة مفيدة في الطب والاقتصاد\n\nالبرنامج \nيُعد برنامج الكتب العظيمة منهجًا يستخدم قائمة نصوص الكتب العظيمة. يعتمد الطلاب قدر الإمكان على المصادر الأساسية. ينصب التركيز على مناقشة مفتوحة بتوجيهات محدودة من أستاذ أو مُيسر أو مدرّس. ويُتوقع من الطلاب أيضًا أن يكتبوا أوراقًا بحثية.\n\nدرّس البروفيسور إرسكين عام 1920 أول دورة دراسية تستند على برنامج «كتب عظيمة»، بعنوان «مرتبة الشرف العامة»، في جامعة كولومبيا. ساعد في صياغة منهجها الأساسي. ولكن، فشلت في البداية، بعد تقديمها بفترة وجيزة بسبب الخلافات بين أعضاء الهيئة التدريسية العليا حول أفضل الطرق لإدارة الفصول الدراسية وبسبب المخاوف من صرامة الدورات. لذا درس أعضاء هيئة التدريس الدنيا بمن فيهم مارك فان دورين ومورتيمر أدلر جزء من الدورة بعد عام 1923. أوقفت الدورة في عام 1928، ولكن أُعيد تشكيلها لاحقًا. غادر أدلر إلى جامعة شيكاغو عام 1929، حيث واصل عمله على هذا الموضوع، عقد ندوة سنوية مع رئيس الجامعة، روبرت م. هتشينز، عن الكتب العظيمة. عندما أعاد مارك فان دورين تصميم الدورة عام 1937، كانت تُدرس بالفعل في كلية سانت جون، أنابوليس، إلى جانب جامعة شيكاغو. أصبحت هذه الدورة لاحقًا العلوم الإنسانية (المستوى أ) للطلاب الجدد، وتطورت لاحقًا إلى الأدب الإنساني. على أي حال، يشمل الناجون: المناهج الدراسية الأساسية لكولومبيا، والأساسية العامة في شيكاغو، والمناهج الأساسية في جامعة بوسطن، ركز كل منها بشدة على «الكتب العظيمة» للمدونات المعتمدة الغربية.\n\nيُعد برنامج كتب عظيمة في الجامعة أو الكلية برنامجًا مستوحى من حركة كتب عظيمة التي بدأت في الولايات المتحدة في عشرينيات القرن الماضي. تهدف هذه البرامج إلى العودة إلى تقاليد الفنون الغربية المتحررة في التعليم، كتصحيح للتخصصات شديدة الانضباط المشتركة داخل الأكاديمية. العنصر الأساسي في هذه البرامج هو درجة المشاركة العالية في نصوص أساسية كاملة، تسمى الكتب العظمى. تتبع مناهج برامج الكتب العظيمة نصوص معتمدة تعتبر ضرورية إلى حد ما لتعليم الطالب، مثل جمهورية أفلاطون، أو الكوميديا الإلهية لدانتي. غالبًا ما تركز مثل هذه البرامج على الثقافة الغربية حصرًا. إن استخدامهم للنصوص الأساسية يملي نهجًا متعدد التخصصات، لأن معظم الكتب العظيمة لا تندرج بدقة تحت اختصاص نظام أكاديمي واحد معاصر. غالبًا ما تتضمن برامج الكتب العظيمة مجموعات مناقشة محددة بالإضافة إلى محاضرات، ولها أحجام فصول صغيرة. بشكل عام، يتلقى الطلاب في مثل هذه البرامج درجة عالية من الاهتمام بشكل غير طبيعي من أساتذتهم، كجزء من الهدف العام المتمثل في تعزيز مجتمع التعلم.\n\nمراجع \n\nفنون متحررة\nقوائم كتب\nكتب تعليمية\nمناهج\nمناهج تعليمية\nوسائل تعليمية", "أنس عبد الله فودة صحفي مصري ساهم في إطلاق وإدارة العديد من المواقع الإلكترونية الصحفية الكبرى باللغة العربية منذ العام 1998 ويتولى حاليًا رئاسة تحرير موقع الجزيرة.نت\n\nتخرج من قسم الصحافة بكلية الإعلام بجامعة القاهرة عام 1992، وبدأ حياته المهنية محررا بقسم التحقيقات بجريدة الأحرار المصرية وشارك في عدد من الحملات الصحفية المهمة مع بدء إطلاق الإصدرا اليومي للصحيفة.\n\nانتقل في العام 1994 للعمل محررا بجريدة المسلمون الدولية التي كانت تصدرها الشركة السعودية للأبحاث والتسويق التي تصدر عددا من المطبوعات المهمة الأخرى مثل جريدة الشرق الأوسط ومجلة المجلة ومجلة سيدتي، وفي العام 1997 أصبح مديرا لمكتب الجريدة في القاهرة\n\nومع قرار الشركة السعودية بإغلاق جريدة المسلمون العام 1998 انتقل للعمل في مجال الصحافة الإلكترونية العربية في وقت كانت فيه اللغة لعربية ضيفا جديدا على عالم الإنترنت، وشارك في البداية في إطلاق الموقع الإخباري الإلكتروني http://www.moheet.com الذي كانت تملكه شركة أرابيا إنفورم لتكنولوجيا المعلومات بالقاهرة\n\nقام خلال عمله بالشركة بتأسيس أو المشاركة في تأسيس وتحرير عدد من المواقع لاحقا من بينها:\n\n http://www.lakianti.com وكان أول موقع صحفي يومي موجه للمرأة العربية في ذلك الوقت [اختفى الموقع من الوجود حاليا]\n https://web.archive.org/web/20171003073008/http://www.awalnet.com/ وهو بوابة إلكترونية منوعة أطلقتها شركة أول نت التي تعد من أهم مزودي خدمات الإنترنت في السعودية\n في العام 1999 انضم إلى الفريق المؤسس لموقع https://web.archive.org/web/20180714172531/https://islamonline.net/ حيث ساهم برسم السياسة التحريرية لقسم الأخبار\n قام في العام 2001 بتأسيس موقع http://www.lailatalqdr.com والذي كان يقدم خدمة إخبارية موجهة للأقليات المسلمة حول العالم [اختفى الموقع من الوجود حاليا]\n وفي العام 2002 انضم إلى فريق موقع http://www.bab.com الذي أسسه الصحفي الدكتور عمار بكار الذي شارك أنس فودة العمل بجريدة المسلمون مراسلا للصحيفة من واشنطن\n ومع بدايات العام 2003 تشارك أنس فودة مع الدكتور عمار بكار التخطيط لإطلاق موقع العربية نت http://www.alarabiya.net والذي رأى النور مع بدايات العام 2004 برئاسة تحرير الدكتور عمار بكار وتولى فودة فيه مهمة مدير التحرير.\n وسرعان ما نجح الموقع في رسم هوية خاصة له بين المواقع الإخبارية على شبكة الإنترنت وفتح آفاقا جديدة لحرية التعبير في المواقع العربية نظرا لما قدمته التجربة من هامش حرية واسع تمثلت في نوعية الموضوعات التي يتم طرحها والسماح لأول مرة للجماهير العربية بالتعليق على الأخبار، وهي التجربة التي تحتذيها حاليا معظم المواقع العربية حاليا.\n مع النجاح الذي حققه الموقع في وقت وجيز والصعود المنتظم الذي حافظ عليه قامت مجموعة مركز تلفزيون الشرق الأوسط التي تملك قناة العربية بتأسيس إدارة للإعلام الجديد تولت الإشراف على كل مواقعها الإلكترونية تحت رئاسة الدكتور عمار بكار.\n بعد نحو 6 سنوات من تولي إدارة تحرير العربية.نت وبعد أن أصبح الموقع يحقق نحو مليون صفحة مزارة يوميا، انتقل في فبراير 2009 للعمل مديرا عاما لموقع إم بي سي.نت http://www.mbc.net الذي تملكه نفس مجموعة مركز تلفزيون الشرق الأوسط ويعبر عن مجموع قنواتها وإذاعاتها، ويقدم الموقع للقارئ معلومات ومتابعات صحفية لأهم الأعمال التي تقدمها قنوات MBC المختلفة باللغتين العربية والإنجليزية إضافة إلى خدمة مشاهدة حسب الطلب لكثير من الأعمال الدرامية والبرامج التي تملك MBC الحق الحصري لها.\n انتقل للعمل في شبكة الجزيرة الإخبارية عام 2013 حيث ساهم في وضع نواة إستراتيجية جديدة للإعلام الجديد.\n أسس موقع [هافينغتون بوست عربي] عام 2015 ورأس تحريره حتى نهاية عام 2017\n عاد مجددا إلى شبكة الجزيرة ليرأس تحرير موقع الجزيرة.نت منذ مطلع 2018 وحتى الآن\n\nرئاسته لتحرير هافينغتون بوست عربي \nانتقل في العام 2014 إلى لندن ليتولى منصب رئيس تحرير موقع هافينغتون بوست عربي والذي تم إطلاقه رسميا في حفل بلندن في 27 يوليو 2015 حضرته أريانا هافينغتون مؤسسة الموقع ومديرته، ووضاح خنفر المدير العام السابق لشبكة الجزيرة الإعلامية والمدير التنفيذي لشركة إنتيجرال ميديا ستراتيجيز التي أطلقت النسخة العربية.\n\nشارك في عدد من المؤتمرات والملتقيات الإعلامية في دول عربية عديدة مثل مصر والإمارات والكويت وسلطنة عمان للحديث عن الصحافة الإلكترونية العربية من زوايا عديدة مثل: التقنيات التحريرية الخاصة، مواصفات الصحفي الإلكتروني، الوعي بقضايا حقوق الإنسان في الصحافة الإلكترونية العربية، مواصفات الصحيفة الإلكترونية الناجحة، مستقبل الصحافة الإلكترونية في العالم العربي.\n\nاعتقاله في الإمارات \n\nفي يوم 27 يونيو 2013 تم توقيف أنس فودة في مطار دبي أثناء سفره منتقلا للعمل في شبكة الجزيرة بالدوحة، وتمت مطالبته بمراجعة الأمن الجنائي، وفي يوم 2 يوليو 2013 توجه أنس بصحبة موظف من القنصلية المصرية في دبي إلى مكتب التحريات في عجمان، حيث تم احتجازه بعد ذلك ونقله معصوب العينين إلى حبس انفرادي في أبو ظبي.\n\nوفي إفادته التي نقلتها عدة منظمات حقوقية وقنوات تلفزيونية قال فودة إنه خضع للتحقيق ليوم واحد قبل ليلة من الإطاحة بالرئيس المصري السابق محمد مرسي حيث وجهت له أسئلة عن طبيعة علاقته بجماعة الإخوان المسلمين، وقال فودة إنه لا ينكر هذه العلاقة ولكنه اعتبرها محدودة وتوقفت عند العام 1995، وقال إنه لم يخضع للتحقيق بعد ذلك لمدة 35 يوما حتى تم إطلاق سراحه والاعتذار له وترحيله إلى مصر، حيث فوجئ في الطائرة بوجود حملة إعلامية لمساندته.\n\nمعلومات أخرى \n أصوله من قرية الصنافين بمركز منيا القمح بمحافظة الشرقية ومن مواليد حي شبرا بالقاهرة في 1 مارس 1971\n متزوج وله من الأبناء بنت وولد\n كان خلال سنوات دراسته الجامعية ناشطا طلابيا وسياسيا تولى رئاسة اتحاد طلاب كلية الإعلام وشارك في تنظيم عدد من الفعاليات للتعبير عن رأي الطلاب في عدد من القضايا السياسية الخارجية والداخلية التي حدثت خلال فترة دراسته، مثل المظاهرات والاعتصامات التي أعقبت غزو الكويت وما تلاها من تحالف دولي بقيادة الولايات المتحدة لإخراج العراق، وأحداث الانتفاضة الأولى، وقضايا الحريات ونزاهة الانتخابات في مصر والتنكيل بالمعارضة السياسية، كما تبنى عددا من المطالب الطلابية المزمنة في مصر مثل وقف التدخل الأمني في الجامعات وإنهاء وصاية الأساتذة على مجالس الاتحادات الطلابية ووقف العمل باللائحة الطلابية للعام 1979.\n\nكان من أبرز ما قام به قيادة إضرابين طلابيين في كلية الإعلام أولهما كان احتجاجا على قيام قوات الأمن بقصف الطلاب داخل المدينة الجامعة بقنابل دخانية أوقعت إصابات وأدت لإصابة بعض الطلاب بالعمى، والثاني للمطالبة بتوفير مكان لائق للدارسة بالكلية التي كانت تعد الوحيدة من نوعها في العالم العربي حتى ذلك الوقت، وانتهى الإضراب الأخير بعد أن بدأ العمل الفعلي في بناء مبنى الكلية الذي كان حجر أساسه قد وضع قبل ذلك بخمسة وعشرين عاما.\n\nوصلات\n\nمراجع \n\nخريجو جامعة القاهرة\nصحفيو قناة العربية من مصر\nصحفيون مصريون\nمغتربون مصريون في الإمارات العربية المتحدة\nمواليد 1971", "أنشئت كلية الحقوق بجامعة عين شمس في سنة 1950 وفتحت أبوابها لاستقبال طلاب الفرقة الأولي في العام الدراسي 1950–1951 والذي بلغ عددهم 1276 طالباً ثم انتقلوا إلى الفرقة الأعلى وما أن تخرجت هذه الدفعة في العام 1953 – 1954 حتى زاد الإقبال على الكلية إذ بلغ عدد الطلاب بها في عام 53 -1954 6439 وبذلك أصبحت تسهم بنصيب كبير في ميدان دراسة القانون. ثم ازداد عدد الطلاب في السنوات الأربع إلى أن وصل في العام الجامعي 99 / 2000 إلى 25000 طالباً.\n\nنشأتها \nاختير أعضاء هيئة التدريس\nدريس بها عند إنشائها من بين أعضاء هيئة التدريس بكلية الحقوق بجامعتي القاهرة والإسكندرية وكان عددهم في ذلك الوقت أحد عشر عضواً ثم أخذ هذا العدد في الازدياد حتى بلغ في العام الجامعي 99 / 2000 تسعة وثمانون عضواً وهو عدد قليل بالنسبة إلى عدد الطلاب ومع ذلك فإنهم قاموا بعملهم خير قيام وما زالوا يقومون بمهمتهم بجد واجتهاد ولا يتوقف جهدهم عند حد التدريس بل يمتد إلى نشر الإنتاج العلمي في صورة مؤلفات عامة وذلك بجانب الأبحاث والدراسات المتخصصة التي يتم نشرها في مختلف المجلات القانونية والاقتصادية.\n\nنبذه عن الكلية:\nأنشئت كلية الحقوق بجامعة عين شمس في سنة 1950 وفتحت أبوابها لاستقبال طلاب الفرقة الأولي في العام الدراسي 1950- 1951 والذي بلغ عددهم 1276 ثم انتقل هؤلاء الطلاب إلي الفرقة الأعلى وما إن تخرجت هذه الدفعة في العام 1953- 1954 حتي زاد الإقبال علي الكلية، إذ بلغ عدد طلابها في عام 1953- 1954، 6429 طالباً. وبذلك أصبحت تسهم بنصيب كبير في ميدان دراسة القانون.\nويقوم أعضاء هيئة التدريس بالكلية ومعاونيهم بعملهم خير قيام وما زالوا يقومون بمهمتهم بجد واجتهاد، ولا يتوقف جهدهم عند حد التدريس، بل يمتد إلي نشر الإنتاج العلمي لهم في صورة مؤلفات عامة. وذلك بجانب الأبحاث والدراسات المتخصصة التي يتم نشرها في مختلف المجلات القانونية والاقتصادية والكلية منذ نشأتها تسعي جاهدة وبكل قوة إلي تفعيل إمكانياتها وقدراتها وإثراء خبرات طلابها معتمدة في ذلك كله علي الخبرات العلمية والفكرية لأساتذتها ومستندة في ذلك لكافة المستحدثات والأساليب العلمية والتكنولوجية إلي جانب الرؤي الاجتماعية الفاعلة من أجل خدمة كافة القطاعات والتخصصات.\n\nكما تسعي الكلية إلي تطوير برامجها ومقرراتها باستمرار واستحداث برامج ومقررات جديدة علي نحو يتناسب مع المتغيرات العلمية والأكاديمية. وفي هذا الإطار فقد وفق أعضاء هيئة التدريس بالكلية في إخراج مجلة في سنة 1959، تكون عنواناً جامعاً لنشاطهم العلمي، تصدر في عددين، الأول في يناير والثاني في يوليو من كل عام.\n\nوتحرص الكلية علي زيادة عدد أعضاء هيئة التدريس بها باختيار أوائل الخريجين في كليات الحقوق للتعين في وظائف المعيدين، للإيفاد في بعثات علمية، مع تمكين من لا تتاح لهم فرصة البعثة العلمية من السفر إلي الخارج في إجازة دراسته لاستكمال مؤهله. ولم يغب عن الكلية أن تمكن أعضاء هيئة التدريس بها من المشاركة في المؤتمرات العلمية. كما أن عدداً كبيراً منهم يساهم بطريق الندب والإعارة في مهمات قومية عامة في الدولة وفي الخارج تتصل بفروع تخصصهم.\n\nوتضم الكلية قسماً للدراسات العليا، أفتتح في مستهل العام الدراسي 1960 -1961 يقوم بالتدريس منه أساتذة الكلية يشاركهم في ذلك عدد من أساتذة الجامعات المصرية والأجنبية بوصفهم أساتذة زائرين في الكلية، بالإضافة إلي عدد من كبار الخبراء والمتخصصين. وقد أضاف هذا القسم جديداً في الدراسات العليا في القانون الدولي ودبلوم الدراسات العليا في القانون المقارن، ودبلوم الدراسات العليا في العلاقات الدولية، ودبلوم الدراسات العليا في قانون التجارة الدولية، ودبلوم الدراسات العليا في القانون الإجرائي، ودبلوم الدراسات العليا في القانون المدني.\n\nكما شهدت الكلية في العام الجامعي 93/1994 مولد منشأة علمية جديدة هي «مركز الدراسات القانونية والاقتصادية» الذي اريد به أن تكون بمثابة المركز الام الذي يتضمن قسم البحوث والدراسات القانونية والاقتصادية شاملا كافة الشعب التي تشتمل عليها دراسة القانون بمختلف فروعه وكذلك الاقتصاد والمالية العامة بالكلية وذلك بالإضافة إلي قسم التدريب المهني القانوني ويتولي الربط بين الدراسات النظرية والحياة القانونية العملية في مختلف جوانبها.كما تم إنشاء «مركز حقوق عين شمس للتحكيم» بالكلية بتاريخ 24/9/1997 كوحدة ذات طابع خاص وهو يستهدف توفير قاعدة علمية للنهوض بمجالات التحكيم والتسوية الودية للمنازعات، ويباشر المركز توفير الإمكانيات الذاتية التي تسمح لذوي الشأن بحل منازعاتهم، كما يقدم برامج متخصصة للتدريب والإعداد لأعمال التحكيم وتنظيم الدورات والمؤتمرات المتعلقة بالتحكيم والتعاون وتنمية الروابط مع مراكز التحكيم الأخرى في مصر والخارج.\n\nومع بداية العام الدراسي 1999 أنشئ لأول مرة نظام التعليم المفتوح ويتولي الأستاذ الدكتور/ عميد الكلية الإشراف علي لجنة التعليم المفتوح وعدد من الأساتذة المتخصصين في مجال البرامج المطروحة.\n\nو تمنح الكلية درجة الليسانس شعبة التعليم المفتوح بعد أن يختار الطالب بنجاح مقررات ثمانية فصول دراسية يدرس خلالها المواد الأصلية لتخصصات القانون المختلفة.\n\nوهذا القدر من التوفيق والنجاح الذي وافي الكلية إنما يرجع إلي الجهد المتواصل الذي يبذله أعضاء هيئة التدريس الذين عقدوا العزم علي السمو بكليتهم إلي أرفع المستوي، وإلي الجامعة التي عبدت للكلية كل طريق وذللت كل صعاب. وفي عام2003 تم افتتاح القسم الفرنسي لخريجي المدارس الثانوية الفرنسية وذلك لدراسة المواد القانونية باللغة الفرنسية ويمنح الطالب درجة الليسانس في الحقوق معتمدة من جامعة عين شمس وجامعة ليون 3 حيث تم توقيع اتفاقية مع هذه الأخيرة في هذا الصدد وبمقتضاه يحاضر في هذا القسم نخبة من أساتذة جامعة ليون 3 إلي جانب نخبة من أساتذة الكلية كما أنه في عام 2004 تم إنشاء قسم اللغة الإنجليزية وذلك لتدريس المواد القانونية بلغة إنجليزية ويتم منح الطالب درجة ليسانس الحقوق شعبة إنجليزية والهدف من إنشاء هذه الأقسام (الفرنسية والإنجليزية) هو محاولة تلبية سوق العمل التي تقتضي أن يكون الخريج ملماً بلغة أجنبية على الأقل.\n\nاهداف الكلية:\n\nتزويد المجتمع بخرجين أكفاء قادرين بشرف وأمانه.\n\nاستخدام أدوات العصر الحديث\n\nمواجهة المشكلات العملية والدوليه بحلول قانونيه عادله والمساهمة في التنمية وتطوير الفكر القانونى محليا وإقليميا وعالميا\n\nرؤيه الكلية:\n\nاعداد خرجين أكفاء لديهم ملكة قانونيه رفيعه المستوى تؤهلهم لتقديم حلول عادله للمشكلات وقادرين على تطوير الفكر القانونى.\n\nاختيار هيئة التدريس \nوتحرص الكلية على زيادة عدد أعضاء هيئة التدريس بها باختيار أوائل الخريجين في كليات الحقوق للتعيين في وظائف المعيدين وللإيفاد في بعثات علمية مع تمكين من لا تتاح لهم فرصة البعثة العلمية من السفر إلى الخارج من أجازة دراسية لاستكمال مؤهله العلمي، ولم يغب عن الكلية أن تمكن هيئة التدريس بها من المشاركة في المؤتمرات العلمية، كما أن عدداً كبيراً منهم يساهم بطريق الندب والإعارة في مهمات قومية عامة في الدولة وفي الخارج تتصل بفروع تخصصهم\n\nمكتبة الكلية \nكذلك تعني الكلية عناية بالغة بمكتبتها حتى تكون معيناً غنياً بمراجع البحوث في مختلف فروع القانون والاقتصاد والتخصصات ذات العلاقة وتضم هذه المكتبة حتى نهاية عام 1999 ثمانية وخمسون ألف مجلد باللغة العربية واللغات الفرنسية والإنجليزية والإيطالية والألمانية. كما تشترك في نحو مائة وخمس وخمسين مجلة ودوريات علمية بمختلف اللغات، كما تضم ثمانية وخمسون ألف كتاباً دراسياً لمرحلة الليسانس.\n\nأقسام تميزها\n\nالتعليم المفتوح \nومع بداية العام الدراسي 1999 أنشئ لأول مرة نظام التعليم المفتوح، ويتولى الأستاذ الدكتور عميد الكلية الإشراف على لجنة التعليم المفتوح وعدد من الأساتذة المتخصصين في مجال مواد البرامج المطروحة. وتمنح الكلية درجة الليسانس شعبة التعليم المفتوح بعد أن يجتاز الطالب بنجاح مقررات ثمانية فصول دراسية يدرس خلالها المواد الأصلية لتخصصات القانون المختلفة\n\nقسمي اللغة الفرنسية والأنجليزية \nوقد شهدت الكلية في العام الجامعي 2001 / 2002 مولد القسم الفرنسي بكلية الحقوق، ويقوم بالتدريس به نخبة من أساتذة الكلية بالتعاون مع أساتذة جامعة ليون بفرنسا.\nوأيضاً مع التطور في التعليم الجامعي الحديث كانت الحاجة ملحة لإنشاء القسم الإنجليزي، وقد تم إنشاؤه في العام الجامعي 2002 – 2003.\n\nقسم الدراسات العليا \nوتضم الكلية قسماً للدراسات العليا افتتح في مستهل العام الدراسي 1960 – 1961 يقوم بالتدريس فيه أساتذة الكلية يشاركهم في ذلك عدد من أساتذة الجامعات المصرية والأجنبية بوصفهم أساتذة زائرين في الكلية بالإضافة إلى عدد من كبار الخبراء والمتخصصين، وقد أضاف هذا القسم جديداً في الدراسات العليا في القانون في جمهورية مصر العربية بما ضمه من استحدثا دبلوم في العلاقات الدولية ودبلوم الدراسة العليا في القانون الدولي ودبلوم الدراسة العليا في القانون المقارن ودبلوم الدراسة العليا في قانون التجارة الدولية ودبلوم الدراسة العليا في القانون الإجرائي ودبلوم الدراسات العليا في القانون\n\nمباني الكلية \nوبالتوازي مع الخطوات المذكورة في ميدان مقوماتها العلمية عملت الكلية على استكمال مقوماتها المادية أخصها مبنى مناسب لحاجاتها. إذ إن مقرها الذي شغلته منذ إنشائها وهو جانب من مبنى كلية الهندسة بالعباسية كان عاجزاً عن مواجهة هذه الحاجات اتساعاً وصلاحية، وقد حققت الجامعة هذه الأمنية وتسلمت الكلية المبنى الجديد بالحرم الجامعي بحدائق سراي الزعفران واستقرت فيه بجميع أقسامها في سبتمبر 1961. وبالرغم من ذلك تعاني الكلية نقصاً شديداً في منشآتها نظراً لازدياد أعداد الطلبة ولتصدع أحد مدرجاتها الرئيسية بسبب زلزال عام 1992.\n\nأنشطة تتبعها\n\nمجلة العلوم القانونية \nوقد وفق أعضاء هيئة التدريس في سنة 2010 في إخراج مجلة علمية باسم «مجلة العلوم القانونية والاقتصادية» تكون عنواناً جامعاً لنشاطهم العلمي تصدر في عددين الأول في يناير والثاني في يوليو من كل عام وقد بلغت هذه المجلة سنتها الواحدة والأربعين. وقامت الكلية بجانب ذلك على نفقتها بطبع بعض مؤلفات أعضاء هيئة التدريس بها تقديراً لإنتاجهم العلمي ومساهمة منها في نشره.\n\nمركز الدراسات القانونية والاقتصادية \nوقد شهدت الكلية في العام الجامعي 93 / 1994 مولد منشأة علمية جديدة هي «مركز الدراسات القانونية والاقتصادية» الذي أريد به أن تكون بمثابة الأم التي يتضمن قسم البحوث والدراسات القانونية والاقتصادية شاملاً كافة الشعب التي تشتمل عليها دراسة القانون بمختلف فروعه وكذلك الاقتصاد والمالية العامة بالكلية وذلك بالإضافة إلى قسم التدريب المهني القانوني ويتولى الربط بين الدراسات النظرية والحياة القانونية العملية في مختلف جوانبها.\n\nمركز حقوق عين شمس للتحكيم \nكما تم إنشاء «مركز حقوق عين شمس للتحكيم» بالكلية بتاريخ 24 / 9 / 1997 كوحدة ذات طابع خاص.\n\nمركز حقوق عين شمس للبيئة والتنمية \nكذلك شهدت الكلية مولد إنشاء وحدة ذات طابع خاص تسمى مركز حقوق عين شمس للبيئة والتنمية تقدم خدماتها للمجتمع ويكون لهذا المركز استقلاله الفني والمالي والادارى.\n\nالمحكمة التدريبية \nيعتبر المشروع الأول من نوعه في مصر وربما في المنطقة العربية حيث يقوم المشروع على إعداد ما يشابه \n«المعمل القانوني» حيث يقوم الطلاب بالتدريب على إجراء المحاكمات الفعلية بما يثقل الجانب العملي والتدريبي عندهم ويربطهم بالجانب النظري الذي يدرسونه بالكلية\n\nمصادر \n\n موقع كلية الحقوق\n\nتأسيسات سنة 1950 في مصر\nكليات جامعة عين شمس\nكليات حقوق في مصر\nهيئات تعليمية أسست في 1950", "سام باس (21 يوليو 1851 - 21 يوليو 1878) هو لص قطارات وخارج عن القانون من الغرب الأمريكي القديم في القرن التاسع عشر. كان جزءًا من عصابة سرقت قطارًا يحمل 60 ألف دولار. شكل عصابته الخاصة به، ولكنه لم يحقق نجاحا مماثلا. توفي بعد إصابته بجروح في معركة بالأسلحة النارية مع جوالي تكساس.\n\nبدايات حياته \n\nولد صامويل باس في ميتشل، إنديانا في 21 يوليو 1851.\n\nحياة الجريمة \n\nحاول باس أن يكسب رزقه في عدد من المشاريع العادية التي لم تنجح، فتحول بعدها إلى الجريمة. انضم إلى عصابة سرقت قطارا يحمل الذهب ويتبع شركة يونيون باسيفيك للسكك الحديدية انطلق من سان فرانسيسكو في 18 سبتمبر 1877. واعترضت العصابة القطار في بيغ سبرينغز بولاية نبراسكا. سرقت السرقة العصابة 60,000 دولار في العملية. شكّل باس عصابته الخاصة بعد فترة وجيزة في تكساس، التي نظمت سلسلة من عمليات السطو. في عام 1878، سرقت العصابة عربتين وأربعة قطارات على محيط 25 ميلاً من دالاس. أصبحوا هدفا لمطاردة عملاء وكالة بينكرتون للمخبرين وفرقة من جوالي تكساس بقيادة الكابتن جونيوس بيك. وقعت إحدى عمليات السطو في ألين، تكساس خارج دالاس.\n\nالفخ \n\nتمكن باس من الإفلات من جوالي تكساس إلى أن تحول أحد أعضاء عصابته، ويدعى جيم ميرفي، إلى مخبر. وكان والد السيد ميرفي مريضاً جداً وقتها، وتم احتجازه للاستجواب. ولم يُسمح له بزيارة طبيب وحُرم من تلقي العلاج الطبي، ما جعل حالته تتدهور بسرعة. أرسل رجال القانون رسالة إلى ميرفي يبلغونه فيها أن والده رهن الاحتجاز عندهم، وأنه إذا لم يوافق ميرفي على مقابلتهم، فسيستمرون بمنع العلاج الطبي عن الأب. وافق ميرفي على الاجتماع، كما وافق على مضض أن يصبح مخبرا. تم إخطار المأمور جون بي جونز بحركات باس وأقام كمينًا في راوند روك، تكساس حيث خطط باس وعصابته لسرقة بنك مقاطعة ويليامسون.\n\nتبادل إطلاق النار والموت \n\nفي 19 يوليو 1878، كان باس وعصابته يستكشفون المنطقة قبل السرقة. اشتروا بعض التبغ في متجر، ولاحظهم نائب مأمور مقاطعة ويليامسون، ويدعى أ. و. غرايمز. اقترب غرايمز من الرجال ليطلب تسليمهم أسلحتهم، ولكن تم إطلاق النار عليه وقتله. حاول باس الهرب، ولكن أطلق عليه النار من قبل جوال تكساس جورج هيرولد والرقيب ريتشارد وير. شهد النصاب سوبي سميث (الذي كان يعيش في راوند روك وقتها) وابن عمه، إدوين، إطلاق وير للرصاصة. صاح سوبي: «أعتقد أنك نلت منه!» \n\nعُثر على باس لاحقا وهو يرقد في مرعى غرب راوند روك من قبل جيمس ميلتون تاكر نائب مأمور مقاطعة ويليامسون الجديد. تم احتجازه وتوفي في اليوم التالي في 21 يوليو 1878، في عيد ميلاده السابع والعشرين. دفن باس في راوند روك فيما يعرف الآن باسم مقبرة راوند روك. تم وضع شاهد بديل على قبره الآن – حيث عانى الشاهد الأصلي على أيدي جامعي التذكارات على مر السنين. وما تبقى من الحجر الأصلي معروض في مكتبة راوند روك العامة.\n\nالإرث \n\nهناك طريق سام باس في راوند روك، تكساس.\n\nخلال احتفال «يوم الحدود» في راوند روك من كل عام، يقوم الفنانون بإعادة تمثيل حادثة إطلاق النار في وسط المدينة القديم.\n\nالتصوير الدرامي \n\nتم تصوير باس في العديد من الكتب والبرامج الإذاعية والتلفزيونية والأفلام.\n تم تصوير أيام باس الأخيرة في حلقة من الدراما الإذاعية، أيام وادي الموت Death Valley Days، عام 1936.\n تم تصوير حلقة من مسلسل الحارس الوحيد عن سام باس في 24 أبريل 1944 وتصرف الكاتب بحرية على الحقائق.\n في عام 1949، لعب هوارد داف دور باس في فيلم «كالاميتي جين وسام باس» من إنتاج يونيفرسال.\n في عام 1957، لعب جون أندرسون دور باس في حلقة \"End of an Outlaw\" من المسلسل التلفزيوني الغربي Trackdown على سي بي إس.\n في عام 1959، لعب آلان هيل جونيور دور باس في حلقة \"The Saga of Sam Bass\" على مسلسل تلفزيوني Colt .45 على أيه بي سي ووارنر.\n\nمراجع\n\nمصادر \n\n Frontier Times - Outlaws: Sam Bass\n The Story of Sam Bass؛ Round Rock, Texas Historic Preservation Society\n \n Life and Adventures of Sam Bass, The Notorious Union Pacific and Texas Train Robber: Together with A Graphic Account of His Capture and Death, published 1878.\n\nوصلات خارجية \n\n The City of Allen's Video - The Great Allen Train Robbery- Story about the infamous first train robbery in Texas.\n\nأشخاص من دينتون\nأشخاص من ميتشل (إنديانا)\nخارجون عن القانون في الغرب الأمريكي القديم\nفلكلور أمريكي\nلصوص أمريكيون\nمواليد 1851\nمواليد في ميتشل (إنديانا)\nوفيات 1878\nوفيات في راوند روك (تكساس)" ]

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[ "A flustered woman is outside" ]

[ "A sharp looking woman stands on the street talking", "A woman is preparing food in her restaurant.", "The company stopped doing anything in 1996.", "A human playing", "Chicago largely small seminars based the pedagogic method on original works.", "A man is on a bike", "Starts getting closer to the point." ]

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[ "There are two people in this picture, and they are competing against each other." ]

[ "The two baseball players are shaking hands at the end of the game.", "He painted the outside of the house all the time.", "The dog is driving a car.", "There are lions to see.", "the brunette is wearing socks", "My husband works in telecommunications and dislikes health care discussions.", "The state government office cautioned that the verdict could cause women to not want to bring their cases to court." ]

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[ "Sunglasses are being worn by a girl." ]

[ "The girl is driving a tank.", "White ethics are no longer the dominant force.", "We are doomed for certain.", "Zallian stays intensely focused on one topic.", "Yes, I know about those two.", "I didn't think much of Poirot's calmness.", "A man is with other people." ]

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[ "A woman is wearing a red dress." ]

[ "The woman is walking a dog.", "A man drinks some water.", "The crowd was silent as he swung.", "The man is setting up a foam pool.", "A well dressed professor is using the projector to show the class their lesson in a powerpoint.", "A person speaking", "The various ethnic groups don't all share the same values as the Government." ]

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[ "A person is smoking on his lunch break" ]

[ "Eating while cooking and smoking with standing", "The bull is trying to throw the man off its back.", "Other Financing Resources are not revenues or gains.", "A dog plays with a pig in some mud.", "Clown not making some balloon animals", "America has been number one for so long that I don't think we should worry about the environment.", "People are floating over the sweets cafe." ]

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[ "Gabrielle (singer) Gabrielle (singer) Louisa Gabrielle Bobb (born 19 July 1969), known professionally as Gabrielle, is an English singer and songwriter. Bobb was born in Hackney, London. Known for her ptosis, the drooping of one eyelid, she released her debut single \"Dreams\" in 1993 which topped the UK Singles Chart the same year. Other singles include \"Going Nowhere\", \"Give Me a Little More Time\", \"Walk On By\" and \"If You Ever\" – a duet with East 17. After a few quiescent years Gabrielle made a comeback with \"Rise\", which became Gabrielle's second UK number one in 2000. The album of the same", "Dreams (Gabrielle song) number 2, which was the highest chart entry a debut female solo act had scored in the United Kingdom at that time. before reaching number one for three weeks in June 1993. The song also peaked at number 26 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart in the United States, while peaking at number-one on \"Billboard\"s Hot Dance Club Play chart. \"Dreams\" is widely seen as Gabrielle's signature song and its lyrics inspired as the title of her greatest hits compilation \"Dreams Can Come True, Greatest Hits Vol. 1\" (2001). The song was later sampled by the More Fire Crew on", "Gabrielle discography Gabrielle discography The discography of Gabrielle, an English singer, consists of six studio albums, three greatest hits compilations, twenty two singles and a number of other appearances. Her debut single \"Dreams\" topped the UK Singles Chart in June 1993. Other notable singles include \"Going Nowhere\", \"Give Me a Little More Time\", \"Walk On By\" and \"If You Ever\"—a duet with East 17. After a few fallow years, Gabrielle made a stunning comeback with \"Rise\", which became Gabrielle's second British number one in 2000. The album of the same name also reached the top spot in the UK Albums Chart, where", "Gabrielle (singer) name also reached the top spot in the UK Albums Chart, where it stayed for three weeks. \"Out of Reach\" from the soundtrack to the film \"Bridget Jones's Diary\" reached number four in the UK Singles Chart. Gabrielle's greatest hits collection, \"Dreams Can Come True, Greatest Hits Vol. 1\" was released in 2001. In June 1993, Gabrielle released her debut single entitled \"Dreams\". \"Dreams\" was co-written by Gabrielle and Tim Laws and Rachel and produced by Richie Fermie. The single reached number one on the UK singles chart for three weeks in June 1993 having entered the British charts at", "Dreams (Gabrielle song) Dreams (Gabrielle song) \"Dreams\" is a song by English singer Gabrielle. It was written by Gabrielle and Tim Laws. The song featured Annie Blake on backing vocals. Blake was an unknown singer from Greenwich, with whom Gabrielle went to school with. Blake never received payment for her backing. Dreams was produced by Richie Fermie for her debut studio album \"Find Your Way\" (1993). Originally, the song included a sample of the song \"Fast Car\" by Tracy Chapman, but because of copyright reasons the sample had to be removed. Released as Gabrielle's debut single, \"Dreams\" entered the UK Singles Chart at", "Gabrielle discography it stayed for three weeks. The successful \"Out of Reach\" from the soundtrack to the film, \"Bridget Jones's Diary\", reached number four in the UK Singles Chart. Gabrielle's greatest hits collection, \"Dreams Can Come True, Greatest Hits Vol. 1\" was released in 2001. Gabrielle discography The discography of Gabrielle, an English singer, consists of six studio albums, three greatest hits compilations, twenty two singles and a number of other appearances. Her debut single \"Dreams\" topped the UK Singles Chart in June 1993. Other notable singles include \"Going Nowhere\", \"Give Me a Little More Time\", \"Walk On By\" and \"If You" ]

[ "In Dreams: The Greatest Hits and then given to Virgin Records becoming Orbison's first release with his new label, \"In Dreams: The Greatest Hits\", in 1987. Executive Producer: Barbara Orbison In Dreams: The Greatest Hits In Dreams: The Greatest Hits is a two-record album set of Roy Orbison songs released in 1987 on Virgin Records. It was produced by Orbison and Mike Utley, except for the song \"In Dreams\", produced by Orbison with T-Bone Burnett and film director David Lynch. All songs are new recordings by Orbison from 1986, except \"In Dreams\" from April 1987. The original 1960s versions of these songs were hit records", "Greatest Hits (1985–1993) on Me\" and \"I Have Learned to Respect the Power of Love\". All five singles reached number one on the 'Billboard\" R&B singles chart. Greatest Hits (1985–1993) Greatest Hits: 1985–1993 is a compilation album by American recording R&B singer Stephanie Mills released in 1996. This is Mills fourth hits compilation and includes most of her hit singles released from her catalog on MCA Records. The album features \"Bit by Bit\" theme song from \"Fletch\" and \"Where Is the Love\" a duet with singer Robert Brookins, a song was originally recorded by Donny Hathaway and Roberta Flack. The hits album also", "In Dreams: The Greatest Hits In Dreams: The Greatest Hits In Dreams: The Greatest Hits is a two-record album set of Roy Orbison songs released in 1987 on Virgin Records. It was produced by Orbison and Mike Utley, except for the song \"In Dreams\", produced by Orbison with T-Bone Burnett and film director David Lynch. All songs are new recordings by Orbison from 1986, except \"In Dreams\" from April 1987. The original 1960s versions of these songs were hit records for Orbison when recorded on Monument Records from 1960 to 1964, with two exceptions. The first exception, \"Ooby Dooby\", was a hit for Orbison on", "Lips: Number One Hits Lips: Number One Hits Lips: Number One Hits is a karaoke video game for the Xbox 360 console, and the follow-up to the 2008 title \"Lips\". Like its predecessor, the game was developed by iNiS and published by Microsoft Game Studios. It was released in 2009 and received generally average reviews. Spin-offs of the game have also been released, including \"\" and \"\". \"Lips: Number One Hits\" features the use of motion-sensitive microphones, which is also compatible with other music video games such as \"\". The game is sold separately, and in packages including one and two microphones. Each copy", "Lips: Number One Hits of \"Lips: Number One Hits\" includes a redemption code for downloading one of three 5-song track packs for free. \"Number One Hits\" remains with the core of its patched predecessor, while offering some new features: The \"Lips: Number One Hits\" song list consists solely of songs that have reached the number one position on major global charts. In addition to this, players with a \"Lips\" save data on their hard drive will be able to select songs from the first game via a hot swapping feature. 40 master tracks are included on disc in \"Number One Hits\". Coldplay's \"Viva la", "Lips: Number One Hits Vida\" is featured as this game's theme song. Downloadable content for both games is also confirmed to be cross-compatible between both \"Lips\" titles. Some \"Lips\" DLC do not carry over \"Lips: Number One Hits\". one direction - one way or another \"Lips: Number One Hits\" received \"average\" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Reviewers noted great improvements in gameplay and scoring, and the inclusion of avatars throughout the game. However, \"Number One Hits\" was criticized for long menu load times, disc swapping between \"Lips\" titles, and the number of new achievements. Following the release of \"Lips: Number One", "Lips: Number One Hits Hits\", two additional titles were released specifically for European audiences. \"Lips: Deustche Partyknaller\" was released October 30, 2009 with 40 popular German language songs. \"\" was released November 13, 2009 with 35 Spanish language tracks. In December 2009, \"\" was announced, offering 40 new tracks popular from karaoke venues. It was released in Spring 2010. Lips: Number One Hits Lips: Number One Hits is a karaoke video game for the Xbox 360 console, and the follow-up to the 2008 title \"Lips\". Like its predecessor, the game was developed by iNiS and published by Microsoft Game Studios. It was released in", "ARIA Number 1 Hits in Symphony be presented in a way you have never experienced before.\" ARIA Number 1 Hits in Symphony ARIA Number 1 Hits in Symphony is the sixth studio album by Australian pop singer Anthony Callea. It features instrumentation by the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra. The album features a selection of tracks that have peaked at number 1 on the ARIA Charts. The album was announced in June 2017 and was released on 1 September 2017. Upon announcement, Callea said \"[These are] Songs that have not only been part of my musical landscape for the past 30 years but have resonated with so many", "ARIA Number 1 Hits in Symphony ARIA Number 1 Hits in Symphony ARIA Number 1 Hits in Symphony is the sixth studio album by Australian pop singer Anthony Callea. It features instrumentation by the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra. The album features a selection of tracks that have peaked at number 1 on the ARIA Charts. The album was announced in June 2017 and was released on 1 September 2017. Upon announcement, Callea said \"[These are] Songs that have not only been part of my musical landscape for the past 30 years but have resonated with so many of us – the ARIA charts don't lie.\" Callea will", "Greatest Hits (1985–1993) Greatest Hits (1985–1993) Greatest Hits: 1985–1993 is a compilation album by American recording R&B singer Stephanie Mills released in 1996. This is Mills fourth hits compilation and includes most of her hit singles released from her catalog on MCA Records. The album features \"Bit by Bit\" theme song from \"Fletch\" and \"Where Is the Love\" a duet with singer Robert Brookins, a song was originally recorded by Donny Hathaway and Roberta Flack. The hits album also includes Mills' biggest R&B charting singles: \"Home\", \"I Feel Good All Over\", \"Something in the Way (You Make Me Feel)\", \"(You're Puttin') A Rush", "ARIA Number 1 Hits in Symphony also perform a one-off show alongside the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra at Hamer Hall in Melbourne on 8 September 2017. Callea said: \"As a singer who craves the art of live performance, I could not think of anyone else I would want to collaborate with than the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra, not only for their grandiose live concert experience, but also a stunning recorded body of work. With one of the finest orchestras in the world conducted by my dear friend and album producer John Foreman and collaborating also with my own incredible band members, these iconic ARIA Number #1 hits will", "Sing 20 Number One Hits disc compilations over the years, the album in its original form wasn't released on CD until 10 October 2011 via the Northworld label. Side One Side Two Sing 20 Number One Hits Sing 20 Number One Hits is the tenth album by British pop group Brotherhood of Man. It was the first of two consecutive cover version albums by them. Released in 1980, it became the group's second biggest-selling album. This album was a departure from their previous albums in that it was made up of cover versions. The songs featured were all UK No.1 hits from the years 1974", "Twenty-one Number One Hits: The Ultimate Collection Buck Owens unless otherwise noted. Production notes Twenty-one Number One Hits: The Ultimate Collection 21 #1 Hits: The Ultimate Collection is an album by Buck Owens and his Buckaroos, released in 2006. Released shortly after his death, it is a single-disc compilation containing all of Owens' number one chart hits. In his Allmusic review, critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote \"...there is no other single-disc Buck CD that comes as close to offering as much of his best in one disc as 21 #1 Hits: The Ultimate Collection, and it's nice to finally have such a collection in his catalog after", "Twenty-one Number One Hits: The Ultimate Collection Twenty-one Number One Hits: The Ultimate Collection 21 #1 Hits: The Ultimate Collection is an album by Buck Owens and his Buckaroos, released in 2006. Released shortly after his death, it is a single-disc compilation containing all of Owens' number one chart hits. In his Allmusic review, critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote \"...there is no other single-disc Buck CD that comes as close to offering as much of his best in one disc as 21 #1 Hits: The Ultimate Collection, and it's nice to finally have such a collection in his catalog after such a long wait.\" All songs by", "Sing 20 Number One Hits Sing 20 Number One Hits Sing 20 Number One Hits is the tenth album by British pop group Brotherhood of Man. It was the first of two consecutive cover version albums by them. Released in 1980, it became the group's second biggest-selling album. This album was a departure from their previous albums in that it was made up of cover versions. The songs featured were all UK No.1 hits from the years 1974 to 1980. The album was released in November 1980 on Warwick Records (United Kingdom) and reached No.14 in the UK Album Charts. It became the group's second", "Hits I Missed...And One I Didn't Hits I Missed...And One I Didn't Hits I Missed...And One I Didn't is the 59th and final studio album by American country music singer George Jones, released in 2005. Originally conceived as \"songs I wished I had recorded,\" Jones recorded eleven songs that included many he had passed on over the years that went on to become hits for other artists. The album includes his first ever \"duet video\" with Dolly Parton on the Hank Williams, Jr. penned \"The Blues Man\"; the song chronicles the life of a singer not unlike Jones himself. The one hit he did not miss,", "Rock and Roll Dreams Come Through Rock and Roll Dreams Come Through \"Rock and Roll Dreams Come Through\" is a song composed and written by Jim Steinman. It was first featured on Steinman's 1981 solo album \"Bad for Good\", with lead vocals by an uncredited Rory Dodd (though the song is credited to Steinman). It was later recorded by Meat Loaf, and released in 1993 as the third single from the album \"\". Both the Steinman original and the Meat Loaf remake were Top 40 hits. Steinman's version hit number 32 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, number 29 on the \"Cash Box\" Top 100, and number", "Greatest Hits: Decade Number 1 Sinatra's 2008 collection \"Nothing but the Best\" rebounded to number three in August 2012. On the Top Country Albums chart, Underwood scored her fifth consecutive number one bow, of five career releases, as \"Greatest Hits: Decade #1\" debuted atop the chart. She is only the second artist to arrive with five number one debuts on Top Country Albums (which premiered in 1964), with Miranda Lambert being the other one. Underwood is first female artist to debut at number one on the Top Country Albums chart with a greatest hits album since Shania Twain's \"Greatest Hits\" had 11 weeks on top", "The Greatest Hits (1993 Boney M. album) \"The Greatest Hits\" reached number 14 on the UK Albums Chart in early 1993, which made it Boney M.'s highest charting album since 1980's \"The Magic of Boney M. – 20 Golden Hits\". UK CD The Greatest Hits (1993 Boney M. album) The Greatest Hits is a greatest hits album by Boney M., released in 1993. It is the UK version of BMG's \"Gold – 20 Super Hits\", with alternate album art and a slightly different track listing. Besides Boney M.'s best known hits like \"Daddy Cool\", \"Ma Baker\" and \"Rivers of Babylon\", this fourteen track compilation also includes the", "Greatest Hits (Andy Williams album) Greatest Hits (Andy Williams album) Greatest Hits is a live album by American pop singer Andy Williams that was digitally recorded live in concert at the Andy Williams Moon River Theater in Branson, Missouri in 1993 and released by the LaserLight division of Delta Music Inc. in 1994. It includes performances of songs that he had previously recorded during his time with the Cadence and Columbia labels as well as one he had never recorded before -- \"L-O-V-E\", which Nat King Cole took to number 81 pop and number 17 Easy Listening in \"Billboard\" magazine in 1964. The concert was", "Dreams in Colour 11-song track list as \"Dreams in Colour\" in addition to seven additional live tracks as follows: Dreams in Colour Dreams in Colour is the third album released by Portuguese pop–rock singer David Fonseca. It was released in Portugal on October 8, 2007 to critical and commercial acclaim. Previously, the single \"Superstars\" had been released. The second single was \"Rocket Man (I Think It's Going To Be A Long, Long Time)\" a cover version of Elton John and Bernie Taupin classic \"Rocket Man\". The video went out on 17 November. The third single, a slow-tempo one, \"Kiss Me, Oh Kiss Me\"", "Greatest Hits: Decade Number 1 Greatest Hits: Decade Number 1 Greatest Hits: Decade #1 is the first greatest hits album by American singer Carrie Underwood, released on December 9, 2014, by Arista Nashville. A two-disc set, the release contains every single from Underwood's first four studio albums: \"Some Hearts\" (2005), \"Carnival Ride\" (2007), \"Play On\" (2009), and \"Blown Away\" (2012), except \"Some Hearts\" from its album of the same name. Two newly recorded songs were included: \"Something in the Water\" and \"Little Toy Guns\". The album also contains four additional tracks. The compilation debuted at number four on the \"Billboard\" 200 and at number one", "Greatest Hits: Decade Number 1 from November 2004 to January 2005. In the United Kingdom, the collection debuted at number two on the Country Compilation Album chart and a year later it reached number one, on November 13, 2015. Credits adapted from AllMusic Greatest Hits: Decade Number 1 Greatest Hits: Decade #1 is the first greatest hits album by American singer Carrie Underwood, released on December 9, 2014, by Arista Nashville. A two-disc set, the release contains every single from Underwood's first four studio albums: \"Some Hearts\" (2005), \"Carnival Ride\" (2007), \"Play On\" (2009), and \"Blown Away\" (2012), except \"Some Hearts\" from its album of", "Dreams (1993 film) Dreams (1993 film) Dreams or () is a 1993 Russian fantastical absurdist comedy directed by Karen Shakhnazarov and Alexander Borodyansky. ... Russia, end of the 19th century. Countess Prizorova suffers from strange dreams. In them the Countess becomes a dishwasher by the name of Masha Stepanova who works in a dirty Moscow eatery in 1993. Count Prizorov, alarmed by his wife's condition, refers first to a famous doctor, and then, well, to a medium Monsieur Renoir. After the \"magical\" psychic session Prizorov explains that his wife has a prophetic gift: she dreams about what would happen in Russia a hundred", "In My Wildest Dreams on his next album, \"All I Need to Know\". Chesney also re-recorded \"The Tin Man\" in 2000 for his first \"Greatest Hits\" album, and released the new rendition as a single that year. In My Wildest Dreams In My Wildest Dreams is the debut studio album by American country music artist Kenny Chesney. It was released in 1994 on Capricorn Records. The title track was previously recorded by Aaron Tippin on his 1991 debut album \"You've Got to Stand for Something\", while \"I Want My Rib Back\" was originally recorded by Keith Whitley on his album \"Kentucky Bluebird\". This album", "Sing 20 Number One Hits biggest selling album, remaining in the top 20 over Christmas 1980. It was awarded a gold disc for sales of over 100,000 by the BPI on 17 December 1980. This was the group's first album (of two) for Warwick Records, which released a series of albums alongside this by various other artists in the lead up to Christmas - \"Sing 20 Number One Hits\" being one of the most successful of these. The album also reached No.29 in the New Zealand album charts in May 1981. This album, like the group's previous albums was produced by manager Tony Hiller. Commenting", "Artists with the most number-ones on the U.S. Dance Club Songs chart singer and songwriter Kristine W has achieved seventeen number-one songs on the chart, and ranks eighth among the top 100 Dance Club Songs Artists overall. She first topped the chart with her debut single, \"Feel What You Want\", in 1994. She followed it up with her second and third hits in 1996: \"One More Try\" in May and \"Land of the Living\" in November, which spent two weeks atop the chart. Between 2000 and 2005, the singer achieved six more number-ones: \"Stronger\", \"Lovin' You\", \"Some Lovin (Murk vs. Kristine W), \"Fly Again\", \"Save My Soul\", and \"The Wonder of It", "Dreams in Colour Dreams in Colour Dreams in Colour is the third album released by Portuguese pop–rock singer David Fonseca. It was released in Portugal on October 8, 2007 to critical and commercial acclaim. Previously, the single \"Superstars\" had been released. The second single was \"Rocket Man (I Think It's Going To Be A Long, Long Time)\" a cover version of Elton John and Bernie Taupin classic \"Rocket Man\". The video went out on 17 November. The third single, a slow-tempo one, \"Kiss Me, Oh Kiss Me\" received a considerable airplay on Portuguese radio stations. This is a DVD that contains the same", "These Dreams it. Heart had just recently signed with Capitol Records. While the band had previously recorded their own material, they were impressed by \"These Dreams\" and agreed to use it on their upcoming album. \"These Dreams\" was different from earlier Heart songs: it was a polished, power ballad; and it was the first Heart single on which Nancy Wilson performed lead vocals instead of Ann Wilson. According to \"The Billboard Book of Number One Hits\" by Fred Bronson, when it came time for Nancy Wilson to record her vocal, she was suffering from a cold and her voice sounded somewhat raspy", "Sonia (singer) in 2010. Sonia (singer) Sonia (born Sonia Evans; 13 February 1971) is an English pop singer from Liverpool. She is perhaps best known for her 1989 UK number one hit \"You'll Never Stop Me Loving You\" and for representing the United Kingdom in the 1993 Eurovision Song Contest, where she finished second with the song \"Better the Devil You Know\". Between 1989 and 1993, she had 11 UK Top 30 hits, including \"Listen to Your Heart\" (1989), \"Counting Every Minute\" (1990) and \"Only Fools (Never Fall in Love)\" (1991). In 1994, she starred as Sandy in a West End revival", "Sonia (singer) Sonia (singer) Sonia (born Sonia Evans; 13 February 1971) is an English pop singer from Liverpool. She is perhaps best known for her 1989 UK number one hit \"You'll Never Stop Me Loving You\" and for representing the United Kingdom in the 1993 Eurovision Song Contest, where she finished second with the song \"Better the Devil You Know\". Between 1989 and 1993, she had 11 UK Top 30 hits, including \"Listen to Your Heart\" (1989), \"Counting Every Minute\" (1990) and \"Only Fools (Never Fall in Love)\" (1991). In 1994, she starred as Sandy in a West End revival of the", "Only One Road reached top ten in the United Kingdom and Ireland, peaking at number eight in both countries. It was later included on Dion's greatest hits albums, \"The Collector's Series, Volume One\" (2000) and \"\" (2008). The song was covered by American singer and actor, Billy Porter and included on the Human Rights Campaign compilation album, \"Love Rocks\" (2005). Only One Road \"Only One Road\" is a song by Canadian singer Celine Dion, taken from her third English-language studio album, \"The Colour of My Love\" (1993). It was written by Peter Zizzo and produced by Ric Wake. \"Only One Road\" was released", "Rise Me Rise Me Rise Me (stylized as Rise me) is the eighth studio album by Japanese singer Shizuka Kudo. It was released on April 1, 1993, through Pony Canyon. \"Rise Me\" is Kudo's last album to be produced by Tsugutoshi Gotō. It yielded Kudo's best-selling single, \"Dōkoku\". \"Rise Me\" debuted at number three on the Oricon Albums Chart, with 58,000 units sold in its first week. The album dropped four positions to number seven on its second week, with 41,000 copies sold. It stayed at number seven the following week, selling 24,000 copies. \"Rise Me\" charted in the top 100 for", "Looking Out for Number One Looking Out for Number One \"Looking Out for Number One\" is a single by American singer Laura Branigan. It was to have been the second single from her scheduled debut album, which is commonly referred to as \"Silver Dreams\". The album was canceled due to a contract lawsuit with her management and to this day remains unreleased officially. However a selection of the tracks, including this single, were later included on a re-release of the \"Branigan\" album. The song was released as a promotional single issued to radio stations as an edited 45RPM EP (w/ Stereo & Mono sides) and", "Looking Out for Number One has been officially released on an album. Looking Out for Number One \"Looking Out for Number One\" is a single by American singer Laura Branigan. It was to have been the second single from her scheduled debut album, which is commonly referred to as \"Silver Dreams\". The album was canceled due to a contract lawsuit with her management and to this day remains unreleased officially. However a selection of the tracks, including this single, were later included on a re-release of the \"Branigan\" album. The song was released as a promotional single issued to radio stations as an edited 45RPM", "Together in Electric Dreams in 1981, which helped the single become number one in the United Kingdom and United States. For the film \"Electric Dreams\", Barron wanted to emulate the huge success of the film \"Flashdance\" a year earlier. \"Flashdance\" had used the electronic music of Giorgio Moroder, so Barron enlisted Moroder as director of music, who wrote most of the score. Barron wanted the end credits to roll to \"an emotional\" song in the same way as \"Flashdance\" had done. Moroder wrote \"Together in Electric Dreams\" as a male solo vocal, and Barron suggested his former associate Philip Oakey for the part. After", "Dreams Come True (band) ten months since their last number-one single \"Asa ga Mata Kuru\". The song also appears on the band's most recent album, \"Do You Dreams Come True?.\" The album is available in three versions: A single disc version, containing the main album; a second that adds \"Greatest Hits: The Soul 2\", a sequel to their 2000 greatest-hits package; and a third that adds a live DVD, \"Winter Fantasia 2008.\" Their DVD and Blu-Ray of their 20th Anniversary tour is one of the first concert videos to be filmed with the RED One high-definition camera. In 2010, they released their download only", "Dreams (2000 film) a box office success. Karyal believes that the film is technically well-made and it did not click because he was forced to make some compromises in the climax. And the other highlight of the film was actress Meena's performance . Music: Vidyasagar, Lyrics: Gireesh Puthenchery Dreams (2000 film) Dreams is a Malayalam film released in the year 2000. The film stars Suresh Gopi, Meena, Abbas, Rahman and others. The movie is directed by Shajoon Kariyal and produced by Kerala Pictures. The music is by Vidyasagar. The film was one of the most successful films of 2000. Nirmala Mathan (Meena) seeks", "Dreams (2000 film) Dreams (2000 film) Dreams is a Malayalam film released in the year 2000. The film stars Suresh Gopi, Meena, Abbas, Rahman and others. The movie is directed by Shajoon Kariyal and produced by Kerala Pictures. The music is by Vidyasagar. The film was one of the most successful films of 2000. Nirmala Mathan (Meena) seeks vengeance for the mysterious death of her lover Shiva (Abbas). Meena suspect Dr. Roy (Suresh Gopi), who wanted to marry her. She woos him hoping to trap him in her own fabricated murder. Shiva's murder unfolds, and Dr. Roy's innocence is proven. The film was", "Reflected: Greatest Hits Vol. 2 It entered Billboard's Top Country Albums chart at number one. On November 14, 2007, the album was certified 2 x Platinum in the US. Reflected: Greatest Hits Vol. 2 entered the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200 chart at #2, his ninth top ten debut, and entered the Top Country Albums number-one album at #1, his eighth number one. Reflected: Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Reflected: Greatest Hits Vol. 2 is the second greatest hits album by American country music singer Tim McGraw, the first having been released in 2000. It was released on March 28, 2006. Most of the tracks were recorded after", "Dreams, Dreams, Dreams Dreams, Dreams, Dreams Dreams, Dreams, Dreams is the sixth album by the Canadian rock band Chilliwack. This was the eighth album (including two as The Collectors) done by the band's core of Bill Henderson, Glenn Miller and Ross Turney, and the third with Howard Froese. After Chilliwack's failure to find an audience with \"Rockerbox\", this album (with the same lineup) marked the band's return to the top 10 in Canada with \"Fly at Night\" (which also charted in the US, at #75), while \"California Girl\" and \"Baby Blue\" were also Top 40 hits there. \"Rain-O\" was a remake of Chilliwack's", "In Dreams (Roy Orbison song) five months while Orbison toured sharing billing with the Beatles. It gained notability again in 1987 when Orbison released a re-recorded anthology of his greatest hits; the year prior David Lynch had used the song provocatively in his dark thriller \"Blue Velvet\", helping to revive Orbison's career. The theme of the song was interwoven in similar compositions throughout his tenure as a musician. As a result, several collections of Orbison's music share the title of the song. \"Rolling Stone\" listed \"In Dreams\" at number 319 of their 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In 1956, Roy Orbison was signed to", "Rise Me ten weeks, selling a reported total of 183,000 copies during its run. It ranked at number 99 on the year-end Oricon Albums Chart. ! scope=\"row\"| Japan (RIAJ) Rise Me Rise Me (stylized as Rise me) is the eighth studio album by Japanese singer Shizuka Kudo. It was released on April 1, 1993, through Pony Canyon. \"Rise Me\" is Kudo's last album to be produced by Tsugutoshi Gotō. It yielded Kudo's best-selling single, \"Dōkoku\". \"Rise Me\" debuted at number three on the Oricon Albums Chart, with 58,000 units sold in its first week. The album dropped four positions to number seven", "Hits+ UK of 62,000 were more than those of her album \"Impossible Princess\" (1998). Hits+ Hits+ is the second compilation album by Australian recording artist Kylie Minogue, which was released on 7 November 2000 by Deconstruction Records. The album was the last compilation album which was released by the record label at the time, because Minogue had released her then Parlophone album \"Light Years\" (2000). The album peaked at number sixty-three in Australia on the ARIA albums chart. The album missed the top forty in the UK, only peaking at number forty-one on the UK Albums Chart. According to Minogue, the", "Hits+ Hits+ Hits+ is the second compilation album by Australian recording artist Kylie Minogue, which was released on 7 November 2000 by Deconstruction Records. The album was the last compilation album which was released by the record label at the time, because Minogue had released her then Parlophone album \"Light Years\" (2000). The album peaked at number sixty-three in Australia on the ARIA albums chart. The album missed the top forty in the UK, only peaking at number forty-one on the UK Albums Chart. According to Minogue, the reason why it was a real disappointment was the album is seen merely", "Greatest Hits: Straight Up! Greatest Hits: Straight Up! Greatest Hits: Straight Up! is the second greatest hits compilation by singer Paula Abdul. The album was released on May 8, 2007. The album contains Abdul's 6 U.S. number-one singles. This compilation also includes the top-20 single \"Will You Marry Me?\" which was left off her 2000 album, but excludes the track \"Crazy Love\". Like its predecessor album, \"Greatest Hits: Straight Up!\" did not chart on the \"Billboard\" 200 (though it did chart near the bottom of the R&B Albums chart). As well as containing Abdul's hits, it includes the \"Head Over Heels\" album tracks \"If", "Greatest Hits (2000 Ace of Base album) Greatest Hits (2000 Ace of Base album) Greatest Hits is a compilation album by the Swedish group Ace of Base. \"Greatest Hits\" was the North American counterpart to the international album, \"Singles of the 90s\". \"Greatest Hits\" was released by Arista Records in March 2000, fulfilling their contractual obligations with the group and ending their relationship. It contained a track error on \"The Sign\" (which cut one second from the beginning of the song) and only one new track, \"C'est La Vie (Always 21)\", which was also featured on \"Singles Of The 90s\" along with two other new tracks. \"Life", "Hits and More Hits and More Hits and More is the second greatest hits package released by American country music singer Martina McBride. It was released on January 16, 2012 in the United Kingdom and January 17, 2012 in the United States. It will be the final release under her contract with RCA Records. The album spans between 1993 and 2009, from her second album \"The Way That I Am\" to her tenth, \"Shine\". It also includes three of the four new songs from her previous hits compilation, \"Greatest Hits\", and unlike that album it includes songs from \"Martina\", \"Waking Up Laughing\" and", "Simple Dreams the release of their first \"Trio\" album.) Simple Dreams Simple Dreams is the eighth studio album by the American rock singer-songwriter Linda Ronstadt, released by Asylum Records. One of the most successful albums of Ronstadt's career, \"Simple Dreams\" spent five successive weeks at number 1 on the \"Billboard\" album chart in late 1977, displacing Fleetwood Mac's \"Rumours\" after it had held that position for a record-breaking 29 weeks. It also knocked Elvis Presley out of the number 1 position on the \"Billboard\" Country Albums chart after \"The King\" had held it for fifteen consecutive weeks following his death in August.", "Simple Dreams Simple Dreams Simple Dreams is the eighth studio album by the American rock singer-songwriter Linda Ronstadt, released by Asylum Records. One of the most successful albums of Ronstadt's career, \"Simple Dreams\" spent five successive weeks at number 1 on the \"Billboard\" album chart in late 1977, displacing Fleetwood Mac's \"Rumours\" after it had held that position for a record-breaking 29 weeks. It also knocked Elvis Presley out of the number 1 position on the \"Billboard\" Country Albums chart after \"The King\" had held it for fifteen consecutive weeks following his death in August. It won the Grammy Award for Best", "Hits I Missed...And One I Didn't the song. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic writes of the LP: \"The nicest thing about the album is that the arrangements are pure enough that it's easy to envision how these songs would have sounded if Jones had sung them first, but George's performances are those of a veteran who has paid his dues several times over, giving the album a comfortably worn, lived-in feel.\" Hits I Missed...And One I Didn't Hits I Missed...And One I Didn't is the 59th and final studio album by American country music singer George Jones, released in 2005. Originally conceived as \"songs I wished", "One Woman: The Ultimate Collection One Woman: The Ultimate Collection One Woman: The Ultimate Collection is a compilation album released by American R&B singer Diana Ross on EMI in 1993. The single-disc collection was the alternative to Ross' 1993 four CD box set, \"\", which was a 30th anniversary commemorative of her hit making years in three decades including work with The Supremes. This collection was similar featuring both Supremes hits and solo hits. It became Ross' best-selling album in the United Kingdom selling over 1,200,000 copies (4x platinum). It peaked at number one on the UK album charts for two weeks, not in sequential", "Greatest Hits: Straight Up! I Were Your Girl\" and \"It's All About Feeling Good\". Greatest Hits: Straight Up! Greatest Hits: Straight Up! is the second greatest hits compilation by singer Paula Abdul. The album was released on May 8, 2007. The album contains Abdul's 6 U.S. number-one singles. This compilation also includes the top-20 single \"Will You Marry Me?\" which was left off her 2000 album, but excludes the track \"Crazy Love\". Like its predecessor album, \"Greatest Hits: Straight Up!\" did not chart on the \"Billboard\" 200 (though it did chart near the bottom of the R&B Albums chart). As well as containing Abdul's", "Big Dreams and Broken Hearts: The Dottie West Story Big Dreams and Broken Hearts: The Dottie West Story Big Dreams and Broken Hearts: The Dottie West Story is a 1995 television biopic about the life of country music singer Dottie West portrayed by Michele Lee. Bill D'Elia directed the film which was shot in Nashville TN between 11 July and 4 August 1994. The original air date was 22 January 1995 on the CBS network. The movie chronicles the life and rise to fame of country music singer Dottie West (Lee). It starts off with West as a young child living with her abusive father, then leading to her", "Sex Dreams and Denim Jeans It also charted at number 43 in Greece, number 62 in Switzerland, and number 77 in Germany. In 2012 it was awarded a silver certification from the Independent Music Companies Association which indicated sales of at least 20,000 copies throughout Europe. Credits adapted from the liner notes of \"Sex Dreams and Denim Jeans\". Sex Dreams and Denim Jeans Sex Dreams and Denim Jeans is the debut studio album by French-American singer Uffie, released on June 14, 2010 by Ed Banger Records and Because Music. Produced by Feadz, J-Mat, Mr. Oizo, Mirwais and SebastiAn, the album features guest appearances by Pharrell", "I'm the Only One I'm the Only One \"I'm the Only One\" is a Melissa Etheridge song that appears on her 1993 album \"Yes I Am\". The single itself was released in 1993, and hit number eight on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number one on the Adult Contemporary charts in January 1995. This is one of her biggest hits to date. Like many songs on her first album, \"Melissa Etheridge\", \"I'm the Only One\" deals with non-monogamous relationships. In the verses, the singer tells how much she suffers because her partner desires someone else. In the chorus, the singer reminds her partner that", "I'm the Only One I'm the Only One \"I'm the Only One\" is a Melissa Etheridge song that appears on her 1993 album \"Yes I Am\". The single itself was released in 1993, and hit number eight on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number one on the Adult Contemporary charts in January 1995. This is one of her biggest hits to date. Like many songs on her first album, \"Melissa Etheridge\", \"I'm the Only One\" deals with non-monogamous relationships. In the verses, the singer tells how much she suffers because her partner desires someone else. In the chorus, the singer reminds her partner that", "In Dreams (Roy Orbison song) from re-entering the stage. A compilation of Orbison's most successful songs was re-recorded in January 1986 and released in 1987 under the title \"In Dreams: The Greatest Hits\". It coincided with the release of the dark and surreal mystery thriller \"Blue Velvet\", directed by David Lynch. Orbison was astonished at the way Lynch used \"In Dreams\". In the film, a murderous and morally bankrupt psychopath named Frank Booth (played by Dennis Hopper) is obsessed with the song and demands it be played over and over, calling it \"Candy Colored Clown\". In one scene it is lip-synced by a flamboyantly effeminate", "Tricarico (singer) Tricarico (singer) Francesco Maria Tricarico (Milan, 1 February 1971), better known under the mononym Tricarico, is an Italian singer-songwriter. Tricarico is mainly known for his top-five hits \"Io sono Francesco\", released in 2000, and \"Vita tranquilla\", which was launched during the Sanremo Music Festival 2008. Tricarico rose to fame in 2000, when he released his debut single, \"Io sono Francesco\", which hit number one in Italy, selling more than 60,000 copies and generating some controversy following its lyrical content, which included an insult to a school teacher and was therefore censored by some radio stations. Tricarico's self-titled debut album was", "Field of Dreams (song) Styles at their own 'UK Dance Studios', in Clacton-on-Sea, Essex in 1996. The song was pressed as a one-sided white label by UK Dance Records in 1997 and it also later appears on their greatest hits album \"Heart of Gold\" (2000). CD single 12-inch single 12-inch promo Field of Dreams (song) \"Field of Dreams\" is a song originally written and recorded by Force & Styles featuring Jenna on vocals. The song was released on white label in 1997 and later appeared on their greatest hits album \"Heart of Gold\" (2000). In 2003 the song was covered by Flip & Fill", "Dreams (1993 film) years. The future of the country seems terrible: poverty, a general collapse, violence of criminals, foreign prostitutes, lack of spirituality ... The shocked Count decides to take a desperate step: at the time of the report to the Emperor Nicholas II, Prizorov requires to immediately begin implementation of economic and social reforms because the current rate of the tsarist government will inevitably lead to revolution. Alas, the emperor and his entourage remain deaf to Prizorov's fiery speech, the Count is discharged and the course of history does not change ... Dreams (1993 film) Dreams or () is a 1993 Russian", "Greatest Hits (Martina McBride album) Greatest Hits (Martina McBride album) Greatest Hits is the first greatest hits album from American country music singer Martina McBride, issued by RCA Records in 2001. In addition to chronicling the greatest hits of her career at the time, it includes the album cut \"Strangers\" (from 1993's \"The Way That I Am\") and four new songs, all of which were released as singles. The compilation reached number 1 on Top Country Albums and received a triple-platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). McBride's greatest hits are presented in chronological order on the album, starting with \"My Baby", "Greatest Hits – Chapter One (Kelly Clarkson album) ending December 2, 2012. On the Japanese Oricon Albums Chart, the compilation debuted at number 80 on December 3, 2012. Notes Greatest Hits – Chapter One (Kelly Clarkson album) Greatest Hits – Chapter One (stylized as Greatest Hits • Chapter One) is the first greatest hits album by American singer Kelly Clarkson, released on November 16, 2012 by RCA Records. It contains material from Clarkson's first five studio albums: \"Thankful\" (2003), \"Breakaway\" (2004), \"My December\" (2007), \"All I Ever Wanted\" (2009), and \"Stronger\" (2011). Its three newly recorded songs, \"Catch My Breath\", \"Don't Rush\" and \"People Like Us\", served as", "In Dreams: The Greatest Hits Sun Records in 1956. \"Claudette\", the second exception, was a song Orbison wrote that became a hit for the Everly Brothers in 1958. Orbison didn't record the latter exception until he had signed with MGM Records in 1965, a few months after he had divorced his wife Claudette, who had inspired the song. (They later reconciled and remarried in 1966, before her death in a motorcycle accident). The album contains four songs named by \"Rolling Stone\" in 2004 on its list of the \"500 Greatest Songs of All Time\". In January 1986, Roy Orbison re-recorded 19 of his greatest hits", "Your Wildest Dreams Your Wildest Dreams \"Your Wildest Dreams\" is a 1986 single by the progressive rock band the Moody Blues, written by the band's lead singer, principal songwriter and lead guitarist Justin Hayward. The song was first released as a single, and later released on the Moody Blues' 1986 album \"The Other Side of Life\". It was a top-10 hit in the United States, peaking at #9, which had not happened to a Moody Blues song since \"Nights in White Satin\" in 1972. The song became an Adult Contemporary number-one hit, and charted at number two on the Mainstream Rock chart. The", "In Your Wildest Dreams (song) 12\" singles featured remixes by, among others, Deep Dish and Pink Noise. Certain European CD singles also included two live recordings from the \"Wildest Dreams Tour\", \"Missing You\" and \"GoldenEye\". The version of \"In Your Wildest Dreams\" featuring Antonio Banderas was included on Turner's 2004 hits compilation \"All the Best\". The American music video was created by the Aardman Animation Studio, and features claymation versions of Turner and White in comical situations with cameos by Antonio Banderas and Wallace and Gromit. In Your Wildest Dreams (song) \"In Your Wildest Dreams\" is a duet released by Tina Turner and Barry White", "In Between Dreams In Between Dreams In Between Dreams is the third studio album by singer-songwriter Jack Johnson, released by Brushfire Records in the United States on March 1, 2005 (see 2005 in music). The album received generally mixed reviews from music critics. \"In Between Dreams\" has sold over 15 million copies worldwide The album cover depicts a mango tree, referring to the Mango Tree, the studio where \"In Between Dreams\" was recorded. There is also a reference to the mango tree in \"Better Together\". Musicians: Production: The artist-approved sheet music of this album is available through Cherry Lane Music Company in a", "In Between Dreams \"Play It Like It Is\" guitar folio. In Between Dreams In Between Dreams is the third studio album by singer-songwriter Jack Johnson, released by Brushfire Records in the United States on March 1, 2005 (see 2005 in music). The album received generally mixed reviews from music critics. \"In Between Dreams\" has sold over 15 million copies worldwide The album cover depicts a mango tree, referring to the Mango Tree, the studio where \"In Between Dreams\" was recorded. There is also a reference to the mango tree in \"Better Together\". Musicians: Production: The artist-approved sheet music of this album is available", "In Your Dreams (album) In Your Dreams (album) In Your Dreams is the seventh studio album by American singer-songwriter and Fleetwood Mac vocalist Stevie Nicks, released on May 3, 2011 by Reprise Records. It is her first solo studio album since 2001's \"Trouble in Shangri-La\" and also coincides with the 30th anniversary of the release of her debut solo album \"Bella Donna\". On May 11, 2011, \"Billboard\" announced that the album had sold 52,418 copies in its first week of release and debuted at #6 on the \"Billboard\" 200, giving Nicks her fifth top ten album on that chart. The album spent 16 weeks", "Auspicious dreams in Jainism Auspicious dreams in Jainism Auspicious dreams are often described in texts of Jainism which forecast the virtue of child. Their number varies according to different traditions and they described frequently as fourteen or sixteen dreams. They are seen by mothers of the prominent figures in Jainism including Tirthankaras, on the conception of their soul in womb. They are interpreted as describing virtues and kingship of future child. They are also found in various artistic media as an ornamentation. Their number and description differ according to major traditions of Jainism. According to Digambara tradition, there are 16 dreams while according to", "Sex Dreams and Denim Jeans Sex Dreams and Denim Jeans Sex Dreams and Denim Jeans is the debut studio album by French-American singer Uffie, released on June 14, 2010 by Ed Banger Records and Because Music. Produced by Feadz, J-Mat, Mr. Oizo, Mirwais and SebastiAn, the album features guest appearances by Pharrell Williams and Mattie Safer from indie rock band The Rapture, and includes a cover of Siouxsie and the Banshees' 1978 song \"Hong Kong Garden\", which Uffie said was one of her favorite songs. The album was ranked number 35 on Drowned in Sound's list of the best albums of 2010, and was also", "In and Out of Consciousness: Greatest Hits 1990–2010 \"In and Out of Consciousness: Greatest Hits 1990–2010\" adapted from Allmusic. In and Out of Consciousness: Greatest Hits 1990–2010 In and Out of Consciousness: Greatest Hits 1990–2010 is the second greatest hits compilation album by the British singer-songwriter Robbie Williams, after his first greatest hits compilation, \"Greatest Hits\", which was released in 2004. The album, which features 39 songs, was released in October 2010 and is his last album under his recording contract with EMI. The lead single of the album is \"Shame\", co-written by and featuring fellow Take That member Gary Barlow. The song is their first collaboration in", "Malaika (singer) Malaika (singer) Malaika (born Malaika LeRae Sallard, January 2, 1972, in Seattle, Washington) also known under name Malaika Sallard Johnson, is a female African American dance singer from Seattle, Washington. During her short lived music career she recorded only one album entitled \"Sugar Time\", which managed two Top 5 hits on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart, including her number #1 single, \"Gotta Know (Your Name)\" in 1993. Sallard is tied with another A&M recording artist, CeCe Peniston, who took her own chances by performing backup vocals on the Overweight Pooch's album record \"Female Preacher\" in 1991, originally", "Malaika (singer) intended for Malaika. Malaika (singer) Malaika (born Malaika LeRae Sallard, January 2, 1972, in Seattle, Washington) also known under name Malaika Sallard Johnson, is a female African American dance singer from Seattle, Washington. During her short lived music career she recorded only one album entitled \"Sugar Time\", which managed two Top 5 hits on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart, including her number #1 single, \"Gotta Know (Your Name)\" in 1993. Sallard is tied with another A&M recording artist, CeCe Peniston, who took her own chances by performing backup vocals on the Overweight Pooch's album record \"Female Preacher\"", "Power of Dreams (album) Power of Dreams (album) Power of Dreams is the sixth studio album by Japanese J-pop singer and songwriter Maki Ohguro. It was released on 6 August 1997 under B-Gram Records. Album consist of the five previously released singles, such as \"Aah\", \"Atsuku Nare\", \"Unbalance\", \"Genki Dashite\" and \"Sora\". Atsuku Nare is one of her biggest hits, which single sold more than million copies. It also received new album mix under title \"Album version\". It has total of 14 tracks which makes her the longest studio album in her whole career. The single \"Aishitemasu\" didn't make it to this album, instead", "In Dreams (film) by critic Nick Pinkerton as \"hysterical and hyper-real.\" \"In Dreams\" was released in the United States on January 15, 1999, across 1,670 theaters. During its opening weekend, it grossed $3,992,449, ranking at number 11 in the U.S. box office. It remained in theaters through the weekend of March 5, 1999, with a final gross of $11,927,682. Janet Maslin of \"The New York Times\" praised the film's cinematography and Bening's performance, summarizing: \"At heart \"In Dreams\" is just a campfire story, and a pretty loony one at that. But Neil Jordan has directed it furiously, with a lush, insinuating visual style", "Reflected: Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Reflected: Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Reflected: Greatest Hits Vol. 2 is the second greatest hits album by American country music singer Tim McGraw, the first having been released in 2000. It was released on March 28, 2006. Most of the tracks were recorded after the release of \"Greatest Hits\", with the addition of two pre-2000 hits that were not on the first album — the No. 1 hits \"Not a Moment Too Soon\" (1994) and \"Everywhere\" (1997) — and four new tracks. The album entered U.S. \"Billboard\" 200 chart at number two, selling about 242,000 copies in its first week.", "In My Dreams (Wig Wam song) In My Dreams (Wig Wam song) \"In My Dreams\" was the Norwegian entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2005, performed in English by Wig Wam. The song is a glam metal number, in keeping with the band's view that \"rock'n'roll is the new schlager\". Lead singer \"Glam\" wonders whether his relationship is \"real or just a fantasy\", and tells his lover that he is \"Scared of waking up and you'll be gone/Face the truth and I'll be all alone\", a fear that he puts to rest by suggesting that they should \"get into the groove\" and live for the moment.", "Monica (singer) and \"Still Standing\" (2010). Throughout her career, several of Monica's singles became number-one hits on the pop and R&B record charts, including \"Don't Take It Personal (Just One of Dem Days)\", \"Like This and Like That\", \"The Boy Is Mine\", \"The First Night\", \"Angel of Mine\", \"So Gone\", and \"Everything to Me\". Monicas's popularity was further enhanced by her roles in television series such as \"Living Single\", \"Felicity\", and \"American Dreams\", and films including \"Boys and Girls\" (2000), \"Love Song\" (2000), and \"Pastor Brown\" (2009). A contributor to the NBC talent show \"The Voice\", in 2008, she appeared in the", "In and Out of Consciousness: Greatest Hits 1990–2010 In and Out of Consciousness: Greatest Hits 1990–2010 In and Out of Consciousness: Greatest Hits 1990–2010 is the second greatest hits compilation album by the British singer-songwriter Robbie Williams, after his first greatest hits compilation, \"Greatest Hits\", which was released in 2004. The album, which features 39 songs, was released in October 2010 and is his last album under his recording contract with EMI. The lead single of the album is \"Shame\", co-written by and featuring fellow Take That member Gary Barlow. The song is their first collaboration in 15 years since Williams left Take That in 1995. The album", "2000 in British music charts for nine consecutive weeks with their 15th No. 1 album were The Beatles with their latest greatest hits release \"1\", the Christmas number-one album of 2000. The album comprised all their UK and US No. 1 singles, totalling to 27 different singles. It became the fastest selling album of all time across the world and also in the UK, and also debuted at No. 1 in various countries, including the UK, despite the fact that they had not played together for over 30 years. It eventually went on to sell 2.1 million copies in Britain, becoming one of the top", "All the Hits (Bonnie Tyler album) All the Hits (Bonnie Tyler album) All The Hits is a compilation album by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler; a 3 CD pack that was released on 14 June 2013 by the Italian branch of Sony Music Entertainment. The compilation contains tracks from six of Tyler's previous studio albums: \"Faster Than the Speed of Night\" (1983), \"Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire\" (1986), \"Hide Your Heart\" (1988), \"Bitterblue\" (1991), \"Angel Heart\" (1992) and \"Silhouette In Red\" (1993). Also included is a track that Tyler recorded for the 1984 re-make of the science fiction film \"Metropolis\", called \"Here She Comes\". The photo used", "Greatest Hits (Martina McBride album) the other three all reaching top 10. Personnel for tracks 15-19 only: Greatest Hits (Martina McBride album) Greatest Hits is the first greatest hits album from American country music singer Martina McBride, issued by RCA Records in 2001. In addition to chronicling the greatest hits of her career at the time, it includes the album cut \"Strangers\" (from 1993's \"The Way That I Am\") and four new songs, all of which were released as singles. The compilation reached number 1 on Top Country Albums and received a triple-platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). McBride's greatest hits", "Beyond Your Wildest Dreams Gordon, and also the fact that she released a ballad, when the public was expecting a song more in the vein of her first hit. \"Beyond Your Wildest Dreams\" was later included on Gordon's 1991 debut album \"If I Have to Stand Alone\", in an extended version. American artist Sybil worked with Mike Stock and Pete Waterman in 1993 (by that time, Matt Aitken had left the trio), and had two top 10 hits with a cover of \"The Love I Lost\" and the Stock/Waterman original \"When I'm Good and Ready\". Her cover of \"Beyond Your Wildest Dreams\" was chosen", "Corina (Belgian singer) Corina (Belgian singer) Corina is a singer from Belgium. She has recorded in the past under the name of Laurena. She was one half of the duo Tony Servi & Corina who had two hits in the 1990s with My Love and \"Mijn Avontuur\" (My Adventure). Her real name is Corina Braemt and in the past she was known as Laurena. In the 1990s she was one half of the duo Tony Servi & Corina who in 1993 had a hit with \"My Love\" which some years seventeen years earlier was a hit for Netherlands based duo Rosy & Andres.", "In Dreams (film) In Dreams (film) In Dreams is a 1999 American psychological horror film directed by Neil Jordan. It stars Annette Bening as a New England illustrator who begins experiencing visions of a missing child, and psychic connections to a serial killer responsible for the murders of several local children. The film features supporting performances from Robert Downey Jr., Aidan Quinn, and Stephen Rea. It is an adaptation of the novel \"Doll's Eyes\" (1993) by Bari Wood. The screenplay for \"In Dreams\" was co-written by Jordan and screenwriter Bruce Robinson. Filming took place various locations throughout New England as well as on", "Series of Dreams Series of Dreams \"Series Of Dreams\" is a song written and composed by American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan. Originally recorded for his 26th album \"Oh Mercy\" and produced by Daniel Lanois, the song was not used on the album but was later remixed and included in \"The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961–1991\", released in 1991. According to the booklet in \"Bootleg Series Volumes 1-3\", \"Series of Dreams\" was recorded on March 23, 1989, with overdubs added in January 1991. \"Series of Dreams\" was included on the compilation \"Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Volume 3\" in 1994. An alternate take", "Thoughts in the Night, Dreams During the Day Thoughts in the Night, Dreams During the Day 夜有所思，日有所夢 Thoughts in the Night, Dreams During the Day is the eleventh studio album by the cantopop singer Prudence Liew, released in December 1994. Most of the album's songs are infused with jazz elements, especially bossa nova, with many of Hong Kong's prominent jazz composers contributing. Because the music strayed from standard cantopop fare, only one single was released from the album. There are eight Cantonese songs and two original English compositions, one of which is a duet with a local jazz musician, Larry Hammond. The album includes two cover versions: \"三十度", "One Moment in Time One Moment in Time \"One Moment in Time\" is a song by American singer Whitney Houston and written by Albert Hammond and John Bettis, produced by Narada Michael Walden for the 1988 Summer Olympics held in Seoul, South Korea. The song was Houston's third number one in the UK Singles Chart, and reached number five on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The song was later included on the second disc of her first greatest hits \"\" and also on \"The Ultimate Collection\" and on the second disc of \"\". The song's melody was inspired by the timeless figure of Elvis", "Auspicious dreams in Jainism These dreams are symbolised and found in artistic media like paintings in manuscripts and on its covers, books, ornamentation in stone carvings, invitation scrolls and temple furnitures. Auspicious dreams in Jainism Auspicious dreams are often described in texts of Jainism which forecast the virtue of child. Their number varies according to different traditions and they described frequently as fourteen or sixteen dreams. They are seen by mothers of the prominent figures in Jainism including Tirthankaras, on the conception of their soul in womb. They are interpreted as describing virtues and kingship of future child. They are also found in various", "Dreams in My Head of 18 consecutive weeks. Dreams in My Head \"Dreams In My Head\" is the lead single from \"In Swings the Tide\", New Zealand singer-songwriter Anika Moa's third studio album. It was released on 8 October 2007. A New Zealand Herald review of the album said it \"soon finds its feet on the lush single Dreams In My Head.\" The tune was nominated in 2008 for an APRA Silver Scroll Award. \"Dreams In My Head\" entered the New Zealand Singles Chart on 15 October 2007, a week after its release, at #17. It peaked at #16. The single remained in the", "Dreams in My Head Dreams in My Head \"Dreams In My Head\" is the lead single from \"In Swings the Tide\", New Zealand singer-songwriter Anika Moa's third studio album. It was released on 8 October 2007. A New Zealand Herald review of the album said it \"soon finds its feet on the lush single Dreams In My Head.\" The tune was nominated in 2008 for an APRA Silver Scroll Award. \"Dreams In My Head\" entered the New Zealand Singles Chart on 15 October 2007, a week after its release, at #17. It peaked at #16. The single remained in the chart for a total", "Artists with the most number-ones on the U.S. Dance Club Songs chart of 12 number one hits on \"Billboard's\" Dance Club Songs chart to date. Her success has earned her the honorific title The Queen of Clubland. Wash, whose music history dates back to 1977 when she and Izora Armstead were the back up singers for Sylvester as Two Tons O' Fun and by 1982 renamed themselves The Weather Girls (whose debut single \"It's Raining Men\" would be their only number one Dance Club Songs chart topper before disbanding in 1988), would go on to better success as both a solo artist and a featured singer. As a solo artist, her 1993", "Auspicious dreams in Jainism Svetambara tradition, there are 14 dreams. Most of them are same. They are described in detail as dreams of queen Trishala, mother of Mahavira, in some Jain texts. These dreams features animals, objects and a goddess associated with positive virtues and kingship. They are generally considered positive symbols in Indian culture so they frequently appear in other Indian religions like Buddhism and Hinduism. These dreams are connected with the births of Tirthankaras and the other prominent people including \"Chakravarti\", \"Balabhadra/Baladeva\" and \"Vāsudeva\" in Jainism. They are 63 in total and called \"Shalakapurusha\". Their mothers see a certain number of dreams" ]

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[ "It used to not be possible to buy hamburgers and ice cream at all hours." ]

[ "Behavior has not been impacted by 24 hour restaurants.", "The president's mother died several years ago.", "I want you in the field at all times, no matter what.", "the dog is brown", "A slender boy lifts weights.", "boat passes by", "A man canoes through a gentle stream." ]

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[ "The five Great Lakes are located in the north-central portion of the country, four of them forming part of the border with Canada, only Lake Michigan situated entirely within United States. The southeast United States contain subtropical forests and, near the gulf coast, mangrove wetlands, especially in Florida. West of the Appalachians lies the Mississippi River basin and two large eastern tributaries, the Ohio River and the Tennessee River. The Ohio and Tennessee Valleys and the Midwest consist largely of rolling hills and productive farmland, stretching south to the Gulf Coast." ]

[ "The Chihuahuan Desert is home to a diverse ecosystem which is home to a large variety of mammals. The most common mammals in the desert include: Desert cottontail Sylvilagus audubonii, black-tailed jackrabbit Lepus californicus, hooded skunk Mephitis macroura, cactus mouse Peromyscus eremicus, swift fox Vulpes velox, white-throated woodrat Neotoma albigula, pallid bat Antrozous pallidus, and coyote Canis latrans. The most observed reptiles in the desert include: Mohave rattlesnake Crotalus scutulatus, twin-spotted rattlesnake Crotalus pricei, prairie rattlesnake Crotalus viridis, ridge-nosed rattlesnake Crotalus willardi, whip snake Masticophis flagellum, New Mexico whiptail Cnemidophorus neomexicanus, and red-spotted toad Bufo punctatus.", "While full-time work hinders schooling, empirical evidence is varied on the relationship between part-time work and school. Sometimes even part-time work may hinder school attendance or performance. On the other hand, many poor children work for resources to attend school. Children who are not doing well at school sometimes seek more satisfactory experience in work. Good relations with a supervisor at work can provide relief from tensions that children feel at school and home. In the modern world, school education has become so central to society that schoolwork has become the dominant work for most children, often replacing participation in productive work. If school curricula or quality do not provide children with appropriate skills for available jobs or if children do nor have the aptitude for schoolwork, school may impede the learning of skills, such as agriculture, which will become necessary for future livelihood.", "Under modern constitutional conventions, the sovereign acts on the advice of his or her ministers. Since these ministers most often maintain the support of parliament and are the ones who obtain the passage of bills, it is highly improbable that they would advise the sovereign to withhold assent. An exception is sometimes stated to be if bills are not passed in good faith, though it is difficult to make an interpretation on what this circumstance might constitute. Hence, in modern practice, royal assent is always granted; a refusal to do so would be appropriate only in an emergency requiring the use of the monarch's reserve powers.", "King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary (1458–1490) was one of the most prominent figures of the period, directing campaigns to the West, conquering Bohemia in answer to the Pope's call for help against the Hussite Protestants. Also, in resolving political hostilities with the German emperor Frederick III of Habsburg, he invaded his western domains. Matthew organized the Black Army of mercenary soldiers; it was considered as the biggest army of its time. Using this powerful tool, the Hungarian king led wars against the Turkish armies and stopped the Ottomans during his reign. After the death of Matthew, and with end of the Black Army, the Ottoman Empire grew in strength and Central Europe was defenseless. At the Battle of Mohács, the forces of the Ottoman Empire annihilated the Hungarian army and Louis II of Hungary drowned in the Csele Creek while trying to escape. The leader of the Hungarian army, Pál Tomori, also died in the battle. This is considered to be one of the final battles of Medieval times.", "The Dominican Order came into being in the Middle Ages at a time when religion began to be contemplated in a new way. Men of God were no longer expected to stay behind the walls of a cloister. Instead, they travelled among the people, taking as their examples the apostles of the primitive Church. Out of this ideal emerged two orders of mendicant friars: one, the Friars Minor, was led by Francis of Assisi; the other, the Friars Preachers, by Dominic of Guzman. Like his contemporary, Francis, Dominic saw the need for a new type of organization, and the quick growth of the Dominicans and Franciscans during their first century of existence confirms that the orders of mendicant friars met a need.", "The country currency is the Samoan tālā, issued and regulated by the Central Bank of Samoa. The economy of Samoa has traditionally been dependent on agriculture and fishing at the local level. In modern times, development aid, private family remittances from overseas, and agricultural exports have become key factors in the nation's economy. Agriculture employs two-thirds of the labour force, and furnishes 90% of exports, featuring coconut cream, coconut oil, noni (juice of the nonu fruit, as it is known in Samoan), and copra.", "In October 1997, Nintendo released a redesigned model of the SNES (the SNS-101 model) in North America for US$99, which sometimes included the pack-in game Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island. Like the earlier redesign of the NES (the NES-101 model), the new model was slimmer and lighter than its predecessor, but it lacked S-Video and RGB output, and it was among the last major SNES-related releases in the region. A similarly redesigned Super Famicom Jr. was released in Japan at around the same time." ]

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[ "Cannel coal of the gas burnt. On October 17, 1850, James Young, of Glasgow, Scotland, patented a method for the extraction of paraffin from cannel coal. It was widely used from 1850 to 1860 in the manufacture of coal oil, which today would be called shale oil. The principal consumer product was the illuminating oil kerosene. In 1860, there were 55 companies in the United States making coal oil from cannel coal, most of them near the cannel coal mines, in New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, and western Virginia (now West Virginia). The discovery of petroleum deposits in the US, starting with", "Coal mining in Kentucky coal basin which extends from Pennsylvania to Alabama. Bituminous coal deposits in the eastern coal field are lower in sulfur content, averaging between 1 and 2 percent by weight. Coal deposits from the western part of the state are slightly lower in heat content but higher in sulfur, averaging between 3 and 4 percent sulfur. Concerns over acid rain have meant that Eastern coal has become preferable to Western coal. Both Republican Party and Democratic Party candidates in the 2011 gubernatorial election have expressed their desire to maintain Kentucky coal. All three Republican primary candidates, David Williams, Bobby Holsclaw, Phil", "Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia debate in academia over whether it creates wealth or poverty. The core debate centers around coal production's impact on local and national economy. Appalachia is one of three coal-mining regions in the United States; the others are the Interior coal region, and the Western coal region, which includes the Powder River Basin. Eight states lie in the Appalachian coal region: Alabama, eastern Kentucky, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. West Virginia is the largest coal-producing state in Appalachia, and the second-largest coal-producing state in the United States, accounting for about 11% of the nation's total coal production in", "Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia demand for coal. The company town was particularly dominant in southern Appalachia; in 1925, almost 80% of West Virginia coal miners lived in company towns, while an average of 64.4% of coal miners in Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee lived in company towns. Since 1995, the Appalachian region has produced about half of the United States' coal. Although Appalachia has played a large role in contributing to the coal supply of the United States, the communities surrounding such mining practices have suffered immensely. Several studies have shown disparities between mining communities and non-mining communities in terms of public health, environmental" ]

[ "Wax on the properties. Microcrystalline wax is a lesser produced petroleum based wax that contains higher percentage of isoparaffinic (branched) hydrocarbons and naphthenic hydrocarbons. Millions of tons of paraffin waxes are produced annually. They are used in foods (such as chewing gum and cheese wrapping), in candles and cosmetics, as non-stick and waterproofing coatings and in polishes. Montan wax is a fossilized wax extracted from coal and lignite. It is very hard, reflecting the high concentration of saturated fatty acids and alcohols. Although dark brown and odorous, they can be purified and bleached to give commercially useful products. As of 1995,", "Paraffin wax Paraffin wax Paraffin wax is a soft colourless solid, derived from petroleum, coal or oil shale, that consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing between twenty and forty carbon atoms. It is solid at room temperature and begins to melt above approximately ; its boiling point is >. Common applications for paraffin wax include lubrication, electrical insulation, and candles; Un-dyed, unscented paraffin candles are odorless and bluish-white. Paraffin wax was first created in 1830 in Germany, and marked a major advancement in candlemaking technology, as it burned more cleanly and reliably than tallow candles and was cheaper to produce.", "Paraffin wax with wax to cool and solidify; sections are then cut on a microtome. People can be exposed to paraffin in the workplace by breathing it in, skin contact, and eye contact. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) for paraffin wax fume exposure of 2 mg/m over an 8-hour workday. Paraffin wax Paraffin wax is a soft colourless solid, derived from petroleum, coal or oil shale, that consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing between twenty and forty carbon atoms. It is solid at room temperature and begins to melt", "Petroleum Young eventually succeeded, by distilling cannel coal at a low heat, in creating a fluid resembling petroleum, which when treated in the same way as the seep oil gave similar products. Young found that by slow distillation he could obtain a number of useful liquids from it, one of which he named \"paraffine oil\" because at low temperatures it congealed into a substance resembling paraffin wax. The production of these oils and solid paraffin wax from coal formed the subject of his patent dated 17 October 1850. In 1850 Young & Meldrum and Edward William Binney entered into partnership under", "Coal oil Coal oil Coal oil is a shale oil obtained from the destructive distillation of cannel coal, mineral wax, or bituminous shale, once used widely for illumination. Chemically similar to the more refined, petroleum-derived kerosene, it consists mainly of several hydrocarbons of the alkane series, with 10 to 16 carbon atoms in each molecule and a higher boiling point (175–325 °C) than gasoline or the petroleum ethers and lower than the oils. Because kerosene was first derived from cannel coal, classified as terrestrial type of oil shale, it continued to be popularly referred to as \"coal oil\" even after production shifted", "Coal oil to provide lighting. Coal oil was once used as an internal and topical home remedy as a general cure-all for many ailments, including coughs, flu, cuts, abrasions, and wounds. Internal applications were administered by adding this toxic petroleum product to sugar cubes, molasses, honey or some other substance to mask the taste, while topical applications were applied adding to bandages or by pouring the coal oil directly on the affected area. Coal oil Coal oil is a shale oil obtained from the destructive distillation of cannel coal, mineral wax, or bituminous shale, once used widely for illumination. Chemically similar to", "Transport in Dublin East. The Dublin - London flight route (London city, Gatwick, Heathrow, Luton, Stansted and Southend) is the single biggest route in all of Europe and the 2nd biggest route in the world. The route from London Heathrow to Dublin Airport is the 15th busiest route in Europe. Transport in Dublin This article deals with transport in the Greater Dublin Area centered on the city of Dublin in Ireland. There are a number of modes of public transport in the Greater Dublin area run by a number of transport operators, most of them state or semi-state entities. Public transport in Dublin", "Petroleum industry in Russia industry claims to be in need of huge investments. Strong growth in the Russian economy means that local demand for all types of energy sources (oil, gas, nuclear, coal, hydro, electricity) continues to grow. The biggest Russian oil company is Rosneft followed by Lukoil, Surgutneftegaz, Gazprom Neft and Tatneft. All oil trunk pipelines (except Caspian Pipeline Consortium) are owned and operated by the state-owned monopoly Transneft and oil products pipeline are owned and operated by its subsidiary Transnefteproduct. Petroleum industry in Russia The petroleum industry in Russia is one of the largest in the world. Russia has the largest reserves", "History of the petroleum industry Following up this idea, he tried many experiments and eventually succeeded, by distilling cannel coal at a low heat, a fluid resembling petroleum, which when treated in the same way as the seep oil gave similar products. Young found that by slow distillation he could obtain a number of useful liquids from it, one of which he named \"paraffine oil\" because at low temperatures it congealed into a substance resembling paraffin wax. The production of these oils and solid paraffin wax from coal formed the subject of his patent dated 17 October 1850. In 1850 Young & Meldrum and Edward", "London and Glasgow Shipbuilding Company London and Glasgow Shipbuilding Company London and Glasgow Shipbuilding Company, also known as the London and Glasgow Engineering and Iron Shipbuilding Company, was a shipbuilding firm established in 1864 by a consortium of London bankers, including the Glasgow engineer James Rodger. They acquired the Middleton Yard in Govan in 1864, and soon acquired more land at Ron Bank in Govan which belonged to the Lochhead family. The old Lochhead land lay between Robert Napier and Sons \"Old Yard\" and the Middleton Yard allowing expansion to the west. London & Glasgow Engineering and Iron Shipbuilding Co. Ltd. also bought land at", "London and Glasgow Shipbuilding Company Ltd. along with the Napier's \"Old Yard\" from Mackie & Thomson, creating one large yard which ran until 1962. London and Glasgow Shipbuilding Company London and Glasgow Shipbuilding Company, also known as the London and Glasgow Engineering and Iron Shipbuilding Company, was a shipbuilding firm established in 1864 by a consortium of London bankers, including the Glasgow engineer James Rodger. They acquired the Middleton Yard in Govan in 1864, and soon acquired more land at Ron Bank in Govan which belonged to the Lochhead family. The old Lochhead land lay between Robert Napier and Sons \"Old Yard\" and the Middleton", "Wax making chocolate covered sweets. Wax is also used in wax bullets, which are used as simulation aids. Wax Waxes are a diverse class of organic compounds that are lipophilic, malleable solids near ambient temperatures. They include higher alkanes and lipids, typically with melting points above about 40 °C (104 °F), melting to give low viscosity liquids. Waxes are insoluble in water but soluble in organic, nonpolar solvents. Natural waxes of different types are produced by plants and animals and occur in petroleum. Waxes are organic compounds that characteristically consist of long alkyl chains. They may also include various functional groups", "Wax museum new wax figures were deemed too expensive. The Royal London Wax Museum was open in downtown Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, from 1970 to 2010 in the Steamship Terminal building, it featured \"royalty to rogues and the renowned.\" It was forced to close when the building required seismic upgrades. The National Wax Museum in Dublin, Ireland is a wax museum which hosts well over a hundred figures. For many years it has had only one sculptor, PJ Heraty, who continued producing figures even while the museum was closed. Meanwhile, it could be re-opened at a new location. During the last few", "Microcrystalline wax Microcrystalline wax Microcrystalline waxes are a type of wax produced by de-oiling petrolatum, as part of the petroleum refining process. In contrast to the more familiar paraffin wax which contains mostly unbranched alkanes, microcrystalline wax contains a higher percentage of isoparaffinic (branched) hydrocarbons and naphthenic hydrocarbons. It is characterized by the fineness of its crystals in contrast to the larger crystal of paraffin wax. It consists of high molecular weight saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. It is generally darker, more viscous, denser, tackier and more elastic than paraffin waxes, and has a higher molecular weight and melting point. The elastic and adhesive", "Microcrystalline wax of renewable resources while maintaining the beneficial properties of the petrolatum. Microcrystalline wax Microcrystalline waxes are a type of wax produced by de-oiling petrolatum, as part of the petroleum refining process. In contrast to the more familiar paraffin wax which contains mostly unbranched alkanes, microcrystalline wax contains a higher percentage of isoparaffinic (branched) hydrocarbons and naphthenic hydrocarbons. It is characterized by the fineness of its crystals in contrast to the larger crystal of paraffin wax. It consists of high molecular weight saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. It is generally darker, more viscous, denser, tackier and more elastic than paraffin waxes, and has", "Wax emulsion Emulsions based on natural waxes are used for coating fruits and candies and crop protection. Synthetic wax based emulsions are often used in food packaging. Wax emulsions based on beeswax, carnauba wax and paraffin wax are used in creams and ointments. The emergence of soybean waxes with varying properties and melt points has led to the use of vegetable wax emulsions in applications such as paper coatings, paint and ink additives, and even wet sizing for pulp and paper applications. These wax emulsions can be formulated to deliver some of the same properties that petroleum-based wax emulsions deliver, but offer", "Coal mining in Kentucky has been hit much harder by acid rain regulations. Whereas about half of Eastern coal is high in sulfur content, nearly all Western coal falls into this category. In recent years the state government has been seeking to land so called \"coal to gas\" operations that convert coal into liquid fuels that closely resemble either natural gas or petroleum. Employment in the coal industry followed a steady decline from the 1980s up until the 2000s, evening out at around 18,000 for the past decade. As of 2009, 18,850 Kentuckians were directly employed in the coal industry, less than 1 percent", "Emulsifying wax Emulsifying wax Emulsifying wax is a cosmetic emulsifying ingredient. The ingredient name is often followed by the initials NF, indicating that it conforms to the specifications of the National Formulary. Emulsifying wax is created when a wax material (either a vegetable wax of some kind or a petroleum-based wax) is treated with a detergent (typically sodium dodecyl sulfate or polysorbates) to cause it to make oil and water bind together into a smooth emulsion. It is a white waxy solid with a low fatty alcohol odor. The ingredients for Emulsifying Wax NF are: Cetearyl Alcohol, and a polyoxyethylene derivative of", "State Correctional Institution – Coal Township State Correctional Institution – Coal Township The State Correctional Institution – Coal Township, commonly referred to as \"SCI Coal Township\", is a Pennsylvania Department of Corrections prison. Thomas McGinley is its superintendent. SCI Coal Township houses about 2,300 inmates. The State Correctional Institution – Coal Township held its official Dedication on April 26, 1993. The construction of SCI Coal Township was part of Governor Casey's Operation Jump Start Program. This construction and expansion program was launched in 1990 to address the prison overcrowding problem, to create jobs and stimulate economic growth. SCI Coal Township was one of five institutions constructed", "Wax paper aid in scratch (where the record is rotated in a number of different ways by a finger to create special sound effects) routines. In photography, wax paper can be used as a light diffuser. There are multiple environmental issues concerned with wax paper. Though it is biodegradable in its unaltered form, oft-applied additives such as petroleum rid it of that quality. Wax paper also cannot be recycled. Wax paper Wax paper (also waxed paper or paraffin paper) is paper that has been made moisture-proof through the application of wax. The practice of oiling parchment or paper in order to make", "Surfboard wax Surfboard wax Surfboard wax (also known as surfwax) is a formulation of natural and/or synthetic wax for application to the deck of a surfboard, bodyboard, or skimboard, to keep the surfer from slipping off the board when paddling out or riding a wave. It is also used to increase grip on the paddle of a surf kayak or dragon boat. Surfboard wax is generally composed of a mixture of paraffin, beeswax or other hard waxes; petroleum jelly can also be added to create a softer wax. Often exotic scents like coconut or bubblegum are added to give the wax an", "Coal oil supplies of bituminous shale became exhausted, activities were increasingly focussed on other shale-fields. The refinery closed around 1921. In the United States, coal oil was widely manufactured in the 1850s under the trade name Kerosene, manufactured by a process invented by Canadian geologist Abraham Gesner. Young won his patent lawsuit against the Gesner process in the United States in 1860. But by that time, US coal oil distillers were switching over to refining cheaper petroleum, after the discovery of abundant petroleum in western Pennsylvania in 1859, and oil from coal operations ceased in the US. Coal oil has been used", "London and Glasgow Shipbuilding Company Another ship built for the Royal Navy was , a cruiser launched in December 1902. In 1910 London & Glasgow Engineering and Iron Shipbuilding Co. Ltd. acquired Napier's Govan East Yard (New Yard) from the owners William Beardmore and Co. Now as well as having the boiler shop at Lancefield and an engine works at Anderston Quay the London & Glasgow now owned the yards from Highland Lane up to Mackie & Thompson at Napier's \"Old Yard\". In 1912 Harland and Wolff Limited acquired both the Middleton and Govan East Yard from London & Glasgow Engineering and Iron Shipbuilding Co.", "Petroleum refining in Washington state Petroleum refining in Washington state Washington state is the oil refining capital of the Northwest and has the fifth highest refining capacity of any state. As of 2015, there are 5 refineries in Washington state with a joint capacity of 631,700 b/d. They are, in order of greatest b/d capacity, Cherry Point refinery, Shell Anacortes refinery, Tesoro Anacortes refinery, Ferndale refinery and U.S. Oil refinery. Washington’s isolation from the country’s vast pipeline network and its dependence on local petroleum markets ensures the refineries are crucial for providing energy that fuels the regional economy. The location of these facilities is strategically", "Petroleum refining in the United States The first known US petroleum refiner was Samuel Kier of Pittsburgh, who in the 1850s produced an illuminating oil for miners' lamps. American petroleum refining largely grew out of oil shale refining. When the Drake Well started producing in 1859, the oil shale industry was growing rapidly, and establishing refineries near cannel coal deposits along the Ohio River Valley. As oil production increased, the oil shale refiners discovered that their refining process worked just as well with petroleum, and that petroleum was a cheaper raw material than shale oil. In 1861, the existing oil shale refiners switched to petroleum feedstock,", "Petroleum product to give gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, heating oil, and heavier fuel oils. Heavier (less volatile) fractions can also be used to produce asphalt, tar, paraffin wax, lubricating and other heavy oils. Refineries also produce other chemicals, some of which are used in chemical processes to produce plastics and other useful materials. Since petroleum often contains a few percent sulfur-containing molecules, elemental sulfur is also often produced as a petroleum product. Carbon, in the form of petroleum coke, and hydrogen may also be produced as petroleum products. The hydrogen produced is often used as an intermediate product for other oil", "Petroleum coke energy content, petcoke emits between 30 and 80 percent more CO than coal per unit of weight. The difference between coal and coke in CO production per unit of energy produced depends upon the moisture in the coal, which increases the CO per unit of energy – heat of combustion) and on the volatile hydrocarbons in coal and coke, which decrease the CO per unit of energy. There are at least four basic types of petroleum coke, namely, needle coke, honeycomb coke, sponge coke and shot coke. Different types of petroleum coke have different microstructures due to differences in operating", "Petroleum in the United States the world's petroleum. In 1989, the United States contained 5 percent of the world's oil reserves. In 2007, state severance taxes amounted to $10.7 billion, mostly from oil, gas, and coal. States also received 50 percent of federal onshore oil and gas lease revenues within their borders, and 27 percent of federal offshore oil and gas revenues adjacent to their shorelines; the state share of federal revenues totalled $2.0 billion in 2007. By State: Petroleum in the United States Petroleum in the United States has been a major industry since shortly after the oil discovery in the Oil Creek area", "History of anthracite coal mining in Pennsylvania increasing production levels but an overall trend of falling prices. In 1830 anthracite coal was selling for $11 per ton, in 1840 it was $7 per ton, and by 1860 it was $5.50 a ton in NYC, while total production was increasing (Adams, “US Coal Industry”). This was due in part to a general anti-charter sentiment towards the coal industry by the Pennsylvania state government, making it difficult for coal corporations to receive charters (Adams, “Different Charters”), as well as a seasonal market that experienced fluctuation in demand for anthracite (Dublin, Licht, 17). The onset of the war brought an", "First Peoples Buffalo Jump State Park named Ulm Pishkun Buffalo Jump State Park. The same year, the All Nations Pishkun Association (ANPA), a group of all Native American tribes in the state, was formed to support the park, provide educational activities there, spread awareness of the park's existence, and encourage visitation to the site. The park underwent expansion again the following year. In 2001, the state traded some excess land at the southern end of the jump for a private landowner's property near the top of the jump, a transaction which not only connected all parts of the jump for the first time but which also", "Wax bullet take under ten minutes. Wax bullets are normally used only in revolvers and single shot pistols for short range target practice. Magazine fed firearms can use wax bullets, but they may need to be fed individually. The US military uses 5.56 mm non-lethal marking rounds in training. The bullet has two primers. The forward primer propels a wax-filled projectile that marks with colored wax upon contact. The wax washes out with normal laundry procedures. Simunitions (for \"simulated munitions\") are special cartridges that fire colored paint-filled plastic projectiles which are used to mark targets much like paintballs. Simunitions are designed to", "Montan wax Montan wax Montan wax, also known as lignite wax or OP wax, is a hard wax obtained by solvent extraction of certain types of lignite or brown coal. Commercially viable deposits exist in only a few locations, including Amsdorf, Germany, and in the Ione Basin near Ione, California. High-graded lignite wax are also found in Yunnan and Jilin, China. Its color ranges from dark brown to light yellow when crude, or white when refined. Its composition is non-glyceride long-chain (C–C) carboxylic acid esters (62–68 weight %), free long-chain organic acids (22–26%), long-chain alcohols, ketones, and hydrocarbons (7–15%), and resins; it", "Port of London Greenwich, Silvertown, Barking, Dagenham and Erith in Greater London. The Port of London handles containers, timber, paper, vehicles, aggregates, crude oil, petroleum products, liquefied petroleum gas, coal, metals, grain and other dry and liquid bulk materials. In 2012 London was the second largest port in the United Kingdom by tonnage handled (43.7 million), after Grimsby and Immingham (60 million). The Port of London however handles the most non-fuel cargo of any port in the UK (at 32.2 million tonnes in 2007). Other major rival ports to London in the country are Felixstowe and Southampton, which handle the most and second-most", "International Petroleum Exchange range of energy products. More advanced transactions are also now possible, due to cross- and multi-product transactions, which eliminate the need to use multiple markets or an adviser. International Petroleum Exchange The International Petroleum Exchange, now ICE Futures (since 2005-04-7), based in London, was one of the world's largest energy futures and options exchanges. Its flagship commodity, \"Brent Crude\" was a world benchmark for oil prices, but the exchange also handled futures contracts and options on fuel oil, natural gas, electricity (baseload and peakload), coal contracts and, as of 22 April 2005, carbon emission allowances with the European Climate Exchange", "Muffin Wax Muffin Wax Muffin Wax is an organic surf wax made from hemp oil, tree resin, bees wax and one other secret ingredient. It is packaged in muffin cases and subsequently was named 'Muffin Wax'. As a result of the packaging, ridges are formed and are claimed to help in application. The product was created by 'Timeless,' a Young Enterprise company formed from a group of 15- and 16-year-olds attending Newquay Tretherras School in Newquay, Cornwall. Throughout the young enterprise year they won a number of awards leading up to the UK finals at the Savoy Hotel in London which they", "National Petroleum Council (US) industry as a whole, not as lobbyists for specific companies. Since inception the Council has prepared over 200 reports. Those published since 1980 are available online to the public. National Petroleum Council (US) The National Petroleum Council is an American advisory committee representing oil and natural gas industry views to the United States Secretary of Energy. The council was established in 1946 at the request of President Harry S. Truman to represent industry views on any matters relating to oil and natural gas. In 1977 its role was transferred to the new Department of Energy, and the council is now", "Transport in Glasgow Transport in Glasgow The city of Glasgow, Scotland has a transport system encompassing air, rail, road, and an underground rail line. Prior to 1962, the city was also served by trams. Glasgow has two international airports and also served by a seaplane terminal: There are also two small airfields in the nearby towns of Cumbernauld, and Strathaven, near East Kilbride. The city has two main line railway stations. Queen Street Station, located on George Square which connects Glasgow to the North of Scotland, and Edinburgh. Glasgow Central station, located on Gordon Street is the northern terminus of the West Coast", "Ministry of Coal Industry (Soviet Union) established the all-union People's Commissariat of Fuel Industry, which included the coal, shale and petroleum industries. A ukase of 12 October 1939 subdivided the all-union People's Commissariat of Fuel Industry into the all-union People's Commissariat of the Coal Industry USSR and the all-union People's Commissariat of Petroleum Industry USSR. The all-union People's Commissariat of the Coal Industry USSR was split by a 19 January 1946 ukase into the all union People's Commissariat of the Coal Industry of Western Regions USSR and the all-union People's Commissariat of the Coal industry of Eastern Regions USSR. A ukase of 28 January 1946 established", "Glasgow surrounding suburban areas, encompassing around of all adjoining suburbs, if commuter towns and villages are included. There are two distinct definitions for the population of Glasgow: the Glasgow City Council Area (which lost the districts of Rutherglen and Cambuslang to South Lanarkshire in 1996) and the Greater Glasgow Urban Area (which includes the conurbation around the city). Glasgow's population influx in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was related to economic expansion as well as internally generated growth with the vast majority of newcomers to the city from outside Scotland being from Ireland, especially the north western counties of Donegal, Fermanagh,", "History of anthracite coal mining in Pennsylvania saved up to 25% in the production of iron, and that the quality of the iron was also superior (Adams, “US Coal Industry”). By the 1850s anthracite was used in the manufacture of about half of all crude iron produced in the US. The increased efficiency of anthracite heat was also instrumental in the manufacture of metal machinery and the transformation of water into steam for machinery power (Dublin, Licht, 17). The Civil War created a shift in the makeup of the anthracite coal industry. Prior to the war, the industry involved many small-scale mines with short-term leases resulting in", "Coal camps in Fayette County, West Virginia Coal camps in Fayette County, West Virginia The coal towns, or \"coal camps\" of Fayette County, West Virginia were situated to exploit the area's rich coal seams. Many of these towns were located in deep ravines that afforded direct access to the coal through the hillsides, allowing mined coal to be dropped or conveyed downhill to railway lines at the valley floor. Many of these encampments were set up as company towns, and when their mines closed, the towns vanished. A few, like Thurmond, West Virginia, have survived in a reduced state. Fayette County covers portions of three coalfields: the", "National Wax Museum Plus the job of revamping and often, recreating the broken figures. The Museum opened its doors on 25 April 2017 on 22-25 Westmoreland Street Dublin 2, with new exhibitions and a new augmented reality app. The old Museum in Fosters Place National Wax Museum Plus The National Wax Museum Plus is a privately owned waxworks museum in Dublin, Ireland. The National Wax Museum at it was then known was originally situated in Granby Row Dublin 1 close to Parnell Square on the north side of the city. It was opened in 1983 by the Lord Mayor of Dublin and it was", "Coal Exchange (London) this period, London was heated almost entirely by coal. By 1848, approximately 3.5 million tons of coal was being transported each year from the coalfields in Northumberland and Durham to London, with over 12,000 shiploads carried on nearly 3,000 vessels. The coal trade was also an important source of tax revenue for the city. The duty on coal funded Wren's rebuilding of more than fifty city churches and St Paul's Cathedral after the Great Fire of London in 1666, and also funded for other building works in the metropolis, such as the Thames Embankment. Historically, coal taxes (metage, payable on", "Coal Exchange (London) coal, where it was mined, and the price paid. The coal trade was dominated by sea transport until 1845, but railway transportation increased in importance in the 1850s and 1860s, with similar quantities carried on the rails, and the coal duty was extended to coal brought within 20 miles of London by any means in 1862. By 1875, five million tons of coal were being brought to London each year by rail and three million tons by sea. Thousands of workmen of various grades were employed to move the coal from the ships to a customer's coal cellar, with \"coal-whippers\"", "Coal Exchange (London) replicas were erected at the other main entrances to the City, in preference to the more fierce dragon at Temple Bar. Coal Exchange (London) The London Coal Exchange was situated on the north side of Thames Street in the City of London, nearly opposite to Old Billingsgate Market, occupying three different structures from 1770 to 1962. The original coal exchange opened in 1770. A second building from 1805 was replaced by a new purpose-built structure constructed from 1847 to 1849, and opened by Prince Albert on 30 October 1849. This third London coal exchange was one of the first substantial", "Coal Exchange (London) Coal Exchange (London) The London Coal Exchange was situated on the north side of Thames Street in the City of London, nearly opposite to Old Billingsgate Market, occupying three different structures from 1770 to 1962. The original coal exchange opened in 1770. A second building from 1805 was replaced by a new purpose-built structure constructed from 1847 to 1849, and opened by Prince Albert on 30 October 1849. This third London coal exchange was one of the first substantial buildings constructed from cast iron, built several years before the hall at the Great Exhibition. It was demolished in 1962 to", "Transport in Glasgow or Queen Street and traverse the city centre by foot or road. The Glasgow Crossrail initiative has been on the drawing board for many years, but still awaits funding from central government, despite the favourable outcomes of a feasibility study carried out in 2003. Plans to connect Glasgow to London by a 270 mph Transrapid (German Maglev train) have emerged in June 2005. However, this proposal has now been shelved in favour of the proposed High Speed Two scheme from London to Birmingham, which may be extended to Glasgow. There are also plans to connect Glasgow city with Glasgow International", "Paraffin wax Wax expands considerably when it melts and this allows its use in wax element thermostats for industrial, domestic and, particularly, automobile purposes. Paraffin wax was first created in 1830 by the German chemist Karl von Reichenbach when he tried to develop the means to efficiently separate and refine the waxy substances naturally occurring in petroleum. Paraffin represented a major advance in the candlemaking industry, because it burned more cleanly and reliably, and was cheaper to manufacture than any other candle fuel. Paraffin wax initially suffered from a low melting point; however, this shortcoming was later remedied by the addition of", "Bone wax Bone wax Bone wax is a waxy substance used to help mechanically control bleeding from bone surfaces during surgical procedures. It is generally made of beeswax with a softening agent such as paraffin or petroleum jelly and is smeared across the bleeding edge of the bone, blocking the holes and causing immediate bone hemostasis through a tamponade effect. Bone wax is most commonly supplied in sterile sticks, and usually requires softening before it can be applied. A note by Victor Horsley published in the British Medical Journal in 1892 described a formulation of “antiseptic wax” having seven parts beeswax, one", "Petroleum refining in the United States Most large refineries are near navigable waterways, especially seaports or Great Lakes ports. The single largest concentration of refineries is along the Gulf Coast. Although there are refineries in 30 states, just three states dominate US refining: Texas (47 operating refineries), Louisiana (19), and California (18). As of January 2015, these three states contain 45% of all US refineries and 59% of all US refining capacity. The three largest-volume products of US refineries are gasoline, fuel oil (including diesel fuel and home heating oil), and aviation fuel, which together make up more than 84 percent of output. Petroleum refineries recover", "History of Glasgow of the richest cities in the world, and a municipal public transport system, parks, museums and libraries were all opened during this period. Glasgow became one of the largest cities in the world, and known as \"the Second City of the Empire\" after London [although Liverpool, Dublin and several other British cities claim the same]. Shipbuilding on Clydeside (the river Clyde through Glasgow and other points) began when the first small yards were opened in 1712 at the Scott family's shipyard at Greenock. After 1860 the Clydeside shipyards specialised in steamships made of iron (after 1870, made of steel), which", "Ufa State Petroleum Technological University Ufa State Petroleum Technological University Ufa State Petroleum Technological University (; is a technological university in the city of Ufa. In October 1941, Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas was evacuated from Moscow to Ufa. However, in November 1943 the Gubkin University was returned to Moscow. On 4 October 1948, the Ufa Petroleum Institute emerged on the basis of Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas. On 22 November 1993, Ufa Petroleum Institute was renamed to Ufa State Petroleum Technological University. There are 3 branches of the USPTU in the Republic of Bashkortostan: in Oktyabrsky, Salavat and", "Ufa State Petroleum Technological University Sterlitamak. Ufa State Petroleum Technological University Ufa State Petroleum Technological University (; is a technological university in the city of Ufa. In October 1941, Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas was evacuated from Moscow to Ufa. However, in November 1943 the Gubkin University was returned to Moscow. On 4 October 1948, the Ufa Petroleum Institute emerged on the basis of Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas. On 22 November 1993, Ufa Petroleum Institute was renamed to Ufa State Petroleum Technological University. There are 3 branches of the USPTU in the Republic of Bashkortostan: in Oktyabrsky, Salavat", "Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia has remained relatively stable, going from 16% in 1990 to 12.5% in 2013. As a result, \"both regions account for nearly the same share of U.S. coal production\" . In the Appalachian coal region, 72% of coal produced came from underground mines. This is a much higher percentage than in the Western coal region, where 90% of all coal produced comes from surface mines. Historically, \"the building of coal towns began in the 1880s, peaked in the 1920s, and virtually ended with the coming of the Great Depression\" when the availability of other forms of energy—namely, oil, gas, and hydroelectricity—reduced", "Terror in the Wax Museum Terror in the Wax Museum Terror in the Wax Museum is a 1973 American horror mystery film directed by Georg Fenady and starring Ray Milland, Elsa Lanchester, Maurice Evans, John Carradine, Mark Edwards, Louis Hayward, Patric Knowles, and Lisa Lu. The film was released by Cinerama Releasing Corporation on May 1973. It is set in London at the end of the Victorian era. In the London wax museum of Claude Dupree, known for its collection of famous figures, someone is killing the guests. When the owner of the museum is killed, his niece decides to continue the family business, which", "Transport in Dublin and Commuter Towns, and other parts of Leinster. Dublin Bikes is a public bicycle rental scheme which has been operated in the city of Dublin since 2009. The scheme uses 450 French-made unisex bicycles with a silver colour. Dublin was the 17th city to begin using this scheme (predecessors include Copenhagen, Lyon, and Paris), though Dublin City Council suggested the Dublin launch was better. The scheme is sponsored by JCDecaux. Plans are currently under way to treble the number of bikes to 1,500. A car sharing scheme commenced service during summer 2010. In May 2011 GoCar announced that Irish Car", "Coal in China from power plants. In 2012, industrial conglomerate China Wanxiang Holdings signed a $1.25 billion deal with American company GreatPoint Energy to build a large-scale plant using GreatPoint's catalytic hydromethanation process of coal gasification. The technology converts coal into natural gas and enables the recovery of contaminants in coal, petroleum coke and biomass as useful byproducts. Most importantly, nearly all of the CO2 produced in the process is captured as a pure stream suitable for sequestration or enhanced oil recovery. The total project will cost an estimated $20 – 25 billion and will supply a trillion cubic feet of natural gas.", "Coal camps in Mingo County, West Virginia coal towns within the Williamson Coalfield and a small portion of the Logan Coalfield. Further listings are available Coal camps in Mingo County, West Virginia The coal towns, or \"coal camps\" of Mingo County, West Virginia were situated to exploit the area's rich coal seams. Many of these towns were located in deep ravines that afforded direct access to the coal through the hillsides, allowing mined coal to be dropped or conveyed downhill to railway lines at the valley floor. Many of these encampments were set up as coal towns, and when their mines closed, the towns vanished. Mingo County", "Garnkirk and Glasgow Railway By 1823 the Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway (M&KR) was being promoted, connecting the coalfield with the Forth and Clyde Canal at Kirkintilloch. Although this provided a route to Glasgow by-passing the Monkland Canal, \"there seems little doubt that the principal intention of the M&KR promoters was the provision of a convenient route for Monkland coal to the Edinburgh market. Accordingly it was the principal coal consumers in Glasgow who were dominant in proposing a railway to convey coal directly to Glasgow. The chief sponsors included Charles Tennant & Co, who had their St. Rollox chemical works at Townhead, Glasgow, adjacent", "Coal gasification commercialization Energy's (formerly owned by Texaco), entrained-flow, oxygen-blown gasifier to produce syngas from coal or petroleum coke which feeds a combined-cycle turbine system to produce electricity. The IGCC unit consumes 2,200 TPD of bituminous coal, producing 260 MW of electricity. The following table quantifies the emissions from the Polk Power Station, with comparison to emissions associated with conventional technologies for electricity generation from coal. Typical of electricity generation based on coal gasification with combined cycle generation, emissions of pollutants are far lower than those of conventional technologies. For example, notwithstanding the IGCC unit is fueled by high-sulfur coal and/or petroleum coke,", "Coal camps in Raleigh County, West Virginia Coalfield. Below is partial listing of known coal towns .Further listings are available Coal camps in Raleigh County, West Virginia The coal mining communities, or coal towns of Raleigh County, West Virginia were situated to exploit the area's rich coal seams. Many of these towns were located in deep ravines that afforded direct access to the coal through the hillsides, allowing mined coal to be dropped or conveyed downhill to railway lines at the valley floor. Many of these encampments were set up as coal towns, and when their mines closed, the towns vanished. Raleigh County covers portions of three", "Coal Exchange (London) allow widening of what is now Lower Thames Street despite a campaign by the Victorian Society to save the building. Cast iron decorations from the 1849 Coal Exchange building were selected as the model for the dragon boundary mark for the main entrances to the City of London. Coal had been imported to London by sea since at least medieval times. A coal exchange was established in 1770 on Thames Street in the City of London, near the site of Smart's Quay and close to Billingsgate Market; the main trades at Billingsgate Dock were fish and coal. The market was", "Microcrystalline wax to be incorporated into the crystal lattice structure. The desired properties of the petrolatum can be modified by using microcrystalline wax bases of different congeal points (ASTM test D938) and needle penetration (ASTM D1321). However, key industries that utilize petrolatum, such as the personal care, cosmetic, and candle industries, have pushed for more materials that are considered \"green\" and based on renewable resources. As an alternative, hybrid petrolatum can be used. Hybrid petrolatum utilizes a complex mixture of vegetable oils and waxes and combines them with petroleum and micro wax based technologies. This allows a formulator to incorporate higher percentages", "National Wax Museum Plus National Wax Museum Plus The National Wax Museum Plus is a privately owned waxworks museum in Dublin, Ireland. The National Wax Museum at it was then known was originally situated in Granby Row Dublin 1 close to Parnell Square on the north side of the city. It was opened in 1983 by the Lord Mayor of Dublin and it was an exciting new addition to the city. In the past, it was a former site to prayer rooms converted into a cinema called Plaza Cinema and then into a waxworks, but this building was demolished to make way for a", "Pearl Petroleum London. Following the issuance of three partial final awards by the arbitration tribunal in Pearl Petroleum's favour on 30 June 2015, 27 November 2015 and 30 January 2017, in August 2017, Pearl Petroleum and the KRG agreed to settle the arbitration. Consequently, Pearl Petroleum and the KRG agreed to terminate the arbitration and related court proceedings; release all remaining claims between them; implement a mechanism for settlement of US$ 2,239 million awarded by the arbitration tribunal; and proceed with immediate further development of the Khor Mor field. Pearl Petroleum is one of the largest private investors in the oil and", "Worshipful Company of Wax Chandlers and that incorporating the city of Gloucester are the only known Charters of Richard III other than that which established the Wax Chandlers' Company. There were minor changes (grant of supporters and their modification), but not to the escutcheon or crest, in 1530 and 1536. The Company’s extant armorial bearings, as confirmed in the Visitation of London in 1630, are blazoned: Worshipful Company of Wax Chandlers The Worshipful Company of Wax Chandlers is one of the oldest livery companies of the City of London, with one of the smallest memberships (about 120 members). The Wax Chandlers' Company, ranked 20th in", "Coal oil to petroleum as a feedstock. Refined hydrocarbons of the alkane series with 10 to 16 carbon atoms are the same thing whether taken from coal or petroleum. The term was in use by the late 18th century for oil produced as a byproduct of the production of coal gas and coal tar. In the early 19th century it was discovered that coal oil distilled from cannel coal could be used in lamps as an illuminant, although the early coal oil burned with a smokey flame, so that it was used only for outdoor lamps; cleaner-burning whale oil was used in", "Petroleum industry in Canada With the development of methods for extracting methane from coal seams, there has been a significant shift toward including unconventional gas as a part of the upstream sector, and corresponding developments in liquified natural gas (LNG) processing and transport. The upstream sector of the petroleum industry includes Extraction of petroleum, Oil production plant, Oil refinery and Oil well. The midstream sector involves the transportation, storage, and wholesale marketing of crude or refined petroleum products. Canada has a large network of pipelines - over 840,000 km - that transport crude oil and natural gas across the country. There are four main", "Wax Poetics Records artist Kendra Morris. In 2016, Founder Andre Torres stepped down from the magazine. On January 16, 2018, Wax Poetics sent an email to subscribers, advising them: It is with great sadness that we announce we are no longer able to fulfill Wax Poetics Magazine subscriptions. After sixteen years in print, we will cease being a traditional newsstand publication. We want to sincerely thank all of our loyal fans, customers, and subscribers who supported us since December 2001. And we are truly sorry that we are unable to fulfill our obligations to our current subscribers who put their trust in", "Petroleum jelly Petroleum jelly Petroleum jelly, petrolatum, white petrolatum, soft paraffin/paraffin wax or multi-hydrocarbon, CAS number 8009-03-8, is a semi-solid mixture of hydrocarbons (with carbon numbers mainly higher than 25), originally promoted as a topical ointment for its healing properties. After petroleum jelly became a medicine chest staple, consumers began to use it for many ailments, as well as cosmetic purposes, including toenail fungus, genital rashes (non-STD), nosebleeds, diaper rash, and chest colds. Its folkloric medicinal value as a \"cure-all\" has since been limited by better scientific understanding of appropriate and inappropriate uses. It is recognized by the U.S. Food and Drug", "Coal mining in Brazil Coal mining in Brazil Coal mining in Brazil is the country's largest source of non-renewable energy, and is an important part of Brazil's energy economy. Brazil is the tenth largest energy consumer and the third largest in the Western Hemisphere, Coal accounts for approximately 5.8 percent of the country’s total primary energy supply. It is the country’s largest source of non-renewable energy (50 percent), followed by nuclear energy (27 percent), petroleum (eight percent), and natural gas (2.5 percent). Brazil produces about 6 million tons of coal per year, and total coal reserves are estimated at approximately 32.3 billion tons. It", "Sky Petroleum Ltd v VIP Petroleum Ltd to sell the petrol, rather than just pay damages, so that it could stay in business. Goulding J held that while the general rule is that courts grant only damages for breach of contract to supply non-specific goods, the unusual state of the market made specific performance of supplying petrol the appropriate remedy. Damages were not adequate. Sky Petroleum Ltd v VIP Petroleum Ltd Sky Petroleum v VIP Petroleum [1974] 1 WLR 576 is an English contract law case, concerning the possibility of claiming specific performance of a promise after breach of contract. VIP Petroleum had agreed to sell Sky", "Coal Region with a particular mine. These towns were owned by the mining company. Though no longer company owned, many hamlets survive; one of them, the Eckley Miners' Village, is a museum and preserved historical town owned and administered by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, which seeks to restore patch towns to their original state. Coal Region The Coal Region is a historically important coal-mining area in Northeastern Pennsylvania in the central Ridge-and-valley Appalachian Mountains, comprising Lackawanna, Luzerne, Columbia, Carbon, Schuylkill, Northumberland, and the extreme northeast corner of Dauphin counties. Academics have made the distinction North Anthracite Coal Field and South", "Coal City, Illinois filmed in Coal City and other nearby towns. Coal City is served by Unit School District 1. There are five schools and a unit office in the school district. The Coal City Early Childhood Center services grades PK through 1st. The Coal City Elementary School services grades 2 and 3. The Coal City Intermediate School serves grades 4 and 5. Coal City Middle School has grades 6-8. Coal City High School has grades 9-12. Coal City is the home of the Coal City High School 2010 IHSA State Champion Softball team. Coal City also won a state championship in football", "Surfboard wax stay on the board, while wax used in water warmer than its rating may melt. Some surfers layer different temperatures of wax to create the level of firmness and stickiness desired. The normal procedure is to lay down a thin base coat of a high temperature wax, usually labeled for tropical water, to build up bumps and texture. This will not melt off. Then a layer of temperature-appropriate wax or sticky wax is applied on top of that. This ensures that, as one changes the wax for different temperatures, the cold water wax will not come into contact with the", "All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave experience and analysis.\"Crenshaw said that the title \"sets forth a problematic consequence of the tendency to treat race and gender as mutually exclusive categories of experience and analysis.\" All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave (1982) is a landmark feminist anthology in Black Women's Studies printed in numerous editions, co-edited by Akasha Gloria Hull, Patricia Bell-Scott, and Barbara Smith. Hull received the National Institute's Women of Color Award for her contribution to this book. Her", "Petroleum refining in Washington state to cover shut-in capacity or demand fluctuations. Canada is a net exporter of refined product with 92 percent of those exports consumed in the U.S. Petroleum refining in Washington state Washington state is the oil refining capital of the Northwest and has the fifth highest refining capacity of any state. As of 2015, there are 5 refineries in Washington state with a joint capacity of 631,700 b/d. They are, in order of greatest b/d capacity, Cherry Point refinery, Shell Anacortes refinery, Tesoro Anacortes refinery, Ferndale refinery and U.S. Oil refinery. Washington’s isolation from the country’s vast pipeline network and its", "All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave (1982) is a landmark feminist anthology in Black Women's Studies printed in numerous editions, co-edited by Akasha Gloria Hull, Patricia Bell-Scott, and Barbara Smith. Hull received the National Institute's Women of Color Award for her contribution to this book. Her contribution to this \"landmark scholarship directed attention to the lives of Black women and, combined with the numerous articles she wrote thereafter, helped remedy the emphasis within Feminist", "Wax Wax Waxes are a diverse class of organic compounds that are lipophilic, malleable solids near ambient temperatures. They include higher alkanes and lipids, typically with melting points above about 40 °C (104 °F), melting to give low viscosity liquids. Waxes are insoluble in water but soluble in organic, nonpolar solvents. Natural waxes of different types are produced by plants and animals and occur in petroleum. Waxes are organic compounds that characteristically consist of long alkyl chains. They may also include various functional groups such as fatty acids, primary and secondary long chain alcohols, unsaturated bonds, aromatics, amides, ketones, and aldehydes.", "Kuwait Petroleum Corporation then been phased out of the UK. Kuwait Petroleum Corp., the state-run oil company, will sell its crude oil at $3.95 a barrel below the regional benchmarks, the biggest discount since December 2008, Bloomberg reported Dec. 11, 2014. Saudi Arabia and Iraq also cut oil prices for Asia following the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries' decision to maintain production levels, which ensured that global oil prices would stay low. It is likely that Middle Eastern countries are lowering prices to defend their market shares. Kuwait has sold crude oil to Asia at a discount since at least 2000. The subsidiary", "All your base are belong to us All your base are belong to us \"All your base are belong to us\" is a popular Internet meme based on a broken English (\"Engrish\") phrase found in the opening cutscene of the 1992 Mega Drive port of the 1989 arcade video game \"Zero Wing\". The quote comes from the European release of the game, featuring poor English translations of the original Japanese version. The meme developed from this in the early 2000s, as the result of a GIF animation depicting the opening text, which was initially popularized on the Something Awful message forums. The phrase or some variation of", "State Coal Mine State Coal Mine The State Coal Mine, also known as State Coal Mine Heritage Area, is a former 20th century state-owned black coal mine located in Wonthaggi, Victoria, Australia. The mine was operational from 1910 until 1968 and is now a state park and tourist attraction. The coal deposits at the site are estimated to be more than 150 million-years-old and the tunnels of the mine encompasses nearly 5,000 kilometres, forming an underground ring around the town of Wonthaggi. The site is located adjacent to the former railway line to Melbourne via Wonthaggi. Rising from its beginnings as a make", "New towns in the United Kingdom towns and garden cities to get to grips with the country's housing shortage. Six new towns in Scotland were designated between 1955 and 1973, mostly for the overspill population of Glasgow. The New Towns Act (Northern Ireland) 1965 gave the Minister of Development of the Government of Northern Ireland the power to designate an area as a new town, and to appoint a development commission. An order could be made to transfer municipal functions of all or part of any existing local authorities to the commission, which took the additional title of urban district council, although unelected. This was done", "Natural gas and petroleum in Bangladesh until 1977; and Meghna Petroleum. Natural gas and petroleum in Bangladesh Bangladesh is the nineteenth-largest producer of natural gas in Asia. Gas supplies meet 56% of domestic energy demand. However, the country faces an acute energy crisis in meeting the demands of its vast and growing population. Bangladesh is a net importer of crude oil and petroleum products. The energy sector is dominated by state-owned companies, including Petrobangla and the Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation. Chevron, ConocoPhilips, Statoil, Gazprom and ONGC are major international companies engaged in Bangladesh's hydrocarbon industry, with Chevron's gas fields accounting for 50% of natural gas production. Geologists", "Petroleum involvement. Regardless of source, petroleum's effects when released into the environment are similar. Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere. This increase in acidity inhibits all marine life – having a greater impact on smaller organisms as well as shelled organisms (see scallops). When burned, petroleum releases carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. Along with the burning of coal, petroleum combustion may be the largest contributor to the increase in atmospheric CO. Atmospheric CO has risen over the last 150 years to current levels of", "Streets and squares in Dublin Streets and squares in Dublin This article deals with the streets and squares in Dublin and the Greater Dublin Area of Ireland. Most streets in Dublin carry names given during the period of English colonial rule. Some streets were renamed during the late colonial or Free State periods for Irish persons. Street names fall into several categories. Many are named for persons such as British kings, queens, and their families, lords lieutenant, nobles, lord mayors, other state officials, Irish nationalist figures, celebrities, and property owners. Others are named for churches, public buildings, signs of public houses (taverns), places of historical", "History of coal mining in the United States worldwide which was brought about by the earlier price surge. During this period, the industry in the U.S. moved to low-sulfur coal. In 1987 Wyoming became the largest coal producing state. As of 2014, all but one out of the 18 coal mines in Wyoming were strip mines. Wyoming's coal reserves total about 69.3 billion tons, or 14.2% of the U.S. coal reserve. In 2008, competition was intense in the US coal mining industry with some U.S. mines approaching the end of their useful life (mine closure). Other coal-producing countries also stepped up production to win a share of traditional", "National Petroleum Council (US) National Petroleum Council (US) The National Petroleum Council is an American advisory committee representing oil and natural gas industry views to the United States Secretary of Energy. The council was established in 1946 at the request of President Harry S. Truman to represent industry views on any matters relating to oil and natural gas. In 1977 its role was transferred to the new Department of Energy, and the council is now formally chartered as Federal Advisory Committee with private funding. It contains approximately 175 members appointed by the Secretary of Energy. Individual members serve without compensation as representatives of their", "Wax chemistry approaches including olefin metathesis and enzymatic reactions and can be used to produce waxes from inexpensive starting materials like vegetable oils. Although many natural waxes contain esters, paraffin waxes are hydrocarbons, mixtures of alkanes usually in a homologous series of chain lengths. These materials represent a significant fraction of petroleum. They are refined by vacuum distillation. Paraffin waxes are mixtures of saturated n- and iso- alkanes, naphthenes, and alkyl- and naphthene-substituted aromatic compounds. A typical alkane paraffin wax chemical composition comprises hydrocarbons with the general formula CH, such as Hentriacontane, CH. The degree of branching has an important influence", "Turpentine or with carnauba wax, to make fine furniture wax for use as a protective coating over oiled wood finishes (e.g., tung oil). Turpentine is also used as a source of raw materials in the synthesis of fragrant chemical compounds. Commercially used camphor, linalool, alpha-terpineol, and geraniol are all usually produced from alpha-pinene and beta-pinene, which are two of the chief chemical components of turpentine. These pinenes are separated and purified by distillation. The mixture of diterpenes and triterpenes that is left as residue after turpentine distillation is sold as rosin. Turpentine and petroleum distillates such as coal oil and kerosene", "All your base are belong to us ticker on a live news broadcast on News 14 Carolina. On June 1, 2006, YouTube was taken down temporarily for maintenance. The phrase \"ALL YOUR VIDEO ARE BELONG TO US\" appeared below the YouTube logo as a placeholder while the site was down. Some users believed the site had been hacked, leading YouTube to add the message \"No, we haven't be [sic] hacked. Get a sense of humor.\" All your base are belong to us \"All your base are belong to us\" is a popular Internet meme based on a broken English (\"Engrish\") phrase found in the opening cutscene of", "Wax foundation Wax foundation Wax foundation or honeycomb base is a plate made of wax with the base of the honeycomb. It is used in beekeeping to give the bees a foundation on which they can build the honeycomb. Wax foundation is considered one of the most important inventions in modern beekeeping. Wax foundation was invented by German Johannes Mehring in 1857, a few years after Langstroth designed and patented the Langstroth hive on October 5, 1852. Mehring's wax foundation had only the bottom of the cells, and today's base with the foundation of the cells was invented by US beekeeper Samuel", "We'll Live and Die in These Towns (song) despite all the disadvantages stay native forever. We'll Live and Die in These Towns (song) We'll Live and Die in These Towns – single by British rock band The Enemy from their debut album We'll Live and Die in These Towns. The single was released in 2007 and has peaked 21 place in the UK Singles Chart. In March 2008, was filmed a video for this song by WMG. The video shows three members of the group in the evening riding in the car and looking through the window at their native city. Tom Clarke sings about his native city,", "Garnkirk and Glasgow Railway century, the city of Glasgow experienced increasing demand for coal, both for domestic and industrial purposes; the most convenient source was the Monkland coalfield, south of Airdrie, but the distance of over ten miles incurred considerable expense in the absence of an efficient means of transport. The Monkland Canal was opened in 1791, reducing the price of coal in Glasgow considerably. However a cartel of some of the coal owners attempted to keep prices artificially high, and from 1813 they managed to achieve a near-monopoly of the supply of Monkland coal, with the canal also charging monopolistic prices for carriage.", "Wax bullet is used, but are prone to ricochet. With wax bullets, a simple sheet of plywood is sufficient to stop the bullet—upon impact the wax deforms and sticks to the wood, where it can later be scraped off and reused. The cost per round of wax bullets is low as primers can be purchased for under US$ 2.00 per 100 in case lots and as the wax itself can be reused. Reloading is very quick, and requires minimal equipment: a decapper tool to knock out the used primer and a priming tool. With these, loading 50 rounds of wax bullets will", "All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave White; All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us are Brave\", as her \"point of departure\" to \"develop a Black feminist criticism\". Barbara Y. Welke published her article entitled \"When All the Women Were White, and All the Blacks Were Men: Gender, Class, Race, and the Road to Plessy, 1855–1914\", in reference to Hull et al., in 1995 in the \"Law and History Review.\" Welke wrote how Crenshaw, referring to Hull \"But Some of Us Are Brave\", said that the title \"sets forth a problematic consequence of the tendency to treat race and gender as mutually exclusive categories of" ]

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[ "The boy and girl are in the same room." ]

[ "The boy and girl are in pajamas.", "Leadership's performance expectations should align with management systems.", "the man is asleep on the car", "Potter was inspired by the surroundings.", "As byproducts, individuals and businesses subject to social insurance taxes are subject to their decision to enter covered employment.", "A man wears a blue shirt.", "People are gathered to look at trains." ]

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[ "Egypt is a meeting point of multiple cultures." ]

[ "Egypt is very homogenous.", "The details were very vague.", "A woman makes a pattern from blue and white fabric on a wooden stand", "A musician plays a song.", "We were totally unprepared.", "The artist is painting a tree.", "Neolithic islanders lived in rock shelters and hunted a type of mountain goat which is now extinct." ]

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[ "Burkina Faso\nBurkina Faso (UK: /bɜːrˌkiːnə ˈfæsoʊ/, US: /- ˈfɑːsoʊ/(listen);[7] French:[buʁkina faso]) is a landlocked country in West Africa. It covers an area of around 274,200 square kilometres (105,900sqmi) and is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north; Niger to the east; Benin to the southeast; Togo and Ghana to the south; and Ivory Coast to the southwest. The July 2018 population estimate by the United Nations was 19,751,651.[8] Burkina Faso is a francophone country, with French as the official language of government and business. Roughly 40% of the population speaks the Mossi language.[9] Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta (1958–1984), the country was renamed \"Burkina Faso\" on 4August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara. Its citizens are known as Burkinabé (/bɜːrˈkiːnəbeɪ/ bur-KEE-nə-bay). Its capital is Ouagadougou." ]

[ "Burkina Faso\nThe Franco-British Convention of 14June 1898 created the country's modern borders. In the French territory, a war of conquest against local communities and political powers continued for about five years. In 1904, the largely pacified territories of the Volta basin were integrated into the Upper Senegal and Niger colony of French West Africa as part of the reorganization of the French West African colonial empire. The colony had its capital in Bamako.", "Transport in Burkina Faso\nThe government plans to close the Ouagadougou airport upon construction of the new Ouagadougou-Donsin Airport, approximately 35 km northeast of Ouagadougou. The new airport is expected to be completed around 2018 and the government received a $85 million loan from the World Bank to help finance the construction. The government of Burkino Faso believed that the project would cost $618 million.", "Cinema of Burkina Faso\nBurkina Faso hosts the Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou (FESPACO) every two years in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso's capital.", "Burkinao\nBurkinao is a village in the Iolonioro Department of Bougouriba Province in south-western Burkina Faso. The village has a population of 364.", "Burkina Faso\nBurkina Faso's 17.3million people belong to two major West African ethnic cultural groups—the Voltaic and the Mande (whose common language is Dioula). The Voltaic Mossi make up about one-half of the population. The Mossi claim descent from warriors who migrated to present-day Burkina Faso from northern Ghana around 1100AD. They established an empire that lasted more than 800years. Predominantly farmers, the Mossi kingdom is led by the Mogho Naba, whose court is in Ouagadougou.[121]", "List of plants of Burkina Faso\nBurkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa. Its natural vegetation mainly consists of savannas, in the South there are also dry forests and gallery forests. The highest diversity of plant species can be found in the humid South-West.", "Cascades Region\nBurkina Faso gained independence from France in 1960. It was originally called Upper Volta. There have been military coups till 1983 when Captain Thomas Sankara took control and implemented radical left wing policies. He was outsed by Blaise Compaore, who continued for 27 years till 2014, when a popular uprising ended his rule. As per Law No.40/98/AN in 1998, Burkina Faso adhered to decentralization to provide administrative and financial autonomy to local communities. There are 13 administrative regions, each governed by a Governor. The regions are subdivided into 45 provinces, which are further subdivided into 351 communes. The communes may be urban or rural and are interchangeable. There are other administrative entities like department and village. An urban commune has typically 10,000 people under it. If any commune is not able to get 75 per cent of its planned budget in revenues for 3 years, the autonomy is taken off. The communes are administered by elected Mayors. The communes are stipulated to develop economic, social and cultural values of its citizens. A commune has financial autonomy and can interact with other communes, government agencies or international entities.", "Football in Burkina Faso\nFootball is the most popular sport in Burkina Faso. And the national association can look back on recent developments with a great deal of pride. Reaching the semi-finals of the African Cup of Nations on home soil in 1998, qualifying for the FIFA World Youth Championship in the UAE in 2003, and appearances at two final competitions of the CAF U-17 Cup, as well as third place at the FIFA U-17 World Championship in Trinidad & Tobago in 2001 are Burkina Fasos outstanding achievements at international level. The nations most famous players include Kassoum Ouegraogo, nicknamed Zico, who had his most successful seasons with Espérance de Tunis before ending his career in Germany, Siaka Ouattara, who spent his entire career with Mulhouse in France, and Moumouni Dagano, who was voted best African player in Belgium in 2001, when he played for the Belgian side Genk. He later went on to play for the French side Guingamp before transferring to another French team, FC Sochaux in 2005.\nBurkina Faso received an unexpected free pass into the group stage of the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification process, when their opening round contestant, the Central African Republic, withdrew from the competition. This gave the West Africans, who were at that stage ranked 14th on the continent, the certainty that their name would be in the hat when the Preliminary Draw for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany was made. They got off to a flying start, beating Ghana 1-0 in their opening match and laying down a marker for their Group 2 adversaries South Africa, Cape Verde Islands, Congo DR and Uganda. The victory train began to come off the rails with two defeats to Cape Verde, and with a record of two wins and three losses, Burkina Faso were up against it at the half-way stage. Frenchman Bernard Simondi took over the coaching reins from Ivica Todorov and made the team harder to beat at home, even recording wins over South Africa and Congo DR, but in the end it was not quite enough, and the likes of Abdoulaye Cisse, Moumouni Dagano, and Wilfred Sanou went no further in the competition.\nAlthough football was already practiced at the turn of the century in the British colony of Gold Coast (now Ghana), this sport did not appear until the mid-1930s in the area of today's Burkina Faso. In 1932, the French colony of Upper Volta was divided among the neighboring colonies, so that the two main cities Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso then belonged to the colony of Ivory Coast. Bobo-Dioulasso, as a central commercial city meeting point of cultures and new ideas, was the starting point for the development of football in the country; The teams consisted mainly of French military personnel, missionaries, colonial officials and merchants, workers and employees from the neighboring colonies Gold Coast, Guinea, Senegal or French Sudan (now Mali). Especially the latter group was not only in Bobo-Dioulasso - especially those from French Sudan -, but throughout French-speaking Africa an important factor for the early development of football.", "Burkina Faso\nBefore attaining autonomy, it had been French Upper Volta and part of the French Union. On 5August 1960, it attained full independence from France. The first president, Maurice Yaméogo, was the leader of the Voltaic Democratic Union (UDV). The 1960 constitution provided for election by universal suffrage of a president and a national assembly for five-year terms. Soon after coming to power, Yaméogo banned all political parties other than the UDV. The government lasted until 1966. After much unrest, including mass demonstrations and strikes by students, labor unions, and civil servants, the military intervened.", "Burkina Faso\nDeterioration in relations with neighbouring countries was one of the reasons given by Compaoré for the coup.[42] Compaoré argued that Sankara had jeopardised foreign relations with the former colonial power France and neighbouring Ivory Coast.[10] Following the coup Compaoré immediately reversed the nationalizations, overturned nearly all of Sankara's policies, returned the country back into the IMF fold, and ultimately spurned most of Sankara's legacy. Following an alleged coup attempt in 1989, limited democratic reforms were introduced in 1990 by Compaoré. Under the new constitution, Compaoré was re-elected without opposition in 1991. In 1998 Compaoré won election in a landslide. In 2004, 13 people were tried for plotting a coup against President Compaoré and the coup's alleged mastermind was sentenced to life imprisonment.[43] As of 2014, Burkina Faso remains one of the least developed countries in the world.[44]", "Health in Burkina Faso\nThe national health system includes the public, private and traditional medical and pharmacopoeial sub-sectors. In the area of governance, it has made significant progress both organically and functionally.The main achievements are mainly the strengthening of the decentralization of the health system undertaken since 1993 with the establishment of the district health system (63 districts in 2007) and the development of community health. The effective involvement of all actors in the development of the health system, the introduction of emergency care, the subsidization of benefits for the mother and the child, have improved the efficiency and use of health services. Burkina joined the International Partnership for Health and Related Initiatives (IHP +) in May 2010, which aims to increase resources and efforts for health, as well as the effectiveness of aid in the sector. The financing system of the health sector is mainly based on a tripod consisting of the state budget, external inputs (bilateral and multilateral) and cost recovery of health care and services to users (households). The offer of care is organized around public and private structures.The public sub-sector of care with three levels that provide primary, secondary and tertiary care. Approval of modern medicines (specialty and generic), traditional pharmacopoeial drugs, medical consumables and medical biology reagents is assigned to the Drug Regulatory Directorate (DRP). For each Marketing Authorization (MA) application , a related dossier is evaluated by experts. In 2010, Burkina Faso revised its national health policy and developed a National Health Development Plan [2] covering the period 2011 to 2020. Burkina Faso increased its health care workforce between 2006 and 2010, but not sufficiently to meet the population’s growing needs. Burkina Faso suffers from a severe lack of qualified health workers at all levels including support staff. There is less than 1 (0.45) physician per 10,000 people, 3.57 nurses per 10,000 people, and 2.39 midwives per 10,000 (Burkina Faso Ministry of Health, Statistical Yearbook 2010). ", "Centre-Sud Region\nThe region has three provinces which together include 16 departments. Burkina Faso got independence from French Colonial Empire during 1960. It was originally called Upper Volta. There have been military coups till 1983 when Captain Thomas Sankara took control and implemented radical left wing policies. He was outsed by Blaise Compaore, who continued for 27 years till 2014, when a popular uprising ended his rule. As per Law No.40/98/AN in 1998, Burkina Faso adhered to decentralization to provide administrative and financial autonomy to local communities. There are 13 administrative regions, each governed by a Governor. The regions are subdivided into 45 provinces, which are further subdivided into 351 communes. The communes may be urban or rural and are interchangeable. There are other administrative entities like department and village. An urban commune has typically 10,000 people under it. If any commune is not able to get 75 per cent of its planned budget in revenues for 3 years, the autonomy is taken off. The communes are administered by elected Mayors. The communes are stipulated to develop economic, social and cultural values of its citizens. A commune has financial autonomy and can interact with other communes, government agencies or international entities.", "Burkina Faso–United States relations\nIn addition to regional peace and stability, U.S. interests in Burkina are to promote continued democratization and greater respect for human rights and to encourage sustainable economic development. Although the Agency for International Development (USAID) closed its office in Ouagadougou in 1995, in late May 2013 it sent a representative to re-open an Office under its Mission in Senegal. Under a combination of regional and bilateral aid programs, USAID provides approximately $50 million annually to Burkina's development through non-governmental and regional organizations. The largest is a Food for Peace school lunch program administered by Catholic Relief Services. Burkina has been the site of several development success stories. U.S. leadership in building food security in the Sahel after the 1968-74 drought has been successful in virtually eliminating famine, despite recurrent drought years. River blindness has been eliminated from the region. In both cases, the U.S. was the main donor to inter-African organizations headquartered in Ouagadougou which through sustained efforts have achieved and consolidated these gains. In 2005, Burkina Faso and the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) signed a $12 million Threshold Country Program to build schools and increase girls' enrollment rates. In November 2005, the Millennium Challenge Corporation selected Burkina Faso as eligible to submit a proposal for Millennium Challenge Account assistance for fiscal year 2006, making it one of only two countries eligible for threshold as well as compact funding. The Government of Burkina Faso is working closely with MCC staff to finalize its compact submission.", "Burkina Faso\nAs of June2014 the main international airport, Ouagadougou Airport, had regularly scheduled flights to many destinations in West Africa as well as Paris, Brussels and Istanbul. The other international airport, Bobo Dioulasso Airport, has flights to Ouagadougou and Abidjan.", "Sport in Burkina Faso\nFootball is very popular in Burkina Faso, played both professionally and informally in towns and villages across the country. The national team is nicknamed \"Les Etalons\" (\"the Stallions\") in reference to the legendary horse of Princess Yennenga. In 1998, Burkina Faso hosted the African Cup of Nations for which the Omnisport Stadium in Bobo-Dioulasso was built.", "Music of Burkina Faso\nBurkina Faso's popular music scene has not yet garnered the fame of that of other West African countries, and many popular recordings are imported from Europe, the United States and Democratic Republic of the Congo. In spite of this influx of popular styles, a few early musical acts achieved success such as Koudbi Koala's group Saaba, who perform traditional Mossi music from the region around Ouagadougou, the nation's capital. With a musical career that lasted half a century, singer Amadou Balaké was one of the foremost singers from the country during the 20th century. In his music, Balaké combined Mandé, Mossi, and Afro-Cuban traditions. Other influential artists from the country include George Ouédraogo and Joseph Moussa Salambéré \"Salambo\".", "Outline of Burkina Faso\nHistory of Burkina Faso", "Burkina Faso\nOn 4August 1984,[35] on President Sankara's initiative, the country's name was changed from Upper Volta to Burkina Faso or land of the honest men; (the literal translation is land of the upright men.)[37][38][39]", "Elections in Burkina Faso\nGeneral elections were due to be held on 11 October 2015. However, on 16 September the now disbanded Regiment of Presidential Security (RSP) staged a coup d'état, and held the capital, Ouagadougou, for about a week. \nThe 127 members of the National Assembly of Burkina Faso is elected by proportional representation. It consists of 45 multi-member constituencies; with each having about 2-9 seats. There is also an additional 16 seats that are elected proportionally nationwide.", "Burkina Faso\nBurkina Faso is a multilingual country. An estimated 69languages are spoken there,[128] of which about 60languages are indigenous. The Mossi language (Mossi: Mòoré) is spoken by about 40% of the population, mainly in the central region around the capital, Ouagadougou, along with other, closely related Gurunsi languages scattered throughout Burkina.", "Centre-Ouest Region\nThe main road connecting the national capital, Ouagadougou, and Burkina Faso's second largest city Bobo-Dioulasso traverses the province (east to west). Burkina Faso's only railway connects the region's largest city, Koudougou with Ouagadougou, Bobo-Dioulasso and Ivory Coast. There is no commercial airport in the province but Ouagadougou International Airport is approximately 141 km southeast of Koudougou and as of June 2014 the airport had regularly scheduled flights to most major cities in West Africa as well as Paris, Brussels and Istanbul. As of 2007, there were of highways, of regional roads and of county roads. The first set of car traffic was 38, first set of two-wheeler traffic was 3,166 and the total classified road network was 1,545.\nThe total corn produced during 2015 was 121,780 tonnes, cotton was 27,059 tonnes, cowpea was 49,972 tonnes, ground nut was 43,284 tonnes, millet was 72,426 tonnes, rice was 16,215 tonnes and sorghum was 260,885 tonnes. The coverage of cereal need compared to the total production of the region was 135.00 per cent.", "Burkina Faso\nFormerly called the Republic of Upper Volta, the country was renamed \"Burkina Faso\" on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara. The words \"Burkina\" and \"Faso\" both stem from different languages spoken in the country: \"Burkina\" comes from Mossi and means \"upright\", showing how the people are proud of their integrity, while \"Faso\" comes from the Dyula language and means \"fatherland\" (lit. \"father's house\"). The \"bè\" suffix added onto \"Burkina\" to form the demonym \"Burkinabè\" comes from the Fula language and means \"men or women\".[22] The CIA summarizes the etymology as \"name translates as \"Land of the Honest (Incorruptible) Men\".[23]", "Demographics of Burkina Faso\nFew Burkinabé have had formal education. Schooling is free but not compulsory, and only about 29% of Burkina's primary school-age children receive a basic education. The University of Ouagadougou, founded in 1974, was the country's first institution of higher education. The Polytechnic University of Bobo-Dioulasso in Bobo-Dioulasso was opened in 1995.\nAccording to the total population was in , compared to only 4,284,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 45.3%, 52.4% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 2.2% was 65 years or older", "Sud-Ouest Region (Burkina Faso)\nMost of Burkino Faso is a wide plateau formed by riverine systems and is called falaise de Banfora. There are three major rivers, the Red Volta, Black Volta and White Volta, which cuts through different valleys. The climate is generally hot, with unreliable rains across different seasons. Gold and quartz are common minerals found across the country, while manganese deposits are also common. The dry season is usually from October to May and rains are common during the wet season from June to September. The soil texture is porous and hence the yield is also poor. The average elevation is around to above mean sea level. Among West African countries, Burkino Faso has the largest elephant population and the country is replete with game reserves. The southern regions are more tropical in nature and have Savannah and forests. The principal river is the Black Volta, that originates in the southern region and drains into Ghana. The areas near the rivers usually have flies like tsetse and similium, which are carriers of sleep sickness and river blindness. The average rainfall in the region is around compared to northern regions that receive only rainfall.", "Burkina Faso\nGeographic and environmental causes can also play a significant role in contributing to Burkina Faso's issue of food insecurity.[161] As the country is situated in the Sahel region, Burkina Faso experiences some of the most radical climatic variation in the world, ranging from severe flooding to extreme drought.[162] The unpredictable climatic shock that Burkina Faso citizens often face results in strong difficulties in being able to rely on and accumulate wealth through agricultural means.[163] Burkina Faso's climate also renders its crops vulnerable to insect attacks, including attacks from locusts and crickets, which destroy crops and further inhibit food production.[164] Not only is most of the population of Burkina Faso dependent on agriculture as a source of income, but they also rely on the agricultural sector for food that will directly feed the household.[165] Due to the vulnerability of agriculture, more and more families are having to look for other sources of non-farm income,[166] and often have to travel outside of their regional zone to find work.[165]", "Centre-Ouest Region\nMost of Burkino Faso is a wide plateau formed by riverine systems and is called falaise de Banfora. There are three major rivers, the Red Volta, Black Volta and White Volta, which cuts through different valleys. The climate is generally hot, with unreliable rains across different seasons. Gold and quartz are common minerals found across the country, while manganese deposits are also common. The dry season is usually from October to May and rains are common during the wet season from June to September. The soil texture is porous and hence the yield is also poor. The average elevation is around to above mean sea level. Among West African countries, Burkino Faso has the largest elephant population and the country is replete with game reserves. The southern regions are more tropical in nature and have Savannah and forests. The principal river is the Black Volta, that originates in the southern region and drains into Ghana. The areas near the rivers usually have flies like tsetse and similium, which are carriers of sleep sickness and river blindness. The average rainfall in the region is around compared to northern regions that receive only rainfall.", "Kadiogo Province\nKadiogo is a province of Burkina Faso, located in its Centre Region. Its area is of 2,805 km², containing six departments and a population of 1,523,980 (2006). Its capital is also the State capital, Ouagadougou. It features the central plateau of the country. It is highly urbanized and is the most densely populated province.", "Burkina Faso\nThe Republic of Upper Volta was established on 11December 1958 as a self-governing colony within the French Community, and on 5August 1960 it gained full independence, with Maurice Yaméogo as President. After protests by students and labour unions, Yaméogo was deposed in the 1966 coup d'état, led by Sangoulé Lamizana, who became President. His rule coincided with the Sahel drought and famine, and facing problems from the country's traditionally powerful trade unions he was deposed in the 1980 coup d'état, led by Saye Zerbo. Encountering resistance from trade unions again, Zerbo's government was overthrown in the 1982 coup d'état, led by Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo. The leader of the leftist faction of Ouédraogo's government, Thomas Sankara, became Prime Minister but was later imprisoned. Efforts to free him led to the popularly-supported 1983 coup d'état, in which he became President.[10][11] Sankara renamed the country Burkina Faso and launched an ambitious socioeconomic programme which included a nationwide literacy campaign, land redistribution to peasants, railway and road construction and the outlawing of female genital mutilation, forced marriages and polygamy.[11][12] Sankara was overthrown and killed in the 1987 coup d'état led by Blaise Compaoré – deteriorating relations with former coloniser France and its ally the Ivory Coast were the reason given for the coup.", "Boucle du Mouhoun Region\nBoucle du Mouhoun is one of Burkina Faso's 13 administrative regions. It was created on 2 July 2001 and had a population of 1,434,847 in 2006. It is the 2nd most populous region in Burkina Faso after Centre Region, and contains 10.5% of all Burkinabé. The region's capital is Dédougou. Six provinces make up the Boucle du Mouhoun region—Balé, Banwa, Kossi, Mouhoun, Nayala, and Sourou.", "Geography of Burkina Faso\nBurkina Faso has a primarily tropical climate with two very distinct seasons. In the rainy season, the country receives between 600 and 900 millimetres (23.6 and 35.4 in) of rainfall; in the dry season, the harmattan – a hot dry wind from the Sahara – blows. The rainy season lasts approximately four months, May/June to September, and is shorter in the north of the country. Three climatic zones can be defined: the Sahel, the Sudan-Sahel, and the Sudan-Guinea. The Sahel in the north typically receives less than [13] of rainfall per year and has high temperatures, .", "Est Region (Burkina Faso)\nMost of Burkino Faso is a wide plateau formed by riverine systems and is called falaise de Banfora. There are three major rivers, the Red Volta, Black Volta and White Volta, which cuts through different valleys. The climate is generally hot, with unreliable rains across different seasons. Gold and quartz are common minerals found across the country, while manganese deposits are also common. The dry season is usually from October to May and rains are common during the wet season from June to September. The soil texture is porous and hence the yield is also poor. The average elevation is around to above mean sea level. Among West African countries, Burkino Faso has the largest elephant population and the country is replete with game reserves. The southern regions are more tropical in nature and have Savannah and forests. The principal river is the Black Volta, that originates in the southern region and drains into Ghana. The areas near the rivers usually have flies like tsetse and similium, which are carriers of sleep sickness and river blindness. The average rainfall in the region is around compared with northern regions that receive only rainfall.", "Burkina Faso\nIt is made up of two major types of countryside. The larger part of the country is covered by a peneplain, which forms a gently undulating landscape with, in some areas, a few isolated hills, the last vestiges of a Precambrian massif. The southwest of the country, on the other hand, forms a sandstone massif, where the highest peak, Ténakourou, is found at an elevation of 749 meters (2,457ft). The massif is bordered by sheer cliffs up to 150m (492ft) high. The average altitude of Burkina Faso is 400m (1,312ft) and the difference between the highest and lowest terrain is no greater than 600m (1,969ft). Burkina Faso is therefore a relatively flat country.", "Burkina Faso\nPoverty continues to be strongly linked to food insecurity.[107] As one of the poorest countries in the world, Burkina Faso has around 43.7% of its population living under the poverty line[108] and ranked 185 out of 188countries on the UNDP Human Development Index in 2015.[98] The Human Development Index is a measure of quality of life, taking into account three main areas of human development: longevity, education, and economic standard of living.[109] These high levels of poverty found in Burkina Faso, combined with the soaring food prices of the global food crisis continue to contribute to Burkina Faso's issue of food insecurity.[110] The global food crisis of 2007–2008 was a drastic surge in food prices that lead to high rates of hunger, malnutrition, and political and economic instability in nations across the globe.[111] This strongly affected Burkina Faso because around 80% of Burkina's population is rural, relying on subsistence farming to make a living.[94] For instance, when natural disasters such as floods, droughts, or locust attacks occur and cause crops to fail, farmers in Burkina Faso become dependent on grain purchases.[112] Because of the global food crisis, local grain prices dramatically increased, limiting farmers' access to grain through market exchanges.[112]", "Geography of Burkina Faso\nThe country is divided into 13 administrative regions. These regions encompass 45 provinces and 351 departments.", "Wildlife of Burkina Faso\nApproximately 15% of the country has forest cover while wooded land constitutes approximately 34% of the area. Very little closed forest can be found and this is mainly of the gallery forest type along waterways. The open forests include savanna of four types, namely Sahelian, Sahelian-Sudanian, Sudanian, and Sudanian-Guinean. Though much of the country is dry and sparse, vegetation can vary considerably. Northern Burkina Faso consists mainly of savanna, acacia woodland, and during the wet season, prickly shrubs and stunted trees flourish. Herbaceous plants include broadleaf deciduous, shrub, desert shrub, semi-desert savanna and thorny scrub. Crops include Banana, Cassava, Bougainvillea, Cotton, Guava, Maize, Spinach, \"Malabar Spinach\", Millet, Onions, Papaya, Sorghum, Tomatoes, and Yams. Most of the country consists of sparse savanna grasslands, with the occasional shrub or acacia. Although the country only has about 15% forest cover overall, there are many forests in the south, growing denser along the banks of the perennial rivers. These include Diéfoula Forest, Logoniégué Forest, Laba Forest, Dida Forest, Koulbi National Forest, Bontioli Reserve Forest, Nabere Partial Reserve Forest, Koflandé Forest, Maro Forest, Tui Forest, Deux Balés Forest, Kalio Forest, Tisse Forest, Dibon Forest, Pâ Forest, Mou Forest, Boulon Forest, Tigo Forest, Nakambe Forest and Niangoloko Forest, of which about 16% have official protection.", "Cinema of Burkina Faso\nThe cinema of Burkina Faso is an important part of the history of the post-colonial West African and African film industry. Burkina's contribution to African cinema started with the establishment of the film festival FESPACO (Festival Panafricain du Cinéma et de la Télévision de Ouagadougou), which was launched as a film week in 1969 and gained government support and permanent structures in 1972. It is the largest film exhibition venue in sub-Saharan Africa, with more than half a million attendees, and takes place in odd numbered years in March. Burkina is also one of the countries producing the most feature films in Africa. Many of the nation's filmmakers are known internationally and have won international prizes. For many years the headquarters of the Federation of Panafrican Filmmakers (FEPACI) was in Ouagadougou, rescued in 1983 from a period of moribund inactivity by the enthusiastic support and funding of President Thomas Sankara In 2006 the Secretariat of FEPACI moved to South Africa but the headquarters of the organization is still in Ouagaoudougou. Between 1977 and 1987 Burkina Faso housed a regional film school, Institut d'Education Cinématographique de Ouagadougou (INAFEC), which was instigated by FEPACI and funded in part by UNESCO. But eighty percent of its funding came from the government of Burkina Faso; no other African country participated in its funding and few sent students.", "Banwa Province\nBanwa is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso and is in Boucle du Mouhoun Region. The capital of Banwa is Solenzo. In 2006 it had a population of 267,934. \nIn 2011 the province had 170 primary schools and 13 secondary schools.\nIn 2011 the province had 23 health and social promotion centers (\"Centres de santé et de promotion sociale\"), 3 doctors and 87 nurses.\nIt is a rural province with 255,337 of its residents living in the countryside; only 12,597 live in urban areas. There are 131,100 men living in Bam Province and 136,834 women.\nBanwa is divided into 6 departments:", "Burkina Faso\nThere are 15,000kilometres of roads in Burkina Faso, of which 2,500kilometres are paved.[118]", "Ouagadougou\nOuagadougou (, , ), also Wagadugu, is the capital of Burkina Faso and the administrative, communications, cultural, and economic centre of the nation. It is also the country's largest city, with a population of 2,200,000 in 2015. The city's name is often shortened to \"Ouaga\". The inhabitants are called \"ouagalais\". The spelling of the name \"Ouagadougou\" is derived from the French orthography common in former French African colonies.", "Burkina Faso\nBurkina Faso also hosts the International Art and Craft Fair, Ouagadougou. It is better known by its French name as SIAO, Le Salon International de l' Artisanat de Ouagadougou, and is one of the most important African handicraft fairs.", "Diébédo Francis Kéré\nThe village of Gando is located south east of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso's capital. The 3000 inhabitants live in small mud huts with tin or straw roofs. The huts are gathered in small groups forming communities. The village has no access to running water or electricity, and the literacy rate remains below the national average of 25%. According to the UN Human Development Index in 2011, Burkina Faso is the 7th least developed country in the world. Lack of education, low income and life expectancy hold back the country's development, and most people are subsistence farmers, remaining dependent on the harsh climate. There is virtually no rain between October and June, and daytime temperatures can easily reach 45 °C.", "Centre Region, Burkina Faso\nBurkina Faso gained independence from France in 1960. It was originally called Upper Volta. There have been military coups till 1983 when Captain Thomas Sankara took control and implemented radical left wing policies. He was outsed by Blaise Compaore, who continued for 27 years till 2014, when a popular uprising ended his rule. As per Law No.40/98/AN in 1998, Burkina Faso adhered to decentralization to provide administrative and financial autonomy to local communities. There are 13 administrative regions, each governed by a Governor. The regions are subdivided into 45 provinces, which are further subdivided into 351 communes. The communes may be urban or rural and are interchangeable. There are other administrative entities like department and village. An urban commune has typically 10,000 people under it. If any commune is not able to get 75 per cent of its planned budget in revenues for 3 years, the autonomy is taken off. The communes are administered by elected Mayors. The communes are stipulated to develop economic, social and cultural values of its citizens. A commune has financial autonomy and can interact with other communes, government agencies or international entities.", "Centre Region, Burkina Faso\nMost of Burkino Faso is a wide plateau formed by riverine systems and is called falaise de Banfora. There are three major rivers, the Red Volta, Black Volta and White Volta, which cuts through different valleys. The climate is generally hot, with unreliable rains across different seasons. Gold and quartz are common minerals found across the country, while manganese deposits are also common. The dry season is usually from October to May and rains are common during the wet season from June to September. The soil texture is porous and hence the yield is also poor. The average elevation is around to above mean sea level. Among West African countries, Burkino Faso has the largest elephant population and the country is replete with game reserves. The northern regions are generally arid and usually have scrub land and semi-deserts. The principal river is the Red Volta, that originates in the northern region and drains into Ghana. The areas near the rivers usually have flies like tsetse and similium, which are carriers of sleep sickness and river blindness. The average rainfall in the region is around compared to southern regions that receive only rainfall.", "Burkina Faso\nIn 2009, Burkina Faso spent 0.20% of GDP on research and development (R&D), one of the lowest ratios in West Africa. There were 48 researchers (in full-time equivalents) per million inhabitants in 2010, which is more than twice the average for sub-Saharan Africa (20 per million population in 2013) and higher than the ratio for Ghana and Nigeria (39). It is, however, much lower than the ratio for Senegal (361 per million inhabitants). In Burkina Faso in 2010, 46% of researchers were working in the health sector, 16% in engineering, 13% in natural sciences, 9% in agricultural sciences, 7% in the humanities and 4% in social sciences.[119]", "Geography of Burkina Faso\nA relatively dry tropical savanna, the Sahel extends beyond the borders of Burkina Faso, from the Horn of Africa to the Atlantic Ocean, and borders the Sahara to its north and the fertile region of the Sudan to the South. Situated between 11°3' and 13°5' north latitude, the Sudan-Sahel region is a transitional zone with regards to rainfall and temperature. Further to the south, the Sudan-Guinea zone receives more than [13] of rain each year and has cooler average temperatures.", "Burkina Faso\nvt Largest cities or towns in Burkina Faso According to the 2006 Census[127]RankNameRegionPop. Ouagadougou Bobo-Dioulasso1OuagadougouCentre1,475,223 Koudougou2Bobo-DioulassoHauts-Bassins489,9673KoudougouCentre-Ouest88,1844BanforaCascades75,9175OuahigouyaNord73,1536PouytengaCentre-Est60,6187KayaCentre-Nord54,3658TenkodogoCentre-Est44,4919Fada N'gourmaEst41,78510HoundéHauts-Bassins39,458", "Demographics of Burkina Faso\nMost of Burkina Faso's population is concentrated in the south and center of the country, with a population density sometimes exceeding . This population density, high for Africa, causes annual migrations of hundreds of thousands of Burkinabé to Ivory Coast and Ghana for seasonal agricultural work. About a third of Burkinabé adhere to traditional African religions. The introduction of Islam to Burkina Faso was initially resisted by the Mossi rulers. Christians, predominantly Roman Catholics, are largely concentrated among the urban elite.", "Departments of Burkina Faso\nThe provinces of Burkina Faso are divided into 351 departments (as of 2014 and since local elections of 2012), whose urbanized areas (cities, towns and villages) are grouped into the same commune (municipality) with the same name as the department (the department also covers rural areas, including national natural parks, that are not ruled locally at municipal level, but by the state at departmental level). The 351 communes created in those departments have three kinds of status :\nDepartments (or communes) generally have the same name as their capital city or town, with a few exceptions (for historical reasons). For the local elections in 2012, communes were created in each department that still did not have one (village councils were kept but operate at advisory level under the supervision of their commune: each administrative village or urban sector elects at least 2 seats in the municipal council of their commune; for other elections at regional or national level, the smallest electoral circonscription is the whole department). The departments (or communes) are listed below, by province:", "Burkina Faso\nBurkina Faso is a member of the African Union, G5 Sahel, Community of Sahel-Saharan States, La Francophonie, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Economic Community of West African States, and United Nations.", "Art of Burkina Faso\nIn much of the literature on African art the group that lives in the area of Bobo-Dioulasso is called Bobo-Fing. These people call themselves Bobo. They speak a Mandé language. The Bobo number about 110,000 people, with the great majority in Burkina Faso, although the area occupied by the Bobo extends north into Mali. The Bobo are far from homogeneous. They are an ancient amalgamation of several peoples who have assembled around a number of core clans that do not preserve any oral traditions of immigration into the area. Their language and culture are more closely related to those of their Mandé neighbors to the north, the Bamana and Minianka, than to their Voltaic neighbors thegurunsi and Mossi, but they should be thought of as a southern extension of the Mandé people, that live in what is now Burkina Faso, rather than an intrusive Mandé group that has recently penetrated the region. Although over 41% of Bobo lineages claim a foreign origin, they also claim to be autochthonous.", "Wildlife of Burkina Faso\nThree crocodile species are found in the wild, slender-snouted crocodile, Nile crocodile, and dwarf crocodile. According to Bird Life International, there are 119 migrant birds which visit the country out of which 81 belong to palaearctic species including two species namely \"Falco naumanni\" (vulnerable) and \"Gallinago media\" (near threatened) of global conservation concern. There are also 10 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) identified which cover 20260 km accounting for 7.4% area of the country.", "Burkina Sign Language\nBurkina Sign Language (in French: \"Langue des signes mossi\") is the indigenous sign language of the Deaf community in the capital of Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou. Deaf education in Burkina is in American Sign Language.\nThere are 55,500 deaf people in Burkina", "Wildlife of Burkina Faso\nThe Deux Balés National Park, is located in central eastern Burkina Faso, within Mouhoun Province. It is situated to the west of the Black Volta River. It has an elevation range of . The park was first established in 1937 as the \"forêts classées des Deux Balés\" ('the Deux Balés Classified Forests') with an area of . In 2001, the largest number of elephants in West Africa were found in Deux Balés (together with Baporo Forest), estimated at four hundred of them.", "Est Region (Burkina Faso)\nEst is one of Burkina Faso's 13 administrative regions. It was created on 2 July 2001. The region's capital is Fada N'gourma. Five provinces make up the region—Gnagna, Gourma, Komondjari, Kompienga, and Tapoa.", "Bougouriba Province\nBougouriba is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso and is in Sud-Ouest Region. In 2006 the population of Bougouriba was 102507. The capital of Bougouriba is Diébougou. The 127km2 Bontioli Reserve is located in the province.", "Burkina Faso–Niger Frontier Dispute case\nUnder the judgment, 303 square miles (786 sq km) were awarded to Burkina Faso and 107 square miles (277 sq km) to Niger. In 2015, the two nations agreed to exchange 18 towns over the following year (Burkina Faso to gain 14, Niger to gain four).", "Burkina Faso\nBurkina Faso lies mostly between latitudes 9° and 15°N (a small area is north of 15°), and longitudes 6°W and 3°E.", "Sport in Burkina Faso\nRugby union, or just rugby, in Burkina Faso is relatively new, but growing more popular every year. Rugby was introduced by the French, who had ruled Burkina Faso, or Upper Volta, as it was known at the time, for many years. Rugby in Burkina Faso is, like many other nations in Africa, centered around the capital, Ouagadougou.", "Burkina Faso\nIn 2015, most of the population belonged to \"one of two West African ethnic cultural groups: the Voltaic and the Mande. Voltaic Mossi make up about 50% of the population and are descended from warriors who moved to the area from Ghana around 1100, establishing an empire that lasted over 800 years\".[122]", "Beka, Burkina Faso\nBeka is a town in the Zabré Department of Boulgou Province in south-eastern Burkina Faso. As of 2005, the town has a population of 3,579.Beka is located approximately 8 km east of Zabre and has a population as of 2010 of 5960. The village currently has one catholic church, one Protestant church, and one mosque. Beka has a small lake that allows for year-round agricultural production. A recent NGO program to develop the community by providing electricity and running water has been completed, but the program has failed to deliver on any of its goals. There is a market every three days, the day after Zabre's. The CSPS was constructed in the year 2006 and has been fully operational since. Currently it is staffed by one doctor, one nurse, and one midwife. Beka also has a primary school.", "Sud-Ouest Region (Burkina Faso)\nBurkina Faso gained independence from France in 1960. It was originally called Upper Volta. There have been military coups till 1983 when Captain Thomas Sankara took control and implemented radical left wing policies. He was outsed by Blaise Compaore, who continued for 27 years till 2014, when a popular uprising ended his rule. As per Law No.40/98/AN in 1998, Burkina Faso adhered to decentralization to provide administrative and financial autonomy to local communities. There are 13 administrative regions, each governed by a Governor. The regions are subdivided into 45 provinces, which are further subdivided into 351 communes. The communes may be urban or rural and are interchangeable. There are other administrative entities like department and village. An urban commune has typically 10,000 people under it. If any commune is not able to get 75 per cent of its planned budget in revenues for 3 years, the autonomy is taken off. The communes are administered by elected Mayors. The communes are stipulated to develop economic, social and cultural values of its citizens. A commune has financial autonomy and can interact with other communes, government agencies or international entities.", "Sylvo-Pastoral and Partial Faunal Reserve of the Sahel\nThe Sylvo-Pastoral and Partial Faunal Reserve of the Sahel is the largest protected area of Burkina Faso, comprising an area of 16,000 km. Within the area of the nature reserve are temporary lakes (Mare d'Oursi, Mare de Yomboli, Mare de Kissi) being important for migratory birds.", "Dédougou\nDédougou is a city located in western Burkina Faso. It is the capital city of Mouhoun Province and Boucle du Mouhoun Region. The main ethnic groups are the Marka and the Bwa. The population of Dédougou was 37,793 in 2006; 18,778 were male and 19,015 were female. It is the 9th largest city in Burkina Faso.", "Est Region (Burkina Faso)\nBurkina Faso gained independence from France in 1960. It was originally called Upper Volta. There have been military coups until 1983 when Captain Thomas Sankara took control and implemented radical left wing policies. He was outsed by Blaise Compaore, who continued for 27 years until 2014, when a popular uprising ended his rule. As per Law No.40/98/AN in 1998, Burkina Faso adhered to decentralization to provide administrative and financial autonomy to local communities. There are 13 administrative regions, each governed by a Governor. The regions are subdivided into 45 provinces, which are further subdivided into 351 communes. The communes may be urban or rural and are interchangeable. There are other administrative entities like department and village. An urban commune has typically 10,000 people under it. If any commune is not able to get 75 per cent of its planned budget in revenues for 3 years, the autonomy is taken off. The communes are administered by elected Mayors. The communes are stipulated to develop economic, social and cultural values of its citizens. A commune has financial autonomy and can interact with other communes, government agencies or international entities.", "Geography of Burkina Faso\nBurkina Faso's natural resources include manganese, limestone, marble, phosphates, pumice, salt and small deposits of gold. 21.93% of its land is arable, and 0.26% has permanent crops as of 2012. As of 2003, 250 km were irrigated. Its total renewable water resources as of 2011 were 12.5 m, with a total freshwater withdrawal of 0.72 km/yr (46% domestic, 3% industrial, 51% agricultural; this amounts to a per-capita withdrawal of 54.99 m/yr.", "Burkina Faso\nStatistics on religion in Burkina Faso are inexact because Islam and Christianity are often practiced in tandem with indigenous religious beliefs. The Government of Burkina Faso 2006 census reported that 60.5% of the population practice Islam, and that the majority of this group belong to the Sunni branch,[130][131] while a small minority adheres to Shia Islam.[132] There are also large concentrations of the Ahmadiyya Muslims.[133]", "Burkina Faso\nSport in Burkina Faso is widespread and includes football (soccer), basketball, cycling, rugby union, handball, tennis, boxing and martial arts. Football is very popular in Burkina Faso, played both professionally, and informally in towns and villages across the country. The national team is nicknamed \"Les Etalons\" (\"the Stallions\") in reference to the legendary horse of Princess Yennenga.", "Hauts-Bassins Region\nMost of Burkino Faso is a wide plateau formed by riverine systems and is called falaise de Banfora. There are three major rivers, the Red Volta, Black Volta and White Volta, which cuts through different valleys. The climate is generally hot, with unreliable rains across different seasons. Gold and quartz are common minerals found across the country, while manganese deposits are also common. The dry season is usually from October to May and rains are common during the wet season from June to September. The soil texture is porous and hence the yield is also poor. The average elevation is around to above mean sea level. Among West African countries, Burkino Faso has the largest elephant population and the country is replete with game reserves. The southern regions are more tropical in nature and have Savannah and forests. The principal river is the Black Volta, that originates in the southern region and drains into Ghana. The areas near the rivers usually have flies like tsetse and similium, which are carriers of sleep sickness and river blindness. The average rainfall in the region is around compared to northern regions that receive only rainfall.", "Burkina Faso\nThe 2018 CIA World Factbook provides this summary of the issues facing Burkina Faso. \"The country experienced terrorist attacks in its capital in 2016, 2017 and 2018, and continues to mobilize resources to counter terrorist threats\". In 2018, several governments were warning their citizens not to travel into the northern part of the country and into several provinces in the East Region.[19][20] The CIA report also states that \"Burkina Faso's high population growth, recurring drought, pervasive and perennial food insecurity, and limited natural resources result in poor economic prospects for the majority of its citizens\". The report is optimistic in some aspects, particularly concerning activities being done with assistance by the International Monetary Fund. \"A new three-year IMF program (2018–2020), approved in 2018, will allow the government to reduce the budget deficit and preserve critical spending on social services and priority public investments\".[21]", "Burkina Faso\nThe total fertility rate of Burkina Faso is 5.93children born per woman (2014 estimates), the sixth highest in the world.[123]", "Dori, Burkina Faso\nDori (also known as Winde or Wendu) is a town in northeastern Burkina Faso. It is located at around . It is the capital of Sahel Region and has a population of 17,675. The main ethnic group is the Fula (Fulani) but Tuaregs, Songhai, and Hausa people are often present. It is a town known for its herders and popular livestock markets.", "Hauts-Bassins Region\nAs of 2007, there were of highways, of regional roads and of county roads. The first set of car traffic was 438, first set of two-wheeler traffic was 9,891 and the total classified road network was 1,516. The total corn produced during 2015 was 498,177 tonnes, cotton was 359,349 tonnes, cowpea was 24,769 tonnes, groundnut was 26,292 tonnes, millet was 26,475 tonnes, rice was 71,259 tonnes and sorghum was 126,222 tonnes. The coverage of cereal need compared to the total production of the region was 160.00 per cent. As of 2007, the literacy rate in the region was 33.4 per cent, compared to a national average of 28.3 per cent. The gross primary enrolment was 80 per cent, post-primary was 35.1 per cent and gross secondary school enrolment was 16.2. There were 2289 boys and 2258 girls enroled in the primary and post-secondary level. There were 143 teachers in primary & post-secondary level, while there were 2170 teachers in post-primary and post-secondary level.\nBurkina Faso gained independence from France in 1960. It was originally called Upper Volta. There have been military coups till 1983 when Captain Thomas Sankara took control and implemented radical left wing policies. He was ousted by Blaise Compaore, who continued for 27 years till 2014, when a popular uprising ended his rule. As per Law No.40/98/AN in 1998, Burkina Faso adhered to decentralization to provide administrative and financial autonomy to local communities. There are 13 administrative regions, each governed by a Governor. The regions are subdivided into 45 provinces, which are further subdivided into 351 communes. The communes may be urban or rural and are interchangeable. There are other administrative entities like department and village. An urban commune has typically 10,000 people under it. If any commune is not able to get 75 per cent of its planned budget in revenues for 3 years, the autonomy is taken off. The communes are administered by elected Mayors. The communes are stipulated to develop economic, social and cultural values of its citizens. A commune has financial autonomy and can interact with other communes, government agencies or international entities.", "Centre-Est Region\nMost of Burkino Faso is a wide plateau formed by riverine systems and is called falaise de Banfora. There are three major rivers, the Red Volta, Black Volta and White Volta, which cuts through different valleys. The climate is generally hot, with unreliable rains across different seasons. Gold and quartz are common minerals found across the country, while manganese deposits are also common. The dry season is usually from October to May and rains are common during the wet season from June to September. The soil texture is porous and hence the yield is also poor. The average elevation is around to above mean sea level. Among West African countries, Burkino Faso has the largest elephant population and the country is replete with game reserves. The northern regions are generally arid and usually have scrub land and semi-deserts. The principal river is the Red Volta, that originates in the northern region and drains into Ghana. The areas near the rivers usually have flies like tsetse and similium, which are carriers of sleep sickness and river blindness. The average rainfall in the region is around compared with southern regions that receive only rainfall.", "Tourism in Burkina Faso\nAccording to the Government of Burkina Faso, 433,778 tourists visited the country in 2011.\nSites of interest to tourists in Ouagadougou include: the Park of Bangr Weogo, the National museum of Ouagadougou, the International Art & Craft Fair, and the Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou.", "Plateau-Central Region\nMost of Burkino Faso is a wide plateau formed by riverine systems and is called falaise de Banfora. There are three major rivers, the Red Volta, Black Volta and White Volta, which cuts through different valleys. The climate is generally hot, with unreliable rains across different seasons. Gold and quartz are common minerals found across the country, while manganese deposits are also common. The dry season is usually from October to May and rains are common during the wet season from June to September. The soil texture is porous and hence the yield is also poor. The average elevation is around to above mean sea level. Among West African countries, Burkino Faso has the largest elephant population and the country is replete with game reserves. The northern regions are generally arid and usually have scrub land and semi-deserts. The principal river is the Red Volta, that originates in the northern region and drains into Ghana. The areas near the rivers usually have flies like tsetse and similium, which are carriers of sleep sickness and river blindness. The average rainfall in the region is around compared to southern regions that receive only rainfall.", "Science and technology in Burkina Faso\nBurkina Faso had a population of 17.4 million in 2014. The country is experiencing rapid demographic growth (2.8% in 2014). Life expectancy at birth was 56 years in 2014.", "Nord Region (Burkina Faso)\nBurkina Faso gained independence from France in 1960. It was originally called Upper Volta. There have been military coups till 1983 when Captain Thomas Sankara took control and implemented radical left wing policies. He was outsed by Blaise Compaore, who continued for 27 years till 2014, when a popular uprising ended his rule. As per Law No.40/98/AN in 1998, Burkina Faso adhered to decentralization to provide administrative and financial autonomy to local communities. There are 13 administrative regions, each governed by a Governor. The regions are subdivided into 45 provinces, which are further subdivided into 351 communes. The communes may be urban or rural and are interchangeable. There are other administrative entities like department and village. An urban commune has typically 10,000 people under it. If any commune is not able to get 75 per cent of its planned budget in revenues for 3 years, the autonomy is taken off. The communes are administered by elected Mayors. The communes are stipulated to develop economic, social and cultural values of its citizens. A commune has financial autonomy and can interact with other communes, government agencies or international entities.", "Languages of Burkina Faso\nBurkina Faso is a multilingual country. An estimated 70 languages are spoken there, of which about 66 are indigenous. The Mossi language () is spoken by about 40% of the population, mainly in the central region around the capital, Ouagadougou. French is the official language. English is very rarely spoken.", "Kourtiagou Reserve\nKourtiagou Reserve is a partial reserve in Burkina Faso. \nEstablished in 1957 it is located in Tapoa Province and covers an area of 510 km². Its name stems from the river Kourtiagou which is the western border of the reserve. In the East it is divided from the W National Park by the road R7 from Tansarga to Banikoara. The southern border is the national border to Benin.", "Wildlife of Burkina Faso\nWildlife area in the landlocked Burkina Faso in western Africa is spread over a plateau area of . The dominant habitat types are the grassy savanna in the north with transition to the varying thin forests in the south.", "Ziro Province\nZiro is a province of Burkina Faso, located in its Centre-Ouest Region. It has an area of . The provincial capital is the town of Sapouy.", "Burkina Faso national football team\nThe Burkina Faso national football team, is the national team of Burkina Faso and is controlled by the Burkinabé Football Federation. They were known as the Upper Volta national football team until 1984, when Upper Volta became Burkina Faso. They finished fourth in the 1998 Africa Cup of Nations, when they hosted the tournament. Their best ever finish in the tournament was the 2013 edition, reaching the final.", "Nord Region (Burkina Faso)\nMost of Burkino Faso is a wide plateau formed by riverine systems and is called falaise de Banfora. There are three major rivers, the Red Volta, Black Volta and White Volta, which cuts through different valleys. The climate is generally hot, with unreliable rains across different seasons. Gold and quartz are common minerals found across the country, while manganese deposits are also common. The dry season is usually from October to May and rains are common during the wet season from June to September. The soil texture is porous and hence the yield is also poor. The average elevation is around to above mean sea level. Among West African countries, Burkino Faso has the largest elephant population and the country is replete with game reserves. The northern regions are generally arid and usually have scrub land and semi-deserts. The principal river is the Red Volta, that originates in the northern region and drains into Ghana. The areas near the rivers usually have flies like tsetse and similium, which are carriers of sleep sickness and river blindness. The average rainfall in the region is around compared to southern regions that receive only rainfall.", "Ouagadougou Airport\nOuagadougou Airport , officially Thomas Sankara International Airport Ouagadougou, is an airport in the center of the capital city of Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso. It was built in the 1960s, and it is approximately 1.5 km southeast of the main commercial area. The site itself is approximately 4.8 km in length, 0.5 km in width at its narrowest point, and covers an area of approximately . Its runway is 3 000 m long. When the airport was built it was on the southern boundary of the city. Ouagadougou has since experienced rapid urbanization and the airport is now surrounded by urban development.", "Culture of Burkina Faso\nThe Popular Theatre in Ouagadougou, the capital of Burkina Faso, is a center of social and cultural events for the country. Ouagadougou, is a major hub of activity for those involved in African cinema, and hosts a Pan-African film festival every year called FESPACO, the Pan-African film and television Festival of Ouagadougou, which is a world-renowned affair. Culture and art are further displayed at Laongo, an area of exposed granites where artists from the entire world are invited to sculpt on the rock. Idrissa Ouedraogo, probably the most commercially successful African director, is from Burkina Faso.", "History of Burkina Faso\n\"While the end of the political crisis has allowed Burkina Faso’s economy to resume positive growth, the country’s fragile security situation could put these gains at risk. Political insecurity in neighboring Mali, unreliable energy supplies, and poor transportation links pose long-term challenges.\" Civil unrest continued to be problematic, according to the report. \"The country experienced terrorist attacks in its capital in 2016, 2017, and 2018 and continues to mobilize resources to counter terrorist threats.\" (In 2018, several governments were warning their citizens not to travel into the northern part of the country and into several provinces in the East Region.) The CIA report also states that \"Burkina Faso's high population growth, recurring drought, pervasive and perennial food insecurity, and limited natural resources result in poor economic prospects for the majority of its citizens\". The report is optimistic in some aspects, particularly the work being done with assistance by the International Monetary Fund. \"A new three-year IMF program (2018-2020), approved in 2018, will allow the government to reduce the budget deficit and preserve critical spending on social services and priority public investments.\"", "L’Université du Faso\nL’Université du Faso is a private, for-profit university in Ziniaré, 50km from Ouagadougou, the capital of Burkina Faso. It also has a campus in Ouagadougou. ", "Burkina Faso\nHistorians began to debate about the exact dates when Burkina Faso's many ethnic groups arrived to the area. The Proto-Mossi arrived in the far Eastern part of what is today Burkina Faso sometime between the 8th and 11thcenturies,[28] the Samo arrived around the 15th century,[29] the Dogon lived in Burkina Faso's north and northwest regions until sometime in the 15th or 16thcenturies, and many of the other ethnic groups that make up the country's population arrived in the region during this time.", "Burkina Faso\nThe new colony was named Haute Volta, and François Charles Alexis Édouard Hesling became its first governor. Hesling initiated an ambitious road-making program to improve infrastructure and promoted the growth of cotton for export. The cotton policy – based on coercion – failed, and revenue generated by the colony stagnated. The colony was dismantled on 5September 1932, being split between the French colonies of Ivory Coast, French Sudan and Niger. Ivory Coast received the largest share, which contained most of the population as well as the cities of Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso.", "Centre-Est Region\nBurkina Faso gained independence from France in 1960. It was originally called Upper Volta. There have been military coups until 1983 when Captain Thomas Sankara took control and implemented radical left wing policies. He was outsed by Blaise Compaore, who continued for 27 years until 2014, when a popular uprising ended his rule. As per Law No.40/98/AN in 1998, Burkina Faso adhered to decentralization to provide administrative and financial autonomy to local communities. There are 13 administrative regions, each governed by a Governor. The regions are subdivided into 45 provinces, which are further subdivided into 351 communes. The communes may be urban or rural and are interchangeable. There are other administrative entities like department and village. An urban commune has typically 10,000 people under it. If any commune is not able to get 75 per cent of its planned budget in revenues for 3 years, the autonomy is taken off. The communes are administered by elected Mayors. The communes are stipulated to develop economic, social and cultural values of its citizens. A commune has financial autonomy and can interact with other communes, government agencies or international entities.", "Bobo-Dioulasso\nBobo-Dioulasso is a city in Burkina Faso with a population of about 537,728 (); it is the second largest city in the country, after Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso's capital. The name means \"home of the Bobo-Dioula\"; while it was likely coined by French colonists to reflect the languages of the two major groups in the population, it does not capture the complex identity and ethnicity of the location.", "Centre-Ouest Region\nCentre-Ouest is one of Burkina Faso's 13 administrative regions. The population of Centre-Ouest was 1,348,784 in 2011. The region's capital is Koudougou. Four provinces (Boulkiemdé, Sanguié, Sissili, and Ziro) make up the region.", "Wildlife of Burkina Faso\nAs of 2006, Burkina Faso is considered to be one of the West African countries with the largest faunal population.", "Geography of Burkina Faso\nThe country owes its former name of Upper Volta to three rivers which cross it: the Black Volta (or Mouhoun), the White Volta (Nakambé) and the Red Volta (Nazinon). The Black Volta is one of the country's only two rivers which flow year-round, the other being the Komoé, which flows to the southwest. The basin of the Niger River also drains 27% of the country's surface.", "Balé Province\nBalé is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Boucle du Mouhoun Region with Boromo as capital. Its area is , and in 2006 had a population of 213,897. The province is known for its Deux Balé Forest, populated by savannah elephant herds. Boromo, the provincial capital, is located on the main road from Ouagadougou to Bobo-Dioulasso.\nIn June 2007, the Canadian mining company, Semafo, open the third gold mine in the country in Mana in the province, with an investment of about $116 million.", "Burkina Faso\nBurkina Faso is faced with high levels of food insecurity.[98] As defined by the 1996 World Food Summit, \"food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy lifestyle.\"[104] There has not been much successful improvement on this issue of food security within recent years.[98] Burkina Faso's rapidly growing population (around 3.6% annually) continues to put a strain on the country's resources and infrastructure, which can further limit accessibility to food.[105] Because the country is landlocked and prone to natural disasters, including drought and floods, many families struggle to protect themselves from severe hunger.[98] While recent harvest productions have improved some, much of the population is still having a hard time overcoming the continuous food and nutrition crises of the past decade.[94] Malnutrition is especially common in women and children, with large amounts of the population suffering from stunted growth and micronutrient deficiencies such as anemia.[106] Food insecurity has grown to be a structural problem in Burkina Faso, only to be intensified by high food prices. All of these factors combined with high poverty levels have left Burkina Faso vulnerable to chronic high levels of food insecurity and malnutrition.[98]", "Wildlife of Burkina Faso\nBurkina Faso is largely wild bush country with a mixture of grass and small trees in varying proportions. The savanna region is mainly grassland in the rainy season and semi desert during the harmattan period (defined as the period when stormy and dusty Sahara winds blow dry and hot). Fauna, one of the most diverse in West Africa, includes the elephant, hippopotamus, buffalo, monkey, lions, crocodile, giraffe, various types of antelope, and a vast variety of bird and insect life. The country has 147 mammal species, 330 aquatic species including 121 species of fish and 2067 different plant species. Of the plant species, the dominant endemic species are shea tree \"(Butyrospermum parkii\") and the baobab, the former plant species has immense economic value to the country.", "Health in Burkina Faso\nA landlocked sub-Saharan country, Burkina Faso is among the poorest countries in the world—44 percent of its population lives below the international poverty line of US$1.90 per day (UNICEF 2017)—and it ranks 185th out of 188 countries on UNDP’s 2016 Human Development Index (UNDP 2016).Rapid population growth, gender inequality, and low levels of educational attainment contribute to food insecurity and poverty in Burkina Faso. The total population is just over 20 million with the estimated population growth rate is 3.1 percent per year and seven out of 10 Burkinabe are younger than 30. Total health care expenditures were an estimated 5% of GDP. Total expenditure on health per capita is 82 (int dollar) in 2014. \nDespite increased government funding and an effective expansion of proven health interventions, Burkina Faso still faces major challenges in the health sector.Communicable diseases continue to be the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in the country, with malaria being the largest contributor to mortality for children under 5 years of age. In addition, Burkina Faso did not fully meet Millennium Development Goals in child mortality, maternal mortality and sanitation. USAID is contributing to new advances in health by increasing malaria prevention and control and expanding access to improved water resources, sanitation and family planning.", "Burkina Faso\nGeneral elections were held in Burkina Faso on 29 November 2015. Roch Marc Christian Kaboré won the election in the first round with 53.5% of the vote, defeating businessman Zéphirin Diabré who took 29.7%.[17] Kaboré was sworn in as President on 29December 2015.[18]", "Burkina Faso\nThere is mining of copper, iron, manganese, gold, cassiterite (tin ore), and phosphates.[86] These operations provide employment and generate international aid. Gold production increased 32% in 2011 at six gold mine sites, making Burkina Faso the fourth-largest gold producer in Africa, after South Africa, Mali and Ghana.[87]" ]

[ 13.1484375 ]

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[ "It would please me if the judge was the one doing the sentencing." ]

[ "Id be more than happy if we could still be vigilantes and handle justice without the courts.", "The man is outside.", "a man is indoors", "He has an egg in his hand", "A whole bunch", "a woman is by animals", "the people are in an inner tube" ]

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[ "Poor folks can be helped by contributions to charity." ]

[ "Poor old folk can not be helped at all.", "Two women are waiting for makeup.", "A person is playing with bottle rockets and shooting them in the air.", "The integrity of the list could be compromised by boycotting.", "The boy is hydraphobic.", "The successive children have been less solvent.", "A man stacking boxes in a truck." ]

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[ "Wesseling Wesseling is an industrial German city on the Rhine bordering Cologne city on the south. Wesseling originates from the Latin \"Wasliacum\" which means \"Village of Waslica\" The story that Wesselig originates from \"changing of the rope\" (German: \"Cologne-bred:Wechsel de Ling\" from when Rhine boats were pulled by horses is something like an urban legend because the name Wesseling is centuries older than the horse-changing station, which was located in Wesseling in the 18th century. In addition to 4 subdivisions, Wesseling has the industrial areas \"Rheinbogen\" and \"Eichholz\". Home to several chemical companies including Evonik, and Basell, and a Royal Dutch Shell oil refinery; the city was a bombing target of the Oil Campaign of World War II.", "Royal Dutch Shell Royal Dutch Shell plc (, ), commonly known as Shell, is a British–Dutch multinational oil and gas company headquartered in the Netherlands and incorporated in the United Kingdom. It is one of the six oil and gas \"supermajors\" and the sixth-largest company in the world measured by 2016 revenues (and the largest based in Europe). Shell was first in the 2013 Fortune Global 500 list of the world's largest companies; in that year its revenues were equivalent to 84% of the Netherlands' $556 billion GDP." ]

[ "Royal Dutch Mint The Royal Dutch Mint (Koninklijke Nederlandse Munt) based in Utrecht, the Netherlands, is a company owned entirely by the Dutch State, and since 1807 the only Dutch entity allowed to strike and issue coins.", "Eindhoven Eindhoven (] ) is a municipality and a city in the south of the Netherlands, originally at the confluence of the Dommel and Gender streams. The Gender was dammed short of the city centre in the 1950s and the Dommel still runs through the city. The city has a population of 223,220 in January 2015, making it the fifth-largest municipality of the Netherlands and the largest in the province of North Brabant.", "Tamoil Tamoil is the trading name of the Oilinvest Group, a fuel energy provider within the European downstream oil and gas sector. The Oilinvest Group refines crude oil and markets refined oil products primarily under the Tamoil and the HEM brands in Europe. The Oilinvest Group is involved in supplying, trading, refining and selling petroleum products in Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Spain and the Netherlands and carries out its trading activities from Cyprus.", "OM Group OM Group Incorporated is a metal-based chemistry firm based in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. It is a provider of speciality chemicals, advanced materials and technologies. The company was listed on the New York Stock Exchange prior to being privatized by Apollo Global Management in June 2015.", "List of companies based in Greater Manchester Greater Manchester is home to various companies which operate in the United Kingdom or further afield in Europe and around the world. The city has a highly diversified economy and is a centre for cultural industries, retail, transport, logistics, financial, legal and manufacturing sectors.", "Reckitt Benckiser Reckitt Benckiser Group plc (RB) (   ) is a British multinational consumer goods company headquartered in Slough, England. It is a producer of health, hygiene and home products. It was formed in 1999 by the merger of the UK-based Reckitt & Colman plc and the Netherlands-based Benckiser NV.", "Mero-Schmidlin Mero-Schmidlin (UK) plc is a business specializing in building construction systems. It is based in Surrey in the United Kingdom and is owned by the German MERO-TSK Group. The name \"MERO\" is an abbreviation for \"Mengeringhausen Rohrbauweise\" (\"Mengeringhausen's tubular structures\").", "Sage Group The Sage Group plc, commonly known as Sage, is a British multinational enterprise software company headquartered in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom. It is the world's third-largest supplier of enterprise resource planning software (behind Oracle and SAP), the largest supplier to small businesses, and has 6.1 million customers worldwide. It has offices in 24 countries. The company is the patron of the Sage Gateshead music venue in Gateshead.", "Foreign relations of Belgium Belgium is a country in Europe and member of major international organizations like the European Union and NATO which are both headquartered in Brussels, Belgium.", "OSL Consulting OSL Consulting is an independent Gas and Oil design consultancy and engineering and project management company headquartered in Kingston upon Hull, United Kingdom. It also has offices in Aberdeen and Great Yarmouth. Its employees include engineers, consultants and project managers, providing services to the oil, gas and energy sectors.", "E.ON UK E.ON UK (formerly Powergen) is an energy company in the United Kingdom and a subsidiary of E.ON, the world's largest investor-owned power and gas company. As Powergen, it was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was once a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index but since 1 July 2002 has been owned by E.ON SE of Germany.", "Groupe Bruxelles Lambert Groupe Bruxelles Lambert (GBL), is a Belgian holding company invested in various sectors within companies that are leaders in their market and in which it can play an active role as a professional shareholder over the long term.", "Engro Corporation Engro Corporation is a Pakistani public multinational corporation based in Karachi with subsidiaries involved in production of fertilizers, foods, chemicals, energy and petrochemicals.", "Nedap Nedap (N.V. Nederlandsche Apparatenfabriek; Euronext: NEDAP ) is a Netherlands based technological company. Its principal place of business is Groenlo, the Netherlands. It has subsidiaries in Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, the Netherlands and Spain,and has been quoted on the Euronext exchange since 1947.", "Royal Boskalis Westminster Royal Boskalis Westminster N.V. is a Netherlands-based company that provides services relating to the construction and maintenance of maritime infrastructure on an international basis. The company has one of the world's largest dredging fleets.", "List of companies of Belgium Belgium is a sovereign state in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, and the North Sea. It is a small, densely populated country which covers an area of 30528 km2 and has a population of about 11 million people. Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe, Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups: the Dutch-speaking, mostly Flemish community, which constitutes about 59% of the population, and the French-speaking, mostly Walloon population, which comprises 41% of all Belgians. Additionally, there is a small group of German-speakers who live in the East Cantons located around the High Fens area, and bordering Germany.", "Belgium Belgium ( ), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a sovereign state in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, and the North Sea. It is a small, densely populated country which covers an area of 30528 km2 and has a population of about 11 million people. Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe, Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups: the Dutch-speaking, mostly Flemish community, which constitutes about 59 percent of the population, and the French-speaking, mostly Walloon population, which comprises 40 percent of all Belgians. Additionally, there is a small 1 percent group of German-speakers who live in the East Cantons.", "Bertschi AG Bertschi AG is a Swiss transport company that provides logistics and transport for the chemical industry. The company was founded in 1956 and is headquartered in Durrenasch, Switzerland. Bertschi is a member of the European Chemical Transport Association.", "Friesland Foods Royal Friesland Foods (Koninklijke Friesland Foods N.V.) is a Netherlands-based multinational cooperative that develops, produces and sells branded dairy products and fruit-based drinks. Royal Friesland Foods has a strong presence in Western Europe, Central Europe, West Africa and Southeast Asia.", "Petroceltic International Petroceltic International is a wholly owned subsidiary of Petroceltic Holdings Limited, a privately owned, UK headquartered, oil and gas company. The Group has operations in North Africa and the Black Sea." ]

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[ "Thane district bust in India.Mira Bhayandar Municipal Corporation (MBMT) commenced its own public transport service, known as the Mira-Bhayandar Municipal Transport. The Kalyan Dombivli Municipal Corporation also runs its own Kalyan-Dombivli Municipal Transport (KDMT) Ulhasnagar municipal transport (UMT) service. Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation (MSRTC) buses connect Thane city to different parts of the district and also to other districts. BEST provides services to Suburban Mumbai, Thane city and Mira Bhanyandar. The total railway track length in the district is 345.73 km. spread in western and central part of the district. The Western Railway network passes through Vasai, Palghar and Dahanu talukas" ]

[ "Ulhasnagar Ulhasnagar Ulhasnagar is a town located in the Thane district of Maharashtra state in Konkan division, located about 55 km from Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station. This city is part of Mumbai Metropolitan Region managed by MMRDA. It had an estimated population of 506,098 at the 2011 Census. Ulhasnagar is a municipal town and the headquarters of the Tahsil bearing the same name. It is a railway station on the Mumbai-Pune route of the Central Railway zone. Ulhasnagar, a colony of Sindhi Hindus migrants in the aftermath of the Partition, is situated 58 km from Mumbai. The once-barren land has", "Ulhasnagar 58 km from Mumbai, the once-barren land has developed into an urban town of Thane district. Originally, known as Kalyan Military transit camp, Ulhasnagar was set up especially to accommodate 6,000 soldiers and 30,000 others during World War II. There were 2,126 barracks and about 1,173 housed personals. The majority of barracks had large central halls with rooms attached to either end. The camp had a deserted look at the end of the war and served as a ready and commercial ideal ground for Partition victims. Sindhis, in particular, began life anew in the new land. After the partition of", "Murbad Murbad Murbad is a census town within the administrative division (Taluka) of Thane district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. \"Murbad city\"; its neighboring villages jointly form the Murbad Nagar Panchayat, which is near the cities of Thane, Karjat and Kalyan. Nearby cities include Badlapur, Ambernath, Ulhasnagar, and Dombivli. It is a largely industrial town with private and public enterprises (MIDC). Murbad is located at with an average elevation of 83 meters (272 feet). In Murbad, there are about 206 villages with a total population of 18,725. The climate of Murbad is mostly hot and humid. The nearby Sahyadri mountains", "Ulhasnagar developed into a rich town of Thane district. Originally, known as Kalyan Military transit camp, Ulhasnagar was set up especially to accommodate 6,000 soldiers and 30,000 others during World War II. There were 2,126 barracks and about 1,173 housed personals. On August 8, 1949 the first and last Governor-General of India, C. Rajagopalachari, laid the foundation stone. The population of the town which was 80,861 as per the Census of 1961 and more than doubled to 1,68,462 as per the Census of 1971. As per Census of 2001 it is 4,72,943. Included in the functional category of industry, the town", "Ulhasnagar electronic market. Ulhasnagar is the 22nd biggest city in Maharashtra and 88th in the country. According to the 2011 Census of India, Ulhasnagar had a population of 506,098. Males constituted 53% of the population and females 47%. Among minority languages, Sindhi is spoken by 34.47% of the population and Hindi by 19.63%. Ulhasnagar is a municipal city and the headquarters of the Tehsil (taluka) bearing the same name. It is a railway station on the Mumbai-Pune route of the Central Railway. Ulhasnagar, a colony of Sindhi Hindus migrants the after the Partition of India (1947), is 68 years old. Situated", "Thane district Bombay were extended northwards in Salsette. In 1960, following the bifurcation of the bilingual Bombay State, 47 villages, and three towns in the taluka of Umbargaon were transferred to Surat district in Gujarat and its remaining twenty-seven villages were first included in Dahanu and later in 1961 made into a separate mahal, Talasari. In 1969, the taluka of Kalyan was divided into two talukas, Kalyan and Ulhasnagar. The district is the northernmost part of the Konkan lowlands of Maharashtra. It comprises the wide amphitheatre like Ulhas basin on the south and hilly Vaitama valley on the north together with plateaus", "Ulhasnagar as first chief, and a municipal council was nominated. In 1965, elections were first held in this council. Now this 28 square kilometre area has 389,000 people of Sindhi descent, the largest enclave of Sindhis in India. The town lies outside Mumbai city but within the Mumbai Conurbation. In 2010, the estimated population of Sindhi Hindus in Ulhasnagar was 400,000. Ulhasnagar is one of the major exporter of jeans, clothes, School Bags and fabrics not just in India but all over the world. Monthly production of jeans here is more than 500 million. Apart from this Ulhasnagar has various Small", "Sindhis in India of the Tehsil bearing the same name. It is a railway station on the Mumbai-Pune route of the Central Railway. Ulhasnagar, a colony of Sindhi Hindu refugees, is 61 years old. Situated 58 km from Mumbai, the once-barren land has developed into a town in the Thane district, Maharashtra. Originally, known as Kalyan Military transit camp (or Kalyan Camp), Ulhasnagar was set up especially to accommodate 6,000 soldiers and 30,000 others during World War II. There were 2,126 barracks and about 1,173 housed personnel. The majority of barracks had large central halls with rooms attached to either end. The camp", "Ulhasnagar Suburban Railway. One can reach Ulhasnagar by alighting at either of Kalyan and Shahad Station which are near camp 1 and 2 or Ulhasnagar and Vithalwadi Railway Stations which are close to 3 and 4 or Ulhasnagar and Ambernath Railway Stations are near to camp 4 and 5. The city is serviced by City Bus and autorickshaw for travel from Mumbai, Bhiwandi & Thane as well. Recently \"Ulhasnagar Municipal Transport Service\" was launched in 2010 wherein mini buses ply from Kalyan Railway Station to kailash Colony in ulhasnagar-5 near David's Cottage covering almost full Ulhasnagar now it was stopped by", "Ulhasnagar India, over 1,00,000 Sindhi Hindus refugees from Sindh, Pakistan were relocated to the deserted military camps five kilometres from Kalyan. The area was converted into a township in 1949 and foundation ceremony took place on 8 August 1949. The Governor-general of India, C. Rajagopalachari named the town Ulhasnagar (literally 'city of joy'; \"ulhas\"=joy; \"nagar\"=city) and he also laid the foundation stone for the township. Not actually, it was called Ulhasnagar, because of its close proximity to Ulhas Plateau and its valley. A suburban railway station was built in 1955. In January 1960, Ulhasnagar Municipality was formed, with Arjun K. Ballani", "Ulhasnagar Scale Manufacturing units which produces Confectinary, Textile Weaving, Furniture, Printing Press etc. Ulhasnagar is also famous for Chaliya Sahib Temple in Ulhasnagar 5 and Lord Shiva Temple located at Hira ghat Ulhas Nagar 2 In the late 1970s, Ulhasnagar was a town settled mainly by Sindhi refugees. There are a number of criminal gangs in town working under the patronage of political parties. Also for many illegal building projects in 1990s, politicians started to charge money to look the other way. One can reach Ulhasnagar by road or railway. Ulhasnagar railway station is on the Central Line of the Mumbai", "Thane district on a large scale. There are rose gardens at Dahanu. Thane is the third most industrialised district in the State. There are 1548 large and medium scale and 18,480 small scale industries in the district. The main products of these industries are Drugs, Textiles, Adhesives, Plastics, Rubber, Steel, Pharmaceuticals, Engineering, Fertilizers, Electronics, Chemicals and Iron & Steel. The Thane-Belapur-Kalyan industrial belt is the centre of highly sophisticated modern industries. In Ulhasnagar, Ambarnath, Bhiwandi, Badlapur, Tarapur, Palghar, Vasai and Murbad there are nearly 4000 industries which contributes towards the industrialisation of the district. Manufacture of machinery, machine tools and parts except", "Sindhis in India by the construction of a new town on a site a few miles inland from the location selected by the Government of India for the new port of Kandla on the Gulf of Kachchh. The first plan was prepared by a team of planners headed by Dr. O. H. Koenigsberger, director of the Government of India's division of housing. This plan was subsequently revised by Adams Howard and Greeley company in 1952. The town's foundation stone was laid with the blessings of Mohandas Gandhi, and hence the town was named Gandhidham. Ulhasnagar, Maharashtra is a municipal town and the headquarters", "Loni, Ahmednagar have a trip of this mill and can taste the sugar at various levels of manufacturing. Loni, Ahmednagar Loni also known as Loni- pravara is a Town in Rahata taluka, Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra, India. Loni is mostly known for various educational institutions run by Pravara rural education society. It is the native place of the late Padmashri Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil. It located around 25 km from Sangamner. The village has two parts, viz Loni Khurd (new part), Loni Budruk (old part). This is a beautiful temple on top of a hill. This place has scenic beauty and a big idol", "Ulhasnagar beds 3 Government hospitals with total bed-strength of 356 beds, 255 dispensaries / clinics, 100 RMP and a family planning centre cater to the curative and preventive health needs of the town population. Educational facilities are provided by 129 primary schools, 56 Secondary Schools, 9 Higher Secondary schools, 3 colleges and 2 Technical Colleges. Ulhasnagar is considered as one of the largest denim jeans manufacturer. It has number of small businesses, manufacturing quality denims with an effective cheap labour. Some of the manufacturers export jeans worldwide from Ulhasnagar. The city is also famous for its furniture market, cloth market and", "History of Bombay in independent India State. The area of Bombay State increased, after several erstwhile princely states that joined the Indian union were integrated into Bombay State. Subsequently, Bombay City, the capital of erstwhile Bombay Presidency, became the capital of Bombay State. Following communal riots between Hindus and Muslims in the Sindh province of the newly created Pakistan from Bombay Presidency, over 100,000 Sindhi Hindu refugees from Pakistan were relocated in the military camps five kilometres from Kalyan in the Bombay metropolitan region. It was converted into a township in 1949, and named Ulhasnagar by the then Governor-General of India, C. Rajagopalachari. In 1947, Congress", "Thane district of the district and Central railway network passes through Thane, Kalyan, Ulhasnagar and Shahapur talukas of the district. Western Railway local trains leaving from Churchgate railway station go up to Dahanu Road railway station in the district. Central Railway local trains leaving from Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus go up to Kalyan, Ulhasnagar, Ambarnath, Badlapur, Karjat and Kasara. In 1994, a new connection made from Diva Junction to Vasai. This connection joined Central Railway and Western Railway networks and its length is 41.96 km. Konkan Railway network also passes through a part of the district. Local trains have now started plying from", "Pappu Kalani having police protection. Born into a wealthy family Pappu Kalani's uncle Dunichand Kalani was the president of the local unit of Indian National Congress. The family ran a liquor business and owned a number of distilleries and hotels. In the 1970s, Ulhasnagar was a booming lawless town settled by entrepreneurial refugees who had emigrated from Sindh, Pakistan after the Partition of India in 1947. Sharp business practices (Ulhasnagar was known for its \"duplicate\"s or forged goods) combined with illegal construction and unauthorised industrial units made for an atmosphere where \"protection\" emerged as a profitable business. A number of gangs were", "Ulhasnagar covers an area of 13 square kilometers and is divided into 285 blocks. It is a centre for the production of rayon silk, dyes, ready-made garments, electrical / electronic appliances & confectionaries. The total length of existing Roads & Streets in the town measures 352 kilometers. The town is served by underground & open-surface drainage, night soil being disposed of by septic tank latrines. The town gets a protected water supply through MIDC. Sanctioned Water Quota at various tapping points is 112 MLD. Fire-fighting service is also available in the town. 60 private hospitals with a total bed-strength of 840", "History of Mumbai Bombay on 28 February 1948, ending the 282-year-long period of the British in Bombay . After the Partition of India on 15 August 1947, over 100,000 Sindhi refugees from the newly created Pakistan were relocated in the military camps five kilometres from Kalyan in the Maharashta Region. It was converted into a township in 1949, and named Ulhasnagar by the then Governor-General of India, C. Rajagopalachari. In April 1950, Greater Bombay District came into existence with the merger of Bombay Suburbs and Bombay City. It spanned an area of and inhabited 2,339,000 of people in 1951. The Municipal Corporation limits", "Bagalkot district of Health Sciences. The University of Horticultural Sciences (UHS) is headquartered in Navanagar, Bagalkote with its constituent colleges spread across the state. Bagalkot houses the Krishi Vignan Kendra Agriculture is the largest employer in Bagalkot, with over 65% of the working population engaged in it; approximately 80% of female workers in Bagalkot are engaged in agriculture. Like most of north Karnataka, Bagalkot is very rich in black soil which is conducive to the cultivation of cotton. Bagalkot's economy was valued at US$5.6 billion, making it the 12th largest economy in Karnataka. The approximate per capital income is US$360. The chief", "Tarnetar in its waters is as holy as a dip in the sacred River Ganges. Tarnetar is known for its annual fair, the Trinetreshwar Mahadev Mela, which is held near the Trinetreshwar Mahadev temple. It attracts villagers from all over the region as well as tourists. It has an attendance figure of around 100,000 people. Tarnetar Tarnetar is a village in the Surendranagar district of the state of Gujarat in India. It is situated near the city of Thangadh. The nearest national airport is away at Rajkot, and the nearest international airport is at Ahmedabad, away. Tarnetar is widely known for", "Vikasnagar Vikasnagar Vikasnagar is a city and a municipality in Dehradun district in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It is also known as Pachawadoon (Western Doon) as it is the second financial and economic hub of Dehradun district, after the city of Dehradun. Vikasnagar is known for its tea gardens, exporting tea to American and European countries. Vikasnagar is also famous for Basmati rice and fruits like litchi and dussehri mangoes. Vikasnagar, along with Herbertpur, is the chief marketplace for Jaunsar Bawar. According to Hindu mythology, Lord Ram visited Vikasnagar during the treta yug and relieved Ahilya from the curse given", "Udgir (mils) processing units. Udgir has Skimmed Milk Powder plant established in 1978 and has capacity 1 Lakh Litres cow milk per day. Its conversion capacity is 10 M.T. S.M.P. per day. \"List of Cinema Halls: Udgir Udgir or Udaygiri is a city with a municipal council in Latur district in the Indian States and territories of India of Maharashtra. It is located in the Marathwada division of the state (one of the divisions of Maharashtra state based on geographical conditions). The city is located very near to the Karnataka border. The town is famous for the historical Udgir Fort, also", "Moteshwar Mahadev Bhairo Shree Moteshwar (Bheema Shankar) Mahadev is in the Ujjanak area of Kashipur which is around 3 km from the Kashipur bus station. Kashipur is well connected by road with all major cities of North India and is linked to Delhi, Lucknow, Moradabad, Ramnagar and Varanasi by train.JAI BHOLE KI The nearest airport is at Pantnagar which is about 72 km from Kashipur. Apart from Pantnagar, it is 223 km from the Jolly Grant Airport Dehradun major Airport of the State of Uttarakhand. Kashipur was known as Govishan or Govisana during the time of Harsha (606–647 AD), when Xuanzang (631–641", "Jamnagar Jamnagar Jamnagar () is a city located on the western coast of India in the state of Gujarat in Saurashtra region. It is the administrative headquarters of the Jamnagar District. Jamnagar is the largest city on the westernmost side of India and is the fifth largest city of Gujarat state after Ahmedabad, Surat, Vadodara and Rajkot. The modern look of the city was initially given by H.H. Jam Ranjitsinhji. He was instrumental in building the modern infrastructure of the city during his reign in the 1920s. Thereafter, the city was substantially developed by Jam Saheb Shri Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji in the", "Ghodbunder Fort Ghodbunder Fort Ghodbunder Fort is a fort located in Ghodbunder Village, Thane, Maharashtra, India, on the hill just south of the Ulhas River. It was built by the Portuguese, occupied by the Maratha Empire, and became the East India Company's district headquarters. The place was called Ghodbunder because it was where the Portuguese used to trade for ghode (horses) with the Arabs. Hence the name Ghodbunder: ghode (horses) & bunder (port). In 1530 the Portuguese came to Thane, and they began fortifying the hill area about 1550, but completion of the fort in its current form was in 1730. The", "Ghodbunder Fort Ghodbunder Fort Ghodbunder Fort is a fort located in Ghodbunder Village, Thane, Maharashtra, India, on the hill just south of the Ulhas River. It was built by the Portuguese, occupied by the Maratha Empire, and became the East India Company's district headquarters. The place was called Ghodbunder because it was where the Portuguese used to trade for ghode (horses) with the Arabs. Hence the name Ghodbunder: ghode (horses) & bunder (port). In 1530 the Portuguese came to Thane, and they began fortifying the hill area about 1550, but completion of the fort in its current form was in 1730. The", "Badnagar movies of Rakesh Roshan like \"Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai\" and \"Koi... Mil Gaya\". Badnagar Badnagar or Barnagar is a city, and a municipality in Ujjain district in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. Badnagar Tehsil Headquarters is Badnagar town and it belongs to Ujjain Division. It is located 45 km towards west from District headquarters Ujjain. 244 km from the state capital, Bhopal, towards the east and 72 km from Indore. Barnagar is also famous for its fort, Amla Fort. Badnagar is situated on the bank of river Chamla. Badnagar Tehsil is bounded by Badnawar Tehsil towards west, Depalpur Tehsil", "Thangadh the total members of 10. Which is Leaded by A.S.I Kuldeep Singh from 2015 March. Thangadh Thangadh is an industrial town and a municipality located southwest of Surendranagar in Surendranagar district in the Indian state of Gujarat. A large number of small-scale ceramic manufacturing units are located around Thangadh. Thangadh, Wankaner and Morbi form a ceramic manufacturing hub, which employ several thousand staff. The main products are sanitaryware, tiles and tableware. Thangadh is called the land of the snake. Dev Nag Vasuki is worshiped in the city, who is a rustic god. The Vasuki mandir temple is located near the", "Farrukhnagar in rebellion were also deprived of their land and property, including 368 people of Hisar and Gurugram were hanged or transported for life, and fine was imposed on the people of Thanesar (Rs 2,35,000), Ambala (Rs. 25, 3541) and Rohtak (Rs. 63,000 mostly on Ranghars, Shaikhs and Muslim Kasai). The town was once an important trading center for salt manufactured from saline water obtained from wells of 12 village estates located near the town. This salt was called Sultanpur Salt after the location of the most important salt-works of the region. Sultanpur was the centre of salt production for use", "Kalyan taluka Kalyan taluka Kalyan taluka is a taluka of the Thane district of Maharashtra in Konkan division. It is located between 19°4' and 19°24'N. and 73°1' and 73°24'E with an area of . The capital is the city of Kalyan. The taluka is cubular in form, and in its western part a rich open plain. In the south and east, ranges of hills running parallel with the boundary line throw out spurs into the heart of the plain. The transport of produce is facilitated by the tidal creek of the Ulhas river and by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway. The river", "Thane district Vaitarna. The Ulhas originates from the north of Tungarli near Lonavala, flows for a short distance before descending near Bor ghat, and meets the sea at Vasai Creek. The Ulhas River is 135 km long. The river has many tributaries; the two most important of them (within the boundaries of this district) are the Barvi and the Bhatsa. The Vaitarna, the largest of the Konkan rivers, rises in the Tryambak Hills in Nashik district, opposite to the source of the Godavari. The river flows across Shahapur, Vada and Palghar talukas and enter the Arabian Sea through a wide estuary off", "Rupnagar Rupnagar Rupnagar (; formerly known as Ropar or Rupar), is a city and a municipal council in Rupnagar district in the Indian state of Punjab. Rupnagar is a newly created fifth Divisional Headquarters of Punjab comprising Rupnagar, Mohali, and its adjoining districts. It is also one of the bigger sites belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization. Rupnagar is nearly to the northwest of Chandigarh (the nearest airport and the capital of Punjab). It is bordered by Himachal Pradesh to the north and Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar district (formerly known as Nawanshahr district) to its west. There are many historical and", "Ulhasnagar municipal corporation. There are auto rickshaws and municipality buses for transportation. Since Mid of 2013 the bus service launched became almost inoperative and to travel in Ulhasnagar the only option is auto rickshaws. Smt. Chandibai Himmatmal Mansukhani College (C. H. M. College) Established in 1965 CHM Campus also house 5 more college buildings: Ulhasnagar Girls College started in 1961, which later converted to R K Talreja College. Nari Gursahani Law College, an undergraduate law college affiliated to the University of Mumbai, is located in Ulhasnagar. Ulhasnagar Ulhasnagar is a town located in the Thane district of Maharashtra state in Konkan", "Bhera Bhera Bhera (, Punjabi: بهيره) is a city and tehsil of Sargodha District, Punjab province of Pakistan. According to \"Ancient Geography of India\" by Alexander Cunningham, Bhera was once known as Jobnathnagar. The \"Imperial Gazetteer of India\" records the history of Bhera:<br> In the recent past centuries, Bhera was an important trading outpost on the road to Kabul, and boasted of a taksal (mint) during the rule of Ranjit Singh. The city was known for its knife and cutlery craftsmen, who made fighting daggers (\"Pesh-kabz\") as well as hunting knives and table cutlery, often fitted with handles of serpentine (false", "Pappu Kalani formal name, writing Suresh (Pappu) Budharmal Kalani in his election papers. He is currently on bail in 19 cases including eight of murder and was most recently elected the MLA for Ulhasnagar from the Republican Party of India (Athavale) in the Maharashtra state assembly elections, 2004. Pappu Kalani was served a life sentence on December 3, 2013 in a 23-yr-old murder case of Ghanashyam Bhatija. Ghanashyam Bhatija was murdered on February 27, 1990 near the Pinto Resorts in Ulhasnagar of Thane district. His brother Inder Bhatija, who had seen the murder, was also shot dead on April 27, 1999 despite", "Umroli on the Western Railway line. Tarapur Industrial Estate, Tarapur Atomic Power Station and a Thermal Power Station owned by Reliance Energy Limited are located close by. The huge industrial area at Tarapur accommodates various specialty chemical, bulk drugs, steel and alloy and textile manufacturing companies. Umroli Umroli is a town in Maharashtra. It is also a railway station on the western Line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway. It is located roughly located 6km north of Palghar which is the District Headquarters. Umroli was situated in the old Thane District of Maharashtra. After the bifurcation, it is now a part of", "Dharamshala capitals after Jammu and Kashmir and Maharashtra. Dharamshala is a municipal corporation city in the upper reaches of the Kangra Valley and is surrounded by dense coniferous forest consisting mainly of stately Deodar cedar trees. The suburbs include McLeod Ganj, Bhagsunath, Dharamkot, Naddi, Forsyth Ganj, Kotwali Bazaar (the main market), Kaccheri Adda (government offices such as the court, police, post, etc.), Dari, Ramnagar, Sidhpur, and Sidhbari (where the Karmapa is based). This place is also famous for its newly built cricket stadium which offers opportunities to the youth of state to prepare for their future in the game. The village", "Udgir Udgir Udgir or Udaygiri is a city with a municipal council in Latur district in the Indian States and territories of India of Maharashtra. It is located in the Marathwada division of the state (one of the divisions of Maharashtra state based on geographical conditions). The city is located very near to the Karnataka border. The town is famous for the historical Udgir Fort, also known as Udaygiri Fort. The town and nearby villages rely on Agriculture outcomes which serves as a major source of income for living. Udgir is a Taluka located in Latur District of Maharashtra. It is", "Ullal City Municipal (lower house of the Indian parliament). Ullal City Municipal The Ullal City Municipal is the municipal corporation responsible for looking after the city administration of the city of Ullal in Mangalore, Karnataka, India. Ullal is a town situated about 12 km away from Mangalore with a population more than 53,000 as per the 2011 census. The incumbent president of the corporation is K.Hussain and the vice president Chitra. Ullal was upgraded from Town Municipal to City Municipal in the year 2014. Ullal City Municipal belongs to Mangalore(\"erstwhile Ullal\") — Vidhan Sabha constituency of Karnataka Legislative assembly and Dakshina Kannada (Lok", "Srinagar, Uttarakhand Srinagar, Uttarakhand \"Not to be confused with another Srinagar, the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir\" Srinagar is municipal board in Pauri Garhwal district in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. Srinagar is located at . at the left bank of Alaknanda river. It has an average elevation of 560 metres (1,837 feet). It is the largest town in the Garhwal Hills. It is reached by national highway NH58 from Rishikesh, Srinagar is about 100 km from Rishikesh which is the last city on the plains of Uttarakhand and from where the mountains start. Srinagar can also be reached via Kotdwara,", "Ashoknagar from the NH-3 Agra Bombay highway and one hour drive away from the NH-76. Railway Time Table Ashoknagar Ashoknagar (also Ashok Nagar) is a city and a Municipality Council in Ashoknagar District in Madhya Pradesh state of central India. It is the administrative headquarters of Ashoknagar District. Earlier it was part of Guna district. Ashoknagar is well known for its Grain Mandi and \"Sharbati Gaihu\", a type of wheat. The nearest city Guna 45 km from the city. Ashoknagar was formerly known as Prachar. The railway line passes from the middle of the city. Ashoknagar has a railway station and", "Bidhannagar Bidhannagar Bidhannagar or Salt Lake City as it is popularly called, is a planned satellite town in the Indian state of West Bengal. It was developed between 1958 and 1965 to accommodate the burgeoning population of Kolkata. At the 2011 census, Bidhannagar had a population of 218,323 (Males 111,363; Females 106,960). Bidhannagar has an average literacy rate of 90.44% (higher than the national average of 74%), with male literacy of 93.08% and female literacy of 87.69%. The city has the second highest proportion of graduates in the country (30.6 per cent), only after Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, also known as", "Bidhannagar Bidhannagar Bidhannagar or Salt Lake City as it is popularly called, is a planned satellite town in the Indian state of West Bengal. It was developed between 1958 and 1965 to accommodate the burgeoning population of Kolkata. At the 2011 census, Bidhannagar had a population of 218,323 (Males 111,363; Females 106,960). Bidhannagar has an average literacy rate of 90.44% (higher than the national average of 74%), with male literacy of 93.08% and female literacy of 87.69%. The city has the second highest proportion of graduates in the country (30.6 per cent), only after Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, also known as", "Taranagar Taranagar Taranagar is a city and a municipality in Churu district in the Indian state of Rajasthan, situated at 28° 41'N 75° 3'E, about 120 miles northeast of Bikaner. Taranagar was earlier known as Reni, named for the lady Rinkali who came here to live from Vishalnagar Koyalapatan, currently Foga in Sardarshar (Rajasthan). Reni was the headquarters of the nizamat and the tehsil of the same name in the state of Bikaner in Rajputana. The nizamat consisted of five eastern tehsils of Bhadra, Churu, Nohar, Rajgarh and Reni. In 1948, the town was renamed for King Tara Singh, who ruled", "Parner Shiva. Also some beautiful temples of Shri Ram, Goddess Malganga, Kaalbhairavnath and Lord Hanuman are the worship places of town. The town has a S.T. Bus Depot. Nearest railway station is in Ahmednagar, which is about 40 Kilometers away. Shahajapur has many wind mills and is an energy center in Parner taluka. Supa MIDC is near to parner. Parner Parner, is a historic town in Ahmednagar District, Maharashtra, India. It is the headquarters town for Parner Taluka. Parner was named after Rishi Parashar, whose son Maharishi Ved Vyas wrote famous epic \"\"Mahabharat\"\". The town of Parner is located at coordinates", "Thane taluka Thane taluka Thane taluka is a taluka in Thane district of Maharashtra state in Konkan division. Thane taluka consists of three municipal corporations - Mira-Bhayandar, Thane and Navi Mumbai - and also few small villages. Three cities lies respectively on northern, north-eastern and eastern boundaries of Mumbai. Until 31 July 2014, Thane was the country's most populous district with a population of over 1.2 crore. On 1 August 2014, the talukas of Mokhada, Jawahar, Talasari, Vikramgadh, Wada, Dahanu, Palghar and Vasai were separated from the erstwhile Thane district to form a new district Palghar. The talukas Thane, Bhiwandi, Kalyan, Ulhasnagar,", "Hadmatiya land. Most of them are engaged in farming, producing main crops such as ground nuts, bajra, cotton, and sesame seeds. There is also a brass industry in Jamnagar employing 20 per cent of the local people as well as diamond business in Surat that employs 10 per cent. Other business such as clothing showrooms, stationary and retail shops account for a further 35 per cent. The service sector employs 5 per cent of Hadmatiya's people who are employed as managers, consultants and accountants amongst other professions. The remaining 30 per cent of the population are involved in agriculture. Hadmatiya Hadmatiya", "Shahapur (No.3) and is 90 km from Mumbai. Shahapur is an industrial town. Jindal Steel has a plant here, as does Liberty Oil and Industries,Evan enterprises in and around the Oswal Industrial Estates, on Mumbai Nashik Highway, Vill Asangaon, Shahapur, Dist Thane Government Secondary and Higher Secondary Girls' Ashramschool Shenave, Tal- Shahapur, Dist- Thane. Shivajirao S Jondhle Knowledge City is major education hub in Shahapur, with programs in engineering, management (MBA), pharmacy, law, and science and commerce. Jeevandeep shaikshanik shanstha sanchalit poi arts, commerce and science college, Khardi tal- shahapur Dist thane and junior college Khardi Colleges: Mahuli fort – Historical", "New Manor Town Maharashtra. The newly formed Palghar district is home to almost 3 million people and has seen population growth of 40% between 2001-2011 as per the Census of India. Palghar's population growth rate even overshadows Thane's growth of 36% during the same period. Being 35% urbanized, the newly formed district is more densely populated than Poona (Density=562/km). The 'Housing for All' government scheme in conjunction with the Make In India initiative to boost manufacturing, this industrial belt can be expected to reap the benefits considering its proximity to Mumbai, India's business capital. The two-phase residential project spans across 20 acres. The", "Garhwali people rapidly advanced in material prosperity. Two battalions of the Indian army (the 39th Garhwal Rifles) were recruited in the district, which also contained the military cantonment of Lansdowne. Grain and coarse cloth were exported, and salt, borax, livestock and wool were imported, and the trade with Tibet was considerable. The administrative headquarters were at Pauri, but Srinagar(Garhwal) was the largest city. It was an important mart, as was Kotdwara -the terminus of a branch of the Oudh and Rohilkhand railway from Najibabad. Later it was part of the Punjab Hill States Agency of British India, consisting of the present day", "Shirur, Maharashtra are as follows: 1) Waghale : Shrimant Subhash Sinh Pawar 2) Malthan: Shrimant Uday Sinh Pawar 3) Amdabad : Shrimant Ravindra Pawar In recent years, Shirur has been an imperative educational and commercial hub for Parner, Shrigonda and Shirur Talukas. Shirur is gaining a growing importance on Pune-Ahmednagar road for industrialization and trade. Shirur City is located within Pune district In Maharashtra. As per 2011 census,Total population of Shirur taluka is 385,414. Based on population, Shirur is ranked 6th in Punedistrict and ranked 50th in Maharashtra. Shirur taluka has total 199,585 people employed. Out of total employed people, 118,181 are", "Kalyan taluka July 2014, Thane was the country's most populous district of India with a population of over 1.2 crore. On 1 August 2014, the talukas of Mokhada, Jawahar, Talasari, Vikramgadh, Wada, Dahanu, Palghar and Vasai were separated from the erstwhile Thane district to form a new district Palghar. The talukas Thane, Bhiwandi, Kalyan, Ulhasnagar, Ambernath, Murbad and Shahapur were retained in Thane district. Kalyan taluka Kalyan taluka is a taluka of the Thane district of Maharashtra in Konkan division. It is located between 19°4' and 19°24'N. and 73°1' and 73°24'E with an area of . The capital is the city of", "Dadra and Nagar Haveli the division of Thane District, it is now surrounded by the newly formed Palghar District). Maghval is a small enclave village belonging to Gujarat that is located within Nagar Haveli, just south of Silvassa. The nearest railway station is Vapi in Gujarat on the Mumbai-Delhi route, about 18 km northwest of Silvassa. Mumbai is approximately 180 km from Silvassa. Surat city is about 140 km away. Mumbai and Surat are the nearest airports. The stretch of the main southern area is hilly terrain especially towards the northeast and east where it is surrounded by ranges of the Sahyadri mountains (Western", "Taranagar that is now is being used as the Tehshil headquarters and is surrounded by the market place. Taranagar is surrounded by a number of small villages, the residents of which trade in Taranagar. Goga Medi in Degawas is also a famous temple built 50 years ago by Pujari Shree Bihari Lal Ji Sankholia, where a fair is held On occasion of Goga Navmi. Sir Dinkar Rao succeeded his father as Subadar of the Taranager District. <br> Taranagar is well known for its antiquity is a famous Jain temple built in 942. It has very old statues of Jain Tirthankars. Chhatri", "Hashtnagar Hashtnagar Hashtnagar [هشتنګر] (in Sanskrit अष्टनगरम्: aṣṭanagaram and more commonly known as اشنغر ashnaghar Pashto) is one of the two constituent parts of Charsadda District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.Later the name was changed from Hashtnagar to Utmanzai. The name Hashtnagar is derived from Sanskrit अष्टनगरम् aṣṭanagaram, n., \"The eight towns\" from Sanskrit aṣṭa, num. card., \"Eight\" and नगर nagara, n., \"settlement, locality, town\". The descriptive later being influenced by the Pashto asht, num., \"eight\". The etymology \"Eight Towns\", refers to the eight major settlements situated in this region. These are: Hashtnagar is known for an early Buddhist statue. The Original", "Bharbhunja (Hindu) by language, with the Bhad Bhunjari still speaking Gujarati, while the other groups speak Marathi. The Bhad Bhunjari are now found mainly in the districts of Nasik, Pune, Thane, Ahmednagar and the city of Mumbai. Like other occupational castes, the community has seen a decline in their traditional occupation with a small number being petty businessmen and some have become Engineers or Doctors and others are settled abroad. However, the decline in their traditional occupation has not seen a weakening of their identity. The community remains endogamous, and practices clan exogamy. Furthermore, there is no intermarriage between Sikh and Hindu", "Ahmednagar place at the ACC&S. Ahmednagar is a relatively small town and shows less development than the nearby western Maharashtra cities of Mumbai and Pune. Ahmednagar is home to 19 sugar factories and is also the birthplace of the cooperative movement. Due to scarce rainfall, Ahmednagar often suffers from drought. Marathi is the primary language for daily-life communication. Ahmednagar has recently published a plan of developing the city by year 2031. The town Ahmednagar was founded in 1490 by Ahmad Nizam Shah I on the site of a more ancient city, Bhingar. With the breakup of the Bahmani Sultanate, Ahmad established", "Ugar provide a quality education to their children and to provide a progressive city life has caused good deal of migration to Ugar. Many government and bank employees who works in nearby villages reside in Ugar. Ugar has become a commercial center for many villages like Kudchi, Ainapur, Mangsuli, Shedbal, Kusnal, Kagawad, Shirguppi, and Chinchali. Ugar Ugar Khurd is a town municipal council in the district of Belagavi, in the state of Karnataka, in India. The town is famous for Ugar Sugar Works. It lies on the banks of mighty Krishna River. As per 2011 census the population of town is", "Sanjoy Ghose hilly tracts abutting the Western Ghats in Thane district- to experience first hand the poverty and exploitation of the tribal communities. In 1980, he chose to join the then unknown Institute of Rural Management, Anand (IRMA) in its very first batch. He had confirmed admissions to all the three then existing IIMs, ( Indian Institute of Management ) – Ahmedabad, Bangalore and Calcutta. Joining the prestigious IIM opened the way to very well paying corporate careers. He chose the then unknown IRMA over the known IIMs, in keeping with his personal commitment to work for the poorest of the poor.", "Sathwara Anand, Patan, Mehsana, Surendranagar, Jamnagar, Vadhiyar, Junagadh, Morbi, Bhavnagar, and Sabarkantha. The different castes of this samaj are Sathwara, Satvara, Kanjariya, Hadiyal, Rathod, Bumtariya, Sonagra, Kadia, Nakum, Khandhara, Khant, Chauhan,Chopda, Parmar,Tarbundiya, Dhariya Parmar,Mori, Jadav, Rathod, Nakum, Lakum, Solanki and so on... According to historians the sathwaras were formerly farmers. The Sathwara are found mainly in the districts of Surat,Ahmedabad, Patan, Mehsana, Dwaraka, Botad, Anand, Jamnagar, Rajkot, Bhavnagar, Surendranagar, Junagadh, and Morbi. The north Gujarat Sathwara are further divided into territorial divisions, the Dandariya group found in Sabarkantha and Patanwadia and Dandhavya found in Mehsana District. They are further divided into", "Ugar Ugar Ugar Khurd is a town municipal council in the district of Belagavi, in the state of Karnataka, in India. The town is famous for Ugar Sugar Works. It lies on the banks of mighty Krishna River. As per 2011 census the population of town is about 23,762, of whom almost 2,000 work in Ugar Sugar Works. The area surrounding Ugar has a very fertile black volcanic soil suited for sugar cane, cotton, jawar, sunflower and sthe oybeans. Due to proximity to Krishna river, the land is also fairly irrigated, and since last four or five years Krishna river never", "Ahmednagar district Aurangabad (NE), Nashik (NW), Thane (NW), and Pune (SW). Although Ahmadnagar district was created as early as in 1818, modern history of Ahmadnagar may be said to have commenced from 1869, the year in which parts of Nasik and Solapur which till then had comprised Nagar were separated and the present Nagar district was formed. Ahmednagar District was created after the defeat of the Maratha Confederacy in the Third Anglo-Maratha War in 1818, when most of the Peshwa's domains were annexed to British India. The district remained part of the Central division of Bombay Presidency until India's independence in 1947,", "Saidpur, Bangladesh society, adopting Bengali, or migrated to India or Pakistan. The city of Saidpur was established around the Saidpur Railway Workshop, established in 1870 by the British Colonial regime. Nothing is definitely known about the origin of the upazila's name. It is learnt that in the long past there came a Sayed family from Koch Bihar of India and settled in this area and started preaching Islam. It is generally believed that the upazila might have derived its name, Saidpur, from the name of that Sayed family. Saidpur became Thana in 1915. The municipality of Saidpur was incorporated in 1958.The city", "Terdal the time of British Raj in India Terdal was one of the noted Taluka place in the Sangali(Now in Maharastra) Province. British built monuments in Indo-British architecture such as : Agriculture is the main economy with some of the important crops like Sugar cane, Maize, Barley(kapali in Marathi), soya bean, Turmeric, are the main crop of Terdal. Most of the population is agriculturists. Terdal Terdal is a Municipal town in Bagalkot district in the Indian state of Karnataka. Teradala is located at . It has an average elevation of 536 metres (1758 feet). Terdal Shree Allamprabhu temple is famous and", "Ghumarwin Ghumarwin Ghumarwin is a town and a municipal council in Bilaspur district in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. It has become a major cultural and educational hub of Bilaspur. It is a rapidly emerging city located on a sharp small river (Seer khud) bank in a small valley which diverts towards Bilaspur. The town celebrates a famous four-day fair at the dawn of summer in First week of April. The town is a tehsil and home to rapidly expanding entrepreneurship. Ghumarwin is also famous for its variety of sweet preparation and local cuisines.Along with this Ghumarwin is the home", "Farrukhnagar the metre gauge train used to transport salt by steam engines. It was closed in 2004 for gauge conversion. The converted broad gauge track became operational in 2011. There has been a proposal to extend the track to Jhajjar where it will join Rewari-Jhajjar-Rohtak railway line. Farrukhnagar Farrukhnagar is a town and municipality in Gurgaon district of Haryana state, India. It is one of the nine administrative blocks of Gurgaon district situated from Gurgaon and shares its border with Jhajjar district. It is part of the Ahirwal region. Established in 1732 by Faujdar Khan, the first Nawab of Farrukhnagar and", "Telnar of the Vatrak river. Kadva Patel is major community in the village. Telnar is one of more than 40 villages that have formed the Savaso Gaur Kadva Patidar Samaj organisation. Agriculture and dairy business plays a large part in the region's prosperity. Agricultural goods primarily consist of potatoes, cotton, fennel seeds, pearl millet and wheat. Lack of education and skills have let down progress of the village, but recently young generations have begun migrating to nearby cities including Kapadwanj, Ahmedabad, Anand and Gandhinagar. Telnar Telnar or Telnal is a village in Kapadvanj Taluka in Kheda district of Gujarat state, India.", "Islamnagar, Badaun this has very good connectivity to New Delhi (Anand Vihar)along with Badaun, as U.P State road transport corporation runs good number of buses at every 30 mins to both these destinations. At present Islamnagar police station (Thana) is located in the heart of town. New Police station shall be relocated at Bahjoi road near \"Block\". Construction of Police station is in full swing at new designated place. Primary health centre of Islamnagar is located at \"Lalbagh\". The proposed Railway station of Islamanagar will be named as \"Bankhandi Road\" and shall be constructed at \"Kandarpur\" village near Bankhandi Mahadev Mandir. Land", "Nepalgunj Nepalgunj Nepalgunj (), also spelled Nepalganj, is a Sub-Metropolitan City in Banke District, Nepal. It lies on the Terai plains near the southern border with Bahraich district in Uttar Pradesh, India. Nepalgunj is 153 kilometers south-west of Ghorahi and 16 km south of Kohalpur. Former Village Development Committee: Udayapur, Bhawaniyapur, Piprahawa, Jaispur, Paraspur, Indrapur, Khaskarkado, Bashudevpur, Manikapur and Puraina were added to territory in order to make it Sub metropolitan city on 2071 Paush 28 and later Puraini was also added in list on 2072 Paush 21. Further, while restructuring of local levels nationwide, ward no. 23 (former Indrapur VDC)", "Niranjan Hiranandani auction for nearly Rs 1,000 crore. Hiranandani Estate is a township built in Thane, a part of the Mumbai Metropolitan Area in Maharashtra. Hiranandani Hospital was started in Powai in 2006 and Thane in 2011. Hiranandani is on board of 17 schools, including the Hiranandani Foundation School in Powai and Thane. Hiranandani is the past president of the Maharashtra Chambers of Housing Industry; Chairman of Mumbai City, Development and Environment Committee of the Indian Merchants Chambers (I.M.C.) Mumbai, Member of the task force of the Government of India for reforms in housing and urban development and Member of the study", "Sayla city to have been the British Residency and European Guesthouse of Sayla princely state. Sayla city Sayla city is headquarter of Sayla Taluka of Surendranagar district, Gujarat, India, with total 3142 families residing. The Sayla city has population of 16169 of which 8,370 are males while 7,799 are females as per Population Census 2011. In Sayla city population of children with age 0-6 is 2077 which makes up 12.85 % of total population of the city. Average Sex Ratio of Sayla city is 932 which is higher than Gujarat state average of 919. Child Sex Ratio for the Sayla as per", "Tarapur, Maharashtra Tarapur, Maharashtra Tarapur is a census town in Palghar district (earlier Palghar was taluka and has recently notified as district) in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is an industrial town located some 45 km north of Virar, on the Western Railway line of Mumbai Suburban Division (Mumbai Suburban Railway). Tarapur can be reached from Boisar, the nearest railway station. It is 20 km off National Highway NH-8. At the end of the thirteenth century (1280), Tarapur is mentioned as one of the towns conquered from the Naiks by Bhim the legendary ruler of Mahim in Bombay island. (Naime's Konkan,", "Ahmednagar MLA. Ahmednagar Ahmednagar () is a city in Ahmednagar district in the state of Maharashtra, India, about 120 km northeast of Pune and 114 km from Aurangabad. Ahmednagar takes its name from Ahmad Nizam Shah I, who founded the town in 1494 on the site of a battlefield where he won a battle against superior Bahamani forces. It was close to the site of the village of Bhingar. With the breakup of the Bahmani Sultanate, Ahmad established a new sultanate in Ahmednagar, also known as Nizam Shahi dynasty. Ahmednagar has several dozen buildings and sites from the Nizam Shahi period.", "Taranagar The nearby villages include Dhani- kumharan, Satyu, Rajpura, Lunas, Gajuwas, Chalkoi, Kharatwas, Nethawa, Togawas, Bhaleri, Chalkoi, Bhanin, Kalwas, Dabri Chhoti, Dheerwas Bara, Sahwa, Bain, Buchawas, Dadrewa, Jigsana, Nyangli, Hadiyal, Dudhwa Khara, Bhamara etc. Brahmanwasi is an agricultural locality situated on the western side of the town. The main crops raised in the area are millets, bajra, guar, gram and lately even mustard. Historically, it was a zamindari that was initially vested in the Vyas family (Pushkarna Brahmins) by the late Raja Shri Joravar Singhji, the then ruler of princely state of Bikaner. The current scion of the family Mool Raj", "Uttara Thana Uttara Thana Uttara Model Town or simply Uttara () is a northern \"Thana\" and a suburb of Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. The name derives from the Bengali word \"ut'tar\" meaning \"north\". It lies on the road to Gazipur, and adjoins Shahjalal International Airport. Uttara is primarily planned square grid residential suburb, geographically elevated from southern Dhaka saving it from floods, and is divided into several \"sectors\". It can be said that Uttara is far from the congestion and pollution of Dhaka. Indeed, well into the 1990s, Uttara retained its quiet, leafy suburban character. In recent years, with the increasing", "Thane immediate neighbour of Mumbai city and a part of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. The word 'Thane' is derived from Sanskrit word 'sthāna' (Sanskrit: स्थान) which means 'place'. The name Thane, locally pronounced , has been variously romanised as Tana, Thana, Thâṇâ, and Thane. Ibn Battuta and Abulfeda knew it as KukinTana; Duarte Barbosa as TanaMayambu. A copper plate dating to 1078 was discovered near the foundations of Thane Fort in 1787. A land grant from Arikesara Devaraja, lord of Tagara, he addresses the inhabitants of a city called \"Sri Sthanaka\".", "Ahmednagar Ahmednagar Ahmednagar () is a city in Ahmednagar district in the state of Maharashtra, India, about 120 km northeast of Pune and 114 km from Aurangabad. Ahmednagar takes its name from Ahmad Nizam Shah I, who founded the town in 1494 on the site of a battlefield where he won a battle against superior Bahamani forces. It was close to the site of the village of Bhingar. With the breakup of the Bahmani Sultanate, Ahmad established a new sultanate in Ahmednagar, also known as Nizam Shahi dynasty. Ahmednagar has several dozen buildings and sites from the Nizam Shahi period. Ahmednagar", "Surendranagar district Surendranagar in Gujarat. Many [[small and medium enterprises]] and industries are present, including [[confectionery]], [[Pottery|ceramics]], [[pharmaceuticals]], engineering plastics, and salt production. [[Wadhwan|Wadhwan City]] is a major trade and processing centre for agricultural products, cotton, salt, pharmaceuticals, chemicals and plastics, textile bearings, ceramics, and sanitary ware. Nearly 25 percent of India's salt supply comes from mining in the Surendranagar area. There are miles of \"Agar\" ([[Dry lake|Salt pan]]s), especially in the [[Kharaghoda]] area. High quality salt is produced in Zinzuwada, a desert area. Surendranagar is a hub of [[cotton]] and [[Cotton ginning|ginning]] activities in India, with a large number of ginning", "Dharmanagar Dharmanagar Dharmanagar (\"Dhôrmônôgôr\") is a town with a Municipal Council in the North East of India and the North Tripura district of the state of Tripura, India. Dharmanagar is renowned for its natural beauty. It has many top quality schools, both Bengali and English medium. The city also has its great history regarding the several emperors who ruled the city. Earlier in the ancient times the city had a large geographical area but along time it has been reduced drastically due to partition and other reasons. The city is located in the western hemisphere of the state of Tripura. The", "Satkhira District seven Upazilas, 79 union porishods, 8 thana (police station) and 1436 villages. The upazilas are: The two municipalities are Satkhira and Kalaroa. India-Bangladesh (Bhomra land port): 200 yard distant BGP camp from main port. The Bhomra land port is second largest land port in Bangladesh. The Bhomra land customs station was inaugurated in 1996. Roads and highways are Satkhira-Khulna, Satkhira-Jessore, Satkhira-Assasuni-Ghola, Satkhira-Kaligonj-Shyamnagar. Satkhira-Kaligonj-Shyamnagar is very bad due to conductor's corruption. Recently established one medical college, 79 colleges, one primary teachers training institute, 421 high schools, 41 junior high schools, 259 madrassas, 822 government primary schools. Satkhira Govt. Technical School And", "Kherali and young generation go for jobs and business to Surendranagar and around cities. The main crops are wheat, cotton, ground-nuts, and sesames. Kherali Kherali is a village in Surendranagar district in the Indian state of Gujarat. It comes on the way from Surendranagar to Limli, and this route leads to Muli. It has population close to 6,000-10,000. The village is grown around one abandoned palace. The village has got one big lake and other many wells including one step-well. It has few temples including two Swaminarayan temple, Rama temple , krishna temple , shaktimaa temple and one well-built mosque. There", "Taranagar a referral hospital set up by late Onkar Mal Mintri and run by the state government where health care facilities are available for general public and for the people from nearby villages. There is another hospital building that has been converted into a veterinary hospital catering to cattle. Though the town does not have a railway station, it is well connected by road. It is served by roadway organization of many states, private buses, and taxi operators. Gandhi Upwan, in the east of the town, close to the bus stand and police station, is a moderate garden maintained by the", "Thane district Thane district Thane District ([]) is a district in the Indian state of Maharashtra in Konkan Division. At the 2011 Census it was the most populated district in the nation, with 11,060,148 inhabitants; however, in August 2014 the district was split into two with the creation of a new Palghar district, leaving the reduced Thane district with a 2011 Census population of 8,070,032. The headquarters of the district is the city of Thane. Other major cities in the district are Navi Mumbai, Kalyan-Dombivli, Mira-Bhayander, Bhiwandi, Ulhasnagar, Ambarnath, Badlapur, Murbad and Shahapur. The district is situated between 18°42' and 20°20' north", "Ullal divisions, Ullal and Permannur, in Mangalore Taluk. Ullal is adjacent to City Corporation of Mangalore, 10 km from District headquarters - Mangalore. It is the part of the Mangalore urban agglomeration area. It is developing rapidly with many premium educational institutes and commercial centres. Most of the people in Ullal belong to either Beary or Mogaveera ethnic group. It is very famous for historic locations like Sayyid Muhammad Shareeful Madani Darga, Sri Cheerumba Bagavathi Temple, Someshwara Temple, Someshwar Beach, Kadapara jara Darga, Summer Sands Beach Resort, Queen Abbakka Chowta's Fort at Ranipura, K Pandyarajah Ballal Institutes and college of nursing,", "Palghar divisional head of Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation. MSRTC provides direct connectivity to several towns across Maharashtra including Miraj, Pune, Vaduj, Thane, Ulhasnagar, Bhiwandi, Aurangabad, Ahmednagar, Kalyan, Alibag, Nandurbar, Bhusaval, Shirdi, and Nashik. The roads are not well developed, Since it is declared as the district, transportation needs to be good. Palghar is an important railway station on the [INDIAN WESTERN RAILWAY(west side)INDIAN RAILWAY] line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway. Along with shuttle/Memu/EMU (local trains) services, many long distance trains also stop here. On 1 August 2014, Palghar became the 36th district of Maharashtra. Its history is alternate with its", "Ashoknagar Ashoknagar Ashoknagar (also Ashok Nagar) is a city and a Municipality Council in Ashoknagar District in Madhya Pradesh state of central India. It is the administrative headquarters of Ashoknagar District. Earlier it was part of Guna district. Ashoknagar is well known for its Grain Mandi and \"Sharbati Gaihu\", a type of wheat. The nearest city Guna 45 km from the city. Ashoknagar was formerly known as Prachar. The railway line passes from the middle of the city. Ashoknagar has a railway station and Two Bus stations. Ashoknagar is connected to the main cities of Madhya Pradesh by road and railway.", "Kadamtala this area to meet the demand of a high demand of labor. Gradually, this area has become a densely populated area with the location advantage of industries of Dasnagar in west, Howrah Railway terminus in east. The rapid growth of population and negligence of planned infrastructure of the British Government and then flux of people from Bangladesh (then East Pakistan) leads to a breakdown of infrastructure of unplanned and narrow roads. The economic decline of West Bengal after partition of India also causes a big blow to Howrah's famous jute and machine-tools industries. Currently Kadamtala is mainly residential area, but", "Surendranagar district Surendranagar district Surendranagar is an administrative district in Saurashtra region of Gujarat state in India. It has a population of approximately 1.7 million people. Surendranagar is also known as \"muli\", as many principalities of Surendranagar district were ruled by [[Jhala (clan)|Jhala Rajputs](parmar rajput)]. [[Surendranagar city]], along with the twin city of [[Wadhwan]], has a total of 400,000 inhabitants, and is known as \"the city of Hi-Tech Bungalows\". It was also known as \"Camp\". [[File:Gate at Zinzuwada Gujarat.jpg|thumb|Gate at Zinzuwada, Gujarat, India]] In the past, Surendranagar was used by colonialists as a [[hill station]], because of its dry environment that was", "Thane district distinct climates in the district, one on the western coastal plains and the other on the eastern slopes of Sahyadri. The climate on the western coastal plains of Thane, Vasai, Palghar and Dahanu talukas is tropical, very humid and warm. The climate on the plains at the foot of the slopes (Kalyan, Bhiwandi, Vada, Ulhasnagar, Ambarnath and Talasari talukas) and on the eastern slopes of Sahyadri (Murbad, Shahapur, Jawhar, Vikramgad and Mokhada talukas) is comparatively less humid. The temperature variation is more in the eastern part of the district comparing to the western coastal areas. The district has four seasons.", "Ugar went down the critical level. Ugar Sugar Works started production in the early 1940s, and it started a school for the families of workers, called Shri Hari Vidyalaya. The city has grown since, as has the school, which has steadily expanded its original reach of Marathi only mode of instruction to include both Kannada and English media. The school now also includes bachelor's degrees in Arts Commerce and science so the students will not have to move to nearby larger cities for their further education. It also offers a series of vocational courses including computer sciences. Apart of Shri Hari", "Arag Arag Arag is a small town in Sangli district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is approximately 30 km south east of the much larger urban conglomeration of Sangli-Miraj. As of the 2011 census Arag has a population of approximately 15,000. In Arag over 75% of the population is employed in agriculture and within the region the town is famous for its progressive farming techniques. The primary crops grown are sugar cane, paan mala, jwari, and, in common with the rest of the Sanli-region, Turmeric. Arag is Sangli's leading grape and sugar cane producing town. Arag is also famous", "Shedbal land and in that more than 12,000 and acres is irrigated and 1600 acre land is dependent on rain. Main crops of Shedbal are Sugarcane, Banana, Brinjal, Turmeric, Sunflower, Wheat and other commercial crops. Major population of Shedbal are followers of Jainism. Shedbal is well connected with places like Athani, Miraj, Sangli, Gokak, Chikkodi, Ugar, Raybag and Belagavi, Shedbal Railway Station lies on Miraj Belagavi Londa route. Daily five pairs of passenger trains halt at this station, connecting with Belagavi and Miraj Shedbal Shedbal is a town in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Athni", "Thane district force was 22.89% in the district. The important kharif crops of the district are rice, vari and nachani (finger millet). The pulses like Urad, moong and kulith are also grown in this season. Rice is the main crop of the district. Rice is grown in all the talukas of the district but mainly in Palghar, Bhiwandi, Murbad, Shahapur, Vada, Vikramgad and Dahanu. Vari and nachani are grown in the hilly areas of the eastern part of the district, namely Jawhar, Murbad, Vikramgad, Shahapur and Mokhada talukas. Wal, chavali and gram are the main rabi crops grown in this district. Dahanu", "Atal Nagar renovation of villages for the construction of Naya Raipur, it displaced the population of one village. About half of the total acquired land is being used for afforestation, roads, parks, public conveniences, water facilities-canals, green belts etc.; 23% of the land would be reserved for educational institutions, government offices and public auditoriums etc.; and 30% of the land will be used for residential and economical purposes. Atal Nagar is India's sixth planned city after Jamshedpur (Jharkhand), Bhubaneshwar (Odisha), Gandhinagar (Gujarat), Chandigarh (Punjab & Haryana), and Navi Mumbai (Maharashtra), and fourth among the capital cities. The city is envisaged to accommodate", "Alipur Noon kinno, malta (a variety of orange), lychee, and guava. The date and mango orchards are over a hundred years old. It also has a very successful stud farm. Alipur Noon Alipur Noon is a historic village near Bhera in Sargodha District, Punjab, Pakistan. It was settled in the nineteenth century by the Noon family. Alipur Noon is inhabited by over 24,000 people. It is one of the largest villages in the area and is a self-sustained community, having schools, medical clinics, ironmongers, carpenters, traditional craftsmen in leather arts, clay arts, etc. Malik Anwar Ali Noon (1924 – 12 September 2014)", "Taranagar and corners different states of the country as also abroad. Composition of this diaspora is also quite varied and comprises industrialists, traders, businessmen, professionals, social workers and others. One person from the town, Late Sri Ram Krishna Sarawagi (son of a reputed disciple of Mahatma Gandhi late Sri Tulsiram Sarawagi) rose to become a minister in the state of West Bengal in the 1970s. Taranagar is known for its plaster of Paris industry and for its shree durga infotech tea markets like-Agarwal trading company and Shri Mahavir Tea Company. Taranagar Taranagar is a city and a municipality in Churu district", "Sakchi connecting Jamshedpur to Howrah(Calcutta) was started. Jamshedpur is in the Indian mineral-rich state of Jharkhand which was earlier in Bihar as South Bihar. As Tata Steel was established the first planned urban settlement started in Sakchi Area and it included businessmen (Gujaratis, Parsis, Punjabis), servicemen (People from Bihar, Bengalis, Oriyas, Telugus, Tamils, Malayalis). Many people who then migrated from West Bengal, East Bengal (now Bangladesh), Gujarat, Assam are now permanent residents of Jamshedpur city and their ancestral homes were either lost or sold after separation of East Pakistan (Bangladesh). Old houses of Bengalis, Parsis, Anglo-Indians and Gujaratis can still be", "Sindhis in India had a deserted look at the end of the war and served as a ready and ideal ground for the independence refugees. Sindhi refugees, in particular, began a new life in Ulhasnagar after the independence in 1947. Refugee Sindhi Hindus from Hyderabad migrated to Bangalore through Mumbai and Goa. A community housing society was created in Cox Town, with a temple, Sindhi Association and a Sindhi Social Hall, a community hub for celebrations, marriages and festivals such as Holi and Guru Nanak Jayanti. The immigration of the community resulted in the introduction of Sindhi culture and cuisine to the city." ]

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[ "Philae era un lander trasportato dalla sonda spaziale Rosetta. È stato sviluppato da un consorzio guidato dall'agenzia spaziale tedesca (DLR), da quella francese (CNES) e da quella italiana (ASI) e parte della missione Rosetta della Agenzia Spaziale Europea per effettuare un atterraggio sulla cometa 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. L'atterraggio è avvenuto il 12 novembre 2014, rendendo il lander il primo manufatto umano ad eseguire un atterraggio controllato sul nucleo di una cometa (o accometaggio).\nIl lander era originalmente indicato come RoLand.\n\nMissione \n\nPhilae è stato sviluppato nell'ambito della missione Rosetta per eseguire osservazioni in situ del nucleo della cometa 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, obiettivo della missione. Trasportato a destinazione a bordo della sonda madre, è stato progettato affinché fosse rilasciato da una quota di dalla superficie ed immesso direttamente su una traiettoria in caduta libera, al termine della quale avrebbe toccato il suolo ad una velocità di . Gli ammortizzatori presenti nelle gambe avrebbero avuto il compito di smorzare l'impatto ed impedire un rimbalzo che avrebbe potuto determininare la perdita nello spazio della sonda, considerando che la velocità di fuga dal nucleo della cometa è solo di circa 0,46 m/s. Il lancio di due arpioni e l'accensione di un razzo per ostacolare il rinculo avrebbero completato la sequenza ed assicurato Philae alla superficie.\n\nSulla superficie, Philae avrebbe caratterizzato «la composizione elementare, isotopica, molecolare e mineralogica del suolo; avrebbe caratterizzato le proprietà fisiche della superficie e del materiale al di sotto di essa, cercato indizi sulla struttura del nucleo e condotto misurazioni del campo magnetico e delle caratteristiche del plasma».\n\nEra stata prevista una vita nominale di tre mesi, con stime ottimistiche di quattro o cinque mesi.\n\nCaratteristiche tecniche \n\nIl lander misura ed è realizzato in fibre di carbonio; la piattaforma che sostiene gli strumenti scientifici è supportata da una piastra centrale, che dà forma alla struttura. La massa totale è di , 21 dei quali di strumenti scientifici.\n\nLa generazione della potenza a bordo di Philae è affidata a due sistemi differenti. In una prima fase, della durata di circa 60 ore, il lander è stato alimentato dalla potenza erogata da una batteria primaria che immagazzinava di energia; in una seconda fase, sarebbe dovuto entrare in attività il sistema costituito dai pannelli fotovoltaici, che costituiscono il rivestimento esterno del corpo del lander, e da una batteria secondaria da 140 Wh di energia. A dal Sole, i pannelli solari avrebbero dovuto fornire una potenza di .\n\nLe comunicazioni non sono avvenute direttamente con la Terra, ma utilizzano Rosetta come elemento di collegamento, in modo da ridurre il quantitativo di energia richiesto per il funzionamento di Philae.\n\nAmpiezza di banda \nL'ampiezza di banda è la velocità con cui possono esser trasmessi i dati.\n\nPer la missione nominale (discesa, atterraggio e 5 giorni di attività) era prevista la trasmissione di circa 235 Mbit di dati.\n\nLa disponibilità di banda nei giorni seguenti risulta ridotta a causa della minore energia disponibile da pannelli solari e batteria secondaria, per cui Philae può trasmettere, da progetto, circa 35 Mbit ogni giorno, a una velocità di circa , in pacchetti di 141 parole di (2256 bit).\n\nControllo termico \nIl controllo termico è attuato sia attivamente, tramite riscaldatori elettrici, che passivamente, tramite accumulatori di calore solare. Questi ultimi consistono in due fogli di TINOXR di ciascuno posizionati sul tetto della sonda, che sono in grado di fornire fino a di potenza termica agli apparati di bordo a dal Sole. Il sistema di controllo termico permette di mantenere gli apparati interni della sonda entro l'intervallo di temperature che ne permette l'operatività:\n Operatività parziale: −80 °C / +70 °C\n Operatività completa: −45 °C / +70 °C\n Ricarica batteria: da +5 °C\nA seconda della temperatura degli apparati e della potenza elettrica disponibile, il lander può trovarsi in vari stati operativi:\n Ibernazione (sull'orbiter)\n Attesa di risveglio (Attivato sotto i −51 °C; Disattivato sopra i −45 °C)\n Potenza sufficiente (Attivato sopra i −45 °C ma tensione sotto i )\n Stand-by (Sopra i −45 °C, sopra i 18,5 V)\n Operativo (Attivato manualmente)\nAl 14 giugno 2015, dopo 211 giorni di assenza di comunicazioni con la Terra, le telemetrie di bordo hanno rilevato una temperatura di bordo di .\n\nPotenza ed energia \nLa potenza elettrica è fornita agli apparati di bordo tramite connessione umbilicale con l'orbiter (durante il viaggio), dalle batterie di bordo e/o dai pannelli solari.\n\nBatterie \n Primaria:\n\nTecnologia Li/SOCl2;\n\n32 celle da 3,65 V/13 Ah, in configurazione 8S4P (29,2 V/52 Ah);\n\n1518,4 Wh iniziali (1400 nominali), 1000 Wh a fine vita;\n\ncorrente massima /stringa;\n\nnon ricaricabile dal lander;\n\nutilizzabile tra 0 °C e +60 °C;\n\ndotata di riscaldatori indipendenti.\n\n Secondaria:\n\nTecnologia Li-ion;\n\n28 celle da 3,6 V/1,5 Ah ciascuna, raggruppate in due batterie distinte, ciascuna con configurazione diversa:\n\n- il blocco 1 è in configurazione 7S2P (25,2 V/3 Ah/75,6 Wh) a griglia, con ogni singola cella connessa in serie e parallelo alle altre;\n\n- il blocco 2 è invece composto di due serie distinte in parallelo, ognuna composta di 7 celle.\n\nLa capacità totale dei due blocchi insieme è di 151,6 Wh a inizio vita, che diventano 130 Wh a fine vita.\n\nLe tensioni minime e massime di cella sono 2,5 V e 4,2 V, che a livello di batteria si traducono in 17,5 V e 29,4 V, valori oltre i quali la batteria si danneggia.\n\nIl bilanciamento delle celle del blocco 1 è comandato manualmente. Il blocco 2 non è invece collegato al circuito di bilanciamento e monitoraggio in quanto aggiunto in un secondo momento al progetto a causa dell'aumentata necessità di energia.\n\nLa durata di vita prevista è di 500 cicli al 100%, dove per \"ciclo\" si intende l'immissione nella batteria del 100% della sua capacità; ciò significa che se la batteria viene scaricata solo per il 10% e poi ricaricata, non si conteggia un ciclo di ricarica, ma 1/10 di ciclo; caricando e scaricando per 10 volte il 10% della batteria si ottiene un ciclo completo.\n\nLa batteria può essere ricaricata quando ha una temperatura compresa tra 0 °C e +45 °C, mentre può essere utilizzata a temperature comprese tra −30 °C e +60 °C. La batteria è dotata di riscaldatori indipendenti comandati dalle TCU - Thermal Control Units.\n\nL'autoscarica prevista durante il viaggio dalla Terra alla cometa è del 2% dopo 3 mesi a −30 °C, 7% dopo 1 mese a +20 °C o 12% dopo 6 mesi a +20 °C; per compensarla è utilizzato un sistema di mantenimento connesso ai circuiti di ibernazione dell'orbiter; durante il viaggio la batteria è mantenuta a uno stato di carica del 10% (21,7 V, 3,1 V/cella) per preservarla.\n\nLa quantità di corrente in uscita dalla batteria durante l'utilizzo è indicata dalla telemetria PSSH_C_SBat_DCH, mentre la corrente di ricarica è indicata dalla telemetria PSSH_C_SBat_CH. Le tensioni delle singole celle sono indicate dalle telemetrie PSSH_V_SBat_CELLx, con x=1..7\n\nPannelli solari \nI 6 pannelli solari di cui dispone Philae (5 verticali sui lati e uno orizzontale sul tetto) sono progettati per produrre una potenza di picco di 32 Wp a distanza di 3 UA dal Sole, e una potenza media di 6- nell'arco della giornata, che dura circa 6 ore (il periodo di rotazione totale della cometa è di circa 12 ore); a seconda dell'orientamento del lander rispetto al Sole, la produzione di energia stimata a 3 UA può variare tra 36,4 e 47,7 Wh/giorno.\n\nL'intensità della radiazione solare sui pannelli solari di Rosetta e Philae varia da un valore di 0,11 SC a distanza di 3 UA dal Sole (novembre 2014) a un valore di 0,69 SC a una distanza di 1,2 UA (perielio, 13 agosto 2015); ciò significa che al momento del risveglio di Philae i suoi pannelli solari potevano contare su un'intensità di radiazione solare 6 volte superiore rispetto al momento dell'atterraggio, ma su una durata dell'insolazione pari a circa 2 ore e 15 minuti, rispetto alle 6 ore di progetto (37,5%), a causa dell'orientamento non orizzontale della sonda e della presenza di ostacoli circostanti.\n\nAl 15 giugno 2015 la potenza effettivamente disponibile era di 13 W all'alba e 24 W a mezzogiorno locale.\n\nSistema di atterraggio \n\nPhilae è dotato di un particolare carrello di atterraggio, equipaggiato con viti di ancoraggio sulle tre zampe e con due arpioni nella parte centrale, aventi il compito di trattenere il lander ed evitarne eventuali rimbalzi durante la procedura di atterraggio; più che di atterraggio vero e proprio, infatti, trattasi di un attracco o rendez-vous spaziale, considerato che la gravità della cometa 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko è circa 1/ di quella terrestre.\n\nOgni arpione è costituito da un proiettile in rame-berillio, un sistema di espulsione pirotecnico, un rocchetto di cavo e un sistema di riavvolgimento del cavo basato su un motore brushless. Il lancio del primo arpione è comandato automaticamente al rilevamento del contatto di una delle tre zampe con il suolo: il proiettile viene espulso a una velocità di () da un meccanismo a gas compresso a 300 bar, che permette fino a g di accelerazione; lo sparo ha una durata di e il pistone una corsa di ; subito dopo viene attivato il meccanismo di riavvolgimento per serrare la sonda alla cometa, richiamando il proiettile a sé alla velocità di (1,1 km/h). La forza esercitata dal meccanismo di ritenuta è regolabile su 8 step tra 1 e .\n\nIn caso il primo arpione fallisca, viene lanciato un secondo arpione. L'arpione ha a disposizione 2,5 metri di cavo; se per qualche motivo non dovesse fare presa entro questa distanza, un apposito meccanismo provvede a dissipare l'energia cinetica in eccesso senza danneggiare il lander.\n\nSul proiettile dell'arpione è installato un accelerometro che misura accelerazione e decelerazione al momento dello sparo e dell'impatto; è presente anche un sensore di temperatura. L'arpione è in grado di penetrare materiali che offrano una resistenza compresa tra e 5 MPa.\n\nIl proiettile è dotato di due tipi di sporgenze e uncini, adatti a mantenere la presa sia su materiali duri che morbidi.\n\nIl meccanismo di sparo dell'arpione è stato prodotto da Pyroglobe GmbH e Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE).\n\nInsieme a un penetratore elettromagnetico che viene estroflesso a una distanza di un metro dal lander, i due arpioni costituiscono il sistema MUPUS.\n\nStrumentazione \n\n APXS Spettrometro per analizzare la composizione chimica della superficie sotto il lander e le sue possibili alterazioni durante l'avvicinamento al Sole.\n COSAC Trova e identifica le molecole organiche complesse. Fondamentale per la ricerca di vita.\n PTOLEMY Mini-laboratorio, costituito da un Cromatografo dei gas e spettrometro di massa con risoluzione media, per la ricerca delle componenti chimiche più complesse.\n CIVA Microcamere per foto panoramiche e spettrometro per studiare composizione, struttura e albedo della superficie.\n ROLIS Fornisce immagini e dati durante la discesa e foto ad alta risoluzione del luogo di atterraggio.\n CONSERT Una radio sonda per studiare la struttura interna del nucleo della cometa.\n MUPUS Misura densità e proprietà termiche e meccaniche della superficie e della immediata sotto superficie della cometa. È dotato di 3 modalità di funzionamento corrispondenti a tre livelli di potenza progressivi, che consentono di operare in sicurezza il martello. L'imprevista durezza della superficie ha portato i ricercatori a ricorrere ad un quarto livello di potenza, superiore agli altri ed indicato come Desperate Mode, che potrebbe aver parzialmente danneggiato lo strumento.\n ROMAP Magnetometro per lo studio del campo magnetico della cometa e dell'interazione cometa/vento solare.\n SESAME Tre strumenti per misurare le proprietà elettriche e meccaniche della cometa. Misura le polveri rilasciate dalla cometa.\n SD2 Perfora fino a 23 cm di profondità e distribuisce i campioni trovati nel sottosuolo a bordo di Philae per le analisi successive.\n\nDenominazione \nIl nome Philae è stato scelto attraverso una competizione indetta nel 2004 dal consorzio del lander in Francia, Germania, Italia e Ungheria - i paesi che hanno contribuito maggiormente alla missione - e rivolta a ragazzi di età compresa tra 12 e 25 anni, che fu vinto dall'alunna delle scuole medie superiori Serena Olga Vismara, allora quindicenne. Il nome richiama lo stesso episodio da cui deriva quello della sonda madre, Rosetta, che fa riferimento alla stele che permise a Jean-François Champollion di comprendere i geroglifici egizi. Egli, per poter completare la traduzione, ebbe la necessità di usare anche gli obelischi sull'isola di File; in similitudine il lander Philae aiuterà l'orbiter Rosetta a completare lo studio della cometa.\n\nDurante la fase di sviluppo, Philae era indicato come RoLand, abbreviazione di Rosetta Lander.\n\nOperazioni\n\nCrociera \n\nDurante la fase di crociera, Philae è stato trasportato dalla sonda Rosetta, lanciata il 2 marzo 2004, 7:17 UTC dal Centre spatial guyanais di Kourou a bordo di un razzo Ariane 5G+. Le prime operazioni autonome sono state eseguite durante il sorvolo ravvicinato di Marte, il 25 febbraio 2007, quando furono attivati alcuni strumenti per testarne il funzionamento. Attraverso ROMAP furono eseguite delle misure del campo magnetico marziano, mentre la fotocamera CIVA raccolse delle immagini di Rosetta con il pianeta rosso sullo sfondo. Non furono attivati, invece, quegli strumenti - la maggior parte di quelli presenti a bordo del lander - che avrebbero avuto bisogno di essere in contatto con una superficie per condurre le proprie analisi.\n\nRosetta raggiunse la Cometa Churyumov-Gerasimenko il 6 agosto 2014, dopo un viaggio durato 10 anni e 5 mesi. Le osservazioni condotte già nelle prime settimane furono volte non solo a caratterizzare la superficie della cometa, ma anche ad individuare un sito adatto per l'atterraggio di Philae. Il 25 agosto, l'ESA comunicava di aver individuato cinque siti (contrassegnati dalle lettere A, B, C, I e J) adatti a tale scopo. Tra questi, fu infine selezionato il sito \"J\", che rispettava quasi pienamente sia i requisiti tecnici sulla sicurezza della traiettoria di discesa e sulla durata giornaliera dell'illuminazione solare e della visibilità dellorbiter, sia quelli scientifici. Anche la sua denominazione fu affidata ad un concorso indetto dall'ESA nell'ottobre del 2014, che condusse alla scelta di Agilkia, dal nome dell'isola del Nilo dove furono spostati gli edifici rimossi dall'isola di File, prima che questa fosse sommersa dalle acque del Lago Nasser (il lago artificiale generato dalla Diga di Assuan). L'atterraggio fu programmato per il 12 novembre, prima che l'attività della cometa potesse diventare così intensa da disturbare la discesa.\n\nL'atterraggio \n\nLa preparazione di Rosetta per il rilascio di Philae sull'orbita di discesa iniziò con alcune settimane di anticipo rispetto alla data prevista per l'atterraggio. Il 31 ottobre 2014 la sonda fu posta su di un'orbita ad una quota di 30 km dalla superficie della cometa; tra l'11 ed il 12 novembre furono eseguite delle verifiche che avrebbero dovuto anticipare la separazione di Philae da Rosetta, programmata per le 08:35 UTC del 12 novembre. Alle 7:35 UTC Rosetta fu spostata sull'orbita di lancio, che - se non corretta dopo la separazione con il lander - l'avrebbe portata a transitare a 5 km dalla superficie della cometa. La separazione avvenne come programmato alle 8:35 UTC, quando le due sonde erano a 22 km dalla cometa, nonostante una delle ultime verifiche avesse segnalato il malfunzionamento del razzo a propellente freddo a bordo di Philae.\n\nMentre Rosetta venne spostata su un'orbita di sicurezza che le avrebbe permesso di mantenere le comunicazioni con il lander, quest'ultimo intraprese una lenta discesa in caduta libera durata circa sette ore che lo portò a toccare il suolo con una velocità di circa . Il segnale di avvenuto atterraggio fu trasmesso da Philae a Rosetta e da questa alla Terra (a 28 minuti luce di distanza), dove fu ricevuto alle 16:03 UTC (17:03 CET) del 12 novembre. A questa fase corrispose l'introduzione del neologismo \"accometaggio\" utilizzato dall'Agenzia Spaziale Italiana e ripreso nelle testate giornalistiche nazionali.\n\nI risultati dell'analisi della telemetria - resi noti in modo ufficiale dall'Agenzia Spaziale Europea il 14 novembre e in parte anticipati nel web - mostrarono che il contatto con la superficie fu più morbido rispetto a quanto atteso, ma che né gli arpioni, né il razzo posteriore funzionarono correttamente, lasciando incertezze sulla posizione e stabilità del lander. In particolare, fu rilevato che il lander eseguì due rimbalzi e toccò il suolo tre volte, prima di stabilizzarsi sulla superficie: dopo il primo contatto, Philae rimbalzò nello spazio con una velocità di e rimase in volo per un'ora e 51 minuti, raggiungendo una quota di circa 1 km (considerata la bassa attrazione gravitazionale esercitata dalla cometa); al secondo rimbalzo corrispose una velocità inferiore, 0,03 m/s, e durò appena sei minuti. Di conseguenza, il sito in cui si arrestò il lander (in seguito denominato Abydos) non corrispose a quello originariamente programmato. Uno studio pubblicato a ottobre 2020 ha permesso ad un gruppo di scienziati di individuare il punto esatto dove è avvenuto il secondo rimbalzo, rivelando al contempo l'abbondanza di ghiaccio nel materiale cometario intaccato.\n\nPrime operazioni sulla superficie \nSebbene la posizione di Philae non fosse nota, il Centro europeo per le operazioni spaziali (ESOC) iniziò a ricevere le immagini panoramiche raccolte attraverso CIVA, che testimoniavano come il lander fosse attivo e funzionante. Risultò tuttavia presto evidente che sebbene la posizione fosse stabile, con tutt'e tre le gambe che toccavano il suolo, era parzialmente in ombra; l'illuminazione solare sarebbe quindi stata insufficiente per ricaricare le batterie del lander.\n\nPhilae era infatti dotato di una batteria primaria che ne avrebbe garantito il funzionamento per le prime 60 ore dal distacco da Rosetta; sulla superficie, sarebbe dovuta entrare progressivamente in funzione la batteria secondaria, ricaricabile attraverso i pannelli fotovoltaici all'esterno del lander. Mentre però Agilkia era stato selezionato anche perché fosse illuminato per almeno sei ore durante ogni rotazione della cometa, il sito in cui si era arrestato il moto del lander riceveva luce per appena un'ora e mezzo al giorno; durata insufficiente, alla distanza di circa 3 UA dal Sole, per caricare adeguatamente la batteria e permettere il funzionamento di Philae.\n\nUltime operazioni e perdita delle comunicazioni \nLa mattina del 14 novembre fu stimato che la carica rimasta nella batteria avrebbe assicurato l'operatività del lander solo per il resto del giorno. Fu quindi programmato di eseguire tutte le osservazioni scientifiche consentite: furono attivati per primi gli strumenti che non prevedevano dei meccanismi e successivamente furono dispiegati il penetratore MUPUS e la perforatrice SD2. Tutti i risultati ottenuti furono comunicati al centro di controllo con successo.\n\nAl termine della sessione di comunicazione, fu ordinato a Philae di sollevarsi di 4 cm e di ruotare di 35°, in un tentativo di migliorare l'esposizione alla luce solare dei suoi pannelli fotovoltaici per una futura possibilità di recupero. Poco dopo, l'energia elettrica diminuì rapidamente e tutti gli strumenti si spensero; anche la velocità di downlink rallentò, prima di interrompersi. Il contatto si interruppe alle 0:36 UTC del 15 novembre.\n\nIl direttore della missione di Philae, Stephan Ulamec dell'Agenzia spaziale tedesca (DLR) dichiarò:\n\nL'analisi dei dati relativi a MUPUS sembrerebbero indicare che lo strumento non sia penetrato, se non per qualche millimetro, nel suolo, che si è rivelato duro come il ghiaccio e non soffice come invece ci si attendeva. SD2 avrebbe dovuto trasferire dei campioni del suolo a\nPTOLEMY e COSAC, ma - almeno per quest'ultimo - l'operazione non sembrerebbe riuscita.\n\nPossibilità di recupero \nDopo la prima fase di rilievi scientifici e lo spegnimento degli strumenti, è stata valutata la possibilità di recupero di funzionalità del lander.\nInnanzitutto appariva necessario cercare di individuare l'effettiva posizione di Philae; a tal riguardo sono state analizzate le immagini ad alta risoluzione della superficie raccolte dallo strumento OSIRIS a bordo di Rosetta, senza però riuscire a scoprire il sito finale di atterraggio. Un importante contributo per capire dove si trovasse il lander è invece arrivato dai dati dello strumento CONSERT (un sistema radio progettato per sondare il nucleo della cometa), che hanno permesso di effettuare una triangolazione di massima e di individuare un'area approssimativa in cui si sarebbe dovuto trovare Abydos, a ridosso di un rilievo sul bordo di una depressione, a circa un chilometro di distanza da Agilkia.\n\nDurante queste fasi è stato correttamente ipotizzato che nell'agosto del 2015, quando la cometa sarebbe stata più vicina al Sole nella sua orbita, l'illuminazione ricevuta dai pannelli solari sarebbe stata sufficiente a ricaricare le batterie e permettere la riaccensione di Philae, come in effetti è avvenuto, anche se per brevissimi periodi.\n\nRecupero, nuova perdita di contatto e definitivo abbandono \nPhilae ha ristabilito i contatti con lo European Space Operations Centre dell'ESA a Darmstadt alle 22:28 CEST del 13 giugno 2015, attraverso la sonda spaziale Rosetta. I dati analizzati hanno indicato che il lander fosse attivo già da alcuni giorni, sebbene in precedenza non fosse riuscito a stabilire un collegamento radio con Rosetta.\n\nL'11 luglio riesce ad inviare un pacchetto dati alla Terra.\n\nDurante l'estate 2015 Philae si stava riprendendo completamente dalla fase di ibernazione e stava ricaricando le sue batterie utilizzando i pannelli solari, dato che si era avvicinato al Sole.\nNonostante ciò i controller di Rosetta hanno avuto difficoltà ad avere una comunicazione stabile con Philae, ed il fatto che Rosetta si sia dovuta allontanare ad una distanza di sicurezza poiché la cometa stava aumentando la sua attività non ha aiutato . L'ultima comunicazione è avvenuta il 9 luglio 2015 e i controllori non sono stati capaci di istruire Philae per fare nuove ricerche; successivamente il lander non ha dato risposta ad ulteriori comandi, e da gennaio 2016 non ci sono state ulteriori comunicazioni.\n\nIl 27 luglio 2016, il centro di controllo dell'Agenzia Spaziale Europea ha comunicato di aver disattivato alle ore 11.00 CEST l'Electrical Support System (ESS) a bordo di Rosetta: tale dispositivo consentiva alla sonda spaziale di tenere i contatti con il piccolo lander atterrato sulla cometa, chiudendo così definitivamente la possibilità di avere nuove comunicazioni con Philae.\n\nIndividuazione del luogo preciso di atterraggio \n\nA seguito della decisione di concludere la missione facendo posare sulla cometa Rosetta, l'orbiter ha potuto mandare foto di risoluzione sempre maggiore, prese con lo strumento OSIRIS tra la fine di agosto e l'inizio di settembre 2016, facendo sperare che in una di queste potesse essere identificato Philae.\n\nFinalmente, il 5 settembre 2016 è stata data la notizia che il lander è stato individuato in una foto, appena pervenuta, risalente al 2 settembre.\nIl sito di atterraggio di Philae, nel lobo piccolo della cometa, già in precedenza denominato Abydos, ha reso chiaro il perché i pannelli solari non riuscissero a ricaricare le batterie e perché fosse così difficile la comunicazione con la sonda orbitante: il lander ha terminato la sua corsa all'ombra di un grosso masso, rimanendo inclinato su un lato, dato che una delle sue gambe pare finita in uno dei crepacci di cui è coperta la zona.\n\nAnche se a prima vista il fatto di finire in un crepaccio ombroso potrebbe sembrare un evento sfortunato, l'astrofisico Matt Taylor, responsabile scientifico della missione Rosetta, fa notare che se non fosse finito in quella che lui chiama tasca, Philae sarebbe potuto sfuggire alla gravità della cometa, perdendosi nello spazio.\n\nTelemetrie di bordo \nPer un certo periodo del 2014 e del 2015 sono state disponibili online alcune telemetrie di bordo in diretta, indicanti le temperature di alcuni sistemi e le correnti disponibili da batterie e pannelli.\n\nTelemetrie grafiche \n Sito 1\n Sito 2\n La telemetria 1 è nel seguente formato, in blocchi di 10 righe:\n 1434439611299,0,0,0,0,0\n 1434439667297,9.58333,359,-9999,-9999,0\n 1434439731305,9.58333,359,-9999,-9999,0\n 1434439738303,0,0,0,0,21.4286\n 1434439795297,9.58333,359,-9999,-9999,0\n 1434439859297,9.58333,359,-9999,-9999,0\n 1434439923297,9.58333,359,-9999,-9999,0\n 1434439987297,9.58333,359,-9999,-9999,0\n 1434440051300,9.58333,359,-9999,-9999,0\n 1434440115297,9.58333,359,-9999,-9999,0\n Il primo numero rappresenta i millisecondi trascorsi dal 1º gennaio 1970\n I dati della prima riga non sono attualmente noti;\n le righe 2 e 3 contengono le temperature di Sistemi Meccanici (MSS), telecamera CIVA, Batteria Primaria e \"Y EBox\", ma i valori sempre costanti pari a 9999 fanno pensare a un malfunzionamento dei sensori;\n la riga 4 mostra, in ultima colonna, la temperatura dei Sistemi Elettrici (ESS);\n\nLa temperatura dei sistemi meccanici risulta oscillare tra e , con i seguenti picchi:\n 19:45 - 22:26 (11/giugno)\n 18:47 - 00:39 (12/giugno)\n 20:21 - 04:54 (14/giugno)\n 04:53 - 10:37 (15/giugno)\nNon risulta visibile un picco per il 13 giugno.\n\nLe telemetrie 2 e 3 sono nel seguente formato:\n 1416009622565,20.6483,22.1702,0,0,2.855,2.89,10.6,400.68,325.5,1.085,1.08,1.519,1.09,1.095\n 1416009886628,20.4687,21.9943,0,0,2.855,2.89,11.66,412.02,320.25,1.085,1.08,1.085,1.09,1.095\n 1434227326025,28.805,0,0,0,2.855,2.89,33.92,1.26,31.5,344.596,59.4,1.736,1.308,1.533\n 1434227326123,28.7622,23.6507,0,0,2.855,2.89,33.92,1.26,31.5,344.379,72.576,1.085,1.09,1.095\n 1434227326318,28.7878,23.7166,0,0,2.855,2.89,33.92,1.26,32.55,346.766,82.296,1.085,1.09,1.095\nIl primo numero rappresenta anche qui i millisecondi trascorsi dal 1º gennaio 1970, quindi le righe sopra riportate rappresentano le telemetrie delle seguenti date:\n 15/nov/2014 00:00:23\n 15/nov/2014 00:04:47\n 13/giu/2015 20:28:46\n 13/giu/2015 20:28:46\n 13/giu/2015 20:28:46\nSi può notare come le telemetrie si interrompono il 15 novembre 2014, data della perdita di contatto col lander, per riprendere il 13 giugno 2015 alle 20:28, data del primo nuovo contatto.\n\nLe successive telemetrie (solo due campioni) risultano trasmesse nelle date:\n 14/giu/2015 21:22:52\n 14/giu/2015 21:23:14\n\nLe telemetrie complete del 13 giugno 2015, data del risveglio di Philae, sono riportate in apposta pagina.\n\nAlcuni campi delle telemetrie sono stati identificati:\n Colonna 3: PSSH2_C_LCL1_M\n Colonna 4: PSSH2_C_LCL1_R\n Colonna 5: PSSH_C_HPC_IN\n Colonna 6: PSSH_C_LPC_IN\n Colonna 7: PSSH_C_SBat_CH\n Colonna 8: PSSH_C_SBat_DCH\n Colonna 9: PSSH_C_ PBat DCH\n\nTali acronimi sono illustrati nel \"manuale d'uso\" del lander:\n PSS = Power Sub System\n LPC = Low Power Converter (DC/DC)\n HPC = High Power Converter (DC/DC)\n LCL1 = Latching Current Limiter (ESS / Lander operational power supply) (M=Main, R=Redundant)\n SBat_CH = Potenza di ricarica batteria secondaria\n SBat_DCH = Potenza estratta dalla batteria secondaria\n PBat_DCH = Potenza estratta dalla batteria primaria\n\nImpatto mediatico \nL'atterraggio è stato coperto dai mezzi di comunicazione di massa tradizionali e seguito anche sulle reti sociali. L'ufficio stampa dell'ESA ha attivato un profilo ufficiale per Philae su Twitter, attraverso cui ha gestito una personificazione fittizia della sonda. Lhashtag \"#CometLanding\" ha guadagnato ampia popolarità. L'attività nel centro di controllo è stata trasmessa in diretta via internet e sono state organizzate varie iniziative, ufficiali e non, nel mondo per seguire l'evento.\n\nNote \nNote al testo\n\nFonti\n\nBibliografia\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n Rosetta Lander articolo di Andrew J Ball, 1997.\n Philae Blog sul sito del Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research\n\nPhilae" ]

[ "Il mitraismo fu un'antica religione ellenistica, basata sul culto di un dio chiamato Meithras che apparentemente deriva dal dio persiano Mitra e da altre divinità dello zoroastrismo. A differenza dello zoroastrismo fu una religione misterica.\n\nOrigine e diffusione \n\nL'origine del mitraismo è da identificarsi nell'area del Mediterraneo orientale intorno al II-I secolo a.C. Questa religione venne praticata anche nell'Impero romano, a partire dal I secolo d.C., per raggiungere il suo apice tra il III e il IV secolo, quando fu molto popolare tra i soldati romani. Il mitraismo scomparve come pratica religiosa in seguito al decreto Teodosiano del 391, che mise al bando tutti i riti pagani, e apparentemente si estinse poco più tardi.\n\nIl culto di Mitra attirò l'attenzione del mondo romano soprattutto per le sue concezioni misteriosofiche, che ruotavano intorno all'idea dell'esistenza dell'anima e della sua possibilità di pervenire attraverso le sette sfere planetarie all'aeternitas.\n\nNonostante la religione facesse professione di universalismo, questo culto escludeva le donne e fu praticato da ristrette, anche se influenti, élite formate soprattutto dai militari e, in parte, da \"burocrati\" e amministratori.\n\nPrincipi\n\nFonti sul mitraismo \nEssendo una religione misterica di iniziazione, al pari dei misteri eleusini, il mitraismo non diede luogo alla diffusione di un corpo di scritture rivelate e anche i suoi rituali erano tenuti segreti e riservati agli iniziati.\n\nLe scarne informazioni scritte sul mitraismo provengono da scrittori cristiani o pagani, ma non aderenti al mitraismo, oppure sono frutto dell'applicazione ipotetica al mitraismo di notizie sul dio Mitra provenienti dallo zoroastrismo.\nIl mitraismo è documentato soprattutto dalle scoperte archeologiche, iconografiche ed epigrafiche dei suoi templi, i mitrei, risalenti al tardo Impero Romano.\n\nSan Girolamo descrive i sette gradi dell'iniziazione mitriaca (epistola CVII,2 ad Laetam). Tertulliano riferisce che l'iniziato veniva segnato in fronte come \"soldato di Mitra\" (De Praescriptione haereticorum, 40) e che agli adepti venivano prescritte abluzioni purificatorie, simili al battesimo cristiano (De baptismo, 5).\n\nIl contenuto dottrinale del mitraismo, quindi, è quasi esclusivamente il prodotto di interpretazioni moderne. Nei primi decenni del XX secolo è stata accolta universalmente la ricostruzione di Franz Cumont. La ripresa degli studi mitraici negli anni settanta ha portato a interpretazioni sostanzialmente diverse.\n\nIl mitreo \n\nIl centro del culto e il luogo di incontro dei seguaci era il mitreo, una cavità o caverna naturale adattata, di preferenza già utilizzata da precedenti culti religiosi locali, oppure un edificio artificiale che imitava una caverna. I mitrei erano luoghi tenebrosi e privi di finestre, anche quando non erano collocati in luoghi sotterranei. Quando possibile, il mitreo era costruito all'interno o al di sotto di un edificio esistente. Il sito di un mitreo può essere anche identificato dalla sua entrata separata o vestibolo, la sua caverna a forma di rettangolo, chiamata spelaeum o spelunca, con due panchine lungo le mura laterali per il banchetto rituale, e il suo santuario all'estremità, spesso in una nicchia, prima del quale vi era l'altare. Sul soffitto in genere era dipinto un cielo stellato con la riproduzione dello zodiaco e dei pianeti.\n\nI mitrei, così diversi dai grandi edifici templari dedicati alle divinità dei culti pubblici, si distinguevano anche per le loro dimensioni modeste.\n\nil servizio di culto, che terminava in un banchetto comune, era officiato da una piccola comunità, solitamente formata da poche dozzine di persone. Nonostante il grande numero di mitrei ritrovati in ogni parte dell'impero romano la loro esigua dimensione mostra che gli aderenti al culto costituirono sempre una percentuale insignificante della popolazione.\n\nNel mitraismo l'acqua sembra svolgere un ruolo purificatorio importante e spesso nelle vicinanze del santuario vi era una sorgente naturale o artificiale.\n\nIconografia \n\nIn ogni tempio mitraico, il posto d'onore era occupato da una rappresentazione del dio Mitra, in genere raffigurato nell'atto di uccidere un toro sacro, (tauroctonia): questa scena rappresenterebbe un episodio mitologico, più che un sacrificio animale.\n\nIl mito, secondo la ricostruzione fantasiosa e priva di fonti di Cumont, racconta infatti che Mitra affronta un giorno il dio Sole e lo sconfigge. Il Sole allora stringe un patto di alleanza con il dio che suggella donandogli la corona raggiata. In un'altra sua eroica impresa, Mitra cattura il Toro e lo conduce in una caverna. Ma il Toro fugge e il Sole, memore del patto fatto, se ne accorge e manda al dio un corvo quale suo messaggero con il consiglio di ucciderlo. Grazie all'aiuto di un cane, Mitra raggiunge il Toro, lo afferra per le froge e gli pianta un coltello nel fianco. Allora dal corpo del toro nascono tutte le piante benefiche per l'uomo e in particolare dal midollo nasce il grano e dal sangue la vite. Ma Ahriman, che nel culto mitriatico rappresenterebbe il Dio del Male, invia un serpente e uno scorpione per contrastare questa profusione di vita. Lo scorpione cerca di ferire i testicoli del toro mentre il serpente ne beve il sangue, ma invano. Alla fine il Toro ascende alla Luna dando così origine a tutte le specie animali. Così, Mitra e il Sole suggellano la vittoria con un pasto che rimarrà nel culto sotto il nome di agape.\n\nNella raffigurazione quindi, oltre a Mitra, il Toro, il Sole, e la Luna sono presenti i quattro animali, ovvero il serpente, lo scorpione, il cane e il corvo.\n\nUn'interpretazione del mito di tipo astronomico, e quindi totalmente diversa dalla precedente è stata recentemente proposta da David Ulansey, che osservò che tutti i personaggi che compaiono nel mito corrispondono a costellazioni: Mitra sarebbe associato con Perseo, la cui costellazione si trova al di sopra di quella del Toro.\n\nIn altre iconografie viene rappresentato il dio Mitra nascente da una roccia, generato sulle sponde di un fiume all'ombra di un albero sacro, secondo il mito sulla sua nascita.\n\nNelle iconografie la divinità viene spesso rappresentata insieme a due personaggi, detti i dadofori o portatori di fiaccole: i loro nomi erano Cautes e Cautopates. Il primo dei due porta la fiaccola alzata, l'altro abbassata: rappresenterebbero il ciclo solare, dall'alba al tramonto, e allo stesso tempo il ciclo vitale: il calore luminoso della vita e il freddo gelido della morte.\n\nI ranghi \n\nI membri di un mitreo erano divisi in sette ranghi. I primi quattro livelli sembrano rappresentare un progresso spirituale, mentre gli altri tre appaiono aver avuto uffici specializzati. Ognuno di essi si trovava sotto la speciale protezione di un corpo celeste.\n\nI sette gradi iniziatici erano:\n\n Corax (il corvo; Mercurio)\n Cryphius o Nymphus (l'occulto o lo sposo, Venere)\n Miles (il soldato, Marte)\n Leo (il leone, Giove)\n Perses (il Persiano, Luna) \n Heliodromus (il corriere del sole, Sole)\n Pater (il Padre, Saturno).\n\nSecondo altre versioni del mito, a ogni grado era associata una porta, una sfera planetaria, un giorno della settimana e un metallo. Le varie versioni a volte differiscono per l'associazione dei pianeti. Una molto comune associa alla prima porta la Luna e l'argento, alla seconda il Mercurio e il ferro, alla terza Venere e lo stagno, alla quarta il Sole e l'oro, alla quinta Marte e la lega, alla sesta Giove e il bronzo e alla settima Saturno e il piombo. Queste differenze si spiegano col fatto che essendo un culto iniziatico, e quindi per pochi e sostanzialmente segreto, è pensabile che nel tempo e in luoghi diversi i misteri abbiano subito alcuni cambiamenti.\n\nI sette gradi dell'iniziazione mitriaca sono raffigurati nel mitreo di Felicissimus a Ostia e nel mitreo di Santa Prisca a Roma.\n\nMitologia \n \nUn'immagine bronzea di Mitra, che emerge da un anello zodiacale a forma di uovo, trovata associata a un mitreo lungo il Vallo di Adriano, e un'iscrizione trovata a Roma, lasciano supporre che Mitra possa essere stato visto come il dio-creatore orfico Phanes che emerse dall'uovo cosmico all'inizio del tempo, dando vita all'universo. Tale visione è rafforzata da un bassorilievo al Museo Estense di Modena, che mostra Phanes che esce da un uovo, circondato dai dodici segni dello zodiaco.\n\nMitra è anche descritto a volte come un uomo nato, o rinato, da una pietra (la petra genitrix), intorno alla quale è attorcigliato il serpente Ouroboros. Secondo lo scrittore Porfirio la caverna descritta nella tauroctonia rappresenterebbe un'immagine del cosmo, e quindi la roccia sarebbe il cosmo visto dall'esterno.\n\nUno dei motivi centrali del mitraismo è il mito del sacrificio di un toro sacro, creato dalla divinità suprema Ahura Mazdā, che Mitra uccide nella caverna, secondo quanto consigliato da un corvo, mandato da Ahura Mazda. In questo mito, dal corpo del toro morente spuntano piante, animali e tutti i frutti della terra. La figura del dio aveva anche una valenza di mediatore tra l'Uomo e il Dio supremo del mondo superiore e inferiore.\n\nSecondo James Frazer il mitraismo è una religione misterica che adorava una divinità che resuscita dopo la morte, comparabile a Osiride-Horus o alla Persefone-Demetra dei misteri eleusini. Questa interpretazione è però priva di riscontri iconografici o documentali.\n\n L'uccisione del Toro \n\nSecondo alcuni storici, il culto di Mitra potrebbe simboleggiare la forza del Sole all'uscita dell'equinozio di primavera dalla costellazione del Toro verso la costellazione dell'Ariete, avvenuta nel XIX secolo a.C.\nLa morte del toro genera la vita e la fecondità dell'universo, il quale essendo pure il segno di Venere, mostra come l'astro con la sua energia, rigenera la natura.\n\nIn effetti, in molte rappresentazioni della tauroctonia (uccisione col toro), la scena comprende anche i simboli del Sole, della Luna, dei sette pianeti, delle costellazioni zodiacali, dei venti e delle stagioni.\n\n Storia \n\n Origini \n\nIl mitraismo è generalmente ritenuto essere di origine persiana, specificatamente un'emanazione della cultura zoroastriana. Non può tuttavia essere messo in relazione con gli insegnamenti di Zoroastro, in quanto questi era un monoteista e per lui Ahura Mazdā era l'unico dio. Dario il Grande fu ugualmente rigido nel monoteismo ufficiale del suo regno: al di fuori di Ahura Mazdā nessun dio è menzionato nelle numerose iscrizioni del VI secolo a.C. rinvenute.\n\nComunque raramente il culto ufficiale è la sola religione professata in un'area geografica. La seguente iscrizione da Susa di Artaserse II Mnemone (404-358 a.C.) dimostra che non tutti i re Achemenidi furono puramente Zoroastriani come Dario:\n\n\"Artaxerxes il Grande Re, [...] dice: [...] per il favore di Ahura Mazda, Anahita, e Mitra, ho costruito questo palazzo. Possano Ahuramazda, Anahita, e Mitra proteggermi da ogni male, e possa ciò che ho costruito non cadere in rovina né essere danneggiato.\"\n\nIl tentativo di identificare il Mitra romano con quello persiano è complicato dal fatto che non esistono testi o leggende persiane che facciano riferimento a Mitra che uccide un toro o in relazione con altri animali. D'altra parte, esiste un racconto di Ahriman, il dio del male in sviluppi popolari dello Zoroastrismo, nel quale uccide un toro. Rimane arduo, altresì, spiegare come una divinità solare possa essere diventata oggetto di culto per i Romani nei mitrei, luoghi bui e cavernosi.\n\nUn possibile legame tra la Persia e Roma, che potrebbe aver fatto da tappa per questi mutamenti, potrebbero essere stati i regni dei Parti e del Ponto in Asia Minore. Alcuni dei loro regnanti furono chiamati mitridate, che significa \"dato da Mitra\", a cominciare da Mitridate I (morto nel 138 a.C.). Fu, inoltre, a Pergamo, nel II secolo a.C., che scultori Greci incominciarono la produzione di raffigurazioni a bassorilievo di Nike tauroctona. Anche se il culto di Mitra non fu mai presente nel mondo greco, queste sculture potrebbero far parte del percorso che portò il Mitra persiano a Roma.\n\nVerso il I secolo, lo storico greco Plutarco scrive che i pirati della Cilicia praticavano riti mitraici intorno al 67 a.C., quando furono deportati da Pompeo in Grecia. Probabilmente dai primi contatti tra l'esercito romano e i pirati cilici, il culto del Mitra persiano, confuso con Ahriman, il dio che uccise un toro, passò in occidente, dove è attestato solo dal secolo successivo.\n\n Nella Roma dell'età del Principato \n\nIl mitraismo arrivò completamente maturo a Roma con il ritorno delle legioni dall'Oriente nel I secolo a.C. Come dio delle armi e campione degli eroi, Mitra attrasse i soldati romani, che portarono il suo culto in Iberia, Britannia e Dacia.\n\nIl culto di Mitra a Roma cominciò ad attrarre attenzione verso la fine del I secolo, probabilmente in corrispondenza con la conquista dell'allora zoroastriana Armenia. La più antica testimonianza archeologica di un culto romano di Mitra data a quel periodo; si tratta di uno stato di servizio di soldati romani che provenivano dal presidio di Carnuntum sul Danubio, nell'attuale Austria (la provincia romana della Pannonia superiore). Questi soldati avevano combattuto contro i Parti ed erano stati coinvolti nella soppressione delle rivolte a Gerusalemme dal 60 al 70 circa. Ritornati in patria, si dedicarono al culto di Mitra, probabilmente nel 71 o 72.\n\nStazio fa menzione del tipico rilievo mitraico nella Tebaide scritta intorno all'80; anche la Vita di Pompeo di Plutarco testimonia che in quel periodo il culto di Mitra fosse ben conosciuto.\n\nIntorno al 200, il mitraismo si propagò all'interno di tutto l'esercito romano, come anche tra commercianti e schiavi. Le frontiere germaniche hanno reso molte testimonianze archeologiche di questa diffusione: piccoli oggetti cultuali connessi con Mitra sono stati trovati in scavi archeologici dalla Romania al Vallo di Adriano.\n\n Durante l'epoca del Dominato \n\nGli imperatori romani nel III secolo incoraggiarono il mitraismo, per il sostegno che esso offriva alla natura divina dei monarchi. Mitra divenne perciò datore di autorità e vittoria alla casa imperiale. Dal tempo di Commodo, che partecipò ai misteri mitriaci, seguaci del culto si trovavano in tutte le classi della società.\n\nVari templi mitraici sono stati scoperti alle frontiere dell'Impero romano: nell'Inghilterra settentrionale sono stati identificati tre mitrei a Housesteads, Carrawburgh and Rudchester. Recenti scavi a Londra hanno messo in luce strutture di un tempio mitraico vicino al centro di un insediamento fortificato romano. \nAltri mitrei sono stati trovati lungo il Danubio e il Reno, nella provincia di Dacia (dove nel 2003 fu scoperto un tempio ad Alba-Iulia), come anche in Numidia nel Nordafrica.\n\nCome è naturale aspettarsi, rovine mitraiche sono state trovate anche in Italia: a Napoli, a Ostia, a Roma e a Santa Maria Capua Vetere, dove sono stati identificati una dozzina di mitrei. L'importanza del culto nella città di Roma è testimoniata dall'abbondanza dei resti monumentali: più di 75 statue, 100 iscrizioni mitraiche, oltre a resti di templi e altari in ogni parte della città e nel suburbio. Un mitreo ben conservato del II secolo, con altare e panchine di pietra, originariamente costruito al di sotto di una casa romana (com'era pratica comune), sopravvive nella cripta sopra la quale fu costruita la chiesa di San Clemente.\n\n Apogeo e declino \nAll'incirca nel III secolo, i culti popolari di Apollo e Mitra incominciarono a fondersi nel sincretismo romano e nella stessa epoca comparve il culto del Sol Invictus; nel 274 l'imperatore Aureliano (la cui madre era una sacerdotessa del Sole) rese ufficiale il culto di questa divinità, costruendogli un nuovo tempio e dedicandogli un nuovo corpo di sacerdoti (pontifices solis invicti): l'imperatore attribuì al dio le sue vittorie in Oriente. Poco dopo il Mitraismo confluì nel culto del Sol Invictus, ottenendo un riconoscimento ufficiale e al massimo livello. Ciò avvenne a Carnunto, dove gli Augusti e i Cesari si ritrovarono nel 308 per ristabilire la coesione dell'Impero e posero una lapide al \"Dio Sole Invitto Mitra\". La dedica era temporalmente opportuna proprio perché Mitra era il dio della fedeltà ai patti e puniva chi li avesse trasgrediti.\n \nL'inizio del IV secolo segnò anche l'inizio del declino del mitraismo: poco dopo l'Impero romano perse la Dacia e le invasioni dei popoli del nord distrussero molti templi lungo la frontiera dell'Impero, la principale roccaforte del culto. La diffusione del Cristianesimo all'interno dell'Impero, sostenuta dal favore di Costantino verso la nuova religione, fece la sua parte.\n\nIl regno dell'imperatore Giuliano, che cercò di restaurare il culto e di limitare l'avanzata della religione cristiana, e l'usurpazione di Flavio Eugenio rinnovarono le speranze dei seguaci di Mitra, ma il decreto stilato da Teodosio nel 391, che vietava qualsiasi culto non cristiano, sancì definitivamente la fine del mitraismo.\n\nTarde sopravvivenze del culto mitriaco si possono trovare fino al V secolo in alcuni luoghi delle Alpi e nelle regioni orientali. Il suo posto, come religione persiana passata poi in Occidente, fu preso dal manicheismo.\n\n Cristianesimo e mitraismo \n\nNon ci sono connessioni fra mitraismo e cristianesimo sebbene alcuni lo abbiano ipotizzato per alcune somiglianze. Molti studiosi hanno cercato di identificare aspetti del cristianesimo che potrebbero provenire dal mitraismo; la questione, però, è controversa, sia perché alcune somiglianze fanno parte di un patrimonio culturale antecedente entrambi i culti, sia perché le testimonianze mitraiche sono successive ai vangeli e perciò secondo alcuni studiosi la contaminazione potrebbe aver avuto luogo dal cristianesimo al mitraismo e non viceversa. Ilaria Neri cita l'esempio della presenza dei dadofori alla nascita di Mitra, un dettaglio assente nel 92% dei casi: esso potrebbe essere un'\"anomalia iconografica\" inserita in analogia al racconto dei Magi del vangelo di Matteo. Molte fra le somiglianze normalmente citate non riguardano il dio Mitra attestato nei mitrei romani, ma l'analoga divinità anatolica e sono basati su tarde versioni dell'Avestā. I due culti mitraici sembrano molto diversi fra loro. Nel culto romano Mitra è nettamente distinto dal dio Sole, che viene spesso rappresentato inginocchiato davanti a Mitra o a lui accostato durante il banchetto rituale e il viaggio sul carro solare. Nel culto orientale del periodo ellenistico, Mitra sembra essere una divinità solare.\n\nVa inoltre notato che nel Cristianesimo c'è un atteggiamento di distaccamento vero e proprio dalle usanze pagane e dai loro idoli, anche dal modo di pregare come afferma lo stesso Gesù e in seguito San Paolo. Questa esclusività è perfettamente coerente alla religione ebraica e ideologia ebraica.\n\n Note \n\n Bibliografia \nStudi in italiano:\n Stefano Arcella, I misteri del sole. Il culto di Mithra nell'Italia antica, Napoli, Controcorrente 2002.\n Walter Burkert, Antichi culti misterici, Laterza, Roma-Bari, 1987; rist. 1991.\n Franz Cumont, Le religioni orientali nel paganesimo romano, Laterza, Bari, 1913; riediz. 1967; nuova ediz. Libreria romana (I libri del Graal), Roma, 1990. \n Fritz Graf, I culti misterici in (a cura di) Salvatore Settis, I Greci: storia, cultura, arte, società, Einaudi, Torino, 1997 (vol. II, tomo 2); ripubblicata anche come AA.VV. Storia Einaudi dei Greci e dei Romani, Ediz. de \"Il Sole 24 Ore\", Milano, 2008 (vedi il vol. 5º).\n Ruggero Iorio, Mitra. Il mito della forza invincibile, Venezia, Marsilio 1998.\n Reinhold Merkelbach, Mitra, Genova, ECIG 1988; II ediz. 1998.\n Attilio Mastrocinque, Studi sul Mitraismo (il Mitraismo e la magia), Roma, Giorgio Bretschneider, 1998.\n Ilaria Neri, \"Mithra petrogenito. Origine iconografica e aspetti cultuali della nascita dalla pietra\", in Ostraka. Rivista di antichità IX, 1, (2000), pp. 227– 245.\n Carlo Pavia, Guida dei Mitrei di Roma Antica, Roma, Gangemi 1999.\n Julien Ries, Il culto di Mithra. Dall'India vedica ai confini dell'Impero romano, (Opera Omnia, Vol. 7/1), Milano, Jaca Book 2013.\n Pasquale Testini, Arte mitriaca e arte cristiana, in U. Bianchi (ed), Misteria Mithrae. Atti del Seminario internazionale su «La specificità storico-religiosa dei misteri di Mithra, con particolare riferimento alle fonti documentarie di Roma e Ostia», (Atti Convegno Roma Ostia 1978), Roma 1979, Leiden, Brill 1979.\n Ivana Della Portella, Roma Sotterranea, Serie I Piccoli di Arsenale Editrice, San Giovanni Lupatoto (VR), IV Ristampa 2012, (pp. 13-43 sul Mitraismo), pp. 191, ISBN 88-7743-280-2.\n John Ferguson, Le religioni nell'impero romano, ed. it. Laterza, Roma-Bari, 1974, pp. 40-42.\n\nAtti di convegni:\n Jacques Duchesne-Guillemin, (ed.), Études mithriaques. Actes du Deuxième Congrès International, Leiden, Brill 1978.\n John R. Hinnels, (ed.), Mithraic studies. Proceedings of the First International Congress of Mithraic Studies, I-II, Manchester, Manchester University Press 1975.\n John R. Hinnels, (ed.), Mystery, Metaphor and Doctrine in the Mysteries of Mithras. Studies in Mithraism, Roma, L'Erma di Bretschneider 1994.\n\nStudi in lingua straniera:\n Roger Beck, \"Mithraism since Franz Cumont\", in Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt, II.17.4, 1984, pp. 2002–2115.\n Manfred Clauss, The Roman Cult of Mithras: The God and his Mysteries, tr. Richard Gordon. New York, Routledge, 2001.\n Franz Cumont, Textes et monuments figurés relatifs aux mystères de Mithra, Voll. I-II, Bruxelles, Lamertin 1896-1899.\n Franz Cumont, Les mystères de Mithra, 1913 (trad. inglese: The Mysteries of Mithra, New York, Dover Publications, 1956). \n Franz Cumont, Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain, Parigi, P. Geuthner 1929.\n Christopher A. Faraone, \"The Amuletic Design of the Mithraic Bull-Wounding Scene\", JRS 103 (2013), pp. 96-116.\n Richard L. Gordon, \"Reality, Evocation and Boundary in the Mysteries of Mithras\", Journal of Mithraic Studies III, 1980, pp. 19–99.\n Richard L. Gordon, Image and Value in the Greco-Roman World, Aldershot, Variorum, 1996.\n Bruce Lincoln, Myth, Cosmos and Society: Indo-European Themes of Creation and Destruction, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1986.\n Attilio Mastrocinque, The Mysteries of Mithras: A Different Account, Tübingen, Mohr Siebeck, 2017.\n Csaba Szabó, \"Reinterpreting Mithras: a very different account\", Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 69 (2018) 211–216, 2018.\n Robert Turcan, Mithra et le mithriacisme, Parigi, Les Belles Lettres 1981. \n David Ulansey, The Origins of the Mithraic Mysteries: Cosmology and Salvation in the Ancient World, New York, Oxford University Press 1989.\n Maarten Jozef Vermaseren, Mithra, the secret God, New York, Barnes & Noble 1963.\n Stig Wikander, Études sur les mysthères de Mithra'', Lund 1951.\n\n Voci correlate \n Mitra (divinità)\n Mitreo\n Tauroctonia\n Cautes e Cautopates\n Religioni misteriche\n\n Altri progetti \n\n Collegamenti esterni \n Mithra petrogenito. Origine iconografica e aspetti cultuali della nascita dalla Pietra (articolo di Ilaria Neri)\n Siti in lingua inglese:'''\n \n \n The Misteries of Mithra, by Franz Cumont, [1903]\n I misteri di Mitra secondo David Ulansey (tratto da Scientific American, December 1989 (vol. 261, #6), pp. 130–135)\n The cosmic misteries of Mithras di David Ulansey tratto da Biblical Archaeology Review, Vol.20 #5, 1994, pp. 40–53.", "Il 2015 è stato designato come:\n\n Anno Internazionale della Luce\n Anno Internazionale della Terra\n\nEventi\n\nGennaio \n Termine per il raggiungimento degli obiettivi della Dichiarazione del Millennio.\n 1º gennaio\n Nasce l'Unione economica eurasiatica a cui aderiscono Russia, Bielorussia, Armenia, Kazakistan e Kirghizistan.\n La Lituania adotta l'Euro come moneta corrente.\n La Lettonia assume la presidenza di turno dell'Unione europea.\n 3 gennaio – 7 gennaio: nei pressi del Lago Chad, nel Borno, in Nigeria, Boko Haram rade al suolo sedici villaggi causando la morte di circa 200-2.000 persone.\n 7 gennaio\n A Sana'a, in Yemen, un'autobomba esplode davanti alla scuola di polizia della città uccidendo 38 persone.\n A Parigi, in Francia, un attentato alla sede del settimanale satirico Charlie Hebdo causa dodici vittime, fra cui alcuni noti fumettisti francesi (Charb, Georges Wolinski, Philippe Honoré, Cabu, Tignous) e l'economista Bernard Maris.\n 8 gennaio: elezioni presidenziali in Sri Lanka.\n 9 gennaio: a Parigi il terrorista Amedy Coulibaly prende in ostaggio 20 persone all'interno di un negozio di alimentari kosher nel quartiere di Porte de Vincennes uccidendone 4. A seguito dell'intervento delle forze speciali Coulibaly viene ucciso e quattro ostaggi rimangono feriti.\n 10 gennaio: una bambina di 10 anni viene imbottita di esplosivo dai fondamentalisti di Boko Haram e fatta esplodere nel mercato di Maiduguri, in Nigeria, causando 20 morti e 18 feriti.\n 11 gennaio: due bambine di poco più di 10 anni si fanno esplodere in un mercato di Potiskum, in Nigeria, causando 3 morti e 43 feriti.\n 12 gennaio \n In Croazia viene eletta la prima presidente donna Kolinda Grabar Kitarović.\nIncursione di Kolofata: muoiono 143 combattenti di Boko Haram.\n Il portoghese Cristiano Ronaldo vince la quinta edizione del Pallone d'oro FIFA; secondo l'argentino Lionel Messi, terzo il tedesco Manuel Neuer.\n 14 gennaio: Dopo nove anni al Quirinale, Giorgio Napolitano si dimette dalla carica di presidente della Repubblica Italiana.\n15 gennaio: La Banca nazionale svizzera abbandona il tetto sul valore del franco relativo all'euro, causando turbolenze sui mercati finanziari internazionali.\n16 gennaio: Dopo 11 anni di ricerche la telecamera della sonda della NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter riprende i resti del lander Beagle 2 dell'Agenzia Spaziale Europea, andato perso su Marte il 6 febbraio 2004.\n 18 gennaio: Papa Francesco celebra una storica messa a Manila davanti a oltre sei milioni di fedeli durante il viaggio apostolico nel Sud-est asiatico.\n19 gennaio: Viene fondata la Chiesa cattolica eritrea.\n 22 gennaio: una rivolta condotta dagli zayditi Ḥūthī depone il presidente dello Yemen 'Abd Rabbih Mansur Hadi dopo un assalto al palazzo presidenziale di Sana'a.\n 23 gennaio: Salmān bin ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Āl Saʿūd assume la carica di Re dell'Arabia Saudita dopo la morte del fratellastro ʿAbd Allāh.\n 25 gennaio\n In Grecia si svolgono le elezioni parlamentari che vedono vincitore Alexīs Tsipras.\n La colombiana Paulina Vega viene eletta Miss Universo 2014.\n 31 gennaio: Il giudice costituzionale Sergio Mattarella viene eletto presidente della Repubblica Italiana al 4º scrutinio.\n\nFebbraio \n 12 febbraio\n I leader di Russia, Ucraina, Germania e Francia raggiungono un accordo sul conflitto in Ucraina orientale che include un cessate il fuoco e il ritiro delle armi pesanti. Tuttavia, alcuni giorni dopo, il governo ucraino e i ribelli filo-russi affermano che, nel suo primo giorno, il cessate il fuoco è stato rotto 139 volte, poiché entrambe le parti non riuscirono a ritirare le loro armi pesanti e i combattimenti continuarono.\n Il Consiglio di sicurezza delle Nazioni Unite adotta la Risoluzione 2199 per la lotta al terrorismo.\n 14 febbraio: la città libica di Sirte viene parzialmente occupata dai militanti dello Stato Islamico.\n 14 e 15 febbraio: a Copenaghen, due attentati terroristici colpiscono un centro culturale e una sinagoga, provocando la morte di due persone e il ferimento di cinque agenti di polizia.\n 16 febbraio: le Forze armate egiziane conducono attacchi aerei contro un ramo del gruppo militante islamico ISIS in Libia, come rappresaglia per la decapitazione di un gruppo di oltre una dozzina di cristiani egiziani.\n\nMarzo \n 5 marzo – 8 marzo: i siti archeologici di Nimrud, Hatra e Dur Šarrukin in Iraq vengono demoliti dallo Stato Islamico dell'Iraq e del Levante.\n 6 marzo: la sonda della NASA Dawn entra in orbita attorno a Cerere diventando così il primo veicolo spaziale a visitare un pianeta nano.\n 12 marzo: lo Stato Islamico dell'Iraq e il Levante accetta l'alleanza di Boko Haram, annettendo effettivamente il gruppo.\n 13 marzo: Papa Francesco annuncia il Giubileo straordinario che avrà inizio con l'apertura della Porta Santa della Basilica di San Pietro l'8 dicembre 2015, a 50 anni esatti dalla chiusura del Concilio Ecumenico Vaticano II, e terminerà il 20 novembre 2016 nella Solennità di Cristo Re.\n 18 marzo: al Museo nazionale del Bardo di Tunisi un attentato terroristico provoca la morte di 22 persone ed il ferimento di altre 45.\n 22 marzo: in Yemen per formare un governo legittimo inizia la guerra civile.\n 24 marzo: il volo Germanwings 9525, partito da Barcellona e diretto a Düsseldorf, viene fatto precipitare da Andreas Lubitz, il copilota del velivolo, sulle Alpi dell'Alta Provenza, in Francia; il bilancio è di 150 morti.\n 25 marzo: una coalizione di nazioni arabe guidata dall'Arabia Saudita interviene militarmente nello Yemen per contrastare l'offensiva degli Huthi.\n\nAprile \n 2 aprile: Kenya, 150 persone vengono uccise dal gruppo terrorista di Al-Shabaab nella strage di Garissa.\n 18 aprile: naufragio nel canale di Sicilia di una imbarcazione carica di 887 migranti al largo delle coste libiche, impattato incidentalmente con la nave King Jacob. Oltre 800 i morti, il numero più alto di vittime mai registrato.\n 19 aprile: elezioni parlamentari in Finlandia.\n 25 aprile: un terremoto di magnitudo 7,9 devasta il Nepal causando oltre morti in Nepal, India, Cina e nel Bangladesh.\n 29 aprile: l'Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità (OMS) dichiara che la rosolia è stata sradicata dall'America.\n\nMaggio \n 1º maggio: inizio dell'Expo 2015 a Milano, in Italia. L'esposizione si è protratta fino al 31 ottobre.\n 4 maggio: In ricordo della Strage di Superga esattamente in questo giorno nel 1949, la FIFA ha proclamato la \"Giornata Mondiale del Giuoco Calcio\".\n 7 maggio: Elezioni generali nel Regno Unito.\n 10 maggio: primo turno delle elezioni presidenziali in Polonia.\n 11 e 12 maggio: la Version O de Les Femmes d'Alger di Pablo Picasso è venduta per 179.300.000 US$ all'asta Christie's di New York, mentre la scultura L'Homme au doigt di Alberto Giacometti è venduta per 141,3 milioni di US$, stabilendo un nuovo record mondiale rispettivamente per un dipinto e per una scultura.\n 12 maggio: un secondo forte terremoto di magnitudo 7,3 della scala Richter causa più di 200 morti in Nepal, India, Cina e Bangladesh.\n 15 maggio: il primo ministro del Lussemburgo Xavier Bettel sposa il compagno Gauthier Destenay, divenendo il primo capo di Governo dell'Unione Europea a sposarsi con un partner dello stesso sesso durante il mandato.\n20 maggio: Le due repubbliche costituenti della Novorossia, la Repubblica Popolare di Doneck e la Repubblica Popolare di Lugansk, annunciano la sospensione della federazione e ritornano ad essere stati separati (anche se non riconosciuti internazionalmente).\n 21 maggio: la città di Palmira viene conquistata dallo Stato Islamico.\n 23 maggio: l'Irlanda diventa il primo Paese a legalizzare il matrimonio omosessuale attraverso un referendum.\n 24 maggio: secondo turno delle elezioni presidenziali in Polonia.\n 27 maggio: a seguito di un'inchiesta internazionale coordinata dall'FBI, sette dirigenti della FIFA vengono arrestati.\n\nGiugno \n 2 giugno: Joseph Blatter si dimette dopo le accuse di corruzione.\n6 giugno: I governi di India e Bangladesh ratificano ufficialmente il loro accordo del 1974 sullo scambio di enclavi lungo il loro confine.\n7 giugno\n elezioni parlamentari in Turchia.\n elezioni parlamentari in Messico.\n 7 e 8 giugno: si tiene a Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germania, il 41° vertice del G7.\n 11 giugno: l'astronauta italiana Samantha Cristoforetti torna sulla Terra dopo 200 giorni nello spazio. Diventa così la prima donna al mondo, ad aver trascorso più giorni in orbita e ad aver affrontato la missione più lunga, superando il precedente record dell'americana Sunita Williams di 195 giorni.\n 25 giugno: lo Stato Islamico lancia una nuova offensiva contro la città siriana di Kobanê, da cui era stato espulso in gennaio, uccidendo 233 civili.\n 26 giugno\n un attentato terroristico a Susa, in Tunisia, causa 37 vittime.\n un attentato alla moschea di Al Kuwait, in Kuwait, causa 27 vittime e 227 feriti.\n La Corte suprema degli Stati Uniti con cinque voti favorevoli e quattro contrari, ha stabilito che il matrimonio omosessuale è un diritto costituzionale.\n\nLuglio \n 1º luglio\n il Lussemburgo assume la presidenza di turno dell'Unione europea.\nCrisi economica della Grecia: la Grecia diventa la prima economia avanzata a mancare un pagamento al Fondo Monetario Internazionale in 71 anni di storia del FMI.\n 513 luglio: Dopo sei mesi di scontri ed inutili negoziazioni tra il neoeletto governo di sinistra della Grecia e i creditori del paese sulle misure di austerità imposte attraverso programmi di salvataggio, la tensione aumenta mentre la Grecia vota in un referendum per respingere i termini offerti in un terzo programma; tuttavia il governo alla fine procede a termini più duri rispetto a quelli offerti in precedenza, in quello che venne ampiamente descritto come un colpo di Stato da parte dei creditori.\n 14 luglio:\n La sonda spaziale statunitense New Horizons raggiunge e sorvola il pianeta nano Plutone.\n Viene raggiunto e stipulato a Vienna uno storico accordo internazionale sul nucleare iraniano, fra la stessa Iran, l'Unione europea e le potenze mondiali, fra cui Cina, Stati Uniti, Russia e Regno Unito: l'accordo multilaterale prevede limitazioni all'arricchimento dell'uranio da parte dell'Iran per trent'anni; in cambio saranno cancellate e rimosse le sanzioni subìte nel recente passato, escluse solo quelle che riguardano gli armamenti.\n 18 luglio: esplosione di una bomba in un mercato di Baghdad, in Iraq, che provoca 115 morti e 50 feriti. Il gesto viene rivendicato dall'Isis.\n 20 luglio: gli Stati Uniti pongono fine all'embargo con Cuba ristabilendo le loro relazioni diplomatiche dopo 54 anni, con la riapertura delle proprie ambasciate nelle rispettive capitali.\n 23 luglio: la NASA annuncia la scoperta di Kepler-452 b, il pianeta più simile alla Terra mai avvistato, grazie al telescopio spaziale Kepler.\n 24 luglio: la Turchia inizia attacchi aerei contro il PKK nel Kurdistan iracheno e contro l'ISIS in Siria dopo il bombardamento di Suruç.\n 29 luglio: Microsoft rilascia la versione ufficiale di Windows 10.\n\nAgosto \n 6 agosto: viene inaugurato a Il Cairo il raddoppio del Canale di Suez.\n7 agosto: Diversi attacchi terroristici scuotono il centro città della capitale afghana di Kabul, causando almeno 50 vittime.\n10 agosto: Un'autobomba esplode all'aeroporto internazionale di Kabul, causando 5 vittime e dozzine di feriti.\n 12 agosto: Esplosione in una fabbrica di materiale chimico a Tianjin, porto industriale nel nord-est della Cina: 115 morti e 800 feriti.\n13 agosto: Un camion bomba esplode in un mercato di Baghdad, in Iraq: l'attentato, rivendicato dallo Stato Islamico, provoca 67 morti e 150 feriti.\n17 agosto: Una bomba esplode in pieno centro a Bangkok, causando 20 morti e 120 feriti.\n31 agosto: Esplosione in una fabbrica di materiale chimico a Dongying: 13 morti e un grave incendio durato oltre cinque ore.\n\nSettembre \n 10 settembre: in Sudafrica viene scoperto lHomo naledi.\n11 settembre: con giorni di regno (63 anni, 7 mesi e 3 giorni), Elisabetta II ha eguagliato il primato della sua trisavola Vittoria; il suo regno è il più lungo di tutta la storia britannica e il più lungo in assoluto di una regina.\n14 settembre:\nPrima osservazione di onde gravitazionali: il LIGO individua per la prima volta onde gravitazionali. Questo evento non verrà annunciato sino all'11 febbraio 2016.\n Malcolm Turnbull diventa primo ministro dell'Australia. \n18 settembre: scoppia il caso che coinvolge l'azienda automobilistica tedesca Volkswagen, accusata di aver installato sulle proprie vetture un software per manipolare e aggirare le normative europee sull'inquinamento e di aver truccato i test anti-smog.\n 20 settembre: in Grecia, a seguito delle dimissioni anticipate di Alexīs Tsipras, si svolgono le elezioni anticipate che vengono vinte nuovamente dal premier uscente, con il 35,5% dei consensi.\n24 settembre: una carica durante l'Hajj della Mecca causa almeno morti, 900 feriti e più di 650 dispersi.\n 28 settembre: la NASA dichiara al mondo la scoperta di acqua su Marte. Possibilità di forme di vita sul pianeta.\n 30 settembre: la Russia inizia attacchi aerei contro l'ISIS e l'opposizione siriana in sostegno del governo di Assad in Siria.\n\nOttobre \n 1º ottobre: sparatoria all'Umpqua Community College.\n 3 ottobre: Un attacco aereo statunitense colpisce accidentalmente un ospedale di Médecins Sans Frontières (Medici Senza Frontiere) in Afghanistan: circa 20 morti.\n 10 ottobre: un attacco terrorista suicida durante una marcia per la pace ad Ankara, la capitale della Turchia, causa oltre 100 morti e 400 feriti.\n 19 ottobre: elezioni federali in Canada.\n 21 ottobre: la casa automobilistica Ferrari si quota alla Borsa di New York con il proprio titolo azionario.\n 25 ottobre: elezioni presidenziali in Argentina.\n 31 ottobre\n Il volo 9268 della compagnia aerea russa Metrojet, partito da Sharm el-Sheikh precipita nel Sinai, provocando la morte di 224 persone. L'abbattimento è stato rivendicato dall'ISIS.\n Si chiude l'Expo 2015 a Milano, in Italia. L'esposizione era iniziata il 1º maggio.\n\nNovembre \n 1º novembre: elezioni parlamentari in Turchia.\n 4 novembre: \nJustin Trudeau diventa primo ministro del Canada.\nin seguito alle proteste scoppiate in Romania dopo l'incendio della discoteca \"Colectiv\" di Bucarest del 30 ottobre che ha causato 59 morti, si dimette il governo rumeno del primo ministro Victor Ponta.\n 7 novembre: storico primo incontro ufficiale tra un presidente della Cina (Xi Jinping) e uno di Taiwan (Ma Ying-jeou).\n 8 novembre: elezioni parlamentari in Croazia.\n 12 novembre: duplice attentato nella periferia di Beirut in Libano, che provoca 43 morti e 181 feriti. L'attacco, rivendicato dall'ISIS, è condotto da due kamikaze. In quello stesso giorno, Jihadi John, il boia del Da'esh, viene ucciso in un attacco aereo americano nei pressi di al-Raqqa.\n 13 novembre: una serie di attacchi terroristici nel centro di Parigi, rivendicati dall'ISIS, causano 130 morti e oltre 300 feriti.\n 18 novembre: le forze di polizia francesi, nel corso di un blitz in un covo di terroristi a Saint-Denis, uccidono Abdelhamid Abaaoud, presunto organizzatore degli attentati di Parigi.\n 20 novembre: attentato all'hotel \"Radisson Blu\" di Bamako in Mali.\n 21 novembre: Malta vince il Junior Eurovision Song Contest, ospitato a Sofia, in Bulgaria.\n 24 novembre: la Turchia abbatte un caccia russo al confine con la Siria, causando la morte di 2 persone (un pilota e un soldato della missione di soccorso).\n29 novembre: con l'apertura della Porta santa della Cattedrale di Notre-Dame di Bangui, Papa Francesco anticipa l'inizio del Giubileo straordinario della misericordia, inizialmente fissato per l'8 dicembre.\n 30 novembre: inizia a Parigi la XXI Conferenza sui cambiamenti climatici (COP21) delle Nazioni Unite, a cui partecipano esponenti dei governi di 196 nazioni.\n\nDicembre \n\n 2 dicembre: Strage di San Bernardino: 14 morti. L'ISIS rivendica la responsabilità della strage.\n12 dicembre \n L'Accordo di Parigi, un patto globale sui cambiamenti climatici, che impegna tutti i paesi sottoscrittori a ridurre le emissioni di gas serra, è raggiunto alla COP21 a Parigi.\n Per la prima volta, in Arabia Saudita, viene esteso il diritto di voto alle donne.\n15 dicembre: Viene formata la Coalizione Militare Islamica Antiterrorismo.\n20 dicembre: elezioni politiche in Spagna.\n22 dicembre: SpaceX fa atterrare un Falcon 9 privo di pilota, primo missile riutilizzabile ad entrare e tornare con successo dall'orbita terrestre.\n\nScienza e tecnologia\n\nAstronomia \n 26 gennaio: l'asteroide di di diametro transita a 3,1 distanze lunari dalla Terra.\n 20 marzo: dai Paesi dell'Europa Settentrionale e del Nordafrica viene osservata un'eclissi solare totale centrale.\n 28 settembre: eclissi lunare totale.\n\nNati\n\nMorti\n\nCalendario\n\nPremi Nobel\n per la Medicina: William C. Campbell, Tu Youyou, Satoshi Ōmura\n per la Fisica: Takaaki Kajita, Arthur B. McDonald\n per la Chimica: Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich, Aziz Sancar\n per la Letteratura: Svjatlana Aleksievič\n per la Pace: Quartetto per il dialogo nazionale in Tunisia \n per l'Economia: Angus Deaton\n\nSport\n\nNote\n\nAltri progetti \n\n 015", "In matematica, una superficie è una forma geometrica senza spessore, avente solo due dimensioni. Una superficie può essere piatta (come un piano) o curva (come il bordo di una sfera o di un cilindro). Può essere limitata o illimitata, chiusa o aperta.\n\nVi sono diverse definizioni matematiche di superficie: queste sono tutte quante racchiuse nella nozione di \"superficie astratta\" e di varietà differenziabile. Nei casi più comuni il termine è usato per riferirsi a superfici in uno spazio tridimensionale.\n\nDefinizione \nInformalmente una superficie è un oggetto geometrico ideale senza spessore, avente due dimensioni. Alcuni oggetti reali si avvicinano a questa nozione astratta: ad esempio una lamina molto sottile.\n\nFormalmente, la definizione di superficie nello spazio richiede delle nozioni matematiche non banali proprie della geometria differenziale\n\nUn sottoinsieme dello spazio euclideo tridimensionale è una superficie se per ogni punto contenuto in esistono un intorno aperto ed una funzione di classe \n\ntale che interseca precisamente nei punti in cui si annulla:\n\ne avente ovunque gradiente diverso da zero:\n\nIn altre parole, l'insieme è una superficie se è localmente esprimibile come luogo di zeri di una funzione. La condizione che il gradiente sia diverso da zero garantisce, tramite il teorema del Dini, che la superficie sia un oggetto liscio in ogni punto.\n\nCostruzioni \n\nUna superficie può essere costruita in vari modi.\n\nForma parametrica \n\nUna superficie può essere costruita come immagine di una funzione differenziabile iniettiva di due variabili reali nello spazio euclideo tridimensionale\n \ndove è un insieme aperto del piano . Per ottenere un oggetto liscio, si richiede che il differenziale di sia anch'esso iniettivo in ogni punto : in altre parole deve essere una immersione.\n\nCon questa costruzione le coordinate dei punti della superficie sono espresse agevolmente tramite le equazioni parametriche:\n\nal variare dei due parametri nell'aperto .\n\nQuesta è la definizione generalmente più utile ai fini pratici, in quanto permette in modo agevole il calcolo di aree e di integrali di superficie.\n\nForma implicita globale \n\nUna superficie può essere costruita globalmente come luogo di zeri di un'unica funzione differenziabile\n\ndetta equazione cartesiana. Per ottenere un oggetto liscio, il gradiente di deve essere diverso da zero in ogni punto di . Si noti che la definizione generale di superficie richiede l'esistenza di una tale funzione solo localmente.\n\nGrafico di una funzione \n\nIl grafico di una funzione differenziabile \n\ndefinita su un aperto del piano cartesiano è una superficie.\nLa superficie può essere indicata in forma implicita tramite l'equazione\n\nNel caso in cui il dominio sia tutto il piano , la superficie è quindi il luogo di zeri della funzione implicita globale\n\nLa superficie può anche essere descritta in forma parametrica prendendo\n\nMolte superfici però non sono grafico di funzioni, ad esempio la superficie sferica.\n\nSuperficie di rotazione \n\nUna superficie di rotazione (o di rivoluzione) è ottenuta ruotando una curva intorno ad un asse. L'asse può essere uno dei tre assi cartesiani oppure una qualsiasi retta.\n\nConcetti di base\n\nArea \n\nL'area di una superficie espressa in forma parametrica tramite una funzione con dominio è definita tramite gli strumenti del calcolo integrale nel modo seguente:\n \nNella formula sono presenti un integrale multiplo, le derivate parziali della funzione ed il prodotto vettoriale .\nIn modo analogo è definito l'integrale di una funzione avente la superficie come dominio: questa operazione è chiamata integrale di superficie.\n\nNormale \n\nIn ogni punto di una superficie è definito un piano tangente. Il piano tangente è descritto con gli strumenti forniti dall'algebra lineare e dal calcolo infinitesimale in più variabili.\n\nUna normale in è un vettore perpendicolare al piano tangente, avente lunghezza unitaria. In ogni punto ha due normali, di verso opposto.\n\nCurvatura \n\nLa curvatura è una proprietà fondamentale delle superfici nello spazio. In ogni punto della superficie vi sono due curvature principali e la curvatura gaussiana è definita come il prodotto di queste due quantità.\n\nLa curvatura gaussiana può essere positiva, nulla o negativa. In un piano, la curvatura è nulla e vale l'usuale geometria euclidea; su superfici a curvatura positiva o negativa è possibile definire delle geometrie non euclidee, chiamate rispettivamente ellittica e iperbolica. In queste geometrie, le usuali rette euclidee sono sostituite dalle geodetiche, curve sulla superficie che minimizzano (localmente) la distanza fra due punti.\n\nProprietà topologiche \nLa topologia è una branca della geometria che studia le proprietà degli oggetti geometrici che restano invariate quando viene effettuata una deformazione senza \"strappi\".\n\nGenere \n\nIl genere di una superficie è informalmente il \"numero di manici\" che questa contiene.\n\nOrientabilità \n\nUna superficie è orientabile se ha due facce (un \"sopra\" e un \"sotto\"), non orientabile altrimenti. Contrariamente a quanto suggerito dall'intuizione, esistono effettivamente superfici con una faccia sola: il prototipo è il nastro di Möbius.\n\nTipologia\n\nSuperfici algebriche \nUna equazione polinomiale nelle tre variabili , come ad esempio\n\ndefinisce una superficie algebrica. Affinché il luogo di zeri sia effettivamente una superficie liscia, il differenziale dell'equazione deve essere diverso da zero in ogni punto. Generalmente, si parla però comunque di \"superficie algebrica\" anche quando questa condizione non è soddisfatta: in questo caso si possono presentare punti non lisci detti singolarità.\n\nSe il polinomio è di primo grado, la superficie è un piano. Superfici descrivibili con equazioni di 2º, 3º, 4º, 5º grado sono chiamate\nquadriche, cubiche, quartiche, quintiche e così via. La sestica mostrata in figura presenta alcune singolarità.\n{| class=\"wikitable\" \n|Piano\n|Quadrica\n|Quartica\n|Sestica\n|}\n\nQuadriche \n\nUna quadrica è una superficie algebrica di secondo grado. Le quadriche sono classificate con gli strumenti dell'algebra lineare (essenzialmente il teorema spettrale). Le quadriche non degeneri sono divise in cinque tipi:\n{| class=\"wikitable\" \n|Ellissoide\n|Paraboloide ellittico\n|Paraboloide iperbolico\n|Iperboloide a una falda\n|Iperboloide a due falde\n|}\n\nSuperfici rigate \n\nUna superficie è rigata se è unione di (infinite) rette.\n{| class=\"wikitable\" \n|Piano\n|Cilindro\n|Paraboloide iperbolico\n|Elicoide\n|Superficie sviluppabile\n|}\n\nSuperfici minime \n\nUna superficie è minima se ha area (localmente) minima fra tutte quelle che hanno un bordo fissato. Matematicamente, questa condizione equivale alla richiesta che la superficie abbia curvatura media ovunque nulla. In natura alcune strutture tendono a sistemarsi in modo da minimizzare l'area e formano quindi delle superfici minime.\n{| class=\"wikitable\" \n|Catenoide\n|Elicoide\n|Superficie di Scherk\n|}\n\nSuperfici chiuse \nUna superficie è chiusa se è limitata e senza confini, come in una sfera. Con il linguaggio rigoroso della topologia, una superficie è chiusa se è compatta.\n{| class=\"wikitable\" \n|Superficie sferica\n|Toro\n|Bordo di uncorpo con manici\n|Toro annodato\n|}\n\nGeneralizzazioni\n\nSuperficie astratta \n\nIn topologia, una branca importante della geometria, viene studiata una nozione più generale di superficie. La superficie studiata in questo ambito è un oggetto più astratto, che \"vive di vita propria\", non necessariamente contenuto nello spazio tridimensionale.\n\nFormalmente, una superficie astratta è una varietà topologica di Hausdorff avente dimensione 2. Molte superfici astratte sono rappresentabili nello spazio, ma non tutte: ad esempio la bottiglia di Klein non è visibile dentro allo spazio tridimensionale (può però essere rappresentabile nello spazio euclideo quadridimensionale).\n\nIn molti contesti è più utile definire una superficie come varietà differenziabile invece che topologica. La differenza però non è sostanziale. \n\nAltro esempio di superficie astratta (o algebrica) è la Superficie di Veronese, rappresentabile solamente in uno spazio proiettivo ad almeno cinque dimensioni, mentre la Tromba di Torricelli è un'altra superficie paradossale disegnabile in tre dimensioni.\n\nSuperfici immerse \nUna superficie immersa è una superficie che può auto-intersecarsi. Più precisamente, è l'immagine di una immersione\n\ndi una superficie astratta . Si richiede quindi che abbia ovunque differenziale iniettivo: questa ipotesi garantisce che sia localmente iniettiva, ma non globalmente.\n\nAd esempio, la bottiglia di Klein è generalmente mostrata nello spazio tridimensionale tramite una immersione: la superficie si auto-interseca lungo una circonferenza. Un'altra superficie immersa è la superficie di Boy: in questo caso è un piano proiettivo reale, una superficie non orientabile che, come la bottiglia di Klein, non può essere contenuta nello spazio.\n\nSuperfici complesse \nNell'ambito della geometria complessa, una superficie complessa è una varietà complessa di dimensione 2. Si tratta di un oggetto completamente diverso dalla usuale superficie, poiché ha topologicamente dimensione reale 4.\n\nInfine, a seconda dei contesti, si può indicare col termine superficie strutture con caratteristiche diverse da quelle citate sopra; ad esempio, si può chiamare brevemente superficie un'ipersuperficie in uno spazio euclideo (o in una varietà differenziabile), cioè una varietà di dimensione inferiore a quella dello spazio ambiente (ma non necessariamente 2), talvolta si parla anche di superfici frattali, indicando strutture frattali costruite a partire da una superficie, ma che, in definitiva, non ne conservano alcuna caratteristica specifica.\n\nTeoremi\n\nTeorema di Gauss-Bonnet\n\nTeorema di Stokes\n\nClassificazione topologica delle superfici \n\nLe superfici compatte sono classificate in topologia a meno di omeomorfismo da tre parametri: il genere, il numero di componenti di bordo, e l'orientabilità.\n\nIn topologia vengono considerate spesso anche le superfici di tipo finito, ottenute a partire dalle superfici compatte rimuovendo un numero finito di punti e creando così delle punture. Una superficie con punture non è mai compatta. Analogamente alle superfici compatte, quelle di tipo finito sono classificate da quattro parametri: il genere, il numero di componenti di bordo, l'orientabilità e il numero di punture.\n\nTeorema di uniformizzazione\n\nNote\n\nVoci correlate \n Area\n Varietà\n Classificazione delle superfici\n Superficie di Riemann\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n Esempi di superfici da Mathcurve, Encyclopédie des formes mathématiques remarquables", "I Wraith sono un'immaginaria specie aliena della serie televisiva di fantascienza Stargate Atlantis\n\nSono introdotti per la prima volta nell'episodio pilota. All'inizio della prima stagione vengono presentati come i dominatori della Galassia di Pegaso, l'ambientazione della serie, e sono inarrestabili, rappresentando una minaccia mortale. Nella prima stagione, lo scopo principale dei protagonisti è quello di trovare un modo per salvare se stessi da un assedio condotto dai Wraith, in modo simile a come i protagonisti di Stargate SG-1 erano originariamente impegnati a proteggere la Terra da un attacco dei Goa'uld.\n\nSono inoltre apparsi nell'episodio Il progetto Pegasus della decima stagione di Stargate SG-1.\n\nStoria\n\nOrigini \nI Wraith sono frutto di un esperimento andato male degli Antichi, che il Dr. Rodney Mckay ha ipotizzato fosse volto ad ottenere l'immortalità. Esso ebbe luogo in un pianeta freddo nella Galassia di Pegaso 900 anni prima della caduta di Atlantide.\n\nAlla fine dell'esperimento, i Wraith avevano imparato a usare le loro capacità telepatiche e ad ingannare le guardie. I Wraith rubarono l'arma ideata per ucciderli e lo ZPM della struttura, fuggendo attraverso lo Stargate fino ad Athos. Gli Antichi li inseguirono ma quando raggiunsero Athos, i Wraith se ne erano già andati. Alla fine, i Wraith furono in grado di rubare delle navi e nascondere lo ZPM e l'arma. Si ipotizza che una creatura di mollusco trovata in uno dei loro santuari originali, Cair Leonid, sia stata il modello per le loro navi alveare. I Wraith poi si divisero in varie bande e le prime nove femmine divennero le prime Regine, conosciute come le Prime Madri, mentre i maschi divennero i loro comandanti.\n\nGuerra con i Lantiani\nLa potenza dominante della galassia di Pegaso erano i pacifici e tecnologicamente avanzati Lantiani, il gruppo di Antichi che aveva lasciato la Via Lattea milioni di anni fa per sfuggire alla pestilenza che distruggeva la loro razza. I Wraith percepivano un odio ereditato geneticamente verso di loro, a causa degli esperimenti dei Lantiani. Non avrebbero mai potuto tornare alle loro normali vite: si sentirono in dovere di dichiarare guerra ai i Lantiani per vendicarsi. Ma i Lantiani erano molto più avanzati dei Wraith, con navi da guerra in grado di infliggere enormi danni alle navi alveare con le armi Drone, non subendo però danni grazie ai loro potenti scudi .\n\nI Lantiani, per eccessiva sicurezza, iniziarono a inviare le loro navi in profondità nei territori Wraith. I Wraith, dopo molto tempo e a grande prezzo per loro stessi, riuscirono a catturare tre di queste navi e ad ottenere gli ZPM che le alimentavano. Usando queste incredibili fonti di energia, i Wraith iniziarono a creare strutture di clonazione che usarono per aumentare il loro numero, ottenendo il vantaggio tanto necessario e permettendo di cambiare definitivamente le sorti della guerra a proprio favore.\n\nI Lantiani iniziarono lentamente ad arretrare nelle proprie zone, e i Wraith continuarono ad avanzare, affrontando le potenti piattaforme armate e gli avamposti che le proteggevano. Questo continuò per moltissimo tempo fino a quando Atlantide fu tutto ciò che restava. In un ultimo tentativo di porre fine alla guerra, i Lantiani mandarono una delegazione ad incontrarsi con i Wraith per negoziare una tregua. La delegazione era protetta dalle loro navi da guerra più potenti, ma subirono un'imboscata dalla massiccia flotta Wraith. Dopo questa grande battaglia, era solo una questione di tempo prima che Atlantide cadesse.\n\nTutto quello che restava dell'impero Lantiano a questo punto era la loro capitale, Atlantide, che i Wraith assediarono per anni, trattenuti solo dal potente scudo che la proteggeva, le armi drone e i satelliti di Lagrange dispiegati in tutto il sistema. Alla fine però, i satelliti vennero distrutti o danneggiati in modo irreparabile, e la fornitura di armi drone della città si stava riducendo molto più rapidamente di quanto potesse essere sostituita. Finalmente, l'Antico Consiglio decise di affondare la città, abbandonare la galassia attraverso lo Stargate e tornare sulla Terra, lasciando la galassia di Pegaso in balia dei vittoriosi Wraith .\n\nPrimo conflitto con gli Asurani \nDopo che gli Antichi lasciarono Pegaso i Wraith si trovarono sotto attacco da parte degli Asurani, replicanti costruiti dagli Antichi per combatterli. Dopo molti anni di battaglia e vicini all'annientamento, alcuni scienziati riuscirono a realizzare un virus che disattivò il loro codice di attacco e li fece ritirare ad Asura. Nonostante la vittoria i Wraith avevano perso centinaia di Navi Alveare ed Incrociatori e migliaia di Darth, senza contare i miliardi di guerrieri morti. .\n\nI Wraith crearono uno schema di alimentazione in cui avrebbero rapito gli umani e preso la loro forza vitale dopo di che entrarono in uno stato di ibernazione permettendo alle popolazioni umane di crescere mentre dormivano. Mentre ciò accadeva, lasciavano alcuni custodi a vegliare su di loro fino a quando non era il momento giusto per risvegliarsi.\n\nArrivo dei Tau'ri \nQuesto ciclo continuò per 10.000 anni fino a quando la spedizione di Atlantide arrivò nella galassia di Pegaso e occupò l'antica città di Atlantide. I Wraith incontrarono per la prima volta gli umani della Terra sul pianeta Athos quando dei Dart furono inviati a rapire gli umani per nutrirsi. Una squadra fu mandata nel mondo natale dei Wraith, guidata dal maggiore John Sheppard e dal tenente Aiden Ford, in una missione di salvataggio per recuperare la loro gente.Stargate Atlantis - Episodio 01.02, Nascita (parte 2) In seguito si scoprì che il raid dei Wraith su Athos fu causato dal fatto che il maggiore Sheppard aveva attivato involontariamente un medaglione usato dai Wraith per rintracciare il gene ATA.\n\nVenuti a conoscenza della Terra i Wraith progettarono un attacco contro Atlantide, per poterla raggiungere. Una nave alveare fu distrutta da un antico satellite che fu riattivato dal Dr. Rodney McKay e dal Dr. Peter Grodin, ma i Wraith lo distrussero dopo che distrusse una delle loro navi. In seguito inviarono una forza di attacco secondaria composta da dodici navi dell'alveare e le loro scorte e, sebbene la Daedalus riuscì a distruggerne alcune, i Wraith erano troppi. L'attacco fu un insuccesso, i Wraith persero 5 navi alveare e furono portati a credere che Atlantide era distrutta..\n\nGuerra civile \nCon Atlantide \"distrutta\" e persa la possibilità di raggiungere la Terra i Wraith iniziarono a combattersi per le sempre più scarse popolazioni umane di Pegaso. Durante la guerra civile, le varie fazioni Wraith si nutrirono dei mondi in loro possesso e uno contro l'altro e si impegnarono in schermaglie con i Tau'ri.\n\nMentre ciò accadeva, riemerse una vecchia minaccia. Gli Asurani, il cui comando di attacco era stato riattivato dai Tau'ri, provocando un attacco a sorpresa contro di loro. Inizialmente colti alla sprovvista, i Wraith iniziarono a formare un efficace contrattacco. Gli eventi divennero ancora più disperati quando gli Asurani decisero di distruggere i Wraith prendendo di mira la loro fonte di cibo: gli umani.\n\nTutti i tentativi di riutilizzo del virus fallirono e costrinsero un livello di cooperazione tra i Wraith e la spedizione di Atlantide. Il Wraith conosciuto come Todd lavorò per assemblare una flotta di navi che avrebbero accompagnato la spedizione di Atlantide e l'aggiunta a sorpresa dei Viaggiatori in un assalto contro gli stessi Asurani. Ciò portò alla Battaglia di Asura con la flotta alleata che emerse vittoriosa. Al termine della battaglia, l'unificazione temporanea dei Wraith finì, e tornarono alla guerra civile.\n\nRegina Morte \nDopo che Atlantide lasciò la galassia di Pegasus, nacque una nuova regina Wraith, la regina morte. Essa iniziò a unire forzatamente le navi alveare sotto il suo controllo senza che nessuno potesse resistere. Nel giro di sei mesi, anche l'alleanza di Todd si tramutò in una singola nave alveare fedele a lui. Morte iniziò a devastare completamente molti mondi. Le forze della Regina Morte rapirono il dottor Rodney McKay e lo trasformarono in un Wraith, ottenendo uno ZPM e una tecnologia di scudo limitata nel processo. Alla fine McKay fu salvato mentre Todd formò una nuova alleanza per opporsi alla Regina Morte con l'aiuto di Teyla Emmagan nelle vesti della Regina Steelflower. L'alleanza della regina morte fu sconfitta in battaglia e la regina morte stessa fu uccisa da Teyla. Durante questo periodo, fu scoperto che la Regina Morte veniva utilizzata come strumento da Ashes, l'ultimo Wraith originale sopravvissuto che voleva ancora vendicarsi degli Antichi. L'alleanza della Regina Morte fu sciolta e Ashes fu consegnato ai Wraith per le sue azioni\n\nPace con in Tau'ri \nDopo la sconfitta di Morte, i rimanenti Wraith stipularono un trattato di pace e metà di Pegaso fu ceduta ai Tau'ri. Ciò è stato facilitato dalla creazione di un retrovirus che ha rafforzato gli umani mentre aiutava i Wraith a loro volta, con i ceppi combinati che significavano che nutrirsi di un essere umano non era più automaticamente fatale per gli umani, fornendo comunque ai Wraith un sostentamento sufficiente.\n\nI Wraith in seguito iniziarono a cacciare un uomo conosciuto solo come Lupo che causò molte morti tra i Wraith. Dopo che fu scoperto che il lupo era il tenente Aiden Ford, la dottoressa Elizabeth Weir fu in grado di negoziare un accordo con i Wraith in cui i Tau'ri \"esiliavano\" Ford sulla Terra per mantenere la pace.\n\nFisiologia \nI Wraith sono caratterizzati da una pelle blu pallido o verde chiaro, occhi gialli e capelli bianchi, neri o rossi. I loro occhi possono brillare nell'oscurità, dando loro la visione notturna e termica.\n\nI Wraith esibiscono locomozione bipede e hanno per lo più caratteristiche umanoidi. La casta \"soldato\", esibisce una notevole definizione muscolare rispetto ai Wraith maschi della casta \"di comando\", che sono considerevolmente più snelli. Secondo Michael Kenmore, i soldati sono privi di fantasia e hanno schemi di pensiero rigidi.\n\nLa natura riproduttiva dei Wraith e il loro ciclo di vita non sono completamente compresi. I Wraith sembrano mantenere un aspetto più umano fino a raggiungere l'equivalente della pubertà.. Le regine fanno uso di un metodo di fecondazione simile agli insetti in cui secernono materiale genetico che si traduce in un Wraith guerriero nato in strutture a forma di baccello. Si credeva che questo processo avvenisse solo sulle navi alveare, ma in seguito si scoprì che avviene anche negli avamposti sui pianeti.\n\nSebbene in apparenza umanoidi, i Wraith sono geneticamente più vicini all'insetto Iratus. Non possiedono nessuna delle normali proteine inibitrici umane, dando loro un meccanismo rigenerativo spaventosamente efficiente. Le loro abilità rigenerative sono così potenti che, finché le cellule sono adeguatamente nutrite, è improbabile che i Wraith muoiano per cause naturali come fanno gli umani, inoltre le parti del corpo smembrate hanno la capacità di muoversi da sole. Ciò rende i Wraith incredibilmente resistenti e in grado di sopravvivere al fuoco delle armi e alle profondità del fondo dell'oceano senza alcuna forma di assistenza meccanica.\n\nMentre i Wraith condividono molti elementi con l'Iratus, ci sono aspetti della loro biologia simili agli umani. Contengono tutti gli organi necessari all'interno del loro corpo che sono tenuti a digerire il cibo, anche se non ricevono nutrimento dal cibo da adulti.\n\nNutrimento \nIl nutrimento per i Wraith adulti è la \"forza vitale\" degli esseri umani o simili (ad esempio, Antichi o altri Wraith). I Wraith possono drenare lentamente le loro vittime per torturarle e ottenere informazioni, o semplicemente per compiere un atto di sadismo. Mentre la vittima è prosciugata della vita, essa sperimenta dolore e sembra invecchiare rapidamente. Questo non è un vero invecchiamento fisico, ma un sottoprodotto del processo di alimentazione.\n\nEssi drenano la forza vitale attraverso un organo nel palmo della mano destra. Questo viene attaccato al petto dell'umano in genere dove risiede il cuore. Durante il processo di alimentazione, alla vittima viene iniettato un enzima speciale. Rafforza temporaneamente il corpo umano e assicura che il cuore continui a battere, in questo modo la vittima non muore immediatamente. Nella maggior parte dei casi l'enzima viene rilasciato lentamente nel sangue durante tutto il processo di alimentazione.\n\nGrandi dosi di enzima aumentano la forza, la velocità e l'agilità degli umani. Il tenente Aiden Ford divenne il primo di questi \"superuomini\" quando ricevette una grande dose di enzima dopo la morte dei Wraith che si nutrivano di lui. I numerosi inconvenienti dell'alta dose includono alterazione della chimica del cervello e dipendenza che richiede ai tossicodipendenti di cercarlo attivamente e uccidere i Wraith per ottenerlo.\n\nI Wraith possono consumare cibo e bevande umane, ma non dà loro alcun nutrimento ed è rigorosamente fatto per piacere. Tuttavia, quando i Wraith sono giovani, consumano cibi umani normali. Mentre i Wraith maturano, iniziano a desiderare di nutrirsi della \"forza vitale\" umana, indipendentemente dal fatto che l'abbiano già assaggiata o meno.\n\nI Wraith sono anche in grado di ridare la vita. \"Il dono della vita\", come chiamato dai Wraith, è tipicamente riservato agli adoratori e ai loro \"fratelli\". Il tenente colonnello John Sheppard è tornato alla normalità e forse anche più giovane di prima, dopo essere stato nutrito numerose volte da un Wraith, con cui è fuggito dalla prigione di Kolya.. Ciò può anche essere fatto dopo che i Wraith si sono nutriti. Possono anche apparentemente far rivivere i morti come successo con Ronon Dex morto per poterlo interrogare.\n\nL'unica forma di difesa contro l'alimentazione era la droga Hoffan, che avvelenava i Wraith causando la chiusura dei loro organi interni simultaneamente qualche tempo dopo il tentativo di nutrirsi, impedendo allo stesso tempo ai Wraith di prendere qualsiasi sostentamento dalla vittima.\n\nNel lontano passato, un gruppo di Athosiani fu rapito da uno scienziato Wraith che aggiunse il DNA Wraith alla loro struttura genetica nel tentativo di renderli \"più gustosi\" per l'alimentazione. Questi esperimenti furono condotti in segreto dal resto dei Wraith, che altrimenti li avrebbero disapprovati. Lo scienziato ha scoperto che i geni Wraith consentivano agli umani di accedere alla rete telepatica Wraith. Tentò di diluire questa capacità restituendoli al villaggio per incrociarsi, ma qualsiasi quantità di DNA dava loro l'abilità. Lo scienziato rinunciò alla sua sperimentazione e successivamente i Wraith distrussero il villaggio, presumibilmente nel tentativo di uccidere i soggetti del test. Tuttavia, i discendenti di questi umani modificati sopravvissero e sono noti come Wraithkin. .\n\nTelepatia \nAnche se i Wraith hanno una loro lingua e scrittura, il loro principale mezzo di comunicazione è di natura telepatica. I Wraith hanno sviluppato una rete telepatica, consentendo la comunicazione su grandi distanze.\n\nLa corretta introduzione del DNA Wraith nel DNA umano, consente agli umani di accedere alla rete mentale dei Wraith, sebbene gli umani che si connettono possano essere controllati dai Wraith, a causa delle loro superiori capacità psichiche. Anche una piccola quantità di DNA correttamente introdotto è sufficiente per consentire a questa capacità telepatica di verificarsi; dopo un numero di generazioni il gene viene \"annacquato\". Dopo l'iniziale \"infiltrazione\" di Teyla Emmagan nella rete telepatica, i Wraith iniziarono a segregare la loro rete di comunicazione per impedire che informazioni sensibili venissero ricevute dai loro nemici, anche se questo è stato attribuito alla Guerra Civile Wraith che richiede loro di lavorare in privato per sostenere gli alveari individuali.\n\nI Wraith sono in grado di proiettare proiezioni psichiche che fanno apparire dei fantasmi nel campo visivo di un umano. Questa tattica viene tipicamente utilizzata durante gli attacchi e le battaglie per confondere il nemico. Una mente addestrata è in grado di ignorare questa minaccia e si concentra invece sui Wraith. La telepatia delle Regine è ancora più accresciuta permettendo loro di far inginocchiare gli umani e di impiantare sussurri nella loro mente. Questo è uno strumento di interrogatorio eccellente e un Keeper è in grado di raccogliere facilmente i dati da un umano catturato. Queste capacità telepatiche possono anche indurre un umano a lavorare involontariamente per un Wraith. Una Regina è in grado di usare questa abilità per determinare se ci sono degli impostori all'interno di un alveare, il che significa che solo le persone con DNA Wraith erano in grado di ingannare una regina.\n\nInoltre, gruppi di Wraith o anche ex Wraith sono in grado di combinare le loro abilità permettendogli di evocare la loro specie per salvarli rendendoli una minaccia pericolosa anche quando catturati. Tuttavia, questo sistema può essere sfruttato e Wraith è in grado di mantenere i propri pensieri protetti dai propri simili, impedendo a uno di loro di realizzare le intenzioni dell'alveare\n\nSocietà \nI Wraith hanno una società basata sugli alveari simile ad alcune specie di insetti, ma non sono una mente collettiva. Vengono dati nomi che derivano dal \"sentire\" istintivo della loro presenza telepatica e del loro ruolo nella società; per esempio, il nome di Todd tra i Wraith è \"Guide\", come quello del tenente colonnello John Sheppard.\n\nI capi di un alveare sono in genere le Regine e senza di loro non si possono allevare nuovi soldati. Ci sono casi in cui un maschio ha detenuto l'autorità del sovrano dell'alveare. Al di sotto di questo casta di leader si trovano la maggior parte dei Wraith che sono maschi. La prima categoria consiste di \"comandanti\" intelligenti, che servono da tenenti e scienziati. Sotto di loro si trovano i guerrieri che svolgono la maggior parte dei compiti come difendere l'alveare o partecipare ad attacchi.\n\nForse come risultato della loro società 'alveare, i Wraith sembrano mostrare scarso rispetto per la propria vita, con i guerrieri e i comandanti che sono disposti a utilizzare meccanismi di autodistruzione per uccidersi se si trovano di fronte alla cattura. I piloti dei Dart hanno perfino dimostrato la volontà di ingaggiare il suicidio se la nave da trasporto è stata distrutta. Inoltre, sono pronti a morire finché i loro nemici muoiono con loro. Tuttavia, se c'è una potenziale minaccia o risorsa del loro alveare che potrebbe essere persa in una tale manovra, i singoli Wraith sono disposti a prevenire azioni che potrebbero distruggerlo. Ci sono pochi, tuttavia, che sembrano disposti a contrattare per la propria vita. Anche i Wraith sembrano esibire una forma di purezza razziale e sembrano allontanarsi o persino essere ostili nei confronti di quei membri della loro specie che sono stati trasformati in umani. Sono noti per essere in grado di percepire l'umanità in questi Wraith. I Wraith hanno mostrato diversi tratti spietati come non mostrare compassione per i caduti e non dare pietà ai loro nemici. Sembrano anche affermare che non ci dovrebbe essere alcuna ritirata in una battaglia, anche se ci sono momenti in cui sembrano ritirarsi quando c'è stata una grande quantità di perdite subite.\n\nUna pratica che dimostra la natura aspra della società dei Wraith è il fatto che sono disposti ad impegnarsi nel cannibalismo in tempi di fame. È noto che le Regine minacciano i loro luogotenenti nutrendosi di loro se non assolvono i compiti loro assegnati. Le Regine non hanno nemmeno esitato a nutrirsi di un membro del loro genere che in passato era un Wraith ed era stato trasformato in un umano. In battaglia, i comandanti sono stati documentati per nutrirsi di guerrieri Wraith morenti o feriti per continuare a combattere, anche per pochi secondi.\n\nA differenza di altre specie, i Wraith possono essere descritti come una società quasi nomade basata sulle loro navi alveare e che viaggiano nello spazio per cacciare gli abitanti per l'alimentazione. Tipicamente, la sicurezza di queste navi è minima poiché i Wraith non sono abituati ad avere intrusi. Sono noti per fare uso di avamposti per la ricerca e come roccaforti, sebbene queste abbiano quasi sempre Stargate nello spazio che impedisce l'accesso senza una nave.\n\nI Wraith possono sembrare uniti e determinati a distruggere tutti gli esseri umani sul loro cammino, tuttavia, sono noti per possedere un istinto territoriale estremamente forte. Ciò rende la cooperazione tra alveari rara e molteplici alveari impegnati nella raccolta di un pianeta possono causare l'aumento delle tensioni. Sono estremamente agguerriti nella difesa dei loro territori e uccidono tutti i trasgressori che entrano nel loro terreno di pascolo. Inoltre il tradimento è possibile tra i ranghi dell'alveare con alcuni membri disposti a sostenere un alveare rivale. Politicamente, i Wraith sembrano mancare di qualsiasi forma di governo unito dalla fine della guerra con i Lantiani.\n\nCultura \nPoco si sa della cultura dei Wraith, tranne per il fatto che è incentrata sull'eliminazione delle popolazioni umane della galassia. Concetti come la bellezza sembrano tuttavia prevalere nella specie. Todd, un Wraith che era stato catturato dai Genii per un periodo di tempo imprecisato dichiarò che il suo tentativo di fuga \"valeva la pena per rivedere le stelle ancora una volta\".\n\nIbernazione \nI Wraith come specie attraversano lunghi cicli di ibernazione, che durano centinaia di anni. Le loro enormi navi alveare contengono un numero incalcolabile di baccelli di ibernazione. Durante questo tempo solo un piccolo numero di loro rimane sveglio, abbastanza per mantenere i loro mondi vittima di attacchi. Le masse addormentate sono sorvegliate da un piccolo gruppo guidato dal Custode, un Wraith designato con le loro cure la cui morte avrebbe significato il loro prematuro risveglio, come successe quando fu uccisa dal maggiore John Sheppard.\n\nRunner \nAlcuni esseri umani eccezionali, come Ronon Dex, vengono trasformati in \"runner\" piuttosto che essere usati come cibo. I Wraith gli impiantano dei dispositivi di localizzazione subspaziali e li liberano per essere cacciati come forma di sport. A partire da \"Sateda\", ci sono sette dispositivi di tracciamento attivi nella galassia, anche se non è noto se tutti e sette siano stati impiantati nei Runner. In quell'episodio, i Wraith riprendono Ronon e organizzano una nuova caccia per lui sul suo pianeta natale di Sateda. Mandano successive ondate di guerrieri Wraith dopo di lui, e controllano l'intero evento dalla loro nave alveare. Un altro runner, chiamato Kiryk, è rappresentato nella quinta stagione di Atlantis .\n\nAdoratori \nL'esistenza di umani che adorano i Wraith viene rivelata per la prima volta in \"The Hive\", dove una Regina Wraith afferma che migliaia sono venuti per servirli in cambio di risparmiare le loro vite. Un adoratore dei Wraith, Neera, menziona la \"profezia del Grande Risveglio\" e la \"fine dei giorni\". In \"Common Ground\", Todd nota che l'atto di restituire la vita di una persona viene eseguito solo per i più devoti adoratori e i loro fratelli. Alcuni adoratori dei Wraith vengono assegnati come infiltrati per raccogliere informazioni, mentre altri agiscono come mercenari.\n\nI Wraith hanno dimostrato di essere in grado di creare adoratori anche dai nemici più implacabili nutrendosi di loro e restituendogli la vita poi ancora e ancora. Le ripetute infusioni di enzimi alimentari hanno un effetto di dipendenza e piegano la vittima alla volontà del Wraith, anche se solo il più forte sopravvive al processo. I Wraith hanno usato questa tecnica per convertire un certo numero di soldati Satedani dopo la caduta di Sateda, e alla fine fanno lo stesso con Ronon Dex. Il condizionamento si interromperà se l'individuo è privato dell'enzima per un periodo abbastanza lungo, sebbene i sintomi dell'astinenza siano gravi.\n\nTecnologia \nLa tecnologia utilizzata dai Wraith, sebbene avanzata rispetto alla maggior parte delle civiltà sia nella Via Lattea che nella galassia di Pegaso, è di gran lunga inferiore alle tecnologie dei Lantiani, degli Asgard e degli Ori.\n\nLa tecnologia Wraith è unica in quanto la maggior parte di essa ha una base organica. I Wraith sono una delle poche razze che non utilizza la tecnologia degli scudi, ciò è probabilmente dovuto al fatto che le armi lantiane potevano squaciare tutti gli scudi più avanzati con il minimo sforzo, e quindi sarebbe stato uno spreco di tempo ed energia. Qualcosa che deve ancora essere scoperto è ciò che alimenta le navi Wraith; spostare una nave alveare e alimentare le sue massicce banche d'armi deve consumare grandi quantità di energia. Tuttavia, è noto che ciò che le alimenta non è altrettanto efficiente delle fonti di energia Lantiane. La tecnologia Wraith raramente è in grado di raggiungere il suo pieno potenziale a causa di questa inefficiente generazione di energia. Una nave Alveare equipaggiata con almeno uno ZPM, è quasi invincibile, con integrità strutturale, densità dello scafo e potenza delle armi migliorate. Questa nave era in grado di eguagliare persino un'Atlantide completamente alimentata in battaglia, e ci volle un'arma nucleare fatta detonare all'interno della nave per distruggerla..\n\nEsiste anche una debolezza sconosciuta in tutta la tecnologia Wraith, probabilmente il suddetto problema di energia, che i Lantiani ritenevano avrebbero permesso loro di cambiare le sorti della guerra a loro favore, se sfruttata correttamente.\n\nLingua e scrittura \nLa lingua dei Wraith deriva da quella degli Antichi e condivide la maggior parte dell'alfabeto.\n\nNote\n\nVoci correlate \n Antichi (Stargate)\n Stargate Atlantis\n Vampiro\n\nSpecie di Stargate Atlantis", "Divenne famoso per la \"competizione\" con Roald Amundsen sul raggiungimento del Polo Sud: Amundsen raggiunse il Polo poche settimane prima di Scott, il quale nella marcia di rientro al campo base perse la vita insieme ai membri della sua spedizione.\n\nFamiglia e formazione \nScott era il terzo dei sei figli di John e Hannah Scott. Il padre era proprietario di una fabbrica di birra, ma la carriera in marina era un'antica tradizione di famiglia. Così nel 1881, dopo aver terminato gli studi, su consiglio del padre Scott si arruolò nella Royal Navy.\n\nCominciò la sua carriera come cadetto sulla nave scuola HMS Britannia, rimase per quattro anni sulla Boadicea e successivamente frequentò il Royal Naval College presso il quale superò gli esami per diventare tenente. Nel 1889 venne nuovamente promosso. Scott sognava un'attività più avventurosa di quella dell'ufficiale di marina in tempo di pace, ma con l'avanzare del tempo si rese conto che da parte della famiglia di origine mancavano sia i mezzi economici sia le relazioni per accelerare la sua carriera in marina in modo adeguato alle sue ambizioni.\n\nLa spedizione Discovery (1901 - 1904)\n\nL'incontro con Clements Markham \nLa svolta nella carriera di Scott è dovuta in gran parte all'incontro con Clements Markham, anch'egli con un passato da esploratore e divenuto in seguito presidente della Royal Geographical Society. Il primo incontro con Markham avvenne quando Scott aveva appena 18 anni: negli anni seguenti si rincontrarono numerose volte, e quando Scott si candidò per la guida della spedizione alla ricerca del Polo Sud, Markham ne appoggiò la candidatura. Secondo Markham l'esperienza di Scott nella marina militare era sufficiente per la conduzione della spedizione: fu così che sebbene gli scienziati della Royal Society preferissero uno scienziato, Markham riuscì a imporre la sua decisione. A Scott venne quindi affidato il comando della National Antarctic Expedition: benché, come ammise in seguito, ai tempi non avesse «una particolare predilezione per l'esplorazione polare», Scott considerava la missione un mezzo per soddisfare le sue ambizioni.\n\nL'inizio della spedizione \nDopo la sua nomina, a Scott rimase un anno di tempo per preparare la spedizione. Fece parte dei preparativi anche una visita a Fridtjof Nansen, un esploratore norvegese: Nansen consigliò a Scott l'utilizzo dei cani da slitta, un consiglio che Scott seguì, trascurando però il fatto che il loro efficace utilizzo richiedesse anche persone capaci di conduzione delle mute di cani.\n\nUna mongolfiera all'Antartide \nAll'inizio di agosto del 1901 la Discovery salpò da Londra con a bordo 48 persone, di cui 39 erano membri della Royal Navy. Il 3 gennaio 1902 la nave attraversò il Circolo Polare Antartico, passò il mare di Ross e raggiunse la barriera di Ross.\n\nIl 22 gennaio 1902 Scott e Edward Adrian Wilson sbarcarono a Capo Crozier e scalarono il monte Terror. Da qui avvistarono una distesa pianeggiante di ghiaccio che si estendeva fino all'orizzonte: quella vista alimentò il desiderio di Scott di provare a raggiungere il Polo Sud. La stagione fredda era però già troppo avanzata per poter continuare l'impresa, per cui Scott decise di trascorrere l'inverno antartico a bordo della Discovery e di costruire una capanna di legno come magazzino e riparo d'emergenza nel caso la nave venisse schiacciata dalla banchisa. La località è nota ancora oggi come Hut Point.\n\nScott fu anche il primo a utilizzare una mongolfiera nell'Antartico: a bordo si trovavano Scott e Ernest Shackleton. Il velivolo subì però dei danni durante il suo primo utilizzo e non poté essere impiegato nel prosieguo della spedizione.\n\nIl tentativo di raggiungere il Polo \nIl 1º novembre 1902 Scott, accompagnato da Wilson e da Shackleton, lasciò Hut Point per dirigersi a sud con cinque slitte e 19 cani. Scott, nell'erronea convinzione che il terreno sarebbe stato pianeggiante e agevole da percorrere, aveva previsto dei quantitativi di razioni alimentari molto ridotti. All'inizio l'andatura fu molto spedita, «volavano sul ghiaccio come tre cavalieri polari» scrisse Louis Bernacchi, ma poi il tempo si guastò e la spedizione incontrò bufere di neve che resero difficile il cammino, al punto che i tre furono costretti a trasportare metà del loro carico per mezzo miglio e poi tornare indietro per recuperare l'altra metà, finché il gelido blizzard li imprigionò nelle tende.\n\nNessuno dei tre aveva esperienza di sopravvivenza in ambienti estremi come quello antartico: si pensi che Shackleton non aveva mai montato una tenda né dormito in un sacco a pelo. Quando i tre erano già sfiniti dalla cecità da neve, dalle scarse razioni, dal clima avverso e, nel caso di Shackleton, dallo scorbuto, avvistarono le catene montuose antartiche che eliminarono le speranze di poter raggiungere il Polo. Nonostante ciò Scott decise di proseguire e solo intorno all'82º parallelo si arrese all'evidenza dell'impossibilità di proseguire. Scott, Wilson e Shackleton raggiunsero il punto più meridionale il 31 dicembre 1902, a 480 miglia dal Polo.\n\nI rapporti fra Scott e Shackleton \nNumerose biografie accennano a un'intensa animosità fra Scott e Shackleton. Ranulph Fiennes nella sua biografia di Scott afferma che in realtà vi fossero poche prove della loro rivalità e definisce amichevoli i rapporti fra i due. È opinione di Fiennes che il reale motivo per il precoce allontanamento e rientro in patria di Shackleton fosse semplicemente il precario stato di salute di quest'ultimo e non dovesse essere ricercato in eventuali sentimenti di invidia e di rivalità da parte di Scott. Diana Preston, nel suo libro su Scott, riporta invece che Wilson, nel suo diario, a un certo punto scrive di aver sentito la necessità di «parlare con Scott fuori dai denti», ma non precisa di cosa esattamente, anche se la scrittrice azzarda di un rimprovero di alcuni difetti di Scott: gli scoppi d'ira, il comportamento a volte dispotico e l'atteggiamento nei confronti di Shackleton.\n\nLa spedizione Terra Nova (1910 - 1912)\n\nL'inizio \nSecondo Scott, il raggiungimento del Polo da parte di un britannico non era importante solo per questioni di prestigio nazionale. Scott lo considerava anche un'opportunità di arricchimento personale e di miglioramento della qualità di vita per la sua famiglia.\n\nDopo il matrimonio con la scultrice Kathleen Bruce il 2 settembre 1908 e la nascita del loro unico figlio nell'anno 1909, Scott partì per la sua seconda spedizione nel continente Antartico. Il 1º giugno 1910 la nave Terra Nova salpò da Londra alla volta dell'Antartide, che distava circa 14.000 km in linea d'aria.\n\nIl fallimento della spedizione \nA Scott non fu subito chiaro che il raggiungimento del Polo Sud sarebbe stato una sorta di gara con il norvegese Roald Amundsen, ma se ne rese conto ben presto quando gli comunicarono, appena sbarcato a Melbourne, che Amundsen aveva deciso di tentare la sortita in Antartide immediatamente dopo aver saputo che Robert Edwin Peary aveva rivendicato la conquista del Polo Nord, obiettivo primario del norvegese. Entrambe le spedizioni partirono nell'ottobre 1911 dai rispettivi campi base (Stretto di McMurdo per Scott e Baia delle balene per Amundsen), ma mentre Amundsen e i suoi quattro compagni erano in viaggio con sci e cani da slitta, Scott e i suoi utilizzarono pony della Manciuria e motoslitte che si rivelarono inutilizzabili a causa del troppo basso numero di ottano del carburante acquistato da Scott, nonché cani da slitta che anche stavolta nessuno sapeva condurre.\n\nFra varie difficoltà la spedizione composta da Scott, Edward Wilson, Edgar Evans, Lawrence Oates e dal tenente Henry Bowers riuscì a raggiungere il Polo Sud tra il 17 e il 18 di gennaio del 1912, ma lì la delusione fu enorme quando i cinque si resero conto che Amundsen li aveva preceduti di diverse settimane: sul ghiaccio svettava una bandiera nera legata a un pattino da slitta, lasciata da Amundsen già il 14 dicembre 1911.\n\nLa migliore organizzazione della spedizione di Amundsen fu evidente anche e soprattutto nel durissimo viaggio di ritorno. Se infatti il norvegese era riuscito a percorrere fra le 15 e le 20 miglia al giorno (pur avendo previsto di percorrerne 30 al giorno), Scott raggiunse una prestazione massima di 13 miglia al giorno. Mentre Amundsen riuscì a rientrare al campo base senza difficoltà, per Scott e i suoi il rientro divenne ben presto una lotta disperata, a cui in gran parte contribuirono le pessime condizioni meteorologiche con temperature talmente rigide che, dall'introduzione delle moderne stazioni meteo negli anni 1960, furono nuovamente registrate soltanto un'altra volta.\n\nIl primo che perse la vita nel corso della marcia di rientro fu Evans, che si era infortunato in seguito a una caduta ed ebbe un crollo fisico e psicologico. Poco dopo peggiorarono le condizioni di Lawrence Oates tanto da ostacolare la marcia degli altri membri della spedizione. Quando Oates si rese conto di avere poche possibilità di sopravvivenza (aveva perso un piede per il congelamento), ma soprattutto di rappresentare un fattore di rischio per i rimanenti membri della spedizione, abbandonò volontariamente la tenda durante una tempesta di neve, scrivendo su un biglietto le storiche parole: «Sto uscendo, può darsi che rimanga via un po' di tempo». La sua borsa da viaggio venne ritrovata, ma non il suo corpo.\n\nIl gesto di Oates fu inutile. I cadaveri dei tre rimanenti membri della spedizione furono trovati intatti dentro la tenda sei mesi dopo, a sole 11 miglia da un grande deposito di viveri che avevano allestito appositamente durante il primo periodo della spedizione. Rimasero una macchina fotografica e i loro diari nei quali erano descritte nel dettaglio le sofferenze patite. È celebre la frase di Scott:\n\nIl diario di Scott termina il giorno 29 marzo 1912 con la frase: «For God's sake look after our people. R. Scott», che significa \"Per l'amor di Dio, abbiate cura delle nostre famiglie\". I corpi degli esploratori furono sepolti nel punto dove furono trovati dalla spedizione inglese mandata alla loro ricerca: dopo averla calata su di essi, la stessa tenda fu coperta di ghiaccio e sul tumulo venne posta una croce.\n\nOnorificenze\n\nOnorificenze britanniche\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia \n I Diari del Polo, Robert Falcon Scott, Carte Scoperte, 2009. A cura di Filippo Tuena, traduzione di Davide Sapienza. ISBN 88-7639-045-6\n L'ultima spedizione, Robert Falcon Scott, Nutrimenti, 2014.\n Diari antartici, Robert F. Scott, Ernest Shackleton, Edward O. Wilson, Nutrimenti, 2010.\n Captain Scott, Ranulph Fiennes, ISBN 0-340-82697-5\nIl Peggior viaggio del mondo, Apsley Cherry-Garrard, ISBN 978-88-17-00310-0\nAmundsen-Scott: duelo en la Antártida, Javier Cacho Gómez, Madrid, Fórcola, ISBN 978-84-15-17431-8\n Scott, l'eroe dei ghiacci. La pagina più tragica e affascinante della grande corsa all'Antartide, Diana Preston, Mondadori;\n\nVoci correlate \n Roald Amundsen\n Base Amundsen-Scott\n La tragedia del capitano Scott - film (1948)\n Ghiacciaio Eos\n Ghiacciaio Fang\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n\nScott, Robert Falcon\nScott, Robert Falcon", "La missione Mercury-Atlas 9 (MA-9) fu l'ultimo volo nello spazio equipaggiato nel corso del programma Mercury degli Stati Uniti d'America, nonché l'ultimo volo nella storia della NASA con un solo astronauta, Gordon Cooper.\n\nL'equipaggio \n\nIl 13 novembre 1962, poco dopo la conclusione con successo della missione Mercury-Atlas 8, la NASA diede l'annuncio ufficiale che il successivo ed ultimo volo del programma Mercury sarebbe spettato a Gordon Cooper. Così anche l'ultimo astronauta del primo gruppo rimasto in attesa della sua prima missione nello spazio ricevette la sua occasione. Infatti cinque dei sette astronauti del Mercury avevano già eseguito una loro missione, mentre per il settimo, Deke Slayton, era stata attestata l'inidoneità di volo a causa di problemi al cuore.\n\nEquipaggio di riserva\n\nAlan Shepard, primo americano nello spazio con il volo balistico Mercury-Redstone 3 eseguito il 5 maggio 1961 venne nominato pilota di riserva per questa missione.\n\nAssistenti di volo\n\nChris Kraft\nJohn Hodge\n\nPreparazione \n\nIl programma di volo prevedeva una durata della missione alquanto maggiore delle precedenti, tanto che si dovette nuovamente perfezionare ed adattare diversi sistemi della capsula Mercury. Vennero previste quattro differenti capsule Mercury, rispettivamente con i numeri di serie 12, 15, 17 e 20.\n\nInfine la capsula con il numero di serie 20 corrispondeva alle esigenze della missione. Tale capsula era stata consegnata a Cape Canaveral il 9 ottobre 1962 ma venne comunque adattata mediante piccole ulteriori modifiche. Il razzo vettore del tipo Atlas venne fornito il 30 gennaio 1963 ma non superò i severi controlli di qualità eseguiti dalla NASA, tanto che venne rimandato al produttore. Rimediati i difetti contestati, finalmente superò i controlli il 15 marzo. Solo pochi giorni più tardi, il 21 marzo, il razzo vettore venne assemblato sulla rampa di lancio ed un mese più tardi, il 2 aprile 1963 la capsula Mercury fu montata in punta al razzo vettore.\n\nSiccome nella capsula furono previsti maggiori riserve d'acqua, di carburante e di ossigeno, ovviamente il peso della capsula stessa aumentò. Si cercò di bilanciare tale fatto eliminando diversi apparecchi tecnici che si erano dimostrati abbastanza inutili durante le precedenti missioni. Fra questi spicca il periscopio che in precedenza non poté mai essere utilizzato e pertanto comportava esclusivamente un peso inutile.\n\nUna novità a bordo fu un'apposita telecamera in grado di registrare ed inviare due immagini al secondo. Gli appositi ricevitori furono montati su tre delle stazioni di controllo a terra. Pure la tuta spaziale di Cooper fu frutto del perfezionamento eseguito sulle tute delle precedenti missioni.\n\nConsiderando che la Terra continua a girare su sé stessa mentre la missione MA-9 proseguiva sulla sua traiettoria, si calcolò che la capsula Mercury avrebbe sorvolato tutta la superficie terrestre tra il 33-esimo parallelo dell'emisfero del Nord ed il 33-esimo parallelo dell'emisfero del Sud. Per questo motivo furono necessari molte stazioni di collegamento via radio in più, nonché ovviamente ulteriori flotte ed equipaggi di recupero.\n\nCome da tradizione spettò all'astronauta scegliere il nominativo della capsula. Cooper scelse Faith 7 (Faith=fede), per simboleggiare la sua \"fede in Dio, nella sua patria e nei suoi compagni di squadra\".\n\nIl lancio fu programmato per il 14 maggio. Dato che una stazione radar posizionata sulle Isole Bermude ebbe dei problemi e in un secondo momento anche un motore Diesel della torre di lancio smise di funzionare, si accumulò un ritardo tale da dover rimandare il lancio al giorno successivo.\n\nLa missione \n\nMercury-Atlas 9 con la capsula spaziale Faith 7 venne lanciata il 15 maggio 1963 e poco dopo raggiunse un'orbita ellittica intorno alla Terra con un perigeo di 163 km ed un apogeo di 265 km. A quest'altezza, la forza d'attrito dell'atmosfera terrestre è talmente bassa, che si poté immediatamente mirare ad una durata di volo di un minimo di 24 ore.\n\nDurante il volo Cooper esegui ben undici esperimenti di carattere scientifico. Fra questi spiccò il lancio di una boa spaziale, del diametro di 15 centimetri. Mediante l'ausilio del segnale luminoso lampeggiante della boa spaziale stessa, venne tentato di misurare la visibilità di altri oggetti e corpi volanti. Fu la prima volta che un satellite artificiale era stato messo nello spazio direttamente da una capsula spaziale.\n\nGordon Cooper fu inoltre il primo astronauta americano a dormire nell'orbita intorno alla Terra. Già durante la fase d'attesa sulla rampa di lancio si era addormentato brevemente per più volte. Nello stadio di assenza di forza di gravità comunque dovette fare attenzione, durante le sue dormite, a non azionare involontariamente interruttori o leve con le sue braccia penzolanti.\n\nCooper segnalò che dalla sua traiettoria era in grado di vedere oggetti relativamente piccoli sulla superficie terrestre, come autocarri o case. Le condizioni di luce dovevano comunque essere ottimali e il contrasto molto alto. Continuò nel dichiarare che era in grado di vedere dalle colonne di fumo la direzione del vento e addirittura di stimarne la velocità.\n\nVerso la fine del volo più sistemi della capsula smisero di funzionare correttamente, tanto che Cooper dovette avviare il procedimento di rientro nell'atmosfera terrestre manualmente. In tale operazione venne particolarmente sostenuto dal radiofonista di contatto con la capsula, il primo astronauta americano in orbita intorno alla Terra con la Friendship 7 John Herschel Glenn. Faith 7 atterrò in mare nelle vicinanze delle Isole Midway, nell'Oceano Pacifico. La capsula con Cooper ancora a bordo venne recuperata dalla portaerei USS Kearsage, la nave che già aveva recuperato Walter Schirra al rientro della sua missione Sigma 7.\n\nImportanza per il programma Mercury \n\nMA-9 fu l'ultimo volo nel corso del programma Mercury e significò una fine spettacolare. Infatti gli obiettivi originali del programma non solo erano stati raggiunti ma ampiamente superati. La NASA iniziò dunque a concentrarsi esclusivamente all'elaborazione delle capsule per il programma Gemini, concepite per portare contemporaneamente due astronauti nello spazio ed in grado di essere manovrate e pilotate. Inoltre il programma Gemini prevedeva manovre rendezvous, di aggancio durante l'orbita intorno alla Terra nonché attività extraveicolari-Extra-Vehicular-Activity degli astronauti stessi. Tutte queste manovre non erano possibili con le capsula Mercury dal punto di vista tecnico.\n\nSiccome si dovette comunque ancora attendere a lungo per il primo lancio del programma Gemini, venne considerata un ulteriore missione della capsula Mercury – questa volta estendendo la durata della missione ad un massimo di tre giorni. Con questo tentativo si pensava di ottenere importanti risultati per futuri voli di lunga durata. Inoltre la capsula Mercury con il numero di serie 15-B risultava essere ancora disponibile e con Alan Shepard e Gordon Cooper sarebbero stati disponibili due astronauti non ancora talmente inseriti nel programma Gemini da non essere più sostituibili. Pure il ministero della difesa aveva assicurato di contribuire con navi ed aerei per garantire la comunicazione via radio ed il recupero della capsula e dell'astronauta.\n\nShepard, che con ragione aveva grandi speranze di poter eseguire una missione in orbita (la sua prima missione infatti fu un semplice volo balistico suborbitale), aveva già fatto dipingere il nome Freedom 7 II sull'esterno della capsula, però il 12 giugno 1963 il direttore della NASA James Webb confermò davanti ai deputati del Senato degli Stati Uniti d'America, che non sarebbero state eseguite ulteriori missioni con capsule Mercury. I fondi finanziari e le forze di lavoro poterono dunque essere concentrati esclusivamente per il programma Gemini, che già si trovava in ritardo sui piani e programmi originari.\n\nAd ottobre 1963 Alan Shepard venne cancellato dalla lista degli astronauti attivi a causa di problemi di salute e così un eventuale ulteriore missione Mercury sarebbe stata esclusivamente possibile con l'astronauta Gordon Cooper, dato che tutti i rimanenti astronauti erano già passati al programma Gemini.\n\nAltri dati\n\n Velocità massima raggiunta: 28.239 km/h\n Accelerazione raggiunta: 7,6 g (75 m/s²)\n\nVoci correlate \n Lista dei voli spaziali con equipaggio umano dal 1961 al 1969\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n \n\nProgramma Mercury", "Il Wright R-3350 Duplex Cyclone era un motore aeronautico radiale 18 cilindri a doppia stella raffreddato ad aria, prodotto negli anni quaranta dall'azienda statunitense Curtiss-Wright Corporation.\n\nIl Duplex Cyclone è stato uno dei più potenti motori radiali prodotti negli Stati Uniti. Il suo sviluppo iniziò prima dello scoppio della seconda guerra mondiale, ma il motore richiese un lungo periodo di maturazione prima di venire utilizzato sul bombardiere Boeing B-29 Superfortress, poco prima della fine del conflitto. Dopo la guerra il motore era sufficientemente maturo tanto da divenire il principale motore usato nei progetti di velivoli civili, particolarmente nella sua versione Turbo-compound.\n\nLa sigla R-3350 identifica il modello in base alla sua cilindrata in pollici cubici, circa 3 350 in³\n\nStoria \nNel 1927 la Wright Aeronautical iniziò la produzione del suo più rappresentativo motore, il Cyclone, che equipaggiò diversi velivoli durante gli anni trenta. Nel 1929 la ditta si fuse con la Curtiss dando origine alla Curtiss-Wright. Dopo questa fusione si iniziò a sviluppare una versione più potente di questo motore che potesse raggiungere una potenza pari a 1 000 hp (746 kW). Da questo progetto scaturì il Wright R-1820 Cyclone 9 la cui produzione iniziò nel 1935 e che diverrà uno dei motori più utilizzati negli anni trenta e durante la seconda guerra mondiale.\n\nSviluppo \nNello stesso periodo la concorrente Pratt & Whitney iniziò lo sviluppo di un nuovo motore più grande e molto più potente basato sul suo altrettanto famoso motore R-1830 Wasp. Il nuovo modello adottava una configurazione a doppia stella, con i cilindri disposti cioè su una doppia fila invece che su un'unica come il suo predecessore, che poteva facilmente competere in fatto di potenza erogata con l'R-1820. Nel 1935 quindi anche la Curtiss-Wright decise di intraprendere un analogo sviluppo partendo dalla meccanica del Cyclone. Ne scaturirono alla fine due progetti caratterizzati anch'essi da una doppia stella e da cilindri a corsa corta: un 14 cilindri che verrà sviluppato nel motore R-2600 ed un 18 cilindri che diverrà il R-3350.\n\nIl primo R-3350 fu completato nel maggio del 1937. Si dimostrò subito essere un motore con un carattere molto spiccato. Lo sviluppo proseguì lentamente sia a causa della complessità del motore che a seguito della maggiore attenzione dedicata alla versione a 14 cilindri. Il motore non effettuò prove di volo fino al 1941 cioè solo dopo che il velivolo XB-19 sostituì i motori Allison V-3240 con i Wright R-3350.\n\nLe cose cambiarono drasticamente quando nel 1940 venne emessa una specifica da parte dell'United States Army Air Force (USAAF) per lo sviluppo di un bombardiere strategico a lungo raggio capace di volare dagli Stati Uniti alla Germania con un carico offensivo di 9000 kg (20000 lb). Sebbene più piccolo del progetto per il Bomber D, che si concretizzerà nel prototipo XB-19, il nuovo velivolo richiedeva motori con una potenza comparabile. Quando tre dei quattro progetti preliminari presentati adottarono il motore R-3350 divenne evidente che quest'ultimo rappresentava il futuro nell'USAAF e quindi vennero compiuti tutti gli sforzi necessari per avviarlo velocemente alla fase di produzione in serie.\n\nImpiego operativo \nNel 1943 compiva i primi voli l'ultimo sviluppo del nuovo programma per questo nuovo bombardiere, l'XB-29, il prototipo del Boeing B-29 Superfortress. Il motore però continuava a possedere un rendimento non costante ed inoltre mostrava una preoccupante tendenza al surriscaldamento. Per ovviare a tali inconvenienti iniziarono ad essere introdotte una serie di numerose modifiche, direttamente sulla linea di produzione del velivolo, che ne migliorassero il raffreddamento a bassa velocità. Nel 1944 i velivoli furono inviati nel teatro bellico della guerra del Pacifico dove però divenne evidente che i problemi di surriscaldamento non erano stati risolti tanto che alcuni velivoli si incendiarono dopo il decollo.\n\nLe versioni iniziali del R-3350 erano equipaggiate con i carburatori che crearono dei problemi di miscelazione. Questi problemi a loro volta provocavano una inadeguata distribuzione della miscela.\n\nAl termine della seconda guerra mondiale venne introdotto un sistema di alimentazione ad iniezione e subito l'affidabilità del motore aumentò. Questi motori divennero i favoriti nei progetti per i grandi velivoli civili quali il Lockheed Constellation e il Douglas DC-7.\n\nIl sistema Turbo-Compound \n\nSuccessivamente, per soddisfare le richieste del mercato civile, venne studiato un dispositivo per migliorare ulteriormente il rendimento al fine di riuscire a contenere il consumo di combustibile, il sistema Turbo-Compound.\n\nQuesto dispositivo si basava sulla introduzione di tre turbine posizionate a monte dei collettori di scarico e con un sistema di ingranaggi, a differenza di quanto accadeva nei motori equipaggiati con turbocompressori, la potenza recuperata dalle turbine veniva direttamente scaricata sull'albero motore. Con questo sistema si recuperava un ulteriore 20 per cento di energia, che altrimenti sarebbe stata dispersa in calore. Da questo momento in poi inoltre l'affidabilità del motore era stata ulteriormente incrementata con una MTBO (tempo massimo prima di una revisione) posta a 3.500 ore e un SFC (consumo specifico di carburante) dell'ordine di 243 g/kWh (0,4 lb/hp.h).\n\nVersioni \n R-3350-13 : 2 200 hp (1 641 kW)\n R-3350-23 : 2 200 hp (1 641 kW)\n R-3350-24W : 2 500 hp (1 900 kW)\n R-3350-32W : 3 700 hp (2 800 kW) a 2 400 giri/min\n R-3350-53 : 2 700 hp (2 013 kW)\n R-3350-85 : 2 500 hp (1 900 kW)\n R-3350-89A : 3 500 hp (2 600 kW)\n R-3350-93W : 3 500 hp (2 600 kW)\n\nVelivoli utilizzatori \n \n Canadair CL-28 Argus\n \n Beechcraft XA-38 Grizzly\n Boeing B-29 Superfortress\n Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter\n Boeing XPBB Sea Ranger \n Consolidated B-32 Dominator\n Curtiss F14C\n Curtiss XP-62\n Douglas A-1 Skyraider\n Douglas BTD Destroyer\n Douglas DC-7\n Douglas XB-31\n Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar\n Fairchild AC-119\n Lockheed Constellation\n Lockheed P2V Neptune\n Lockheed XB-30\n Martin JRM Mars\n Martin XB-33 Super Marauder\n Martin P-5 Marlin\n Stroukoff YC-134\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia \n Bridgman, Leonard, ed. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1951-1952. London: Samson Low, Marston & Company, Ltd 1951.\n\nMotori comparabili \n \n BMW 803\n \n Bristol Centaurus\n \n Pratt & Whitney R-4360\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n\nMotori aeronautici radiali\nMotori aeronautici statunitensi", "Lanello principale (o, più raramente, anello brillante) è il secondo degli anelli di Giove in ordine di distanza dal pianeta e il più brillante. Esteso per circa 6 500 km, il suo margine esterno si interrompe bruscamente ad una distanza di circa 129 000 km dal centro del pianeta, in corrispondenza dell'inizio dell'anello Gossamer interno; il suo margine più interno sfuma invece gradualmente nell'anello di alone.\n\nL'anello principale comprende al suo interno le orbite di due satelliti naturali di Giove, Adrastea e Metis, che probabilmente costituiscono la fonte principale del materiale che lo compone.\n\nL'anello venne individuato dalla sonda spaziale statunitense Voyager 1 nel corso del sorvolo di Giove del marzo 1979; gli venne attribuita la designazione provvisoria di 1979 J2R.\n\nAspetto e struttura \nL'anello principale costituisce la porzione più brillante del sistema di anelli di Giove. Il suo confine esterno è situato ad un raggio pari a circa 129 000 km (1,806 RJ) e coincide con l'orbita del satellite interno più piccolo, Adrastea. Il suo bordo interno non è delimitato da alcun satellite ed è situato a circa 122 500 km (1,72 RJ) dal centro del pianeta. Per questo motivo l'anello ha un'estensione radiale che si aggira sui 6 500 km.\n\nL'aspetto dell'anello varia in funzione della posizione dell'osservatore rispetto alla sorgente di illuminazione (il Sole), oltre che delle proprietà di riflessione del materiale che costituisce l'anello stesso. In luce diffusa diretta la brillantezza dell'anello inizia a decrescere rapidamente a 128 600 km, poco prima dell'orbita di Adrastea, e raggiunge una luminosità paragonabile a quella del mezzo a 129 300 km, poco oltre l'orbita del satellite; per questo motivo Adrastea, a 129 000 km, funge chiaramente da \"luna pastore\", delimitando in modo netto il confine esterno dell'anello, posto a 129 100 km. La luminosità dell'anello aumenta invece man mano che si procede in direzione del pianeta e raggiunge il massimo in prossimità del centro dell'anello, ad un raggio di 126 000 km, sebbene vi sia una pronunciata lacuna (divisione) presso l'orbita di Metis, a 128 000 km. Il confine interno dell'anello, al contrario, sembra sfumare lentamente in uno spazio compreso tra 124 000 e 120 000 km, fino a fondersi con l'anello di alone. In luce diretta, comunque, tutti gli anelli di Giove appaiono particolarmente brillanti.\n\nIn luce retrodiffusa l'anello mostra una geometria complessa: appare infatti costituito da due diverse parti, intervallate da una piccola regione, posta appena oltre l'orbita di Metis, in cui la luminosità dell'anello diminuisce repentinamente, che prende il nome di divisione di Metis; all'interno dell'orbita di Metis la luminosità dell'anello incrementa con un tasso inferiore rispetto a quello in luce diretta. La parte più esterna, sottile, si estende da 128 000 a 129 000 km e include tre piccoli sotto-anelli intervallati da lacune: un piccolo anello si trova più all'interno rispetto alla lacuna centrale, poco più all'esterno dell'orbita di Metis; un secondo piccolo anello è presente poco prima dell'orbita di Adrastea, seguito da un'altra lacuna di origine sconosciuta a circa 128 500 km; un terzo piccolo anello si trova immediatamente all'esterno del confine dell'anello, delimitato dalla lacuna segnata dall'orbita di Adrastea. La porzione interna, più debole, si estende tra 122 500 e 128 000 km ed è priva di qualunque sotto-struttura visibile sia in luce diretta sia in luce retrodiffusa. Questa fine struttura è stata scoperta grazie ai dati raccolti dalla sonda Galileo ed è stata ben visualizzata dalle immagini ottenute dalla sonda New Horizons nel febbraio–marzo 2007. Tuttavia, le osservazioni condotte tramite il telescopio spaziale Hubble, dai telescopi Keck e dalla sonda Cassini non sono riuscite ad identificarla, probabilmente a causa di una risoluzione spaziale troppo bassa.\n\nOsservato in luce retrodiffusa l'anello principale appare come un sottile \"rasoio\", con uno spessore verticale inferiore a 30 km, che però tende ad aumentare (arrivando ad 80–160 km) man mano che si procede in direzione di Giove, nel punto in cui si fonde con l'anello di alone. In luce diretta, invece, appare molto più spesso (circa 300 km). Una delle principali scoperte della sonda Galileo è stata una tenue estensione dell'anello principale, spessa circa 600 km, costituita da una debole nube di materia che circonda le sue porzioni più interne. L'estensione si ispessisce in corrispondenza del confine interno dell'anello, nel punto di transizione con l'anello di alone.\n\nLe analisi dettagliate delle immagini fornite dalla sonda Galileo hanno mostrato delle variazioni longitudinali della luminosità dell'anello principale che non sembrano connesse con la geometria visuale; la sonda ha inoltre mostrato alcuni addensamenti nell'anello di dimensioni comprese tra 500 e 1000 km. Nel 2007 la New Horizons ha condotto una intensa campagna osservativa alla ricerca di nuovi satelliti all'interno dell'anello; nonostante non sia stato scoperto alcun satellite più grande di 0,5 km, le camere della sonda hanno identificato degli addensamenti di particelle dell'anello, che orbitano all'interno dell'orbita di Adrastea, in un denso ma fine anello. Che si trattasse di agglomerati e non di piccole lune lo si è dedotto dal loro aspetto esteso in maniera azimutale: essi sottendono un'area di 0,1–0,3° nell'anello, che corrisponde ad un diametro di 1000–3000 km. Gli addensamenti scoperti sono stati suddivisi in due gruppi, rispettivamente di cinque e due membri. La natura di questi accumuli non è chiara, ma le loro orbite sono in risonanza con Metis rispettivamente pari a 115:116 e 114:115.\n\nLe immagini riprese dalle sonde Galileo e New Horizons rivelano inoltre la presenza di due gruppi di increspature spiraleggianti nell'anello, che col tempo sono divenute maggiormente serrate al rateo atteso per effetto della recessione nodale differenziale (in inglese: differential nodal regression). Estrapolando all'indietro, il più prominente dei sue sistemi di oscillazioni appare essere stato generato nel 1995, in prossimità del periodo in cui il pianeta è stato interessato dall'impatto dei frammenti della cometa Shoemaker-Levy 9; l'altro invece risalirebbe alla prima metà del 1990. Le misurazione condotte nel novembre del 2006 attraverso la Galileo indicano una lunghezza d'onda di 1920 ± 150 e 630 ± 20 km, ed un'ampiezza di 2.4 ± 0.7 e 0.6 ± 0.2 km, per i due sistemi di oscillazioni, rispettivamente il maggiore ed il minore. La formazione delle oscillazioni maggiori può essere spiegata se l'anello è stato investito da una nube di particelle rilasciate dalla cometa con una massa complessiva di , che avrebbe inclinato l'anello fuori dal piano equatoriale per 2 km. Perturbazioni analoghe sono state osservate dalla sonda Cassini negli anelli C e D di Saturno.\n\nSul bordo esterno dell'anello, per circa 600 km in direzione radiale, è presente una banda più brillante del 10% rispetto al resto dell'anello; ad ogni modo le particelle che lo compongono sono così rarefatte che solo lo 0,001% della luce solare che filtra attraverso l'anello viene intercettata.\n\nCaratteristiche spettrali correlate con la distribuzione e le dimensioni delle polveri \n\nLe analisi spettroscopiche dell'anello ottenute tramite i telescopi Hubble, Keck e le sonde Galileo e Cassini hanno mostrato che le particelle che costituiscono l'anello appaiono di un colore rosso, ovvero la loro albedo è più alta a lunghezze d'onda maggiori, comprese tra 0,5 e 2,5 μm. Sino ad ora non sono state scoperte delle peculiarità spettrali attribuibili alla presenza di particolari composti chimici, sebbene le osservazioni della Cassini abbiano rilevato bande di assorbimento a 0,8 e 2,2 µm. Lo spettro dell'anello presenta comunque numerose affinità con quelli dei satelliti Adrastea e Amaltea.\n\nTali proprietà spettroscopiche sono state spiegate ipotizzando che l'anello sia composto da significative quantità di polveri le cui particelle avrebbero dimensioni comprese tra 0,1 e 10 µm e che sarebbero responsabili della maggiore intensità luminosa in luce diretta che non in retrodiffusa. Tuttavia, per esplicare l'intensa retrodiffusione e la struttura molto fine nella porzione esterna dell'anello è necessario ipotizzare la presenza di corpi di dimensioni maggiori rispetto a quella delle polveri.\n\nL'analisi della fase disponibile e dei dati spettrali ha condotto alla conclusione che la distribuzione dimensionale delle particelle nell'anello obbedisce ad una legge di potenza\n\nin cui n(r) dr è il numero delle particelle con raggio compreso tra r ed r + dr e è un parametro normalizzante scelto per farlo corrispondere con il flusso luminoso totale dell'anello. Il parametro q è 2,0 ± 0,2 per le particelle con r < 15 ± 0,3 µm, mentre vale 5 ± 1 per quelle con r > 15 ± 0,3 µm; la distribuzione dei corpi di dimensioni maggiori (comprese tra il millimetro e il chilometro) resta ancora indeterminata. La diffusione della luce in questo modello è dominata dalle particelle con r pari a circa 15 µm.\n\nQuesta legge di potenza consente di stimare la profondità ottica dell'anello: per i corpi più estesi e per le polveri. Questi valori indicano che la sezione di tutte le particelle all'interno dell'anello sia di circa 5000 km²; nella formulazione del modello si è tenuto conto dell'eventuale aspetto sferico delle particelle che costituirebbero l'anello. La massa complessiva delle polveri è stata stimata sui 107–109 kg, mentre quella degli oggetti maggiori, esclusi Metis e Adrastea, è di circa 1011–1016kg a seconda delle loro dimensioni massime (il valore-limite è stato posto intorno al km). Queste masse possono essere paragonabili con quelle dei satelliti posti all'interno del sistema di anelli: Adrastea, la cui massa è pari a circa 2 × 1015 kg, ed Amaltea, circa 2 × 1018 kg.\n\nLa presenza di due popolazioni di particelle nell'anello principale spiega perché il suo aspetto dipende dalla geometria visuale: le polveri, infatti, favoriscono la diffusione diretta, formando un anello omogeneo relativamente spesso delimitato dall'orbita di Adrastea; invece, le particelle più grandi, che favoriscono la retrodiffusione, sono confinate in piccoli anelli nella regione compresa tra le orbite di Metis e Adrastea.\n\nFormazione ed età \n\nLe polveri che costituiscono l'anello sono soggette ad un costante processo di rimozione dovuto alla combinazione dell'effetto Poynting-Robertson e delle forze elettromagnetiche della magnetosfera di Giove. I materiali volatili, ad esempio i ghiacci, sublimano rapidamente; si stima che il tempo di vita delle polveri dell'anello sia compreso tra 100 e 1000 anni, e quindi la polvere che viene a mancare deve essere continuamente sostituita grazie a quella che si origina dalle collisioni tra i corpi di dimensioni maggiori, comprese tra 1 cm e 0,5 km, e tra questi corpi e le particelle ad alta velocità provenienti dall'esterno del sistema gioviano. Questa popolazione di oggetti è confinata nella sottile (circa 1000 km) ma brillante parte esterna dell'anello principale ed include i satelliti Metis ed Adrastea. Le dimensioni di questi oggetti devono essere inferiori, stando alle rilevazioni della New Horizons, a 0,5 km; in precedenza questo limite, stando alle osservazioni del telescopio Hubble e dalla sonda Cassini, era molto più ampio, circa 4 km. La polvere prodotta nelle collisioni permane nella stessa fascia orbitale degli oggetti da cui si è originata e lentamente spiraleggia in direzione del pianeta madre, formando la parte più interna e tenue dell'anello principale e l'anello di alone.\n\nL'età dell'anello è sconosciuta, ma potrebbe costituire l'ultimo residuo di una precedente popolazione di piccoli oggetti nelle vicinanze di Giove, distrutti da reciproche collisioni e dalle forze di marea del pianeta.\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia\n\nVoci correlate \n Anelli planetari\n Anelli di Giove\n\nCorpi celesti scoperti nel 1979\nAnelli di Giove", "Gregory House è il protagonista della serie televisiva statunitense Dr. House - Medical Division, trasmessa dal 2004 al 2012. È interpretato da Hugh Laurie e doppiato in italiano da Sergio Di Stefano e, a partire dalla settima stagione, Luca Biagini.\n\nMedico geniale ma misantropo, cinico e burbero (quest'ultima parola, in inglese \"curmudgeon\", è stata scelta come una delle migliori della televisione nel 2006 in onore del personaggio), l'approccio a dir poco eterodosso che adotta nel suo lavoro è stato più volte causa di conflitto tra lui e i suoi colleghi così come la sua scarsissima empatia verso i propri pazienti, che non visita quasi mai per avere più tempo per risolvere le loro patologie.\n\nHouse è in realtà un uomo complesso non abituato a convivere con le emozioni proprie e altrui, che liquida generalmente con pungente sarcasmo, e interessato solo a risolvere i \"puzzle\" medici che i pazienti presentano; altro suo tratto caratteristico è il massiccio uso di Vicodin per gestire il dolore scaturito da un infarto al muscolo retto del quadricipite femorale della gamba destra verificatosi alcuni anni prima, infortunio che lo costringe a camminare col bastone nonostante i suoi colleghi James Wilson e Lisa Cuddy lo abbiano incoraggiato ad andare in riabilitazione varie volte.\n\nIl suo atteggiamento è in parte ispirato a quello del geniale detective dei romanzi di Arthur Conan Doyle Sherlock Holmes, col quale condivide anche l'indirizzo di casa e la tossicodipendenza (il detective era infatti dipendente dalla cocaina e dalla morfina mentre il medico dal sopracitato antidolorifico).\n\nPer tutta la serie il personaggio ha ricevuto critiche positive e qualche sporadica negativa. Tom Shales del Washington Post ha definito House \"il più elettrizzante personaggio che abbia colpito la televisione dopo anni\". Nel 2008 è stato votato il secondo dottore di una serie TV più sexy di sempre dietro a Doug Ross, interpretato da George Clooney in E.R. - Medici in prima linea. Per la sua interpretazione Hugh Laurie ha vinto vari premi tra cui due Golden Globe per il miglior attore in una serie drammatica e uno Screen Actors Guild Award per il migliore attore in una serie drammatica. Laurie si è anche guadagnato le nomination per il Primetime Emmy Award nel 2005, nel 2007 e nel 2008.\n\nDescrizione \nGregory House è il primario del reparto di medicina diagnostica del Princeton Plainsboro Teaching Hospital, ma è anche un esperto in medicina interna; è inoltre specializzato in nefrologia e malattie infettive.\n\nGrazie al suo innato talento potrebbe essere la punta di diamante del proprio ospedale, ma il suo carattere lo rende inviso ai suoi stessi pazienti e gli ha fatto rischiare più volte il licenziamento; nonostante ciò l'amministratrice dell'ospedale, la dottoressa Lisa Cuddy, ha sempre preso le sue difese rinunciando persino a un finanziamento di cento milioni di dollari offerto dal titolare di una casa farmaceutica ostile a House: la donna, infatti, pur non approvando l'approccio del suo sottoposto e cercando sempre di ricondurlo a metodi più tradizionali, nutre una profonda stima per le sue capacità e sa che licenziarlo significherebbe aumentare drasticamente il numero di vittime.\n\nHouse è un diagnosta geniale che riesce, spesso dopo diversi tentativi, a risolvere i casi clinici più complessi con delle intuizioni eccezionali, legate tanto alla medicina vera e propria quanto al concreto comportamento dei pazienti, agendo quindi più come uno scienziato della medicina che non come un medico tradizionale. Freddo, distaccato e analitico, è molto spesso offensivo e provocatorio con colleghi e pazienti e risulta totalmente disinteressato al rispetto delle più banali regole sociali (il suo psichiatra, nella sesta stagione, descrive alcuni suoi comportamenti come antisociali): questo cinismo, il sarcasmo, la pigrizia che spesso dimostra (si dedica al caso quasi esclusivamente in maniera intellettuale mentre i sottoposti agiscono, inoltre evita quasi sempre le ore di ambulatorio), il suo carattere apparentemente immaturo ed egocentrico e la tendenza a maltrattare le persone (sia per carattere sia per stimolarle) lo hanno fatto accostare anche a un altro detective letterario, Nero Wolfe.\n\nQuesta sua intrattabilità è stata accentuata dall'incidente alla gamba, tanto è vero che quando riesce ad attenuare o eliminare il dolore all'arto (come negli episodi Il significato e Il lato più tenero) risulta meno scontroso e più gentile - lo stesso Wilson, notando questi sbalzi, giunge alla conclusione che tale dolore abbia anche cause psicosomatiche - e anche il suo aspetto fisico è più curato (mentre generalmente porta la barba incolta, non indossa il camice e veste di solito jeans, giacca e magliette legate alla musica rock). Come intuisce la Cuddy, e come confessa lui stesso nell'episodio Isolamento, House tende a preferire la solitudine emotiva - a parte la particolare amicizia con Wilson - nonché a utilizzare antidolorifici e droghe per la sua difficoltà ad amare e colpisce chiunque con il suo tagliente cinismo proprio perché non è in grado di sopportare il dolore e le paure degli altri: in questo modo si difende alzando un muro, per evitare ogni sofferenza e coinvolgimento. Anticonformista e totalmente disinteressato a ciò che gli altri pensano di lui, malgrado menta spesso ritiene che dire sempre la verità, anche scomoda, faccia parte del suo lavoro.\n\nNell'episodio Linee sulla sabbia Wilson nota che House è l'unico che ha stabilito un canale di comunicazione con il bambino autistico protagonista della puntata e, scherzando con la Cuddy, ipotizza che l'amico possa essere affetto dalla sindrome di Asperger (dato che lo stesso House, nel medesimo episodio, costringe la Cuddy a rimettere nel suo ufficio la moquette sporca del suo stesso sangue, risultato di un tentativo di omicidio); la Cuddy risponde che House non ha l'Asperger ma è \"semplicemente un cretino\".\n\nCaratterizzazione \nHouse è un uomo cinico, disilluso, asociale, infelice, misantropo, eccentrico, burbero e sarcastico che si diverte a punzecchiare le persone e a prenderle in giro per le loro debolezze: in un episodio ammette apertamente di comportarsi come un bullo nei confronti del suo collaboratore Chris Taub, il quale tuttavia tiene molto a lavorare con lui data la sua genialità. Fa ampio uso di battute di umorismo nero e riesce a decifrare accuratamente le motivazioni delle persone e le loro storie dalla loro personalità e dall'apparenza pensando sempre che abbiano secondi fini (il suo motto è infatti \"tutti mentono\", in inglese \"everybody lies\").\n\nWilson afferma che mentre molti medici hanno il \"complesso del Messia\", ovvero si sentono in dovere di salvare il mondo, House ha il \"complesso di Rubik\", cioè quasi l'ossessione di scoprire la verità dietro al quadro clinico dei suoi pazienti. Secondo il libro La filosofia del Dr. House del collettivo filosofico Blitris, risolvere il puzzle è solo la prima tappa in quanto in realtà House ritiene molto importante salvare la vita del paziente avendo una \"iper-etica\" verso cui tende con azioni spesso in apparenza sbagliate ma in realtà \"al di là del bene e del male\"; questa teoria è sostenuta dal suo comportamento in episodi come Sotterfugi e Sesso assassino nei quali, nonostante sapesse già la diagnosi, ha rischiato la carriera per salvare la vita ai malati. In diversi casi rischia seriamente la propria vita per salvare il paziente (Aiutami, La testa di House, Il cuore di Wilson, anche se in questi episodi il rischio si rivela inutile e il paziente muore, e in L'ultima risorsa).\n\nIn un episodio, 97 secondi, imitando un ragazzo conosciuto in ambulatorio House si spinge all'autolesionismo infilando un coltello in una presa elettrica per provocarsi un arresto cardiaco (sapendo che, essendo in un ospedale, verrà rianimato come il ragazzo) e avere un'esperienza ai confini della morte come quella del paziente: House vorrebbe così verificare l'eventuale esistenza dell'aldilà, in cui non crede, ma durante l'incoscienza non vede nulla di rilevante. In un precedente episodio, Il caso House, parla di un'esperienza extracorporea mentre era in arresto cardiaco a causa dell'incidente alla gamba dicendo che la \"luce bianca\" è solo una reazione chimica dei neuroni ma che preferisce che sia così piuttosto che subire un ulteriore \"esame\"; in altri due, a causa dell'astinenza da Vicodin, si rompe una mano e si taglia al braccio per aumentare le endorfine. Nonostante i suoi comportamenti autodistruttivi, il suo cinismo e l'essere a favore dell'eutanasia per patologie dolorose e inguaribili, dimostra in molte occasioni di considerare la vita molto preziosa (come negli episodi Intrappolato, Resistere e Senza dolore) e considera stupida l'idea del suicidio: come dice in Una spiegazione semplice \"è meglio vivere nell'infelicità che morirne\". Dopo aver considerato l'idea del suicidio nell'episodio finale sceglie di vivere per stare accanto a Wilson nei suoi ultimi anni di vita (l'oncologo infatti si ammalerà anch'egli di cancro) e per la breve felicità che gli porta risolvere enigmi.\n\nSolitamente aspetta il più possibile prima di visitare un paziente, con cui parla talvolta di problemi esistenziali come l'esistenza di Dio o il senso della vita. È profondamente ateo e in molti episodi si dimostra estremamente critico e sarcastico verso tutte le religioni e credenze, ad esempio negli episodi House e Dio, Angeli custodi, Non cambiare mai, Sul filo dell'errore, Infedele, Corpo e anima e Piccoli sacrifici particolarmente incentrati su tematiche di questo tipo. Questo tratto irreligioso è in parte condiviso con il suo interprete Hugh Laurie. Ne Il lato più tenero grazie al metadone è riuscito a eliminare del tutto il dolore alla gamba: avendo tuttavia rischiato la vita e il posto all'ospedale ha smesso di assumerlo perché, secondo lui, l'assenza di dolore è stata la causa degli errori commessi durante l'episodio, sebbene la Cuddy ribatta sostenendo che House in realtà ha solo paura dei cambiamenti.\n\nIl personaggio ha tratti talmente particolari e inconsueti per un medico \"eroe\" di una serie televisiva che ha travalicato il mezzo stesso per approdare nella cultura popolare e mediatica, come quella del web, oltre a destare l'attenzione di filosofi (come il citato collettivo), critici letterari, perfino politici. Per la sua irriverenza e il completo disprezzo per le regole sociali è stato anche paragonato al filosofo cinico Diogene di Sinope. Varie definizioni tipologiche a lui attribuite sono state, di volta in volta (a parte quella di emulo - dichiarato - di Sherlock Holmes): «eroe byroniano», «maledetto» e «romantico» (paragonato a personaggi come Heathcliff, Edmond Dantès, Harold, Rochester), «personaggio randiano» (sebbene nell'episodio Sindrome dello specchio si dimostri favorevole alla sanità per tutti e inciti i pazienti dell'ambulatorio senza assicurazione con il pugno chiuso), «anarchico» o altre tipologie di burberi \"eroi solitari\", in lotta contro il mondo che non capisce il loro genio.\n\nStoria\n\nInfanzia e adolescenza \nGregory House è figlio di John e Blythe House ma la sua data di nascita è incerta: in Due storie risulta essere il 15 maggio 1959, come riportato sulla patente di guida, mentre in Mr. Jekyll e Dr. House il braccialetto da paziente indica l'11 giugno 1959, data di nascita di Hugh Laurie; in altri episodi viene rivelato che il suo compleanno cade tra la fine dell'autunno e l'inizio dell'inverno.\n\nIl padre era un pilota dei Marines, condizione che costringeva la famiglia a molti spostamenti: è grazie a questi viaggi che House imparò diverse lingue, dimostrando infatti di conoscere spagnolo, portoghese, cinese, giapponese, hmong e hindi. Uno dei trasferimenti li portò in Egitto, dove sviluppò un interesse particolare per l'archeologia e la caccia al tesoro mantenuto anche in età adulta; un altro soggiorno si svolse in Giappone, dove all'età di quattordici anni maturò la decisione di diventare un medico spinto dall'ammirazione verso un medico buraku che, pur appartenendo alla casta più bassa della società, veniva tenuto in grande considerazione al momento di risolvere difficili situazioni mediche nelle quali gli altri medici avevano fallito.\n\nHouse ama sua madre ma prova avversione verso suo padre: da adolescente maturò la convinzione (dimostrata dalla prova del DNA molti anni più tardi) di essere il frutto di un'unione adulterina della donna; dopo aver riferito al padre i propri sospetti, il rapporto tra i due si incrinò irreparabilmente e per questo evita i contatti con loro. Nell'episodio Giorno nuovo... stanza nuova racconta di come i suoi genitori lo lasciassero spesso con sua nonna, le cui punizioni sconfinavano in maltrattamenti come farlo dormire all'addiaccio in cortile o fargli fare il bagno nel ghiaccio; confesserà in seguito che era il padre a infliggergli tali punizioni, essendo un uomo fissato con le regole e la puntualità, e Gregory, inconsciamente o meno, basa la sua vita su degli ideali del tutto opposti.\n\nIl college \nHouse ha studiato all'Università Johns Hopkins sotto Brightman e Gilmar. Studente brillante e ormai laureato, era candidato a vincere il Doyle internship, che gli avrebbe consentito l'internato alla Mayo Clinic, ma venne cacciato per avere copiato un test (tra l'altro errato) da un suo compagno \"spione\", Phillip Weber, che tuttora schernisce con l'appellativo di \"von Lieberman\". A seguito dell'espulsione, per conseguire il dottorato si trasferì all'Università del Michigan dove conobbe Lisa Cuddy, la quale già conosceva la fama di \"leggenda\" di cui godeva nel campus. Weber vinse il Doyle internship.\n\nAmore e incidente alla gamba \nDieci anni prima della serie House aveva intrapreso una relazione con Stacy Warner, un'avvocata costituzionalista, dopo che lei gli ebbe sparato durante una partita di paintball tra medici e avvocati. Cinque anni più tardi, come narrato ne Il caso House, mentre giocava a minigolf con lei House cominciò a soffrire di dolori acuti improvvisi alla gamba destra, che non furono diagnosticati correttamente per tre giorni venendo sottovalutati dai medici (che giudicarono il collega come un tossico in cerca di una dose); lo stesso House non fu in grado all'inizio di capire la propria patologia. In realtà si era verificato un coagulo, un trombo o un embolo a un vaso sanguigno periferico, il quale aveva generato un aneurisma che a sua volta aveva portato ad ischemia e a infarto della gamba; ciò indusse alla necrosi i muscoli del quadricipite.\n\nHouse rifiutò l'intervento che poteva portare all'amputazione della gamba per scongiurare la gangrena e chiese che gli venisse applicato un bypass periferico nell'arteria ischemizzata per ripristinare la circolazione della gamba, rischiando così danni agli altri organi e l'arresto cardiaco a causa della riperfusione e rivascolarizzazione, e dichiarando di essere disposto a sopportare il forte dolore post-operatorio pur di mantenere integro l'arto. L'intervento di bypass riuscì, evitando la necessità dell'amputazione, ma lasciò House in preda a forti dolori a causa delle sostanze tossiche rilasciate dal tessuto necrotico; subì anche un arresto cardiaco di un minuto. Non essendo in grado di tollerare dosi crescenti di morfina, House chiese di essere messo in coma farmacologico per superare la fase critica del dolore e fu accontentato; durante il coma, tuttavia, Stacy decise di esercitare la sua procura medica e ribaltò la scelta del compagno per non fargli rischiare la vita: venne pertanto adottata, su suggerimento della Cuddy, una soluzione intermedia che consistette nell'asportare il solo muscolo necrotico e rimuovere il bypass. Questo diede luogo, per l'assenza del muscolo e il ritardo nell'eseguire l'intervento chirurgico con conseguente eccessiva rivascolarizzazione tossica dei tessuti vicini, alla perdita parziale dell'uso della gamba e lasciò House con un dolore muscolare cronico di minore intensità ma ugualmente serio per il resto della vita. House non perdonò Stacy: i due si lasciarono e dopo qualche anno lei sposò un professore di liceo, Mark Warner, che diverrà in seguito paziente di House. Da allora il medico non ha più avuto una relazione stabile e sebbene, nella seconda stagione, sembrava che volesse ritornare a una relazione con Stacy alla fine così non è stato.\n\nAmici e collaboratori \nHouse ha un solo grande amico, l'oncologo James Wilson, l'unico in grado di tenergli testa e, insieme alla Cuddy, la sola persona di cui House si fidi oltre a Stacy.\n\nIl suo primo team di collaboratori è composto da Eric Foreman (neurologo), Robert Chase (specializzato in terapia intensiva nonché chirurgo) e Allison Cameron (immunologa); alla fine della terza stagione, tuttavia, Foreman e Cameron si sono dimessi e House ha licenziato Chase trovandosi temporaneamente senza collaboratori.\n\nNella quarta stagione, forzato da Wilson e dalla Cuddy, House è costretto a formare una nuova squadra e, dopo una sua personale selezione, assume Lawrence Kutner (specializzato in medicina sportiva), Remy Hadley (specializzata in medicina interna) e Chris Taub, un chirurgo plastico; la Cuddy gli impone inoltre Foreman come collaboratore-sorvegliante.\n\nNella quinta stagione Kutner si suicida, tornando quindi ad avere tre collaboratori, mentre nella settima assume, per sostituire temporaneamente Tredici, Martha Masters, una laureanda in medicina, dopo aver riassunto Chase. Nell'ottava stagione House deve nuovamente rivoluzionare il team assumendo le dottoresse Park e Adams.\n\nNemici \nNel corso della serie, a causa del suo carattere e del suo atteggiamento, House finisce col farsi numerosi nemici.\n\nIl primo in ordine cronologico è Edward Vogler, un imprenditore farmaceutico che viene messo a capo del consiglio di amministrazione dell'ospedale in cambio di cento milioni di dollari per la ricerca contro cancro e AIDS. Vogler si interessa subito a House e incomincia a criticarne i metodi poco ortodossi e il rifiuto delle regole, rappresentato dal fatto che il diagnosta non indossa mai il camice, e per punire la sua arroganza Vogler impone a House di licenziare uno dei suoi medici e di intervenire a una conferenza per lodare uno dei suoi farmaci. Dopo che il medico si rifiuta di fare entrambe le cose, Vogler ne propone il licenziamento al CDA ma la strenua opposizione di Wilson e Cuddy convince il consiglio a rifiutare e a rinunciare a Vogler e al suo finanziamento, per evitare che la sua presenza influisca sul salvataggio delle vite umane che rimane il principale obiettivo dell'ospedale.\n\nIn Mr. Jekyll e Dr. House, episodio finale della seconda stagione, un uomo di nome Jack Moriarty (stesso cognome del principale avversario di Sherlock Holmes) spara a House: in seguito si scopre che questi era il marito di una donna, paziente del diagnosta, suicidatasi dopo che questi le aveva rivelato una scappatella del marito.\n\nUn altro dei principali antagonisti della serie è il detective Michael Tritter: l'uomo appare per la prima volta nella terza stagione, nell'episodio Pazzi d'amore, in cui si presenta all'ospedale per un controllo di routine e, dopo essere stato insultato per il suo atteggiamento insistente e fastidioso, viene umiliato con un termometro rettale. Il detective si vendica sul diagnosta facendolo arrestare per possesso illegale di Vicodin e indagando sulla dipendenza da quest'ultimo che ha sviluppato negli anni: in questo modo Tritter conduce House in tribunale con il tentativo di revocarne la licenza medica, ma una falsa testimonianza di Cuddy permetterà ancora una volta al diagnosta di salvarsi e di vincere la sua personale crociata contro il detective, che dopo questa sconfitta si scuserà finalmente con House per poi sparire definitivamente.\n\nUn ultimo caso di antagonismo può essere rappresentato dalla dottoressa Amber Volakis, che appare nella quarta stagione tra i potenziali nuovi membri del team di House. Amber diventa subito oggetto di critiche e insulti da parte di House, che già dal secondo episodio la ribattezza \"bastarda tagliagole\" a causa del suo atteggiamento e della sua ossessiva voglia di primeggiare, benché sia affascinato in un certo modo da lei. Dopo il fidanzamento della dottoressa con Wilson il rapporto tra i due si inasprisce: Amber, infatti, cerca di evitare il più possibile l'incontro tra i due amici al punto da arrivare a dividere i giorni della settimana con House per permettere a entrambi di vederlo. Anche dopo la morte alla fine della quarta stagione (cosa che causa sensi di colpa ad House), Amber continua a tormentare House sotto forma di allucinazione al punto da costringerlo a frequentare una clinica di disintossicazione al termine della quinta stagione. Dopo la disintossicazione Amber è sparita definitivamente dalla serie salvo nelle fotografie che Wilson tiene in casa e, come allucinazione, in una breve apparizione nel finale di serie mentre House è sotto gli effetti dell'eroina.\n\nRelazione con la Cuddy \nHouse intraprende una relazione con la Cuddy, con cui ha sempre avuto un particolare rapporto, a partire dalla fine della sesta stagione fino alla metà della settima: i due si lasciano nell'episodio Hollywood, Hollywood, quando lui torna a far uso di Vicodin per affrontare la paura che la dottoressa possa avere il cancro; per provocare la Cuddy House sposa Dominika Petrova, una ragazza dell'Europa dell'Est a cui serve la green card per restare negli Stati Uniti.\n\nNell'episodio Nella notte House sperimenta illegalmente un farmaco non testato per rigenerare i muscoli, ma si provoca dei tumori alla gamba; dopo aver tentato di asportarli da solo, è costretto a chiedere aiuto alla Cuddy che lo fa operare d'urgenza in un altro ospedale: in seguito a ciò House si illude di poter ricominciare il rapporto ma la Cuddy rifiuta.\n\nIn Andare avanti, infine, un House in collera, fraintendendo le parole di Wilson, sfonda la facciata dell'abitazione dell'ex fidanzata con la sua macchina, entrando in soggiorno mentre lei è in cucina con gli amici e la sorella, per poi lasciare il Paese, in quanto presumibilmente ricercato dalla polizia e rimane in latitanza per tre mesi su una spiaggia tropicale. Nell'ottava stagione House sconta in prigione una pena per danneggiamento ma dopo nove mesi Foreman, nuovo amministratore dell'ospedale al posto della Cuddy, che ha lasciato il lavoro e la città, lo fa uscire \"sulla parola\" alla fine del primo episodio perché ne ha bisogno per effettuare le diagnosi.\n\nLa partenza di House \nNell'ultima stagione House rischia molte volte di tornare in prigione ma poi scopre che Wilson ha un cancro in fase terminale; nel frattempo tenta anche una convivenza con Dominika, che si conclude infelicemente a causa del fatto che House le ha nascosto la green card per farla rimanere più a lungo con lui.\n\nIl diagnosta rimane poi completamente sconvolto dalla ormai prossima morte di Wilson: l'oncologo la giudica inevitabile (dato che l'operazione sarebbe inutile perché il tumore non si è ridotto nemmeno con una dose pesante di chemioterapia) e non vuole cure per allungarsi la vita di un anno o poco più, avendo paura di soffrire troppo. A causa di questo House prima prova a convincere l'amico dicendogli che potrebbe vivere due o tre anni, poi prova vari espedienti e infine getta nel water i biglietti per l'hockey regalati da Foreman e arriva ad aggredire un paziente che voleva suicidarsi (nel quale vede un'analogia con Wilson); a causa dello scherzo i bagni dell'ospedale si intasano e crolla un soffitto, così che i pompieri avvertono la polizia e l'agente per la libertà vigilata di House, che nel frattempo ha accettato la decisione di Wilson, ma dovrà così scontare i sei mesi restanti della sua pena in prigione. Sapendo che all'amico restano circa cinque mesi di vita e lui non potrà confortarlo e stare con lui, nonostante tutti i suoi sforzi, House è disperato e scompare ritrovandosi poi in un edificio in fiamme in overdose di eroina. House viene coinvolto nell'incendio e viene dichiarato morto.\n\nSarà il solo Wilson a sapere la verità (probabilmente intuita da Foreman), quando House gli manda un sms mentre l'oncologo sta tenendo, con gli altri, l'elogio funebre dello stesso House. Quindi, nella stessa puntata Tutti muoiono, la serie si conclude con il medico che riesce a inscenare la sua morte, avendo scambiato le schede dentarie con quelle di un suo paziente eroinomane morto di overdose nello stesso palazzo, poi trovato carbonizzato e creduto lo stesso Greg. House, infine, parte in moto con l'amico, per stargli accanto negli ultimi mesi di vita, dopo aver affermato, in contrapposizione col passato («Le persone non cambiano»), che può cambiare ed è deciso a provarci. Wilson si preoccupa del cancro, ma House gli risponde che \"il cancro è noioso\" prima di partire entrambi con le moto.\n\nLa dipendenza da Vicodin \nGià dall'inizio della prima stagione House è un accanito consumatore di Vicodin, un oppiaceo che gli permette di sopportare il dolore cronico dovuto alla gamba.\n\nIl primo episodio totalmente incentrato su questa caratteristica è l'undicesimo, Disintossicarsi, in cui House, per dimostrare alla Cuddy di poter sopravvivere una settimana senza il medicinale, soffre di crisi d'astinenza e arriva a rompersi da solo una mano pur di alleviare il dolore insopportabile.\n\nLa dipendenza da Vicodin torna protagonista nel corso della terza stagione, durante la quale il detective Michael Tritter cerca di far arrestare House per possesso illegale di stupefacenti, indagando sulla massiccia dose di oppiacei presenti nella sua casa.\n\nLa stagione in cui il medicinale diventa assoluto protagonista è però la quinta, durante la quale l'assunzione esagerata porta House (a partire dagli episodi Salvatori e House diviso) ad avere un episodio di psicosi dove perde parzialmente contatto con la realtà, con allucinazioni visive in cui comunica con il suo subconscio, rappresentato prima da Amber e poi da Kutner. House inoltre confonde le patologie dei pazienti e immagina cose mai avvenute come una disintossicazione dal Vicodin e l'essere andato a letto con la Cuddy (episodi Sotto la mia pelle e Ora ambedue le parti).\n\nL'aggravarsi di tali problematiche finisce col preoccupare House al punto di decidere di affrontare un lungo e difficile processo di riabilitazione, narrato nei particolari durante il primo doppio episodio della sesta serie Piegato. Durante la permanenza in ospedale psichiatrico, House fa insolitamente amicizia con alcuni pazienti e ha una relazione sentimentale con una donna tedesca, cognata di una paziente, ma alla fine lei decide di seguire il marito. Uscito dall'istituto, House è disintossicato e vive temporaneamente a casa di Wilson.\n\nInizialmente, per evitare le vecchie abitudini, vorrebbe abbandonare la professione di medico ospedaliero per dedicarsi solo alla ricerca medica di laboratorio, ma alla fine torna a fare il dottore al Plainsboro, assumendo ibuprofene al posto del Vicodin, pur rischiando una ricaduta nell'episodio finale della sesta stagione Aiutami, dove inizia la relazione con la Cuddy che finirà nella stagione successiva. Dal terzo episodio della sesta stagione, infatti, non assume più il Vicodin e la sua tossicodipendenza sembra essere apparentemente stata sconfitta in maniera definitiva, fino alla metà della settima stagione in cui House ricomincia ad assumere l'antidolorifico.\n\nConcezione e creazione \nHugh Laurie descrive House come un personaggio che rifiuta di \"obbedire alle usuali regole della vita moderna\" e si aspetta sempre di trovare una rara diagnosi quando cura un paziente. Essendo il protagonista, molti aspetti della sua personalità sono l'opposto di quelli che ci si potrebbe aspettare da un dottore. Il produttore Katie Jacobs vede House come un personaggio statico che è abituato a vivere nell'infelicità. Jacobs ha affermato anche che il dottor Wilson, il suo unico amico nello show, e House evitano entrambi relazioni mature, cosa che però li porta a stare più vicini. Robert Sean Leonard ha detto che Wilson è l'unico dei pochi che volontariamente ha delle relazioni con House, in quanto il suo personaggio è libero di criticarlo.\n\nNonostante sia un personaggio sarcastico e apparentemente diffidente, Lisa Edelstein afferma che in realtà House è fiducioso della gente che lo circonda. Edelstein pensa che questa caratteristica si mostri specialmente durante la terza stagione, durante la quale la carriera da medico di House si trova a repentaglio a causa del detective Michael Tritter, che l'arresta per possesso di narcotici dopo che House l'ha maltrattato, esibendo poi davanti al poliziotto in borghese la sua tossicodipendenza. I guai del dottore finiscono quando Lisa Cuddy commette falsa testimonianza durante la sua udienza.\n\nI giochi con il bastone che si vedono durante la serie sono un'idea dello stesso Laurie. Nell'episodio pilota, House tiene il bastone nello stesso lato della gamba infortunata; il creatore David Shore ha spiegato: «Molta gente si sente più comoda tenendo il bastone dalla parte del braccio dominante, il che è accettabile».\n\nUn aspetto curioso riguarda il padre di House, John House (interpretato da R. Lee Ermey), ex pilota dei Marines con cui House ha cattivi rapporti in quanto molto severo. Nella realtà l'attore è stato veramente un ufficiale dei marines, inoltre ha interpretato il ruolo del durissimo sergente maggiore Hartman nel film di Stanley Kubrick sulla guerra del Vietnam Full Metal Jacket.\n\nParallelismo con Sherlock Holmes \n\nIl personaggio di House è in parte ispirato al detective Sherlock Holmes. Il nome \"House\" gioca per esempio su quello di \"Holmes\" (un'omofonia appunto). Leonard (Wilson nella serie TV, tra l'altro altra omofonia con Watson) ha dichiarato che House e il suo personaggio avrebbero dovuto inizialmente avere i ruoli di Sherlock Holmes e John Watson nella serie, benché creda che il team di House abbia ormai assunto il ruolo di Watson. House è dipendente da Vicodin e sperimenta altre droghe, mentre Holmes ha il vizio della cocaina e degli oppiacei e fuma regolarmente la pipa. Entrambi hanno una grande accuratezza nel decifrare le intenzioni della gente e le loro storie dagli aspetti della loro personalità e dall'aspetto. Entrambi vivono al numero civico 221 appartamento B.\nUn'altra similitudine, presente più sul piano comportamentale, è l'abitudine di entrambi di analizzare profondamente e completamente le persone, ignorando però le loro emozioni e i loro sentimenti.\n\nCast \n\nPrima dell'audizione per il ruolo di House, Hugh Laurie stava girando Il volo della fenice in Namibia. L'attore si presentò con l'intenzione di provare sia per il ruolo di Gregory House sia per quello di James Wilson. Quando però lesse che sarebbe stato un \"bel personaggio a faccia scoperta\", decise di fare l'audizione esclusivamente per il ruolo di House. Dopo aver visto alcuni provini per l'episodio pilota, Bryan Singer si sentì frustrato e rifiutò attori britannici a causa del loro difettoso accento statunitense. Ma, quando vide la prova Laurie, non sapendo chi fosse, Singer fu entusiasta del suo accento. Lo scambiò per un attore statunitense e lo prese come il maggior esempio di accento americano. Laurie inizialmente credeva che James Wilson sarebbe stato il protagonista della serie dopo aver letto una breve descrizione del personaggio e scoprì che lo sarebbe stato invece House solo quando lesse l'intero copione dell'episodio pilota. Prima dell'inizio delle riprese, i produttori furono però allarmati del fatto che Laurie mancasse di sex appeal verso i telespettatori. Durante le prime due stagioni, l'attore guadagnò 100.000 dollari per episodio. Nelle stagioni 3 e 4 lo stipendio passò da 275.000 a 300.000 dollari. Nel 2008, TV Guide ha riportato che Laurie verrà pagato 400.000 dollari a episodio dall'inizio della quinta stagione.\n\nPassioni e altre abilità \n\nHouse dimostra di avere numerose passioni e qualità inattese, che denotano la poliedricità di questo personaggio.\n\nCome detto, House è poliglotta. Nella terza stagione, durante la cura di un paziente dotato di straordinarie capacità musicali, House lascia intuire che fin dai tempi del liceo coltiva una grande passione per la musica. Difatti egli è un ottimo musicista e polistrumentista (come il suo interprete Hugh Laurie che è anche un cantautore): sin dai primi episodi lo si vede suonare il pianoforte e, più avanti, la chitarra, prima acustica e poi elettrica, precisamente possiede una Gibson Flying V d'epoca. House suona anche l'armonica a bocca e l'organo Hammond. Nella quinta stagione è possibile vederlo impegnato in un assolo di blues con una Gibson Les Paul Standard del 1959, accompagnato da un investigatore privato, che siede al pianoforte nella casa del dottore. Ma a House non piace solamente suonare, egli ascolta anche molto la musica, in particolare rock, jazz e blues, e infatti nel proprio studio ha un vero e proprio impianto stereo dotato di giradischi, per la precisione un Sota Star, mentre quando è in movimento ha spesso un iPod. I prodotti di Apple (uno degli sponsor della serie) rappresentano un'altra delle passioni di House, il quale possiede un iPod, un iPod shuffle e sottrae temporaneamente l'iPhone del collega, il dottor James Wilson. Infine possiede un MacBook Pro, famoso notebook Apple. Quelli di Apple non sono gli unici dispositivi che usa: di tanto in tanto, per aiutarsi nella concentrazione, lo si vede giocare con un Game Boy Advance, un Nintendo DS, una PSP o una Xbox 360.\n\nDurante lo studio del caso clinico, lo aiuta riflettere sulle diagnosi il vedere la soap opera General Hospital. Nella quarta stagione giunge a rapire il protagonista della soap opera immaginaria Prescription Passion, perché convinto che egli sia malato, come infatti si scoprirà. La visione di queste telenovelas sarà anche merce di scambio per House, che baratterà favori per ottenere televisioni per il proprio studio.\n\nNonostante la menomazione adora le moto e, dopo averne agognata una a lungo, acquista una Honda CBR 1000RR, che guida con perizia, riponendo il suo bastone nello zaino o incastrandolo lungo la carenatura. Nella terza stagione, House supera di 20 kilometri orari il limite di velocità con la sua moto, ció lo porta ad essere arrestato per la prima volta dal Detective Michael Tritter. Proprio allo scopo indossa un giubbino di pelle nera, dal quale si separa solo in poche occasioni.\n\nLe sue particolari doti di lettura di chi ha di fronte gli permettono di essere un ottimo giocatore di poker. Nella seconda stagione, durante una partita di poker, manovrando Wilson, riesce a tenere lontano la dottoressa Lisa Cuddy, suo capo. Egli, infatti, tramite il comportamento della dottoressa, ne interpreta la mano di carte e suggerisce il gioco all'amico così da poter prolungare la partita. Analogamente, nella terza stagione dimostra di essere un ottimo giocatore di scacchi, quando, per stressare un paziente esperto giocatore di scacchi, lo sfida in una partita che sembra volgere a favore del paziente stesso, ma che vince solo grazie a un bluff.\n\nNonostante non badi molto al suo aspetto fisico indossa sempre un paio di scarpe Nike, anche se qualche volta lo si può vedere indossare delle Converse All-Stars. Curiosa è la scena in cui il dottor Eric Foreman insieme con House sono all'interno di un ascensore mentre osservano le rispettive scarpe dello stesso modello, a sottolineare la propria somiglianza. In un'altra occasione, proprio a causa delle scarpe che indossa, allontana un'aspirante collaboratrice, nonostante l'avvenenza di costei, perché è dell'idea che le scarpe debbano essere comode e quelle con il tacco a spillo non lo siano.\n\nÈ appassionato di Monster Truck e di Wrestling, tant'è che durante un episodio della terza stagione, per prendere in giro Allison Cameron, pronuncia una frase usata dal famoso wrestler The Rock: («If ya smell what The Rock is cookin'», \"Se senti l'odore di quello che cucina The Rock\"). In un'altra occasione si dichiara implicitamente ammiratore di André the Giant, celebre wrestler francese e lottatore di catch giapponese del passato.\n\nAll'inizio della terza stagione, durante il periodo in cui non fa uso di Vicodin, si può intendere che avrebbe la passione della corsa, se potesse praticarla; infatti, nei primi giorni di lavoro percorre il tragitto da casa all'ospedale interamente di corsa.\n\nHouse fa spesso riferimenti espliciti al consumo di materiale pornografico; inoltre frequenta regolarmente prostitute. Ha anche una escort preferita, con cui è amico.\n\nNel campo professionale, una delle sue grandi passioni è la fisica, infatti in un'occasione (primo episodio dell'ottava stagione, Venti Vicodin per la vita) ha anche affermato che se non facesse più il medico gli piacerebbe studiare la teoria della materia oscura, dato che è una teoria ancora non confermata e lui ama dare una spiegazione ai casi irrisolti, e che vorrebbe laurearsi in questa materia e insegnarla in qualche università.\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia\n\nVoci correlate \n Dr. House - Medical Division\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n\nPersonaggi di Dr. House - Medical Division\nMedici immaginari\nPersonaggi immaginari con disabilità\nMusicisti immaginari", "Serenity è un film di fantascienza del 2005, diretto da Joss Whedon. È la conclusione della serie televisiva fantawestern Firefly, e fornisce dettagli circa l'universo in essa descritto.\n\nIl film, costato 40 milioni di dollari, è stato distribuito nelle sale cinematografiche per la prima volta in Australia il 29 settembre 2005 e negli Stati Uniti il giorno successivo. Malgrado il successo iniziale al botteghino durante le prime due settimane, il film ha riguadagnato i costi solo attraverso le successive vendite del DVD.\n\nLa pellicola ha ricevuto numerosi premi di settore, tra cui Nebula, Hugo e Prometheus.\n\nTrama \nAvanti di 500 anni nel futuro, l'Alleanza, superpotenza nata dalla fusione tra USA e Cina, ha vinto la guerra civile contro le Colonie. Una giovane di nome River Tam sembra essere la maggiore promessa nel gruppo di giovani mentalmente e fisicamente condizionati dagli scienziati dell'Alleanza. Il fratello di River, Simon, giovane e brillante medico, riesce a liberare la sorella e a fuggire con lei a bordo della \"Serenity\", una nave trasporto della classe \"Firefly\", capitanata da Malcolm \"Mal\" Reynolds, un disilluso veterano che ha combattuto, dalla parte dei perdenti, la guerra civile tra pianeti.\n\nMal sbarca fortunosamente il lunario compiendo piccoli crimini e trasportando passeggeri e merci (senza fare troppe domande). È a capo di un equipaggio esiguo ed eclettico, litigioso, insubordinato, ma fedele fino alla morte e che per lui è quanto di più vicino ad una famiglia.\n\nRiver mostra subito i suoi poteri telepatici e precognitivi durante una rapina svolta dal gruppo di Mal profittando dell'Adorazione della domenica. L'equipaggio però, abituato a navigare clandestinamente ai margini del sistema, si trova improvvisamente intrappolato tra l'inarrestabile forza militare dell'Alleanza e i Reavers, dei barbari selvaggi e antropofagi che vagano ai limiti dello spazio. Ricercato da nemici completamente differenti, ma ugualmente pericolosi, l'equipaggio scopre presto che il pericolo più grande potrebbe essere proprio a bordo della stessa Serenity e teme per la propria incolumità. River, la giovane ricercata, si dimostra imprevedibile, pericolosa e letale, malgrado le cure del fratello. Sbarcata poco dopo la rapina su un secondo pianeta, la mente sconvolta della ragazza viene misteriosamente attivata da uno spot televisivo trasmesso in un bar, e in un attimo si scatena in una furia omicida che solo il fratello è in grado di bloccare pronunciando una frase chiave che la fa cadere immediatamente in un sonno profondo.\n\nLa colluttazione nel bar è però ripresa dalle telecamere e Mal contatta un famoso hacker, Mr. Universe, il quale è specializzato nel catturare i segnali dei flussi video trasmessi tra i mondi. Mr. Universe scopre che lo spot televisivo contiene in realtà un messaggio subliminale messo \"in rete\" dall'Alleanza con il preciso scopo di provocare la reazione della ragazza e quindi poterla localizzare. Ad ogni modo, rivedendo il video ci si accorge che un attimo prima di reagire la ragazza sussurra la parola \"Miranda\" (che si scoprirà essere il nome di un pianeta non tracciato).\n\nIl capitano Reynolds, deciso a liberarsi dei due fratelli, inizia, tuttavia, a capire che in River c'è molto più di una cavia fuggita dal laboratorio. Ma sulle loro tracce si pone un temibile agente operativo dell'Alleanza, un uomo senza alcuna pietà, esaltato da una perversa fede nel sistema più che in Dio, che cinicamente nomina spesso il peccato, ma considera opportuna ogni azione pur di raggiungere i fini che l'Alleanza si prefigge.\n\nRifugiatosi con la ciurma su Haven e ospitato del pastore cristiano Book, Mal viene contattato da Inara, ex membro della Serenity, che con l'evidente pretesto di offrirgli un lavoro, lo invita a recarsi presso il suo santuario buddista. Mal comprende che si tratta di una trappola, tuttavia vi si reca comprendendo che la donna è in pericolo. Infatti qui incontra l'agente operativo dell'Alleanza e ne scopre la micidialità tant'è che dopo i convenevoli di presentazione i due hanno uno scontro fisico durante il quale il capitano ha la peggio ma riesce a fuggire con l'aiuto di Inara.\n\nMal e gli altri ignorano le ragioni per cui l'Alleanza stia cercando di catturare River. Nel frattempo l'agente operativo che li segue inizia a uccidere tutti i loro contatti per fare terra bruciata attorno all'equipaggio della Serenity. Al ritorno da Book, Mal scopre infatti che la sua piccola comunità, incluso il pastore stesso, è stata sterminata, così come tutti quelli che conoscono e a cui avrebbero potuto chiedere aiuto. Malcolm viene contattato dall'agente e questi si dispiace per le uccisioni commesse ma le giustifica come perdite accettabili per un bene più grande. Il gruppo della Serenity, ormai senza più rifugi, decide di rischiare il tutto per tutto e salpa per il pianeta Miranda ma lo spazio di fronte ad esso pullula di Reavers errabondi. Al fine di raggiungere la destinazione senza destare l'attenzione dei cannibali, la nave viene camuffata in modo macabro coi cadaveri di Haven e della vernice rossa al posto del sangue.\n\nIl piano funziona e la Serenity atterra su Miranda. In una città il gruppo rinviene un video registrato che rivela il motivo per cui l'Alleanza sta cercando River: su Miranda non è fallita la terraformazione come ufficialmente l'Alleanza vuol far credere, bensì è fallito un esperimento sociale con il quale si voleva eliminare artificialmente la violenza e creare quindi una popolazione laboriosa, pacifica e soprattutto obbediente. Infatti il gas utilizzato a tal proposito ha causato il coma del 90% della popolazione (che poi sarebbe morta di fame e sete), mentre il restante 10% esce di senno e si scatena contro i pochi scienziati del progetto sopravvissuti con una primitiva violenza senza freni. Questi esseri umani brutali sarebbero stati conosciuti in seguito come Reavers.\n\nConvinto di dover diffondere il video in broadcast totale a tutti i mondi conosciuti al fine di rendere pubblico quanto l'Alleanza vuol invece insabbiare, Mal contatta Mr. Universe in cerca di aiuto, ma ignora che egli è già stato raggiunto dall'agente operativo e che sta parlando sotto minaccia armata. Sospettando tuttavia di poter cadere in una trappola, Mal fa volutamente fuoco su una nave dei Reavers poco prima di uscire dal loro spazio in modo che la flotta lo insegua. Presso il pianeta di Mr. Universe la flotta dell'Alleanza si prepara a fare fuoco sulla Serenity ma viene colta alla sprovvista dall'arrivo delle imbarcazioni dei Reavers che la inseguono: tra i due eserciti scoppia una battaglia senza esclusione di colpi. In mezzo alla confusione l'Alleanza non riesce a intercettare la nave di Mal. L'agente operativo fugge in una capsula di salvataggio poco prima che il suo vascello salti in aria. La discesa sul pianeta e l'atterraggio della Serenity non vanno al meglio poiché viene colpita da un raggio a impulsi elettromagnetici che ne arresta i motori non lasciandole altro che la sola possibilità di planare. L'equipaggio sopravvive all'impatto con la pista ma l'imbarcazione è ormai è ridotta a un rottame. I Reavers sferrano un nuovo attacco e uccidono il pilota Wash.\n\nMentre l'equipaggio trattiene i nemici che si scagliano in massa su di loro, Mal si reca nello \"studio\" di Mr. Universe, rinvenendone però il cadavere tra le apparecchiature distrutte. Tuttavia, prima di spirare, Mr. Universe aveva lasciato un audio messaggio al suo droide, in modo che Mal sapesse dell'esistenza di un'unità alternativa per comunicare con tutti i pianeti. Giunto lì, trova l'agente ad aspettarlo e tra loro si accende una lotta all'ultimo sangue.\n\nNel frattempo i Reaver hanno quasi sopraffatto i superstiti della Serenity bloccati in un lungo corridoio la cui unica porta di accesso non permette una chiusura totale e ciò permette ai cannibali di sparare colpendo Zoe, Kaylee e Simon. A quel punto River corre verso i Reavers, recupera il kit medico del fratello, glielo lancia e sigilla ermeticamente la porta per poi ingaggiare una sanguinosa lotta da sola contro i nemici.\n\nFrattanto, seppur con grande difficoltà Mal ha avuto la meglio sull'agente, e riesce a inviare il messaggio mentre l'avversario è legato e costretto a guardarlo. Il capitano ritorna dal suo equipaggio, viene aperta la porta della stanza e si scopre che River, sfruttando questa volta coscientemente le sue abilità di combattimento, ha fatto una carneficina dei Reavers. La parete dietro di lei viene però abbattuta con delle cariche ed entrano le truppe dell'Alleanza. Riconoscendosi sconfitto, l'agente ordina via radio ai soldati di abbassare le armi, capendo che ulteriori uccisioni sono inutili poiché il messaggio è stato inviato ai quattro angoli dell'universo conosciuto.\n\nL'operativo, scosso dalla verità ed ormai disilluso, scambia qualche parola con Mal e lo avvisa che farà il possibile per non gettare su di lui una cattiva luce al cospetto del Parlamento dell'Alleanza, ma nel contempo gli intima di non abbassare la guardia perché altri verranno a cercarlo.\n\nInfine, l'equipaggio della Serenity rimette in sesto la nave, seppellisce in tombe commemorative ologrammatiche gli amici caduti e parte verso nuovi orizzonti.\n\nProduzione \nLe riprese si sono svolte dal 3 giugno 2004 al 26 agosto 2004.\n\nIl regista ha dichiarato che:\n\nAccoglienza \n\nNonostante le critiche generalmente positive e i buoni incassi al botteghino durante il primo fine settimana (oltre 10 milioni di dollari), al cinema il film ha ricavato meno delle aspettative, circa 39 milioni di dollari in totale, grossomodo pari ai costi di produzione, guadagnando solo con la vendita del DVD.\n\nPer spingere la casa di produzione (la Universal) a considerare l'idea di un sequel, i fan di Firefly si sono mobilitati organizzando una campagna di acquisto del DVD il 23 giugno 2006, compleanno di Joss Whedon, che in questo giorno ha raggiunto il secondo posto della classifica di Amazon.com. In seguito il DVD USA è rimasto per parecchie settimane al primo posto nelle vendite di Amazon. Ad aumentare le vendite del DVD hanno inoltre contribuito i numerosi premi di settore che sono stati assegnati al film.\n\nRiconoscimenti \nSerenity ha vinto i premi come film dell'anno del Film 2005 e FilmFocus. Ha vinto inoltre i premi di IGN Film come miglior film di fantascienza, migliore storia e migliore trailer, concorrendo anche per il miglior film. Ha vinto inoltre il Premio Nebula per la migliore sceneggiatura nel 2005, la settima edizione dei \"User Tomato Awards\" come miglior film di fantascienza del 2005 di Rotten Tomatoes, il premio \"viewers choice\" 2006 degli Spacey Award per il film preferito, il premio Hugo 2006 per la miglior presentazione drammatica in forma lunga e il premio speciale Prometheus 2006.\n\nNel marzo 2007 un sondaggio online del sito della rivista britannica SFX ha inaspettatamente collocato Serenity come migliore film di fantascienza della storia, davanti a titoli decisamente più blasonati quali Guerre stellari, Blade Runner o 2001: Odissea nello spazio. Pur non avendo il sondaggio alcun valore statistico, la notizia ha suscitato un certo clamore, conquistando spazio su alcuni dei più importanti quotidiani internazionali e, di conseguenza, proiettando verso l'alto le vendite del DVD del film.\n\nNote\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n\nFilm basati su serie televisive\nFilm diretti da Joss Whedon\nFilm postapocalittici\nFilm sceneggiati da Joss Whedon", "Man of Steel (The Man of Steel) è una miniserie a fumetti di sei numeri pubblicati tra ottobre e dicembre 1986 con cadenza quindicinale dalla DC Comics, alcuni mesi dopo l'uscita di Crisi sulle Terre infinite.\n\nLa DC Comics decise di affidare il compito di riscrivere la storia di Superman a John Byrne, famoso sceneggiatore e disegnatore di fumetti britannico ma attivo e residente negli Stati Uniti d'America. L'autore decise di avvalersi della collaborazione ai disegni dell'esperto Dick Giordano, che realizzò l'inchiostrazione di tutti i numeri dell'opera.\n\nNasce così la mini-serie Man of Steel (in italiano uomo d'acciaio) nella quale Byrne - senza dimenticare il suo motto back to the basics! (ritorno alle origini!) riscrive la storia del celebre supereroe. La serie costituisce uno dei primi esempi di prodotto editoriale con una copertina alternatina, la cosiddetta variant.\n\nMan of Steel è considerata un punto di riferimento della continuity di Superman e della DC Comics.\n\nLa serie è stata tradotta in Italia prima sulle pagine dell'inserto della rivista Corto Maltese sul finire degli anni ottanta, poi riedita dalla casa editrice romana Play Press all'inizio degli anni novanta prima sul mensile American Heroes e poi raccolta in un volume brossurato, omologo di quelli statunitensi.\nNel 2006 è stata ristampata in un volume edito da Arnoldo Mondadori Editore nella collana Oscar e nei primi due numeri della serie Le avventure di Superman edita da Planeta DeAgostini.\n\nTrama\n\nFuga da Krypton \nPianeta Krypton.\nGli abitanti del pianeta hanno raggiunto un grado di sviluppo sociale e scientifico tale da concepire i figli senza rapporti sessuali, bensì in provetta.\n\nJor-El, futuro padre di Kal-El, scopre che una reazione atomica dentro il nucleo del pianeta Krypton è la responsabile della \"peste verde\", il male radioattivo che sta uccidendo milioni di abitanti. Jor-El si rende anche conto che, in conseguenza di ciò, il pianeta Krypton è destinato ad esplodere e per questo ordina ai suoi droidi servitori di rimuovere la camera di gestazione che contiene il feto di Kal-El dalla matrice.\n\nLa moglie Lara non comprende il comportamento di Jor-El. Ma oramai il tempo scarseggia, poiché il pianeta è vicino alla fine, ed il razzo con iper-guida contenente la camera di gestazione di Kal-El, viene lanciato verso la Terra, pianeta che Jor-El ha scelto per la salvezza del figlio, poiché i kryptoniani, se esposti ai raggi del suo sole giallo, sviluppano poteri inimmaginabili.\n\nIl pianeta Krypton esplode violentemente. Prima che il razzo entri nell'iperspazio, un singolo pezzo di kryptonite, le cui radiazioni sono letali per chi è originario di Krypton, si attacca alla navicella che sparisce in lampo di luce, in rotta verso la Terra.\n\nL'uomo d'acciaio cresce sulla Terra \nClark Kent, un adolescente di Smallville, nel Kansas, vince praticamente da solo una partita di football americano della squadra locale, di cui è la stella.\n\nLe ragazze e gli amici fanno il tifo per Clark, l'asso del football di Smallville, ma l'agricoltore Jonathan Kent, il padre adottivo di Clark, non sembra entusiasta.\n\nA fine partita Jonathan Kent porta il giovane Clark in un campo di sua proprietà e gli mostra il razzo spaziale nel quale, anni addietro, lui e sua moglie Martha, trovarono il piccolo Clark, praticamente un neonato.\n\nClark, che ha 18 anni, scopre dunque per la prima volta di non essere figlio naturale dei Kent. Il padre adottivo Jonathan racconta al figlio come, nel corso degli anni, lui e la moglie si resero conto delle incredibili capacità del loro figlio adottivo, e insieme ricordano la scoperta dei poteri più significativi, dall'invulnerabilità al volo.\n\nClark, esaminando il razzo spaziale, ha un mancamento. Jonathan Kent lo attribuisce allo shock emotivo ma in realtà esso è dovuto alle radiazioni del pezzo di kryptonite ancora attaccato allo scafo della nave spaziale.\n\nPochi giorni dopo il giovane Clark, rivela alla sua fidanzatina, Lana Lang, di avere strani superpoteri. La porta a fare un volo sopra il Kansas, poi la riporta a Smallville e la saluta, dicendole che è in procinto di partire per un lungo viaggio, forse anche alla ricerca di sé stesso.\n\nSuperman \nIl giovane Clark Kent si è messo a girare il mondo, usando in segreto i suoi superpoteri per aiutare la dove c'è bisogno. Ma un giorno, mentre Clark si trova a Metropolis per assistere al volo di collaudo di un nuovo Shuttle della NASA, qualcosa va storto.\n\nLa navetta spaziale rischia di precipitare ed il giovane kryptoniano è costretto a spiccare il volo mentre si trova in mezzo alla folla per salvare lo shuttle ed i suoi occupanti, tra i quali la celeberrima reporter del Daily Planet, Lois Lane.\n\nClark salva lo Shuttle ma diviene subito oggetto della curiosità di chi ha assistito all'incredibile scena. Vola immediatamente via verso Smallville, dove racconta ai suoi genitori l'accaduto.\n\nJonathan e Martha decidono che Clark non può rivelare al mondo la sua identità e così mamma Kent cuce un costume rosso e blu dotato di mantello con una S rossa su sfondo giallo, per fare del figlio un supereroe.\n\nÈ nato Superman.\n\nL'arrivo a Metropolis \nClark Kent, oramai trentenne, raggiunge Metropolis dove appare come Superman compiendo numerose azioni ad effetto. Grazie proprio a Superman, Clark Kent ottiene il suo posto di lavoro come giornalista del Daily Planet diretto dal burbero Perry White.\nInizia così la leggenda del personaggio con i vari compagni: Lois Lane, Jimmy Olsen, Catherine Grant ed ovviamente l'infido Lex Luthor, un grande e potente magnate dell'industria, presidente della potentissima multinazionale LexCorp, un uomo davvero odioso che inizia subito a nutrire rancore verso Superman quando quest'ultimo compare a Metropolis.\n\nNel corso degli anni seguenti Clark Kent, durante una sua visita ai genitori adottivi a Smallville, scopre finalmente le sue vere origini, fino a quel momento a lui ignote. In qualche modo una registrazione olografica di Jor-El proveniente dal razzo che lo ha portato sulla Terra, rivela all'Uomo d'Acciaio tutto circa la sua nascita, trasmettendogli con il semplice contatto fisico tutte quante le conoscenze del padre.\n\nSuperman scopre così di non essere terrestre bensì kryptoniano e di dovere i suoi poteri agli effetti che i raggi del sole giallo hanno sulle sue cellule kryptoniane. Fino a quel momento, Superman pensava di essere una specie di \"mutante\", senza sospettare di essere un alieno.\n\nMa persino la scoperta della sua origine extraterrestre è per Superman senza importanza, in quanto Clark è stato concepito su Krypton, ma è nato sulla Terra nella sua camera di gestazione. È stato adottato dai Kent ed è cresciuto come un ragazzo umano.\n\nNote\n\nFumetti di Superman\nJohn Byrne", "La Nebulosa Anello (nota anche come M 57 o NGC 6720) è una nebulosa planetaria visibile nella costellazione boreale della Lira; dista circa 2000 anni luce dalla Terra e ha un diametro di circa due anni luce. È una delle nebulose più famose.\n\nLa forma ad anello è in realtà un effetto prospettico poiché dalla Terra possiamo osservarla da uno dei poli. Se potessimo osservarla dal piano equatoriale avrebbe l'aspetto della Nebulosa Manubrio (M27).\n\nNella foto a lato, del Telescopio Spaziale Hubble, i diversi colori mostrano le differenti temperature dei gas espulsi dalla stella morente. Dal blu centrale dei gas caldi vicino alla nana bianca, ai più freddi gas rossi delle regioni periferiche.\n\nOsservazione \n\nM57 si osserva nella costellazione della Lira, a sud della brillantissima stella Vega; questa stella costituisce il vertice nord-est di un asterismo ben noto come Triangolo Estivo. M57 si trova a circa il 40% della distanza angolare fra e .\n\nLa nebulosa non può essere scorta con un binocolo come un 10x50 e difficilmente anche con modelli superiori come i 20x80.\nPiccoli telescopi possono individuarla facilmente se in condizioni adatte, mostrandola come un piccolo dischetto; con strumenti attorno ai 10 cm di diametro la figura anulare e la forma ellissoidale cominciano a notarsi.\nStrumenti maggiori mostrano alcune zone oscure ad est e ad ovest dell'anello, più alcune aree debolmente nebulose all'interno del disco.\n\nIl periodo migliore per la sua osservazione ricade nei mesi dell'estate boreale, fra giugno e ottobre, tenendo comunque conto che dalla fascia temperata dell'emisfero boreale è comunque presente in gran parte delle notti dell'anno. Dall'emisfero australe la sua osservazione può risultarne più difficoltosa, specialmente dalla fascia temperata più meridionale; risulta essere qui un oggetto tipico dell'inverno australe.\n\nStoria delle osservazioni \nQuesta nebulosa fu scoperta da Antoine Darquier de Pellepoix, nel gennaio del 1779, il quale la descrisse come \"larga come Giove e dall'aspetto simile ad un pianeta sbiadito\". Nello stesso mese, ma più tardi, Charles Messier la riscoprì indipendentemente mentre compiva degli studi sulla ricerca di comete; fu così che la inserì nel suo celebre catalogo, come il suo 57° oggetto. Sia lui che William Herschel specularono sul fatto che la nebulosa potesse essere un sistema multiplo di stelle deboli impossibili da risolvere con il loro telescopio.\n\nNel 1800, il conte Friedrich von Hahn scoprì la debole stella centrale della nebulosa; in seguito, nel 1864, William Huggins esaminò lo spettro delle nebulose multiple, scoprendo che alcuni di questi oggetti, fra i quali M57, mostravano uno spettro con brillanti linee di emissione caratteristiche dei gas caldi fluorescenti. Huggins concluse che la gran parte delle nebulose planetarie non fossero composte da stelle non risolvibili come prima immaginato, ma che si trattava effettivamente di oggetti nebulosi.\n\nEvoluzione \n\nLe nebulose planetarie si formano quando delle stelle di piccola o media grandezza, come il Sole, esauriscono la loro riserva di idrogeno nel loro nucleo; in questa fase le strutture della stella cambiano per raggiungere un nuovo equilibrio in cui è possibile continuare ad avere le reazioni di fusione nucleare: gli strati esterni così si espandono e la stella diventa una gigante rossa. Quando la temperatura interna aumenta di instabilità, gli strati più esterni possono venir espulsi sia in maniera continua che tramite alcune violente pulsazioni. Questo involucro di gas in espansione forma la nebulosa sferica, illuminata dall'energia ultravioletta della stella centrale.\n\nProprietà \nLa nebulosa si trova a circa 2300 anni luce dalla Terra. Possiede una magnitudine apparente di 8,8 e una magnitudine fotografica di 9,7. In un periodo di 50 anni, il tasso di espansione è stato di circa 1 secondo d'arco/secolo, che corrisponde alle osservazioni spettroscopiche di 20–30 km/s. M57 è illuminata da una nana bianca centrale di magnitudine 15,75 (variabile), la cui massa è circa 1,2 M☉.\n\nTutte le parti interne di questa nebulosa hanno una colorazione tendente al blu-verdastro, causata dall'ossigeno doppiamente ionizzato (O III) alle linee di emissione di 495,7 e 500,7 nm. Queste linee si riscontrano solo in condizioni di densità molto bassa, equivalente ad appena pochi atomi per centimetro cubo. Nelle regioni più esterne dell'anello, parte della colorazione rossa è causata dalle linee di emissione dell'idrogeno a 656,3 nm, che fanno parte delle linee della serie di Balmer. Le linee dell'azoto ionizzato (N II) contribuiscono al colore rossastro a 654,8 e 658,3 nm.\n\nStruttura della nebulosa \n]\nM57 è un esempio di quella classe di nebulose planetarie note come nebulose bipolari, caratterizzate da una simmetria assiale bilobata, mostrando così una struttura ad anello se osservata lungo il suo asse maggiore di simmetria. Appare essere uno sferoide molto allungato con forti concentrazioni di materiale lungo l'equatore; dalla Terra l'asse di simmetria si osserva a circa 30°. Si stima che la nebulosità osservata si stia espandendo da circa 1.610 ± 240 anni.\n\nStudi sulla struttura mostrano che questa nebulosa planetaria presenta dei nodi caratterizzati da una simmetria ben sviluppata. Tuttavia, questi nodi sono visibili solo avendo come sfondo l'emissione di fondo dell'anello equatoriale della nebulosa. M57 potrebbe includere al suo interno delle linee di emissione dell'N II situate nei vertici dei nodi di fronte alla stella centrale; tuttavia, molti di questi nodi sono neutri e appaiono solo nelle linee di estinzione. La loro esistenza mostra che sono probabilmente situati molto più vicino al fronte di emissione rispetto a quanto avviene nella nebulosa IC 4406, visibile nella costellazione del Lupo. Alcuni di questi nodi mostrano delle code ben sviluppate, talvolta osservabili pure direttamente nello spettro visibile. Immagini profonde a largo campo hanno evidenziato la presenza di almeno quattro lobi che emettono principalmente in OIII.\n\nLa stella centrale \nLa stella centrale della nebulosa fu identificata dall'astronomo ungherese Jenő Gothard il 1º settembre del 1886, attraverso delle immagini prese col suo telescopio a Herény, allora posta nelle vicinanze della città ungherese di Szombathely e ora inclusa nella stessa città.\n\nNegli ultimi duemila anni, la stella centrale della Nebulosa Anello ha lasciato il ramo asintotico delle giganti dopo aver esaurito quel poco che rimaneva della sua riserva di idrogeno. Questa stella non potrà dunque più produrre energia attraverso la fusione nucleare e in termini di evoluzione stellare si avvicina alla fase di conversione in una nana bianca compatta. Questa stella ora è formata soprattutto da carbonio e ossigeno, con un sottile involucro esterno composto da elementi più leggeri. La sua massa è di circa 0,61 - 0,62 masse solari, con una temperatura superficiale di circa 125.000 K. Attualmente la stella è 200 volte più luminosa del Sole, anche se la sua magnitudine apparente è di 15,75.\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia\n\nLibri\n\nCarte celesti \n - Atlante celeste liberamente scaricabile in formato PDF.\n\nVoci correlate \n Catalogo di Messier\n Charles Messier\n New General Catalogue\n Nebulosa planetaria\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n Infrared Ring Nebula, APOD 2005 March 11\n \n \n \n \n\nNebulose planetarie\n0057\nBraccio di Orione\n6720\nCorpi celesti scoperti nel 1779\nOggetti nella costellazione della Lira", "New Horizons è una sonda spaziale sviluppata dalla NASA per l'esplorazione di Plutone e del suo satellite Caronte. Il lancio è avvenuto il 19 gennaio 2006 dalla base di Cape Canaveral e il sorvolo di Plutone ha avuto luogo il 14 luglio 2015, alle 13:49:57 ora italiana.\n\nL'obiettivo primario è studiare la geologia e la morfologia del pianeta nano Plutone e del suo satellite Caronte, creare una mappa della superficie dei due corpi celesti e analizzarne l'atmosfera. Altri obiettivi sono lo studio dell'atmosfera dei due corpi celesti al variare del tempo, l'analisi ad alta risoluzione di alcune zone di Plutone e Caronte, l'analisi della ionosfera e delle particelle cariche, la ricerca di atmosfera attorno a Caronte, lo studio dei quattro satelliti minori Stige, Notte, Cerbero e Idra, la ricerca di eventuali satelliti o anelli sconosciuti. La missione prevede inoltre che la sonda continui il viaggio nella fascia di Kuiper per inviare dati sulla fascia alla Terra. Il primo gennaio 2019, la sonda ha incrociato l'orbita dell'asteroide 486958 Arrokoth (anche noto come Ultima Thule) nella fascia di Kuiper, sorvolandolo ad una distanza minima di circa 3.500 km.\n\nCon una velocità di , raggiunta allo spegnimento del terzo stadio, è l'oggetto artificiale che ha raggiunto la velocità maggiore nel lasciare la Terra.\n\nLa sonda contiene una parte delle ceneri di Clyde Tombaugh, l'astronomo che nel 1930 scoprì Plutone, un cd-rom con i nomi di 434 000 persone che si sono iscritte al progetto, due monete, due bandiere degli Stati Uniti e un francobollo del 1991 che recita: «Plutone: non ancora esplorato».\n\nProfilo della missione \n\nIl lancio di New Horizons era pianificato per il 17 gennaio 2006 con una finestra di lancio di 07:06-09:06 (UTC) (2:06-4:06 EST), ma le avverse condizioni meteo spinsero il controllo missione a rinviare il lancio. La sonda è stata lanciata il 19 gennaio 2006 alle 14:00 EST dalla piattaforma 41 della Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, a sud del complesso di lancio Space Shuttle n. 39, con un terzo stadio Star 488 aggiunto per fornire la necessaria potenza per raggiungere la velocità richiesta. Erano state previste altre opportunità di lancio nel febbraio del 2006 e nel febbraio del 2007, ma solo i primi 23 giorni della finestra del 2006 avrebbero permesso il sorvolo di Giove. Qualsiasi lancio al di fuori di quel periodo avrebbe obbligato la sonda a seguire una traiettoria più lenta direttamente verso Plutone, ritardando l'incontro con il pianeta nano di 2-4 anni.\n\nLa sonda ha quindi fatto rotta per Giove, che è stato raggiunto nel febbraio del 2007 e il cui campo gravitazionale è stato sfruttato per una manovra di fionda gravitazionale. Il sorvolo ravvicinato del pianeta è stato anche sfruttato per eseguire osservazioni scientifiche, in particolare un rapido monitoraggio dell'atmosfera gioviana e dell'attività vulcanica su Io. La campagna osservativa è durata quattro mesi e ha quindi preceduto e seguito l'incontro. Inoltre sono state coinvolte nell'osservazione a distanza altre sonde in missione nello spazio profondo, tra cui la sonda europea Rosetta.\n\nIl viaggio della sonda verso Plutone prevede una traiettoria che esce dal piano dell'eclittica formando con questo un angolo di 2,5 gradi. Era stata anche avanzata l'ipotesi di sorvolare Centauro durante la fase di viaggio ed era stato indicato il 2010 come periodo probabile per l'incontro che a ogni modo non ha avuto luogo. Nella fase di avvicinamento a Plutone la sonda è transitata in prossimità del punto lagrangiano L5 dell'orbita di Nettuno che ospita degli asteroidi troiani.\n\nL'attraversamento del sistema di Plutone è avvenuto nel luglio 2015. Le osservazioni sono iniziate sei mesi prima del sorvolo di Plutone e per 150 giorni hanno permesso di ottenere una risoluzione superiore a quella del telescopio Spaziale Hubble. Le osservazioni sono continuate per due settimane dopo che la sonda ha oltrepassato il pianeta nano. Le analisi includeranno la mappatura di Plutone e di Caronte a lungo raggio a di risoluzione, che avverrà 3,2 giorni dopo il sorvolo degli oggetti. Durante le osservazioni, sfruttando la rotazione dei due corpi, si potrà ottenere una mappa priva di zone d'ombra. È previsto che l'avvicinamento a Plutone avvenga a fino ad una distanza di , mentre quello di Caronte avverrà a ; questi parametri possono tuttavia subire modifiche durante la missione. Durante il sorvolo le strumentazioni riprenderanno le immagini con una risoluzione massima di /pixel, a quattro colori, una mappa globale con risoluzione di , nella banda dell'infrarosso una mappa da /pixel globalmente o localmente di , per poter definire l'atmosfera dei pianeti.\n\nDopo il passaggio nel sistema di Plutone la New Horizons ha continuato a dirigersi verso la fascia di Kuiper con lo scopo di incontrare uno o più oggetti dal diametro di su cui svolgerà misure simili a quelle svolte su Plutone. Con limitate possibilità di manovra, la sonda il 1º gennaio 2019 ha raggiunto il primo di questi oggetti intersecando l'orbita dell'asteroide 486958 Arrokoth, che si è rivelato essere un asteroide binario.\n\nDopo l'incontro con 486958 Arrokoth viene confermato che la sonda avrà sufficiente potenza perché gli strumenti siano operativi fino al 2030. Negli anni 2020 si cercheranno altri oggetti nel bordo esterno della fascia di Kuiper abbastanza vicino alla traiettoria della sonda. Infine la New Horizons scatterà una foto della Terra dalla fascia di Kuiper, ma dopo aver completato tutti i fly-by previsti, questo perché puntata verso la Terra, la fotocamera rischia di danneggiarsi a causa della luce solare.\n\nCorrezione di traiettoria e test degli strumenti \nIl 28 e il 30 gennaio 2006 i controllori di missione guidarono la sonda attraverso la prima correzione di rotta (Trajectory Correction Maneuver - TCM), suddivisa in due fasi. La prima correzione tuttavia fu sufficientemente precisa da evitare la seconda.\n\nDurante la settimana del 20 febbraio, i controllori iniziarono alcuni test dei tre strumenti scientifici di bordo: lo spettrometro a ultravioletti Alice, il sensore PEPSSI e la camera LORRI. Non vennero riprese immagini o misurazioni, ma furono controllati solo i sistemi elettronici ed elettromeccanici per lo spettrometro Alice, che risultarono correttamente funzionanti.\n\nIl 9 marzo, alle 17:00 UTC venne effettuata la terza correzione di rotta prevista con una accensione dei propulsori durata .\n\nPassaggio nell'orbita di Marte e sorvolo dell'asteroide 132524 APL \n\nIl 7 aprile 2006 alle 10:00 UTC la sonda passò l'orbita di Marte a una velocità di circa alla distanza di dal Sole.\n\nVenne compiuto un sorvolo a lunga distanza dell'asteroide 132524 APL, precedentemente noto con il suo nome provvisorio . Il massimo avvicinamento, pari a , è stato raggiunto alle 04:05 UTC del 13 giugno 2006. La stima migliore del diametro di questo corpo celeste è di circa e lo spettro ottenuto mostra che è un asteroide di tipo S.\n\nLa sonda tracciò con successo l'asteroide tra il 10 ed il 12 giugno 2006 in modo da permettere al team della missione di compiere un test sulla capacità della sonda di seguire oggetti che sono in rapido movimento. Le immagini furono ottenute attraverso il telescopio Ralph.\n\nFionda gravitazionale su Giove \nLa camera LORRI riprese le prime immagini di Giove il 4 settembre 2006 e nel dicembre 2006 la sonda iniziò a studiare ulteriormente il sistema gioviano. La New Horizons effettuò la manovra di fionda gravitazionale sfruttando il campo gravitazionale di Giove con un avvicinamento massimo il 28 febbraio 2007 alle 5:43:40 UTC. È stata la prima sonda lanciata direttamente verso Giove dopo la sonda Ulysses nel 1990. L'incontro ravvicinato ha incrementato la velocità di circa 4 km/s, inserendo la sonda in una traiettoria più veloce verso Plutone, con inclinazione di 2,5 gradi rispetto all'eclittica. Mentre era nei pressi del gigante gassoso, gli strumenti hanno migliorato le misurazioni delle orbite dei satelliti interni, in particolare quella di Amaltea. Le telecamere hanno monitorato i vulcani di Io e hanno compiuto osservazioni degli altri tre satelliti galileiani e dei satelliti Imalia ed Elara. Sono state anche effettuate analisi della piccola macchia rossa, della magnetosfera e il sistema di anelli.\n\nAvvicinamento a Plutone \n\nLe prime immagini di Plutone sono state riprese tra il 21 e il 24 settembre 2006 durante il test del Long Range Reconnaissance Imager e pubblicate il 28 novembre. Le immagini riprendono il pianeta nano a una distanza di 4,2 miliardi di km e hanno confermato le capacità dei sistemi di bordo di seguire oggetti distanti, capacità indispensabili per effettuare le manovre verso il pianeta e gli altri oggetti della fascia di Kuiper.\n\nLa fase di avvicinamento a Plutone ebbe inizio 6 mesi prima del punto di massimo avvicinamento al pianeta e durante questa fase furono effettuate delle osservazioni a lungo raggio. I dati ricavati dalle osservazioni di LORRI durante sette settimane prima del luglio 2015 non hanno evidenziato nubi di polveri, piccole lune o anelli che potessero danneggiare la sonda, per cui il 1º luglio 2015 la NASA decide di proseguire lungo la traiettoria ottimale prestabilita.\n\nFly-by di Plutone \nDopo 9 anni, 5 mesi e 25 giorni di viaggio nello spazio, il 14 luglio 2015 alle 11:49:57 UTC (13:49:57 ora italiana), New Horizons ha raggiunto il punto di massimo avvicinamento a Plutone, a 12.500 km dalla superficie del pianeta e ad una velocità relativa di 11 km/s; la sonda inoltre ha effettuato il sorvolo di Caronte ad una distanza di 27.000 km dalla superficie. Durante il fly-by, la sonda è riuscita ad ottenere immagini ad alta risoluzione della superficie di Plutone e Caronte, permettendo di vederli in dettaglio per la prima volta dalla loro scoperta; vennero inoltre effettuati vari esperimenti scientifici. A causa, però, della limitata disponibilità di energia utilizzabile istantaneamente, gli strumenti furono fatti funzionare a turno durante la manovra.\n\nLa distanza di 33 UA dalla Terra (circa 4,5 ore/luce) è stata tale da creare un ritardo nelle comunicazioni (tra andata e ritorno) di 9 ore. La trasmissione dei risultati scientifici avvenne in un periodo di 9 mesi dopo il sorvolo.\n\nIl viaggio verso la Fascia di Kuiper \nIl 22 ottobre 2015 venne effettuata una manovra di correzione di 16 minuti che mise New Horizons sulla rotta verso la Fascia di Kuiper, per la precisione verso l'oggetto denominato 486958 Arrokoth. Altre manovre di correzione sono state effettuate il 25, il 28 ottobre e il 4 novembre dello stesso anno, ponendo la sonda lungo una rotta che ne ha permesso l'incontro con 486958 Arrokoth per i primissimi giorni del 2019. Durante il viaggio sono state effettuate delle misurazioni con gli strumenti di bordo simili a quelle avvenute durante il viaggio verso Plutone.\n\nIl 1º gennaio 2019, alle 06:33 ora italiana, la sonda ha sorvolato 486958 Arrokoth (nel frattempo soprannominato anche Ultima Thule), il corpo cosmico più lontano e mai esplorato dall'umanità, distante oltre 6,4 miliardi di chilometri dalla Terra.\n\nCronologia della missione \n\n 24 settembre 2005 - La sonda è trasferita a Cape Canaveral dal Goddard Space Flight Center a bordo di un aereo C-17 Globemaster III.\n 11 gennaio 2006 - Il lancio previsto viene annullato per consentire ulteriori verifiche alla navetta.\n 16 gennaio 2006 - Il razzo Atlas V si porta sulla rampa di lancio.\n 17 gennaio 2006 - Il lancio previsto viene annullato per condizioni meteorologiche avverse.\n 19 gennaio 2006 - La sonda viene lanciata con successo alle 14:00 EST (19:00 UTC) dopo un breve ritardo causato dalla presenza di nuvole.\n 7 aprile 2006 - Sorvolo di Marte.\n maggio 2006 - Ingresso nella fascia di asteroidi.\n ottobre 2006 - Uscita dalla fascia di asteroidi.\n 28 febbraio 2007 - Sorvolo di Giove ad una distanza di circa 2,3 milioni di kilometri.\n 8 giugno 2008 - Passaggio nell'orbita di Saturno.\n 18 marzo 2011 - Passaggio nell'orbita di Urano.\n 25 agosto 2014 - Passaggio nell'orbita di Nettuno.\n 6 dicembre 2014 - Risveglio della sonda dall'ibernazione\n 14 luglio 2015 - Sorvolo di Plutone e Caronte.\n 2 novembre 2015 - Osservazione dell'oggetto transnettuniano 15810 Arawn\n 13-14 febbraio 2016 - Osservazione del cubewano 50000 Quaoar\n 1º gennaio 2019 - Sorvolo di 486958 Arrokoth\n 2026 - Possibile fine della missione.\n dicembre 2038 - Previsto il raggiungimento di una distanza di 100 UA dal Sole.\n\nSonda e sottosistemi \n\nLa sonda ha la forma di un triangolo con un RTG cilindrico che sporge da un lato del triangolo e un'antenna parabolica da 2,5 metri di diametro posizionata sul triangolo. La sonda comunicherà utilizzando la banda X e da Plutone potrà trasmettere alla velocità di 768 bit/s mentre da Giove trasmetterà a 38 kBit/s. I segnali verranno ricevuti dal Deep Space Network. L'RTG fornirà i 190 Watt previsti almeno fino al 2015. Come propellente viene utilizzata l'idrazina, che fornisce 290 m/s di delta-v dopo il lancio. La sonda è dotata di stabilizzatori lungo i tre assi e lungo le tre possibili rotazioni, coadiuvati da due fotocamere astronomiche, prodotte da Galileo Avionica, per il controllo di precisione dell'assetto; le fotocamere sono montate su un lato della sonda. Il peso totale della sonda, incluso il propellente, è di 470 kg. Viceversa, nel caso in cui non si fosse voluto sfruttare il sorvolo di Giove, la massa massima consentita per la sonda sarebbe stata di 445 kg. Tuttavia ciò avrebbe comportato una minor quantità di propellente disponibile per le operazioni successive nella Fascia di Kuiper.\n\nLa sonda ha sette strumenti. Il Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI), una fotocamera digitale ad alta risoluzione nel campo del visibile. Il Pluto Exploration Remote Sensing Investigation (PERSI) consistente in due strumenti, Ralph telescopio con diverse lunghezze d'onda analizzabili, un CCD per le lunghezze d'onda visibili (MVIC), uno spettroscopio per l'infrarosso (LEISA) e uno spettroscopio per l'ultravioletto (Alice). Le particelle ad alta energia sono analizzate dallo strumento (PAM) consistente in SWAP un analizzatore toroidale elettrostatico e PEPSSI un misuratore della vita di volo degli ioni e sensore di elettroni. Il Radio Science Experiment (REX) utilizza un oscillatore molto stabile per effettuare analisi radio sul pianeta nano. Lo student-built dust counter (SDC) è un misuratore di polvere solare installato a bordo della sonda.\n\nIl costo totale previsto della missione è di 650 milioni di dollari. Il preventivo include anche la gestione a terra della sonda. La sonda rimpiazza la missione cancellata Pluto Kuiper Express.\n\nPrima del sorvolo di Plutone\n\nCintura degli asteroidi \nPer risparmiare propellente in vista di eventuali incontri con oggetti della fascia di Kuiper in seguito al sorvolo di Plutone non sono stati pianificati incontri con oggetti della fascia degli asteroidi. Dopo il lancio il team scientifico ha analizzato la traiettoria della sonda per determinare se per coincidenza potesse avvicinarsi a sufficienza a qualche asteroide per effettuare osservazioni. Nel maggio 2006 venne scoperto che la sonda sarebbe passata vicino al piccolo asteroide 132524 APL il 13 giugno 2006. Il punto di avvicinamento minimo è avvenuto alle 4:05 UTC ad una distanza di 101 867 km e l'oggetto venne ripreso dallo strumento Ralph che permise di testare le capacità dello strumento e misurare la composizione dell'asteroide. Non era possibile utilizzare LORRI a causa della vicinanza al Sole.\n\nOsservazioni di Giove \n\nIl sorvolo avvenne a circa 32 raggi gioviani (3 milioni di km) e fu al centro di una campagna osservativa intensiva durata 4 mesi. Giove è un soggetto interessante e sempre in cambiamento, osservato ad intermittenza dalla fine della missione della Sonda Galileo. New Horizons possiede strumentazione con tecnologia più avanzata rispetto alla sonda Galileo, soprattutto nelle camere. L'incontro con Giove ha funzionato anche come anteprima di quello con Plutone. A causa della distanza inferiore dalla Terra, le telecomunicazioni hanno permesso di trasmettere molti più dati di quelli che sono stati trasmessi da Plutone. Le riprese di Giove sono iniziate il 4 settembre 2006.\n\nGiove \nGli obiettivi primari dell'incontro includevano la dinamica delle nubi del pianeta, che si erano notevolmente ridotte dalla conclusione della missione della sonda Galileo, e lo studio della magnetosfera gioviana. Per una fortunata coincidenza la traiettoria di allontanamento dal pianeta seguita dalla New Horizons ha permesso di studiare la coda della magnetosfera gioviana per mesi. La sonda ha anche esaminato il lato notturno del pianeta per rilevare aurore e fulmini.\n\nNew Horizons inoltre ha permesso le prime osservazioni ravvicinate della \"Piccola Macchia Rossa\" (ufficialmente chiamata Ovale BA), una tempesta che viene seguita da anni, che precedentemente si presentava di colore chiaro e che ha cambiato colore dopo il sorvolo della sonda Cassini-Huygens del 2000.\n\nSatelliti gioviani \nI satelliti galileiani erano in cattive posizioni, poiché il punto di destinazione della manovra di fionda gravitazionale si trovava a milioni di km da qualunque satellite maggiore, tuttavia gli strumenti della sonda sono stati progettati per studiare oggetti piccoli, quindi si sono rivelati utili scientificamente. Su Io LORRI ha ricercato vulcani e pennacchi, LEISA ha misurato le temperature notturne e gli hotspot mentre Alice ha studiato il toro di particelle magnetiche alimentato dal satellite. Sono state studiate le composizioni chimiche di Europa e le varie atmosfere e aurore.\n\nÈ stato possibile raffinare i dati sulle orbite di satelliti minori come Amaltea.\n\nAsteroidi troiani di Nettuno \n\nLa traiettoria di New Horizons è passata nelle vicinanze del punto di Lagrange di Nettuno \"L5\", dove sono stati recentemente scoperti diversi asteroidi troiani. Alla fine del 2013, la New Horizons è passata a 1,2 UA da , che era stato identificato dal gruppo della New Horizons durante la ricerca di oggetti più distanti da intercettare dopo l'incontro con Plutone del 2015. In quel momento l'asteroide sarebbe stato abbastanza luminoso da essere rilevabile dallo strumento LORRI della sonda, tuttavia il team della New Horizons alla fine decise che non si sarebbero occupati di perché i preparativi per l'approccio di Plutone avevano la precedenza.\n\nSorvolo di Plutone \nIl sorvolo di Plutone alla distanza minima di  km dalla superficie alla velocità di è avvenuto con successo alle 11:49 UTC del 14 luglio 2015, per poi passare vicino a Caronte a 12:13 UTC, a una distanza minima di km; la telemetria di conferma è arrivata sulla terra alle 02:52 del 15 luglio 2015, dopo circa 22 ore di silenzio radio programmato iniziato alcune ore prima del passaggio ravvicinato, in quanto il puntamento degli strumenti verso il sistema di Plutone impediva il puntamento dell'antenna verso la Terra. L'ultima immagine inviata a Terra prima della chiusura dei contatti radio è stata scattata a una distanza di  km il 13 luglio 2015, e ha una risoluzione di circa 3,5 km/pixel, a fronte di una risoluzione massima di 0,076 km/pixel per le foto scattate al massimo avvicinamento.\n\nLe telemetrie indicano che tutti i sistemi della sonda erano in perfetto stato dopo il sorvolo; era stata calcolata una probabilità di 1:10.000 che durante il sorvolo a bassa quota New Horizons potesse impattare con dei detriti che, danneggiandolo o distruggendolo, avrebbero impedito di ricevere a Terra i dati e le foto del sorvolo.\n\nLe osservazioni di Plutone, effettuate con LORRI e Ralph, sono iniziate 6 ore prima del punto di avvicinamento minimo ed erano mirate al rilevamento di eventuali anelli o ulteriori satelliti fino ad un diametro di 2 km, così da coordinare le manovre e la pianificazione delle osservazioni. Le riprese a lungo raggio includevano la mappatura di Plutone e Caronte alla risoluzione di 40 km per 3,2 giorni. Le osservazioni sono state ripetute per cercare cambiamenti dovuti alle nevi o al criovulcanismo. Da un'ora e mezza a due ore prima del sorvolo, Ralph effettuò una seconda mappatura della composizione della superficie alla risoluzione di 5–7 km/pixel. Altre mappe pancromatiche e a colori di Plutone e Caronte ad alta risoluzione e nell'infrarosso furono realizzate appena prima del sorvolo del pianeta.\n\nDurante il sorvolo ci si aspettava che LORRI fosse in grado di ottenere immagini selezionate con risoluzione di 60 m/px e il MVIC ha ottenuto mappe del lato illuminato a 4 colori con una risoluzione di 1,3 km. Entrambi gli strumenti hanno sovrapposto le aree riprese per formare immagini stereoscopiche. Nel frattempo Alice ha analizzato l'atmosfera, sia per le emissioni di molecole atmosferiche sia grazie all'occultamento delle stelle sullo sfondo.\n\nDurante e in seguito all'avvicinamento minimo, gli strumenti SWAP e PEPSSI hanno campionato l'alta atmosfera e i suoi effetti sul vento solare mentre VBSDC ha cercato polveri, ha ricavato il tasso di collisione con meteorite ed escluso la presenza di anelli.\n\nREX si è occupato delle analisi radio attive e passive: le stazioni a Terra hanno trasmesso un potente segnale radio mentre la sonda passava dietro al disco di Plutone. I sistemi di telecomunicazione della sonda hanno rilevato la perdita e la successiva riacquisizione del segnale quando essa è riemersa dall'altro lato del pianeta. Tramite la misurazione di questi tempi si è ricavata una misurazione più precisa del diametro del pianeta, della densità atmosferica e la sua composizione. Questo esperimento è stato il primo ad utilizzare un segnale proveniente dalla Terra, mentre sino a quel momento il segnale partiva dalla sonda verso la Terra, procedura impossibile in questo caso a causa della distanza. Inoltre è stata misurata la massa del pianeta e la sua distribuzione per mezzo dell'effetto Doppler del segnale radio provocato dalle modifiche all'accelerazione della sonda generate dal campo gravitazionale del pianeta.\n\nIl lato notturno è stato visibile tramite la luce solare riflessa da Caronte.\n\nIl 15 luglio sono ripresi i contatti con la sonda, dopo un silenzio radio durato 22 ore; la telemetria ha rivelato che il sorvolo è riuscito. Inizialmente sono state trasmesse delle immagini compresse, ossia di qualità bassa, che saranno selezionate dal team scientifico per la pubblicazione. La trasmissione delle immagini non compresse ha richiesto diversi mesi, in base al traffico dati presente sul Deep Space Network. Il compito immediato del veicolo spaziale era iniziare a restituire i 6,25 gigabyte di informazioni raccolte L'attenuazione di spazio libero alla distanza di 4,5 ore luce è di circa 303 dB a 7 GHz. Usando l'antenna direzionale e trasmettendo a piena potenza, la potenza irradiata efficace (EIRP) è +83 dBm, e a questa distanza il segnale che raggiunge la Terra è −220 dBm. Il livello del segnale ricevuto (RSL) che utilizza un'antenna Deep Space Network non array con 72 dBi di guadagno è di -148 dBm. A causa della RSL estremamente bassa, poteva solo trasmettere dati da 1 a 2 kilobit al secondo.\n\nEntro il 30 marzo 2016, la New Horizons aveva scaricato la metà dei dati. Il trasferimento fu completato il 25 ottobre 2016 alle 21:48 UTC, quando l'ultimo cluster di dati fu ricevuto dal Laboratorio di fisica applicata della Johns Hopkins University.\n\nA una distanza di 43 UA (6,43 miliardi di km) dal Sole e a 0,4 UA da 486958 Arrokoth a novembre 2018, la New Horizons si stava dirigendo nella direzione del costellazione del Sagittario a 14,10 km/s rispetto al Sole. La luminosità del Sole dall'astronave è di magnitudine −18,5.\n\nObiettivi primari \n\n Esaminare la geologia globale e la morfologia di Plutone e Caronte\n Mappare le composizioni chimiche delle superfici di Plutone e Caronte\n Descrivere l'atmosfera non ionizzata di Plutone\nNel caso del fallimento di uno di questi, la missione si sarebbe dichiarata parzialmente fallita.\n\nObiettivi secondari \n\n Descrivere la variabilità dell'atmosfera e della superficie di Plutone\n Riprendere aree selezionate in stereoscopia\n Mappare il terminatore in alta risoluzione\n Mappare le composizioni chimiche di aree selezionate in alta risoluzione\n Descrivere la ionosfera di Plutone e la sua interazione con il vento solare\n Ricercare alcuni composti neutri come idrogeno, acido cianidrico, idrocarburi e altri\n Ricercare un'eventuale atmosfera di Caronte\n Mappare le temperature superficiali\n\nObiettivi terziari \n\n Esaminare le particelle energetiche attorno a Plutone e Caronte;\n Raffinare le misurazioni dei parametri e delle orbite;\n Cercare ulteriori satelliti naturali e anelli.\n\nImmagini scattate \nDurante il sorvolo di Plutone New Horizons aveva in programma di scattare le seguenti fotografie:\n\n300 delle 1188 foto di Plutone sono state scattate alla risoluzione di 410 metri/pixel o migliore; la risoluzione migliore è 76 metri/pixel (60 immagini).\n\nDettaglio delle foto a risoluzione massima:\n\nPlutone:\n Num.\tRisoluzione (km/pixel)\n 15\t0,41\n 23\t0,28\n 70\t0,15\n 130\t0,12\n 60\t0,076\n\nCaronte:\n Num.\tRisoluzione (km/pixel)\n 6\t0,71\n 12\t0,44\n 67\t0,17\n\nDopo il sorvolo di Plutone\n\nOggetti della fascia di Kuiper (KBO) \nLa missione è ideata per effettuare il sorvolo di uno o più oggetti della fascia di Kuiper dopo aver passato Plutone. Gli oggetti dovranno essere trovati all'interno di una regione conica che si estende da Plutone e si trova all'interno di 55 UA con una ampiezza inferiore ad un grado perché la traiettoria della sonda è condizionata dal sorvolo di Plutone e dallo scarso propellente restante. A distanze maggiori la connessione dati diventerà troppo debole e la potenza dei generatori di energia sarà decaduta troppo per effettuare misure e analisi. La popolazione di questi oggetti è piuttosto grande, quindi si pensa di trovare diversi oggetti nonostante le limitazioni. Essi saranno dapprima individuati dai grandi telescopi a Terra prima del sorvolo di Plutone in modo da determinare le correzioni di traiettoria necessarie. Le osservazioni degli oggetti della fascia di Kuiper saranno simili a quelle condotte su Plutone, ma con minore disponibilità di potenza, luce e banda.\n\nIl 15 ottobre 2014 furono annunciati tre potenziali oggetti analizzabili dalla sonda, inizialmente denominati PT1, PT2 e PT3. Sono tutti e tre oggetti ghiacciati molto diversi da Plutone, il cui diametro stimato varia da 30 a 55 km e la distanza dal Sole da 43 a 44 UA. Le possibilità iniziali di raggiungerli senza dover ricorrere al carburante per correggere la rotta sono rispettivamente 100%, 7% e 97%. Il sorvolo di PT1 sarebbe preferibile per la posizione, mentre PT3 per la sua grandezza e luminosità, maggiori di quelle di PT1. Nel marzo del 2015 furono pubblicati degli aggiornamenti riguardo ai parametri orbitali di questi oggetti e sono state assegnate le denominazioni provvisorie: (denominazione ufficiale: 486958 Arrokoth), , rispettivamente.\n\nSorvolo di 486958 Arrokoth (Ultima Thule) \n\nNell'agosto del 2015 486958 Arrokoth è stato selezionato come obiettivo della missione, la cui estensione è stata soggetta ad approvazione definitiva da parte della NASA nel corso del 2016. Quattro manovre, effettuate nell'ottobre e novembre 2015, sono state necessarie per mettere la sonda in traiettoria verso 486958 Arrokoth. Sono le manovre più lontane dalla Terra effettuate su un dispositivo costruito dall'uomo. Il sorvolo di 486958 Arrokoth è avvenuto il 1º gennaio 2019, alle 06:33 (ora italiana). La trasmissione dei dati è avvenuta in modo simile a quanto fatto per il sistema di Plutone iniziando già un mese prima del sorvolo e mettendo in opera l'insieme degli strumenti di bordo. La durata della ritrasmissione dei dati raccolti sarebbe dovuta durare venti mesi, alla velocità di circa 1 kbit/s; al giugno del 2022, il 10% dei dati raccolti non è stato ancora ricevuto.\n\nObiettivi \nTra gli obiettivi scientifici del sorvolo c'erano la caratterizzazione della morfologia e della geologia di Arrokoth, e la mappatura della composizione della superficie (con la ricerca di ammoniaca, monossido di carbonio, metano, e ghiaccio). Le ricerche sono state svolte per i corpi orbitanti, una chioma di cometa, anelli, e l'ambiente circostante.\n\nGli altri obiettivi comprendono:\n\n Mappatura della geologia della superficie per imparare come si è formata ed evoluta\n Misurazione della temperatura della superficie\n Mappatura 3D della topografia e della composizione della superficie per capire in che modo è simile e diversa rispetto a comete come 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko e pianeti nani come Plutone\n Ricerca di qualsiasi segno di attività, come una chioma con aspetto di nuvola\n Ricerca e studio di satelliti o anelli\n Misurazione della massa\n\nOltre la fascia di Kuiper \nTerminata la sua missione, New Horizons seguirà le sorti delle sonde Voyager 1 e 2, esplorando l'eliosfera esterna, l'elioguaina e l'eliopausa, che potrebbe raggiungere nel 2047. Comunque la New Horizons non supererà mai le sonde Voyager, anche se è partita più velocemente dalla Terra, per via della fionda gravitazionale data dai sorvoli ravvicinati di Saturno e Giove effettuati da esse.\n\nGalleria d'immagini\n\nLancio\n\nSorvolo di Giove\n\nSatelliti gioviani\n\nPlutone\n\nSatelliti plutoniani\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia\n\nVoci correlate \n Programma New Frontiers\n Plutone (astronomia)\n Esplorazione di Plutone\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n \n \n \n\nNew Horizons\nEsplorazione di Plutone", "L'espressione \"Terra a palla di neve\" (Snowball Earth in inglese) fa riferimento ad una teoria scientifica secondo cui il nostro pianeta in epoche molto remote (Proterozoico) avrebbe attraversato dei periodi di abbassamento drastico della temperatura durante i quali la superficie della Terra fu completamente ricoperta di ghiaccio. L'effettiva occorrenza e il numero di tali eventi rimane al momento oggetto di controversia. I suoi sostenitori affermano che tale ipotesi spiegherebbe meglio di ogni altra la presenza di depositi sedimentari, generalmente ritenuti di origine glaciale, alle latitudini tropicali, oltre ad altre enigmatiche caratteristiche presenti nelle registrazioni geologiche. Gli oppositori contestano invece le implicazioni di tali prove geologiche e la possibilità stessa che tale fenomeno geofisico possa verificarsi. Secondo uno dei maggiori sostenitori di questa teoria, lo studioso statunitense Joseph L. Kirschvink, ci sarebbero stati quattro episodi di questo tipo avvenuti tra i 590 ed i 900 milioni di anni fa, e uno più remoto, circa due miliardi di anni fa.\n\nFasi della glaciazione secondo la teoria\n\nFrammentazione del supercontinente Rodinia \nSuccessivamente alla formazione del supercontinente Rodinia, in loco si verificarono una serie di sconvolgimenti tettonici che portarono progressivamente alla frantumazione dello stesso. In tal modo si formarono numerosi rift e dorsali da cui fuoriusciva lava basaltica proveniente dal mantello terrestre, che ricoprì gran parte del granito che formava la superficie continentale.\n\nAssorbimento dell'anidride carbonica dall'atmosfera \nIl basalto, essendo una roccia porosa, viene erosa molto più facilmente del granito e pertanto, a parità di tempo, la quantità di basalto asportata dai fiumi è maggiore della corrispettiva in granito.\n\nUna volta dissolte in acqua, le componenti minerali delle rocce assorbono di norma una parte dell'anidride carbonica disciolta nell'acqua stessa; dopo essersi legati alla CO2, i minerali tendono a precipitare sul fondale marino come sedimenti. Questo fenomeno provoca una carenza di anidride carbonica nelle acque marine che viene compensata dallo scioglimento in acqua di una grossa quantità di CO2 proveniente dall'atmosfera: in pratica il mare la assorbe come una vera e propria \"spugna\". Quindi, a parità di tempo, si può dire che la roccia basaltica \"consumi\" più anidride carbonica (circa 8 volte di più) della corrispondente roccia granitica.\n\nIl consumo di CO2 riduce l'effetto serra \nIn seguito alla frantumazione di Rodinia, il consumo di anidride carbonica provocato dall'erosione del basalto aumentò ad un livello tale da superare, a parità di periodo, il quantitativo emesso dalle eruzioni vulcaniche, provocando così una netta diminuzione dell'effetto serra sul pianeta, dato che la CO2 è uno dei cosiddetti gas serra ovvero uno di quei gas che provoca questo fenomeno.\n\nFormazione delle calotte polari \nA seguito di questa catena di eventi la temperatura media del globo iniziò a scendere e le calotte polari, quasi del tutto inesistenti prima della frantumazione di Rodinia, iniziarono a espandersi. Inoltre il ghiaccio, riflettendo la luce solare, accelerò ulteriormente il raffreddamento del pianeta che, come già detto, era stato favorito dall'assottigliamento dello strato di gas serra.\n\nLa Terra diventa una \"palla di neve\" \n\nPiù la superficie terrestre veniva coperta dal ghiaccio, più la temperatura scendeva. Si avviava così un circolo vizioso che in poche migliaia di anni portò i ghiacciai a ricoprire quasi tutto il pianeta; il ghiaccio arrivò perfino all'equatore, la zona notoriamente più mite del globo, dove era spesso circa 3 metri.\n\nLa Terra, salvo alcune zone in prossimità dei vulcani, aveva assunto l'aspetto di una enorme palla di neve (snowball, in inglese).\n\nFine della glaciazione \nIn seguito a questo evento la banchisa, ricoprendo interamente il mare terrestre, impedì il processo di dissoluzione della roccia basaltica che per tanto tempo aveva alimentato questa glaciazione e i gas serra dell'atmosfera ripresero ad aumentare.\n\nNel contempo circa il 99% delle forme di vita esistenti sulla Terra (per lo più batteri) si era estinta. Il restante 1% sopravvisse grazie alle sorgenti calde sottomarine oppure perché si trovava nei pressi dell'equatore, dove il minor spessore del ghiaccio permise alla luce solare di passare, seppur ridotta in intensità.\n\nDopo qualche migliaio di anni, il livello di gas serra era giunto a un punto tale da essere circa 350 volte maggiore di quello dei giorni d'oggi. L'effetto serra che ne derivò fu molto intenso e favorì lo scioglimento dei ghiacci; a poco a poco la situazione climatica della terra tornò ad essere simile a quella antecedente alla frammentazione del supercontinente Rodinia. Inoltre il ghiaccio aveva eroso fortemente l'oramai frammentato Rodinia e aveva riportato in superficie lo strato granitico precedentemente sepolto.\n\nNote\n\nVoci correlate \n Banchisa\n Glaciazione\n Estinzione di massa\n Effetto serra\n Gas serra\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n \n \n \n \n\nGlaciazioni\nProterozoico\nNeve", "L'English Electric Thunderbird era un missile terra-aria prodotto dall'azienda britannica English Electric dagli anni cinquanta del XX secolo e rimasto operativo nel British Army fino al 1977. Il sistema era stato concepito principalmente per attaccare bersagli a quote elevate e a distanze fino a circa 30 miglia, fornendo la difesa aerea delle unità dell'esercito sul campo di battaglia, integrato dai cannoni contraerei Bofors da 40 mm per le minacce a quote inferiori. Caratterizzato da un radar a onda continua e da un sistema di guida SAHR (Semi-active Homing Radar) altamente resistente alle contromisure elettroniche, condivideva diversi componenti con il similare Bristol Bloodhound in servizio nella Royal Air Force. Alcuni sistemi Thunderbird Mk.1 sono stati acquistati, usati, dalla Royal Saudi Air Force nel 1967.\n\nStoria del progetto \n\nNel corso del 1949 la ditta English Electric Company Limited iniziò a sviluppare un missile superficie-aria con cui sostituire il cannone QF 3.7 inch da 94 mm del Royal Artillery nel ruolo di difesa contraerea mobile delle unità dell'esercito britannico schierate sul campo di battaglia. Per lavorare sul nuovo progetto, denominato Thunderbird, nel novembre 1950 la English Electric creò una apposito ufficio studi, designato Guided Weapons Division. \nMentre si avviava lo sviluppo del nuovo missile, il Ministro dello sviluppo (Ministry of Supply MoS) iniziò lo studio di un piano per la difesa aerea integrata, su più livelli, designato \"Stage Plan\", che verteva sull'acquisizione di nuovi radar di scoperta aerea, velivoli intercettori e missili superficie-aria.\nLa tecnologia dei missili era, allora, quella meno conosciuta, e il MoS decise di attuare il loro dispiegamento in due fasi: \n La \"Stage 1\" prevedeva l'acquisizione di missili con gittata di 20 miglia, e capacità di operare contro velivoli subsonici o leggermente supersonici, in volo a media o alta quota. Tali ordigni sarebbero stati utilizzati per la difesa ravvicinata della basi operative dei nuovi velivoli da bombardamento della serie V-Bomber allora in fase di sviluppo, e delle unità dell'esercito sul campo. \n La \"Stage 2\" era il naturale sviluppo della precedente \"Stage 1\", e verteva su un nuovo missile dotato di maggiore velocità, raggio d'azione e tangenza raggiungibile, basato sul missile \"Green Sparkler\", che sarebbe dovuto divenire operativo nel corso degli anni sessanta del XX secolo. \nIn risposta alla specifica \"Stage 1\" furono presentate due proposte, una dalla English Electric, designata in codice \"Red Shoes\", e una dalla Bristol denominata \"Red Duster\". La proposta della Bristol era similare a quella della English Electric, ma risultava meno mobile anche se disponeva di una maggiore gittata. Per entrambi i modelli fu sviluppato un unico sistema di tiro dotato di un radar di scoperta e illuminazione del bersaglio Ferranti, e di una radar di controllo del tiro British Thomson-Houston RRDE \"Yellow River\".\n\nIl programma di sviluppo del missile Thunderbird Mk.1 vide l'impiego di alcuni veicoli sperimentali designati da D1 a D4. I missili D1 e D2 vennero utilizzati per lo sviluppo della configurazione basica, mentre i D3 e D4 per la configurazione aerodinamica definitiva del sistema. Al termine delle prove l'esercito respinse definitivamente l'idea di utilizzare un motore razzo a combustibile liquido sul campo di battaglia, a causa delle difficoltà di gestione del carburante considerato altamente reattivo, richiedendo l'installazione di un motore a propellente solido. Furono testati numerosi tipi di propulsori su appositi veicoli designati \"Luton Test Vehicle\", o LTV. \nDurante i test comparativi svolti tra i missili \"Red Shoes\" e \"Red Duster\" quest'ultimo ebbe numerosi e seri problemi che portarono l'esercito a scegliere definitivamente il sistema d'arma \"Red Shoes\" proposto dalla English Electric. Alla fine i problemi del sistema \"Red Duster\" vennero risolti abbastanza rapidamente, e il missile entrò in servizio nella Royal Air Force come Bristol Bloodhound Mk.1.\n\nLe prime prove di lancio del Thunderbird si svolsero sul poligono australiano di Woomera nel novembre 1956 e furono coronate da successo, tanto che venne autorizzata la produzione della versione Mk.1.\n\nTecnica \n\nIl missile Thunderbird Mk.1 disponeva di una fusoliera cilindrica terminante con una ogiva conica, e di quattro alette fisse cruciformi installate appena dietro il punto centrale della fusoliera, e di quattro piani di coda mobili cruciformi. Le alette fisse avevano un bordo d'attacco a freccia di 45°, mentre i piani di coda a doppia freccia, inversamente rastremati, erano posizionati in linea con le alette. \nIl propulsore razzo a propellente liquido Napier dei primi prototipi fu sostituito da uno a propellente solido IMI, con tutti i vantaggi conseguenti in termini di immagazzinamento, manutenzione e affidabilità. Il motore principale era assistito, per il lancio, da quattro motori ausiliari a propellente solido Bristol Aerojet \"Albatros\" disposti tra le superfici di controllo e le ali. Tali booster erano facilmente individuabili a causa di una singola piccola aletta anteriore, e da un'altra posteriore sovradimensionata posta all'estremità di ognuno di essi, e dotata di una piccola superficie piana al suo termine. Tali booster ausiliari avevano gli ugelli orientati leggermente verso l'esterno, per non danneggiare la fusoliera e consentivano il lancio e l'accelerazione primaria del missile con alto angolo di elevazione, per posizionarlo all'interno del fascio radar necessario per la guida semiattiva. \nIl sistema di guida semi-attivo (semi-active radar homing) si basava su un radar a impulsi Ferranti Type 83 \" Yellow River\" che fungeva sia da acquisizione che da illuminazione del bersaglio. Tale sistema era lo stesso del concorrente Bristol \"Red Duster\".\nLa struttura della parte anteriore era a punta, dentro la quale vi trovavano alloggiamento i sistemi di guida e la testata esplosiva ad alto esplosivo. Quest'ultima aveva una struttura a barra continua per orientare il ventaglio di schegge una volta colpito l'obbiettivo, ma la sua efficacia diminuiva rapidamente con l'aumentare della distanza.\n\nLa batteria operativa si componeva di un massimo di sei unità, ognuna dotata di tre rampe di lancio, un radar di illuminazione e di ricerca BHT \"Stingray\", e veicoli leggeri Land Rover per il traino. Il comando della batteria disponeva di un radar di scoperta e uno di misurazione della quota.\n\nLa maggior parte del sistema antiaereo nella versione Mk.2 poteva essere aviolanciata, e la totalità era aviotrasportabile tramite gli aerei da trasporto Armostrong Whitworth AW.660 Argosy C.Mk.1 della Royal Air Force.\n\nImpiego operativo \n\nIl sistema missilistico Thunderbird entrò in servizio attivo nel British Army a partire dal 1959, dieci anni dopo l'inizio del suo sviluppo, assegnato ai No. 36 e No.37 Heavy Air Defence Regiment del Royal Artillery. \nIl nuovo sistema missilistico non era ancora entrato in servizio che già nel 1956 era stato avviato lo sviluppo, in base al requisito Stage 2, di una versione migliorata designata Thunderbird Mk 2.\n\nLa versione Thunderbird Mk.2 \nMentre i missili del programma \"Stage 1\" erano ancora in fase di sviluppo, il programma \"Stage 2\" procedette con bassa priorità per problemi legati allo stato d'arte della tecnologia missilistica dell'epoca, mentre la tecnologia radar procedeva rapidamente. Fu deciso di avviare un programma di aggiornamento intermedio dei sistemi missilistici antiaerei utilizzando i radar a onda continua per migliorarne le prestazioni. \nNel caso del Thunderbird lo \"Stage 1½\" utilizzava il radar Type 86 \"Indigo Corkscrew\" in fase di realizzazione. Nel corso del tempo questo radar cambiò più volte designazione diventando \"Green Flax\", e successivamente \"Yellow Temple\". Durante il servizio fu denominato Radar, AD, No 10 (fire control), e tale sistema migliorava notevolmente le prestazioni del missile contro bersagli volanti a bassa quota e la sua resistenza alle contromisure elettroniche. Per supportare le operazioni del missile Thunderbird sul campo i reggimenti d'artiglieria pesante furono equipaggiati con due nuovi radar, quello di controllo tattico Marconi Type 88 con portata di 200 km e quello altimetrico Marconi Type 89 dando loro un sistema di sorveglianza lunga portata.\n\nNel 1956 era stata avviato lo sviluppo di una nuova versione, designata Thunderbird Mk.2 che disponeva di motori, sia quello principale che i booster ausiliari, di potenza maggiorata, migliore finezza aerodinamica, superfici ingrandite e cono anteriore modificato. Fu adottato un nuovo sistema di guida basato su un radar di illuminazione del bersaglio a onda continua in banda X Ferranti \"Firelight\", che rendeva il missile più resistente alle ECM, e permetteva l'ingaggio di bersagli in volo a bassa quota. Inoltre il sistema era stato reso completamente aviotrasportabile.\n\nIl Thunderbird Mk 2 prestò servizio a partire dal 1966 nel No.36 Heavy Air Defence Regiment del BAOR (British Army of the Rhine), in Germania Occidentale fino al 1976, quando fu sostituito dal più leggero Raytheon MIM-23 Hawk di provenienza americana. La procedura operativa NATO prevedeva che in caso di attacco i radar del sistema NADGE disloccati in Norvegia segnalassero il decollo dei bombardieri sovietici dalle loro basi, allertando le batterie di missili Thunderbird Mk.2 e le unità dei caccia intercettori Lockheed F-104G Starfighter della Luftwaffe di stanza in Germania.\n\nEsportazione \nIl sistema Thunderbird ebbe un certo successo di esportazione. Nel 1967 l'Arabia Saudita comprò 37 missili nella versione Mk.1 appena radiati dal servizio attivo nell'esercito inglese. \nIl Regno di Libia formalizzò un ordine di acquisto che fu cancellato nel 1969, dopo il colpo di stato che portò al potere il colonnello Gheddafi. \nVerso la fine degli anni sessanta la Finlandia emise un requisito per l'acquisto di missili superficie-aria da scegliersi tra il Thunderbird o il Bloodhound, ma dopo la consegna di alcuni esemplari dei due tipi per le valutazioni operative l'ordine non venne mai formalizzato e il requisito successivamente annullato. Disattivati, i missili furono utilizzati per l'addestramento del personale fino al 1979. Contatti vennero avviati anche con lo Zambia, che tuttavia non emise alcun ordine e il missile fu offerto anche all'Italia, senza successo.\n\nUtilizzatori \n\n,\n Royal Saudi Air Force \n\n Maavoimat \n\n British Army\n No. 36 Heavy Air Defence Regiment\n No. 37 Heavy Air Defence Regiment\n\nEsemplari attualmente esistenti \nAlcuni missili Thunderbird sono esposti in vari musei del Regno Unito. Un missile è esposto all'aperto presso il Midland Air Museum, Warwickshire, mentre un altro si trova al The Royal Artillery Museum di Woolwich.\nUn missile Thunderbird nella versione Mk1 si trova esposto presso il National Museum of Flight localizzato a East Fortune, appena fuori Edimburgo, Scozia.\nUn esemplare di Thunderbird è esposto al di fuori del Combined Services Military Museum di Maldon, nell'Essex.\n\nDue missili sono esposti in Finlandia, uno presso il Museo Militaria di Hämeenlinna e un altro presso l'Ilmatorjuntamuseo di Tuusula.\n\nNote\n\nAnnotazioni\n\nFonti\n\nBibliografia\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \"Emphasis on Mobility\" a 1959 advertisement for the Thunderbird in Flight magazine\n\nMissili terra-aria", "Dopo vari titoli ottenuti nelle categorie minori, debuttò nella massima serie nel 1991 al volante di una Lotus, squadra con cui corse per i primi anni. Il suo nome è legato soprattutto alla McLaren, per cui gareggiò dal 1993 al 2001, vincendo venti Gran Premi.\n\nPilota veloce e costante, tanto da aver concluso nei punti oltre la metà delle gare a cui ha partecipato, alla fine degli anni novanta divenne noto per la sua rivalità sportiva con il tedesco della Ferrari Michael Schumacher nella conquista dell'iride. Lo stesso ex ferrarista ha più volte dichiarato che Häkkinen è stato il rivale che più ha rispettato durante la sua carriera in Formula 1.\n\nDopo essersi ritirato dalle corse nel 2001, il finlandese partecipò occasionalmente ad alcune gare di rally a partire dal 2003, per poi gareggiare nel DTM con la Mercedes dal 2005 al 2007, conquistando tre vittorie. La sua ultima partecipazione in una gara professionistica risale al 2013, quando vinse una gara a Zhuhai.\n\nCarriera\n\nKart \nMika Häkkinen si avvicinò al mondo dei motori già da piccolissimo, anni in cui conobbe e fece amicizia con un altro futuro pilota di Formula 1, il connazionale Mika Salo; a cinque anni gli fu regalato il primo kart dal futuro pilota di rally Henri Toivonen, suo connazionale.\nA 10 anni vinse il primo titolo regionale, il Keimola Regional Karting Championship; si ripeté l'anno successivo. Nel 1981 Häkkinen conquistò il Finnish Karting Championship, nella categoria F-mini series, titolo conquistato anche nei 5 anni successivi, passando di categoria, prima nella FN series e poi nella FA series.\n\nFormule minori \n\nIl 1987 fu l'anno del debutto in monoposto, in Formula Ford 1600, serie in cui il finlandese vinse il titolo al primo tentativo, risultando campione per somma dei punti fra piloti finnici, svedesi e nordici (Finnish, Swedish and Nordic Champion Summary Results).\n\nNel 1988 vinse 2 titoli col team Dragon: la GM Opel Lotus Series e il British GM-Vauxhall Series.\n\nI risultati ottenuti in Formula Ford e in Formula Opel Lotus fecero approdare Häkkinen l'anno successivo in F3 ancora col team Dragon-Toyota. Al termine del campionato, vinto da Allan McNish con 72 punti, fu 7º, con 18 punti. I migliori risultati della stagione furono una pole position e un secondo posto a Brands Hatch.\n\nDopo un anno di apprendistato, nel 1990 Häkkinen approdò nel West Surrey Racing-Mugen Honda (Formula 3 britannica) e vinse 11 gare su 21 con 19 podi.\n\nVittoria del Campionato con 126 punti davanti al connazionale Mika Salo con 99 punti. Si aggiudicò (senza prendere punti per il campionato) anche una gara di Formula 3 del campionato italiano, disputata ad Imola.\n\nA fine anno a Macao ci fu il primo duello con Michael Schumacher. I due vinsero una manche a testa, con una polemica finale nella seconda, vinta dal tedesco, per un contatto avvenuto durante un tentativo di sorpasso.\n\nGrazie all'abilità del manager del finlandese, l'ex pilota di F1 Keke Rosberg, unita ai risultati ottenuti da Mika, Häkkinen firmò col team di Formula 1 Lotus a ventun anni, caso non comune per l'epoca, come successo anche a Michael Schumacher, anch'egli giovane promessa della Formula 3, il cui debutto avvenne alcuni mesi dopo.\n\nFormula 1 (1991-2001)\n\n1991-1992: Lotus \n1991\n\nHäkkinen debuttò in F1 nel Gran Premio degli Stati Uniti 1991 alla guida di una Lotus-Judd.\nCome Ayrton Senna, dalla F3 inglese il finnico passò alla massima serie senza correre prima per la categoria cadetta, la F3000 (già Formula 2).\nLa Lotus di quell'anno era una delle peggiori che la scuderia, ormai in declino, avesse mai portato in pista. All'esordio, si qualificò 13º e in gara si ritirò al 59º giro per noie meccaniche. Nel corso della travagliata stagione 1991 Mika conquistò due punti, frutto del 5º posto nel Gran Premio di San Marino.\n\n1992\nLa nuova monoposto risultò sufficientemente competitiva, e i risultati non tardarono ad arrivare; undici punti totali (sei piazzamenti utili con due quarti posti a Budapest e Magny Cours come miglior risultato) gli valsero l'ottavo posto nella classifica del mondiale con undici punti e soprattutto l'interessamento della McLaren.\n\n1993-2001: McLaren \n1993\nLa McLaren propose a Häkkinen un ingaggio per il 1993. La sua effettiva partecipazione in gara era però subordinata alla decisione di Ayrton Senna: se questi avesse deciso di continuare a correre con la McLaren, Häkkinen avrebbe dovuto accontentarsi di fare il collaudatore, essendo l'altra vettura già assegnata a Michael Andretti. Il finlandese accettò, nonostante altre scuderie di minor spessore gli proponessero contratti da prima guida.\nHäkkinen rimase con la McLaren fino alla fine della carriera. Iniziò il 1993 come tester, ma corse le ultime 3 gare in sostituzione dell'appiedato Andretti che era tornato a correre negli Stati Uniti. All'esordio con la scuderia inglese, durante le qualifiche del Gran Premio del Portogallo ad Estoril, riuscì a piazzarsi in griglia in terza posizione, davanti al compagno di team Ayrton Senna. In gara il finlandese fu costretto al ritiro per incidente.\nNelle qualifiche del successivo Gran Premio del Giappone, Häkkinen non riuscì per pochi centesimi a beffare nuovamente il brasiliano; in gara poi giunse terzo conquistando il primo podio della carriera, dietro proprio al compagno Senna e Prost. Nell'ultima gara stagionale fu invece costretto al ritiro per un problema a una ruota. Proprio in Australia nacque il soprannome di \"finlandese volante\": il fotografo Mark Sutton scattò un'immagine in cui la McLaren di Mika prendeva il volo sul cordolo; fu egli stesso, autografando l'immagine, a definirsi con il soprannome che poi l'accompagnò per tutta la carriera.\n\n1994\n\nNella stagione 1994 venne confermato come prima guida in McLaren e conquistò 26 punti con 6 arrivi a podio (il primo a Imola nel giorno della morte di Senna) e il 4º posto finale nel campionato, nonostante un motore Peugeot spesso inaffidabile e poco potente. La migliore prestazione della stagione fu ottenuta sul circuito di Spa-Francorchamps dove il finlandese, grazie alle sue doti di guida, riuscì a sopperire alla mancanza di potenza del propulsore francese, giungendo inizialmente al 3°, ma salendo poi al secondo posto in seguito alla squalifica del vincitore Schumacher. Nel corso dell'ultima prova stagionale, nel Gran Premio d'Australia ad Adelaide, durante la gara perse il controllo della sua vettura che, dopo una serie di testacoda, urtò con il retrotreno contro le barriere di protezione senza però riportare danni.\n\n1995\nNel 1995 avvenne nel team un cambio di motorizzazione, con il passaggio dalla Peugeot alla Mercedes, che ha fornito i motori alla scuderia inglese fino alla stagione 2014. La monoposto non gli permise però di ottenere risultati regolari, e infatti dopo un quarto posto in Brasile e un quinto posto a Imola, il finlandese visse un prosieguo di stagione molto difficile salvo poi risollevarsi nel finale grazie ai secondi posti conquistati a Monza e a Suzuka, chiudendo così 7º in classifica con 17 punti. Durante le prove del venerdì dell'ultimo appuntamento mondiale, in Australia, Häkkinen ebbe un gravissimo incidente: andò a sbattere contro le barriere dopo aver perso il controllo della vettura a causa di un'improvvisa foratura dello pneumatico posteriore sinistro (probabilmente a causa di un cordolo). Il pilota entrò in coma, rimanendovi per due giorni. Il collega austriaco Gerhard Berger, dopo esserlo andato a trovare al Royal Adelaide Hospital, riportò che Häkkinen era ferito alla lingua, aveva perso molti denti e presentava una frattura dello zigomo. I medici riportarono per la stampa che il finlandese presentava una frattura alla base del cranio. Häkkinen, risvegliatosi il 12 novembre, venne tenuto per alcuni giorni in terapia intensiva, sotto sedativi, ma si riprese in fretta e a dicembre annunciò il ritorno in Formula 1. In seguito a questo incidente riportò un problema di udito all'orecchio destro.\n\n1996\nRipresosi perfettamente e relativamente in breve tempo, nel 1996 riuscì a migliorare il suo punteggio grazie anche ad una McLaren leggermente più competitiva rispetto all'anno precedente. Si mise in luce soprattutto a Monza con un bel sorpasso su Villeneuve nel primo giro e con la successiva rimonta dall'undicesimo al terzo posto dopo un problema all'alettone che lo costrinse a rientrare ai box già alla terza tornata. Conquistò 31 punti finali e la 5ª posizione nel mondiale, dietro al Campione del Mondo Damon Hill, il debuttante Jacques Villeneuve, Michael Schumacher e Jean Alesi. Questo fu, inoltre il primo dei sei anni della convivenza in McLaren tra lo stesso Mika e David Coulthard.\n\n1997\n\nNel 1997 il finlandese riuscì ad aggiudicarsi la prima pole position della carriera al Nurburgring e la prima vittoria nell'ultima gara della stagione (a Jerez, in Spagna). Inoltre Mika, prima del trionfo nell'ultima gara, sfiorò la vittoria in più occasioni in cui fu tradito dal motore, tanto che la prima vittoria in Formula 1 sembrò quasi una maledizione. La prima sventura fu nel GP di Inghilterra a Silverstone, dove Häkkinen si trovò al comando approfittando di un problema al box Williams durante il pit stop di Villeneuve, ma il Mercedes cedette a soli 6 giri dalla fine; poi in Austria, sempre per lo stesso motivo, Mika rimase a piedi dopo neanche 6 km dopo essere passato al comando al via con una buona partenza dal 2º posto. L'episodio più significativo fu però la successiva gara al Nurburgring, in cui il finlandese in ottima forma ottenne la sua prima pole nel giorno del suo 29º compleanno e si scatenò anche in gara seminando gli avversari giro dopo giro; il suo compagno Coulthard, che era riuscito ad inizio gara a portarsi al secondo posto, si vide il motore andare in fumo nel corso del 42º giro, lo scozzese fece giusto in tempo a scendere dalla sua monoposto che nello stesso punto sopraggiunse davanti a lui a passo d'uomo Häkkinen con lo stesso problema; il finlandese aveva appena completato il giro successivo e parcheggiò quindi la monoposto pochi metri davanti a quella del suo compagno. Alla fine della stagione i ritiri per Häkkinen furono sette, ben cinque causati dal motore.\n\nTuttavia la fortuna girò dalla parte di Mika proprio nell'ultimo gran premio: al 47º giro il finlandese si trovava al 4º posto, subito dietro a David Coulthard ma con un grosso distacco da M. Schumacher e Villeneuve che si contendevano il mondiale; il contatto tra i due rivali causò il ritiro del tedesco ed il rallentamento della Williams favorendo così la rimonta delle McLaren. Vedendo la possibilità di una vittoria, al box McLaren chiesero a Coulthard di lasciare strada al compagno. Il pilota scozzese inizialmente non intendeva cedere la posizione, ma le pressioni ricevute via radio lo indussero a cambiare idea: al termine del gran premio Ron Dennis avrebbe spiegato a Coulthard che voleva che Häkkinen vincesse almeno una gara con una sua macchina, dato che nel 1995 ad Adelaide Mika aveva rischiato la vita al volante di una McLaren; inoltre, quell'anno lo scozzese aveva già vinto due volte, e al team sarebbe piaciuto che Häkkinen potesse ottenere un successo. Bisogna inoltre considerare che il primo posto avrebbe consentito ad Häkkinen di guadagnare due posizioni nel mondiale, mentre Coulthard era ormai matematicamente quarto. A questo punto, Mika si ritrovò proprio all'ultimo giro nella scia di Villeneuve che pensò solo ad evitare contatti tra le monoposto e non oppose nessuna resistenza potendo accontentarsi anche di un 6º posto per vincere il titolo. Il finlandese vinse così in maniera fortunosa il suo primo gran premio in Formula 1 quasi a compensare la sfortuna avuta nell'arco del campionato. Concluse la stagione con 27 punti e il 7º posto nella Classifica Piloti, il 6º dopo la squalifica di Michael Schumacher.\n\n1998\n\nNel 1998 avvenne la svolta decisiva. La MP4/13 fu la prima monoposto McLaren progettata da Adrian Newey, ingegnere aerodinamico che ebbe il merito di aver progettato le migliori monoposto nell'era del dominio Williams. Häkkinen aveva finalmente una McLaren più che competitiva, grazie anche al passaggio dal fornitore di pneumatici Goodyear ai più efficaci Bridgestone. Il finlandese riuscì con 8 vittorie e 13 piazzamenti a punti in 16 Gran Premi ad aggiudicarsi il titolo di Campione del Mondo con all'attivo 100 punti, davanti al ferrarista Michael Schumacher con 86. Inoltre si rese autore di 7 giri veloci e di ben 9 pole position stagionali. L'anno iniziò nel segno della McLaren e di Häkkinen che nelle prime 6 gare vinsero in 5 appuntamenti (4 successi per Mika ed uno per il compagno). La McLaren di inizio campionato sembrava poter dominare il mondiale, imprendibile per chiunque anche grazie al cosiddetto fiddle brake (\"terzo pedale\"), un dispositivo che permetteva di variare la forza frenante fra lato destro e sinistro; dopo le prime due gare in cui Häkkinen vinse davanti al compagno, (addirittura doppiando tutti gli altri in Australia), questo dispositivo fu vietato dalla FIA. Tale decisione lasciò qualche perplessità dato che la FIA stessa aveva inizialmente dato l'ok alla scuderia inglese; Ron Dennis però, decise in ogni caso di non fare ricorso. Nella terza prova in Argentina Schumacher trionfò con una grande gara davanti ad Häkkinen.\n\nTuttavia anche dopo l'esclusione del fiddle brake, la McLaren rimase comunque la macchina più veloce, o almeno lo fu nella maggior parte dei circuiti, anche se non così incredibilmente veloce come nei primi due gran premi. Questa monoposto però, come nel campionato precedente, non eccelse in affidabilità; Häkkinen infatti vinse facilmente in Spagna ed a Monte Carlo, ma si ritirò per problemi al cambio ad Imola ed in Canada. In Francia ottenne la pole ma al via fu superato dalle due Ferrari che rimasero davanti fino alla fine nonostante il disperato tentativo di superare Irvine all'ultima curva. A Silverstone Schumacher vinse la terza gara consecutiva riducendo così il distacco nel mondiale da -22 a -2 da Mika nella classifica piloti, complice anche l'errore del finlandese nel finale di quest'ultimo gran premio. Il finlandese tornò a vincere in Austria, dopo una bella sfida nei primi giri in cui Schumacher lo attaccò più volte, per poi compiere un fuori pista agevolando così la vittoria del pilota McLaren che trionfò anche in Germania riallungando sul ferrarista. Nelle due gare che seguirono Häkkinen raccolse solamente un punto, per problemi al cambio a Budapest e per un lieve contatto con Schumacher a Spa alla prima curva, anche se Schumacher non ne approfittò pienamente visto che vinse solo nel Gran Premio di Ungheria e si ritirò a Spa, mentre era primo, a causa di un contatto ancora oggi molto discusso con l'altro pilota McLaren, David Coulthard, durante un doppiaggio.\n\nA Monza nel Gran Premio di Italia si impose Schumacher; Häkkinen nel finale cercò di recuperare e si avvicinò molto al tedesco, ma terminò solamente quarto a causa di un improvviso cedimento dei freni che causò un fuoripista. A questo punto della stagione i due contendenti si trovarono in testa alla classifica a quota 80 punti a sole due gare del termine. Al Nürburgring Schumacher ottenne la pole davanti al compagno Irvine, ma Häkkinen questa volta riuscì a completare la rimonta sorpassando Irvine e spingendo al massimo si ritrovò davanti anche a Schumacher dopo le rispettive soste ai box. Si arrivò a Suzuka con il titolo ancora in palio seppur Häkkinen risultava favorito dato che gli sarebbe bastato un eventuale secondo posto per essere campione del mondo. Nell'ultimo atto della stagione vinse ancora Häkkinen con uno sfortunato Schumacher che aveva fatto la pole al sabato, ma era stato costretto a partire dall'ultima posizione in griglia causa un problema occorso sulla sua Ferrari e che aveva fatto una bella rimonta in gara fino al 3º posto, prima di doversi ritirare per un problema ad una gomma dopo essere passato sui detriti di un incidente tra Takagi e Tuero. Häkkinen vinse quindi il suo primo titolo mondiale e la McLaren fu anche campione del mondo costruttori.\n\n1999\n\nLa MP4/14, sempre nata dalla matita di Newey, fu anch'essa una vettura competitiva capace di lottare per la vittoria, ma la scalata verso il Titolo Mondiale fu più difficile che nel 1998, soprattutto per via degli episodi di metà stagione nei gran premi di Inghilterra, Austria e Germania associati all'errore del pilota a Monza. \n\nNonostante una Ferrari più competitiva, Schumacher finì fuori dai giochi già a metà stagione a causa del grave incidente accaduto durante il Gran Premio di Silverstone per un problema all'impianto fenante. Il mondiale sembrava dunque più vicino per Häkkinen, ma nonostante ciò il finlandese poté festeggiare il secondo titolo iridato consecutivo solo dopo l'ultimo Gran Premio di Suzuka nel quale riuscì a vincere terminando davanti a Michael Schumacher e all'altro ferrarista Eddie Irvine concludendo così il mondiale con 76 punti e staccando di 2 punti Eddie Irvine che concluse secondo con 74 punti. L'anno non iniziò nel migliore dei modi per Mika che si dovette ritirare nel corso del primo Gran Premio a Melbourne.\n\nLa prima vittoria della stagione, comunque non tardò ad arrivare e giunse nel secondo Gran Premio del Mondiale in Brasile, ma il finlandese nella successiva gara a Imola sbatté all'ultima chicane e si ritirò mentre era in testa. Quindi concluse terzo a Monaco, primo a Barcellona ed in Canada (dove conquistò la testa del mondiale superando Schumacher), e secondo in Francia dietro alla Jordan di Frentzen ritrovandosi così a +8 nella classifica piloti. Si ritirò a Silverstone per un problema alla ruota posteriore sinistra e finì qui anche la sfida tra lui e Michael Schumacher, che subì un grave incidente e si infortunò ad una gamba venendo così sostituito per sei gare da Mika Salo. Häkkinen poi arrivò terzo in Austria dopo aver subito un tamponamento dal compagno Coulthard al primo giro ed aver rimontato dalle ultime posizioni. Fu protagonista di un pauroso incidente ad Hockenheim causato dall'esplosione di uno pneumatico ad oltre 300 km/h e perse la testa del mondiale ai danni di Irvine. La sua vettura incidentata è esposta allo Science Museum di Londra nella sezione mezzi di trasporto come vettura più sicura al mondo. Nelle successive due gare Mika riuscì a tornare al comando della classifica per un solo punto classificandosi primo a Budapest e secondo a Spa dietro a Coulthard.\n\nColpisce il pianto del finlandese dopo l'errore che gli costò la vittoria nel Gran Premio di Italia a Monza, dove fece un grave errore inserendo la prima marcia in un momento in cui stava spingendo al massimo e causando l'uscita di pista che gli pregiudicò la vittoria di una gara che fino ad allora stava dominando, mentre Irvine giunse sesto e lo raggiunse in testa al mondiale a quota 60 punti a tre gare dal termine. Al Nurburgring il meteo variabile rese la corsa imprevedibile, Häkkinen inizialmente sbagliò completamente strategia di gara ma riuscì a salvare la corsa con una rimonta e concluse quinto sorpassando proprio Irvine a 5 giri dalla fine; arrivò poi terzo in Malesia, dove fece i conti con Michael Schumacher (appena rientrato dall'infortunio) che lo rallentò per buona parte della gara permettendo così ad Irvine di vincere in scioltezza. Si arrivò dunque a Suzuka con Häkkinen in svantaggio di quattro punti, ma con una splendida prova il pilota McLaren vinse sia la gara che il suo secondo titolo Mondiale, arrivando tra l'altro quasi a doppiare il rivale Irvine. Il testacoda di Coulthard, a 19 giri dalla fine, costò però alla McLaren il mondiale costruttori che andò quindi alla Ferrari.\n\n2000\nMeno fortunata fu la stagione 2000, durante la quale comunque Häkkinen lottò per il titolo fino alla fine, pur dovendolo cedere al rivale Michael Schumacher; il finlandese conquistò 4 vittorie e 89 punti totali. Restò negli annali della storia della Formula 1 il sorpasso inflitto al tedesco durante il Gran Premio del Belgio mentre si stava effettuando il doppiaggio di Zonta (Schumacher allungò la frenata per doppiare Zonta all'esterno, il finlandese sorpassò entrambi all'interno), giudicato da gran parte degli esperti come uno dei più bei sorpassi della storia della Formula 1. L'inizio di stagione per Mika fu molto difficile: si cominciò con un doppio ritiro nelle prime due gare per problemi meccanici in Australia ed in Brasile; la prima vittoria sembrò poter arrivare nella terza prova ad Imola, dove Häkkinen condusse per circa 2/3 di gara, ma Schumacher riuscì ad avere la meglio dopo il secondo pit stop fermandosi quattro tornate più tardi del finlandese; una brutta partenza costrinse Mika ad una rimonta a Silverstone e nonostante i giri veloci dovette accontentarsi del secondo posto dietro a Coulthard.\n\nNella quinta gara in Spagna riuscì invece a vincere sfruttando un pasticcio dei meccanici Ferrari nel secondo pit stop di Schumacher che era in testa; al Nürburgring però, furono i suoi meccanici a tardare durante la sosta ed Häkkinen giunse per la terza volta in stagione al secondo posto non riuscendo a ridurre lo svantaggio da Schumacher. Un altro problema ai box lo penalizzò fortemente a Monte Carlo facendolo scivolare fino al sesto posto, apparve poi in difficoltà nel gran premio del Canada dove giunse solo quarto ed arrivò ancora secondo in Francia dietro al compagno di squadra. La stagione di Mika decollò dal gran premio d'Austria, in cui dominò e vinse la corsa; nella gara successiva in Germania giunse secondo dietro ad uno scatenato Barrichello (autore di una rimonta pazzesca) riducendo così tutto il distacco accumulato nella parte iniziale della stagione dal leader Michael Schumacher e dal compagno David Coulthard.\n\nDominando anche il Gran Premio di Ungheria, il finlandese si portò in testa alla classifica piloti; a Spa riuscì con un sorpasso spettacolare a sopravvanzare Schumacher a soli 4 giri dal termine ed a vincere il gran premio portandosi quindi a +6 nel mondiale; il tedesco però fu imprendibile a Monza e vinse davanti a Mika riaccorciando le distanze. Nella corsa per il titolo fu decisiva la gara di Indianapolis, dove Häkkinen si ritirò per un cedimento del motore quando era al secondo posto, all'inseguimento di Schumacher che poi vinse la corsa; a due gare dal termine il tedesco della Ferrari si ritrovò quindi nettamente favorito, dato che con 8 punti di vantaggio gli bastavano due secondi posti per essere campione del mondo. In ogni caso Schumacher non fece sconti andando a vincere la successiva gara di Suzuka proprio davanti ad Häkkinen e, con una gara di anticipo, riportò il titolo mondiale a Maranello dopo 21 anni: in Giappone i due contendenti si diedero grande battaglia sia in qualifica (con il tedesco che ottenne la pole per soli 9 millesimi) sia in gara tenendo ritmi insostenibili per chiunque, compresi i rispettivi compagni di squadra che tagliarono il traguardo con oltre un minuto di distacco. Häkkinen chiuse dunque il mondiale in seconda posizione.\n\n2001\n\nNel 2001, alla fine di una stagione abbastanza deludente (solo 37 punti, 2 vittorie e tanti ritiri, tra cui quello nel Gran Premio di Spagna quando, in testa sino all'ultimo giro, dovette abbandonare la corsa per guai alla frizione) il finlandese diede l'addio alla Formula 1. In un'intervista di molti anni dopo Häkkinen dichiarò che dopo i due mondiali vinti e dopo la nascita del figlio Hugo a fine 2000, le motivazioni cominciarono a calare; viste le numerose difficoltà incontrate decise quindi di terminare la sua carriera ritirandosi dal mondo delle corse. Inizialmente Mika dichiarò di volersi prendere soltanto un anno sabbatico per stare più vicino alla sua famiglia, ma il ritiro fu definitivo esclusa qualche presenza nel campionato DTM. Tuttavia anche in una stagione negativa come questa Häkkinen riuscì a togliersi qualche soddisfazione grazie ai trionfi a Silverstone, nel Gran Premio di casa delle McLaren, e negli Stati Uniti ad Indianapolis, dove Häkkinen ottenne la sua ultima vittoria in Formula 1.\n\nNell'ultima gara della sua carriera a Suzuka Häkkinen terminò quarto dopo aver ceduto il gradino più basso del podio al compagno David Coulthard. A fine novembre 2006 il trentottenne Mika Häkkinen, dopo cinque anni di assenza, è tornato alla guida di una monoposto McLaren Mercedes in un test effettuato sul circuito di Barcellona il 30 novembre, in cui però pesò la prolungata inattività e i tempi furono molto lontani da quelli Lewis Hamilton, allora debuttante in Formula 1. Nel suo palmarès finale figurano 161 gran premi disputati, con 20 vittorie, 26 pole position, 24 giri più veloci in gara e 420 punti conquistati; 83 arrivi a punti e 39 partenze in prima fila. Häkkinen è passato alla storia per essere stato l'unico pilota in grado di mettere veramente in difficoltà Michael Schumacher nel periodo in cui il campione tedesco sbaragliava la concorrenza, distinguendosi tra l'altro per correttezza e sportività.\n\nRisultati completi in Formula 1\n\nIl ritorno alle corse: il DTM \n\nNel 2004 il pilota finlandese si interessò nuovamente al mondo delle corse e ricevette anche contatti da parte di Williams e BAR per un eventuale ritorno in Formula 1. Scelse, invece, di debuttare nel DTM, in quanto ritenuto da lui più tranquillo e meno impegnativo in termini di spostamenti. Messo sotto contratto dalla Mercedes, colse già alla terza gara la prima vittoria sul circuito di Spa-Francorchamps, sotto la pioggia e contribuì nella stessa stagione alla vittoria del compagno di squadra Gary Paffett nel campionato. Restò competitivo anche per il 2006, ma la sfortuna non gli permise di vincere gare, dopo aver conquistato alcune pole position. Nel corso della stagione 2007 ottenne due vittorie nella medesima categoria, nelle gare del Lausitzring e del Mugello, rimontando dalla 15ª posizione.\n\nDopo le competizioni \nMika Häkkinen ha ufficializzato il suo ritiro definitivo dalle corse durante l'al Stars & Cars Tag 2007, festa organizzata dalla Mercedes dove il pilota finlandese era presente. Ha dichiarato inoltre di voler continuare a lavorare per la casa tedesca, anche se non sa ancora quale compito svolgere. A sostituire il finlandese per la Mercedes nella stagione 2008 del campionato DTM è l'ex-pilota di F1 Ralf Schumacher.\n\nIl 14 ottobre 2013 a Zhuhai, Häkkinen ha vinto una gara nel GT Asia Series con la Mercedes SLS GT3 in coppia con il diciassettenne Matt Salomon.\n\nIl 16 marzo 2017, dopo 12 anni sotto il marchio Mercedes, Häkkinen ritorna come ambasciatore in McLaren.\n\nVita privata \nDal 1998 al 2008 Mika è stato sposato con Erja Honkanen, dalla quale ha avuto due figli: Hugo Ronan, nato l'11 dicembre 2000, e Aina Julia, nata il 12 maggio 2005. Il suo primogenito Hugo attualmente guida i Kart ed ha partecipato nel 2011 al CSAI Karting in Italia. Dopo il divorzio, Häkkinen convive con Markéta Kromotová, un'ex spogliarellista ceca. L'ex pilota risiede a Monte Carlo dal 1991, ma possiede abitazioni anche in Finlandia e in Francia. Proprio in quest'ultima il 16 maggio 2008 si è sviluppato un incendio che ha costretto Häkkinen al ritiro dalla Mille Miglia Storica. Nella casa si trovavano la fidanzata e un'altra donna, rimaste illese.\n\nRiconoscimenti \n Sportivo finlandese dell'anno nel 1998\n Inserito nella FIA Hall of Fame di Parigi nel 2017.\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia\n\nVoci correlate \n David Coulthard\n McLaren\n Michael Schumacher\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n\nPiloti di Formula 1 finlandesi", "87 Sylvia (in italiano 87 Silvia) è uno dei più grandi asteroidi della Fascia principale. Descrive un'orbita poco eccentrica situata nella parte esterna della Fascia principale, al di là della maggior parte dei pianetini; per questo è classificato come uno degli oggetti appartenenti alla famiglia di asteroidi Cibele. Sylvia è un corpo celeste di grande interesse poiché è il primo asteroide noto a possedere più di un satellite (finora ne sono stati individuati due, ma si crede che possano essercene altri di dimensioni minori).\n\nScoperta e attribuzione del nome \nSylvia fu scoperto da Norman Robert Pogson il 16 maggio 1866 da Madras (l'attuale Chennai, in India). Paul Herget, nel suo The Names of the Minor Planets (1955), attribuisce la scelta del nome alla volontà di rendere omaggio alla prima moglie dell'astronomo Camille Flammarion, Sylvie Petiaux-Hugo Flammarion (questa annotazione è riportata da Antonio Paluzie-Borrell, autore del The names of minor planets and their meanings). Tuttavia, nell'articolo (MNRAS, giugno 1866) in cui annunciò la scoperta di questo asteroide, Pogson spiegò che scelse il nome da una lista fornitagli alcuni anni prima da John Herschel. Sylvia fu quindi battezzato così in onore di Rea Silvia, madre dei gemelli Romolo e Remo della mitologia romana.\n\nCaratteristiche fisiche \n\nSylvia ha una superficie molto scura e probabilmente una composizione molto primitiva. La scoperta delle sue lune ha reso possibile una più accurata stima della massa e della densità. Quest'ultima sembra essere molto bassa (con un valore compreso fra 1,2 e 1,6 g/cm³); ciò indica che l'asteroide è quasi certamente molto poroso, tanto che il 60% di esso potrebbe essere spazio vuoto. Sylvia, inoltre, è un rotatore piuttosto rapido, compiendo un giro completo intorno ai suoi assi ogni 5,18 ore circa (con una velocità di rotazione equatoriale, quindi, pari a circa 160 km/h).\n\nLune \nLe due piccole lune che orbitano attorno a Sylvia, sono state battezzate Romulus (Romolo) e Remus (Remo), come i figli di Rea Silvia. Gli astronomi sono convinti che questi satelliti siano frammenti espulsi da Sylvia in un impatto avvenuto in passato, e che altri piccoli satelliti possano essere ancora individuati.\n\nRomulus \nRomulus, la prima luna, fu scoperto il 18 febbraio 2001 da Michael E. Brown e Jean-Luc Margot utilizzando il telescopio Keck II. La sua designazione completa è (87) Sylvia I Romulus; prima di ricevere un nome ufficiale, era noto semplicemente come S/2001 (87) 1. Romulus ha un diametro pari a 18 ± 4 chilometri e orbita ad una distanza di 1356 ± 5 km, portando a termine una rivoluzione completa attorno a Sylvia in 3,6496 ± 0,0007 giorni (87,59 ore). Questo piccolo satellite non deve essere confuso con l'asteroide 10386 Romulus.\n\nRemus \nRemus, la seconda luna, fu individuato dalle immagini riprese a partire dal 9 agosto 2004 e la sua scoperta fu annunciata il 10 agosto 2005. Fu scoperto da Franck Marchis dell'Università della California a Berkeley, e Pascal Descamps, Daniel Hestroffer e Jérôme Berthier dell'Observatoire de Paris, Francia, utilizzando il telescopio Yepun dell'European Southern Observatory (ESO) in Cile. Marchis, il leader del progetto, attendeva l'ultimazione del programma di acquisizione dell'immagine prima di iniziare a processare i dati. Nel marzo 2005, nel momento in cui si preparava ad andare in vacanza, Marchis ricevette da Descamps una succinta nota intitolata \"87 Sylvia est triple?\" precisando che poteva vedere due piccole lune in diverse immagini di Sylvia. L'intero team si è quindi velocemente concentrato nell'analisi dei dati, annunciando la scoperta nell'edizione dell'11 agosto della rivista Nature e contemporaneamente alla conferenza Asteroid Comet Meteor 2005 (simposio UAI n° 229) ad Armação dos Búzios, nello Stato brasiliano di Rio de Janeiro e presentando una proposta di nome all'UAI.\n\nLa designazione completa di Remus è (87) Sylvia II Remus; prima di ricevere un nome, era noto semplicemente come S/2004 (87) 1. Remus ha un diametro pari a 7 ± 2 km e orbita a una distanza di 706 ± 5 km, portando a termine una rivoluzione completa attorno a Sylvia in 1,3788 ± 0,0007 giorni (33,09 ore).\n\nAspetti reciproci \nDalla superficie di Sylvia, Romulus e Remus avrebbero approssimativamente la stessa dimensione. Romulus, la luna più esterna, avrebbe un diametro apparente di circa 0,89°, poco più grande di Remus (più vicino ma anche più piccolo) che avrebbe un diametro di circa 0,78°. Poiché Sylvia non ha una forma sferica, questi valori possono variare di poco più del 10%, a seconda di dove si trovi l'osservatore sulla superficie del corpo principale. Poiché le due lune asteroidali sembrano orbitare sullo stesso piano (secondo quanto noto finora), si occulterebbero a vicenda ogni 2,2 giorni. Quando la stagione è giusta, per due volte durante il periodo orbitale Sylvia (6,52 anni), eclisserebbero il Sole, il quale, con un diametro angolare di 0,15°, è molto più piccolo di quando è osservato dalla Terra (0,53°). Visto da Remus, la luna interna, Sylvia appare enorme, grande approssimativamente 30°×18°, mentre la visuale di Romulus varia da 1,59 a 0,50° di diametro. Visto da Romulus, Sylvia ha un diametro pari a 16°×10°, mentre quello di Remus varia fra 0,62° e 0,19°.\n\nNote\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n\n Pogson, N. R. (1866), Minor Planet (87) Sylvia, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 26, p. 311 (June 1866)\n \n Rubble-Pile Minor Planet Sylvia and Her Twins (ESO news release)\n Adaptive Optics System Reveals New Asteroidal Satellite (SpaceDaily.com)\n \n \n\nCorpi celesti scoperti nel 1866\nSylvia\nSylvia\nSylvia", "Before and After Science è un album in studio del musicista britannico Brian Eno. Prodotto da Eno e Rhett Davies, è stato originariamente pubblicato dalla Polydor Records nel dicembre 1977.\n\nBefore and After Science è meno sperimentale rispetto ai precedenti Another Green World e Discreet Music, poiché contiene tracce più accessibili e tipicamente pop. Inoltre, è l'ultimo del musicista a contenere pezzi di questo genere, poiché in seguito si dedicherà totalmente alla produzione di composizioni, ambient, New Age e da installazione.\nEsemplificativo del valore (anche) commerciale il disco, la canzone King's Lead Hat (anagramma di Talking Heads, gruppo a cui il brano è dedicato) venne pubblicata come singolo nel gennaio del 1978.\n\nGenesi \nA differenza dei precedenti album di Eno, registrati in modo rapido e superficiale, Before and After Science richiese oltre due anni tra le sedute in sala di incisione e le successive manipolazioni audio in fase di post-produzione. \nNel corso di quest'arco di tempo, l'autore fu spesso occupato a lavorare sulle proprie sperimentazioni ambient degli album Music for Films e Discreet Music, ma spinto dalle positive critiche che stava riscuotendo Another Green World, in cui l'aspetto ambient era sfumato da parti melodiche, accantonò questi progetti e si concentrò sulla produzione di un album di più facile ascolto.\n\nCome da tradizione chiese la collaborazione di musicisti illustri, tra cui gruppi tedeschi e inglesi che non lo conoscevano. Una delle prime persone che contattò fu l'amico Fred Frith, «eccitato dalle possibilità timbriche che quest'ultimo aveva scoperto». Fu così che Frith acconsentì, suonando la chitarra in Energy Fools The Magician e Through Hollow Lands.\n\nJaki Liebezeit del gruppo tedesco Can suonò la batteria in Backwater mentre l'altra band tedesca dei Cluster con cui Eno avrebbe inciso Cluster & Eno pubblicato nel 1977, arrangiò e co-scrisse By This River. Come session man parteciparono Dave Mattacks dei Fairport Convention, alle percussioni in Kurt's Rejoinder e Here He Comes, e Andy Fraser del gruppo blues-rock Free, che suonò la batteria in King's Lead Hat.\n\nGli artisti che avevano invece già collaborato con Eno alla registrazione di altri suoi album furono: membri dei Roxy Music, Percy Jones dei Brand X, Phil Collins dei Brand X e Genesis (che suonarono rispettivamente il basso e la batteria), Robert Fripp dei King Crimson, Paul Rudolph degli Hawkwind, Bill MacCormick e Phil Manzanera dei Quiet Sun e Robert Wyatt (che partecipò sotto lo pseudonimo di \"Shirley Williams\", venendo accreditato per il \"tempo\" e i \"timbales suonati con le spazzole\" in Through Lands Hollow e Kurt's Rejoinder). Di rilievo il contributo al gong in No One Receiving di Rhett Davies, all'esordio nella veste di strumentista, che fu anche fonico del suono e co-produttore come spesso è accaduto nei lavori di Eno.\n\nInsieme a questi artisti e aiutandosi con le carte delle Strategie Oblique, il compositore inglese scrisse in due anni circa 100 canzoni, tra le quali per Before and After Science ne vennero scelte 10.\n\nStile e analisi \nJim DeRogatis, autore di \"Turn On Your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock\", ha descritto il suono di Before and After Science come «la più fredda e cinica delle creazioni pop di Eno», mentre David Ross Smith nel database di All Music Guide ha scritto che «Nonostante il formato pop dell'album, il suono è unico e vaga randagio lontano dal mainstream».\nI brani sono distribuiti con omogeneità nell'album e divisi in due tronchi: il primo (lato A nel vinile/ canzoni dalla 1 alla 5 in cassetta e CD) contiene i brani pop:\n\n No One Receiving: La canzone di apertura si caratterizza per la sua allegria intrinseca e per le sue sonorità meccaniche. Eno inizialmente registrò la sua voce che intonava la melodia (e i versi) al contrario e poi quando è stato il momento di inserirla sulla base musicale venne rovesciata.\n Backwater: Il pezzo ha una lirica non-sense e, musicalmente, è un'enorme progressione di strumenti, che raggiunge il culmine verso il finale, dove si riuniscono formando una specie di orchestra.\n Kurt's Rejoinder: Lo stile del brano è influenzato dal blues e dalla musica sperimentale. Il basso va quasi controtempo con il resto degli strumenti. Al centro della composizione si può udire un uomo che urla e fa versi vari, che è un campionamento preso dall'artista dada Kurt Schwitters mentre recita una propria poesia. Alla fine Eno recita uno strano scioglilingua (\"Do the Do-si-do, do the Mirror Man, do the Boston Crab, do the Allemande\") in cui cita un pugile (Boston Crab).\n\n Energy Fools the Magician: La composizione è la più breve dell'album (2:05), è stata composta da Eno e arrangiata da Percy Jones. È l'unico brano strumentale del disco insieme a Through Hollow Lands. L'atmosfera è cupa e misteriosa, al contrario dei precedenti brani, e preannuncia le sonorità della seconda metà del disco.\n King's Lead Hat: secondo il critico musicale Lester Bangs, il brano sottolinea «la capacità di Eno di unire sonorità new wave con i suoi ritmi meccanici e veloci». Il titolo è, come detto, un anagramma di Talking Heads. Il musicista inglese li incontrò dopo un concerto in Inghilterra, quando erano stati in tour con i Ramones e ne divenne subito uno stretto collaboratore, producendo gli album More Songs About Buildings and Food e Remain in Light.\n\nLe ultime cinque canzoni, che compongono il secondo troncone dell'album (il lato 2 nel vinile/ brani dal 6 al 10 nelle cassette e nei CD), sono l'opposto delle precedenti, più sperimentali e ambientali, dalle atmosfere quasi pastorali.\n\nAl contrario della musica presente in Another Green World, che Eno definì come \"Sky Music\", questa venne soprannominata \"Ocean Music\". I riferimenti alle acque nei testi infatti appaiono in molti brani come Backwater, Here He Comes, Julie With..., By This River e Spider & I.\n\nInoltre lo scrittore Simon Reynolds osservò che questo segmento del disco è impregnato dei temi della noia e della beatitudine, citando a titolo di esempio Here He Comes, nella quale «un ragazzo sta cercando di sparire dal galleggiare della vita attraverso il cielo e attraverso un momento diverso», e Spider and I, in cui un uomo che guarda il cielo sogna di essere portato via con una nave.\n\nLo stile compositivo di Eno venne lodato per il suo «valido approccio non-sense». Influenzato dal poeta Kurt Schwitters, l'artista ha di fatto consapevolmente creato canzoni o testi non con l'obiettivo di comunicare qualcosa di concreto, ma con l'intento principale di fondere parole e musica creando paesaggi sonori particolari e non comuni. Ebbe questa opinione Tom Carson della rivista Rolling Stone, affermando che le liriche sono «solo variabili complementari» alla musica.\n\nCritica \n\nAlla pubblicazione iniziale, l'album ricevette recensioni molto positive da parte della critica rock. Un giornalista della rivista Creem, Joe Fernbacher, ha chiamato Before and After \"l'album perfetto di Eno\", mentre Mitchell Schneider ha scritto una recensione positiva su Crawdaddy!, affermando che non riusciva a \"ricordare l'ultima volta che ho avuto un album che avesse un tale potere su di me, e mi ha dato come un caso estremo di vertigini, troppe\". In Down Beat, Russel Shaw scrisse che \"[il disco] è un altro del genere fantastico, sorprendente e paralizzante di Brian Eno -i Pink Floyd sarebbero perfetti se si mettessero in collettivo con la sua mente\". Tom Carson di Rolling Stone ha osservato che l'album \"è meno accattivante rispetto sia a Taking Tiger Mountain (By Strategy) sia a Here Come the Warm Jets. Tuttavia, l'esecuzione qui è vicina alla perfezione, nonostante l'eclettismo di Eno. Gli stili diversi che ha impiegato si connettono brillantemente\". Il critico Robert Christgau ha dato all'album un A-, affermando che \"non gli piacevano le atmosfere cupe e riflessive di alcuni pezzi del lato B\". Nel 1979, il disco è stato votato come uno dei migliori album dell'anno nel sondaggio del Village Voice Pazz & Jop.\n\nLe recensioni moderne di Before and After Science continuano ad essere positive. David Ross Smith di AllMusic ha assegnato al disco il massimo punteggio di cinque stelle affermando \"che si colloca accanto a Here Come the Warm Jets e Another Green World, il materiale più essenziale di Eno\". Il webzine musicale Tiny Mix Tapes ha assegnato al disco la valutazione più alta, dicendo che \"non è solo uno dei migliori album del catalogo di Eno, ma anche di quello degli anni 1970\". Un altro webzine, Pitchfork, ha dato all'album una recensione positiva, ma meno entusiasta, descrivendolo come \"Stella sterilizzata in cerca di carburante, che vanta solo King's Lead Hat per il mondo del pop, e il puro prog-jazz Energy Fools the Magician per il fuori-rock contingente\". Dieci giorni dopo Pitchfork posta Before and After Science al numero 100 nella lista dei \"Top 100 Albums of 1970\", riferendosi ad esso come \"bello, album affascinante, ma non formalmente innovativo. È spesso trascurato quando si parla dei grandi album di un'epoca in cui era romanzato e stra-premiato per la sua innovazione e progressione, e in particolare nel contesto della carriera di Eno, che è così pieno di entrambi\"\n\nPubblicazione \n\nBefore and After Science è stato pubblicato nel dicembre 1977 dalla Polydor nel Regno Unito e dalla Island negli Stati Uniti. La prima stampa dell'album comprendeva quattro litografie di Peter Schmidt. Sul retro dell'LP c'era scritto \"Quattordici immagini \" sotto il titolo. Questo probabilmente si riferiva alle dieci canzoni e alle quattro stampe, che erano \"La strada verso il cratere\", \"Guarda settembre, un'occhiata a ottobre\", \"L'altra casa\" e \"Quattro anni\".\n\nL'album non entrò nelle classifiche nel Regno Unito, ma arrivò al secondo posto nella Billboard Top LPs & Tapes. Questa fu la seconda volta che un lavoro di Brian Eno riscosse successo in America; la prima fu Here Come the Warm Jets (posizione 171).\n\nSingolo \n\nKing's Lead Hat è stato remixato ed è stato pubblicato come singolo il gennaio del 1978 con il b-side RAF che è accreditato a \"Eno & Snatch\". Questo singolo non è riuscito a entrare in classifica.\n\nRistampa \nL'album è stato ristampato in formato CD dalla E.G. Records nel gennaio del 1987. Nel 2004, la Virgin Records ha iniziato la riemissione del disco in lotti da quattro e da cinque. La versione digipak rimasterizzata di prima è stata pubblicata il 31 maggio 2004 nel Regno Unito e il 1º giugno 2004 in Nord America.\n\nTracce \n\nTutte le tracce sono state composte da Brian Eno, eccetto dove indicato.\n\nMusicisti \n\n Brian Eno: voce, sintetizzatori (Minimoog, EMS AKS Synthi, Yamaha CS-80), chitarra, percussioni, pianoforte sintetizzato, ottoni, \"vibes\", \"metallics\", campana\n Paul Rudolph: basso, chitarra ritmica, basso armonico\n Phil Collins: batteria\n Percy Jones: basso fretless, basso con ritardo analogico\n Rhett Davies: gong, basso\n Jaki Liebezeit: batteria\n Dave Mattacks: batteria\n Shirley Williams: \"time\", \"brush timbales\"\n Kurt Schwitters: voce in Kurt's Rejoinder\n Fred Frith: chitarra modificata, \"cascade guitars\"\n Andy Fraser: batteria\n Phil Manzanera: chitarra ritmica\n Robert Fripp: chitarra\n Hans-Joachim Roedelius: pianoforte, piano elettrico\n Dieter Moebius: bass fender piano\n Bill MacCormick: basso\n Brian Turrington: basso\n\nProduzione \n\n Peter Schmidt: litografie\n Rhett Davies: co-produttore, ingegnere del suono\n Ritva Saarikko: copertina\n Brian Eno: co-produttore, designer di copertina\n Conny Plank: ingegnere del suono\n Dave Hutchins: ingegnere del suono\n Cream: copertina\n\nCuriosità \n\n Eno voleva registrare Kings Lead Hat con i Talking Heads, a cui stilisticamente si rifà, ma la cosa non fu possibile. La canzone in questione venne anche rifatta dal vivo dagli Ultravox.\n Through Hollow Lands è dedicata a Harold Budd.\n By This River compare nel film di Nanni Moretti La stanza del figlio e nel film messicano di Alfonso Cuarón intitolato Y tu mamá también\n Martin Lee Gore dei Depeche Mode realizzò una cover di By This River che inserì nel suo album solista Counterfeit², pubblicato nel 2003\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n \n \n \n\nAlbum prodotti da Brian Eno", "L'Andrea Doria è stato un transatlantico italiano della \"Italia - Società di Navigazione\", gruppo IRI - Finmare, meglio conosciuta nel mondo della navigazione internazionale come \"Italian Line\", naufragato tra il 25 ed il 26 luglio 1956 a seguito di una collisione in mare aperto con la nave Stockholm. \n\nCostruito nei cantieri navali Ansaldo di Genova Sestri Ponente, fu varato il 16 giugno 1951 e svolse il suo viaggio inaugurale da Genova a New York tra il 14 ed il 23 gennaio 1953.\n\nGeneralità \nLa turbonave prese il suo nome dall'ammiraglio ligure del XVI secolo Andrea Doria. Strutturata su 11 ponti, poteva ospitare fino a 1241 passeggeri e, quando venne varata, rappresentava uno dei motivi d'orgoglio dell'Italia, che stava cercando di ricostruire la propria reputazione dopo la seconda guerra mondiale. Degno erede dei transatlantici italiani degli anni trenta, come il Rex e il Conte di Savoia, lAndrea Doria era considerato la più bella nave passeggeri della flotta italiana di linea ed era apprezzato in particolare per la sicurezza e la bellezza dei suoi interni, che lo facevano preferire a molti transatlantici di altre compagnie internazionali.\n\nPoco dopo le 23:10 del 25 luglio 1956, mentre stava navigando verso New York, lAndrea Doria venne speronato accidentalmente dal mercantile svedese Stockholm della Swedish America Line al largo della costa di Nantucket (USA), in quello che fu uno dei più famosi e controversi disastri marittimi della storia.\n\nMorirono 51 persone (5 passeggeri della Stockholm e 46 dellAndrea Doria), per la maggior parte alloggiati nelle cabine investite dalla prua della nave svedese. Il transatlantico, con una murata completamente squarciata, si coricò su un fianco e colò a picco alle ore 10:15 di giovedì 26 luglio 1956, dopo 11 ore dalla collisione, davanti alle coste statunitensi. L'inclinazione della nave rese inutilizzabili tutte le lance di salvataggio sul lato opposto a quello della collisione, che erano circa la metà. Vi fu comunque una sola altra vittima, oltre a quelle dovute alla collisione: le procedure di comunicazione di emergenza erano state rese molto efficienti a seguito del più celebre naufragio di sempre, quello del Titanic nel 1912, ed il bastimento italiano riuscì a chiamare tempestivamente altre navi in soccorso; le manovre di evacuazione furono inoltre rapide ed efficaci.\n\nL'incidente ricevette una grande copertura dai media: lAndrea Doria fu l'ultimo transatlantico a naufragare, in quanto nell'arco di pochi anni dal suo affondamento gli aerei sostituirono le grandi navi come principale mezzo di trasporto attraverso l'oceano Atlantico.\n\nIl relitto dellAndrea Doria non è mai stato recuperato e giace posato sulla murata di dritta a una profondità di 75 metri, in condizioni di conservazione non molto buone. Le esplorazioni subacquee hanno constatato come nel corso degli anni il materiale di pregio sia stato razziato da sommozzatori non autorizzati.\n\nL'unità fu sostituita nel 1960 dalla Leonardo da Vinci, molto simile nell'aspetto ma più grande e con alcuni accorgimenti tecnici apportati dopo l'esperienza del naufragio. Gemella dellAndrea Doria era la Cristoforo Colombo, varata nel 1952. Entrambe le navi furono smantellate nel 1982.\n\nDescrizione\n\nCaratteristiche \nLAndrea Doria misurava 213,59 m di lunghezza fuori tutto e 27,40 m di larghezza massima al galleggiamento ed aveva una stazza lorda di 29.950 tonnellate e una stazza netta di 15.788 tonnellate. Era un piroscafo, in quanto la propulsione era affidata a due impianti separati di turbine a vapore collegate a due eliche gemelle a tre pale, che permettevano di raggiungere agevolmente una velocità di crociera di 23 nodi, con una velocità massima di 26,44 nodi, raggiunta durante le prove, e una velocità massima richiesta dal contratto di 25,3 nodi. LAndrea Doria non era né la nave più grande al mondo né la più veloce: i due primati all'epoca andavano, rispettivamente, alla britannica RMS Queen Elizabeth della Cunard Line e alla statunitense United States della United States Lines.\n\nLAndrea Doria puntava su estetica, lusso e comodità piuttosto che su efficienza e velocità, una filosofia simile a quella con cui circa quarant'anni prima era stato realizzato un altro sfortunato transatlantico, il Titanic. Il bastimento italiano fu la prima nave ad avere a bordo tre piscine aperte, una per ogni classe (prima, cabina e turistica), e una delle prime ad avere l'aria condizionata in tutti i locali ad uso sia dei passeggeri che dell'equipaggio. Per l'arredo della nave furono chiamati i migliori architetti dell'epoca, tra cui Gio Ponti, Nino Zoncada, Gustavo Pulitzer-Finali e Giulio Minoletti. A bordo erano inoltre presenti numerose opere d'arte realizzate appositamente per la nave: La leggenda d'Italia di Salvatore Fiume per la sala di soggiorno di prima classe, L'allegoria d'autunno di Felicita Frai per la sala delle feste di classe cabina, i mosaici di Lucio Fontana, le ceramiche di Fausto Melotti, gli specchi dipinti di Edina Altara nel bar di prima classe, le decorazioni di Federico Morgante e di Emanuele Luzzati per gli ambienti destinati ai bambini, la statua dell'ammiraglio Andrea Doria di Giovanni Paganin e gli arazzi di Michael Rachlis. La nave divenne ben presto un mito, tanto che Elia Kazan, nel suo film Fronte del porto, fa incrociare lo sguardo di Marlon Brando con lAndrea Doria a New York.\n\nI 1241 passeggeri erano così suddivisi: 218 in prima classe, 320 in classe cabina e 703 in classe turistica.\n\nGrazie a un investimento di oltre 1 milione di dollari dell'epoca, spesi in decori e pezzi d'arte nelle cabine e nelle sale pubbliche (inclusa la già menzionata statua dell'ammiraglio Doria a grandezza naturale), molti la consideravano la più bella nave mai varata. L'esterno della nave era anch'esso considerato molto elegante: la linea era affusolata, era presente un solo fumaiolo, basso e largo e colorato in verde, bianco e rosso come la bandiera italiana, e la sovrastruttura digradava armoniosamente verso poppa.\n\nTecnica \nL'unità era considerata una delle più sicure dell'epoca. A quei tempi la normativa SOLAS 1948 non era ancora obbligatoria per tutti i Paesi membri dell'Organizzazione marittima internazionale, ma semplicemente raccomandata. La Società Italia, tuttavia, che aveva sempre creduto nella sicurezza a bordo come un fattore di vitale importanza per il successo commerciale delle sue linee, si auto-impose non solo di rispettare tali requisiti di sicurezza, ma di renderli ancora più robusti.\n\nDato che la genericità della disposizione poteva dare adito a interpretazioni diverse, la compagnia navale italiana aveva affidato la sorveglianza del progetto e della costruzione delle sue navi a tre enti di classificazione indipendenti: il Lloyd's Register britannico, l'American Bureau of Shipping statunitense e il Registro Italiano Navale, che avevano tradotto la SOLAS 1948 in un manuale di costruzione marittima dettagliato. Questo comportava un aumento della larghezza al galleggiamento e una sensibile riduzione dell'altezza complessiva dell'unità a parità del numero di ponti; quest'ultimo aspetto avrebbe ridotto la spettacolarità dei saloni, ma costituito un vantaggio per la stabilità. La SOLAS 1948 richiedeva, per contenere lo sbandamento dell'unità entro i 15° nell'ipotesi di due compartimenti stagni allagati, un'altezza metacentrica residua di almeno 15 cm; per ottemperare ai requisiti italiani in materia, tuttavia, lAndrea Doria doveva avere un'altezza metacentrica minima almeno doppia. All'entrata in servizio, l'altezza metacentrica iniziale della nave era pari a circa 1,52 m, superiore di quasi dieci volte ai requisiti minimi della SOLAS 1948.\n\nIl transatlantico era provvisto di 11 ponti di cui 4 continui, 12 compartimenti stagni e altrettante porte stagne, doppio fondo cellulare per tutta la lunghezza della carena e scafo a doppio guscio compartimentato nella zona dell'apparato motore. Le prestazioni del progetto, in particolare la nuova carena a bulbo, si rivelarono sorprendenti durante la prova alla massima velocità svoltasi il 9 dicembre 1952. Durante tale prova furono imbarcati il presidente dell'Ansaldo, il presidente della Società Italia e i rappresentanti del RINA, del Lloyd's Register e dell'American Bureau of Shipping. Il risultato dell'ultimo passaggio fu straordinario: le eliche giravano a 172,5 giri al minuto, a fronte dei 143 previsti come velocità di servizio, e la potenza misurata all'asse fu di 62200 hp; il contratto richiedeva una velocità massima di 25,3 nodi, ma lAndrea Doria riuscì a viaggiare ad una velocità media di 26,44 nodi. La soddisfazione generale per quei risultati, che andavano oltre ogni aspettativa, indusse i dirigenti dell'Ansaldo e dell'Italia a tenere a bordo un'improvvisata conferenza stampa al termine delle prove.\n\nIn seguito alla collisione vi furono critiche circa la stabilità della nave, ma bisogna tener presente che la falla causata dalla Stockholm era grande circa quattro volte quella standard considerata in fase progettuale; inoltre, a bordo al momento della collisione, si trovava Robert Young, dirigente e poi amministratore e presidente dell'American Bureau of Shipping, il quale, oltre a difendere l'equipaggio italiano dalle accuse di codardia, non ravvisò alcuna carenza nella stabilità della nave. Nessuna modifica, pertanto, fu richiesta dagli enti di classifica sulla gemella Cristoforo Colombo, in quanto si riteneva che non vi fosse alcuna deficienza costruttiva da risolvere.\n\nStoria\n\nCostruzione e viaggio inaugurale \n\nAlla fine della seconda guerra mondiale l'Italia aveva perso metà della sua flotta mercantile per le distruzioni dei bombardamenti e per l'uso militarizzato delle navi. Le perdite includevano anche i famosi transatlantici Conte di Savoia e Rex; il secondo era stato l'unica nave italiana vincitrice del Nastro Azzurro, nel 1933. La nazione stava inoltre lottando contro un'economia allo sfascio. Per incentivare la ripresa economica e recuperare l'orgoglio nazionale, vennero commissionate nei primi anni cinquanta due unità simili: lAndrea Doria e la Cristoforo Colombo, varate rispettivamente nel 1951 e nel 1953.\n\nLAndrea Doria fu la costruzione n. 918 dei Cantieri Ansaldo di Genova. Impostata il 9 febbraio 1950, la chiglia fu poi portata alla rampa del cantiere n. 1. Il 16 giugno 1951 lAndrea Doria venne varata. Essenziale fu il contributo offerto dalla ditta Berta Autotrasporti di Cornigliano che, grazie alla vastità e specificità del proprio parco automezzi, poté trasportare le lamiere e la maggior parte dei componenti necessari alla fabbricazione del transatlantico. Durante la cerimonia lo scafo fu benedetto dal cardinale Giuseppe Siri, arcivescovo di Genova, e battezzato con madrina la signora Giuseppina Saragat, moglie del già ministro della marina mercantile e futuro presidente della Repubblica Giuseppe Saragat. Il viaggio inaugurale dellAndrea Doria ebbe inizio dal capoluogo ligure il 14 gennaio 1953, alla volta di Napoli, per poi proseguire verso New York.\n\nDurante questo primo servizio lAndrea Doria incontrò intense tempeste, specialmente in fase di avvicinamento al continente nordamericano. Giunse a destinazione il 23 gennaio e ricevette una delegazione guidata dal sindaco della città di New York, l'italo-americano Vincent Impellitteri. In seguito la nave si rese famosa per la puntualità e per la grande richiesta di titoli di viaggio da parte di una sempre crescente clientela. Molti infatti ambivano ad attraversare l'oceano navigando a bordo della nave italiana, che per questo motivo viaggiava sempre al completo; sullAndrea Doria viaggiava il jet set dell’epoca, che apprezzava l’Italian Style e amava vivere l’atmosfera di bordo.\n\n L'ultimo viaggio e la collisione \n\nPer quello che sarebbe diventato il suo ultimo viaggio, lAndrea Doria salpò da Genova intorno alle 11 del 17 luglio 1956, al comando del Comandante Superiore CSLC Piero Calamai, 58 anni, il quale, con alle spalle una carriera marittima quarantennale, lo aveva già comandato durante il viaggio inaugurale ed in molte altre traversate atlantiche. La nave effettuò due scali, uno a Cannes (Francia) nel pomeriggio del 17 luglio ed uno a Napoli nella tarda mattinata del 18 luglio, per poi iniziare a navigare lungo la sua abituale rotta in direzione di New York.\n\nNella mattinata del 25 luglio 1956, mentre l'''Andrea Doria procedeva regolarmente verso gli Stati Uniti, un bastimento battente bandiera svedese, la motonave Stockholm (che paradossalmente nel 1989, dopo una radicale trasformazione, venne utilizzata dalla italiana Star Lauro Lines come nave da crociera, con il nuovo nome Italia I), un transatlantico per il trasporto promiscuo di merci e passeggeri, salpò da New York in direzione di Göteborg, comandata da Gunnar Nordenson; al momento dell'incidente, di guardia in plancia, vi era tuttavia il terzo ufficiale di coperta Johan-Ernst Carstens-Johannsen, 26 anni.\n\nAlle 23:10 del 25 luglio entrambe le navi stavano attraversando un corridoio molto trafficato, coperto da una fitta coltre di nebbia. Non ci fu alcun contatto, né visivo né tramite radio, e mentre lAndrea Doria emetteva i segnali sonori obbligatori in caso di nebbia ed aveva ridotto la velocità, la Stockholm non faceva nulla di tutto ciò; una volta che le due navi furono così vicine da potersi vedere a occhio nudo, fu troppo tardi per praticare qualsiasi manovra in grado di evitare la collisione.\n\nIl violento schianto avvenne nel punto di coordinate .\n\nLAndrea Doria e la Stockholm entrarono in collisione con un angolo di quasi 90 gradi: la prua rinforzata (in funzione del fatto che poteva operare anche come rompighiaccio) della Stockholm colpì la murata dellAndrea Doria e la squarciò per quasi tutta la sua lunghezza (dato che lAndrea Doria continuava ad avanzare lungo la propria rotta, ortogonale alla direzione della Stockholm), sfondando sotto il ponte di comando dellAndrea Doria per un'altezza di tre ponti, ovvero per oltre 12 metri, uccidendo 46 passeggeri che si erano ritirati a dormire nelle proprie cabine. Lo sfondamento di molte paratie stagne e la rottura di cinque depositi del combustibile causò l'imbarco di circa 500 tonnellate di acqua di mare che, non potendo essere bilanciate nei brevissimi tempi della collisione, produssero il pericoloso, immediato e anomalo sbandamento (inclinazione) a dritta per oltre 15 gradi.\n\n46 dei 1706 passeggeri trovarono la morte al momento dell'impatto, insieme a 5 uomini della Stockholm. Dopo la collisione l'equipaggio trovò sul ponte di coperta della Stockholm una ragazza di 14 anni che era ospitata nella cabina 52 dellAndrea Doria: era Linda Morgan, sopravvissuta all'impatto senza riportare ferite gravi, mentre sua sorella era morta nella cabina, schiacciata dalla prua della Stockholm. Le due ragazzine erano figlie di un noto cronista statunitense, Edward Morgan, che nel corso della stessa notte portò avanti da New York una cronaca diretta senza mai rivelare agli ascoltatori la sua angoscia per la sorte delle figlie.\n\nSubito dopo la collisione lAndrea Doria continuò a imbarcare acqua e lo sbandamento aumentò superando i 18 gradi in pochi minuti. Una voce diffusa riteneva che mancasse una delle porte dei compartimenti stagni delle sale macchina, ma in seguito se ne determinò l'infondatezza. Varie cause determinarono la repentina inclinazione della nave italiana: l'accostata a sinistra prima dell'impatto determinò uno sbandamento a dritta di circa 8°, e la falla un ulteriore sbandamento a dritta di almeno 13°. In poco tempo la nave superò i 20 gradi di inclinazione; il comandante Calamai si rese conto che non c'erano speranze, tuttavia non fece emettere immediatamente il segnale di abbandono nave, per non causare panico e confusione.\n\n Il soccorso da parte della Île de France \nLAndrea Doria aveva una dotazione di lance di salvataggio sufficiente per far fronte ad un naufragio mentre viaggiava a pieno carico, tuttavia lo sbandamento laterale iniziale rese inservibili le scialuppe collocate sul lato sinistro, complicando notevolmente le operazioni di evacuazione. Gli addetti alle macchine rimasero al lavoro e l'elettricità fu erogata fino alla fine, tanto che la nave s'inabissò con le luci di emergenza ancora accese. L'arrivo dellÎle de France con undici lance di salvataggio fu preceduto da quello di altre due navi mercantili, la Cape Ann e la Thomas, ciascuna con l'apporto di due lance. Anche la Stockholm, che era stata sventrata per circa 90 cm di lunghezza ma non rischiava di affondare, si fermò per prestare soccorso ed accolse 542 naufraghi.\n\nUn punto chiave nella soluzione del disastro fu la decisione del comandante Raoul de Beaudéan, sulla Île de France, transatlantico francese diretto verso l'Europa che aveva superato la Stockholm diverse ore prima, di dare l'ordine di invertire la rotta e mettere le macchine avanti tutta una volta ricevuto il segnale di emergenza del piroscafo italiano. De Beaudéan continuò a procedere attraverso la fitta nebbia alla massima velocità, predisponendo la nave per il soccorso e l'accoglienza dei naufraghi, finché, attorno alle 2:00 del 26 luglio, a poco meno di tre ore dall'incidente, raggiunse lAndrea Doria. L'arrivo del grande transatlantico francese fu lo spartiacque emotivo di quella tragica notte: alla vista della nave, illuminata a giorno per ordine di de Beaudéan, tra i passeggeri e l'equipaggio dellAndrea Doria il panico si placò, permettendo un'evacuazione della nave decisamente più tranquilla ed efficace di quanto fosse stato possibile fino ad allora.\n\nLÎle de France fu la terza nave a giungere sul luogo della sciagura, ma grazie alla perizia del suo comandante e al numero delle sue lance di salvataggio riuscì ad accogliere il maggior numero passeggeri dellAndrea Doria, ben 753. Con un'eccezionale manovra, de Beaudéan ed il suo equipaggio fecero accostare lÎle de France a soli 370 metri dallAndrea Doria, mettendo la propria nave sottovento al lato di dritta di quella italiana, cioè quello che si stava inabissando e da cui venivano evacuati i naufraghi, creando uno specchio d'acqua liscio e calmo tra le due navi, perfetto per le operazioni di salvataggio. De Beaudéan non allertò i passeggeri della Île de France, non volendo impensierirli; alcuni di essi, spontaneamente, rinunciarono alle proprie cabine per darle ai sopravvissuti, stanchi, bagnati e congelati. Numerose altre navi risposero alla chiamata.\n\nAlla fine l'unica vittima del naufragio, oltre alle persone rimaste uccise sul colpo dall'impatto, fu Norma Di Sandro, una bambina di 4 anni, morta per le conseguenze di un grave trauma cranico riportato durante le operazioni di soccorso, quando il padre, cercando di metterla in salvo, la lanciò da bordo della nave su una lancia di salvataggio sottostante: sfortunatamente Norma sbatté violentemente la testa contro la lancia, rimase gravemente ferita e morì in ospedale a Boston qualche giorno dopo.\n\nIl numero limitato di vittime e il completo successo delle operazioni di soccorso fu merito del comportamento eroico dell'equipaggio dellAndrea Doria, soprattutto del comandante Piero Calamai, e delle rapide e difficili decisioni da lui prese in momenti tanto concitati. Tali capacità furono dovute alla sua grande esperienza, soprattutto nelle due guerre mondiali. Dopo il salvataggio di tutti i passeggeri, Calamai restò a bordo dellAndrea Doria, intenzionato a non mettersi in salvo, ma fu costretto a farlo dai propri ufficiali, tornati indietro appositamente, che lo minacciarono di sacrificarsi tutti a loro volta insieme a lui.\n\nI naufraghi furono salvati dalle seguenti navi:.\n\n Il naufragio \nAlle 5:30 tutti coloro che si trovavano a bordo dellAndrea Doria erano stati allontanati. L'ultima lancia di salvataggio, la n. 11, lasciò il transatlantico dirigendosi verso il guardacoste posaboe USCG Hornbeam (W394) della United States Coast Guard. A bordo si trovavano altri membri dell'equipaggio, tra cui il comandante Calamai, che tentò invano di convincere il comandante del guardacoste a trainare la nave su una secca. Furono in seguito trasbordati sulla USS Edward H. Allen per essere trasferiti a New York. Un telex della Società Italia ordinò di attendere l'arrivo dei rimorchiatori inviati da New York, previsto nel pomeriggio, ma a quel punto fu chiaro che l'ultima speranza di salvare l'ammiraglia italiana era sfumata. A causa della falla sul fianco la nave continuava a imbarcare acqua e ad inclinarsi, fino al definitivo affondamento alle ore 10:15 del 26 luglio, 11 ore dopo l'impatto. L'ultimo pezzo visibile dellAndrea Doria fu un'elica, che poi fu inghiottita anch'essa dal mare. Le operazioni di soccorso da parte del transatlantico Île de France e di tutti gli altri mezzi navali a disposizione, vista la rapidità e il modo in cui si svolsero le operazioni, fecero del disastro dellAndrea Doria l'operazione di soccorso più impegnativa e di successo della storia marittima dell'epoca.\n\n Curiosità legate alla tragedia \n Le spettacolari foto aeree del transatlantico colpito e del disastro consentirono al cronista Harry A. Trask del Boston Traveler di guadagnare il Premio Pulitzer 1957.\n Come già accennato, Edward P. Morgan, cronista della \"ABC Radio Network\" di New York, trasmise un servizio giornalistico sulla tragedia senza però riferire agli ascoltatori che le sue due figlie si trovavano a bordo. Linda Morgan, 14 anni, la \"ragazza del miracolo\", si era salvata ed era a bordo della Stockholm senza che il padre lo sapesse, mentre la sorella era morta nell'impatto.\n Tra i passeggeri dell Andrea Doria vi erano l'attrice statunitense Ruth Roman e suo figlio: lei e il bambino furono separati durante la tragedia e le successive operazioni di evacuazione. Una volta in salvo, la Roman dovette aspettare sul molo del porto di New York per avere notizie del figlio, assediata dai fotografi. Per ironia della sorte, l'attrice aveva precedentemente interpretato la parte di una madre in attesa di sapere se il proprio figlio fosse o meno sopravvissuto a un incidente aereo, nel film drammatico Tre segreti (1950).\n Un'altra passeggera dellAndrea Doria fu l'attrice statunitense Betsy Drake, terza moglie del celebre attore Cary Grant. Di ritorno negli Stati Uniti da una visita al marito sul set spagnolo del film Orgoglio e passione (1957), la Drake fu tra i passeggeri tratti in salvo dalla nave francese Île de France.\n L'affondamento produsse anche un effetto nella storia dell'automobile, in quanto sulla nave, all'interno di una cassa, viaggiava l'unico prototipo esistente di un'autovettura tecnologicamente molto avanzata che non era mai stata mostrata al pubblico, la Chrysler Norseman; il prototipo era stato costruito in Italia per conto della Chrysler dalla Ghia ed il suo lancio, in programma due mesi dopo al Salone dell'automobile di Detroit, era stato annunciato come il principale evento nel mercato delle auto per il 1957. L'auto non venne mai recuperata dal relitto e, a seguito del naufragio, non ne vennero mai costruiti né altri prototipi né esemplari di serie.\n\n Il processo del 1956 \nDopo l'incidente vi furono diversi mesi di indagini a New York. Importanti avvocati esperti di diritto marittimo rappresentarono le due compagnie coinvolte e dozzine di avvocati si presentarono in nome dei parenti delle vittime. Gli ufficiali di entrambe le navi vennero fatti deporre, finché il processo si concluse con una conciliazione extragiudiziale e le indagini finirono. Come previsto dalla conciliazione extragiudiziale, entrambe le compagnie armatrici contribuirono al risarcimento delle vittime ed entrambe pagarono i propri danni: la Swedish-American Line subì danni per circa 2 milioni di dollari, metà per le riparazioni e metà derivante dall'impossibilità di usare la Stockholm, mentre la Italia-Società di Navigazione perse oltre 30 milioni di dollari.\n\nLa nebbia venne alla fine considerata l'unica responsabile del disastro, ma diverse altre cause concomitanti vennero evidenziate nel corso dell'inchiesta dai rispettivi collegi di difesa.\n Secondo la versione svedese, sul luogo non c'era nebbia.\n Secondo questa versione, gli ufficiali della Andrea Doria non avrebbero seguito le procedure radar e le carte nautiche per calcolare esattamente la posizione e la velocità della nave che stavano incrociando. A causa di ciò avrebbero sbagliato a valutare la dimensione, la velocità e la rotta della Stockholm.\n Sempre secondo la difesa degli svedesi, come sopra si è detto, lAndrea Doria non aveva seguito le regole del codice marittimo internazionale, secondo le quali una nave deve virare a dritta (destra) in caso di un possibile abbordo in mare. La Stockholm virò a dritta, la Andrea Doria a sinistra (babordo).\n Secondo la versione italiana dei fatti (e anche secondo numerose testimonianze raccolte, comprese quelle delle autorità statunitensi), sul luogo c'era una fitta nebbia.\n Gli ufficiali dellAndrea Doria affermarono di aver ridotto la velocità in considerazione della situazione determinata dalla nebbia.\n Secondo la difesa degli italiani, la responsabilità sarebbe stata da attribuirsi a un'errata lettura dei dati del radar da parte dell'unico e inesperto ufficiale svedese in servizio al momento dell'incidente, mentre tre ufficiali di grande esperienza ed il comandante dellAndrea Doria avevano rilevato correttamente i dati. Oltretutto (questo fu confermato anche dagli svedesi) il timoniere della Stockholm era notevolmente inesperto e correggeva continuamente la rotta; ciò avrebbe contribuito a causare un'errata lettura dei radar.\n Gli ufficiali italiani affermarono di essere stati costretti alla virata a sinistra per tentare disperatamente di evitare di essere speronati dalla Stockholm, mentre se avessero virato a destra le sarebbero andati incontro.\n Secondo la difesa delle parti civili, entrambe le navi avrebbero viaggiato a velocità troppo elevata nella nebbia, una pratica comune ai transatlantici di linea. Le regole di navigazione stabiliscono che, in condizioni di scarsa visibilità, la velocità vada regolata in modo che lo spazio di arresto della nave sia metà della visibilità massima. Per gli ufficiali italiani, in pratica, questo avrebbe significato fermare la nave, data la densità della nebbia accertata, ma mai ammessa dagli svedesi.\n La Stockholm e la Andrea Doria erano soggette a condizioni climatiche diverse prima della collisione: l'impatto avvenne in un'area dell'Oceano Atlantico al largo delle coste del Massachusetts dove nebbie fitte e intermittenti sono comuni; mentre la nave italiana stava procedendo nella nebbia da diverse ore, la Stockholm era appena entrata nel banco di nebbia. Gli ufficiali della Stockholm pensarono erroneamente di non riuscire a vedere l'altra nave segnalata sul radar ritenendo che fosse un piccolo peschereccio o una nave militare mimetizzata e non una grande nave di linea in movimento.\n\nA entrambe le compagnie venne richiesto di limitare la discussione relativa agli eventuali problemi strutturali dellAndrea Doria (non vennero comunque riscontrate carenze di tale genere, neanche dopo una perizia sulla gemella Cristoforo Colombo): gli armatori della Stockholm avevano infatti un'altra nave in costruzione, la Gripsholm, presso i cantieri Ansaldo. Essendovi stato un accordo extragiudiziale, il processo non giunse a nessuna conclusione di attribuzione di responsabilità.\n\n Conseguenze della collisione \nLa collisione tra lAndrea Doria e la Stockholm portò a diversi cambiamenti nel mondo marittimo, per evitare che incidenti simili potessero ripetersi: le compagnie armatrici furono obbligate a migliorare l'addestramento degli equipaggi all'uso del radar. Va precisato che lAndrea Doria era dotata di due radar molto avanzati per l'epoca, che mostravano direttamente le posizioni dei bersagli, senza dover calcolare manualmente lo scarto tra rotta teorica ed effettiva; invece sulla Stockholm il radar non aveva il regolatore della portata illuminato.\n\n Indagini e studi successivi \nRecenti scoperte, realizzate anche grazie a sonde computerizzate e immersioni, hanno gettato luce su alcuni aspetti:\n L'esplorazione dellAndrea Doria ha mostrato che la prua della Stockholm ha aperto uno squarcio maggiore di quanto si pensasse nel 1956. Al giorno d'oggi la questione della \"porta mancante\" è considerata inesistente e si ritiene che la sorte dellAndrea Doria venne segnata dalla collisione.\n Studi recenti e simulazioni computerizzate svolte dal capitano Robert J. Meurn della Accademia della marina mercantile degli Stati Uniti di Kings Point per conto della stessa accademia e in parte basati anche sulle scoperte di John C. Carrothers fanno giungere alla conclusione che fu l'inesperto terzo ufficiale della Stockholm, Carstens-Johannsen (unico ufficiale sul ponte di comando al momento della collisione), a mal interpretare i tracciati radar e a sovrastimare la distanza tra le due navi a causa di un'errata regolazione del radar. Tale fatto viene oggi attribuito anche a una progettazione sbagliata dell'ambiente dove si trovava il radar della nave svedese, che era poco illuminato e con strumenti di difficile lettura. Secondo alcuni studiosi una semplice lampadina sul radar avrebbe evitato l'intera tragedia. Secondo questa ricostruzione l'ufficiale della nave svedese pensava che lo schermo radar fosse impostato su una distanza maggiore di quella in cui era effettivamente e che non fosse in grado di rendersi conto della cosa perché la manopola di questa impostazione non era illuminata. Già nel 1957 un'inchiesta del Ministero della marina mercantile italiana era giunta alla stessa conclusione, ma i risultati sarebbero stati tenuti nascosti a causa di accordi con la compagnia di assicurazione e con gli armatori.\n\n La spedizione Vailati sul relitto \nLe condizioni ambientali che circondano il relitto sono piuttosto difficili. Anche se il relitto si trova a soli 75 metri di profondità (a titolo di esempio, il relitto del Titanic è invece a ben 3810 metri sotto il pelo dell'acqua), la zona è percorsa da forti correnti, l'acqua è estremamente fredda ed essendo ricca di plancton è sempre torbida, schermando i raggi solari e rendendo il sito quasi completamente buio. Frequente è anche la presenza di squali e ci sono altri pericoli da non sottovalutare: la presenza di nebbia, le condizioni del mare che cambiano repentinamente ed il continuo traffico di navi, essendo l'area nel bel mezzo della cosiddetta shipping line (linea di navigazione), rotta obbligata per tutte le navi che vengono dall'Europa per New York e viceversa. Ciò nonostante, i resti dellAndrea Doria sono stati sempre un ambito obiettivo di esperti subacquei in cerca di tesori e di avventure ed è stata definita \"il Monte Everest delle immersioni\".\n\nLe prime immagini del relitto dellAndrea Doria adagiato sul fondale furono realizzate da Peter Gimbel già il giorno successivo a quello dell'affondamento, il 27 luglio 1956.\n\nIn seguito nel luglio del 1968 vi fu la prima spedizione italiana, organizzata dal regista Bruno Vailati, insieme a Stefano Carletti, Mimì Dies, Arnaldo Mattei e All Giddings, noto ed esperto subacqueo statunitense. Vailati visitò il relitto allo scopo di realizzare un documentario dal titolo Andrea Doria -74, che ottenne il premio della critica \"David di Donatello\" e il \"Premio della Giuria al Congresso di Tecnica Cinematografica di Parigi\". Sul relitto venne apposta una targa di bronzo con la scritta: \"Siamo venuti fin qui per lavorare perché l'impossibile diventi possibile e lAndrea Doria ritorni alla luce\"\n\nIn seguito Peter Gimbel in collaborazione con la moglie, l'ex attrice tedesca Elga Andersen, condusse un gran numero di operazioni di recupero, inclusa una nel 1981 destinata a recuperare la cassaforte della prima classe. Nonostante le voci indicassero che i passeggeri vi avessero depositato grandi ricchezze per metterle al sicuro durante il viaggio, l'apertura della cassaforte in diretta televisiva permise il recupero solo di alcuni certificati d'argento americani e banconote italiane dell'epoca. In Italia la RAI dedicò all'evento un documentario in due parti dal titolo I Segreti dell'Andrea Doria condotto da Mino Damato: la prima parte, dal titolo \"Le telecamere in fondo all'oceano\", venne trasmessa il 16 agosto 1984. Il giorno successivo, la seconda parte, \"L'apertura della cassaforte\", con la vera e propria apertura della cassaforte - in differita di alcune ore rispetto alla \"diretta\" USA.\n\nQuesto deludente risultato confermò la teoria secondo cui la maggior parte dei passeggeri, in vista dell'arrivo in porto la mattina successiva, aveva già ritirato i propri beni. La campana della nave fu recuperata alla fine degli anni ottanta e la statua dell'Ammiraglio Doria fu recuperata dal salone di prima classe da un gruppo di subacquei capitanati da George Merchant. Gli esemplari delle porcellane dellAndrea Doria sono stati considerati a lungo pezzi pregiatissimi, ma oggi dopo le numerose razzie rimangono pochi oggetti di valore a bordo.\n\nIl ricercatore oceanografico Robert Ballard, lo stesso che scoprì il relitto del Titanic, visitò il relitto del bastimento italiano con un sommergibile della US Navy nel 1995 ed affermò che lo scafo è coperto di fitte reti da pesca strappate, e che una rete di cavi più sottili può facilmente impigliare e danneggiare l'attrezzatura di coloro che si immergono; disse anche che il relitto sta collassando e la parte superiore è sprofondata di oltre 10 metri.\n\n Eredità \nLa storia dell'incidente venne raccontata nel libro di Alvin Moscow Collision Course: The Story of the Collision Between the Andrea Doria and the Stockholm, pubblicato nel 1959 e successivamente aggiornato nel 1981 e nel 2004; in Italia il libro è stato pubblicato da Mondadori nel 2006 col titolo Andrea Doria - Un naufragio pieno di misteri (Oscar Storia n. 421). Tuttavia questo libro appare sbilanciato a favore della versione svedese dell'incidente e superato sia da nuove pubblicazioni sia dai risultati degli studi tecnici sulle responsabilità della collisione, in special modo da quelli di John C. Carrothers e quelli del Comandante Robert Meurn.\n\nLa Stockholm venne successivamente riparata e cambiò nome e proprietà più volte, venendo anche chiamata Italia Prima agli inizi degli anni novanta.\n\nUn gruppo di sopravvissuti ha fondato l'associazione Friends of the Andrea Doria mantenendo i contatti tramite internet, organizzando riunioni, servizi funebri e pubblicando un bollettino.\n\n LAndrea Doria nella cultura di massa \nLAndrea Doria ispirò anche il mondo dell'intrattenimento: nel film Ghost Ship compariva una nave, la Antonia Graza, che era ispirata alla Andrea Doria; lAndrea Doria è inoltre ricordato nella prima parte del libro Il serpente dei Maya di Clive Cussler, e nel romanzo Uragano Rosso di Tom Clancy.Fronte del porto (1954), di Elia Kazan, con Marlon Brando, è l'unico film in cui si vede lAndrea Doria: in una scena il protagonista osserva il transatlantico italiano discendere l'Hudson a New York. LAndrea Doria ha inoltre ispirato una delle ambientazioni del videogioco Tomb Raider II, pubblicato da Eidos Interactive nel 1997, nel cui 8º livello l'eroina Lara Croft esplora il relitto sommerso di un transatlantico denominato \"Maria Doria\". Nel videogame del 2006 The Ship: Murder Party, la nave è una mappa giocabile.\n\nRenato Russo, carismatico leader del complesso brasiliano Legião Urbana, scrisse nel 1986 la canzone \"Andrea Doria\" in cui il tragico affondamento della nave italiana, la regina del mare, è la metafora dei sogni infranti dei giovani e degli idealisti.\n\nNella storia a fumetti di Don Rosa intitolata Paperino e il ritorno di Super Segugio, pubblicata per la prima volta nel 1992, appare il relitto di un transatlantico indicato come Alsorea Doria (nella traduzione italiana diventato Andrea Rodia).\n\nIl cantautore Caparezza, nella canzone Goodbye Malinconia, brano dell'album Il sogno eretico (2011), fa un riferimento alla vicenda:\n\nIl cantante tedesco Udo Lindenberg intitola un suo celebre pezzo del 1973 Andrea Doria.\n\nClive Cussler inizia il suo romanzo “Il serpente dei Maya” descrivendo il tragico naufragio dell’Andrea Doria, evento che sarà alla base della storia ambientata negli anni 2000 e che vede protagonista per la prima volta la coppia Kurt Austin e Joe Zavala, due avventurieri alle dipendenze della NUMA (National Underwater & Marine Agency).\n\nNella decima puntata dell'ottava stagione di Seinfeld George si trova a contendere un appartamento con un sopravvissuto del naufragio dell'Andrea Doria.\n\n Note \n Note\n\n Fonti\n\n Bibliografia \n R. D. Ballard, Lost Liners: From the Titanic to the Andrea Doria the Ocean Floor Reveals Its Greatest Ships, Hyperion, 1997 ISBN 0-7868-6296-3\n K. C. Barnaby, I più importanti disastri navali Milano, edizioni Mursia ISBN 978-88-425-3651-2\n S. Carletti, Andrea Doria -74, Italy, Gherardo Casini Editore, 1968\n A. Caterino, V. Landi, Andrea Doria 1956. Sessant'anni dopo il \"mistero\" svelato, Il Portolano, Genova, 2017, ISBN 978-88-95051-29-1\n A. Caterino, Italia Navigazione. Ottant'anni di storia sulle rotte transatlantiche, Il Portolano, Genova, 2013, ISBN 978-88-95051-22-2\n A. Caterino, I grandi transatlantici della Società Italia di Navigazione. Venti navi per settant'anni di storia, Il Portolano, Genova, 2019, ISBN 978-88-95051-33-8\n Ermanno Di Sandro, Le insorgenze del cuore - Naufragio sull'Andrea Doria, Lupo Editore, 2007, ISBN 978-88-87557-94-7\n Ermanno Di Sandro, Bella addormentata (Andrea Doria 1956), Bel-Ami edizioni, 2013, ISBN 978-88-96289-37-2\n Ermanno Di Sandro, Andrea Doria 1956 - In ricordo di Norma, Greenbooks Editore, 2017, ISBN 978-88-99941-80-2\n M. Eliseo, Andrea Doria: cento uno viaggi, Hoepli, 2006, ISBN 88-203-3502-6\n G. Gentile, Andrea Doria: Dive to an Era, Gary Gentile Productions, 1989, ISBN 0-9621453-0-0\n E. Giannini, L'ultima scialuppa. La verità sull'Andrea Doria, Mursia, 2016, ISBN 978-88-42553-20-5\n E. W. Gladstone, In The Wake Of The Andrea Doria: A Candid Autobiography by Eugene W. Gladstone, Cananda, McClelland and Stewart Limited, 1966\n R. Goldstein, Desperate Hours: The Epic Rescue Of The Andrea Doria, John Wiley & Sons, 2003\n J. Haberstroh, Fatal Depth: Deep Sea Diving, China Fever and the Wreck of the Andrea Doria, The Lyons Press, 2003 ISBN 1-58574-457-3\n W. Hoffer, Saved: the Story of the Andrea Doria - The Greatest Sea Rescue in History, Simon & Schuster, 1982, ISBN 0-517-36490-5\n P. C. Kohler, The Lido Fleet, Seadragon Press, 1988, ISBN 0-9663052-0-5\n A. Mattson, Out of the Fog. The Sinking of the Andrea Doria, Cornell Maritime Press, 1986, ISBN 0-87033-545-6\n K. F. McMurray, Deep Descent: Adventure And Death Diving The Andrea Doria, Pocket Books, 2001, ISBN 0-7434-0062-3\n R. J. Meurn, Watchstanding Guide for the Merchant Officer, Cornell Maritime Press, 1990, ISBN 0-87033-409-3\n A. Moscow, Collision Course, Putnam Publishing Group, 1959, ISBN 0-448-12019-4 (versioni aggiornate nel 1981 e nel 2006).\n A. Moscow, Andrea Doria - Un naufragio pieno di misteri, Mondadori 2006, ISBN 978-88-04-55577-3\n F. Pozzo, Assolvete l'Andrea Doria (Cinquant'anni dopo l'affondamento, la ricostruzione del caso e i risultati inediti dell'inchiesta italiana), Longanesi, 2006, ISBN 88-304-2163-4.\n Pierette Domenica Simpson, L'ultima notte dell'Andrea Doria, Sperling & Kupfer, 2006, ISBN 8820041030\n A. Rosselli, Il naufragio dell'Andrea Doria, Bompiani 1987\n Gruppo di lavoro sulla collisione Stockholm - A. Doria, T/N A. Doria 1956 -2006: per non dimenticare, Fratelli Frilli Editori, 2006\n\n Voci correlate \n Chrysler Norseman\n\n Altri progetti \n\n Collegamenti esterni \n \n .\n Othfors, Daniel. Andrea Doria. .\n . Lost Liners: PBS Online.\n \n - La Storia siamo Noi''\n \n\nTransatlantici italiani\nAndrea Doria\nRelitti\nCatastrofi nel 1956\nAndrea Doria\nNavi costruite dall'Ansaldo\nTransatlantici della Italia - Società di Navigazione", "L'Antonov An-124 Ruslan (in cirillico: Антонов Ан-124 Руслан, nome in codice NATO \"Condor\"), è un aereo da trasporto strategico, di fabbricazione sovietica prima e russa poi, sviluppato dall'OKB-153 negli anni ottanta ed entrato in servizio presso le forze aeree sovietiche nel 1986.\n\nAncora oggi in servizio presso le forze aerospaziali russe, è stato il più grande aereo da carico prodotto in serie dal momento della sua entrata in servizio e fino all'ingresso del Boeing 747-8F. Ne era prevista la ripresa della produzione su larga scala, abbandonata a causa delle tensioni tra Russia e Ucraina attorno alla penisola crimeana. Una versione estesa dell'An-124 è stata realizzata a supporto del programma spaziale sovietico Buran e ribattezzata An-225 Mriya.\n\nIl nome richiama il protagonista della favola Ruslan e Ljudmila di Puškin.\n\nAttività significative \n Nel maggio 1987, un An-124 stabilì un record del mondo, coprendo la distanza di 20.151 km, senza rifornimento in volo. Il volo durò 25 ore e 30 minuti; il peso al decollo fu di 455.000 kg. Il record precedente era detenuto da un Boeing B-52H Stratofortress (18.245 km).\n Nel luglio 1985, un An-124 decollò con un carico di 171.219 kg raggiungendo i 2.000 metri di altitudine. Successivamente decollò con 170.000 kg di carico raggiungendo un'altitudine di 10.750 metri.\n Il 8 ottobre 1996 un An-124 si schiantò in fase di atterraggio presso l'Aeroporto di Torino-Caselle su una cascina a San Francesco al Campo, provocando la morte di 4 persone: due membri dell'equipaggio e due abitanti della cascina.\n Nell'aprile 2005 un An-124 è stato utilizzato per il trasporto dell'Obelisco di Axum di Roma per restituirlo all'Etiopia. La spedizione fu fatta in tre viaggi per consentire il trasporto dell'obelisco del peso di 150 tonnellate e lungo 24 metri. Furono effettuate delle modifiche alla pista d'atterraggio di Axum, al fine di accogliere aeromobili di tali grandi dimensioni; il primo frammento dell'obelisco ripartì per l'Etiopia il 18 aprile 2005 dall'aeroporto di Pratica di Mare.\n Il 9 settembre 2010 un An-124 della russa Volga-Dnepr in partenza dall'aeroporto di Torino-Caselle ha abortito il decollo per un'avaria a due motori. L'aeromobile immatricolato RA-82079 è rimasto parcheggiato fino al 25 settembre 2010 quando è ripartito dopo la sostituzione dei due motori danneggiati. Sono in corso indagini a seguito di inchieste aperte dalla Magistratura e dall'ANSV (Agenzia Nazionale per la Sicurezza del Volo) per stabilire le cause. A causa di questa avaria, e per portare a termine la missione di trasporto, il 10 settembre 2010 è atterrato un secondo esemplare di An-124 della Volga-Dnepr immatricolato RA-82074 che è ripartito il giorno seguente. Non era mai successo che due aerei di questo tipo fossero presenti sullo scalo torinese contemporaneamente.\n\nVersioni \n\nAn-124 Ruslan\nVersione militare per il trasporto strategico pesante.\nAn-124-100\nVersione per il trasporto commerciale.\nAn-124-100M-150\nNuova versione per il trasporto commerciale sensibilmente migliorata. Il carico utile è stato aumentato da 120 tonnellate a 150 tonnellate, e il peso al decollo aumentato da 392 tonnellate a 402 tonnellate. L'autonomia di volo è maggiore, anche per carichi di 120 tonnellate, da 4650 km a 5400 km; la vita operativa è aumentata a 50.000 ore di volo in 45 anni di servizio, implementando il programma di manutenzione PO-500 (con una manutenzione ogni 500 ore di volo). La struttura della fusoliera è stata rafforzata per consentire il trasporto aereo di un singolo pezzo fino a 150 tonnellate di peso; è stata inserita una gru potenziata per operazioni di carico-scarico di un singolo pezzo di carico fino a 40 tonnellate di peso. Sistema di navigazione e radar sono stati aggiornati; sono stati inoltre installati ruote e pneumatici rinforzati, inserendo inoltre il sistema di frenata anti-skid digitale che permette di ridurre la distanza di atterraggio. L'equipaggio è ridotto da 6 a 4 membri, e il livello di comfort della cabina e del resto dell'equipaggio è stato migliorato. Il modello presenta varie migliorie al sistema di pilotaggio, come nuovi dispositivi per il controllo del motore, per il controllo d'inversione e il monitoraggio dello stato delle vibrazioni del motore, nonché un sistema di avviso di prossimità al terreno; il sistema di navigazione inerziale è stato aggiornato.\nAn-124-102\nVersione per il trasporto commerciale equipaggiata con EFIS flight deck.\nAn-124-130\nVersione per il trasporto commerciale rimasta a livello di proposta.\nAn-124-135\nVariante dell'An-124-130 con sedile nella parte posteriore e il resto della cabina dedicato all'area di carico (circa 1.800 metri quadrati) per il trasporto merci.\nAn-124-150\nNuovo sviluppo che introduce diverse nuove funzionalità.\nAn-124-200\nVersione proposta, equipaggiata con motori MOTOR SICH D18T SERIE 3M da 229,85 kN ciascuno.\nAn-124-210\nVersione proposta sviluppata con l'Air Foyle per concorrere alle specifiche del programma britannico Short Term Strategic Airlifter (STSA), equipaggiata con motori Rolls-Royce RB211-524H-T da 264 kN (60 600 lbf) ciascuno ed avionica Honeywell STSA, concorso abbandonato nell'agosto del 1999, quindi reintegrato e vinto dal Boeing C-17A.\nAn-124-300\nVersione aggiornata dell'An-124-100 destinata all'uso militare motorizzata con i nuovi turboventola Kuznetsov NK-65; l'inizio della produzione è previsto nel 2016-2018\n\nUtilizzatori\n\nMilitari \n\nVoenno-vozdušnye sily Rossijskoj Federacii\nAll'ottobre 2017, opera con 12 esemplari ereditati dell'aeronautica sovietica suddivisi tra la 12ª e la 18ª divisione aerea di trasporto militare e il 224º distaccamento aereo di trasporto militare.\n\nPassati \n\nSovetskie Voenno-vozdušnye sily\n L'aeronautica sovietica ricevette 28 An-124, parte dei quali, allo scioglimento dell'Unione Sovietica, furono presi in carico dell'Aeronautica russa.\n\nCivili \n\nAl settembre 2009 sono 28 gli esemplari in servizio operativo civile, totale completato da altri 10 esemplari in ordine.\n\n AirCargo Bulgaria (1)\n Russian Cargo (1)\n\n Maximus Air Cargo\n 1 aereo all'ottobre 2017.\n\n Libyan Arab Air Cargo (2)\n \n Volga-Dnepr\n 12 An-124-100 in servizio al gennaio 2019.\n Air Company Polet (8)+ 5 in ordine.\n \n Antonov Airlines \n7 aerei al gennaio 2019.\n\nPassati \n\n Air Foyle (in partnership con Antonov Design Bureau)\n HeavyLift Cargo Airlines (in partnership con Volga-Dnepr Airlines)\n Antonov AirTrack\n Titan Cargo\n TransCharter Titan Cargo\n \n Aeroflot Russian International Airlines\n Ayaks\n Rossija Airlines\n Transaero Airlines\n\nAeroflot\n\nOrdinazioni \n\nVolga-Dnepr - 20 An-124-300 ordinati più 20 in opzione (l'entrata in servizio prevista dal 2016-2018)\n\nGalleria d'immagini\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n \n\n \n \n (EN) Motori D-18T Motor Sich Pagina del produttore http://www.motorsich.com/eng/products/aircraft/tde/d-18t/\n\nVideo ed immagini \n \n (EN) Fotografie ravvicinate interno/esterno AN-124 l|url=http://englishrussia.com/2013/05/03/the-king-of-transport-an-124/\n\nAntonov An-124\nAntonov An-124" ]

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[ "Rodeo riders are riding the bucking horses." ]

[ "The clown is at the circus.", "It felt fine, I had no qualms.", "SSA states that there will not be any outlays resulting from the rule.", "a man is running", "you will hopefully have a solid amount of orange by the next year", "He would have wet himself.", "They are currently marching." ]

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[ "One of them chose to marry someone who was an alcoholic." ]

[ "None of them ended up marrying alcoholics or abusive men.", "There is a child outdoors.", "The men are arm wrestling.", "Some people are wearing yellow and black.", "The man can reach the cross just by standing on the floor.", "The paper did not mention any faults with homeland.", "At present Lantau is sparsely populated and a good place for a getaway." ]

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[ "Seo Young-hee Seo Young-hee is a South Korean actress. She is best known for her supporting role in thriller \"The Chaser\" (2008) and her award-winning lead role in horror film \"Bedevilled\" (2010).", "Bedevilled (2010 film) Bedevilled (; lit. \"The Whole Story of the Kim Bok-nam Murder Case\") is a 2010 South Korean horror/thriller film starring Seo Young-hee and Ji Sung-won. The film premiered as an official selection of International Critics' Week at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival." ]

[ "Freeze (TV series) Freeze () is a 2006 South Korean miniseries starring Lee Seo-jin, Park Han-byul and Son Tae-young. It aired on Channel CGV from October 27 to October 31, 2006 for 5 episodes.", "Norigae (film) Norigae () is a 2013 South Korean film based on the story of Jang Ja-yeon. The film depicts the darker side of Korean cinema including the casting couch and sexual abuse.", "Jang Seo-hee Jang Seo-hee (; born January 5, 1972) is a South Korean actress. She has starred in numerous television dramas, including \"Miss Mermaid\" (2002) and \"Temptation of Wife\" (2008), which were both extremely successful in the ratings and earned Jang the highest acting prize from MBC and SBS. In a 2007 Chinese survey of the most influential Korean actors, Jang was the highest ranking actress and placed seventh overall.", "Choi Kang-hee (actress) Choi Kang-hee (born Choi Se-yeon on May 5, 1977) is a South Korean actress and radio DJ.", "Seo Jeong-yeon Seo Jeong-yeon (born November 30, 1975) is a South Korean actress. She starred in television series such as \"Valid Love\" (2014), and \"Descendants of the Sun\" (2016).", "Napal Baji \"Napal Baji\" (; lit \"bell-bottoms\") is the 22nd K-pop single by the South Korean musician Psy. The song was released on November 30, 2015 to his official YouTube channel, as the second single of his seventh studio album \"Chiljip PSY-Da\" followed by lead single Daddy. To date, the music video has received over 50 million views on YouTube.", "Lizzy (singer) Park Soo-young (born July 31, 1992), better known by her stage name Lizzy, is a South Korean singer and actress. She is a member of the girl group After School and its sub-unit Orange Caramel. In March 2010, she debuted in After School with the release of their third single, \"Bang!\", and debuted as a solo singer in January 2015 with \"Not an Easy Girl\". She has acted in various films and television shows, including \"All My Love\" (2011), \"Love Forecast\" (2015) and \"Angry Mom\" (2015).", "The Lover (TV series) The Lover () is a 2015 South Korean television series starring Oh Jung-se, Ryu Hyun-kyung, Jung Joon-young, Choi Yeo-jin, Park Jong-hwan, Ha Eun-seol, Takuya Terada and Lee Jae-joon. It aired on Mnet from April 2 to June 25, 2015 on Thursdays at 23:00 for 12 episodes.", "Quiet Night (Seo Taiji album) Quiet Night (sometimes entitled Seotaiji 9th Quiet Night) is the ninth studio album by South Korean singer-songwriter Seo Taiji, and his fifth solo studio album so far. It was released on October 20, 2014, by Seo Taiji Company and distributed by CJ E&M Music. The album was preceded by two singles; the collaborative song \"Sogyeokdong\" and the lead track \"Christmalo.win\". It is Seo's first full-length release after a five-year hiatus since \"Seotaiji 8th Atomos\" (2009).", "Seo Do-young Seo Do-young (born April 14, 1981) is a South Korean actor.", "Hee-kyung Seo Hee-kyung Seo (Korean: 서희경 , born 8 July 1986), also known as Seo Hee-kyung, is a former South Korean female professional golfer playing on the LPGA Tour and on LPGA of Korea Tour. She won the LPGA Tour Rookie of the Year award in 2011.", "Pink Lady (manhwa) Pink Lady () is a webtoon on Naver by Yeon Woo (연우) and Seo Na (서나). It describes a love life of two artists who share a past memory of childhood love.", "Song Ji-hyo Cheon Soo-yeon (born Cheon Seong-im on August 15, 1981), better known by her stage name Song Ji-hyo, is a South Korean actress and model. She made her acting debut in \"Wishing Stairs\" (2003), one of the horror \"Whispering Corridors film series\". She then received further recognition for her roles in the romantic comedy drama \"Princess Hours\" (2006), the historical drama \"Jumong\" (2006), the historical film \"A Frozen Flower\" (2008), the crime film \"New World\" (2013), the romantic comedy drama \"Emergency Couple\" (2014), and family melodrama \"My Wife's Having an Affair this Week\" (2016).", "Oh Yeon-seo Oh Yeon-seo (born Oh Haet-nim, on June 22, 1987), is a South Korean actress and former member of South Korean girl group, LUV. She is best known for her roles in television dramas \"My Husband Got a Family\" (2012), \"Jang Bo-ri is Here!\" (2014), \"Shine or Go Crazy\" (2015) and \"Please Come Back, Mister\" (2016).", "Faeries' Landing Faeries' Landing (선녀 강림 \"Seonnyeo Ganglim\") is a 1998 Japanese style \"manhwa\" created by You Hyun and licensed in 2004 by Tokyopop. The original title is 선녀 강림 (\"Seon-nyeo Gang-lim\"); 선녀 (\"seon-nyeo\") refers to the Korean version of a female angel.", "Chae Min-seo Chae Min-seo (born Jo Soo-jin on March 16, 1981) is a South Korean actress. Chae made her acting debut in 2002 with \"Champion\", and has since played leading roles in horror film \"The Wig\" and the indies \"Loner\" (2008), \"Vegetarian\" (2010), \"Sookhee\" (2014) and \"Young Mother: What's Wrong with My Age?\" (2015).", "Song So-hee Song So-hee (born October 20, 1997), is a South Korean singer who specializes in minyo, traditional Korean folk songs. She has been active since childhood and has often been called a \"young female master singer\". She became famous nationwide after she performed \"Changbu Taryeong\", a well-known Korean traditional folk song, at the KBS National Singing Contest. She left a deep impression upon the viewers with her performance. Since then she has been invited to perform at various events, both at home and abroad. Currently she is a first-year college student at Dankook University (as a traditional music major) and successfully manages her life as a student and a performer.", "Ryu Hyo-young Ryu Hyoyoung (born April 22, 1993), better known by the mononym Hyoyoung, is a South Korean actress, model, and rapper. She was a member of the South Korean co-ed group Coed School and the girl group F-ve Dolls.", "Guiyeoni Guiyeoni (born 1985) is the pen name of internet novelist Lee Yoon-sae. She first reached fame with her novels \"He Was Cool\" and \"Romance of Their Own\", which spawned commercially successful films of the same name, as with another book, A Wolf's Attraction. Since then, one of her other books, \"Do Re Mi Fa So La Ti Do\", has become a film starring Jang Keun-suk. A movie of \"To My Boyfriend\" is also in planning stages. Despite her commercial success, Guiyeoni has been criticized for her lack of literary perfection, overuse of emoticons, and unrealistic setting in her works. Besides the aforementioned novels, she has also written \"Africa\", \"Five Stars\", and written and illustrated a manhwa called \"Syndrome\".", "Socialphobia Socialphobia () is a 2015 South Korean thriller/drama film starring Byun Yo-han and Lee Joo-seung. It was co-written and directed by Hong Seok-jae in his directorial debut, based on a real-life story that explores the social issues within internet culture among the Korean youth of the 21st century." ]

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[ "Realistic (brand) Realistic is a brand produced by RadioShack, a division of Tandy Corporation, to market audio and video products for home use. The brand name was phased out in the mid 1990s and discontinued in 2000, then returned briefly in 2016.", "Tandy Corporation Tandy Corporation was an American family-owned leather goods company based in Fort Worth, Texas. Tandy Leather was founded in 1919 as a leather supply store and acquired a number of craft retail companies, including RadioShack in 1963. In 2000, the Tandy Corporation name was dropped and the entity became the RadioShack Corporation." ]

[ "Vicks Vicks is an American brand of over-the-counter medications owned by the American company Procter & Gamble. Vicks manufactures NyQuil and its morning sister medication, DayQuil. The Vicks brand also produces Formula 44 cough medicines, cough drops, Vicks VapoRub, and a number of inhaled breathing treatments. For much of its history, Vicks products were manufactured by the family-owned company Richardson-Vicks, Inc., based in Greensboro, North Carolina. Richardson-Vicks, Inc., was eventually sold to Procter & Gamble in 1985.", "Colony Brands Colony Brands, Inc. (formerly, \"The Swiss Colony, Inc.\") is a mail-order and electronic retail company known for its cheese, sausage, chocolate, fruitcakes, and other food products. The company also features extensive offerings in furniture, home decor, apparel, entertainment products, and electronics. It is one of the largest direct marketers in the United States.", "Brut (cologne) Brut (] ) is the brand name for a line of men's grooming and fragrance products first launched in 1964 by Fabergé. The Brut line would grow to include aftershave, balms, and deodorant. Packaged in a green glass bottle with a silver-coloured medallion, it is still sold as of 2017.", "Rankin/Bass Productions Rankin/Bass Productions, Inc. (founded as Videocraft International, Ltd.) was an American production company, known for its seasonal television specials, particularly its work in stop motion animation. The pre-1974 library is owned by Universal Studios (via DreamWorks Animation/DreamWorks Classics), while the post-1973 library is owned by Warner Bros. Rankin/Bass stop-motion features are recognisable by their visual style of doll-like characters with spheroid body parts, and ubiquitous powdery snow using an animation technique called \"Animagic\". Often, traditional cel animation scenes of falling snow would be projected over the action to create the effect of a snowfall.", "NewGin NewGin Co. Ltd. (株式会社ニューギン , Kabushiki Gaisha Nyūgin ) is a privately owned Japanese manufacturer of pachinko and pachislot machines incorporated in May 1968 in Nagoya, Japan. The company slogan is \"Serious Play\" (あそびにマジメ , Asobi ni Majime ) .", "Icemat Icemat is a manufacturer, distributor and online retailer of a line of products targeted primarily at computer gamers. The company was founded in 2001 as a producer of mousing surfaces made of frosted glass. They have since expanded their product line to include headphones, sound cards and apparel. Icemat was seen often to produce partnerships with professional gaming teams and to sponsor events and individual players.", "Arnold (models) Founded in 1906 by Karl Arnold in Nürnberg, K. Arnold & Co. began its life producing tin toys and related items. They produced an extensive line of model ships, doll house items and other toys. In 1935, K. Arnold & Co. hired Max Ernst as their managing director. Ernst, not to be confused with the German realist artist of the same name, was a significant factor in the future of Arnold.", "L'Oréal Professionnel L'Oréal Professionnel is a brand of the professional products division of L'Oréal Group.", "Honestech Honest Technology, or Honestech Inc., is a supplier of digital video and audio communication and entertainment solutions. Some of their flagship products include VHS to DVD, Audio Recorder, FOTOBOX Plus, MY-IPTV, and Claymation Studio. The company develops products based on real-time MPEG encoding/decoding software technologies.", "Lightolier Lightolier is a company that manufactures and sells a wide array of lighting fixtures. It was founded in 1904 by Bernhard Blitzer under the name of \"New York Gas and Appliance Co.\" When electric lighting started to be more widely accepted, the name was changed to \"Lightolier\", a contraction of the words \"light\" and \"chandelier\". In 2007, Philips Royal Electronics announced that it would acquire the Genlyte Group which would make Lightolier a part of Philips.", "Eve (cigarette) Eve Cigarettes, are manufactured in the United States as a product of the Liggett Group, as well as in Germany, as a product of Philip Morris International. Within the United States, they were introduced in 1971 as competition for rival Philip Morris corporation's Virginia Slims, a cigarette targeted at the growing women's market. Virginia Slims, the world's first cigarette marketed specifically to women were aimed at women who identified themselves as liberated, independent, and modern; Eves were aimed at women content to be feminine.", "Larami Larami Corp. was founded in 1947 and was a toy company whose products usually ranged from the cost of $0.39 to $0.99. Larami Corp. was eventually acquired by Hasbro Inc., becoming Larami Inc. in 1995. The Larami company name was finally retired in 2002.", "Brioschi (company) Brioschi is an Italian company founded in 1907 as \"Achille Brioschi & C.\" to \"produce and make commerce of chemicals, liquors and similars\"; in 1914 the society was quoted on the Milan stock exchange. In the 1970s Brioschi was transformed into an investment company and today’s Brioschi Sviluppo Immobiliare is a real estate contractor, no longer bearing any relationship to the epoch-making \"cachet Brioschi\" which was once its staple product. Its offshoot, the American company Brioschi Pharmaceuticals, LLC, continued to market the effervescent antacid in the United States, however in 2013 Brioschi Pharmaceuticals LLC filed for bankruptcy and discontinued selling Brioschi products in North America. That was until 2015 when the Canadian company Neobourne Pharma LP. obtained control of the Brioschi Brand and trademark for North America. Neobourne Pharma is now marketing and selling the effervescent antacid in the United States and in Canada.", "McCoy's (crisp) McCoy's is a brand of crinkle-cut crisps made in the United Kingdom by KP Snacks. It was first produced in 1985 and is marketed under the slogan \"The Real McCoy's – Accept No Imitations\" (\"Man Crisps\" in current advertising), exploiting the Scottish idiom \"the real McCoy\". McCoy’s is the third biggest brand in the bagged crisps market, with 5 million packets consumed each week and nearly a third of all UK households consuming the product. It is promoted by United Biscuits \"as the only overtly male-targeted crisp brand\".", "Olympic Group Olympic Group is an Egyptian group of companies operating mainly in the field of domestic appliances. The main products it manufactures are washing machines, refrigerators, electric water heaters and gas cookers. It also operates in the fields of IT and real estate. It owns the licensing rights for Sony products in Egypt. Olympic Group has acquired \"IDEAL\", a formerly state-owned appliances giant.", "Corgi Toys Corgi Toys (trademark) is the name of a range of die-cast toy vehicles produced by Mettoy Playcraft Ltd. in the United Kingdom. The Mettoy (Metal Toy) company was founded in 1933 by German émigré Philip Ullmann in Northampton, England, where he was later joined by South African-born German Arthur Katz, who had previously worked for Ulmann at his toy company Tipp and Co of Nuremberg. They decided to market a range of toy vehicles as competition to Meccano's Dinky Toys model vehicles, which had dominated the British market for many years. Corgi Toys were introduced in the UK in July 1956 and were manufactured in Swansea, Wales, for twenty seven years before the company went into liquidation. A management buy-out re-formed the company as Corgi Toys Limited in March 1984. In 1989, the management sold the Corgi brand to Mattel and the factory was retained under the name of Microlink Industries Ltd. In 1995, Corgi regained its independence as a new company, Corgi Classics Limited, and moved to new premises in Leicester.", "Fabergé (cosmetics) Fabergé (] ) was a brand of cosmetics manufactured between 1964 and 1984 under the direction of George Barrie. In 1984, McGregor Corporation acquired Fabergé and discontinued many Fabergé products. In 2007, the trademarks, licenses and rights were transferred to Fabergé Limited, in the Cayman Islands, Mark Dunhill became CEO, and it announced an intention to make Fabergé a luxury goods brand.", "ReaLemon ReaLemon is a commercial brand of lemon juice that debuted in 1934, and is manufactured and marketed as of 2016 by Mott's, part of the Dr Pepper Snapple Group. ReaLime is a commercial brand of lime juice that debuted in 1944, is produced in the same manner as ReaLemon, and is also produced and marketed by Mott's.", "Johnson's Baby Johnson's Baby is an American brand of baby cosmetics and skin care products owned by Johnson & Johnson. The brand dates back to 1893 when Johnson's Baby Powder was introduced. Product line consists of baby powder, shampoos, body lotions, massage oil, shower gels and baby wipes. The brand has reputation for making baby products that are \"exceptionally pure and safe\" since at least the 1980s.", "Authentic Brands Group Authentic Brands Group is an American brand development and licensing company based out of New York, NY. In conjunction with Leonard Green & Partners, ABG's acquires, manages and builds value in consumer brands. ABG owns such consumer brands as Juicy Couture, Jones New York, Elvis Presley, Muhammad Ali, Marilyn Monroe, Michael Jackson, Prince Tennis, Tapout, Hickey Freeman, Judith Leiber and several others." ]

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[ "Comics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing. Cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics; fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, and comic books. Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comics albums, and tankōbon have become increasingly common, and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century." ]

[ "Renaissance humanism took a close study of the Latin and Greek classical texts, and was antagonistic to the values of scholasticism with its emphasis on the accumulated commentaries; and humanists were involved in the sciences, philosophies, arts and poetry of classical antiquity. They self-consciously imitated classical Latin and deprecated the use of medieval Latin. By analogy with the perceived decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning.", "The development of flattop vessels produced the first large fleet ships. In 1918, HMS Argus became the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft. As a result of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, which limited the construction of new heavy surface combat ships, most early aircraft carriers were conversions of ships that were laid down (or had served) as different ship types: cargo ships, cruisers, battlecruisers, or battleships. These conversions gave rise to the Lexington-class aircraft carriers (1927), Akagi and Courageous class. Specialist carrier evolution was well underway, with several navies ordering and building warships that were purposefully designed to function as aircraft carriers by the mid-1920s, resulting in the commissioning of ships such as Hōshō (1922), HMS Hermes (1924), and Béarn (1927). During World War II, these ships would become known as fleet carriers.[citation needed]", "The dismal results caused Gephardt to drop out and later endorse Kerry. Carol Moseley Braun also dropped out, endorsing Howard Dean. Besides the impact of coming in third, Dean was further hurt by a speech he gave at a post-caucus rally. Dean was shouting over the cheers of his enthusiastic audience, but the crowd noise was being filtered out by his unidirectional microphone, leaving only his full-throated exhortations audible to the television viewers. To those at home, he seemed to raise his voice out of sheer emotion. The incessant replaying of the \"Dean Scream\" by the press became a debate on the topic of whether Dean was the victim of media bias. The scream scene was shown approximately 633 times by cable and broadcast news networks in just four days following the incident, a number that does not include talk shows and local news broadcasts. However, those who were in the actual audience that day insist that they were not aware of the infamous \"scream\" until they returned to their hotel rooms and saw it on TV.", "In the United States, botanist Asa Gray an American colleague of Darwin negotiated with a Boston publisher for publication of an authorised American version, but learnt that two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin. Darwin was delighted by the popularity of the book, and asked Gray to keep any profits. Gray managed to negotiate a 5% royalty with Appleton's of New York, who got their edition out in mid January 1860, and the other two withdrew. In a May letter, Darwin mentioned a print run of 2,500 copies, but it is not clear if this referred to the first printing only as there were four that year.", "Antenna tuning generally refers to cancellation of any reactance seen at the antenna terminals, leaving only a resistive impedance which might or might not be exactly the desired impedance (that of the transmission line). Although an antenna may be designed to have a purely resistive feedpoint impedance (such as a dipole 97% of a half wavelength long) this might not be exactly true at the frequency that it is eventually used at. In some cases the physical length of the antenna can be \"trimmed\" to obtain a pure resistance. On the other hand, the addition of a series inductance or parallel capacitance can be used to cancel a residual capacitative or inductive reactance, respectively.", "Phil Skinner played a key role in 20th century development of the mandolin movement in Australia, and was awarded an MBE in 1979 for services to music and the community. He was born Harry Skinner in Sydney in 1903 and started learning music at age 10 when his uncle tutored him on the banjo. Skinner began teaching part-time at age 18, until the Great Depression forced him to begin teaching full-time and learn a broader range of instruments. Skinner founded the Sydney Mandolin Orchestra, the oldest surviving mandolin orchestra in Australia.", "One facet of the changing attitude toward Korea and whether to get involved was Japan. Especially after the fall of China to the Communists, U.S. East Asian experts saw Japan as the critical counterweight to the Soviet Union and China in the region. While there was no United States policy that dealt with South Korea directly as a national interest, its proximity to Japan increased the importance of South Korea. Said Kim: \"The recognition that the security of Japan required a non-hostile Korea led directly to President Truman's decision to intervene... The essential point... is that the American response to the North Korean attack stemmed from considerations of US policy toward Japan.\"" ]

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[ "Evey Hammond Evey Hammond is a fictional character and the protagonist of the comic book series, \"V for Vendetta\", created by Alan Moore and David Lloyd. She becomes involved in V's life when he rescues her from a gang of London's secret police.", "V (comics) V is the title character of the comic book series \"V for Vendetta\", created by Alan Moore and David Lloyd. He is a mysterious anarchist, vigilante, and freedom fighter who is easily recognizable by his Guy Fawkes mask, long hair and dark clothing. He strives to topple a totalitarian government of a dystopian United Kingdom through acts of terrorism. According to Moore, he was designed to be morally ambiguous, so that readers could decide for themselves whether he was a hero fighting for a cause or simply insane." ]

[ "John Stewart (comics) John Stewart, one of the characters known as Green Lantern, is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics and was the first African-American superhero to appear in DC Comics. The character was created by Dennis O'Neil and Neal Adams, and first appeared in \"Green Lantern\" #87 (December 1971).", "Norsefire Norsefire is the fictional fascist political party ruling the United Kingdom in Alan Moore and David Lloyd's \"V for Vendetta\" comic book series.", "Hood (comics) Hood (real name Parker Robbins) is a fictional character, a supervillain, and a crime boss appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.", "Mad Harriet Mad Harriet is a fictional character in the DC Comics universe.", "Hit-Girl Hit-Girl (Mindy McCready (comic) or Macready (film)) is a fictional character appearing in the \"Kick-Ass\" series, published by Marvel Comics under the company's imprint Icon Comics. The character was created by artist John Romita, Jr. and writer Mark Millar. She is a young but effective vigilante, trained by her father Damon McCready (a.k.a. Big Daddy) from an early age to be a costumed superhero and assassin. In \"Kick-Ass\", she is introduced as a supporting character. She featured in her own self-titled comic book series, \"Hit-Girl\", which was first published on 27 June 2012. She is portrayed by Chloë Grace Moretz in the feature film adaptations \"Kick-Ass\" and \"Kick Ass 2\".", "Batman Incorporated Batman Incorporated (also known as Batman, Inc.) is an American comic book series published by DC Comics, featuring the superhero Batman. Written by Grant Morrison, the series debuts following the events of \"Batman R.I.P\", \"Final Crisis\", \"Batman and Robin\", and \"\" where, after being stranded in the distant past and believed dead, Bruce Wayne has returned to the present day DC Universe. Now, he is prepared to take his war on crime to the next level, by essentially \"franchising\" it and drafting, training and commanding a global team of heroes who will answer to Batman himself called Batman Incorporated.", "Norman Osborn Norman Osborn is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by writer-editor Stan Lee and writer-artist Steve Ditko, and first appeared in \"The Amazing Spider-Man\" #14 (cover dated July 1964) as the original and most well-known incarnation of the Green Goblin.", "Diamond Lil (comics) Diamond Lil (Lillian Crawley-Jeffries) is a fictional mutant character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by writer and artist John Byrne for the ongoing comic book series \"Alpha Flight\". Since her debut, Diamond Lil has been portrayed as both hero and villain.", "Marshal Law (comics) Marshal Law is an English-language superhero comic book series created by Pat Mills and Kevin O'Neill.", "Eddie Brock Eddie Brock is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by David Michelinie and Todd McFarlane, and his earliest appearance was a cameo in \"Web of Spider-Man\" #18 (September 1986), before making his first full appearance in \"The Amazing Spider-Man\" #300 (May 1988) as the original and most well-known incarnation of Venom. The character has since appeared in many Marvel Comics publications, including his own series \"Venom\". Introduced as a villain of Spider-Man, the character becomes an anti-hero, working with and against superheroes.", "List of Marvel Comics characters: V Priscilla Lyons (Vagabond) is a superhero in the Marvel Universe. Created by Mark Gruenwald and Paul Neary, the character first appeared in \"Captain America\" #325 in January 1987. Within the context of the stories, Priscilla is an ally of Jack Monroe.", "Chloe Sullivan Chloe Sullivan is a fictional character in the television series \"Smallville\", which is based on the Superman and Superboy comics published by DC Comics. Portrayed by series regular Allison Mack, the character was created exclusively for \"Smallville\" by series developers Alfred Gough and Miles Millar. Other than main character Clark Kent, Chloe is the only main character to last the duration of the show, though Mack only signed on for five episodes in the tenth and final season. The character has also appeared in various literature based on \"Smallville\", an internet series, and was then later adapted back into the original Superman comics which inspired \"Smallville\".", "Sachs and Violens Sachs and Violens is a fictional comic book duo created by American writer Peter David and co-developed with George Pérez. They first appeared in a four-issue miniseries of the same name that was published by Marvel's Epic Comics imprint from 1993 to 1994. The series was part of the Heavy Hitters line, and featured a greater amount of violence and adult situations compared with mainstream comic books of the time (the title itself is an obvious play on the words \"sex and violence\"), and as such it was recommended for mature readers. The duo later appeared as supporting characters in David's other creator-owned series, \"Fallen Angel\".", "Scandal Savage Scandal Savage is a fictional character, a supervillainess and antiheroine in the DC Comics Universe . She first appeared in \"Villains United\" #1 (July 2005), and was created by Gail Simone and Dale Eaglesham. Scandal is a member of the Secret Six and the daughter of supervillain Vandal Savage.", "Nyssa Raatko Nyssa Raatko (Arabic: نيسا رعتكو‎ ‎ ) is a fictional character, a supervillainess in DC Comics. Nyssa Raatko was created by Greg Rucka and Klaus Janson for the Batman series of comic books. She is an enemy of Batman. She is the daughter of Ra's al Ghul and the half-sister of Talia al Ghul.", "Zaran Zaran is a fictional character, a supervillain that appears in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The codename Zaran has been carried by two characters related to another.", "Vril Dox Vril Dox, also known as Brainiac Two, is a fictional character published by DC Comics. He first appeared in \"Superman\" #167 (February 1964), and was created by Edmond Hamilton, Cary Bates, and Curt Swan.", "Batman (comic book) Batman is an ongoing American comic book series featuring the DC Comics superhero, Batman, as the main protagonist. The character first appeared in \"Detective Comics\" #27 (cover dated May 1939). Batman proved to be so popular that a self-titled ongoing comic book series began publication with a cover date of Spring 1940. It was first advertised in early April 1940, one month after the first appearance of his new sidekick, Robin, the Boy Wonder.", "Hijacker (comics) Hijacker is the name of two fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.", "Torchy (comics) Torchy is a comic strip and, primarily, a series of comic books featuring the ingenue Torchy Todd, created by the American \"good girl art\" cartoonist Bill Ward during 1944. The character was ranked 97th of the 2011 \"Comics Buyer's Guide's\" \"100 Sexiest Women in Comics\" list." ]

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[ "There is a man outside." ]

[ "The sun is shining brightly on the man's face.", "A football player throws the ball.", "While standing high off the ground two men in a black and yellow suit in a cherry picker", "A man is standing on a taxi cab.", "A man paints a house.", "Two greyhounds are outside playing.", "a man is having a wedding" ]

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[ "Some people in a room." ]

[ "Some people outside.", "a african american girl is sitting on a swing", "Buchanan said that the boys in the War Room had given up and allowed the girl to receive justice.", "You can only fuel it with jet fuel.", "You are being totally serious.", "They noted that people interested in the field has declined.", "People are walking." ]

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[ "Pierre Rabhi, de son nom d'origine Rabah Rabhi, né le à Kenadsa, en Algérie, est un essayiste, romancier, agriculteur, conférencier et écologiste français, fondateur du mouvement Colibris et \n\nSa pensée est inspirée par le mouvement anthroposophe, dont il promeut l'application agricole pseudo-scientifique appelée . Il est critiqué pour cela, ainsi que pour une certaine proximité avec des penseurs et des idées conservatrices, une présence médiatique excessive, et une .\n\nBiographie\n\nJeunesse algérienne \nPierre Rabhi est né Rabah Rabhi en 1938 dans une famille musulmane de Kenadsa, près de Colomb-Béchar, une oasis dans le sud de l'Algérie habitée. Sa mère meurt de tuberculose alors qu'il est un enfant en bas âge\n\nLes frères de Pierre Rabhi vivent à Béchar et Kenadsa. Son père, forgeron, musicien et poète, le confie à l'âge de cinq ans à un couple de Français, un ingénieur gaulliste et une institutrice, venus travailler dans les houillères du Sud Oranais dans son village natal. Plus tard, selon les déclarations de Pierre Rabhi, son père biologique aurait été contraint de fermer son atelier et de travailler à la mine. Rabhi affirme que cela aurait influencé sa critique du progrès technique.\n\nConfié à un couple de métropolitains, le jeune Rabah quitte Kenadsa pour Oran avec sa famille d'adoption. Il y suit deux années d'études secondaires. À l'âge de seize ou dix-sept ans selon les sources, à Oran, Rabhi se convertit au christianisme. Il demande à être baptisé et adopte son prénom de baptême : Pierre. Selon son récit autobiographique, Rabhi commencerait alors à travailler dans la dentisterie, puis en tant qu'employé de banque. Lorsque la guerre d'Algérie éclate en 1954, Rabhi affirme suivre les idées de sa famille, hostile à l'Indépendance algérienne et favorable au maintien de l'Algérie française. Pendant la guerre d’Algérie, raconte-t-il, « me voici brandissant mon petit drapeau par la fenêtre de la voiture qui processionne dans la ville en donnant de l’avertisseur : « Al-gé-rie-fran-çai-se » ».\n\nRabhi a affirmé s'être ensuite trouvé dans une situation de double exclusion, fâché avec son père biologique pour s'être converti au catholicisme, ainsi qu'avec son père d'adoption qui, selon Pierre Rabhi, l'aurait mis à la porte pour avoir critiqué le maréchal Alphonse Juin. Pierre Rabhi est alors un fervent catholique et le restera durant de longues années, comme il l'affirme dans son autobiographie. En 2016, il indique : \n\nAujourd'hui, s'il déclare ne plus se sentir lié à une religion en particulier, Rabhi demeure un spiritualiste, voire un mystique. Rabhi continue de fréquenter régulièrement les milieux catholiques, voire parfois , plaçant systématiquement la spiritualité au centre de sa pensée.\n\nRetour à la terre \nArrivé à Paris, il trouve un emploi de magasinier chez un constructeur de machines agricoles à Puteaux. Dans l'entreprise où il travaille, il rencontre Michèle, avec laquelle il se mariera et dont la belle-famille boycotte l'union. Tous deux nourrissent le rêve de s'extraire de leur vie urbaine et pensent à l'agriculture. Ils rencontrent le docteur Pierre Richard, un médecin écologiste et conservateur partisan du , qui travaillait à la création du Parc national des Cévennes, et qui les encourage dans leur démarche et deviendra l'un des principaux maîtres à penser de Rabhi.\n\nIls décident de se rendre en Ardèche pour s'y installer définitivement en 1960, précédant le mouvement néorural de la fin des années 1960. Ils se marient à Thines en avril 1961. Pierre Rabhi devient père et, sans aucune connaissance agricole (il est alors sculpteur), s'inscrit dans une Maison familiale rurale.\n\nIl rencontre l’écrivain maurrassien Gustave Thibon, poète et philosophe chrétien et conservateur considéré, selon le journaliste Jean-Baptiste Malet, comme et ayant fait . Thibon entretiendra des relations avec Pierre Rabhi jusque dans les années 1990. Rabhi indique à propos de ses relations avec Thibon : \n\nRabhi découvre et adhère également aux idées de Rudolf Steiner, ainsi qu’aux principes de l’anthroposophie, notamment à la biodynamie.\n\nAprès trois ans comme ouvrier agricole, en 1963 il devient lui-même paysan dans les Cévennes ardéchoises. Il se lance dans l'élevage caprin avec l'intention de ne pas reproduire les modèles de productivisme, et expérimente l'agriculture biodynamique.\n\nAprès des débuts difficiles, le couple acquiert assez d'expérience pour accueillir et conseiller à partir de mai 1968 d'autres néo-ruraux. Quinze années leur seront nécessaires pour parvenir à vivre de leur ferme. Pierre Rabhi témoigne en 2015 :\n\nReconnaissance \n\nEn 1978, Pierre Rabhi est chargé de formation en agroécologie par le Cefra (Centre d'étude et de formation rurales appliquées).\n\nÀ partir de 1981, il se rend au Burkina Faso en tant que « paysan sans frontières » à la demande du gouvernement de ce pays avec le soutien du Centre de relations internationales entre agriculteurs pour le développement (Criad). En 1985, il crée, avec son ami Maurice Freund, un centre de formation en agroécologie à Gorom-Gorom, avec l'appui de l'association Le Point-Mulhouse, le premier du continent.\n\nEn 1986, l'agronome français René Dumont est chargé par l'association d'évaluer le travail de Pierre Rabhi, et se montre très critique avec les méthodes et surtout les croyances appliquées sur place par Pierre Rabhi. Pierre Rabhi aurait bénéficié de l'appui du président Thomas Sankara qui voulait faire de l'agroécologie une politique nationale avant d'être assassiné en 1987.\n\nEn 1988, il fonde le Carrefour international d'échanges de pratiques appliquées au développement (CIEPAD) avec l'appui du conseil général de l'Hérault. Il met en place un « module optimisé d'installation agricole », des programmes de sensibilisation et de formation, et de nombreuses actions de développement à l'étranger (Maroc, Palestine, Algérie, Tunisie, Sénégal, Togo, Bénin, Mauritanie, Pologne, Ukraine…).\n\nEn 1992, il lance le programme de réhabilitation de l'oasis de Chenini-Gabès en Tunisie. Depuis 1994, il anime le mouvement Oasis en tous lieux, promouvant le retour à une terre nourricière et la reconstitution du lien social. En parallèle, il publie plusieurs livres, teintés de mysticisme et faisant l'éloge d'une pauvreté vue comme une façon d'aller vers l'essentiel, voire d'accéder au bonheur, dans une lignée encore chrétienne selon le journaliste Jean-Baptiste Malet qui avance que Pierre Rabhi a abandonné par la suite ce terme de pauvreté pour le concept de sobriété heureuse.\n\nLa même année, il fonde l'association Les Amis de Pierre Rabhi, rebaptisée en 1994 Terre & Humanisme. Un tiers du budget de l’association (plus euros par an). Elle a pour objet la promotion et la transmission de l'agroécologie.\n\n, il participe à l'élaboration de la Convention des Nations unies sur la lutte contre la désertification (CLD, ou CNULCD).\n\nDe 1999 à 2001, il lance de nouvelles actions de développement au Niger (région d'Agadez) et au Mali (région de Gao).\n\nEn 2002, il crée le « Mouvement Appel Pour une Insurrection des Consciences (MAPIC) » afin de se présenter à l'élection présidentielle. Cependant il n'obtient que 184 parrainages d'élus sur les 500 requis.\n\nEn 2003, il rencontre Michel Valentin avec qui il crée en 2004 Les Amanins sur la commune de La Roche-sur-Grane, dans la Drôme. Cette infrastructure d’agrotourisme maraîcher qui s’étend sur cinquante-cinq hectares accueille des séminaires d’entreprise, des vacanciers et des personnes en formation au maraîchage. Créée sous forme d'association à but non lucratif, elle compte deux salariés aidés en permanence par de nombreux wwoofers bénévoles.\n\nIl anime régulièrement des conférences ou des ateliers sur les thèmes de la simplicité volontaire et de la décroissance. Considéré comme artisan de l'altermondialisme, il est invité lors du Forum social européen, et intitule un de ses exposés « Donner une âme à la mondialisation ». Il crée en 2007, avec Isabelle Desplats, Cyril Dion et quelques autres, le mouvement Colibris qui fait suite au MAPIC. La mission du mouvement Colibris est . Il a fait partie du comité éditorial du mensuel français La Décroissance et est vice-président de l'association Kokopelli qui œuvre à la protection de la biodiversité (à la production et à la distribution de semences issues de l'agriculture biologique et biodynamique) et à la régénération des sols cultivés.\n\nEn 2011, Pierre Rabhi reçoit le prix du développement durable du lycée Champollion de Grenoble. Il participe à l'inauguration d'un jardin portant son nom à Saint-Alexandre dans le Gard, suivie d'une conférence.\n\nEn 2012, il rejoint le comité d'honneur de la FLAC (Fédération des luttes pour l'abolition des corridas). Le 30 juin 2012, il inaugure à Bédarieux (Hérault) un parc public, portant son nom. Le 16 juillet 2013, il publie dans le journal Le Monde, avec Susan George et Edgar Morin, une tribune soutenant l'initiative citoyenne européenne « Arrêtons l'écocide en Europe ».\n\nIl est soutenu par plusieurs personnalités, comme l'actrice Marion Cotillard ou l'entrepreneur Jacques-Antoine Granjon. De manière plus générale et bien qu'il s'en défende, Pierre Rabhi est considéré, autant chez certains de ses admirateurs que chez ses détracteurs, comme une sorte de . Parmi ses sources d’inspiration importantes, Rabhi mentionne Jiddu Krishnamurti (1895-1986), lequel refusait lui aussi ce qualificatif : \n\nIl a créé une fondation qui était sous la tutelle de la Fondation de France. Elle est depuis devenue un fonds de dotation.\n\nLe , il reçoit des mains d'Anne Hidalgo la médaille Grand Vermeil de la ville de Paris.\n\nPierre Rabhi est aujourd'hui à la tête d'une puissante organisation, soutenue par de nombreux mécènes issus du show-business (comme Mélanie Laurent ou Marion Cotillard) ainsi que par des fortunes aristocratiques (Constance de Polignac, Patrice de Colmont).\n\nFamille \nPierre Rabhi a cinq enfants : Cécile, Vianney — ingénieur et inventeur du moteur MCE-5 à compression variable —, David, Sophie — fondatrice et directrice de la Ferme des enfants, à Berrias-et-Casteljau en Ardèche — et Gabriel, né en 1975 — informaticien.\n\nPrises de position\n\nSur la place de la femme \nPierre Rabhi développe une vision conservatrice et essentialiste des femmes, résumée ainsi par le journaliste Julien Brygo : . Il considère qu'il faut viser la complémentarité des sexes plutôt que l'égalité femmes-hommes : « Je crois qu’il ne faudrait pas exalter l’égalité. Je plaide plutôt pour une complémentarité : que la femme soit la femme, que l’homme soit l’homme et que l’amour les réunisse dans cette complémentarité. » De même les femmes sont, pour lui, définies par une nature immuable ce qui lui fait dire : « On n’a jamais vu dans l’histoire des croisades de femmes à Jérusalem, des femmes déclarer la guerre, ou rarement, sauf si elles sont dénaturées ».\n\nSur le mariage homosexuel \nDans le livre Pierre Rabhi, Semeur d'espoirs, paru en 2013 chez Actes Sud, celui-ci affirme qu'il En décembre de la même année il répond dans un interview de Reporterre à la question de savoir si le principe de lutte pour l’égalité du droit au mariage ne le touche pas particulièrement : \n\nLors des débats sur l'ouverture du mariage aux couples de même sexe, Pierre Rabhi affirme qu'aller manifester pour ce sujet n'est pas une priorité pour lui : Il affirme ne pas s'y opposer pour autant, et ne pas s’opposer non plus à l'adoption par les couples de même sexe : \n\nDans son livre La Convergence des consciences paru en 2016, il écrit que :\n\nSur la procréation médicalement assistée \nIl s'oppose à la procréation médicalement assistée (PMA) en général (qu'elle soit destinée à des femmes seules, à des couples hétérosexuels ou homosexuels) estimant qu'elle n'est pas naturelle, et donc dangereuse, faisant le parallèle avec l'agriculture chimique.\n\nCritiques et controverses \nEn août 2018, un article du Monde Diplomatique intitulé va susciter de vives réactions de ce dernier et de ses amis qui contestent l'analyse critique du journaliste Jean-Baptiste Malet. Rabhi obtient un droit de réponse en novembre 2018. Simultanément, Malet revient dans un nouveau texte . Il contredit factuellement certaines allégations de Pierre Rabhi, ainsi que des éléments de son droit de réponse, et indique en guise de conclusion :\n\nSur ses techniques agricoles \nPierre Rabhi a depuis plusieurs décennies promu une version très personnelle de l'agroécologie, laquelle, plus qu'une technique agricole, est pensée par lui comme une . Selon l'agronome Michel Griffon : .\n\nDe nombreux auteurs se montrent critiques sur les théories agricoles de Pierre Rabhi, et y voient un et des pratiques ésotériques. Pierre Rabhi est par ailleurs un promoteur des pratiques pseudo-scientifiques de l'agriculture biodynamique qu'il aurait découvertes à la lecture du livre Fécondité de la terre de l'agronome anthroposophe Ehrenfried Pfeiffer.\n\nLe côté pseudo-scientifique est notamment décrit par l'agronome et écologiste René Dumont, lors d'une évaluation du centre d'agroécologie de Gorom-Gorom au Burkina Faso, en 1986 : René Dumont lui reproche aussi de transposer en zone tropicale des résultats d'expérimentations effectuées en zones tempérées. Enfin, il relève . René Dumont aurait tenté de dénoncer auprès du président Thomas Sankara celui qu'il considérait comme un , mais selon le journaliste Jean-Baptiste Malet . Rabhi s'explique sur cet épisode et selon lui Dumont aurait cherché à : Le journaliste Jean-Baptiste Malet récuse cependant cette affirmation, René Dumont s'étant élevé contre l'agriculture industrielle bien avant sa critique de Rabhi.\n\nLe sociologue Gérald Bronner, membres du comité de parrainage de l'AFIS, considère que Pierre Rabhi trompe ses concitoyens quand il affirme que ses techniques agricoles pourraient nourrir la planète. Il critique également son utilisation de méthodes non scientifiques.\n\nSelon le journaliste Jean-Baptiste Malet, .\n\nMas de Beaulieu \n\nLe Mas de Beaulieu est un centre de formation à l'agroécologie acheté en 1998 par l'association , rebaptisée « Terre et Humanisme » en 1999, cette dernière ayant été . Selon l'association, \n\nEn 2012, une visite de l'Association française pour l'information scientifique (AFIS), une association rationaliste engagée dans la lutte contre les pseudo-sciences, révèle des pratiques ésotériques issues de la biodynamie : . Le compte rendu de visite de l'AFIS relate notamment l'usage d'un mésentère de cerf rempli de fumier et utilisé pour capter des énergies de la terre et du soleil.\n\nL'AFIS dénonce également l'exploitation de centaines de travailleurs bénévoles venus en stage ou formation et relève en 2012 que : .\n\nLiens avec l'anthroposophie \nDans son livre Du Sahara aux Cévennes, Pierre Rabhi recommande l'usage de l'agriculture biodynamique, méthode issue de l'anthroposophie, une philosophie ésotérique développée dans les années 1920 par Rudolf Steiner, dont Rabhi fut un lecteur précoce.\n\nRabhi entretient également des relations étroites avec le système des écoles Steiner-Waldorf (versant éducatif de l'anthroposophie), et sa fille Sophie Rabhi en dirige une au Hameau des buis, en Ardèche. Celle-ci fait suite à une école maternelle et primaire appelée « La ferme des enfants » à Montchamp (Ardèche), fermée après que l'ex-compagnon de Sophie Rabhi y a été jugé pour abus sexuel sur mineur en 2005. La nouvelle école a elle aussi fait l'objet de plusieurs plaintes auprès de la Miviludes.\n\nL'anthroposophie et ses diverses incarnations modernes ont souvent été accusées de dérive sectaire, mais plusieurs mouvances incriminées pour de telles dérives se sont associées dans un (CICNS), association qui s’en prend explicitement aux organisations françaises de vigilance en matière de dérives sectaires (notamment la Miviludes). Pierre Rabhi a été en 2010 signataire d'une pétition, à l'initiative du CICNS, pour la création d'un observatoire indépendant des minorités spirituelles en France.\n\nPositionnement politique \nLa journaliste Jade Lindgaard, dans un article publié par Mediapart et la Revue du crieur, lui reproche d’insister sur la transformation personnelle et le développement de solutions individuelles aux problèmes globaux au détriment de l’action politique collective, ce qui conduit à rompre avec (décolonisation, antinucléaire, féminisme) et à effacer les mécanismes de domination de classe, de race et de genre, et risque de maintenir le statu quo sur les questions de richesse et de pollution. Le journaliste Jean-Baptiste Malet fait également ce constat : \n\nAlors que Pierre Rabhi affirme dans ses discours son opposition aux multinationales, il ne semble cependant pas détester la fréquentation des aristocrates mondains et a une certaine proximité avec des grands patrons du CAC 40 (Emmanuel Faber, Jacques-Antoine Granjon...), qui se servent abondamment de son image pour assurer leur greenwashing. Le comparant au moine médiatique Matthieu Ricard, Jean-Baptiste Malet fait le rapprochement avec des figures religieuses ou spirituelles du qui expliquaient aux , espérant un changement significatif de leur part, qu'il fallait être plus humaniste et penser aux travailleurs ; selon Malet c'est . Le voyant adulé par des politiciens de tous bords et plébiscité par les patrons d'entreprises multinationales, le journaliste Julien Brygo se demande , à quoi Jean-Baptise Malet répond .\n\nLes critiques contre Rabhi portent également sur ses prises de position concernant le mariage homosexuel et la procréation médicalement assistée, et sur la proximité de ses fils, Gabriel et David, avec l'extrême droite. Selon Sophie des Déserts de Vanity Fair, ceux-ci sont des proches des mouvances conspirationnistes et d'extrême droite, en relation notamment avec Alain Soral, et n'ont jamais été désavoués par leur père.\n\nFin 2016, Rabhi déclare dans le magazine Pèlerin : \n\nPierre Bitoun penche plutôt vers un prudent soupçon d'angélisme (Le Sacrifice des paysans : une catastrophe sociale et anthropologique, 2016, ).\n\nPopularité et présence médiatique \nDans un article du Monde diplomatique intitulé , Jean-Baptiste Malet (lauréat du Prix Albert-Londres 2018) explique la popularité de la figure et des idées de Rabhi :\n\nRevenus et fonds de dotation \nLe journaliste Jean-Baptiste Malet a mené une longue enquête sur Pierre Rabhi, et déclare, en septembre 2018 sur France Inter, que celui-ci touche selon les mois et les années des revenus situés entre et par mois, principalement grâce aux ventes de ses livres et aux droits d'auteur, qui lui ont rapporté un demi-million d'euros en dix ans : quasiment aucune de ces recettes n'est reversée à une quelconque association (seuls les droits d'un ouvrage de Rabhi sont reversés à Terre et Humanisme et Colibri). Rabhi en tant que conférencier peut facturer entre et par prestation. Malet note qu'. Tout ceci est selon le journaliste en incohérence avec le discours et l'image de l'humble paysan en blouse de travail affirmant dormir sur une simple natte, tel un ascète. De plus, son fonds de dotation a bénéficié de plusieurs centaines de milliers d'euros de dons : par exemple un legs de suite à une vente d'appartement ou un don de de la marque de luxe Chopard. Jean-Baptiste Malet constate que et il se demande pourquoi Pierre Rabhi utilise par ailleurs ce fonds de dotation pour salarier le compagnon de sa fille ainsi que son assistante personnelle, alors qu'il pourrait le faire avec ses fonds propres. Le journaliste, en définitive, .\n\nÀ la suite des propos de Malet, Pierre Rabhi se dit et réagit en écrivant notamment : \n\nBernard Chevilliat, président du Fonds de dotation Pierre Rabhi, conteste, dans une tribune du journal La Croix publiée une dizaine de jours après la diffusion de l'émission, la pertinence des affirmations de Jean-Baptiste Malet, non seulement sur ses conclusions mais aussi concernant les chiffres avancés. Il se demande pour quelle raison Malet remet en question la possibilité pour Rabhi de disposer comme il l'entend du fruit de son travail : Il indique qu'il est de dire que Rabhi a entre et de revenu mensuel ; ceci du fait de l’irrégularité des ventes de livres, et que Concernant les conférences données par Rabhi, il précise que Concernant les sommes collectées par le Fonds de dotation, il affirme que leur utilisation est raisonnable et en accord avec son objet : Il relève par ailleurs que :\n\nPublications\n\nOuvrages \n Du Sahara aux Cévennes ou la Reconquête du songe (autobiographie, prix du Cabri d'or de l'Académie cévenole), Lavilledieu, Éditions de Candide, 1983, rééd. éditions Albin Michel, Paris, 1995, rééd. sous le titre Du Sahara aux Cévennes : itinéraire d'un homme au service de la Terre-Mère, éd. Albin Michel, Paris, 2002\n Le Gardien du feu : message de sagesse des peuples traditionnels (roman), Lavilledieu, Éditions de Candide, 1986, nouvelle édition Paris, Albin Michel, 2003\n L'Offrande au crépuscule (prix des sciences sociales agricoles du ministère de l'Agriculture), Lavilledieu, Éditions de Candide, 1989, rééd. aux éditions L'Harmattan, 2001\n Le Recours à la terre (recueil d'articles), Lyon, Terre du Ciel, 1995, nouvelle augm. 1999\n Parole de Terre : une initiation africaine, Paris, Albin Michel, 1996 (préface de Yehudi Menuhin) \n Manifeste pour des Oasis en tous lieux, ouvrage collectif sous la direction de Pierre Rabhi, 1997\n Le Chant de la Terre, interview par Jean-Pierre et Rachel Cartier, éd. La Table Ronde, Paris, 2002\n Graines de possibles, regards croisés sur l'écologie, avec Nicolas Hulot, Paris, Calmann-Lévy, 2005 \n Conscience et environnement, Éditions du Relié, Gordes, 2006\n La Part du colibri : l'espèce humaine face à son devenir, La Tour-d’Aigues, Éditions de l'Aube, 2006 \n Écologie et spiritualité, Paris, Éditions Albin Michel, 2006 \n Terre-Mère, Homicide volontaire ? Entretiens avec Jacques-Olivier Durand, éd. Le Navire en pleine ville, Saint-Hippolyte-du-Fort (Gard), 2007\n Manifeste pour la Terre et l'Humanisme : Pour une insurrection des consciences, Arles, Actes Sud, 2008\n Vers la sobriété heureuse, Arles, Actes Sud, 2010\n Éloge du génie créateur de la société civile, Arles, Actes Sud, 2011\n Un nouveau monde en marche : vers une société non-violente, écologique et solidaire de Laurent Muratet et Étienne Godinot, éd. Yves Michel, Gap, 2012 \n Pierre Rabhi, semeur d'espoirs, entretiens, Olivier Le Naire, Arles, Actes Sud, 2013\n Le monde a-t-il un sens ? avec Jean-Marie Pelt, Fayard, 2014 \n La Part du colibri, illustré par Pascal Lemaître, éditions de l'Aube, 2017, rééd. poche 2017\n L'Agroécologie, une éthique de vie, entretien avec Jacques Caplat, Arles, Actes Sud, 2015 \n La Puissance de la modération, Hozhoni, 2015 \n La Convergence des consciences, Le Passeur Éditeur, 2016\n\nPréfaces \n Alerte aux vivants et à ceux qui veulent le rester : Pour une renaissance agraire de Pierre Gevaert, Paris, Sang de la Terre, 2006\n La Stratégie du colibri de Séverine Millet, Paris, Minerva, 2008\n Le Scénario « Titanic », et autres métaphores écologiques… de Hugues Gosset-Roux, Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, Jouvence, 2008\n La Planète au pillage de Henry Fairfield Osborn, Jr, réédition aux Éditions Actes Sud, 2008 \n Une seule Terre pour nourrir le monde de Florence Thinard, Paris, Gallimard Jeunesse, 2009\n Une monnaie nationale complémentaire de Philippe Derudder et André-Jacques Holbecq, Yves Michel, 2011 \n La Terre comme soi-même : repères pour une écospiritualité de Michel Maxime Egger, Genève, Labor et Fides, 2012 \n Voyage à Païolive en Ardèche méridionale de Véronique Groseil et Gil Jouanard, Éditions du Chassel, 2013 \n Les Seigneurs de la Terre, l'Appel de Cérès de Fabien Rodhain et Luca Malisan, Glénat, 2016\n\nDocumentaires avec la participation de Pierre Rabhi \n Pierre Rabhi, des Cévennes au Sahel, d'Anne-Sophie Boisgallais et Christian Lascaux (1990)\n Sous les pavés, la terre, de Thierry Kruger et Pablo Girault, sorti en avril 2009\n Solutions locales pour un désordre global, de Coline Serreau, sorti le 7 avril 2010\n Severn, la voix de nos enfants, écrit et réalisé par Jean-Paul Jaud, sorti en 2011\n Pierre Rabhi : la reconquête du songe, réalisé par Marie-Dominique Dhelsing, produit en 2011 par Groupe Galactica, Adalios & Canal maritima\n Il mio corpo è la Terra, réalisé par Carola Benedetto et Igor Piumetti (2012)\n Pierre Rabhi, les clés du paradigme de Juan Massenya, réalisé par Chris Reynaud (2013)\n Pierre Rabhi Au nom de la terre, réalisé par Marie-Dominique Dhelsing (2013)\n En quête de sens. Un voyage au-delà de nos croyances, produit par Kamea Meah productions (2015)\n L'Odyssée de l'empathie, réalisé par Michel Meignant et Mário Viana, sorti le 5 novembre 2015\n Demain, réalisé par Cyril Dion et Mélanie Laurent, sorti le 2 décembre 2015\n\nNotes et références\n\nNotes\n\nRéférences\n\nAnnexes\n\nBibliographie \n Serge Orru, Pierre Rabhi. Le fertile, livre + CD, Textuel, 2011 \n Jean-Pierre Cartier, Rachel Cartier, Pierre Rabhi. Le chant de la terre, La Table ronde, 2012 \n .\n\nPresse \n Libération consacre à P. Rabhi sa page portrait du 27 août 2005 : .\n P. Rabhi est rédacteur en chef du numéro 77 de la revue Interdépendances, avril 2010.\n Vanity Fair enquête sur P. Rabhi dans son numéro daté du 4 décembre 2015 : \n .\n « Droit de réponse de Pierre Rabhi » par Pierre Rabhi, Le Monde diplomatique, novembre 2018.\n « Retour sur « Le système Pierre Rabhi » » par Jean-Baptiste Malet, Le Monde diplomatique, novembre 2018.\n\nRadio \n Jean Lebrun, Gaetano Manfredonia, « Les anarchistes et l'écologie », La marche de l'histoire, France Inter, 16 février 2015, écouter en ligne.\n\nTélévision \n .\n\nArticles connexes\n\nLiens externes \n \n \n\nCatégorie:Écologiste français\nCatégorie:Agriculteur français\nCatégorie:Écrivain français du XXe siècle\nCatégorie:Écrivain français du XXIe siècle\nCatégorie:Personnalité en permaculture\nCatégorie:Personnalité de la décroissance\nCatégorie:Personnalité opposée à la corrida\nCatégorie:Naissance en mai 1938\nCatégorie:Naissance à Kenadsa\nCatégorie:Naissance en Algérie française\nCatégorie:Lauréat de la médaille de la Ville de Paris" ]

[ "Gaston Schoukens (ou Felix Bell ou Félix Bell), né à Bruxelles le et mort dans la même ville le , est un réalisateur belge.\n\nBiographie \nEn 1926, Gaston Schoukens se fait connaître avec sa première comédie Monsieur mon chauffeur. En 1930, il réalise La Famille Klepkens, considéré comme le premier film sonore belge (le son est enregistré sur disque microsillon).\nEn 1931, il réalise le premier long métrage belge utilisant le son optique qui rassemble musique et images sur un même support, dans Le plus joli rêve. \nEn 1932, il tourne Le Cadavre , avec Fernand Crommelynck, Édouard Bréville, Marguerite Daulboys, Lucien Mussière et Zizi Festerat.\n\nGaston Schoukens a été pendant près de trente ans la figure de proue du cinéma belge populaire. De fait il aborde un peu tous les genres, le documentaire (Le Football belge, 1922, La Grand'Place de Bruxelles, 1943), le film d’art (Nos peintres, 1926), le mélodrame (Tu ne sauras jamais, 1927), le drame patriotique (Les Croix de l’Yser, 1928, coréalisé avec Paul Flon) ou les comédies débridées, telles En avant la musique (1935) ou Bossemans et Coppenolle (1938).\n\nIl est réputé pour ses farces en accent bruxellois, démarche proche de Marcel Pagnol à Marseille, qui ont eu un grand succès auprès du public, ce qui permettait à Schoukens d'autofinancer des films que les critiques de l'époque n'appréciaient pas. Par exemple : Les Quatre Mousquetaires (1934)\n\nSon film C'était le bon temps (1936) fut le plus grand succès des années 1930 en Belgique, seulement dépassé par Blanche-Neige et les Sept Nains de Walt Disney. Grégory Lacroix, chercheur en histoire du cinéma à l'ULG, écrit cependant que « ses comédies populaires, qui amusèrent les foules avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, finissent par lasser le public et apparaissent comme des comédies du dimanche pantouflardes ».\n\nPaul Flon est souvent le directeur de la photographie de Gaston Schoukens.\n\nFilmographie \n\n 1921 : La Prestidigation\n 1922 : Le Football belge\n 1923 : La Semois\n 1923 : L'Art de la poterie\n 1923 : Avec tambours et trompettes\n 1924 : La Grand'Place de Bruxelles\n 1925 : Florence\n 1926 : Pédagogie\n 1926 : Nos peintres (Onze schilders)\n 1926 : Monsieur mon chauffeur\n 1926 : Le Mariage princier\n 1926 : De begrafenis van Kardinaal Mercier\n 1928 : Les croix de l'Yser\n 1928 : Carrières\n 1929 : La Famille Klepkens\n 1929 : Cinq heures en ballon\n 1929 : Breughel\n 1931 : Le plus joli rêve\n 1932 : Le Cadavre \n 1933 : Si tu vois mon oncle\n 1934 : Un gosse pour 100.000 francs\n 1934 : Mes bretelles\n 1934 : Les Quatre Mousquetaires \n 1934 : Inhuld van Z.M. Leopold III te Brussel (Joyeuse entrée de S.M. Léopold III à Bruxelles)\n 1935 : Laat me dat eens zien (Une revue flamande)\n 1935 : En avant la musique\n 1936 : C'était le bon temps \n 1938 : Visages de France\n 1938 : Mon père et mon papa\n 1938 : L'Empoisonneuse\n 1939 : Zig-zag\n 1939 : Ceux qui veillent\n 1939 : Monsieur Bossemans (Bossemans et Coppenolle)\n 1939 : Gardons notre sourire (Ersatz et Kommandantur)\n 1944 : Naissance d'une cité (documentaire)\n 1946 : Les Invités de huit heures\n 1947 : Vivent les femmes (Leve de vrouwtjes!)\n 1955 : Un soir de joie\n 1956 : L'amour est quelque part... en Belgique (aussi monteur sous le nom de Félix Bell) \n 1958 : Expo en avant! (comme Félix Bell)\n 1959 : Un week-end fantastique\n 1959 : Scandale à la Belgique Joyeuse\n\nNotes et références\n\nArticles connexes \n Musique au cinéma, section sur l'arrivée du son optique.\n Cinéma belge\n\nLiens externes \n \n \n \n\nCatégorie:Naissance à Bruxelles\nCatégorie:Réalisateur belge\nCatégorie:Documentariste belge\nCatégorie:Personnalité bruxelloise\nCatégorie:Naissance en février 1901\nCatégorie:Décès en avril 1961\nCatégorie:Décès à Bruxelles\nCatégorie:Décès à 60 ans", "La famille de Rasilly ou Razilly est une famille noble française subsistante, d'extraction chevaleresque, originaire de Touraine. Elle tire son nom de sa terre de Razilly à Beaumont-en-Véron.\nLe premier connu est Renaud de Razilly, vivant en 1070\n\nLa fortune de la famille de Rasilly/Razilly s'est bâtie au moment de la création des colonies françaises aux Amériques à l'époque du cardinal de Richelieu. Certains auteurs ont parlé de la parenté des Razilly avec le cardinal de Richelieu. Les études généalogiques n'ont pas montré de lien dans les degrés proches. Il y a peut-être des cousinages par la famille Tusseau. Trois de ses membres se sont illustrés illustrés outre-mer :\n François de Razilly, lieutenant du roi, amiral, navigateur et colonisateur de la France Équinoxiale au Brésil ;\n Isaac de Razilly a été vice-roi de Nouvelle-France et seigneur du tiers des terres de l'Acadie. À sa mort subite à La Hève en 1635, ses biens reviendront à Charles de Razilly, fils aîné de François de Razilly ;\n Claude de Launay-Razilly devient marquis de Razilly à la mort de son neveu Charles de Razilly, en 1651. Cette opération d'implantation des Français en Acadie n'a pas apporté la fortune souhaitée, aussi il a essayé de céder ses droits en 1640, mais sans y réussir. Il écrit à l'administrateur provisoire du Canada :\nIl m'est bien rude, après les grandes dépences que j'aye faictes en l'establissement d'un païs que j'ay eu de mes louigs et du sang de mes proches et que j'ay cédé pour si peu de choses, qu'on ne me paye jouisse de mon bien ; cela est digne de compation.\nCette entreprise des Razilly en Acadie a permis un peuplement chinonais de cette partie du Canada.\n\nGénéalogie \n\n Macé de Razilly (mort entre 1269 et 1274) marié à Ridelle de Rillé\n Pierre de Razilly marié à Jeanne de l'Isle-Bouchard\n Pierre de Razilly marié à Jeanne Souvain\n Raoul de Razilly marié à Philippe de Godeschal\n Jean I de Razilly (†1401) marié à Marguerite Maumoine\n Nive de Razilly mariée à Guillaume de Mangé\n Macée ou Marthe de Razilly mariée à Goulu de Mosson ou Mausson\n Jeanne de Mosson mariée à Pierre du Plessis\n Jean du Plessis marié à Philippe Barbine\n Pierre du Plessis \n Jean de Razilly marié à Œdipe de Saint-Aubin;\n Aimery de Razilly marié à Œdipe de Lenay\n Jean de Razilly marié à Marguerite Carrion \n Louis de Razilly, seigneur d'Oiseaumelle, en faveur duquel a été rendu un arrêt du parlement de Paris du contre ses autres parents qui lui disputaient la succession de Jean I de Razilly, seigneur de Razilly, mort sans descendance le , marié à Jeanne d'Andigné ;\n Jean II de Razilly, seigneur de Razilly, de Saumesle et du Poulas, chambellan de Charles VII qui l'autorise par lettres patentes du à fortifier son château de Razilly, marié en 1431 avec Simonne de Faye ;\n Jean III de Razilly, chevalier de l'ordre du roi, conseiller et chambellan des rois Louis XI et Charles VIII, marié à Jeanne de Chevigny ;\n Charles de Razilly (†1540), seigneur de Razilly\n Gabriel de Razilly (†1579), chevalier de l'ordre du roi, maître d'hôtel des reines Élisabeth d'Autriche et Louise de Lorraine-Vaudémont, marié à Jeanne du Raynier. La châtellenie de Razilly est dévastée par les huguenots en 1568. Il commande la garnison du château de Chinon à partir de jusqu'à la paix de 1570 ;\n François de Razilly (†1600), chevalier de l'ordre du roi, maître d'hôtel de la reine Louise de Lorraine-Vaudémont, gouverneur de Loudun, marié à Catherine de Villiers (†1604), un des cent gentilshommes de la maison du roi, il commande à Loudun à partir de ;\n Marie de Razilly mariée en 1601 avec Émery de Beauvollier\n François II de Razilly (†1621), seigneur de Razilly de Lury, de Caron et de Saumesles, chevalier du roi, gentilhomme ordinaire de sa chambre, maréchal des campes et armées du roi, a dirigé l'opération qui fonde Saint-Louis-de-Maragnan, marié à Marie de Clermont Thoury, mort à La Hève.\n Charles de Razilly (†1651), premier marquis de Razilly, marié à Urbanne Sorée (†1664), membre du conseil du roi, maréchal des camps et armées du roi, gouverneur de Haguenau ;\n Gabriel de Razilly (†1629), ayant été capturé dans une opération montée par Isaac de Razilly pour commercer avec le Maroc et obtenir la libération des captifs chrétiens, il meurt dans les geôles barbaresques ;\n Claude de Razilly\n Charles-Emmanuel de Razilly (†1641)\n Louis de Razilly\n Françoise de Razilly (†vers 1629)\n Louise de Razilly\n Madeleine de Razilly (†1669)\n Marie de Razilly (1621-1704), les beaux esprits l'ont surnommé Calliope à cause de ses beaux vers alexandrins qu'elle composait de préférence sur des sujets héroïques. Elle a été présentée à Louis XIV par le duc de Noailles, premier capitaine des gardes du corps, qui l’a gratifié de de pension.\n Gabriel de Razilly (1579-1601), seigneur de Razilly, chevalier de Malte, il est tué au cours d'une rixe opposant Claude de la Barre, sieur de la Tuffière, François de Razilly et Gabriel de Razilly, Gaspard de Mosson, sieur de la Fouchardière. Claude de la Barre est tué par Gabriel de Razilly qui lui-même a trouvé la mort dans cette rixe.\n Jean de Razilly (†1638) marié à Françoise de Baignan\n Isaac de Razilly (1587-1635), chevalier de Razilly, chevalier de l'ordre de Jérusalem, commandeur de l'île Bouchard, premier capitaine de la marine du Ponant, commande la marine du Havre en 1626, vice-roi de la Nouvelle France. Il est seigneur d'un tiers des terres de l'Acadie. Il est mort sans descendance. Ses droits sont passés à Charles de Razilly, fils de son frère aîné, François de Razilly.\n Claude de Launay-Razilly (1593-1654), seigneur de Beaumont, de Velors, de Fontenay et les Aumêles, vice-amiral du Ponant, puis vice-roi de la Nouvelle-France, gouverneur de l'île de Ré et de l'île d'Oléron, marié en 1629 à Perrine Gaultier (vers 1611-1702), fille d'un maire de Tours ;\n Gabriel de Launay de Razilly (1648-1712), marquis de Razilly, seigneur de Beaumont, de Velors, de Fontenay et les Aumêles, marié à Colombe Ferrand (†1706), lieutenant-général au gouvernement de Touraine par lettres patentes d'. Il est nommé sous-gouverneur du duc de Bourgogne, du duc d'Anjou et du duc de Berry, petits-fils de Louis XIV.\n Michel Gabriel de Razilly (1687-1716)\n Michel Isaac de Razilly\n Armand Gabriel de Razilly (†1766), comte de Razilly, lieutenant-général au gouvernement de Touraine, commandeur de l'ordre royal et militaire de Saint-Louis, lieutenant général des armées du roi en 1748, gouverneur de l'île de Ré, marié en 1760 à Amédée Adélaïde des Noyers de l'Orme.\n Louis-Melchior de Rasilly (1692-1765), chevalier, seigneur de La Guérinière, marié en premières noces, en 1717, à Françoise Claire Chevreau (†1749)\n Louis François de Rasilly, marquis de Razilly, brigadier des armées du roi\n Gabriel Clair de Rasilly (1720-1806), comte de Razilly, seigneur de Beaumont, chef d'escadre des armées navales\n Michel Robert de Rasilly, marquis de Razilly, a émigré en 1792 et a participé à l'expédition de Quiberon. Il a été nommé capitaine de frégate à la Restauration, en 1815\n Louis Jean-Baptiste de Rasilly (1773-1854), chevalier de Razilly, a émigré en 1792, participé à la campagne de 1793. Il a été licencié en 1798 comme lieutenant en premier du régiment Rohan-hussards à San Domingo, marié en 1797 à Marie Charlotte Catherine Chantier de Brainville\n Jean de Rasilly (1797-1861), marquis de Razilly, lieutenant de vaisseau, marié à Anne Thiroux de Gervillier (1808-1879)\n Michel-Gustave de Rasilly (1836-1913) marié en 1860 à Aimée Clotile Robert de Saint-Vincent (1836-1908)\n Alexandre Marie Stéphane de Rasilly (1841-1913) marié en 1877 à Madeleine Aimée Sophie Tribet\n Raoul de Rasilly (1880-1944) marié en 1907 à Jeanne Nepveu (1888-1980)\n Renaud de Rasilly (1908-2005), officier de marine, marié à Suzanne Lafaille (1903-1943)\n Ghislain de Rasilly (1943- ), évêque de Wallis-et-Futuna de 2005 à 2018.\n\nNotes et références\n\nAnnexes\n\nBibliographie \n Léon Deschamps, Un colonisateur du temps de Richelieu, Isaac de Razilly. Biographie. Mémoire inédit, Institut géographique de Paris, Paris, 1887 (lire en ligne)\n Michel-Gustave de Rasilly, Généalogie de la famille de Rasilly, Touraine, Anjou, Poitou, Laval, 1903 ; 586 pp.\n H. B., Les seigneurs de Mosson, dans Bulletin de la Société des amis du Vieux Chinon, 1958-1959, tome 6, , (lire en ligne)\n\nArticles connexes \n Château de Razilly\n Familles subsistantes de la noblesse française (L à Z)\n\nVoir aussi\n Château de la Porte", "La famille du Puy-Montbrun ou Dupuy-Montbrun, originaire du Dauphiné, est une ancienne famille noble d'extraction chevaleresque dont la filiation suivie remonte à 1267 et qui s'est éteinte en 1871. Elle portait le nom « du Puy » et possédait la seigneurie de Montbrun dans la Drôme, d'où le patronyme « du Puy-Montbrun ».\n \nSon nom est devenu célèbre à partir du à cause de l'un de ses membres, le capitaine calviniste Charles du Puy-Montbrun, appelé aussi Dupuy-Montbrun et le brave Montbrun\n, condamné à mort et décapité en 1575 pour sa férocité, mais longtemps considéré comme un héros par le parti protestant.\n\nBien que la famille du Puy-Montbrun soit éteinte, le nom « du Puy-Montbrun » est porté actuellement à l'état civil depuis 1839 par une famille dont est issu le colonel Déodat du Puy-Montbrun (1920-2009). Il s'agit d'une famille noble d'extraction originaire d'Albi en Languedoc qui s'appelait originellement Dupuy du Colombié, olim Delpuech de Canhac, et qui n'a aucun lien généalogique avec celle qui fait l'objet de cet article.\n\nHistoire \n\nCette famille du Puy est originaire de Peyrins en Dauphiné. Elle présente une filiation ininterrompue depuis Alleman du Puy, chevalier, seigneur en 1267 de Montbrun et de Reilhanette en Dauphiné, fils d'Hugues et d'Emessende. Il laissèrent deux fils: Alleman, auteur de la ligne aînée de Rochefort, et Bastel auteur de la ligne cadette de Montbrun.\n\nLa famille du Puy-Montbrun a formé deux branches :\n La branche aînée, des seigneurs de Rochefort, dite « du Puy-Rochefort », appelée marquis du Puy-Montbrun par agrément du roi après l'extinction en 1741 de la branche cadette des seigneurs Montbrun. Cette branche fit ses preuves devant Chérin en 1787 depuis 1267, fut admise aux Honneurs de la Cour le et comparut à Montélimar et Grenoble en 1789. Elle s'est éteinte en 1871, avec Raymond du Puy-Rochefort (1783-1871), sans postérité masculine et dernier de son nom.\n La branche cadette des seigneurs de Montbrun, dite « du Puy-Montbrun », dont le chef portait le titre de marquis de Montbrun depuis 1620. Elle était protestante et s'éteignit en 1741.\n\nRameau de Montbrun-Saint-André fixé aux Pays-Bas à la fin du . Cette branche est, selon Émile Haag, issue de Charles du Puy, marquis de Montbrun-Saint-André (1681-1735), protestant, qui se fixa en Hollande. Marié à Ninon Massanes, il fut le père d'Étienne (1718-1785) dont le fils Paul-Charles, né en 1745, mourut sans postérité en 1817. Selon Henri Jougla de Morenas, cette famille a subsisté jusqu'en 1901 « On trouve un Étienne du Puy, marié en 1763 en Hollande à Suzanne de Lambermont, que certains auteurs ont identifié avec Étienne, cité ci-dessus. Un fils naquit de ce mariage : Étienne du Puy, dit « le marquis de Montbrun-Saint-André », (1765-1804), marié en 1792 à Anna Von Hullesheim, et dont la postérité mâle s'éteignit en 1901 avec son petit-fils, Jean-Bernard, dit le marquis de Montbrun-Saint-André (1824-1901). Cette hypothèse est reprise par une étude récente de Gilbert Picon publiée en 2016.\n\nToutefois, cette filiation avec la famille du Puy-Montbrun est contestée en 1878 par Adolphe de Coston qui y voit le descendant d'une des nombreuses familles qui ont usurpé ce nom à partir du .\n\nPrincipales personnalités \nSeule la branche cadette du Puy-Montbrun a donné plusieurs personnages notables :\n\nBranche cadette du Puy-Montbrun (éteinte en 1741) \n Charles du Puy-Montbrun (Montbrun 1530 - Grenoble 1576), grand capitaine protestant, « seigneur de Montbrun, Ferrasière et Vergaix aux Baronnies du Dauphiné», ami de Théodore de Bèze qui le convertit au protestantisme, émule du baron des Adrets, condamné par le Parlement du Dauphiné pour ses exactions et décapité dans cette ville en 1576. Il avait épousé en 1555 Justine Alleman.\n Jean Alleman marquis du Puy-Montbrun (fils du précédent), (Montbrun 1568 - 1634), conseiller d'État (1611), général de la cavalerie protestante en Languedoc (brevet en 1622), fait marquis de Montbrun en 1620. De son mariage avec Lucrèce de La Tour du Pin, il laisse six fils.\n Alexandre du Puy-Montbrun, (fils du précédent), (Montbrun 1600 - La Nocle 1673), capitaine français plus connu sous le nom de « marquis de Saint-André ». Placé par Henri IV auprès du Dauphin avec la qualité d'enfant d'honneur. Peu de temps après la mort du roi, il s'engage sous les ordres de Lersdiguières dans la guerre du Piémont. Les guerres de religion ayant repris en France, il rejoint les chefs du parti protestant à Nîmes, défend Privas contre l'armée royale qui le fait prisonnier. Ayant réussi à s'échapper, il s'exile auprès de la République de Venise qui lui donne le commandement général de ses armées de terre dans la guerre qu'elle mène alors contre les Turcs. En 1631 il sert dans l'armée suédoise et il est fait prisonnier par Wallenstein. Rentré en France en 1636, le roi le nomme maréchal de camps des armées protestantes en 1641, lieutenant général des armées du roi. Devenu gouverneur du Nivernais, il est rappelé par Venise pour défendre Candie, mais ne réussit pas dans cette entreprise et revient à La Nocle où il meurt en 1673.\n Charles marquis du Puy-Montbrun (1595 - 1666) (frère du précédent), enfant d'honneur du roi Louis XIII, mestre de camp général des armées du roi, lieutenant-général au gouvernement du Nivernois, marié en 1655 à Diane Nompar de Caumont-La-Force. \n Jacques, marquis du Puy-Montbrun (fils du précédent), lieutenant-général des armées, marié à Charlotte du Puy de Saint-André.\n Jean du Puy-Montbrun dit le comte de Montbrun (frère de Charles marquis du Puy-Montbrun), lieutenant-général des armées.\n Alexandre du Puy-Montbrun, dit le marquis de Saint-André-Montbrun (frère de Charles marquis du Puy-Montbrun), lieutenant-général des armées.\n\nBranche aînée du Puy-Rochefort \n\n Jacques II du Puy-Rochefort (+ 1793 à Philadelphie), baron de Rochefort-Valdaine, brigadier de cavalerie, 5e marquis du Puy-Montbrun par réversion de la branche de Montbrun éteinte en 1741, grand-croix de l'ordre de Malte avec dispense de voeux (1776), marié en 1757 à Marie-Thérèse Pelet (1738-1779) et en 1779 avec Marie-Louise Semen de Brémond (1751-1825) dont le portrait a été fait par Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun. Leur fils Raymond du Puy-Rochefort-Montbrun (1783-1871) est considéré comme le dernier représentant de la dernière branche de cette famille. De son premier mariage avec Caroline de Vesc il laissa deux filles : Gabrielle du Puy-Montbrun-Rochefort (1810-1842), mariée en 1831 avec Séverin de Cotton dont les enfants ont été autorisés en 1866 à relever le nom « Dupuy-Montbrun » et Clotilde du Puy-Montbrun-Rochefort (1813-1846), mariée en 1832 à Armand Rocher de La Baume dont les enfants ont été autorisés en 1866 à ajouter à leur nom « Dupuy-Montbrun ».\n\nArmes, blasons, devises \nUn sceau du ou du retrouvé au début du à Peyrins en Dauphiné « parait avoir été celui de Hugues du Puy » selon H Séjalon, auteur des Annales de l'abbaye d'Aiguebelle de l'ordre de Citeaux (1863). Il porte l'inscription : « DE PODIO. + S. UGONIS » disposée autour d'une écu portant six paires de cerises disposées 3 2 1».\n\nL'Armorial Général de Jean-Baptiste Rietstap, tome II (1884) indique :\n Puy (du) marquis de Montbrun - Dauphiné. (Marquis février 1620.) D'or au lion de gueules, armé, lampassé et couronné d'azur. Légende : AGERE ET PATI FORTIA. Support : deux lions au naturel. Devise : 1° VIRTUTE NON GENERE NITI; 2° VICIT LEO E TRIBU JUDA.\n\nLe Grand Armorial de France d'Henri Jougla de Morenas et Raoul de Warren (1948) donne les armes suivantes pour la famille du Puy-Montbrun du Dauphiné :\n D'or au lion de gueules armé et lampassé d'azur\n\nBibliographie\n\nNotes et références\n\nNotes\n\nRéférences\n\nVoir aussi \n Armorial des familles du Dauphiné\n\nCatégorie:Famille noble française\nCatégorie:Famille noble du Dauphiné", "Raphaël Onana, né le à Poupouma au village de Nkol Okala, au Nord-Ouest de Yaoundé, dans la Province du Centre, au Cameroun, et mort le 11 novembre 2002 à Yaoundé, est un militaire d'origine camerounaise, il a été un magistrat naturalisé français et finalement un président de l'Union fraternelle des anciens combattants d'expression Française (UFACEF).\n\nLe , il s'est engagé volontairement dans la Milice du Cameroun comme sergent en raison de sa stature imposante, notamment ses , et de ses compétences stratégiques au de tirailleurs du Cameroun, et plus tard sergent-chef ACL (Ambulance chirurgicale légère). Le , il se marie dans la tradition chrétienne avec Rita Essah Tsimi (décédée en d'une hypertension artérielle), dont il est père de dix enfants selon les documents du palais de la Légion d'honneur : Casmile, Jeanne, Étienne, Agrippine Awoundja, Lazare Ékongo, Métila Françoise, Essah Nathalie, Zobo Ostomac, Akamba Marie-Solange, Nsing Marius Patrice). Il a été fait citoyen français en 1951.\n\nSeconde Guerre mondiale \nAu moment où la Seconde Guerre mondiale éclate, les miliciens du Cameroun rejoignent, pour la plupart, les Forces françaises libres, sous l'impulsion du capitaine, puis colonel, puis général Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque. À ce titre, Raphaël Onana participe à la campagne du Gabon de novembre 1940, et à la campagne de Syrie, de juin à décembre 1941. Les fusils du régiment de Raphaël Onana étaient des modèles Lebel modèle 1886, ce qui est dérisoire face à l'ennemi.\n\nLe Cameroun se rallia à la France libre en août 1940, comme la majorité des camerounais éduqués, mais quelques camerounais germanophones furent arrêtés et convaincus d'intelligence avec les nazis allemands. Le , Onana est affecté dans le désert. Il est ainsi le compagnon d'armes des combattants de la Bataille de Bir Hakeim, qui ont donné tant de fil à retordre à Erwin Rommel, et dont Charles de Gaulle, ému, a déclaré qu'ils étaient « l'orgueil de la France ». \n\nC'est à Bir Hakeim précisément que l'ancien milicien Camerounais a été grièvement blessé dans la nuit du 10 au par plusieurs balles de 9 × 19 mm Parabellum d'une mitraillette Schmeisser MP40 des nazis, et fait prisonnier. Rapatrié, il a été déclaré « Réformé Définitif » en avril 1943, car il est grand mutilé de guerre, amputé de la jambe gauche. Il a été soigné à Naples en Italie, pendant la déportation qui a duré cinq mois, à la suite d'une négociation par la convention internationale, il a été échangé comme prisonnier de guerre en .\n\nEn 1945, le Cameroun français devint un pays sous tutelle de l'ONU, qui remplaçait la SDN. Puis il devint en 1946 un « territoire associé » de l'Union française. Malgré le courage exceptionnel de Raphaël Onana, il n'a jamais pu devenir adjudant. Les Forces françaises libres hésitaient le grade militaire de sous-officier subalterne à sous-officier supérieur aux Noirs d'Afrique centrale.\n\nAprès la guerre \nRaphaël Onana a été invité au Palais de l'Élysée par le président de la République Charles de Gaulle en pour recevoir plusieurs décorations prestigieuses, dont celle de l'Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur. Ainsi la \"France-Afrique\" se met en place.\n\nRaphaël Onana avait participé aux combats avec Simon Noah Bikié, le grand-père de Yannick Noah, le vainqueur des Internationaux de France de tennis 1983. Il l'a connu comme camarade de guerre malgré les 20 ans de différence d'âge. Raphaël Onana se souvenait d'avoir partagé avec lui, des expériences de commandement car Simon Noah Bikié avait des motivations de chef de tribu. Lorsque Raphaël Onana avait appris la mort de son ancien collègue Simon Noah Bikié, tué par un militaire lors de la tentative de coup d'état au Cameroun le , sous l'influence des putchs de la Mauritanie, de la Guinée et du Soudan, il avait vivement protesté le couvre-feu ordonné par le putsch Camerounais. Il avait immédiatement contacté Simon Pierre Tchoungui pour connaître l'évolution de l'arrêt du coup d'état afin de sécuriser ses proches.\n\nAvant l'indépendance du Cameroun, Raphaël Onana a été juge dans les tribunaux français exclusivement au Cameroun.\n\nIl a soutenu l'association UFACEF \"Unions fraternelles des anciens combattants d'expression Française\" aux côtés de l'ambassadeur de France au Cameroun. Il a été élu président de l'Amicale des anciens Combattants du Cameroun et a été aidé par le Docteur Simon Pierre Tchoungui, qui sera plus tard un premier ministre du Cameroun. Celui-ci est le fondateur et le premier président du mouvement UFACEF qui sur le plan mondial, groupe les anciens combattants et anciens militaires francophones répartis par États dans chaque continent en des « Unions Fraternelles d’Anciens Combattants d’Expression Française ».\n\nRaphaël Onana a connu un sentiment de solitude malgré sa nombreuse famille dans les sociétés modernes, puisqu'il a été terriblement affairé pour son association UFACEF en relations entre le Cameroun et la France et en étroite collaboration avec l'ambassade de France jusqu'à son décès.\n\nSon père, Ékongo Akon'Awana \nÀ partir de l'âge de 3 ans, Raphaël Onana a passé sa jeunesse avec beaucoup de frustration du fait de la perte de son père, Ékongo Akon'Awana, mort à 33 ans, indirectement empoisonné par des sorciers. Il a été élevé par sa mère Régina Awundza, qui était une Béti et parlait un dialecte éton. Il a deux sœurs, l'aînée, Zobo, née en 1910, et la cadette, Ng'Onana, née en 1922. Entre 1910 et 1919, il y a eu quatre naissances d'autres enfants, tous des garçons, morts de maladie de façon consécutive. \n\nÉkongo Akon'Awana, était un guerrier des Bakassa originaire de la région de l'Adamawa, doué d'une force physique hors du commun, courageux, redoutable, habile, cruel et sanguinaire. Sa première épouse, Métila, avait eu une fille, demi-sœur de Raphaël, Johanna Ngazomo Métila. Les villageois ont déshonoré sa seconde épouse et veuve, Régina Awundza, et ses enfants. Ékongo Akon'Awana se sentait malheureux de ne pas avoir d'héritier masculin malgré sa polygamie et ses prières pour Zamba-Ntond'Obé, un dieu païen qui était comme les divinités primordiales pour Gaia ou la déesse mère en Europe.\n\nÉkongo est un dialecte qui veut dire la lance ou le javelot, un symbole du guerrier pendant les guerres tribales. Il était un païen animiste pieux et Édounga Zoa, un sorcier, lui a annoncé qu'il était maudit de ne pas avoir de fils à cause de ses crimes, afin de défendre son territoire de Poupouma. Au moment où Régina Awundza était enceinte, Ékongo Akon'Awana avait donné son accord au sorcier Édounga Zoa, par ses incantations, pour avoir un fils d'une santé irréprochable. Ce, à une condition : arrêter de tuer des gens sur son passage.\n\nAinsi, le sorcier Édounga Zoa a déclaré, après la fin de ses incantations que « Régina Awundza, actuellement enceinte, mettra bientôt au monde un garçon. Celui-ci ne pourra jamais mourir, comme ses quatre autres frères aînés. Au contraire, il vivra très longtemps, aura une abondante progéniture et connaîtra la gloire... ». Ce qui explique le mot « blindé » sur le titre de son ouvrage.\n\nLe nom de Famille Onana \nAu Cameroun, il est coutume de prendre un nom de quelqu'un d'autre qu'on aime. Raphaël Onana avait choisi de prendre le nom de sa sœur cadette, Ng'Onana, née en 1922 au lieu de prendre le nom de son père Akon'Awana qui avait une mauvaise réputation à cause de ses crimes à Poupouma. Raphaël Onana avait souhaité tourner la page pour faire oublier la colère des habitants des villages autour de Poupouma.\n\nSes enfants \nLes 10 enfants de Raphaël Onana sont par ordre respectif des dates de naissance, Casmile, Jeanne, Étienne, Agrippine Awoundja, Lazare Ekongo, Métila Françoise, Essah Nathalie, Zobo Ostomac, Akamba Marie-Solange et Nsing Marius.\n\nŒuvre \n\nSon coauteur, Patrice Étoundi-M'Balla, est un journaliste des chroniques du quotidien Le Jour (le jour).\n\nCitation \nRaphaël Onana a dit à Charles de Gaulle avant la remise des médailles en : \n\n« Quand on n'a qu'une seule jambe, elle doit en valoir deux ! Quand on n'entend pas, les yeux doivent en valoir quatre ! »\n\nDécorations \n Médaille militaire\n Croix de guerre 1939-1945, avec palme de bronze, décret du général de Gaulle en date du \n Insigne des blessés militaires\n Médaille commémorative des services volontaires dans la France libre\n Médaille commémorative de la guerre 1939-1945\n Ordre national du Mérite par décret du président de la république française du \n Chevalier de l'ordre national de la Légion d'honneur\n Officier de l'ordre national du Cameroun\n\nHaplogroupe \nSon haplogroupe est E1b1a selon son petit-fils qui a fait le test ADN au laboratoire Igenea, une filiale Suisse de MyHeritage.\n\nArticle connexe \n Tirailleurs sénégalais\n\nLiens externes \n Extraits du livre Un homme blindé à Bir Hakeim sur google\n\nCatégorie:Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur\nCatégorie:Militaire français de la Seconde Guerre mondiale\nCatégorie:Personnalité de la France libre\nCatégorie:Naissance en juillet 1919\nCatégorie:Décès en novembre 2002\nCatégorie:Décès à 83 ans\nCatégorie:Écrivain camerounais\nCatégorie:Écrivain français du XXe siècle\nCatégorie:Naissance au Cameroun français\nCatégorie:Histoire coloniale de la France\nCatégorie:Histoire de l'armée de terre française\nCatégorie:Histoire militaire du Sénégal\nCatégorie:Magistrat français du XXe siècle", "Le château du Vert-Bois est un château situé sur la commune de Bondues dans le département du Nord. Il est inscrit dans un domaine de 60 hectares qui comprend un village artisanal, deux restaurants, le château et son parc. Le parc, d'une cinquantaine d'hectares, comprend des sculptures de Jean de Bologne, Eugène Dodeigne, Jules Paressant et Paul Hémery. Le château lui-même présente des collections de peintures, sculptures, mobilier et orfèvrerie pour la plupart du .\n\nHistorique \nEn 1602, André de Fourmestraux des Wazières (anobli par le roi d'Espagne le et créé chevalier par le même roi le ) épouse Jeanne Deliot. À la suite de cette union, le domaine du Vert-bois à Bondues parvient à la famille de Wazières et leur fils, Jean-André, est pleinement reconnu seigneur du Vertbois lors de l'octroi de sa qualité de chevalier par le roi d'Espagne en . C'est lui qui, ayant épousé en 1639 Marie de Kessel, fille de Philippe de Kessel, constructeur du château de Wattignies en 1640, fait édifier le premier château du Vert-Bois en 1660 (certains textes citent à tort comme propriétaire historique la famille \"Druon de Wazières\", mais le nom \"Druon\" est en fait un prénom, ici celui de l'un des héritiers successifs). Il en reste les bâtiments extérieurs actuels (conciergerie et pigeonnier).\n\nEn 1743, son petit-fils, Jean-André, fait édifier le bâtiment principal, de style classique français, folie de l'époque. Il est entouré de douves et de quatre pavillons : le Pavillon de Flore, la Chapelle et les deux Pavillons Chinois.\n\nEn 1853, le comte Louis de Wazières (1774-1853) (CL1) meurt et le titre, le château et les terres passent à son fils, le nouveau Comte Louis de Wazières (CL2) (1816-1856), Procureur impérial au Tribunal de Boulogne-sur-Mer. Celui-ci décède deux ans plus tard. Son fils aîné, âgé de quatre ans, Gaston de Wazières (1852-1881)(CL3), reçoit le titre de Comte. En 1861, à l'âge de neuf ans, Gaston de Wazières est devenu orphelin de ses deux parents et de ses quatre grands-parents. Il est donc placé sous tutelle avec son frère cadet, Camille de Wazières (1853-1920). Louis Duchochois (1808/1892), avoué au tribunal de Boulogne où il croisait souvent le comte Louis de Wazières (CL2), devient alors locataire des terres du château. Dès ses 17 ans, en 1869, le jeune héritier, Gaston de Wazières, emprunte des sommes importantes pour les jouer dans des salles de jeu à Lille et à Paris. Il signe des traites gagées sur son héritage.\n\nEn 1869, Louis Duchochois, locataire, signe un bail de fermage sur les terres louées aux tuteurs du jeune comte, en faveur de son gendre, Eugène Devemy (1824-1906), comme exploitant agricole. Celui-ci saura tirer le meilleur des terres fertiles de Bondues et ses revenus seront la preuve de sa réussite. Ainsi, en 1875, sa fille Marthe (donc fille d'Eugène Devemy et de Marguerite Duchochois) dispose à 15 ans de revenus suffisants pour faire des achats dans les maisons de vente aux enchères.\n\nPar acte notarié du , pour rembourser les emprunts provoqués par ses pertes au jeu, Gaston de Wazières (24 ans) vend la propriété dont il vient d'hériter à sa majorité, à son créancier, Eugène Devemy, exploitant de ses terres depuis 1869. En 1879, soit moins de trois ans après l'acquisition du château et des terres, Eugène Devemy marie sa fille Marthe (1860-1937) à Albert Félix Prouvost (1855-1916), fils d'Amédée Prouvost (1820-1885), grand industriel lainier. Par ce mariage, le château du Vert-Bois entre dans la famille Prouvost. De 1939 à 1945, le château est restauré et modernisé pour en faire un lieu de résidence. Il est, aujourd'hui encore, habité par la descendance de la famille. \n\nLe monument fait l’objet d’une inscription au titre des monuments historiques depuis le .\n\nGalerie \n Autres vues\n\nNotes et références\n\nVoir aussi\n\nLiens internes \n Liste des châteaux du Nord\n Liste des monuments historiques du Nord\n Liste des monuments historiques de Lille Métropole\n\nLiens externes \n Site officiel\n\nVert-Bois\nCatégorie:Monument historique dans le département du Nord\nCatégorie:Monument historique inscrit en 1962\nCatégorie:Monument dans la Métropole européenne de Lille\nCatégorie:Famille Prouvost", "Père riche, père pauvre est un livre de Robert Kiyosaki et de Sharon Lechter paru en 1997. De style autobiographique, Robert Kiyosaki utilise un ensemble de paraboles et d'exemples tirés de son propre parcours afin de souligner l'importance de développer son intelligence financière. Il y explique comment l'investissement, l'immobilier, la création et l'acquisition d'entreprises peuvent être utilisés pour construire sa richesse et devenir financièrement indépendant.\n\nRésumé \nBasé en grande partie sur l'enfance de Robert Kiyosaki à Hawai, le livre présente comment l'éducation et les conseils de deux hommes (« papa riche » et « papa pauvre ») ont pu influencer les décisions clés de sa vie. Tous deux ont des attitudes très différentes vis-à-vis de l'argent, du travail ou du système scolaire, que Kiyosaki compare régulièrement. \n\nParmi les sujets abordés, il est possible de trouver :\n L'histoire personnelle de Robert Kiyosaki : l'éducation qu'il a reçue pendant son enfance et sa carrière dans l'investissement du début de l'âge adulte à la fin des années 1990.\n La différence entre un actif et un passif.\n Ce que les riches enseignent à leurs enfants à propos de l'argent que les pauvres et la classe moyenne ne font pas. \n L'idée que la résidence principale n'est pas un actif, mais un passif.\n La valeur de l'intelligence financière et de l'éducation financière, qui, selon lui, ne figure pas au programme du système scolaire actuel.\n Le rôle important que jouent les compétences commerciales, financières et l'expérience dans le succès financier.  \n Prospérer dans une société capitaliste nécessite de cultiver à la fois ses capacités entrepreneuriales et son côté investisseur. \n L'importance de l'investissement et de l'entrepreneuriat.\n \nRobert Kiyosaki reprend le point de vue sur la fortune de son ancien mentor Dr. Buchminster Fuller, futurologue américain, selon qui la richesse peut être mesurée par le nombre de jours que le revenu issu des actifs peut permettre de vivre sans travailler, et l'indépendance financière atteinte lorsque le revenu mensuel issu de l'actif dépasse les dépenses mensuelles.\n\nRéception\n\nÉloge et soutiens \nPère Riche, Père Pauvre s'est vendu à plus de 26 millions d'exemplaires et a reçu un accueil positif de plusieurs critiques. \n\nL'animatrice de talk show et célébrité méditatique Oprah Winfrey a fait la promotion du livre dans son émission. Il a également reçu le soutien de l'acteur Will Smith, qui dit s'être basé sur le livre pour enseigner la responsabilité financière à son fils. Le milliardaire et magnat des affaires Donald Trump a fait l'éloge du livre et l'a comparé à celui issu de ses propres débuts littéraires en 1987 : Trump: L'art de la négociation, qui a été source d'inspiration pour Kiyosaki. Par ailleurs, deux livres sont nés de la collaboration entre les deux hommes : \"Pourquoi nous voulons que vous soyez riche\" en 2006 et  \"Midas Touch: Why Some Entrepreneurs Get Rich-And Why Most Don't\"  (La touche Midas : Pourquoi quelques entrepreneurs deviennent riches et non la plupart) en 2011. L'entrepreneur de la mode et investisseur américain Daymond John fait figurer le livre dans ses favoris. Le rappeur américain Big KRIT sortit une chanson appelée \"Rich Dad Poor Dad\" bien qu'elle n'ait pas de rapport avec le livre.\n\nCritiques \nJohn T. Reed, un critique de Robert Kiyosaki, dit : Il affirme également : . Kiyosaki a réfuté certaines de ces déclarations. \n\nPour Rob Walker, critique de Slate, le livre est plein de non-sens et les déclarations de Robert Kiyosaki souvent vagues. Il critique également les conclusions de Robert Kiyosaki à propos des Américains et de la culture américaine, ainsi que les méthodes qu'il expose dans le livre.\n\nDéfinition d'un actif \nConcept qui fut à la fois source de critiques et de louange dans les médias financiers, Kiyosaki affirme que la maison d'un individu n'est pas un actif, bien que les banques permettent de le lister comme tel. Pour lui, la résidence principale est un passif. Sa définition des actifs et des passifs est quelque peu simpliste : \"Lors des périodes difficiles les actifs vous nourrissent, alors que les passifs vous étranglent.\". Kiyosaki indique que les passifs sont, par définition, \"...tout ce qui prend de l'argent de votre poche\" alors que les actifs sont \"...des biens qui mettent de l'argent dans votre poche.\" Ainsi, une maison qui coûte de l'argent est un passif, et une propriété locative qui génère un flux de trésorerie excédentaire est considérée comme un actif. Une entreprise profitable est elle aussi un actif, alors qu'une entreprise qui perd de l'argent est considérée comme un passif.\n\nBest-seller \nLe livre a originellement été auto-publié en 1997 avant d'être sélectionné en tant que besteller du New York Times Best Seller list, Il s'en est alors vendu plus de 26 millions d'exemplaires et Père riche, père pauvre est devenu un nom populaire. Dans son livre audio Choose to be Rich (« choisir d'être riche »), Robert Kiyosaki dit que le livre a été rejeté par tous les éditeurs et que la chaine de librairies Barnes & Noble a initialement refusé de le proposer en magasin. C'est en intervenant sur les talk-shows et les émissions de radio, dont entre autres The Oprah Winfrey Show, que les ventes de livres ont décollé.\n\nLe conflit Kiyosaki et Lechter \nLes dix premiers livres de la série « Rich Dad » ont été écrits par Robert Kiyosaki avec l'aide de . Après des désaccords commerciaux avec sa coauteure suivis d'une action en justice, Robert Kiyosaki a ouvert sa propre maison d'édition, et a republié tous ses livres en retirant toute mention de Sharon Lechter.\n\nRéférences\n\nBibliographie \n Père Riche, Père Pauvre : ce que les parents riches enseignent à leurs enfants à propos de l'argent afin qu'il soit à leur service, de Robert Kiyosaki et Sharon Lechter. Un Monde Différent, 2001. \n\nCatégorie:Livre paru en 2000\nCatégorie:Livre en économie\nCatégorie:Finances personnelles", "Maigret et les Braves Gens est un roman policier de Georges Simenon publié en 1962. Il fait partie de la série des Maigret. Son écriture s'est déroulée entre les 5 et .\n\nPublication d'une édition pré-originale dans le quotidien Le Figaro entre le 31 mai et le (23 épisodes).\n\nRésumé \nTandis que Francine Josselin et sa fille sont au théâtre, René Josselin passe calmement la soirée dans son appartement avec son gendre pédiatre. Un coup de téléphone appelle le médecin au chevet d'un malade. En fait, il ne trouvera pas de malade à l'adresse qui lui a été donnée : on a simplement voulu l'éloigner de son beau-père. Lorsque les deux femmes rentrent du théâtre, elles trouvent Josselin tué de deux balles de revolver.\n\nPour aller plus loin \nTandis que Francine Josselin et sa fille sont au théâtre, René Josselin passe calmement la soirée dans son appartement avec son gendre pédiatre. Un coup de téléphone appelle le médecin au chevet d'un malade. En fait, il ne trouvera pas de malade à l'adresse qui lui a été donnée : on a simplement voulu l'éloigner de son beau-père. Lorsque les deux femmes rentrent du théâtre, elles trouvent Josselin tué de deux balles de revolver. Maigret acquiert la certitude que l'assassin est un familier des Josselin : il connaissait en effet l'emplacement du revolver de la victime et l'existence d'une chambre de bonne où il pourrait passer tranquillement la nuit. L'enquête est néanmoins très délicate : dans ce milieu bourgeois où évoluent des gens d'une honnêteté irréprochable, rien ne prédisposait à un tel drame. La victime, un retraité paisible, était aimée de tout son entourage. Cependant, Maigret soupçonne rapidement ces « braves gens » de cacher quelque chose et de ne pas faire leur possible pour aider à découvrir le coupable. Ayant recueilli des témoignages extérieurs selon lesquels René et Francine Josselin ont rencontré séparément le même homme pendant la journée précédant le crime, le commissaire, à contrecœur, pousse la veuve dans ses derniers retranchements ; celle-ci se décide enfin à parler. L'assassin n'est autre que Philippe de Lancieux, frère cadet de Francine. Orphelin de mère, renvoyé de plusieurs établissements scolaires, rejeté par un père alcoolique, Philippe s'est senti abandonné lorsque sa sœur s'est mariée ; devenu mythomane, il a mené une vie dissolue, soutirant de l'argent à sa sœur et à son beau-frère, trop indulgents à son égard. Pourquoi a-t-il fini par tuer René Josselin ? Serait-ce parce que ce dernier aurait\nrefusé de lui donner une nouvelle somme importante ? Sa sœur ne veut pas le\nsavoir, car elle se sent responsable des fautes de ce frère qu'elle a quitté pour se marier. Par son silence, elle a voulu lui donner le temps de s'enfuir, bien qu'il ait tué l'homme qu'elle aimait. Quelques mois plus tard, Philippe est retrouvé assassiné, victime d'un règlement de comptes dans le milieu.\n\nAspects particuliers du roman \nLa famille au sein de laquelle se déroule l’enquête n’est composée que de « braves gens » qui n’ont rien à se reprocher. C’est aussi par bonté de cœur qu’ils ne livrent pas le nom du coupable, bien qu’ils aient tous deviné qui est le meurtrier. Par le faisceau de témoignages recueillis au cours de l’enquête, la personne de la victime, René Josselin, est évoquée à petites touches, de sorte qu’il apparaît ainsi, rétroactivement, comme la figure centrale du roman.\n\nFiche signalétique de l'ouvrage\n\nCadre spatio-temporel\n\nEspace \nParis (quartier de Montparnasse).\n\nTemps \nÉpoque contemporaine ; l’enquête dure deux jours et se déroule en septembre.\n\nLes personnages\n\nPersonnage principal \nRené Josselin, la victime. Directeur d’une cartonnerie retraité. Marié, une fille. Environ 65 ans.\n\nAutres personnages \n Francine Josselin, née de Lancieux, épouse de la victime, 51 ans\n Véronique Fabre, née Josselin, fille de René et Francine Josselin, mariée, deux enfants\n Paul Fabre, mari de Véronique, médecin pédiatre\n Philippe de Lancieux, frère de Francine, 43 ans.\n\nAdaptation \n Sous le titre Keishi to zenryōna hitobito, téléfilm japonais de Fujita Meiji, avec Kinya Aikawa (Commissaire Maigret), diffusé en 1978\n Maigret et les Braves Gens, téléfilm français de Jean-Jacques Goron avec Jean Richard, diffusé en 1982.\n\nÉditions\n\nNotes et références\n\nVoir aussi\n\nLiens externes \n Tout Simenon\n Repérages\n Maigret of the month: Maigret et les braves gens\n\nCatégorie:Roman de Georges Simenon mettant en scène le commissaire Maigret\nCatégorie:Roman adapté à la télévision\nCatégorie:Roman belge paru en 1962\nCatégorie:1962 en littérature policière", "Camille Féron est un médecin et entrepreneur français, né à Lille le et mort le , qui fut une figure du catholicisme social.\n\nBiographie \nDès son plus jeune âge, son histoire fut liée à celle de Philibert Vrau, de dix-huit mois son aîné, fils d'un industriel lillois du textile. Leurs parents sont en effet de grands amis. Les deux garçons font leurs études ensemble et se lient d'une vive amitié ; tous deux ont des convictions chrétiennes intenses et sont animés d'une même passion : faire le bien autour d'eux.\n\nCamille Féron veut devenir médecin. Il faut pour cela aller à Paris ; il en revient docteur en médecine en 1858 et s'installe aussitôt dans la maison de ses parents, rue d'Anjou (près de l'Esplanade), se dévouant largement au service des indigents. Très vite, il est appelé comme chef des travaux d'anatomie à l'École de médecine de Lille, dirigée par le docteur Cazeneuve qui l'apprécie beaucoup et dont il deviendra, en 1864, l'assistant de clinique médicale.\n\nEn 1861, il épouse Marie Vrau, sœur de son ami Philibert Vrau : il en aura quatre garçons, dont trois mourront en bas âge, et une fille, Anne-Marie, qui meurt jeune elle aussi, à l'âge de 18 ans.\n\nEn 1866, à la demande de sa belle-mère, il abandonne à regret toutes ses activités médicales pour seconder Philibert Vrau dans la direction de l'entreprise, alors en plein développement avec 1 120 ouvriers.\n\nDès lors, la vie des deux beaux-frères ne sera plus qu'une immense œuvre chrétienne, à la fois dans l'usine et au dehors. Ils fondent ensemble l'Association des patrons chrétiens ; ils aident à édifier des logements ouvriers décents, des écoles primaires, des patronages de jeunes, des églises neuves et la basilique Notre-Dame-de-la-Treille. Ils fondent des unions de prières, un service des pauvres avec la Société de Saint Vincent de Paul, des œuvres eucharistiques… et enfin l'Université catholique de Lille, la création de la faculté de médecine et de pharmacie étant principalement l'œuvre de Camille Féron-Vrau.\n\nMobilisation des catholiques et des autorités religieuses, appels aux responsables politiques partageant leurs convictions, lancement d'une souscription dynamique, élaboration de projets et de plans, mise en œuvre progressive des programmes d'études : le point de non-retour fut acquis lorsqu'il obtint - contre 140 000 francs or - de l'administration des Hospices de Lille le droit d'occuper deux cents lits du tout nouvel hôpital Sainte-Eugénie pour y enseigner la médecine, la chirurgie et les accouchements aux étudiants de la jeune faculté.\n\nIl prit alors son bâton de pèlerin pour recruter dans les facultés françaises les futurs professeurs de la faculté : à Montpellier, le premier doyen, Antoine Béchamp, et quatre autres collègues, à Paris, le docteur Desplats, dans l'Est, plusieurs médecins et pharmaciens ; de Lille même, ne vinrent que deux médecins.\n\nContinuant sur sa lancée, il ouvre les dispensaires Saint-Raphaël et Saint-Camille, avec le double objectif de soigner les pauvres et d'assurer la formation clinique des étudiants. Il préside à la construction du bâtiment actuel de la faculté, rue du Port (1881-82) et à celle des Maisons de santé (on dit aujourd'hui cliniques) Saint-Camille, rue de la Bassée (1880), et Saint-Raphaël, rue du Port (1886).\n\nOn le trouve encore à l'origine de la fondation de l'asile des Cinq-Plaies (1880) et de l'hôpital Saint-Antoine-de-Padoue qui ouvre ses portes aux enfants malades en 1890.\n\nAvec quel argent a-t-il pu réaliser tout cela ? Celui des catholiques du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais certes, dont la générosité fut exemplaire, mais aussi, et très largement, avec les bénéfices de l'entreprise Vrau et ses deniers personnels. Il déclara un jour : \n\nCamille Féron-Vrau est mort en toute simplicité et très pieusement le , âgé de 76 ans.\n\nSans lui, il est très probable que la faculté catholique de médecine et de pharmacie de Lille n'eût jamais existé. Trois mois plus tard, la faculté érige en sa mémoire son buste dans le grand amphithéâtre. Celui-ci est dédoublé en 1972 et sa partie inférieure reçoit le nom d'amphithéâtre Féron-Vrau, tandis que le buste et la plaque commémorative sont déplacés dans le couloir qui y conduit.\n\nBibliographie\nMonseigneur Louis Baunard, Les Deux Frères : Philibert Vrau et Camille Féron-Vrau, Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1910\nJoseph Loiselet, Le Centenaire de M. Camille Feron-Vrau (1831-1931), Conférence du R. P. Loiselet à l'Association des patrons chrétiens du Nord le jeudi , imprimerie de H. Morel, 1932\nAndré Mabille de Poncheville, Deux maîtres d'œuvres : Philibert Vrau, Camille Féron-Vrau, Maison de la Bonne Presse, 1945\nJacques Liefooghe et Henri Ducoulombier, \"Histoire de la Faculté libre de médecine et de pharmacie de Lille, de 1876 à 2003\", Ed. Septentrion Presses universitaires 2010\n\nNotes et références\n\n \n\nCatégorie:Médecin français\nCatégorie:Personnalité du catholicisme social\nCatégorie:Entrepreneur français\nCatégorie:Naissance en juillet 1831\nCatégorie:Naissance à Lille\nCatégorie:Décès en mars 1908\nCatégorie:Décès à 76 ans", "est un film japonais réalisé par Akira Kurosawa, sorti en 1961, avec Toshirō Mifune et Tatsuya Nakadai dans les rôles principaux.\n\nSynopsis \nJapon, . Un samouraï errant fait étape dans un village terrorisé par deux clans rivaux. En se ralliant successivement à l'un et à l'autre, il va précipiter leur chute et sauver les villageois de leur joug.\n\nFiche technique \n Titre original : Yōjinbō\n Réalisation : Akira Kurosawa\n Production : Akira Kurosawa\n Scénario : Ryūzō Kikushima, Akira Kurosawa\n Musique originale : Masaru Satō\n Photographie : Kazuo Miyagawa\n Premier assistant opérateur : Takao Saitō\n Création des décors : Yoshirō Muraki\n Montage : Akira Kurosawa\n Société de distribution : Tōhō\n Langue : japonais\n Durée : 110 minutes\n Date de sortie : (Japon)\n\nDistribution \n Toshirō Mifune : Sanjuro Kuwabatake\n Tatsuya Nakadai : Unosuke\n Yōko Tsukasa : Nui\n Isuzu Yamada : Orin\nDaisuke Katō : Inokichi, le frère rondouillet d'Ushitora\n Seizaburō Kawazu : Seibei\n Takashi Shimura : Tokuemon\n Hiroshi Tachikawa : Yoichiro\n Yosuke Natsuki : le fils de Kohei\n\nInspiration \n\nKurosawa lui-même a déclaré qu'une des sources majeures du scénario était le classique du film noir La Clé de verre (1942), une adaptation du roman éponyme écrit en 1931 par Dashiell Hammett. En particulier, la scène où le héros est capturé, torturé et finit par s'échapper est copiée presque plan par plan sur La Clé de verre(cela paraît par ailleurs peu probable, puisque les deux méthodes d'évasion sont totalement différentes). Néanmoins, il a été remarqué que le scénario est beaucoup plus proche d'un autre roman de Dashiell Hammett, La Moisson rouge (1929). Le spécialiste de Kurosawa David Desser et le critique Manny Farber, parmi d'autres, affirment catégoriquement que La Moisson rouge a inspiré le film ; d'autres, comme Donald Richie, pensent que les ressemblances sont dues à des coïncidences.\n\nLe solitaire taciturne et les villageois sans défense rappellent Les Sept Samouraïs déjà réalisé par Kurosawa en 1954.\n\nKurosawa se serait aussi inspiré de la pièce Arlequin serviteur de deux maîtres de Goldoni, selon Sergio Leone, parlant de son film Pour une poignée de dollars « Et comme ce récit [(Garde du corps (Yōjimbō, 1961)] s’inspirait également d’Arlequin serviteur de deux maîtres de Goldoni, je n’avais aucun complexe d’être italien pour opérer cette transplantation. »\n\nAccueil critique \n\nSelon le critique Jean Douchet, .\n\nReprises \nUne reprise italienne a été réalisée sous forme de western spaghetti. Il s'agit de Pour une poignée de dollars de Sergio Leone avec Clint Eastwood et Gian Maria Volontè, tourné en 1964 (à ce titre, c'est pour rappeler les origines du film — non créditées à l'époque par Leone — qu'Ennio Morricone a ajouté dans l'orchestration de la partition composée pour l'occasion un shakuhachi). \n\nUn autre film de Kurosawa avait déjà donné lieu à une reprise sous forme de western : Les Sept Samouraïs, tourné en 1954, avait été adapté par John Sturges en 1960 sous le titre Les Sept Mercenaires.\n\nUne reprise hollywoodienne a également été réalisée, sur fond de prohibition cette fois. Il s'agit de Dernier Recours de Walter Hill, avec Bruce Willis et Christopher Walken, tourné en 1996.\n\nLe scénario des frères Coen pour leur film Miller's Crossing (1990) s'inspire lui aussi du film de Kurosawa.\n\nHommages et clins d'œil \n Dans le film Bodyguard de Mick Jackson, Kevin Costner, lui aussi garde du corps, regarde le film. Il se sert d'ailleurs d'un katana.\n Le film est pour l'invocation « yojimbo » de la série de jeux vidéo Final Fantasy.\n Dans le jeu Tenchu : La Colère divine sorti sur PlayStation 2, le personnage de Tajima est directement inspiré d'Unosuke : même attitude, même tenue vestimentaire, même passion pour les armes à feu.\n\nNotes et références\n\nLiens externes \n \n\nCatégorie:Film japonais sorti en 1961\nCatégorie:Film dramatique japonais\nCatégorie:Thriller japonais\nCatégorie:Film réalisé par Akira Kurosawa\nCatégorie:Film se déroulant au XIXe siècle\nCatégorie:Film de samouraï\nCatégorie:Film japonais en noir et blanc\nCatégorie:Film en japonais\nCatégorie:Film se déroulant à l'époque d'Edo", "François-Joseph Bosio, né à Monaco en 1768, et mort à Paris en 1845, est un sculpteur, peintre, dessinateur et graveur monégasque.\n\nArtiste néo-classique du Premier Empire et la Restauration, il fut également professeur de dessin à l'École polytechnique à Paris.\n\nBiographie \ngauche|vignette|Bosion, médaillon de David d'Angers\nNé à Monaco, Bosio fut l'élève du sculpteur Augustin Pajou et travailla d'abord en Italie pour des églises, dans les années 1790. Il fut ensuite recruté par Dominique Vivant Denon en 1808 qui lui confia la réalisation de bas-reliefs pour la colonne de la Grande Armée, place Vendôme à Paris, et pour être le portraitiste de Napoléon et de sa famille. Il exécuta ainsi un buste de l'impératrice Joséphine.\n\nIl succéda à Félix Lecomte comme professeur à l'École des beaux-arts de Paris en 1816.\n\nBosio exécutera les allégories de La France et de La Fidélité pour le monument qu'avait conçu l'architecte Louis-Hippolyte Lebas pour le palais de Justice de Paris. Ce dernier sera inauguré en décembre 1822.\n\nEn 1821, Louis XVIII l'éleva au rang de chevalier de l'ordre de Saint-Michel. Il sculpta plus tard le Monument à Louis XIV pour la place des Victoires à Paris, puis il devint officier de la Légion d'honneur. Charles X en fit un baron en 1825. Il mourut à Paris en juillet 1845. Il est inhumé à Paris au cimetière du Père-Lachaise ().\n\nIl est le père de la salonnière Anaïs Bosio, marquise de La Carte, et de Victoire Bosio, épouse du lithographe et peintre André Amédée Charpentier (1822-1884).\n\nSon frère, Jean François Bosio, (1764-1827), fut peintre. Son neveu, Astyanax-Scévola Bosio, (1793-1876), dit « Bosio Le Jeune », fut lui aussi sculpteur.\n\nŒuvres dans les collections publiques \n\n Aux États-Unis\n Dallas, musée d'art de Dallas :\n Catherine, princesse de Wurtemberg, vers 1810-1815, buste ;\n L'Impératrice Marie-Louise, 1810-1815, buste ;\n New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art : La reine Marie-Amélie des Français, 1841, buste ;\n En France\n Boulogne-sur-Mer, musée de la Colonne : Statue de Napoléon 1er, 1840, bronze, destinée au sommet de la colonne de la Grande Armée, endommagée et remplacée par une autre statue en 1962, elle est toujours conservée dans un bâtiment du site ;\n Dreux, musée d'art et d'histoire, Buste de la reine Marie-Amélie, plâtre (dépôt du musée du château de Versailles) ; \n Paris : \n Chapelle expiatoire : Apothéose de Louis XVI (1816-1835) ; \n Jardin des Tuileries, arc de Triomphe du Carrousel : La Paix conduite sur un char de triomphe, 1828, groupe sommital en bronze ;\n Musée du Louvre :\n Aristée, dieu des jardins, Salon de 1817, statue en marbre ;\n Hyacinthe (Salon de 1817), statue, marbre ;\n Hercule combattant Acheloüs transformé en serpent (1824), groupe en bronze ;\n La Nymphe Salmacis (1826), statue en marbre ;\n Portrait de Charles X, buste en bronze ;\n Portrait de la Duchesse d'Angoulême, 1825, buste ;\n Henri IV enfant (1824), statue en pied, argent fondu et martelé ;\n La Reine Marie-Amélie, 1843, statue en pied, modèle en plâtre ;\n Palais Bourbon : Statue de Maximilien Sébastien Foy, salon Casimir-Perier ;\n Palais de Justice, salle des pas-perdus : La France et La Fidélité, statues en marbre ;\n Palais de la Légion d'honneur, salle à manger : Henri IV, enfant, statue en bronze (fonte Carbonneaux) ;\n Place des Victoires : Monument à Louis XIV, 1822, statue équestre en bronze. Le Passage du Rhin et Louis XIV distribuant des récompenses militaires, bas-reliefs ornant le piédestal. Commandés par Louis XVIII, Carbonneaux en réalise la fonte en 1819 ;\n Versailles, château, galerie de pierre ( étage aile du Midi) : Marie-Amélie, 1839, buste;\nPau, Musée des Beaux-arts : Henri IV enfant, 1823, marbre ;\n\n En Russie\n Saint-Pétersbourg, musée de l'Ermitage : Cupidon archer, statue en marbre.\n\nGalerie\n\nDistinctions\n\nDécorations \n Chevalier de l'ordre de Saint-Michel en 1821 ;\n Officier de la Légion d'honneur en 1825..\n\nDistinctions diverses \n En 2018 une pièce de 2 Euros a été gravée à son effigie par la Principauté de Monaco pour le anniversaire de sa naissance.\n\nÉlèves\n\nNotes et références\n\nAnnexes\n\nBibliographie \n Lucien Barbarin, Étude sur Bosio, sa vie et son œuvre, Monaco, 1910.\n Pierre Kjellberg, Le Nouveau guide des statues de Paris, La Bibliothèque des Arts, Paris, 1988, .\n\nLiens externes \n\n \n \n François-Joseph Bosio sur Artcyclopedia\n François-Joseph Bosio sur Insecula\n Monument funéraire de Bosio au Père Lachaise\n\nCatégorie:Sculpteur monégasque\nCatégorie:Sculpteur néoclassique\nCatégorie:Peintre du XIXe siècle\nCatégorie:Graveur du XIXe siècle\nCatégorie:Officier de la Légion d'honneur\nCatégorie:Chevalier de l'ordre de Saint-Michel\nCatégorie:Baron français du XIXe siècle\nCatégorie:Artiste de la Révolution ou de l'Empire\nCatégorie:Enseignant à l'École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts\nCatégorie:Naissance à Monaco\nCatégorie:Naissance en mars 1768\nCatégorie:Décès en juillet 1845\nCatégorie:Décès à Paris\nCatégorie:Décès à 77 ans\nCatégorie:Personnalité inhumée au cimetière du Père-Lachaise (division 45)\nCatégorie:Académie des beaux-arts (France)", "Robert Louis-Dreyfus, parfois abrégé RLD, né le dans le de Paris et mort le à Zurich, est un homme d'affaires suisse d'origine française. Il est surtout connu pour ses activités dans la téléphonie et le football.\n\nHéritier de la famille Dreyfus qui a fondé un prospère groupe familial dans le négoce et le transport maritime, le Groupe Louis-Dreyfus, Robert Louis-Dreyfus se lance dans les affaires sans l'aide familiale et réussit brillamment. Après avoir échoué au baccalauréat, RLD est accepté à Harvard. Diplômé de cette université, il investit de l'argent remporté au poker dans l'entreprise IMS Health. Il quitte l'entreprise avec une somme importante et sa réputation récemment acquise le mène à la tête de Saatchi and Saatchi. Il participe au redressement de l'entreprise puis est appelé à la tête d'Adidas. Avec RLD à sa tête, Adidas devient le principal concurrent de Nike sur le marché des équipementiers sportifs. Il s'investit ensuite dans LDCom grâce à Jacques Veyrat.\n\nFortune faite, RLD devient en 2007, le principal actionnaire et dirigeant du groupe familial. Passionné de sport, il s'implique dans le football en devenant l'actionnaire principal de l'Olympique de Marseille en 1996 puis en 1997 du Standard de Liège. Comme dirigeant, RLD remporte deux titres de champion de Belgique avec le Standard mais aucun titre majeur avec l'OM. Il meurt à 63 ans des suites d'une leucémie.\n\nBiographie\n\nNaissance, jeunesse et études \nRobert Louis-Dreyfus naît le au 8, rue de l’Élysée dans le de Paris d'un père juif et une mère catholique. Il est l'héritier de la riche famille Louis-Dreyfus.\n\nthumb|Robert Louis-Dreyfus est élève au lycée Janson-de-Sailly.\n\nÉlevé par une nurse anglaise, Robert Louis-Dreyfus est protégé dans un cocon. Il est inscrit au cours Hattemer, premier cours par correspondance créé en France. La première rupture est sa rentrée au lycée Marcel-Roby de Saint-Germain-en-Laye. D'abord, Louis-Dreyfus n'est pas accepté par ses camarades ; il le devient en faisant le pitre. RLD change de lycée à 16 ans et entre au lycée Janson-de-Sailly. Il y apprend à jouer aux cartes, au poker en particulier, et y joue tout au long de l'année. Il échoue deux fois au baccalauréat.\n\nEn 1966, à vingt ans, Robert Louis-Dreyfus rentre à l'École des cadres, forcé par ses parents. Au début du mois de juin 1967, il s'engage dans les rangs de l'armée israélienne. Il prend le bateau à Venise le 9 juin et arrive deux jours plus tard en Israël, le lendemain de la guerre des Six jours. Il passe quatre mois dans un kibboutz. Grâce à cette école, il fait un stage de neuf mois en 1968 à Londres dans la banque Warburg.\n\nPendant ses années de jeunesse, Robert Louis-Dreyfus passe ses nuits à jouer au poker, Robert Louis-Dreyfus devient un bon joueur, et gagne au jeu entre trois et cinq mille francs par mois. Il se paie sa première voiture à , et devient de plus en plus indépendant. S'il joue contre des flambeurs à Paris, il joue à Londres contre des gens très riches : les sommes gagnées sont nettement plus importantes. Il estime avoir gagné entre et dollars entre l'âge de 16 et de 22 ans. Cela constitue le début de sa fortune.\n\nN'ayant pas été reçu au baccalauréat, Robert Louis-Dreyfus apprend de Nathaniel de Rothschild et Thierry Lovenbach, deux amis d'enfance, en 1970 qu'il peut entrer à la Harvard Business School en remplissant un dossier, réussissant un test d'intelligence et à exposer un projet personnel. Il obtient 813 sur 850 au test et décrit son passage dans un kibboutz israélien qui séduit le jury. Il est admis et paie ses études avec ses gains au poker, refusant l'aide de ses parents. Durant ses études, il fait de nombreuses rencontres parmi lesquelles David Dubow, patron d'IMS. Au printemps 1973, il devient titulaire d'un MBA.\n\nDécouverte du monde des affaires et du groupe familial \nthumb|left|upright=1.2|Il obtient un MBA à la Harvard Business School.\n\nLa première expérience professionnelle de Robert Louis-Dreyfus est un stage de neuf mois effectué chez la banque . Son patron, Siegmund Warburg, accepte Robert Louis-Dreyfus parce qu'il connaît son père. Il gagne 80 livres sterling par mois. Il y travaille sept jours sur sept. Robert Louis-Dreyfus apprend les montages financiers.\n\nAprès ce stage, il retourne à ses études et obtient le diplôme MBA de la Harvard Business School. Il décide de prendre des vacances avec trois amis rencontrés pendant ses études aux États-Unis. L'un d'eux sait piloter un avion et persuade les autres d'investir et d'acheter un Twin Comanche. Le périple part de Boston le . Le groupe passe par le Mexique, le Guatemala, le Costa Rica, le Pérou, le Chili, l'Argentine, le Brésil, et d'autres pays de l'Amérique du Sud.\n\nEn 1973, malgré une offre d'embauche de la banque Goldman Sachs, Robert Louis-Dreyfus choisit de rentrer dans le groupe familial, le groupe Louis-Dreyfus, fortement influencé par son père. Il est envoyé dans une huilerie brésilienne en difficulté et la redresse. Bien qu'il montre des résultats, on ne lui donne pas de hautes responsabilités. Il est demandé par les dirigeants de Guyomarc'h mais la famille Louis-Dreyfus lui demande d'attendre encore avant d'être patron. À 34 ans, il souhaite accéder au statut de chef d'entreprise rapidement et décide donc de quitter le groupe Louis-Dreyfus.\n\nÀ la tête de différentes entreprises\n\nIMS Health \n\nEn novembre 1977, David Dubow invite Robert Louis-Dreyfus à siéger au conseil d'administration de l'entreprise IMS Health. Il s'agit d'une société d'études pharmaceutiques aux États-Unis. Le fond Warburg Pincus projette alors de lancer une offre publique d'achat (OPA) sur la société en proposant 30 % de plus que la valeur des titres aux actionnaires pour le rachat de leurs titres. Louis-Dreyfus conseille alors à David Dubow de démontrer que le potentiel de valorisation des titres est supérieur à celui d'une vente immédiate. La tentative d'OPA échoue. Trois ans plus tard, alors que la santé de Dubow se dégrade, il décide de nommer Louis-Dreyfus numéro deux de l'entreprise et d'en faire le successeur désigné à la tête de l'entreprise. Il lui offre un salaire d'un million de dollars par an. RLD accepte le poste et investit ses économies dans l'entreprise. Avec ses gains au poker et ses revenus de placements en Bourse, il investit un million de dollars pour prendre un peu plus de 1 % du capital de l'entreprise. Il a de nombreuses stock options grâce à sa place dans l'entreprise. Il continue à investir jusqu'à détenir 4,9 % du capital de la société deux ans après sa nomination. Il prend le contrôle de la société en 1982 à la mort de David Dubow. L'entreprise devient une multinationale, le chiffre d'affaires passe de 170 millions à plus d'un milliard de dollars et l'entreprise s'installe dans trente nouveaux pays. De 80 millions en 1981, la capitalisation est passée à 1,8 milliard de dollars à la fin des années 1980. Le jeune patron et son équipe décident alors de vendre l'entreprise. En 1988, Robert Louis-Dreyfus cède l'entreprise à Dun & Bradstreet pour par actions. RLD dépose une centaine de millions de dollars en banque et part en vacances en Chine.\n\nSaatchi and Saatchi \n\nEn 1989, les frères Saatchi, Charles et Maurice proposent à Robert Louis-Dreyfus de diriger l'agence de publicité Saatchi and Saatchi à Londres. L'entreprise est endettée à hauteur de plus de 500 millions de dollars. Louis-Dreyfus demande et obtient les pleins pouvoirs, avec cinq des huit sièges du conseil d'administration. Il entre en fonction en avec une équipe composée principalement de Charles Scott, Tom Russel et Theodore Lewitt. L'état des finances de Saatchi and Saatchi est désastreux. Louis-Dreyfus doit restructurer la société et économiser partout afin de rembourser les créanciers. Peu après son arrivée dans l'entreprise, il divise par quatre son salaire. Il en fait de même avec le salaire des frères Saatchi qu'il réduit d'un tiers. Cependant, les actions de l'entreprise britannique continuent de perdre de la valeur. Le contexte international et du secteur publicitaire est peu favorable à la reprise. Robert Louis-Dreyfus commence par chasser les dépenses inutiles au fonctionnement de l'entreprise. Il décide ensuite de vendre les tableaux de la galerie Charlotte Street, récupérant quinze millions de dollars, et une grande partie de la collection de voitures des frères Saatchi. Il décide de remercier 800 salariés et de regrouper tous les autres à Charlotte Street.\n\nRobert Louis-Dreyfus et son équipe négocient ensuite une restructuration de la dette. Les objectifs sont remplis et l'entreprise est réorganisée. En , RLD annonce lors du conseil d'administration qu'il quitte le groupe un an plus tard. Il impose Charles Scott comme son successeur.\n\nAdidas \n\nEn 1993, Robert Louis-Dreyfus rachète l'équipementier allemand Adidas via un montage financier du Crédit lyonnais (ce montage a donné lieu à un très long feuilleton judiciaire connu sous le nom Affaire Tapie-Crédit lyonnais). Le secteur est alors dominé par Nike et Reebok. RLD effectue des recrutements et promeut certains employés du groupe comme Herbert Hainer et Erich Stamminger qui sont invités à la direction du groupe. L'anglais est instauré à l'intérieur du siège social. Mais Robert Louis-Dreyfus décide aussi de changer de producteurs asiatiques et de sous traiter au maximum comme le font ses deux principaux concurrents. Il ferme alors dix sites de production de textiles et quinze usines de fabrication de chaussures, passant les effectifs de à salariés. La marge et la rentabilité augmentent. RLD a alors l'idée de relancer d'anciens succès de la marque en attendant la production de nouveaux produits. La « Gazelle » devient le nouveau succès de la marque et permet à celle-ci de pouvoir investir dans le marketing. Adidas réalise cinq spots publicitaires avec le slogan inventé par Louis-Dreyfus. Adidas se bat alors pour avoir une équipe de sportifs portant les couleurs de la marque. Le groupe met en avant des stars du passé comme Mohamed Ali et Emil Zátopek. Adidas renouvelle les contrats de Michel Platini et Franz Beckenbauer et signe des contrats avec David Beckham et Zinédine Zidane pour le football, Kobe Bryant dans le basket-ball.\n\nEn , l'entreprise Adidas est introduite en bourse. Elle dégage alors des bénéfices, 500 millions de francs en 1994, 800 millions en 1995. L'entrée en bourse permet à l'entreprise allemande de rembourser le Crédit lyonnais pour plus de cinq milliards de francs. Les titres sont très prisés. La capitalisation boursière d'Adidas est de 20 milliards d'euros deux années après son entrée en bourse. Robert Louis-Dreyfus a une participation de 4,9 % jusqu'à son retrait en 2001. Les titres ont ensuite été transférés à ses enfants. Le redressement financier est réussi, d'autant plus que les sportifs équipés d'équipements Adidas remportent 220 médailles aux Jeux olympiques d'Atlanta dont 70 en or. En 1998, l'équipe de France de football devient championne du monde avec les maillots Adidas.\n\nEn 1997, Adidas achète pour huit milliards de francs le groupe savoyard Salomon, diversifiant ses produits notamment avec le ski, le golf et le vélo. L'intégration de Salomon est difficile et les bénéfices baissent, même si Adidas passe devant Reebok.\n\nEn 2001, il quitte son poste et laisse les commandes à Herbert Hainer.\n\nDe LDCom à Neuf Cegetel \n\nLe Groupe Louis-Dreyfus crée en 1998 l'opérateur LDCom, afin de concurrencer France Télécom dans le déploiement de fibres noires. La société pose des fibres noires pour lui-même et signe un contrat avec Voies Navigables de France afin de mettre les câbles dans les rivières. LDCom devient alors un opérateur d'opérateurs. Robert Louis-Dreyfus décide de ne pas mettre l'entreprise en bourse après des difficultés pour y entrer. La bourse est touchée par la bulle Internet. La crise des nouvelles technologies provoquant des défaillances parmi les clients de LDCom, une politique de rachat d'entreprises en difficulté est initiée. UPC, Kertel, Kaptech, Firstmark, Belgacom France, sont rachetés tour à tour et les acquisitions permettent à LDCom de devenir un des géants du marché. Ainsi, en 2002, il acquiert la société 9 Télécom, filiale de Telecom Italia qui souhaite se désengager du marché français. LDCom voit un avenir dans le développement des offres sur ADSL, sur le modèle de Free. LDCom devient le troisième opérateur de téléphonie fixe français avec les clients qu'il récupère lors de cette acquisition. LDCom profite de la réputation de Robert Louis-Dreyfus qui traite directement avec les intéressés. En 2005, il fusionne Neuf avec Cegetel pour former Neuf Cegetel, faisant de l'entreprise le troisième FAI en nombre d'abonnés. En 2007, il siège à son conseil d'administration. À la suite du rachat de Club Internet, la société devient le deuxième FAI français. Cette société a été vendue à SFR.\n\nGroupe Louis-Dreyfus \n\nÀ la fin de l'année 2004, Robert Louis-Dreyfus revient dans le groupe familial et en prend les commandes. Cependant, il n'est nommé président du groupe que le . Le , il était devenu actionnaire de référence du groupe familial avec une participation comprise entre 51 et 55 % pour 1,5 milliard d'euros. Il en devient aussi le principal dirigeant.\n\nRobert Louis-Dreyfus choisit de ne pas être payé pour effectuer une mission de transition. Il restructure le groupe à Genève, ville majeure du négoce européen et bénéficiant d'avantages fiscaux. Louis-Dreyfus choisit de se séparer de certaines activités du groupe, notamment des activités industrielles. Le groupe cède également des actifs immobiliers comme l'hôtel Four Seasons de Las Vegas. Il installe ces facteurs de production dans les pays où les coûts de production sont les moins élevés.\n\nIl doit également construire un nouveau système de gestion du groupe. Si la maison appartient à sept héritiers, ces derniers vont se multiplier alors que le groupe reste une entreprise familiale. En , Robert Louis-Dreyfus pense à racheter le groupe familial. À la fin de l'année 2006, il propose un schéma de rachat aux héritiers du groupe, réalisé à l'aide de la banque Lazard. La proposition est le rachat de 70 % du capital du groupe via un trust de droit étranger qui distribue des dividendes à ses actionnaires qui ont l'interdiction de s'en séparer pendant une période de 99 ans.\n \nDès 2007, Robert Louis-Dreyfus désigne Jacques Veyrat comme son successeur à la tête du Groupe Louis-Dreyfus. Comme annoncé, Jacques Veyrat reste à la tête du groupe après le décès de Robert Louis-Dreyfus.\n\nDans le monde du football\n\nOlympique de Marseille \nthumb|Neuf Telecom, dont RLD est actionnaire majoritaire, sur le maillot de l'Olympique de Marseille\n\nEn marge de ses activités professionnelles, Robert Louis-Dreyfus s'est intéressé activement au monde du football.\n\nRLD est d'abord intéressé par la présidence de l'AS Saint-Étienne. Sous les conseils d'Alain Prost, il est candidat au début des années 1990 mais des sponsors locaux et la famille Guichard s'y opposent.\n\nEn décembre 1996, il est appelé par la mairie de Marseille pour devenir l'actionnaire principal et mécène de l'Olympique de Marseille. Le , Robert Louis-Dreyfus devient président du club phocéen. Outre la passion de Louis-Dreyfus pour le football, ce rachat rentre dans une stratégie économique : le président d'Adidas veut contrer les prétentions de Nike dans ce sport .\n\nL'Olympique de Marseille recrute alors des joueurs comme Laurent Blanc, Christophe Dugarry, Robert Pirès et Fabrizio Ravanelli. Le club termine quatrième du championnat et se qualifie pour la Coupe UEFA 1998-1999. Lors de la saison 1998-1999, l'OM entraîné par Rolland Courbis termine deuxième du championnat juste derrière Bordeaux. Le club retrouve les sommets du football européen en se hissant jusqu'en finale de la Coupe UEFA qu'il perd 0-3 contre le Parme AC. \n \nParti aux États-Unis pour soigner sa leucémie, Robert Louis-Dreyfus délègue la présidence. Après avoir évité deux fois consécutivement la descente sportive en deuxième division, le club frôle la relégation administrative par la Direction nationale du contrôle de gestion en , mais Robert Louis-Dreyfus comble le déficit. Se montrant distant, le club plonge dans des querelles internes, que ce soit entre Bernard Tapie et Pierre Dubiton aux débuts des années 2000 ou entre Pape Diouf et Vincent Labrune à l'été 2009. De plus, dix-neuf changements d'entraîneurs s'effectuent durant l'ère RLD. L'affaire des comptes du club est le symbole de cette gestion distante du club. RLD est condamné pour « abus de biens sociaux » à trois ans de prison avec sursis et à euros d'amende en . Un premier appel auprès de la Cour d'Aix-en-Provence a vu, quelques mois plus tard, cette peine réduite à dix mois de prison, toujours avec sursis. Le rejet du pourvoi en cassation de cette condamnation le entérine ainsi ce jugement.\nCette gestion par l'homme d'affaires qui a investi environ 200 millions d'euros dans le club, est vivement critiquée par les supporters olympiens, qui veulent son départ, certains allant jusqu'à l'insulter dans les travées du Stade Vélodrome.\n\nthumb|left|Entrée du Centre d'entraînement Robert Louis-Dreyfus\n\nLassé, RLD veut vendre le club. Le , l'Olympique de Marseille annonce le début du processus de vente du club à Jack Kachkar, un homme d'affaires canadien d'origine arménienne et PDG d'Inyx Inc., une société de produits pharmaceutiques basée à New York. Kachkar aurait mis environ 115 millions d'euros\n sur la table. Le , Jack Kachkar annonce qu'il a officiellement racheté l'OM à Robert-Louis Dreyfus.\nToutefois, quelques jours plus tard, des journalistes rapportent que Kachkar aurait du mal à réunir les fonds nécessaires au rachat du club phocéen. RLD, lassé par les nombreux délais demandés par Jack Kachkar et ne croyant plus aux futurs investissements promis pour assurer la pérennité de l'OM, décide ne plus vendre le club.\nLe , Louis-Dreyfus suspend la vente et rejette une offre de 100 millions d'euros venant d'investisseurs de Dubaï, présentant pourtant la « transparence nécessaire sur la provenance des fonds », et monte le prix de vente à 200 millions d'euros, enthousiasmé par le renouveau sportif du club et par sa santé financière retrouvée sous la présidence de Pape Diouf.\n\nEn tant qu'actionnaire principal de l'Olympique de Marseille, Robert Louis-Dreyfus n'a gagné qu'un titre, la Coupe Intertoto 2005. Sur le plan national, le club échoue deux fois en finale de la Coupe de France en 2006 et 2007. En championnat, le club sponsorisé par Neuf Telecom puis Direct Énergie, deux entreprises sous le contrôle de l'homme d'affaires, ne fait pas mieux que vice-champion de France en 1999, 2007 et 2009. Sous son contrôle, l'OM est deux fois finaliste de la Coupe UEFA mais échoue lors des deux finales en 1999 et 2004.\n\nAprès son décès, l'Olympique de Marseille annonce que le centre d'entraînement de l'OM, anciennement appelé « La Commanderie », est renommé « Centre d'entraînement Robert Louis-Dreyfus ». Son épouse Margarita lui succède à la tête d'Éric Soccer, société anonyme qui contrôle l'Olympique de Marseille. Elle devient le nouvel actionnaire du club et annonce dans plusieurs médias vouloir poursuivre l'œuvre de son mari dans le club marseillais.\n\nLa saison suivant son décès, l'Olympique de Marseille remporte deux trophées, la Coupe de la Ligue et le championnat de France. Après la fin de la rencontre de championnat contre Rennes, qui permet à l'OM d'être assuré de soulever le trophée, les supporters marseillais scandent le nom de RLD. Les dirigeants d'OM lui rendent hommage ainsi que Frédéric Thiriez, le président de la Ligue de football professionnel.\n\nStandard de Liège \nthumb|right|Entrée de l'académie Robert Louis-Dreyfus\nRobert Louis-Dreyfus devient administrateur et actionnaire du Standard de Liège en 1998, sur insistance de Luciano D’Onofrio. Avec le club belge, il remporte ses premiers trophées dans le monde du football avec le titre de champion de Belgique en avril 2008. Le club conserve son titre en mai 2009 après un barrage contre Anderlecht. Le club est aussi vice-champion en 2006. Tout comme avec l'Olympique de Marseille, Robert Louis-Dreyfus n'a pas eu l'honneur de participer au sacre de l'équipe belge en coupe nationale, perdant trois fois en finale de la coupe de Belgique en 1999, 2000 et 2007. Il a néanmoins vu le club soulever la Supercoupe de Belgique en 2008. Robert Louis-Dreyfus quitte son poste d'administrateur du club belge en 2009, quelques semaines avant de mourir. Lors de son passage à l'administration du club et comme actionnaire, RLD investit 24,7 millions d'euros dans le Standard de Liège.\n\nLe centre d'entraînement et de formation du Standard de Liège est baptisé « Académie Robert Louis-Dreyfus » le .\n\nVie privée\n\nFamille \nthumb|upright|Sa femme Margarita Louis-Dreyfus avec son ancien conseiller en communication Vincent Labrune, en 2011.\n\nRobert Louis-Dreyfus est le troisième et dernier enfant de l'union de Jean et Jeanne Louis-Dreyfus, Monique et Colette sont ses aînées de six et quatre ans respectivement. Unique garçon de la famille, Robert est destiné à devenir l'héritier du groupe familial. Français d'origine, il est naturalisé suisse en 1995 où il réside depuis plusieurs années pour des raisons fiscales. Il est un cousin de l'actrice Julia Louis-Dreyfus.\nthumb|left|upright|L'actrice Julia Louis-Dreyfus, cousine de RLD\n\nLe , Robert Louis-Dreyfus se marie une seconde fois, avec Margarita Bogdanova, jeune femme d'origine russe qu'il a rencontrée en 1990 dans un avion entre Zurich et Londres. De cette relation, il a trois fils (Éric, né en 1992 et des jumeaux Maurice et Kirill, nés en 1998).\n\nMaladie \nÀ la fin des années 1990, Robert-Louis-Dreyfus apprend qu'il est atteint d'une leucémie. Il est soigné à Boston tous les mois et il est fatigué. Il cherche des solutions pour vaincre la maladie et trouve une équipe médicale à Houston qui travaille sur un protocole. Il la contacte et la convainc d'essayer de le soigner.\n\nPendant l'été de l'année 2007, RLD perd l'usage de son bras et est paralysé. Après des examens à la clinique de Lugano, les médecins découvrent qu'il s'agit du virus JC, et non d'une aggravation de la leucémie qui l'atteint. Robert Louis-Dreyfus est alors soigné par son épouse Margarita. Fin , il est transféré à l'Hôpital américain de Paris à la suite d'une crise d'épilepsie. Il retourne à Zurich entièrement paralysé sauf de la tête. Sa santé s'améliore en début d'année 2008, au début de l'été de cette même année, le virus se rendort. RLD doit alors effectuer une greffe pour combattre sa leucémie. À la suite d'une opération de la rate, Louis-Dreyfus est victime d'hémorragies. RLD est entre la vie et la mort. Il retrouve des forces à l'automne 2008. Début janvier 2009, il effectue la greffe nécessaire dans une chambre stérile à Tel-Aviv. Le virus se réveille pendant le mois de mai. Robert Louis-Dreyfus meurt le à Zurich.\n\nFortune \nRobert Louis-Dreyfus est classé de Suisse en , avec des biens évalués à 1,15 milliard d'euros. Il a fondé sa fortune sur les plus-values réalisées lors des ventes des entreprises qu'il a détenues, sur ses salaires et sur le placement de capitaux en bourse, notamment entre 1988 et 1998. Avant sa mort, RLD a choisi de réaliser un montage financier pour que sa femme et ses enfants perçoivent chacun des dividendes mais qu'aucune vente de titres ne soit possible durant les 99 années après sa mort.\n\nPostérité \nAvant la rencontre du opposant l'Olympique de Marseille aux Girondins de Bordeaux, le monde du football rend hommage à Robert Louis-Dreyfus. Une banderole représentant Robert Louis-Dreyfus avec le message « Merci » est posée sur le rond central. Un film avec des témoignages de personnalités du club marseillais (Didier Drogba, Franck Ribéry, Laurent Blanc, Mamadou Niang, Robert Pirès, Samir Nasri, Didier Deschamps, Pape Diouf) est diffusé sur les grands écrans du stade avant que le speaker appelle les spectateurs à applaudir en son hommage. Les supporteurs ont rendu hommage avec un tifo « Merci à un homme qui a œuvré pour l'OM » déployé dans la tribune Ganay du stade Vélodrome. Pendant le match contre Bordeaux, le maillot des joueurs olympiens est noir et blanc et il est inscrit dessus « Merci RLD ».\n\nEn 2016, il est cité dans l'affaire des Panama Papers pour être l'actionnaire de plusieurs sociétés extraterritoriales basées aux Îles Vierges britanniques : United in Sports Parallel I GP Limited, créée en 2007, et UIS RLD 2 Limited, créée en 2009 soit un mois avant son décès. Il est alors accusé d'avoir voulu cacher son héritage au fisc.\n\nNotes et références\n\nNotes\n\nRéférences\n\nAnnexes\n\nBibliographie\n\nArticles connexes \n Famille Louis-Dreyfus\n Centre d'entraînement Robert-Louis-Dreyfus\n Académie Robert Louis-Dreyfus\n Groupe Louis-Dreyfus\n Trophée Robert Louis-Dreyfus\n\nLiens externes \n \n\nCatégorie:Naissance en juin 1946\nCatégorie:Naissance_dans_le_8e_arrondissement_de_Paris\nCatégorie:Décès en juillet 2009\nCatégorie:Mort d'une leucémie\nCatégorie:Mort d'un cancer en Suisse\nCatégorie:Décès à Zurich\nRobert\nCatégorie:Dirigeant français de football\nCatégorie:Dirigeant de l'Olympique de Marseille\nCatégorie:Personnalité liée à Marseille\nCatégorie:Dirigeant du Standard de Liège\nCatégorie:Titulaire d'un MBA de la Harvard Business School\nCatégorie:Élève d'Hattemer\nCatégorie:Élève du lycée Janson-de-Sailly\nCatégorie:Milliardaire français\nCatégorie:Milliardaire suisse\nCatégorie:Personne citée dans le scandale des Panama Papers\nCatégorie:Décès à 63 ans", "thumb|alt=Logo de l'Ordre français du barreau de Bruxelles - Palais de Justice de Bruxelles (Place Poelaert)|Logo du barreau de Bruxelles\nLe barreau de Bruxelles est l'ordre professionnel des avocats bruxellois, fondé le . Ses valeurs essentielles sont celles de la profession suivant l'article 445 du Code judiciaire : l'indépendance, le secret professionnel, la probité, la défense des plus faibles, la loyauté, la délicatesse, la dignité, la solidarité…\n\nLes avocats du barreau de Bruxelles peuvent plaider devant toutes les juridictions nationales et internationales sous réserve de dispositions particulières relatives à la Cour de cassation.\n\nDepuis 1984, le barreau de Bruxelles est scindé en deux, l'ordre francophone (Ordre français des avocats du barreau de Bruxelles) et l’ordre néerlandophone (Nederlandse Orde van Advocaten te Brussel).\n\nHistoire du barreau de Bruxelles \n1789 : La Révolution s’empare du pouvoir. Le nouveau régime permet l’ascension de la bourgeoisie. Les avocats envahissent l’hémicycle. Très vite, la Constituante supprime l’Ordre des avocats, le tableau (qui comptait 438 avocats), le monopole et le costume particulier de l’avocat. \nLe , Robespierre déclare la Constituante :\n\nÀ qui appartient le droit de défendre les intérêts des citoyens ? Aux citoyens eux-mêmes ou à ceux en qui ils ont mis leur confiance. Ce droit est fondé sur les premiers principes de la raison et de la justice ; il n’est autre chose que le droit essentiel et imprescriptible de la défense naturelle. Et s’il ne m’est pas permis de défendre mon honneur, ma vie, ma liberté, ma fortune par moi-même quand je le veux et quand je le puis, et dans le cas où je n’en ai pas les moyens, par l’organe de celui que je regarde comme le plus éclairé, le plus vertueux, le plus humain, le plus attaché à mes intérêts ; si vous me forcez à les livrer à une certaine classe d’individus que d’autres auront désignés, alors vous violez à la fois et cette loi sacrée de la nature et de la justice et toutes les notions de l’ordre social qui, en dernière analyse, ne peut reposer que sur elles… \n\nL’objectif était de libérer la défense et de permettre à tout citoyen qui avait fait les études et subi les examens nécessaires d’exercer la profession d’avocat en ne répondant plus de sa conduite qu’à la loi et sans devoir justifier d’une quelconque honorabilité à l’égard d’un Ordre.\n\nEn 1795, les anciens Pays-Bas et la principauté de Liège sont occupés par les troupes françaises puis annexés à la France. Le Conseil souverain de Brabant est supprimé, l’Ordre des avocats dans les régions belges est dissout.\n\nTrès vite, cette mesure eut pour conséquence d’ouvrir les portes des palais et des prétoires à des agents d’affaires, sans foi ni loi. A des aigrefins capables de tromper tout à la fois les clients et la justice.\n\nNapoléon n’avait pas beaucoup de sympathie pour les avocats. Il craignait leur indépendance et leur liberté de parole.\n\nDans un premier temps, il s’opposa à toute réforme. C’est ainsi qu’il écrit ceci à Cambacérès, alors archichancelier de l’Empire : « Je reçois un projet de décret sur les avocats ; il n’y a rien qui donne au grand juge les moyens de les contenir. J’aime mieux ne rien faire que de m’ôter les moyens de prendre des mesures contre ce tas de bavards, artisans de révolutions et qui ne sont inspirés presque tous que par le crime et la corruption. Tant que j’aurai l’épée au côté, je ne signerai jamais un décret aussi absurde ; je veux qu’on puisse couper la langue à un avocat qui s’en servirait contre le gouvernement. »\n\nIl faudra quelques années et huit projets successifs de décrets pour que la profession, l’Ordre et le tableau des avocats soient rétablis. C’est, écrit Napoléon, \n\nLe est promulgué le décret contenant règlement sur l’exercice de la profession d’avocat et la discipline du barreau. Le premier tableau de l’Ordre fut établi en 1811, auquel 174 avocats furent inscrits. Un conseil de discipline et un bâtonnier furent nommés par le procureur général près la Cour impériale le . Jean-Baptiste Kockaert est le premier bâtonnier. Il occupera presqu’exclusivement la fonction jusque 1830.\n\nLe , le conseil de discipline se réunit pour la première fois, compose le bureau de consultation gratuite et nomme un trésorier. Le , il adopta son premier règlement d’ordre intérieur. Ainsi était né le barreau de Bruxelles.\n\nCe régime resta inchangé lors du Royaume uni des Pays-Bas. Après l’indépendance, en 1832, les avocats s’autorisèrent à élire directement les membres du conseil de discipline et le bâtonnier, démontrant ainsi l’indépendance du barreau. Les statuts élaborés par ce nouveau conseil furent entérinés en arrêté royal en 1836. Ils ont régi le barreau jusqu’à la réforme du Code judiciaire en 1967.\n\nDe tout temps et plus encore au , les avocats ont participé aux différents rouages de l’État, en participant aux pouvoirs législatifs et exécutifs. Que l’on songe à Jules Anspach, Jules Bara, Paul Janson, Henri Jaspar, Jules Le Jeune, Jules Renkin ou Paul-Henri Spaak…\n\nDurant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le bâtonnier du barreau de Bruxelles, Louis Braffort, s'opposera à l'ordonnance allemande le sommant de communiquer à l'autorité allemande la liste des avocats d'origine juive en vue de procéder à leur radiation.\n\nEn 1984, le barreau de Bruxelles est scindé en deux Ordres : l’Ordre français et l’Ordre néerlandais.\n\nLes valeurs et les combats \nLe barreau de Bruxelles est le berceau et le gardien de la déontologie d’environ avocats. Ses valeurs essentielles sont l'indépendance, le secret professionnel, la probité, la défense des plus faibles, la loyauté, la délicatesse, la dignité, la solidarité…\n\nLe barreau de Bruxelles est libre, en dehors de toutes les forces du pouvoir et des groupes de pression. Il apporte son soutien à tout combat contre les injustices, il est aux côtés des citoyens dans les causes qu’il estime justes dans son âme.\n\nLa défense des droits de l'homme est au cœur de ses préoccupations, Il a ainsi participé à la création en 1992 de l'a.s.b.l. Avocats sans frontières et créé un Institut des droits de l'homme.\n\nLe barreau organise lui-même l'aide juridique pour permettre aux plus démunis d'accéder à la justice.\n\nIl mène des combats contre les lois qui portent atteinte aux principes fondamentaux, il lutte contre l'arriéré judiciaire, il veille à améliorer le fonctionnement des juridictions. Il se bat contre les atteintes répétées portées par le législateur au secret professionnel de l'avocat qui doit protéger les confidences des clients, garant de toute démocratie, C'est ainsi qu’il a obtenu la condamnation de l'État à plusieurs reprises et la modification de plusieurs lois telles que celles relatives au blanchiment de capitaux, à la faillite, ou à la médiation de dettes…).\n\nLes avocats du barreau de Bruxelles \nParmi les avocats inscrits au barreau de Bruxelles au début de l’année 2011, sont des stagiaires. Ils ont prêté le serment d'avocat et exercent donc pleinement leur activité professionnelle, mais sont assistés d'un maître de stage qui complète leur formation.\n\nÀ l'achèvement de leur stage qui dure trois ans minimum, ils rejoindront les avocatsinscrits actuellement au tableau de l’Ordre.\n\nCapitale européenne, Bruxelles compte aussi 517 avocats ressortissants d'un État membre de l'Union et habilités à y porter ce titre ou un titre équivalent, qui ont en outre souhaité pouvoir exercer une partie de leur activité professionnelle au barreau de Bruxelles, ils y sont inscrits à liste des avocats communautaires (ou liste E). \n\nEnfin, 84 avocats sont établis à Bruxelles sans être ressortissants d’un État membre de l'Union européenne (ou sans être habilités à y porter le titre d'avocat ou un titre équivalent) et y exercent leur profession. Ils sont inscrits à la liste des membres associés du barreau de Bruxelles (ou liste B).\n\nL’Ordre français des avocats du barreau de Bruxelles est jeune (41,5 ans de moyenne d'âge), mixte (42 % de femmes) et compte, en ses rangs, le plus grand nombre d'avocats européens de toute l'Union.\n\nL’Ordre \nLe conseil de chacun des deux Ordres est composé de dix-sept avocats élus chaque année par l’ensemble de leurs confrères. Il veille au développement et au bon exercice de la profession.\n\nL'admission des avocats, l'organisation du stage, la déontologie (soit les règles propres à la profession d'avocat et à son exercice), le règlement des incidents entre avocats et des litiges en matière d'honoraires, font partie des missions assumées par le conseil.\n\nLe conseil de l'Ordre arrête les grandes orientations du barreau sous la présidence du bâtonnier, élu par ses confrères pour un mandat d'un an renouvelable une fois.\n\nLiens internes \n Liste des avocats à la Cour de cassation de Belgique\n\nLiens \n http://www.barreaudebruxelles.be\n http://www.baliebrussel.be\n\nNotes et références \n\nCatégorie:Association bruxelloise\nCatégorie:Droit en Belgique", "Trois Hommes à abattre est un film français réalisé par Jacques Deray et sorti en 1980. C'est une adaptation très libre du roman Le Petit Bleu de la côte ouest de Jean-Patrick Manchette.\n\nSynopsis \nAprès avoir par hasard porté assistance à un homme victime d'un accident de voiture en pleine nuit, un joueur de poker professionnel se retrouve traqué par des tueurs. Ceux-ci sont commandités par l'employeur de l'homme qu'il a sauvé.\n\nRésumé détaillé \nUn joueur de poker professionnel, Michel Gerfaut (Alain Delon), découvre en pleine nuit un blessé à bord d'une voiture encastrée dans des arbres, sur une route de campagne. Il l'emmène à l'hôpital et, ayant trop attendu, part finalement sans faire de déclaration.\n\nAlors qu'il passe un week-end avec Béa (Dalila Di Lazzaro), sa maîtresse, à Trouville, Gerfaut vit une série d'incidents qui le convainquent d'une chose : quelqu'un en veut à sa vie, sans qu'il ne comprenne pourquoi. En même temps, il apprend par la presse que trois cadres supérieurs d'une puissante société d'armement, le groupe Emmerich, ont été assassinés. Surtout, il reconnaît sur une photo le visage de l'homme qu'il avait amené à l'hôpital.\n\nGerfaut rentre à Paris pour se précipiter chez son ami Liéthard (Christian Barbier), un inspecteur des Renseignements généraux. Celui-ci ne cache pas son inquiétude et lui dit qu'il a « mis les pieds où il ne fallait pas ». Les deux hommes se rendent alors au domicile de Gerfaut. Liéthard y est abbatu sous ses yeux. Gerfaut prend en chasse les tueurs. Au terme d'une folle poursuite, il les affronte et tue l'un d'entre eux. Mais il est blessé. Il parvient toutefois à rejoindre l'appartement de Bea.\n\nHospitalisé pour ses blessures, Gerfaut apprend que la police le soupçonne désormais du meurtre de son ami Liéthard. En même temps, les tueurs ne lui laissent aucun répit. Il doit s'échapper de l'hôpital en éliminant l'un autre d'entre eux, et en envoyant Béa se mettre à l'abri à la campagne.\n\nPendant qu'il enquête sur les raisons de ce qui lui arrive, Gerfaut est contacté par Emmerich (Pierre Dux) et va le rencontrer. En effet, celui-ci est convaincu que Gerfaut est un « professionnel » redoutable, et a décidé de l'« acheter ». Gerfaut continue à clamer qu'il ne connaît rien aux affaires dont il est question. Au cours de l'entretien, Emmerich décède d'une crise cardiaque. Son adjoint, Leprince (Michel Auclair), qui prend immédiatement sa succession, lui demande de travailler pour lui. Devant son refus, il le laisse partir, en lui laissant comprendre qu'il n'a pas le choix, et que sinon ce sera « n'importe où, n'importe qui ».\n\nFiche technique \n Titre : Trois Hommes à abattre\n Réalisation : Jacques Deray\n Second assistant réalisateur : Patrick Santiago Meunier\n Réalisateur seconde équipe : Bernard Stora\n Scénario : Jacques Deray, Alain Delon et Christopher Frank, d'après Le Petit Bleu de la côte ouest de Jean-Patrick Manchette\n Musique : Claude Bolling\n Direction artistique : Jacques Brizzio\n Décors : Jacques Brizzio\n Costumes : Marie-Françoise Perochon\n Casting : Anita Benoist\n Photographie : Jean Tournier\n Son : Jean Labussière\n Montage : Isabel Garcia de Herreras\n Cascades : Rémy Julienne\n Photographe de plateau : Victor Rodrigue\n Production : Alain Delon \n Production déléguée : Alain Terzian\n Directeur de production : Antoine Arcos et Henri Jaquillard\n Sociétés de production : Adel Productions et Antenne 2\n Société(s) de distribution : Compagnie française de distribution cinématographique (France)\n Pays d’origine : \n Langue originale : français\n Format : couleur — 35 mm — 1,66:1 — son monophonique\n Genre : policier, thriller\n Durée : 97 minutes\n Date de sortie : \n France : \n Classification CNC : tous publics (visa d'exploitation délivré le 7 novembre 1989)\n\nDistribution \n Alain Delon : Michel Gerfaut \n Dalila Di Lazzaro : Béa \n Michel Auclair : Leprince\n Pascale Roberts : Madame Borel\n Lyne Chardonnet : l'infirmière au dossier\n Jean-Pierre Darras : l'inspecteur Chocard\n Bernard Le Coq : Gassowitz\n François Perrot : Etienne Germer\n André Falcon : Jacques Mouzon\n Féodor Atkine : Leblanc\n Yvan Tanguy\n Peter Bonke : Bastien\n Daniel Breton : Carlo\n Christian Barbier : Liéthard\n Simone Renant : Madame Gerfaut \n Pierre Dux : Emmerich\n Gilette Barbier\n Pierre Belot : Morel\n Francis Lemaire : Perrotta\n Claudine Raffali : La caissière du café de Trouville\n\nProduction \nEn 1980, Alain Delon entame cette décennie après avoir multiplié des projets cinématographiques variés, alternant projets commerciaux ou risqués, durant les années 1970 avec pas moins de vingt-huit films entre 1970 et 1979, dont plus de la moitié ont été produit par lui-même et dont certains n'ont pas connu le succès public escompté. Après le succès de Mort d'un pourri (1977), il connaît un sérieux revers commercial avec Attention, les enfants regardent (1978) et son dernier film en date, le drame d'anticipation Le Toubib (1979), connaît un score correct au box-office, mais assez juste au regard de son budget. Il décide de s'inspirer de la méthode de son ami Jean-Paul Belmondo qui est de tourner un film par an suivi d'une campagne marketing imposante organisée au millimètre, ce qui entraîne un gros succès. Pour cela, il achète les droits du roman Le Petit Bleu de la côte ouest de Jean-Patrick Manchette, qui narre l'histoire d'un antihéros, cadre commercial et paisible père de famille, qui se retrouve mêlé accidentellement à une sombre histoire de meurtre.\n\nDelon fait appel aux services du réalisateur Jacques Deray, qui a collaboré à de nombreuses reprises avec lui. Le duo écrit également le scénario en compagnie de Christopher Frank, autre collaborateur de l'acteur-producteur. Dans le script, le personnage principal devient un joueur de poker solitaire, sans attaches sociales ou humaines hormis une relation sentimentale. Dans une interview à la presse, Delon dira .\n\nLe tournage du film s'est déroulé du 15 juin au , essentiellement dans la région Île-de-France. Les scènes de la course-poursuite en voiture ont été tournés dans le 16 et le 18 arrondissement de Paris. D'autres scènes du film ont été tournées à Trouville, dans le Calvados.\n\nSortie et accueil \nTrois Hommes à abattre sort fin octobre 1980 dans les salles françaises. Il prend directement la première place du box-office avec la semaine de sa sortie, dont sur Paris. La semaine suivante, le film reste en tête et perd peu d'entrées avec , portant le cumul à . En troisième semaine, le film est toujours en tête du box-office, avec , pour un total de . Il rétrograde en seconde place, qu'il occupe pendant deux semaines, tout en ayant totalisé depuis sa sortie. Au 31 décembre 1980, le film a cumulé .\n\nEn fin d'exploitation, le long-métrage finit avec , dont sur Paris, un seuil qu'Alain Delon n'avait plus atteint depuis Deux hommes dans la ville en 1973, malgré les bons scores de Flic Story (1975) et Mort d'un pourri (1977), qui ont frôlé les 2 millions d'entrées.\n\nAutour du film \n Avec plus de 2 millions de spectateurs, Trois Hommes à abattre est l'un des succès personnels d'Alain Delon avec Borsalino et Le Cercle rouge .\n Jacques Deray et Alain Delon se retrouveront en 1993 et 1994 pour Un crime et L'Ours en peluche.\n Acteur et producteur du film, Alain Delon a personnellement tenu à s’entourer de Jean-Pierre Darras, Pierre Dux, Michel Auclair et l’actrice et ex-mannequin italienne Dalila Di Lazzaro.\n Au Japon, où Alain Delon bénéficie d'une énorme notoriété, les distributeurs, mécontents du dénouement final, ont coupés la scène finale, afin de terminer le film avec un happy end.\n\nNotes et références \n Notes\n\n Références\n\nVoir aussi\n\nArticles connexes \n Jacques Deray\n Alain Delon\n Dalila Di Lazzaro\n\nLiens externes \n \n\nCatégorie:Film français sorti en 1980\nCatégorie:Film policier français\nCatégorie:Film réalisé par Jacques Deray\nCatégorie:Film avec un scénario de Christopher Frank\nCatégorie:Film avec une musique composée par Claude Bolling\nCatégorie:Film produit par Alain Delon\nCatégorie:Film produit par Alain Terzian\nCatégorie:Adaptation d'un roman au cinéma\nCatégorie:Film tourné dans le 15e arrondissement de Paris\nCatégorie:Film tourné dans le Calvados\nCatégorie:Film UGC", "Yves Brainville (de son nom d'état civil Yves René Marie de La Chevardière de La Grandville), né le à Paris 16 et mort le à Paris , est un acteur de théâtre et de cinéma et un auteur dramatique français.\n\nBiographie \nFils d'un aristocrate français, Albert de La Chevardière de La Grandville, et d'une riche Américaine, Sophronia Reed Williams, Yves de La Chevardière de La Grandville naît dans un milieu fortuné et, après avoir étudié chez les Jésuites, termine ses études secondaires au lycée Janson-de-Sailly et obtient le baccalauréat.\n\nIl se prépare à l'École normale supérieure lorsque, irrésistiblement attiré par le théâtre, il fréquente les cours d'art dramatique de Julien Bertheau et de Raymond Rouleau. Il prend le nom d'Yves Brainville, pseudonyme formé du mot anglais brain (cerveau, esprit) et du suffixe ville pour rappeler à la fois ses origines américaines et françaises.\n\nDès l'année suivante, en 1938, il devient l'assistant de Rouleau. Dès lors, sa carrière se partage entre le cinéma et le théâtre avec une nette prédilection pour ce dernier.\n\nMobilisé en 1940, il est fait prisonnier par les Allemands dans la Sarre et est incarcéré au sud de Cassel, au stalag IX-A Ziegenhain. Il y crée le Groupe artistique Ziegenhain, une troupe de théâtre dans laquelle il fait jouer les prisonniers. Au camp, il côtoie notamment François Mitterrand.\n\nPeu après son retour de captivité, fin 1946, il épouse la comédienne Léone Nogarède, qui avait collaboré à la conception du Festival d'Avignon avec Jean Vilar. Le couple aura trois filles, qui deviendront toutes artistes (Nathalie de La Grandville, peintre, Camille Grandville, comédienne et Olivia Grandville, danseuse et chorégraphe).\n\nIl poursuit sa carrière au théâtre, où on le trouve notamment dans les distributions dŒdipus Rex de Jean Cocteau ; d'Altitude 3200 de Julien Luchaire ; de La Comédie du bonheur d'Evreinov Nicolas ; de Des souris et des hommes de John Steinbeck ; de Si je vis de Robert Sherwood ; des Justes d'Albert Camus, qu'il crée avec Serge Reggiani et Maria Casarès ; de Shéhérazade de Jules Supervielle ; du Sourire de la Joconde d'Aldous Huxley ; de L'heure sonnera de Charles Spaak ; de La neige était sale de Georges Simenon ; de la Maison de poupée d'Henrik Ibsen ; du Procès à Jésus de Diego Fabbri…\n\nIl signe également plusieurs mises en scène dont, entre autres Le Génie des forêts, une pièce méconnue d'Anton Tchekhov (Théâtre Mouffetard) et est le premier à créer les pièces de Marguerite Duras comme La Musica ou Les Eaux et Forêts (Théâtre Mouffetard, Studio des Champs-Élysées). Auteur, on lui doit L'Obstacle dont il signe également la mise en scène au Vieux-Colombier (mars 1951), confiant à Marc Cassot et Louis Velle le soin de défendre sa pièce. Adaptateur, il signe La Reine et les insurgés d'Ugo Betti, interprétée par Edwige Feuillère, Michel Vitold, Maria Pacôme et Laurent Terzieff (Théâtre de la Renaissance).\n\nAu cinéma, il fait des apparitions dans une cinquantaine de films. On peut le voir dans le rôle du capitaine dans Dernier Refuge d'après un roman de Georges Simenon ; du docteur Jégou dans Si tous les gars du monde qui, de la brousse togolaise, sauve les pêcheurs bretons victimes d'un empoisonnement ; du révérend Hale dans Les Sorcières de Salem ; de Liesowski dans La Nuit des généraux, ainsi que de nombreuses apparitions en commissaire ou inspecteur de police (comme dans L'Homme qui en savait trop d'Alfred Hitchcock), si ce n'est en juge d'instruction (comme dans Le Clan des Siciliens d'Henri Verneuil).\n\nÀ la télévision, il joue dans beaucoup de téléfilms, souvent historiques, dont le dernier Moi, général de Gaulle où il incarne le maréchal Pétain aux côtés d'Henri Serre dans le rôle-titre ; Foch pour vaincre de Jean-François Delassus, lequel le voit plutôt en Clemenceau, puisqu'il attribue son Pétain à Jean Davy ; Mers el-Kébir, en amiral pour Pierre Cardinal ; Le Bunker de George Schaefer qui lui offre l'uniforme du célèbre général allemand Hans Guderian, etc.\n\nDans les années 1960, il a traduit deux romans de Patricia Highsmith, Ce mal étrange et Ceux qui prennent le large.\n\nIl meurt en 1993, à 79 ans, en son domicile parisien.\n\nDécoration \nIl est fait chevalier de la Légion d'honneur par François Mitterrand.\n\nFilmographie\n\nCinéma\n\nTélévision\n\nThéâtre\n\nComédien\n\nMetteur en scène et adaptateur \n 1951 : L'Obstacle, création originale, Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier \n 1953 : Le Monde des Accusés de Walter Jens, Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier \n 1956 : La Reine et les Insurgés d'Ugo Betti, mise en scène par Michel Vitold, Théâtre de la Renaissance (adaptation) \n 1957 : Le Pain blanc de Claude Spaak, Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier \n 1965 : Les Eaux et Forêts de Marguerite Duras, Théâtre Mouffetard, Studio des Champs-Elysées\n 1965 : La Musica de Marguerite Duras, Théâtre Mouffetard\n\nDoublage\n\nNotes et références\n\nVoir aussi\n\nBibliographie\n\nArticles connexes \n Famille de La Chevardière de La Grandville \n Léone Nogarède, son épouse \n Olivia Grandville, sa troisième fille\n\nLiens externes \n \n \n L'encinémathèque\n\nCatégorie:Acteur français\nCatégorie:Acteur de doublage français\nCatégorie:Acteur ayant incarné Danton\nCatégorie:Nom de scène\nCatégorie:Élève du lycée Janson-de-Sailly\nCatégorie:Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur\nCatégorie:Naissance en mars 1914\nCatégorie:Naissance dans le 16e arrondissement de Paris\nCatégorie:Décès en novembre 1993\nCatégorie:Décès à 79 ans\nCatégorie:Décès dans le 12e arrondissement de Paris", "vignette|Armes des Faubournet de Montferrand.\nLa famille de Faubournet de Montferrand fait partie des familles subsistantes de la noblesse française.\n\nHistoire \nElle est originaire du département de la Gironde dans l'Entre-deux-Mers. Elle est connue depuis 1284 et 1291 et est établie dans le Périgord depuis plus de cinq cents ans.\n\nElle tient son nom de Faubournet d'un lieu-dit dans le village de Langoiran en Gironde et Montferrand d'une commune de l'arrondissement de Monpazier, Montferrand du Périgord.\n\nLa famille habite longtemps le nord du Périgord à côté d'Hautefort, à Sainte Orse. La famille de Faubournet de Montferrand s'établit par la suite par mariage au château de Montréal à Issac, dans le premier tiers du , propriété qu'elle possède encore.\n\nLes Montferrand ont leur sépulture dans le couvent des frères-prêcheurs de Belvès, dans le cimetière de Bergerac et dans la chapelle du château de Montréal.\n\nLa famille Faubournet de Montferrand est reçue aux honneurs de la cour en 1774 et 1783. \n\nDans leur ascendance, il y a beaucoup de militaires, dont Raimond-Arnaud de Faubournet de Montferrand, cité dans une lettre du roi d'Angleterre, Édouard III, du 23 juin 1340.\n\nPersonnalités \n Henri de Faubournet de Montferrand (1850-1918), contre-amiral en 1908, commandeur de la Légion d'honneur\n Charles de Faubournet de Montferrand (1851-1929), inspecteur des finances, fondateur de la Banque centrale d'Haïti, directeur général de la compagnie d'assurances Union Vie\n Raoul de Faubournet de Montferrand (1904-1936), attaché d'ambassade\n Bernard de Faubournet de Montferrand (1945-), ambassadeur, commandeur de la légion d'Honneur.\n\nGénéalogie \nCharles de Faubournet de Montferrand (1851-1829), se marie le 10 juin 1891 avec Suzanne de Lestrade (1868-1938) dont il a comme enfants :\n Jean de Faubournet de Montferrand (1892-1916), mort pour la France\n Antonie Marie Sybille de Faubournet de Montferrand (1894-1978)\n Bertrand de Faubournet de Montferrand (1895-1975), se marie le 7 novembre 1922 avec Jeanne Roche de La Rigodière (1900-1986)\n Françoise de Faubournet de Montferrand (1922-2010), \"marquise\" d'Aramon\n Jean de Faubournet de Montferrand (1924-2004)\n Anne de Faubournet de Montferrand (1926-2016)\n Aymeric de Faubournet de Montferrand (1927-1935)\n Marie-Hélène de Faubournet de Montferrand (19XX-), épouse François de Truchis de Varenne, aviateur, qui se tue en avion, puis se remarie avec Louis de Lauriston Boubers.\n Ghislaine de Faubournet de Montferrand (1943-2019)\n Bernard de Faubournet de Montferrand (1945-), épouse Catherine Bellet de Tavernost (1947-) en 1975 dont :\n\nHadrien de Faubournet de Montferrand (1976-), épouse en première noce Alexandra Diez de Rivera (1978-)\nGaspard de Faubournet de Montferrand\nFélix de Faubournet de Montferrand Puis en secondes noces, Olivia Roussel\nRaoul de Faubournet de Montferrand\nRaphaël de Faubournet de Montferrand (1977-) épouse Louma Salamé\nLéonard de Faubournet de Montferrand\nPauline de Faubournet de Montferrand (1981-), épouse Adrien Labastire\nCosima Labastire\nLouise Labastire\nMaxime Labastire\n\n Guillaume de Faubournet de Montferrand (1897-1918), mort pour la France\n Xavier de Faubournet de Montferrand (1898-1992)\n Guillaume de Faubournet de Montferrand (1927-+), épouse Roselyne de Saint Victor (1934-+)\nLouis de Faubournet de Montferrand (1959-), épouse Chrystèle Guerrier de Dumast (1959-)\nXavier de Faubournet de Montferrand (1986-)\nCamille de Faubournet de Montferrand (1988-)\nDiego de Faubournet de Montferrand (1990-)\nDauphine de Faubournet de Montferrand (1992-)\nBruno de Faubournet de Montferrand (1995-)\nSolange de Faubournet de Montferrand (2000)\nJeanne de Faubournet de Montferrand (1960-), épouse Henri Lorne\nFrançois de Faubournet de Montferrand (1963-), épouse Claire Duclos\nAriane de Faubournet de Montferrand (1988-)\nCharles de Faubournet de Montferrand (1990-)\nRomane de Faubournet de Montferrand (1993-)\nThéophile de Faubournet de Montferrand (1996-)\nColombe de Faubournet de Montferrand, née à Marseille le 28 août 1998\nPhilippe de Faubournet de Montferrand (1970-), épouse Marie Caroline Cuchet\nPaul de Faubournet de Montferrand (2000-)\nMarie de Faubournet de Montferrand (2002-)\nMatthieu de Faubournet de Montferrand (1979-), épouse Romina Duarte\nGuillaume de Faubournet de Montferrand (2007-)\nRoxan de Faubournet de Montferrand (2009-)\n Adélaïde Marie Hélène de Faubournet de Montferrand (1901-1925)\n Raoul de Faubournet de Montferrand (1904-1936)\n\nArmes, titres \n\n Titre : marquis (titre de courtoisie)\n\nNotes et références\n\nBibliographie \n Gustave Chaix d'Est-Ange, Dictionnaire des familles françaises anciennes ou notables à la fin du , tome 17, pages 127 à 130 Faubournet de Montferrand (de)\n Nobiliaire de France\n\nFaubournet", "Jean Pozzobon (en portugais : João Luiz Pozzobon), né à São João do Polêsine (Brésil), le et décédé le à Santa Maria (Brésil), était un diacre permanent catholique et l’initiateur de la Campagne de la Mère Pèlerine de Schoenstatt, aujourd’hui présente dans plus de 100 pays dans le monde. Son procès de béatification est en cours.\n\nBiographie\n\nEnfance \nFils d’immigrants italiens établis au sud du Brésil, Jean Pozzobon est né dans une modeste famille paysanne, qui priait le rosaire tous les soirs. Troisième de neuf enfants, à 10 ans il dit à son père qu’il veut être prêtre. Il est envoyé pour cela à la ville de Vale Vêneto, où il y avait un séminaire des Pères Pallotins.\n\nIl y étudie pendant environ dix mois, puis revient chez lui, à cause de son fragile état de santé physique. À 14 ans, il commence à avoir de graves problèmes de vue, de sorte qu’il ne peut pas poursuivre ses études. Pour cette même raison, il n’est pas jugé apte au service militaire.\n\nDes années plus tard, Jean disait, sur sa santé : .\n\nMari et père \n\nIl se marie à l’âge de 23 ans et a deux enfants, mais devient veuf à 28 ans. Il avait déménagé à la ville de Santa Maria pendant la maladie de son épouse. C'est dans cette ville qu'à 32 ans, avec deux enfants en bas âge, il fonde un nouveau ménage, en se mariant avec Victoria Filipetto, avec qui il a cinq autres enfants. Paysan, il décide d’ouvrir un petit magasin devant sa maison à Santa Maria. Il est très respecté par les gens de son village, surtout grâce à son honnêteté. Il disait : . Cela contrariait la pratique d’autres commerçants à l’époque, qui vendaient des biens pour le double du prix qu’ils étaient achetés.\n\nPremiers contacts avec Schoenstatt \nC'est en 1947 que sa vie croise le chemin du Mouvement de Schoenstatt. Il commence son cheminement de formation spirituelle avec les Sœurs de Marie de Schoenstatt et le Père Celestino Trevisan. Il participe à la bénédiction de la première pierre du Sanctuaire de Schoenstatt à Santa Maria. À cette cérémonie est présent le P. Joseph Kentenich, fondateur de Schoenstatt. Ce fait lui marquera à jamais: , dit Pozzobon plus tard. \n\nJean scelle son Alliance d’Amour avec Marie le , jour de la bénédiction et inauguration du Sanctuaire à Santa Maria.\n\nLes débuts de la Campagne de la Mère Pèlerine \nEn 1950, le Pape Pie XII convoque une Année sainte pour l’Église. Le novembre de cette même année verrait la proclamation du dogme de l’Assomption de la Bienheureuse Vierge Marie.\nthumb|413x413px|L'icône de la Mère Pèlerine transportée par Pozzobon\nEn septembre, Jean assiste, avec une centaine d’hommes, à une série d’exercices spirituels que le Père Celestino Trevisan donné avec Sœur Teresinha Gobbo. Ils y discutent de l’importance de la prière du Rosaire et comment stimuler une croisade de prière dans la famille.\nLe , une réplique de l’icône de la Mater Ter Admirabilis, présente dans le Sanctuaire de Schoenstatt, est bénie et confiée à Jean Pozzobon pour qu’il aille prier le Rosaire avec l’image dans les familles.\n\n Il est convaincu que .\n\nLes demandes pour recevoir la visite de l’icône de la Mère pèlerine augmentent. Jean Pozzobon reste le matin dans son magasin et, les commandes livrées, il laisse le comptoir à son épouse ou à ses enfants pour passer l’après-midi à rendre visite aux familles pour prier le rosaire.\n\nEnsuite, il commence à visiter aussi les écoles, hôpitaux et même les prisons de la région. Et cela toujours à pied, en portant l’image sur son dos, pesant quelque onze kilos.thumb|Pozzobon visite une famille de paysansJean Pozzobon organise aussi des « missions » dans les villages : il apporte l’icône dans les villages et les familles se rassemblent pour prier le rosaire ; puis, il leur prêche l’évangile, parle de conversion et se renseigne sur l’état matériel et spirituel des familles. Alors, il prend congé du village et, revenant quelques jours plus tard, il apporte de l’aide matérielle et aussi un prêtre, pour célébrer la messe, confesser, marier les couples et baptiser les enfants.\n\nLes fruits commencent à apparaître. Beaucoup de familles retournent à l’Église ; des pèlerinages au Sanctuaire de Schoenstatt s'organisent ; l'adoration eucharistique est établie dans plusieurs paroisses ; des paysans bâtissent des chapelles dans les villages.\n\nDéveloppement de la Campagne \n\nAvec le temps, Jean n’arrive plus tout seul à faire les visites avec la Vierge ; alors, les Sœurs de Marie de Schoenstatt font des copies de l’image pèlerine, mais dans une taille plus petite, pour rendre plus facile son transport par des responsables, qui parcourent trente familles avec elles.\nvignette|347x347px|L'icône plus petit de la Mère Pèlerine de Schoenstatt utilisé aujourd'hui\nLe , il est ordonné diacre par Monseigneur Éric Ferrari. Le Diacre Jean Pozzobon est dès lors mis à des rudes épreuves. Au début, son travail n’est pas compris et il est souvent critiqué. Mais il reste dans l'obéissance à son évêque et au curé de sa paroisse.\n\n« Parfois, délaissé, je me demandais : Que suis-je en train de faire ? Je renonce à ce qui m’est le plus cher, loin de ma famille, seul dans ce chemin. Alors je me rendais compte : j'apporte la Mère de Dieu. Le monde a besoin d’héroïsme. Et cela me redonnait la force et le courage. »\n\nSon engagement envers les plus pauvres \n\nVers 1955, Jean fonde le « Noble Village de la Charité », où il bâtit des maisons gratuites pour les pauvres qui vivaient avec ses familles dans les rues : « Là, j’ai compris le sens de la “Via Crucis”, la détresse du Christ que nous ne pouvons qu’imaginer. Les souffrances de nos frères causées par ceux qui ne font aucun effort en se sacrifier pour l’autre. Je fais confiance en la Providence. Je n’ai jamais été un homme riche, mais je sais que Dieu ne délaisse pas ceux qui servent à son prochain. J’ai reçu un petit montant d’argent qui a rendu possible l’achat d’un lot de terres et le matériel de construction nécessaire. Des gens généreuses y ont contribué, on a mis les mains à l’œuvre et dans peu de temps les premières maisonnettes ont été bâties. »\n\nPar la suite, Pozzobon et un groupe de bénévoles ont passé à distribuer des vêtements, de la nourriture et à éduquer les gens du Village de la Charité au travail. Ils ont aussi planté des arbres fruitiers et des fleurs. Son objectif était d’aider les pauvres à conquérir sa dignité, le respect de l'être humain avec ses valeurs.\n\n« Je voudrais changer ce monde tellement dominé par le matérialisme. Apporter Jésus, apporter son message, et que tous devenaient bons et s’aimaient les uns envers les autres. Je sentais beaucoup de force et de joie, et je me mettais à la disposition de la Maman d'accepter tous les sacrifices qu'elle m'envoyait. Par amour auprès de cette sainte image, j’ai eu deux mille différents lits dans l'obscurité de la nuit, entre les lis des champs et les bois. Elle m'a toujours accompagné, dans de longues marches, en traversant les vallées et les fleuves, quand je m’asseyais au bord du chemin je lui disait : 'Maman, je n'en peux plus !'. Quand je passais par des humiliations et de dures épreuves, elle m'accompagnait toujours. Avec seulement mes forces je ne pourrais jamais accomplir tout cela. »\n\nDécès de Pozzobon et continuation de son œuvre \nvignette|436x436px|Le Pape Jean Paul II bénit l'icône pèlerin de Jean Pozzobon, en 1984\nLe , Jean offre sa vie dans le Sanctuaire pour l’épanouissement de la Campagne du Rosaire. Dans la matinée du , le Diacre Jean Pozzobon est heurté par un camion au milieu d’un épais brouillard, sur son chemin vers le Sanctuaire de Notre Dame de Schoenstatt pour assister à la messe, comme il le faisait quotidiennement.\n\nLa Campagne de la Mère Pèlerine, selon le vœu de Pozzobon, continue à s’épanouir. Elle est aujourd’hui présente dans plus de 100 pays dans le monde, dans les six continents. En effet, même dans l’Antarctique il y a une image de la Vierge de Schoenstatt, dans une station de recherche scientifique.\n\nJean Pozzobon a parcouru plus de avec l'image de la Mère Pèlerine de Schoenstatt dans ses presque 40 ans d’apostolat.\n\nDes données récentes du secrétariat de la Campagne au Brésil indiquent qu’aujourd’hui seulement dans ce pays il y a presque deux millions et demi de familles qui reçoivent l’image pèlerine de la Mère Trois fois Admirable.\n\nProcès de béatification \nSon procès de béatification a été ouvert en 1994 dans le diocèse de Santa Maria. En la phase diocésaine en a été achevée et le dossier envoyé à la Congrégation pour les causes des saints à Rome.\n\nSa phase romaine a débuté le , juste une semaine après l'arrivée des plus de 10800 documents instruisant la cause, ce qui a surpris ses postulateurs, qui s'attendaient à un délai beaucoup plus long, entre trois mois et une année, pour la réception de la cause au Vatican. Dès lors, Jean Pozzobon peut être appelé « Serviteur de Dieu ».\n\nLe quartier Diácono João Luiz Pozzobon porte son nom, dans la municipalité de Santa Maria (Rio Grande do Sul).\n\nBibliographie \nEsteban Uriburu, 140 000 km à pied avec la Vierge. Un géant de la mission. Trad. de l'espagnol par l'abbé Louis Fleury.\n\nNotes et références\n\nVoir aussi \n Mouvement de Schoenstatt ;\n Projet Mère pèlerine ;\n Père Joseph Kentenich ;\n Mater Ter Admirabilis.\n\nLiens externes \n Sur les traces de Jésus: témoignage vidéo de Jean Pozzobon;\n Site internet do projet Mère Pèlerine;\n Site officiel du Mouvement de Schoenstatt International;\n \n\nCatégorie:Diacre catholique\nCatégorie:Naissance en décembre 1904\nCatégorie:Naissance au Rio Grande do Sul\nCatégorie:Serviteur de Dieu\nCatégorie:Décès en juin 1985\nCatégorie:Décès à 80 ans\nCatégorie:Mort dans un accident de la route au Brésil", "Pierre Rainier Stefano Casiraghi, né le à Monaco, est un membre de la famille princière monégasque, second fils de la princesse Caroline de Monaco et de l'homme d'affaires italien Stefano Casiraghi, décédé lors d'un accident nautique en 1990.\n\nBiographie\n\nFamille \nPierre Casiraghi est le troisième enfant de la princesse Caroline de Monaco (devenue princesse de Hanovre par son troisième mariage), et de son deuxième mari, l'homme d'affaires italien, Stefano Casiraghi, décédé en 1990 lors d'un accident d'off-shore au large de Monaco. Il a une sœur, Charlotte Casiraghi, et un frère, Andrea Casiraghi.\n\nDu mariage de sa mère en 1999 avec le prince Ernest-Auguste de Hanovre, il a une seconde sœur, la princesse Alexandra de Hanovre (1999).\n\nvignette|Lors de la première à Venise du Diable s'habille en Prada : première rangée (de gauche à droite) Anne Hathaway, Stanley Tucci, Lisa Tucci et Meryl Streep. Valentino peut être vu derrière et entre Stanley et Lisa Tucci, et Beatrice Borromeo est partiellement visible à gauche de Stanley Tucci. |gauche\n\nMariage et descendance \nDepuis 2008, il est en couple avec Beatrice Borromeo ; le couple s'est marié civilement le à Monaco et religieusement le , sur Isola Bella, l'une des îles Borromées, en Lombardie, sur les rives du lac Majeur. Le couple a deux enfants :\n Stefano Ercole Carlo Casiraghi (né le ), prénommé en hommage au père de Pierre, Stefano Casiraghi (1960-1990).\n Francesco Carlo Albert Casiraghi (né le ).\n\nÉtudes et carrière\n\nÉtudes \nAprès le décès de son père, il part vivre avec sa mère à Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, où il est scolarisé à l'école du village. À 15 ans, après le remariage de la princesse Caroline avec Ernest-Auguste de Hanovre, la famille s'installe à Fontainebleau. Il obtient son baccalauréat avec mention assez bien. Il étudie le droit à l'université Panthéon-Assas puis déménage à Milan pour commencer un cours de premier cycle de trois ans en économie internationale et gestion à l'université Bocconi. Il y rencontre Beatrice Borromeo.\n\nOutre le français, il parle couramment l'italien, l'anglais, et connaît un peu l'allemand.\n\nIl joue du saxophone.\n\nCarrière \nEn , Pierre Casiraghi est devenu l'actionnaire majoritaire de l'entreprise de construction basée à Monaco que son père avait fondée en 1984. Son oncle Marco reste dans la position du président sur cette société, qui est Engeco SA. L'acquisition de la majorité des actions de Casiraghi de nom a été assurée par le cabinet d'avocats basé à Milan Bird & Bird.\n\nCasiraghi est le patron de Sail for a Cause (une régate dont les fonds servent à opérer à Monaco des enfants aux pathologies graves venus de pays pauvres) et le vice-président du Yacht Club de Monaco.\n\nEn 2014, il est le vainqueur de la Cape to Rio et de la Miami Gold Cup.\n\nEn 2018, il fonde l'équipe monégasque de béhourd: Grimaldi Milites.\n\nEn 2020, il acquiert le château de Beauregard dans le Var, pour la somme de 4 millions d'euros, auprès de son ancien propriétaire M. Patrick de Clarens, qui ne pouvait en assurer les frais de rénovation.\n\nHumanitaire \nEn 2007, il accompagne sa mère dans une tournée humanitaire de l'Afrique (Niger, Burundi, République démocratique du Congo, et Afrique du Sud), la princesse Caroline étant présidente de l'AMADE Mondiale.\n\nOrdre de succession au trône de Monaco \n\nBien que membre de la famille princière de Monaco, Pierre Casiraghi ne porte aucun autre titre de noblesse.\n\nAu , il est septième dans l'ordre de succession au trône de Monaco.\n\nGénéalogie\n\nArticles connexes \n Famille Grimaldi\n Famille princière de Monaco\n Familles subsistantes de la noblesse française\n Armorial des Grimaldi\n Armoiries de Monaco\n Liste des souverains de Monaco\n Ordre de succession théorique au trône de Monaco\n Constitution de Monaco\n Histoire de Monaco\n Monaco\n\nLiens externes\n\nNotes et références \n\nCatégorie:Maison Grimaldi\nCatégorie:Famille princière de Monaco\nCatégorie:Personnalité monégasque\nCatégorie:Personnalité politique monégasque\nCatégorie:Histoire de Monaco\nCatégorie:Naissance en septembre 1987\nCatégorie:Naissance à Monaco\nCatégorie:Étudiant de l'université Panthéon-Assas\nCatégorie:Étudiant de l'université Bocconi de Milan", "Le royaume lagide ou ptolémaïque (en grec ancien / ) est un royaume hellénistique situé en Égypte et dirigé par la dynastie lagide issue du général macédonien Ptolémée, fils de Lagos (d'où l'appellation « lagide »), de 323 à 30 av. J.-C. Considéré comme le plus puissant et le plus riche des royaumes hellénistiques, il établit une véritable thalassocratie en Méditerranée orientale pour atteindre son apogée sous le règne de . Son principal adversaire est le royaume séleucide contre lequel il lutte durant les guerres de Syrie. Les Lagides interviennent régulièrement dans les affaires de la Grèce afin de faire face aux ambitions des Antigonides. À partir du , le royaume est confronté à des mouvements de sédition qui entament l'autorité royale. La défaite de et de Marc Antoine face à Octave à la bataille d'Actium en 31 av. J.-C. marque la fin de la dynastie ptolémaïque et de l'Égypte pharaonique, mais aussi pour les historiens modernes de l'époque hellénistique.\n\nLe fonctionnement interne du royaume, ainsi que ses institutions politiques et économiques, sont les mieux connus de l'époque hellénistique grâce aux nombreuses trouvailles papyrologiques et archéologiques.\n\nHistoire\n\nLa formation de la royauté lagide \nvignette|Buste de , Musée du Louvre.\n\nLa dynastie lagide se place dans la continuité d'Alexandre le Grand, roi de Macédoine, qui se fait proclamer pharaon en 331 à l'issue de la conquête de l'Égypte. Alexandre s'est par ailleurs rendu dans l’oasis de Siwa où il rencontre l’oracle d'Ammon-Zeus qui le confirme comme descendant du dieu Amon. Cette sentence, conforme aux traditions égyptiennes, est très largement exploitée par la propagande du Conquérant. Il ordonne par ailleurs la construction d'Alexandrie.\n \nPtolémée, l'un des proches officiers du conquérant, est désigné satrape d'Égypte lors des accords de Babylone de 323. Incarnant les « forces centrifuges » désireuses de s'affranchir du pouvoir central, Ptolémée s'oppose immédiatement au chiliarque Perdiccas. Il s'empare de la Cyrénaïque et noue des relations avec des roitelets de Chypre. Surtout il fait exécuter Cléomène de Naucratis, l'administrateur grec de Basse-Égypte, sous le prétexte d'un enrichissement personnel, et prend possession de ses trésors. Enfin vers 322, il est censé avoir « détourné » le convoi funéraire qui doit conduire la dépouille sacrée d'Alexandre de Babylone vraisemblablement jusqu'en Macédoine. Il faut bien saisir toute la portée symbolique de ce détournement ; pour autant les historiens modernes ne s'accordent pas tous sur sa réalité, sachant que les sources antiques ne sont guère précises au sujet du lieu où doit être ensevelie la dépouille d'Alexandre. Peut-être les diadoques ont-ils tacitement convenu que celle-ci serait moins dangereuse à Memphis qu'en Macédoine ?\n\nPerdiccas réagit au début 321 en s'avançant avec l'armée royale en direction de l'Égypte. Mais la frontière orientale étant bien défendue, il échoue à faire traverser le Nil à son armée et périt assassiné par ses officiers. Par la suite, Ptolémée, en stratège prudent, prend part aux guerres des Diadoques en luttant contre Antigone le Borgne et son fils Démétrios.\n\nVers 305, Ptolémée se proclame roi (basileus) d'Égypte pour les Grecs et les Égyptiens, après la disparition de son suzerain théorique, Alexandre , et la proclamation royale des Antigonides. C'est son fils et successeur, , qui le premier aurait reçu le titre de pharaon des prêtres égyptiens. Le couronnement pharaonique n'est explicitement attesté qu'à partir de en 196 grâce à la pierre de Rosette. Pour autant il paraît probable que les Lagides aient reçu déjà avant lui les sacrements pharaoniques, comme le laisse supposer l'instauration du culte royal dans les temples égyptiens dès 260.\n\nLes caractéristiques des Lagides \nvignette|droite|Octodrachme d'or à l'effigie d' Philadelphe, sœur et épouse de .\n\nComme chez les premiers pharaons, la dynastie est marquée à partir de par les mariages consanguins (notamment entre frère et sœur), bien qu'ils ne soient pas la règle. Des unions matrimoniales sont parfois conclues avec les Séleucides, comme celle de Bérénice, fille de , avec , de Syra, fille d', avec , ou de Cléopâtre Théa, fille de et de sa sœur-épouse , avec trois rois séleucides successifs. Les crimes familiaux constituentt une sorte de règle successorale. Les rois et reines n'en portent pas moins des épithètes bienveillantes, parfois d'essence divine : « Sauveur », « Bienfaiteur », « Nouveau Dionysos » ; ou bien des hommages familiaux renvoient à d'autres parents : « Qui aime sa sœur », « Qui aime son père ». Selon la coutume ptolémaïque, une reine ne peut théoriquement régner seule ; elle est nominalement mariée à son frère cadet comme dans le cas de au début de son règne.\n\nMalgré les querelles intestines, la dynastie lagide contribue au rayonnement de l'Égypte durant l'époque hellénistique en initiant une synthèse entre la culture grecque et le monde égyptien traditionnel. En témoignent la naissance du culte syncrétique de Sérapis et le renouveau des divinités égyptiennes.\n\nLes sources contemporaines décrivent un certain nombre de membres de la dynastie lagide comme étant obèses, tandis que les sculptures et les monnaies révèlent des yeux proéminents et des cous gonflés. La maladie de Basedow pourrait expliquer le cou gonflé et la proéminence des yeux (exophtalmie), mais il est peu probable qu'elle puisse se produire dans le cas d'une obésité morbide. Compte tenu de la nature familiale de ces pathologies, les membres de la dynastie auraient probablement souffert d'une affection fibrotique multiorganique telle que la maladie de Erdheim-Chester ou une fibrosclérose multifocale familiale où la thyroïdite, l'obésité et l'exophtalmie se déclarent simultanément.\n\nL'empire lagide au \nvignette|redresse=2|\n\nAutres Diadoques\n\nAutres\n\n et ses successeurs immédiats reprennent à leur compte la politique des pharaons égyptiens qui consiste à former un « glacis protecteur » autour de la vallée du Nil : ils établissent leur domination sur le littoral d'Asie Mineure (Ionie, Carie, Lycie, Pamphylie, etc.), sur la Cyrénaïque, sur la Syrie-Phénicie (future Cœlé-Syrie) et enfin sur Chypre.\n\nDans la première partie du règne de , les Antigonides sont le principal adversaire dans le contexte des guerres des Diadoques. En 312, il remporte la bataille de Gaza contre Démétrios ; mais cette victoire ne suffit pas pour occuper la Syrie. Il faut attendre la bataille d'Ipsos (301), à laquelle Ptolémée n'a pas participé, pour que la Syrie devienne lagide. Chypre, base de la puissance navale des Ptolémées, est l'objet d'une lutte intense avec les Antigonides, ces derniers parvenant à la mettre sous tutelle entre 306 et 294.\n\nLa dynastie lutte ensuite contre les Séleucides au travers les six guerres de Syrie (274 à 168) pour la domination de la Syrie-Phénicie (ou Cœlé-Syrie). L'empire lagide connait son apogée sous , vainqueur des Séleucides à l'issue de la troisième guerre de Syrie (246 à 241). En 217, durant une quatrième guerre, le jeune défait à la bataille de Raphia ; mais en 195, parvient à prendre possession de la Cœlé-Syrie. Enfin, remporte la sixième guerre de Syrie (170-168) ; il s'empare de Péluse, de Chypre et assiège même Alexandrie ; en dépit de ces défaites égyptiennes, la dynastie lagide est sauvée par une intervention romaine. \n\nÀ la fin du , le royaume connait de graves troubles intérieurs, conséquence notamment d'une hausse de la fiscalité servant à financer l'armée. De plus, le pouvoir royal commence à s'« égyptianiser » : pour la première fois, un souverain de la dynastie lagide reçoit les honneurs égyptiens complets, ce qui devient la norme et est transmis aux autres pharaons. Une stèle commémorant la victoire de Raphia donne en effet à la titulature pharaonique complète (et traduite en grec).\n\nLes Lagides s'engagent, dans une moindre mesure, contre les Antigonides de Macédoine afin de limiter leur influence en Grèce et surtout de réduire leur force navale qui se développe avec Antigone Gonatas. apporte, en vain, un soutien militaire à Athènes et Sparte durant la guerre chrémonidéenne (268-262). Cet échec pousse désormais les Lagides à privilégier la voie diplomatique : ils apportent une aide financière aux adversaires des Macédoniens, comme la Ligue achéenne, la Ligue étolienne ou Sparte sous le règne de . Les rapports avec Athènes sont étroits, la cité se voyant garantir sa neutralité entre 229 et 200. Les Ptolémées reçoivent ainsi de grands honneurs avec l'instauration d'un culte royal, de la tribu de Ptolémaïs et du dème de Bérénicidai.\n\nLa thalassocratie lagide \nLes premiers souverains lagides manifestent l'ambition d'établir une thalassocratie en Méditerranée orientale et en mer Rouge grâce à une flotte puissante, leurs navires étant alors les plus gros jamais construits. La possession de bases navales en Syrie-Phénicie (future Cœlé-Syrie) et à Chypre leur assurent la maîtrise des mers. L’Égypte étant dépourvue de bois, il est aussi indispensable pour eux de contrôler la Syrie-Phénicie, riches en ressources forestières. Grâce à leurs protectorats sur le littoral méridional d'Asie Mineure et dans les Cyclades, dont la Ligue des Nésiotes (ou confédération des Insulaires) sous leur tutelle jusque vers 250, ils peuvent contrôler les voies maritimes vers la mer Égée et protéger leurs exportations de blé vers la Grèce. Les principales bases navales égéennes sont Itanos en Crète, Théra dans les Cyclades, Méthana dans le Péloponnèse, Maronée et Ainos en Thrace. Les trois premières sont réunies au sein d'une même région militaire ; les bases de Thrace doivent permettre le contrôle des détroits hellespontiques, voire de se rapprocher de l'aire d'influence des Antigonides.\n\nL'occupation des Cyclades s'effectue au début du aux dépens de Démétrios Poliorcète lui-même, plus qu'elle ne semble dirigée contre le royaume de Macédoine dont les Lagides auraient cherché à réduire l'influence. Certes, les Cyclades servent de bases pour des interventions en Grèce, comme celle qui vise à libérer Athènes du Poliorcète en 286. Mais il convient de noter que les Lagides n'ont jamais véritablement usé de toutes leurs forces pour lutter contre les Macédoniens, que ce soit durant la guerre chrémonidéenne contre Antigone Gonatas qui voit la défaite des Lagides à Cos contre la flotte antigonide, ou plus encore durant la guerre cléomènique qui voit l'abandon de Sparte par les Lagides en 223. La réduction de la menace maritime macédonienne reste la priorité des Lagides, davantage que la lutte contre les Antigonides en Grèce continentale. intervient dans la guerre chrémonidéenne (née d'une coalition entre Athènes et Sparte) dès lors qu'Antigone constitue une flotte assez importante pour mettre en danger la suprématie maritime de l’Égypte.\n\nLe dessein des premiers Lagides semble bien avoir été d'empêcher la formation d'un « empire » entre l'Europe et l'Asie. La disparition rapprochée de Démétrios , Lysimaque et fait disparaître pour un temps cette menace. Après , la politique extérieure se tourne vers l'Orient séleucide, marquant une baisse d'intérêt pour les affaires d'Europe, comme le prouve la perte des possessions égéennes, dont Délos, après la guerre chrémonidéenne.\n\nLe contrôle des bases navales de Syrie-Phénicie (dont Tripoli, Béryte, Tyr et Sidon) est l'un des motifs des luttes incessantes contre les Séleucides durant les six guerres de Syrie. Sous , les Lagides contrôlent même Séleucie de Piérie, le port d'Antioche. À la même époque, ils prennent pieds en Thrace où sont installées des garnisons à Maronée et Ainos. Ils s'allient aussi avec Byzance contre , ce qui leur offre la possibilité d'opérer en mer Noire et d'entrer en relation avec le royaume du Bosphore. Avec la perte de la Cœlé-Syrie au début du , Chypre devient la principale base navale lagide en Méditerranée orientale.\n\nL'évolution politique du au \n\nLe royaume lagide connait un affaiblissement intérieur à partir du règne de (221-204), avec pour principales crises : \n La sédition de la Haute-Égypte (ou Thébaïde) jusque 186 sous les règnes d'Hérouennéfer et d'Ânkhmakis (ou Ânkhouennéfer).\n Les tensions sociales liées à une hausse de la fiscalité ;\n La crise monétaire du fait d'un ralentissement des échanges commerciaux ;\n Les usurpations et querelles successorales à partir de , les rois légitimes étant mineurs ;\n Les conflits dynastiques entre et son frère et leurs épouses respectives, et ;\n Le legs de la Cyrénaïque aux Romains par , la région devenant province romaine en 74.\n\nPar ailleurs, l'empire lagide est confronté à de nombreuses difficultés du fait d'une impossibilité à faire face aux ambitions des autres puissances : \n est vaincu par à l'issue de la cinquième guerre de Syrie (202-195), entrainant la perte de la Cœlé-Syrie et des possessions du littoral d'Asie Mineure ;\n Sous , Philippe de Macédoine prend possession de la Thrace, les protectorats de la mer Égée étant également perdus ;\n Sous et son co-régent , le royaume manque d'être occupé par à l'issue de la sixième guerre de Syrie ; mais les Lagides sont sauvés par l'intervention des Romains qui lancent un ultimatum au souverain séleucide ;\n À la fin du règne de vers 145, Théra et Itanos (en Crète) sont perdus ;\n Sous , en 59, Chypre devient province romaine.\n\nLa mise sous tutelle romaine du royaume \n250px|vignette|droite|Monnaie à l'effigie de et Marc Antoine.\n\n lègue le royaume aux Romains à sa mort en 88 ; mais le Sénat refuse ce legs de peur de voir l’État romain déstabilisé dans le contexte de la guerre civile entre Marius et Sylla. Devenu un protectorat romain, le royaume lagide évite l'annexion, corrompant des hommes politiques romains, dont Jules César ; il ne peut cependant pas empêcher la conquête de Chypre par Rome. Victime d'une révolte des Alexandrins, il se réfugie à Rome puis est rétabli au pouvoir en 55.\n\n, reine entre 51 et 30, tente de redresser le royaume en profitant de la guerre civile entre Jules César et Pompée. Elle accède au trône grâce à César aux dépens de son frère-époux ; à son départ César lui laisse trois légions et un fils, . À la suite du partage des possessions romaines, Marc Antoine s'installe en Égypte et devient l'amant de Cléopâtre ; de cette union naissent trois enfants, bientôt dotés de territoires en Cyrénaïque, en Arménie et Asie Mineure, prélude à une nouvelle forme de domination romaine en Orient. Cette politique entraîne la réaction d'Octave, victorieux à la Actium en 31. Octave entre à Alexandrie en août 30 et prend possession du royaume après le suicide de Cléopâtre et Marc Antoine. \n\nL'Égypte devient une province romaine au sein de l'Empire romain (27 à 395 de notre ère) et son principal grenier à blé. Cette province est placée sous la domination de l'empereur qui se fait reconnaître comme roi. Il est représenté par un Préfet d'Égypte qui siège à Alexandrie.\n\nRois et reines de la dynastie lagide\n\nInstitutions et administration du royaume \nvignette|Buste de Philadelphe, Brooklyn Museum.\n\nL'organisation du pouvoir \nÀ l'image des royautés antigonide et séleucide, les souverains lagides s'entourent d'Amis (ou Philoi), la plupart étant Gréco-Macédoniens bien qu'on y trouve aussi des autochtones. C'est parmi cette cour de fidèles le roi (ou la reine) choisit ses ministres et conseillers : \n Le diœcète, chargé des finances et de la gestion des revenus royaux ;\n L'archidicaste, chargé de rendre la justice ;\n L'hypomnématographe, chargé de rédiger les décrets royaux ;\nPar ailleurs les Lagides s'efforcent d'entretenir des liens privilégiés avec les élites égyptiennes, dont les Grands prêtres de Ptah qu'ils nomment en tant que pharaon.\n\nLa hiérarchie à la cour \n\nDès le début de la dynastie, les souverains s'entourent d'une cour composée aussi bien d'officiers que de savants ou de médecins. Mais c'est dans la première décennie du règne de Épiphane qu'apparaissent les titres, classés dans un système rigoureusement hiérarchisé de rangs. Six niveaux ont été mis en place, exposés par ordre décroissant :\n parent (du roi) ;\n ordre des premiers amis ;\n chef des gardes du corps ;\n ordre des amis ;\n ordre des successeurs (de la « réserve de recrutement ») ;\n ordre des gardes du corps.\nEntre les règnes de Philométor et de Évergète , ce système s'enrichit de deux nouveaux titres :\n rang équivalent à parent ;\n rang équivalent aux premiers amis, s'intercalant respectivement entre le premier et le deuxième, et le deuxième et le troisième.\n\nBien que la hiérarchie soit désormais définitivement fixée, les titres ne semblent pas pour autant fonctionner à l'identique au cours des règnes suivants. « Successeurs » ou « chef des gardes du corps » tendent à disparaître. En fait, seuls les titres de « parent », de « rang équivalent à parent » et de « premier ami » semblent se maintenir.\n\nL'administration du royaume \nvignette| en tenue de pharaon, entre les déesses Ouadjet symbolisant la Basse-Égypte (à gauche), et Nekhbet symbolisant la Haute-Égypte (à droite). Bas-relief du temple d'Horus à Edfou.\n\nFidèles à l'organisation de l'époque pharaonique, les Lagides ont divisé leur royaume en quarante-deux circonscriptions administratives, fiscales et judiciaires, les nomes. Chaque nome, qui comporte une métropole, est subdivisé en plusieurs districts ou toparchies (dirigés par un toparque), eux-mêmes formés de villages ou comè (dirigés par un comarque).\n\nLa direction des nomes est à l'origine confiée à un nomarque ; mais ses attributions passent à partir du aux mains d'un stratège, recruté parmi les colons gréco-macédoniens. Gouverneur militaire sous les premiers Ptolémées, le stratège assume par la suite des tâches purement civiles, la gestion fiscale du nome devenant sa principale attribution. Dans une Égypte bureaucratisée jusqu'à l’excès, ces fonctionnaires ont à leur service tout un personnel hiérarchisé de percepteurs, de comptables et de secrétaires. Le nomarque ou le stratège sont en effet assistés d'un économe, d'un scribe royal (ou basilicogrammate) chargé surtout de la tenue du cadastre. Les villages restent l'unité de base de l'Égypte lagide. Le comarque est lui aussi assisté par un secrétaire (commogrammate), la plupart du temps bilingue et recruté par les autochtones.\n\nLes possessions extérieures de Cyrénaïque, Chypre et Syrie-Phénicie sont placées sous contrôle direct des Lagides (en mer Égée cette tutelle est plus lâche) par l'intermédiaire de stratèges, responsables de l'administration civile et militaire. Ils sont assistés par un économe et un chef de garnison (ou phrourarque). Certaines cités, bien qu'elles conservent les propres institutions, sont contrôlées par un officier royal (ou épi tes poleos). Afin de mieux encadrer le territoire, les Lagides ont par ailleurs fondées (ou refondées) des colonies en Syrie-Phénicie (Hippos, Philotera, Scythopolis, Sichem, Philadelphie) et à Chypre (Arsinoé). Enfin, la Syrie-Phénicie est spécifiquement divisée en districts administrés par un gouverneur (ou hyparque).\n\nL'armée des Lagides \n300px|vignette|Mosaïque de la fin du représentant des soldats de l'armée lagide\n\nGrâce à leurs revenus, les Lagides peuvent entretenir une armée considérable. Des garnisons tiennent les places stratégiques du royaume : Péluse (le verrou du delta du Nil), Alexandrie (la remuante capitale), Hermoupolis Magna sur le Nil et Éléphantine en Haute-Égypte, sans compter les nombreuses garnisons dans les possessions extérieures de Cœlé-Syrie, de Chypre, d'Anatolie et de Thrace. \n\nAu début de la dynastie, l'armée est essentiellement constituée de colons (ou clérouques) gréco-macédoniens qui forment une réserve opérationnelle et de mercenaires engagés à long terme, dont des thuréophores grecs et thraces, des cavaliers thessaliens, des archers crétois, puis des Galates dès le milieu du Les contingents de la Garde royale (ou agèma), à pied et à cheval, forment une force permanente de quelques milliers d'hommes, effectif moins nombreux que dans l'armée séleucide. À partir de le recrutement commence à s'ouvrir aux Égyptiens autochtones. \n\nLa formation de l'armée à la fin du est connue grâce au récit fait par Polybe de la bataille de Raphia. Conformément aux principes de l'armée macédonienne érigés par Philippe et Alexandre, la force principale réside dans la phalange de sarissophores, les Égyptiens indigènes étant armés et entraînés « à la macédonienne » (on en compte près de à Raphia). La cavalerie lourde, équipée comme les Compagnons, joue aussi un grand rôle tactique, mais l'armée ne compte pas de cataphractaires comme chez les Séleucides. L'armée compte aussi des contingents d'éléphants de guerre en provenance de Nubie (il s'agit d'éléphants de forêt et non d'éléphants de savane) ; mais ces derniers n'ont pas eu d'impact décisif sur le champ de bataille, en tout cas à Raphia et à Panion. À partir de la fin du , la phalange perd sa prédominance, les Lagides faisant de plus en plus appel à des mercenaires équipés en thuréophores ou en thorakitai. Certains historiens pensent que cette réforme s'opère dans le cadre d'une romanisation de l'armée.\n\nLe système des clérouquies \n\nLes Ptolémées ont adapté dans leur royaume le système de la clérouquie, sur le modèle athénien, afin de résoudre le problème de l'entretien d'une armée permanente. À l'origine, les clérouques sont des colons gréco-macédoniens, mais cette limitation tombe à la fin du en raison des difficultés de recrutement : des Égyptiens et des Juifs sont aussi recrutés.\n\nLa terre clérouchique constitue ainsi la partie des terres du royaume aliénée sous forme de tenure concédée aux soldats en échange de leurs services. La taille des lots (klèroi) concédés varie considérablement selon le grade du soldat, mais aussi selon l'unité dans laquelle il sert. Les clérouques sont répartis entre des villages indigènes et logent chez l'habitant, mais ne cultivent pas pour autant leur lot, dont ils se contentent de percevoir le revenu. Certains clérouques habitent la métropole du nome et louent leur terre à des paysans égyptiens ou à d'autres Gréco-Macédoniens. En théorie, la tenure n'est pas héréditaire et le lot doit retourner au domaine royal à la mort de son titulaire. Mais en réalité, c'est bien un système héréditaire, pour le service militaire comme pour la tenure clérouchique, qui se met en place.\n\nLes plus importantes régions de clérouquies sont l'oasis du Fayoum, la Moyenne-Égypte et la Thébaïde. Il existe par ailleurs des clérouquies en Syrie-Phénicie autour de Philadelphie.\n\nLes fondations et constructions monumentales \nvignette|250px|Représentation du phare d'Alexandrie par l'archéologue H. Thiersch (1909).\n\nLes Ptolémées sont à l'origine de nombreuses fondations urbaines, dont la plus remarquable est celle de Ptolémaïs en Thébaïde décidée par . D'autres cités ont été fondées ou refondées en Égypte et dans les possessions extérieures et portent souvent des noms liés à la dynastie (Ptolémaïs, Arsinoé, Béréniké, etc.). Alexandrie, dont la fondation a été planifiée par Alexandre le Grand, serait quant à elle le nouveau centre du monde grec.\n\nLes Ptolémées ont par ailleurs ordonné des constructions monumentales qui participent à la gloire de leur dynastie :\n le phare d'Alexandrie (), l'une des Sept Merveilles du monde ;\n la bibliothèque d'Alexandrie ;\n le temple d'Horus à Edfou ;\n le temple d'Isis à Philæ ;\n le temple d'Isis à Behbeit el-Hagara (, ) ;\n le Sérapéum d'Alexandrie () ;\n le temple de Montou à Médamoud (, , , y sont attestés) ;\n la reconstruction totale du temple d'Hathor à Dendérah ( et Césarion) ;\n le temple de Sobek et Haroëris à Kôm Ombo.\n\nÉconomie et système monétaire \n250px|vignette|L'Égypte lagide du au\n\nLa puissance commerciale du royaume lagide \n\nL'économie du royaume parait avoir été florissante grâce à d'immenses ressources naturelles ; elle est placée sous la responsabilité d'un ministre des finances, le diœcète. L'Égypte exporte vers le monde égéen et romain : le blé de la vallée du Nil et de Cyrénaïque, le bois de Cœlé-Syrie (jusqu'à sa perte en 198, le cuivre de Chypre, l'or de Haute-Égypte, le papyrus, le lin, l'alun, le natron, des faïences, des parfums, etc. L’Égypte importe : le vin, l'huile d'olive, des produis artisanaux du monde égéen. Le royaume est aussi la plaque tournante du commerce entre les mondes arabe et indien et la Méditerranée orientale. L'encens et les aromates sont acheminés en caravane vers les ports phéniciens et de la mer Rouge. Certains produits sont des monopoles royaux. La production et la commercialisation de l'huile sont ainsi placées sous administration royale. Les importations sont compensées par les exportations, sachant que les échanges se font la plupart du temps en nature.\n\nLes enjeux commerciaux peuvent en partie expliquer la politique d'expansion des Lagides. L'expansion vers le monde égéen (grâce notamment à la ligue des Nésiotes) aurait permis de conquérir de nouveaux marchés et de nouveaux clients et d'importer des produits de valeur qui n'existent pas en Égypte (fer, cuivre, bois et poix). Cette expansion commerciale aurait aussi aiguisé la concurrence avec les Séleucides, entre autres, autour de la possession de la Cœlé-Syrie, carrefour des échanges vers les tribus arabes et le monde indien, pourvoyeurs de pierres précieuses, d'or, de perles, d'ivoire, d'épices et d'aromates. Les Lagides se tournent aussi vers la mer Rouge qui leur donne accès à l'Afrique orientale et à l'océan Indien. fait rouvrir le canal entre le Nil et la mer Rouge tandis que de nombreux comptoirs commerciaux sont implantés sur le littoral africain et arabique. La route maritime n'est pas la seule, une route caravanière part de Gerrha (face à l'actuelle Barhein), traverse le pays des Nabatéens et arrive en Égypte par le Sinaï et les ports de Phénicie.\n\nLes Lagides entretiennent par ailleurs des relations commerciales avec Carthage à partir du règne de (facilitées par l'adoption d'un étalon monétaire phénicien. À la même époque, une expédition est menée en Nubie alors sous tutelle du royaume de Méroé, cette région étant capitale pour ses ressources minières (dont l'or) et ses éléphants de guerre ; plusieurs comptoirs commerciaux y sont fondés.\n\nLa sécurité des mers devient une priorité pour les Lagides, expliquant leur collaboration étroite depuis avec Rhodes, où transitent une part importante des produits égyptiens. Les Lagides et Rhodiens luttent donc particulièrement contre les pirates crétois. Cette collaboration cesse un temps durant la deuxième guerre de Syrie.\n\nLe système monétaire et financier \n\nvignette|Tétradrachme à l'effigie de .\n\nLa monnaie royale, surévaluée, est la seule acceptée dans l'espace économique lagide, obligeant les marchands étrangers à pratiquer le change au bénéfice du trésor royal. Cette monnaie n'aurait en effet pas été destinée à sortir du royaume (à part dans certains territoires soumis diplomatiquement aux Lagides ou occupés militairement) ; elle intervient en premier lieu comme monnaie de compte pour les marchands étrangers qui doivent échanger leurs monnaies contre la « belle et neuve » monnaie ptolémaïque, sachant que le royaume est largement bénéficiaire en termes de balance commerciale. L’Égypte étant dépourvue de tradition monétaire, c'est qui établit un nouvel étalon, d'abord basé sur le système rhodien et ensuite sur le système phénicien déjà en cours à Cyrène. Il s'agit aussi pour le souverain de trouver le meilleur instrument d'échange avec l'extérieur et de trouver un cohérence financière dans un espace disparate s'étalant de l'Afrique punique à la Phénicie, Chypre et au monde égéen. Ainsi la drachme d'or est fixé à , sous la forme de pentadrachmes d'or de , puis à partir de , d'octodrachmes d'or de . Pour les échanges intérieurs, les pièces en cuivre sont en cours. Les banques se multiplient, qu'elles soient d'État, affermées ou même privées. Elles ont recours au crédit et aux ordres de paiement. Les ateliers monétaires sont nombreux : il en existe à Alexandrie, à Cyrène, à Chypre et en Phénicie. \n\nCette politique visant à maximiser les exportations pour attirer le métal précieux (qui est fondu et re-frappé) et dans le même temps d'empêcher la sortie de la monnaie royale, fait dire à certains historiens modernes que les Ptolémées pratiquent, avant l'heure, le « mercantilisme ». Reste alors à savoir dans quelle mesure ce « mercantilisme », qui permet de financer les dépenses militaires et diplomatiques, est la finalité de la politique extérieure lagide.\n\nLes revenus annuels de la royauté s'élèvent à la somme considérable de . Ils proviennent de la location de la terre royale à des paysans, des impôts sur la terre et sur les personnes, héritages de la fiscalité de l'époque pharaonique, et des impôts sur les activités économiques à hauteur de 50 % des richesses produites. Les prélèvements s'effectuent, la plupart du temps, en nature par des « fermiers généraux » qui en retour paient l’État en argent. Cette manne permet aux Lagides de financer leur armée (dont la flotte de guerre), les dépenses somptuaires de la cour, les constructions publiques et l'évergétisme. Cette pression fiscale génère de fortes tensions et des révoltes d'Égyptiens autochtones à partir de la fin du et du règne de .\n\nLe cas de l'oasis du Fayoum \n\nGrâce aux nombreuses archives papyrologiques de Zénon de Caunos, intendant d'Apollonios, diœcète de , l'administration de l'oasis du Fayoum (dans le nome Arsinoïte, ancien nome inférieur du Laurier rose autour de Crocodilopolis) est particulièrement connue. Elle démontre la politique des Lagides visant à mettre en valeur la chôra et à accroître la production agricole. Zénon a en effet été désigné intendant d'un domaine (ou dôréa) de afin de mettre en place un réseau d'irrigation relié au Nil. Le domaine est concédé, sous forme d'affermage, à des particuliers ou à des clérouques qui ne sont pas libres de choisir les cultures. L'oasis est devenue de cette façon un grand centre de peuplement, avec près d'une centaine de villages ou de petites villes.\n\nSociété et culture \n250px|vignette|Composition érotique de l'époque lagide, Brooklyn Museum.\n\nUne société multiculturelle \n\nL'usage de la langue grecque s'est imposée d'emblée dans le royaume lagide ; mais la question de la pénétration du mode de vie hellénique et des influences égyptiennes, dont la civilisation s'avère prestigieuse même aux yeux des Grecs, peut se poser. L'adoption du culte syncrétique de Sérapis, dès le règne de , témoigne d'une volonté d'helléniser une divinité égyptienne plutôt que d'imposer un culte grec. Pour autant les Égyptiens ne semblent pas avoir été sensibles à l'attrait du mode de vie des Hellènes. Certes, les élites autochtones, principalement sacerdotales, outre l’apprentissage de la langue, prennent le plus souvent un nom grec et s'imprègnent des pratiques grecques de gouvernement. Elles participent parfois aux cultes grecs, à celui des souverains tout du moins. Mais la masse de la population reste hermétique à la religion et à la culture hellénique. Les Lagides respectent les privilèges des temples et les cultes autochtones et deviennent ainsi, aux yeux de leurs sujets, des souverains ayant adopté le modèle pharaonique de la monarchie. En fait, il semble que nombre de Grecs vivant en Égypte adoptent certains cultes égyptiens, certaines pratiques funéraires. \n\nLes mariages mixtes ne sont pas un phénomène exceptionnel (excepté au sein de dynastie royale) et nombre de personnes portent un double nom, égyptien et grec. Dans un pays où l’identité ethnique est complexe à établir, et se trouve souvent déterminée par la langue, la double culture est assez répandue, en tout cas à l'intérieur des classes dirigeantes. Le cas de Dionysios Petosarapis, « Ami du roi » en révolte contre , est significatif en cela qu'il porte un double nom grec (Dionysios) et un nom égyptien (Petosarapis), l'un étant la traduction de l'autre, laissant supposer qu'il est issu d'une union mixte. Un officier d'Edfou, au , est par exemple connu sous le nom d'Apollonios dans les textes grecs et sous celui de Pashou sur les stèles hiéroglyphiques.\n\nLes tribunaux de droit égyptien et de droit grec cohabitent, l'appel à l'un ou l'autre ne se faisant qu'en fonction de la langue du contrat litigieux (commercial, matrimonial, etc.). De façon générale, l’identité résulte surtout de la façon dont un individu se comporte, de ses pratiques religieuses, politiques, culturelles ainsi que de la manière dont il est perçu : est Grec celui qui est considéré ainsi par les Grecs. Les Juifs d’Égypte, qui parlent le grec, sont par exemple assimilés aux Hellènes.\n\nLes crises sociales aux \n\nvignette|Statuette en bronze du représentant un bossu, esclave ou paysan, Walters Art Museum.\n\nÀ partir de la fin du et du règne de , considéré déjà par Polybe comme annonciateur du déclin politique des Lagides, le royaume est confronté à intervalles régulières à des crises sociales et à des révoltes. Mais cette période voit également une recomposition amenant à une société dynamique et multiculturelle.\n\nLa pression fiscale des premiers souverains, tant pour les prélèvements réguliers que pour les contributions extraordinaires, suscitent des tensions dans les campagnes où les habitants subissent l'autorité des fonctionnaires royaux. Les souverains lagides ont tenté en vain d'y remédier en accordant des amnisties. Dès lors les paysans indigènes, appauvris, préfèrent quitter les campagnes, voire rejoindre des bandes de pillards, c'est le phénomène de l'anachorèse, déjà connu du temps des premiers pharaons. En outre, la pratique de l'affermage entraîne bien souvent des abus de la part des fermiers qui veulent récupérer au maximum leur investissement. Cette pression est d'autant moins bien supportée par la population qu'elle se double d'un problème d'identité opposant la minorité grecque dominante à la masse de la population autochtone. À partir de , la pression fiscale s'alourdit plus encore, entraînant une paupérisation des campagnes et renforçant les motifs de désertion, non seulement de la part des paysans mais aussi d'autres types de travailleurs. L'exode rural engendre des conséquences économiques à l'échelle du royaume, chaque paysan en fuite représentant un manque à gagner pour l'État. La fin de la dynastie lagides est marquée par la récurrence de ces révoltes, comme sous le second règne de .\n\nLe pouvoir n'est jamais parvenu à réellement enrayer ce phénomène. Tiraillés entre prélever un maximum de ressources sur le pays ou le gouverner avec prévoyance, les Lagides ont eu plus souvent tendance à privilégier la première solution, adoptant des mesures autoritaires. La situation a empiré quand les villages sont devenus responsables vis-à-vis de l'État de la rentrée des fermages. En 107, le serment de Tebtynis impose aux paysans égyptiens de rester sur leur terre et de rendre des comptes à l'État.\n\nPeuplée de colons grecs (surtout), d'autochtones indigènes, de Juifs et d'étrangers de toutes origines servant souvent comme mercenaires, Alexandrie est une cité cosmopolite propice à la rébellion. La population alexandrine s'est plusieurs fois révoltée dans le contexte de querelles successorales ou contre la politique des rois : est chassé par une émeute, instiguée par sa sœur-épouse , durant laquelle le feu est mis en partie au palais royal ; subit une révolte après avoir pillé le tombeau d'Alexandre le Grand ; est chassé un temps du pouvoir par la foule en colère car jugé trop passif face aux Romains. Mais la plupart de ces insurrections sont causées par les problèmes d'approvisionnement au sein d'une « mégapole » dont la population est estimée à environ un demi-million d'habitants. \n\nLa sécheresse ou l'insuffisance de la crue du Nil peuvent amener une hausse des prix et des problèmes d'approvisionnement auxquels tentent de remédier le pouvoir en achetant du blé, comme c'est le cas pour qui se fournit à Chypre et en Syrie-Phénicie.\n\nLa question du culte royal \n200px|vignette|Stèle représentant , vêtue en pharaon, faisant des offrandes à Isis, 51 av. J.-C., Musée du Louvre.\n\nLes souverains lagides, en tant que pharaons, au moins depuis la supposée proclamation de Philadelphe, bénéficient d'un culte divin délivré dans les temples égyptiens qui confère une dimension sacrée au pouvoir royal ; mais ce culte, à usage interne au royaume, est d'abord orienté vers les autochtones afin de renforcer leur obéissance. Ce culte est attesté par la pierre de Rosette sur laquelle est gravé un décret sacerdotal, édicté par des prêtres de Memphis, qui établit le culte divin de . Par ailleurs, les Lagides construisent et restaurent de nombreux temples égyptiens.\n\nEn plus de cette tradition égyptienne, les souverains peuvent recevoir des épithètes grecs à connotation cultuelle, tels Sôter (« Sauveur ») ou Évergète (« Bienfaiteur »), qui peuvent elles s'appliquer dans les relations extérieures, avec notamment les cités grecques. C'est ainsi que a reçu des Rhodiens en 304 l'épiclèse cultuelle de Sôter, après avoir aidé la cité à résister au siège entrepris par Démétrios Poliorcète, et qu'il a été honoré comme un dieu ; cet honneur est aussi délivré par la Ligue des Nésiotes. \n\nPremière étape vers la divinisation des souverains lagides, a divinisé ses parents, et qui constituent les « Dieux Sauveurs » (Theoi Sôtères). Ce culte, rattaché à celui d'Alexandre le Grand, est purement grec à l'origine ; il vise d'abord à consolider la dynastie et à recueillir la piété des sujets grecs du royaume. , la sœur-épouse de , est l'objet d'un culte spécifique au titre de Philadelphos (« Qui aime son frère ») qui s'est répandu après sa mort jusque dans les possessions extérieures à l'Égypte (dont Chypre). exige qu'Arsinoé soit l'objet d'un culte dans les sanctuaires égyptiens au titre de Synnaos Theos (« Divinité qui partage le temple »). Étant désormais le veuf d'une déesse, il devient naturel qu'il devienne lui-même un dieu ; il forme dès lors avec sa sœur-épouse la dyade des Theoi Adelphoi (« Dieux Frères »). À partir des années 250, les souverains lagides sont l'objet d'un culte dynastique dispensé dans les temples égyptiens\n\nÀ l'image d'autres souverains du début de l'époque hellénistique, tels Antigone le Borgne et son fils Démétrios Poliorcète, les Lagides utilisent le culte royal grec à des fins politiques. L'exemple le plus significatif est l'instauration en 280 du concours isolympique des Ptolemaia par , après la mort de son père, qui se tient tous les quatre ans. Des invitations sont lancées à toutes les cités grecques. Les vainqueurs des épreuves sportives ou artistiques doivent recevoir les mêmes honneurs que ceux des Jeux olympiques. Cette panégyrie sert les desseins politiques des Lagides en étant l'occasion de processions somptueuses et d'une intense propagande, faisant d'Alexandrie le nouveau centre du monde grec. Callixène a fait une description saisissante, connue par Athénée, de la troisième Ptolemaia, encore plus éclatante car vient de remporter, pas complètement, la première guerre de Syrie.\n\nLe culte royal ne semble pas avoir été organisé de manière centralisée. À titre de comparaison, les Séleucides organisent le culte royal dans leur empire à partir d' à la fin du Les honneurs cultuels procèdent d'abord d'initiatives locales, réalisées dans le but de se faire apprécier du pouvoir, qu'ils s'agisse de fondations d'une communauté ou de dédicaces de particuliers. Quant aux États grecs (tels Rhodes, Byzance ou Athènes), ils ne rendent un culte à certains Ptolémées que lorsque la nécessité de témoigner leur reconnaissance se fait jour.\n\nLa création par syncrétisme de la divinité Sérapis, qui rassemble des traits du dieu-taureau Apis, d'Osiris, de Zeus, d'Hadès, d'Asclépios (notamment), répond à la nécessité pour d'helléniser un culte égyptien. Apparu à Memphis au Sérapéum de Saqqarah, ce culte est ensuite transféré au Sérapéum d'Alexandrie dans le quartier égyptien de Rakhotis, probablement par . La religion sérapienne (fondée en partie sur la croyance dans le Salut) connaît une expansion considérable hors d'Égypte, en Grèce (à Délos par exemple) et en Asie Mineure, alors qu'elle parait absente des territoires lagides comme la Cyrénaïque (avant l'époque impériale). Constatation qui fait dire que le culte de Sérapis n'a pas été l'objet d'une propagande organisée par la royauté mais qu'il s'est développé de manière spontanée grâce aux marchands et aux soldats grecs, ayant vécu en Égypte, de retour dans leurs cités.\n\nCartouche des Ptolémées\n\nNotes et références\n\nNotes\n\nRéférences\n\nAnnexes\n\nSources antiques \n\n \n \n \n ,\n\nBibliographie \n\n Ouvrages généraux sur l’Égypte antique\n\n \n \n\n Ouvrages généraux sur la période\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n \n \n \n\n Alexandrie\n \n \n \n\n Article thématique\n\nArticles connexes \n Dynastie lagide\n Époque hellénistique\n Généalogie des Lagides\n Guerres des Diadoques\n Guerres de Syrie\n Histoire d'Alexandrie à l'époque hellénistique\n Papyrus de Cléopâtre\n\nLiens externes \n\n Ptolemaica : une bibliographie sur l'Égypte lagide par Christophe Hugot - Les bibliographies de la BSA\n Les Nocturnes du Plan de Rome - Des palais des Ptolémées aux maisons de l'élite : les mosaïques d'Alexandrie (03 février 16)\n Notices biographiques et titulatures royales\n Notices biographiques\n Chronologie complète des Ptolémées \n Cartes interactives d’Égypte et d'Alexandrie\n\n \nCatégorie:Index égyptologique\nCatégorie:Ancien royaume d'Afrique\nCatégorie:Ancien pays grec", "Pierre-Joseph Vialètes de Mortarieu, né à Montauban le et mort dans la même ville le , est un homme politique et administrateur français.\n\nIl est le fils de Paul-Élie de Vialettes d'Aignan.\n\nBiographie \nAu début de la Révolution, après la création d'une garde nationale à Montauban en 1790, il est nommé capitaine et délégué pour représenter la ville à la fête de la Fédération, le . Les troubles qui vont suivre vont le forcer à rester à Paris jusqu'à la fin de la Terreur. Il est alors introduit dans les cercles parisiens. Il se marie le avec sa cousine, Agathe Joséphine de Cohorn-Lapelun, fille du comte de Lapelun et de madame de Barras. Il retourne à Montauban après le coup d'État du 18 brumaire an VIII (). Il s'est alors rallié à Bonaparte.\n\nMontauban, ancien siège de la généralité de Montauban et troisième ville du Sud-Ouest par l'importance de sa population, n'est plus, après la création des départements par l'Assemblée constituante le , qu'un chef-lieu de district du département du Lot.\n\nIl est de nouveau délégué par la ville de Montauban pour la représenter au sacre de Napoléon , le . Il est élu membre du conseil municipal à son retour. En 1805, il devient maire de Montauban. Pierre-Joseph Vialètes de Mortarieu est alors un défenseur de a création d'un département avec Montauban comme chef-lieu. À peine élu, il se rend avec une délégation à Saint-Cloud pour inviter l'empereur à visiter la ville. En , l'archichancelier de l'Empire, Cambacérès annonce sa visite, sans prévenir le préfet du Lot, laisse espérer celle de l'empereur.\n\nEn , Napoléon annonce qu'il va se rendre dans le Sud-Ouest. Pierre-Joseph Vialètes de Mortarieu décide de préparer cette visite sans savoir si elle va passer par Montauban. Pour donner le maximum d'apparat, il décide de faire financer par la ville une garde d'honneur richement décorée. Pour suivre l'évolution de l'Espagne, l'empereur est à Bayonne à la mi-avril. Il fait reléguer le roi d'Espagne Ferdinand VII au château de Valençay et place son frère Joseph sur le trône espagnol.\n\nNapoléon quitte Bayonne pour Toulouse où il séjourne du 24 au . Le maire de Montauban ayant décidé de se rendre à Toulouse. Il est reçu par l'empereur le matin du qui lui annonce sa visite à la ville de Montauban. Le maire fait alors prendre des dispositions pour décorer la ville pour recevoir l'«illustre visiteur». L'empereur et l'impératrice Joséphine arrivent à Montauban le . Ils passent la nuit à la sous-préfecture, l'ancien hôtel des intendants. Les accompagnateurs sont reçus ans l'ancienne Cour des Aides.\n\nPierre-Joseph Vialètes de Mortarieu est reçu par le ministre secrétaire d'État Maret pour discuter de la création d'un nouveau département avec Montauban comme chef-lieu. Le département de Tarn-et-Garonne est alors tracé en prenant des cantons dans les différents départements qui l'entourent. Napoléon quitte la ville dans la soirée, en se déclarant satisfait de sa visite et en promettant de rétablir Montauban comme chef-lieu d'un nouveau département.\n\nLe Sénat promulgue le un sénatus-consulte créant le département de Tarn-et-Garonne qui est envoyé pour signature à Napoléon qui se trouvait à Burgos. Le décret impérial est signé le . Félix Le Peletier d'Aunay est le premier préfet, nommé le .\n\nPierre-Joseph Vialètes de Mortarieu est maire de Montauban jusqu'en 1811. Napoléon le fait baron d'Empire avec majorat et officier de la Légion d'honneur en 1814. Il est élu député au Corps législatif par le Sénat conservateur en 1811 et est de nouveau maire entre 1813 et 1815, puis de juillet 1815 à 1816.\n\nIl est président du conseil général de Tarn-et-Garonne en 1816-1817, puis en 1818-1819 et député de ce département de 1816 à 1822.\n\nLe , il est nommé préfet de l'Ariège. Il est admis à la retraite en 1830. Il revient alors à Montauban et est élu conseiller municipal.\n\nLe musée de Montauban est créé en 1820. Il s'est enrichi en 1843 de la donation faite par Pierre-Joseph Vialètes de Mortarieu d'une soixante de tableaux de sa collection.\n\nNotes et références\n\nVoir aussi\n\nSource\n\nArticles connexes \n\n Liste des députés de Tarn-et-Garonne\n Liste des maires de Montauban\n\nLiens externes \n \n ANOCR 82 : Le bicentenaire de la création du département de Tarn-et-Garonne 1808-2008\n\nCatégorie:Naissance à Montauban\nCatégorie:Maire de Montauban\nCatégorie:Député de Tarn-et-Garonne\nCatégorie:Député au Corps législatif\nCatégorie:Député de la Restauration\nCatégorie:Préfet de l'Ariège\nCatégorie:Officier de la Légion d'honneur\nCatégorie:Naissance en juin 1768\nCatégorie:Décès à 81 ans\nCatégorie:Décès à Montauban\nCatégorie:Décès en juillet 1849\nCatégorie:Président du conseil général de Tarn-et-Garonne", "Marceline Desbordes-Valmore, née le à Douai et morte le à Paris, est une poétesse française.\n\nBiographie\n\nEnfance \nalt=Maison natale de Marceline Desbordes-Valmore à Douai|gauche|vignette|redresse|Maison natale de Marceline Desbordes-Valmore à Douai.\nMarceline Desbordes est la fille de Catherine Lucas et Félix Desbordes, un peintre en armoiries, devenu cabaretier à Douai après avoir été ruiné par la Révolution. Fin 1801, après un séjour à Rochefort et un autre à Bordeaux, la jeune fille de et sa mère embarquent pour la Guadeloupe afin de chercher une aide financière chez un cousin aisé, installé là-bas.\n\nLe voyage entrepris, qui devait être un nouveau départ, devient un véritable calvaire : d'une part, la traversée en bateau, qui s'étend sur onze jours, dure plus longtemps que prévu et affaiblit les deux femmes ; d'autre part, une épidémie de fièvre jaune se déclare en Guadeloupe et emporte, en , la mère de Marceline ; enfin, des troubles politiques agitent l'île et la situation financière du cousin se révèle moins bonne qu'attendu : l'aide qu'il apporte est donc bien maigre.\n\nCarrière théâtrale \nDe retour en métropole près de son père à Douai, Marceline devient comédienne dès l'âge de 16 ans. Elle joue au théâtre à l'italienne de Douai, à Lille, à Rouen (grâce à sa rencontre avec le compositeur Grétry) et à Paris. Comédienne, chanteuse et cantatrice, elle se produit non seulement au théâtre de l'Odéon et à l'Opéra-Comique à Paris, mais aussi au Théâtre de la Monnaie à Bruxelles, où elle incarne en 1815 « Rosine » dans Le Barbier de Séville de Beaumarchais.\n\nAu cours de sa carrière théâtrale, elle joue souvent des rôles d'ingénue. Elle crée plusieurs pièces de Pigault-Lebrun, rencontre Talma, qu'elle admire, Marie Dorval et surtout Mademoiselle Mars, qui sera son amie jusqu'à la fin de ses jours.\n\nPoétesse \nEntre 1808 et 1812, Marceline arrête temporairement le théâtre, durant sa liaison avec Eugène Debonne, issu d'une famille de la bonne société rouennaise. Un fils, Marie-Eugène, naît de leur liaison. Mais la famille Debonne refusant une union avec une ancienne comédienne, Marceline Desbordes quitte définitivement son amant et reprend le chemin du théâtre, à l'Odéon puis à la Monnaie à Bruxelles. C'est là, en 1816, que s'éteint le petit Marie-Eugène, âgé de presque 6 ans.\n\nEn 1817, Marceline Desbordes se marie avec un acteur, Prosper Lanchantin, dit Valmore, rencontré alors qu'elle jouait à Bruxelles. Elle aura quatre enfants de lui : Junie (née en 1818) meurt en bas âge ; Hippolyte (1820-1892) qui sera le seul à survivre à sa mère ; Hyacinthe (1821-1853), dite Ondine, compose des poèmes et des contes avant de mourir à l'âge de 31 ans (ce fut vraisemblablement la fille de l'amant de Marceline Debordes-Valmore, Henri de Latouche dont le souvenir passionné hantera toute son œuvre) ; Inès (1825-1846), qui meurt à l'âge de .\n\nvignette|redresse|Marceline Desbordes-Valmore en 1833, lithographie de Baugé.\nEn 1819, Marceline Desbordes-Valmore publie son premier recueil de poèmes, Élégies et Romances, qui attire l'attention et lui ouvre les pages de différents journaux, comme le Journal des dames et des modes, l’Observateur des modes et La Muse française. En 1820, paraissent les Poésies de Mme Desbordes-Valmore.\n\nLe couple s'installe ensuite à Lyon. Marceline Desbordes-Valmore continue à voir Henri de Latouche et entretient avec lui une relation épistolaire soutenue.\n\nAprès 1823, Marceline Desbordes-Valmore quitte définitivement le théâtre pour se consacrer à l'écriture. Ses ouvrages les plus importants de la poétesse sont les Élégies et poésies nouvelles (1824), les Pleurs (1833), Pauvres fleurs (1839) et Bouquets et Prières (1843). Ses œuvres, dont le lyrisme et la hardiesse de versification sont remarqués, lui valent une pension royale sous Louis-Philippe et plusieurs distinctions académiques. Elle écrit aussi des nouvelles et compose des Contes pour enfants, en prose et en vers. En 1833, elle publie un roman autobiographique, L’Atelier d'un peintre, dans lequel elle met en évidence la difficulté pour une femme d'être pleinement reconnue comme artiste.\n\nDerniers jours \nMarceline Desbordes-Valmore meurt à Paris, le , dans sa dernière demeure du 59, rue de Rivoli, après avoir survécu au décès de presque tous ses enfants, de son frère et de maintes amies. Elle fut surnommée en référence aux nombreux drames qui jalonnèrent sa vie. Elle est inhumée à Paris dans la du cimetière de Montmartre.\n\nCritiques de ses contemporains et portée \nL'instruction limitée de Marceline Desbordes-Valmore est compensée par son grand travail d'autodidacte. Honoré de Balzac admirait son talent et la spontanéité de ses vers, qu'il associait à des . En , parlant d'elle, il écrivait : »\nvignette|redresse|Marceline Desbordes-Valmore photographiée par Nadar en 1854.\nPaul Verlaine considère, à son tour, Marceline Desbordes-Valmore comme une poétesse qui a joué un rôle majeur dans l'évolution de l'écriture. Le poète maudit déclare à son sujet : . Verlaine lui sait gré d'avoir introduit des formes nouvelles : .\n\nSon personnage romantique d'autodidacte, dont la vie malheureuse aurait nourri une sensibilité singulière, n'est pas non plus étranger à ce succès. Dans un article de 1861, Baudelaire présente Desbordes-Valmore comme  « une âme d’élite […] qui est et sera toujours un grand poète ». Certes, on pourra déceler dans son œuvre de la « négligence », un « parti pris de paresse » mais également « une beauté soudaine, inattendue, non égalable […] et vous voilà enlevé irrésistiblement au fond du ciel poétique. » Toutefois, peut-être s’intéresse-t-il plus à la personne qu'aux vers, quand il affirme : , suivi en cela par toute une tradition au . Sainte Beuve dit à son propos : . Il définit sa poésie comme « si passionnée, si tendre, et véritablement unique en notre temps ».\n\nUne poésie d'avant-garde \nPremière en date des poètes du romantisme, une des plus grandes poétesses depuis Louise Labé, Marceline Desbordes-Valmore, en dépit d'une prolixité intermittente, est une précurseuse inattendue des maîtres de la poésie française moderne : Rimbaud et surtout Verlaine. On lui doit l'invention de plus d'un rythme : celui des onze syllabes et la genèse de Romances sans paroles. Cette femme prétendument ignorante était une savante méconnue. Au surplus, elle fut la marraine indiscutable de « muses » de la fin du siècle : Anna de Noailles, Gérard d'Houville, Renée Vivien, Cécile Sauvage, Marie Noël. Louis Aragon, qui l'admirait, a fait référence à elle à plusieurs reprises, ainsi dans son recueil Elsa (« Valmore qui pleure à minuit », dans « Je suis venu vers toi comme va le fleuve à la mer ») ou dans Les Poètes (« Le Voyage d'Italie »).\n\nElle a par ailleurs écrit en picard. En 1896, un imprimeur de Douai rassemble cette œuvre dans un volume appelé Poésies en patois.\n\nŒuvres \n\n Chansonnier des grâces, 1817\n Élégies et Romances, 1819\n Les Veillées des Antilles, 2 tomes, illustrés par Dupréel, Paris, chez François Louis, 1821\n Elégies et Poésies nouvelles, 1825\n Album du jeune âge, 1829\n Poésies, 1830\n Les Pleurs, 1833\n L'Atelier d'un peintre, roman, 1833\n Pauvres Fleurs, 1839\n Bouquets et Prières, 1843\n Poésies posthumes, 1860 en ligne sur Gallica\n Œuvres poétiques de Marceline Desbordes-Valmore (édition complète établie et commentée par M. Bertrand), Presses Universitaires de Grenoble, 2 vol., 1973\n Vingt-deux lettres (correspondance), préface de Jean Le Mauve, L'Arbre, 1986\n Les Petits Flamands (roman), présentation de Marc Bertrand, Librairie Droz, collection « Textes littéraires français », 1991\n Domenica (roman, présentation de Marc Bertrand), Librairie Droz, collection « Textes littéraires français », 1992\n L'Atelier d'un peintre (roman, texte établi par Georges Dottin, postface de Marc Bertrand), Miroirs Éditions, 1992\n Contes (présentation de Marc Bertrand), Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1996\n Huit femmes (nouvelles, présentation de Marc Bertrand), Librairie Droz, collection « Textes littéraires français », 1999\n Les Veillées des Antilles (roman, présentation d'Aimée Boutin), L'Harmattan, collection « Autrement mêmes », 2006\n Œuvre poétique intégrale de Marceline Desbordes-Valmore (réédition révisée et complétée avec des inédits, avant-propos de Marc Bertrand), Jacques André Éditeur/CEI, 1 vol., 2007\n Poésies, préface d'Yves Bonnefoy ; Poésie/Gallimard, 1996\n Les Yeux pleins d'églises (avant-propos de Jean Ristat, préface de Claude Schopp), éditions La Bibliothèque, 2010 (quelques pages manuscrites, enluminées de fleurs séchées)\n\nPoèmes mis en musique \nMarceline Desbordes-Valmore a mis en musique elle-même L'Alouette.\n\nLa musicalité de ses vers a attiré de nombreux compositeurs :\n De son vivant, Pauline Duchambge met en musique plusieurs de ses poèmes : « La Jalousie », « S'il avait su... ! », « Le Rêve du mousse », « Adieu tout », « La Walse », « Attends-moi longtemps ».\n On doit à Adolphe Adam la partition de « Restez enfants » et à Joseph-Henri Mees celle qui accompagne « Le Billet ».\n En 1842, alors qu'il n'a que sept ans, Camille Saint-Saëns écrit sa première composition sur le poème « Le Soir », qu'il offre à son professeur L. Grunger.\n Gioacchino Rossini fait de même pour « Le Saule pleureur », César Franck pour « Les Cloches du soir », Éric Tanguy pour « Souvenir ».\n Henri Woollett compose la suite : Marceline ou la Vie d'une femme, où il met en musique « L'Absence », « Ton Nom », « Les Roses », « Prière », « N'écris pas », « Le Présage », « Le Don des larmes », « Le Refuge ».\n Louis Beydts est l'auteur des musiques de La Guirlande de Marceline qui réunit les poèmes « Un billet de femme », « C'est moi », « Pour le petit enfant », « La Sincère », « Amour partout », « Ne parle pas », « Un cri ».\n G. de Chamberet, en 1920, compose une mélodie sur Les roses de Saâdi partition en ligne sur Gallica\n Le compositeur canadien Auguste Descarries a mis en musique trois œuvres qu'il a réunies dans un cycle intitulé Trois poèmes de Marceline Desbordes-Valmore : « Où vas-tu », « L'image dans l'eau », « Crois-moi ». Les Éditions du Nouveau Théâtre Musical – NTM 1960 (2010)\n L'artiste belge Julos Beaucarne a mis en musique le poème « Qu’en avez-vous fait ? » dans son album Mon terroir c'est les galaxies, sorti en 1978.\nCet intérêt des musiciens pour l'œuvre de Marceline Desbordes-Valmore se manifeste également dans la chanson populaire contemporaine :\n Julien Clerc a ainsi mis en musique le poème « Les séparés », qui avait déjà été mis en musique par Henry Woollett, chanson intitulée « Les Séparés » dans l'album Julien, 1997.\n Benjamin Biolay a également repris cette chanson de Julien Clerc dans son album Trash Yéyé, 2007.\n Karin Clercq, dans son album Après l'amour, a chanté « La Sincère », qui avait déjà été mis en musique par Louis Beydts et dont la musique est signée, cette fois, par Guillaume Jouan.\n Françoise Masset (soprano) et Nicolas Stavy (piano), \"Les compositeurs de Marceline Desbordes-Valmore\", 2009.\n Le chanteur français Pascal Obispo, en , sort un album baptisé Billet de femme, dont les textes sont des poèmes de Marceline Desbordes-Valmore.\n\nHommage \n Une rue du de Paris porte son nom : rue Marceline-Desbordes-Valmore.\n « École Marceline Desbordes-Valmore », à Faumont (Nord), Lille (Nord), Loos (Nord) et Ronchin (Nord).\n « Rue Marceline », \"Quai Desbordes\" et « Bibliothèque Marceline Desbordes-Valmore » à Douai (Nord).\n « Médiathèque Marceline Desbordes-Valmore » à Lyon (Rhône), arrondissement, quartier de Vaise.\n « EHPAD Résidence Marceline Desbordes-Valmore » à Douai.\n\nNotes et références\n\nAnnexes\n\nBibliographie \nthumb|redresse|Détail du plafond du théâtre à l'italienne de Douai peint par Charles-Alexandre-Joseph Caullet, figurant le Monument à Marceline Desbordes-Valmore d'Édouard Houssin.\n Sainte-Beuve, Portraits contemporains, t. II, Paris, 1846, et Causeries du lundi, t. XIV, Paris, 1862, et Nouveaux Lundis, t. XII.\n Lucien Descaves, La Vie douloureuse de Marceline Desbordes-Valmore, Paris, 1898. Réédité par les Éditions d'art et de littérature, 1910.\n Stefan Zweig, Marceline Desbordes-Valmore, Paris, 1924.\n Jacques Boulenger, Marceline Desbordes-Valmore, sa vie et son secret, Paris, Plon, 1927.\n Manuel Garcia Sesma, Le Secret de Marceline Desbordes-Valmore, Lyon, La Guillotière, 1945.\n Madeleine Fargeaud, « Autour de Balzac et de Marceline Desbordes-Valmore », Revue des sciences humaines, avril-.\n Éliane Jasenas, Marceline Desbordes-Valmore devant la critique, Paris, Minard, 1962.\n Jeanine Moulin, Marceline Desbordes-Valmore, Paris, Seghers, coll. « Poètes d'aujourd'hui », 1955.\n Georges-Emmanuel Clancier, Marceline Desbordes-Valmore ou le génie inconnu, Paris, Seghers, coll. « Panorama de la poésie française » 1983.\n Robert Sabatier, « Marceline Desbordes-Valmore » in La poésie française du , t. I, Paris, Albin-Michel, 1977.\n Francis Ambrière, Le siècle des Valmore, Marceline Desbordes-Valmore et les siens, t. 1 : 1786-1840, t. 2 : 1840-1892, Paris, Seuil, 1987.\n Marc Bertrand, Une femme à l'écoute de son temps, réédition, Jacques André Éditeur, 2009\n Auguste Bleton, Marceline Desbordes-Valmore à Lyon, Lyon, Impr. de A. Rey, 1896\n Marianne Duflot, L'Éros du souvenir d'enfance dans les contes de Marceline Desbordes-Valmore, Université Rennes 2, 2008\n Lucie Desbordes, Le Carnet de Marceline Desbordes-Valmore, Paris, Bartillat, 2016.\n .\n Giorgia Sogos, Le biografie di Stefan Zweig tra Geschichte e Psychologie. Triumph und Tragik des Erasmus von Rotterdam, Marie Antoinette, Maria Stuart, Florence, Firenze University Press, 2013, .\n Giorgia Sogos, « Die Biographie über Marceline Desbordes-Valmore : ein Vorläufer zur Marie Antoinette und Maria Stuart Stefan Zweigs », Stefan Zweig, der Kosmopolit, Studiensammlung über seine Werke und andere Beiträge. Eine kritische Analyse, Bonn, Free Pen Verlag, 2017, .\n\nIconographie \n\n David d'Angers, Marceline Desbordes-Valmore, médaillon en plâtre, Paris, musée de la vie romantique. Un exemplaire en bronze orne son tombeau à Paris au cimetière de Montmartre.\n Albert Bouquillon, Monument à Marceline Desbordes-Valmore, 1957, statue en pierre, Douai, square Jemappes (cf. « Monument à Marceline Desbordes-Valmore (fondu) – Douai », notice sur e-monumen.net.).\n Édouard Houssin, Monument à Marceline Desbordes-Valmore, 1896, statue en bronze, Douai. Envoyé à la fonte sous le régime de Vichy.\n Charles-Alexandre-Joseph Caullet, plafond du théâtre à l'italienne de Douai représentant le Monument à Marceline Desbordes-Valmore d'Édouard Houssin au-dessus du front de scène, huile sur toile marouflée.\n\nLiens externes \n \n \n \n Société des études Marceline Desbordes-Valmore (SEMDV) (site dédié).\n : l'hommage de Verlaine à Marceline Desbordes-Valmore.\n\nCatégorie:Poétesse française du XIXe siècle\nCatégorie:Poétesse romantique française\nCatégorie:Chanteuse française du XIXe siècle\nCatégorie:Troupe de l'Opéra-Comique\nCatégorie:Troupe de La Monnaie\nCatégorie:Personnalité liée à la région Hauts-de-France\nCatégorie:Personnalité liée à Bourg-la-Reine\nCatégorie:Naissance en juin 1786\nCatégorie:Naissance à Douai\nCatégorie:Décès en juillet 1859\nCatégorie:Décès à Paris\nCatégorie:Décès à 73 ans\nCatégorie:Personnalité inhumée au cimetière de Montmartre" ]

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[ "This person is under the age of 21." ]

[ "A child with a conservative haircut.", "The boys are escaping Alcatraz.", "There are some beautiful nature scenes in the movie.", "The couple are outdoors.", "You can agree on a strategy with partners beforehand.", "Police officers sitting down on empty street corner.", "Asian woman crawling in the air ducts" ]

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[ "That Was the Year That Was That Was the Year That Was (1965) is a live album recorded at the hungry i in San Francisco, containing performances by Tom Lehrer of satiric topical songs he originally wrote for the NBC television series \"That Was The Week That Was\", known informally as \"TW3\" (1964–65). All of the songs related to items then in the news.", "Tom Lehrer Thomas Andrew \"Tom\" Lehrer ( ; born April 9, 1928) is a retired American musician, singer-songwriter, satirist, and mathematician. He has lectured on mathematics and musical theater. He is best known for the pithy, humorous songs he recorded in the 1950s and 1960s." ]

[ "Bob Dylan, Performing Artist Bob Dylan, Performing Artist is a series of three books written by music critic Paul Williams concerning the music of American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan. Unlike many other books about Dylan, these are not biographical but focus primarily on the performances delivered at various concerts over a period of almost forty years. The performances Williams analyzes were either personally attended or reviewed from audio-tapes (and sometimes from videotapes). In an interview published in \"Isis\" magazine's August 1990 issue, Williams told interviewer Derek Barker, \"I didn't want to write about the person, I wanted to write about what this person has created, his art, his music.\" \"Bob Dylan, Performing Artist\" is considered one of the leading critical analyses of Dylan's songs and performances.", "Going for a Song Going for a Song was an antiques quiz show broadcast by the BBC from 1965-1977. It was a forerunner of the \"Antiques Roadshow\". The original television series was hosted by presenter Max Robertson, with Arthur Negus appearing as the resident expert and antique valuer. Revivals of the programme were made in the 1990s, hosted by Michael Parkinson (1995-1999), and Anne Robinson (2000), with Eric Knowles as the resident antiques expert, and in 2001 by Michael Aspel.", "Tim Janis Tim Janis is an American composer with 10 \"Billboard\" charting CDs, over one million albums sold, four National Public Television Specials, and a constant touring presence.", "The Big Record The Big Record is an American television music variety series which aired 1957 to 1958 on CBS. Originally it was an hour-long show (approx. 50 minutes excluding ads) but later was a half-hour show (approx. 25 minutes excluding ads, as can be seen on available episodes). It was hosted by Patti Page, who sang songs and introduced the guest performers. Most of the music was of the pop genre, although other styles of music were also featured, including jazz, rock and roll, and (very occasionally) country. Professional dancers also sometimes appeared as guests.", "List of songs in Glee (season 5) \"Glee\" is an American musical comedy-drama television series produced by Fox. It focuses on the glee club New Directions, at the fictional William McKinley High School in Lima, Ohio. The show was created by Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan, and features many cover versions of songs sung on-screen by the characters. Murphy is responsible for selecting all of the songs used, and strives to maintain a balance between show tunes and chart hits, as he wants there to be \"something for everybody in every episode.\" Once Murphy selects a song, rights are cleared with its publishers by music supervisor P.J. Bloom, and music producer Adam Anders arranges it for the \"Glee\" cast. Numbers are pre-recorded by the cast, while the show's choreographers (Zach Woodlee in previous seasons; Brooke Lipton and Mandy Moore in season 5) construct the accompanying dance moves, which are then taught to the cast and filmed. Studio recordings of tracks is then made. The process begins six to eight weeks before each episode is filmed, and can end as late as the day before filming begins.", "Herb Sargent Herbert Sargent (July 15, 1923 – May 6, 2005) was an American television writer, a producer for such comedy shows as \"The Tonight Show\" and \"Saturday Night Live\", and a screenwriter (\"Bye Bye Braverman\"). During his tenure at \"Saturday Night Live\", he and Chevy Chase created Weekend Update, the longest-running sketch in the show's history, and one of the longest running sketches on television.", "Jerry Silverman Jerry Silverman is an American folksinger, guitar teacher and author of music books. He has had over 200 books published, which have sold in the millions, including folk song collections, anthologies and method books for the guitar, banjo and fiddle. He has taught guitar to hundreds of students. He has presented concerts and lectures at schools, universities and concert halls in the U.S. and abroad.", "Barry Farber Barry M. Farber (born May 5, 1930) is an American conservative radio talk show host, author, commentator and language-learning enthusiast. In 2002, industry publication \"Talkers magazine\" ranked him the 9th greatest radio talk show host of all time. He has also written articles appearing in the \"New York Times, Reader's Digest,\" the \"Washington Post, \"and the \"Saturday Review\". He is the father of journalist Celia Farber and singer-songwriter Bibi Farber.", "Grace McKeaney Grace McKeaney is an American television writer, playwright and educator.", "Dave Cohen (writer) Dave Cohen is a writer for television and radio, as well as a columnist for \"The Huffington Post\". He has written for \"Have I Got News For You\" and contributes musically to the award-winning and hugely popular \"Horrible Histories\".", "Song A song, most broadly, is a single (and often standalone) work of music that is typically intended to be sung by the human voice with distinct and fixed pitches and patterns using sound and silence and a variety of forms that often include the repetition of sections. Written words created specifically for music or for which music is specifically created, are called lyrics. If a pre-existing poem is set to composed music in classical music it is an art song. Songs that are sung on repeated pitches without distinct contours and patterns that rise and fall are called chants. Songs in a simple style that are learned informally are often referred to as folk songs. Songs that are composed for professional singers who sell their recordings or live shows to the mass market are called popular songs. These songs, which have broad appeal, are often composed by professional songwriters, composers and lyricists. Art songs are composed by trained classical composers for concert or recital performances. Songs are performed live and recorded on audio or video (or in some, cases, a song may be performed live and simultaneously recorded). Songs may also appear in plays, musical theatre, stage shows of any form, and within operas.", "Russell Baker Russell Wayne Baker (born August 14, 1925) is an American writer known for his satirical commentary and self-critical prose, as well as for his Pulitzer Prize-winning autobiography \"Growing Up\" (1982). He was a columnist for \"The New York Times\" from 1962 to 1998, and also hosted the PBS show \"Masterpiece Theatre\" from 1992 to 2004. The \"\"Forbes Media Guide Five Hundred, 1994\" states:", "Jack Van Impe Jack Leo Van Impe (born February 9, 1931) is an American televangelist who is known for his half-hour weekly television series \"Jack Van Impe Presents\", an eschatological commentary on the news of the week through an interpretation of the Bible. The program airs throughout the United States, Canada, and several other countries through both religious broadcasters and the purchase of paid programming time on commercial television stations. Van Impe's website claims that he is known as the \"Walking Bible\" because of his extensive memorization of Bible verses. His wife Rexella Van Impe (born Rexella Mae Shelton on November 29, 1932, in Missouri) shares his TV ministry as co-host.", "Americana (game show) Americana is a weekly game show which ran on NBC from December 8, 1947 to July 4, 1949. The series was originally hosted by literary critic John Mason Brown and produced by Martin Stone Productions with NBC Television. Each week's show was sponsored by \"Encyclopedia Americana\". The 30-minute show aired Mondays at 8:10pm ET in the 1947-48 television season, and Mondays at 8:30pm ET in the 1948-49 season.", "John Merrow John Merrow (born June 14, 1941) is an American broadcast journalist who has reported on education issues since the 1970s. He serves as the education correspondent for the PBS NewsHour program. These features - often under the umbrella heading of \"The Merrow Report\" - have become a staple of education reporting on public broadcasting. Additionally, he is currently the executive producer, host and president of Learning Matters, Inc., a not-for-profit corporation that creates television, radio and online segments and documentaries, focusing primarily on education.", "Carolyn Graham Carolyn Graham is the creator of numerous English language teaching books, most notably \"Jazz Chants\" and \"Let's Sing, Let's Chant\", published by Oxford University Press. She wrote the songs for Susan Rivers' \"Tiny Talk\" series of ELT books, also published by OUP.", "The Dennis Day Show The Dennis Day Show is an American comedy/variety show that aired from 1953 to 1954 on NBC. The series stars singer and radio and television personality Dennis Day, whose career otherwise was rooted as a supporting cast member of the long-running \"The Jack Benny Program\" on CBS and later NBC.", "Brian Kelley (writer) Brian Kelley is an American television writer. He has written for \"SNL\", \"Newsradio\", \"\", \"Futurama\", \"Joey\" and \"The Simpsons\".", "Jeff Freundlich Jeff Freundlich is an American songwriter, producer and music industry executive. His music is heard in network, cable and syndicated TV shows, in major and independent films, and advertising campaigns.", "David Leaf David Leaf (born April 20, 1952) is an American writer, producer, and director known for documentaries, music programs, and pop culture retrospectives." ]

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[ "A man is outside in the cold." ]

[ "A baby plays in the sand at the beach.", "People getting ready for mass to begin", "A black and white dog walks up to an orange frisbee", "some of them have it worse off than others", "Local fishermen don't use the Edwardian style beach huts for any reason.", "The people are sitting down.", "There are people working next to a house." ]

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[ "A basketball player jumping into the air with the ball." ]

[ "A baseball player standing in the batters box.", "two guys on bikes", "The closing line of dialogue.", "A woman is holding up a notice.", "Some people are in a room together.", "When the fish is cut, the jacket is broken.", "The man kicked the bin filled with apples and water" ]

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[ "they keep moving her around." ]

[ "They kept her in one spot.", "A man is sleeping.", "Dancers are performing for the audience on stage.", "Nobody is in class.", "A woman is holding up a notice.", "There is no subsidized housing in Grand Rapids.", "Kids are playing soccer." ]

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[ "Stingray (1964 TV series) to HO\". The process of designing and making the puppets took four months and each of the main characters was sculpted in duplicate to allow two episodes to be filmed simultaneously using both puppet stages. The likenesses of some of the puppets were inspired by real-life actors: Titan was based on a young Laurence Olivier and Surface Agent X-2-0 on either Claude Rains or Peter Lorre. Troy Tempest was modelled on James Garner at Gerry Anderson's suggestion. Atlanta Shore has been likened to Lois Maxwell (who voiced the character) and Marina to both Brigitte Bardot and Ursula Andress. \"Stingray\" was" ]

[ "Gerry Anderson project was announced on the official Gerry Anderson website as a trilogy of novels entitled \"Gemini Force One\". The first novel, \"Black Orchid\", was published in 2014. Over the years, various British comics have featured strips based on Anderson's creations. These started with \"TV Comic\" during the early 1960s, followed by \"TV Century 21\" and its various sister publications: \"Lady Penelope\", \"TV Tornado\", \"Solo\" and \"Joe 90\". In the 1970s there was \"Countdown\" (later renamed \"TV Action\"). There were also tie-in annuals that were produced each year featuring Anderson's TV productions. Gerry Anderson Gerry Anderson (born Gerald Alexander Abrahams; 14", "James Garner paid in cash before the shooting began on each of the Rockford TV-movies. In 1994, Garner played Marshal Zane Cooper in a movie version of \"Maverick\", with Mel Gibson as Bret Maverick (in the end it is revealed that Garner's character is the father of Gibson's Maverick) and Jodie Foster as a gambling lass with a fake Southern accent. In 1995, he played lead character Woodrow Call, an ex-lawman, in the TV miniseries sequel to \"Lonesome Dove\" entitled \"Streets of Laredo\", based on Larry McMurtry's book. In 1996, Garner and Jack Lemmon teamed up in \"My Fellow Americans\", playing two", "James Garner \"Space Cowboys\", also featuring Tommy Lee Jones and Donald Sutherland. In 2001, Garner voiced Commander Rourke in \"\". In 2002, following the death of James Coburn, Garner took over Coburn's role as TV commercial voiceover for Chevrolet's \"Like a Rock\" advertising campaign. Garner continued to voice the commercials until the end of the campaign. Also in 2002, he played Sandra Bullock's father in \"Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood (film)\" as Shepard James \"Shep\" Walker. After the death of John Ritter in 2003, Garner joined the cast of \"8 Simple Rules\" as Grandpa Jim Egan (Cate's father) and remained with", "Gerry Anderson (broadcaster) our hearts out for the benefit of the fat prelate who strode airily down the aisle whilst the lumpen proletariat clamoured to clutch the hem of his raiment. In a flash I realised that this wasn't religion at all. It was show business. (extract from \"Surviving Stroke City\" by Gerry Anderson) Anderson died on 21 August 2014, aged 69, following a long illness. Requiem Mass for the radio presenter was held at St Eugene's Cathedral. A year later, on 18 September 2015, Anderson was posthumously inducted into the PPI Hall of Fame. Gerry Anderson (broadcaster) Gerald Michael \"Gerry\" Anderson (28", "Jay Garner (actor) Jay Garner (actor) Jay Garner (January 17, 1929 – January 21, 2011), born James H. Garner Jr., was an American actor. Born James H. Garner Jr. in 1929 in Sewanee, Tennessee, he graduated from the University of Tennessee and moved to Atlanta, where he worked in radio and began acting, he changed his first name to Jay upon entering Actors Equity as there was already a James Garner in the union. Garner was best known to theatre audiences for his diverse character roles, including the \"side-stepping\" Governor of Texas in the musical \"The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas\". He debuted", "James Garner filmography and \"Bret Maverick\" (1981–1982), Jim Rockford in \"The Rockford Files\" (1974–1980) and eight subsequent \"Rockford Files\" TV-movies (1994-1999), and Jim Egan in \"8 Simple Rules\" (2003–2005). James Garner filmography The following is the filmography for American actor James Garner. Garner was known for prominent roles in films such as \"Sayonara\" (1957) with Marlon Brando, \"Cash McCall\" (1960) with Natalie Wood, \"The Children's Hour\" (1961) with Audrey Hepburn and Shirley MacLaine, \"Boys' Night Out\" (1962) with Kim Novak and Tony Randall, \"The Great Escape\" (1963) with Steve McQueen, \"The Thrill of It All\" (1963) with Doris Day, \"Move Over, Darling\" (1963)", "Gerry Anderson thousands of young, and maybe a little older, viewers who watched that magic flow across television screens all over the world. It was quite mesmerising.\" The first episode of \"Strange Hill High\", \"King Mitchell\", was dedicated to his memory. On 25 March 2013, in an announcement on the official Gerry Anderson website, Anderson's younger son Jamie announced that a number of projects that Anderson had been unable to finish during his lifetime were being developed by his company Anderson Entertainment and would be financed primarily through Kickstarter crowdfunding. On 27 July 2013 the name of the first Gerry Anderson legacy", "Gerry Anderson near the Poland–Russia border and settled in London; his name was changed to \"Abrahams\" by an immigration official upon his arrival in 1895. Anderson's Jewish mother Deborah changed the family name to \"Anderson\" in 1939. At the start of the Second World War, Gerry Anderson's elder brother, Lionel, volunteered for service in the Royal Air Force; he was stationed in the United States for advanced training. Lionel often wrote letters to his family, and in one letter described a US Army Air Forces air base called Thunderbird Field, the name of which stayed in his younger brother's memory. On 16", "James Garner the past by Boyne and found by Johnny in a bookstore. The series' producer Roy Huggins noted in his Archive of American Television interview that he subsequently cast Garner as the lead in \"Maverick\" due to his comedic facial expressions while playing scenes in \"Man from 1997\" that were not originally written to be comical. He changed his last name from Bumgarner to Garner after the studio had credited him as \"James Garner\" without permission. He then legally changed it upon the birth of his first child, when he decided she had too many names. Garner was closely advised by", "Gerry Anderson Gerry Anderson Gerry Anderson (born Gerald Alexander Abrahams; 14 April 1929 – 26 December 2012) was an English television and film producer, director, writer and occasional voice artist. He remains famous for his futuristic television programmes, especially his 1960s productions filmed with \"Supermarionation\" (marionette puppets containing electric moving parts). Anderson's first television production was the 1957 Roberta Leigh children's series \"The Adventures of Twizzle\". \"Supercar\" (1961–62) and \"Fireball XL5\" (1962) followed later, both series breaking into the US television market in the early 1960s. In the mid-1960s Anderson produced his most successful series, \"Thunderbirds\". Other television productions of the 1960s", "Gerry Anderson Britain that toy manufacturers Matchbox were unable to keep up with the demand for the Tracy Island playset, leading children's show \"Blue Peter\" to broadcast a segment showing children how to construct their own. The fan base for the Anderson shows was now worldwide and growing steadily, and Anderson found himself in demand for personal and media appearances. In response to this greater demand Anderson performed a successful one-man show in 1992, which Archer had written and constructed. Entitled \"An Evening with Gerry Anderson\", it took the form of an illustrated lecture in which he talked about his career, and", "Gerry Anderson (broadcaster) Gerry Anderson (broadcaster) Gerald Michael \"Gerry\" Anderson (28 October 1944 – 21 August 2014), was a radio and television broadcaster for BBC Northern Ireland. Renowned for his unique style and distinctive sense of humour, Anderson often referred to himself on his show, as \"Turkey Neck\", \"Puppet Chin\" or \"Golf Mike Alpha\". Anderson was born in Derry in 1944. He was educated by the Irish Christian Brothers and went to work as an apprentice tool-maker and a clerk in a shipping firm. In 1963, having taught himself the guitar he moved to Manchester where he worked in nightclubs. A tour of", "Gerry Anderson (broadcaster) called \"Gerry Anderson's Losing It\". In 2013, Anderson was also the \"monumental\" guest on Northern Ireland-based comedy panel show, \"Monumental\". His contribution to solving the Derry/Londonderry name dispute was to popularise the jocular name \"Stroke City\" (from the \"/\" in the city's neutral designation), which became the title of one of his radio programmes from 1992 leading some of his friends to rename him \"Gerry/Londongerry\". The programmes were broadcast nationally on Radio 4. In 1994 BBC Radio 4 contracted the broadcaster to present an afternoon magazine programme running from 3 to 4 pm. The audience reaction to \"Anderson Country\" was", "Gerry Anderson unique experience. Gerry's office was like the Oval Office at The White House at times, such was the mystique of the place. \"Thunderbirds\" really broke a mould as it was one of the first TV shows that had appeal on both sides of the Atlantic.\" He also went on to add about the \"ground-breaking energy and vision\" that Anderson had, going on to say \"Gerry was an exceptional man – not only to those who began the studio work with him, and they were all terribly talented and so easy to work with – but also to the hundreds of", "Gerry Anderson 1975; Gerry announced his intention to separate on the evening of the wrap party. Sylvia severed her ties with Group Three, and to alleviate his financial plight, Gerry Anderson sold his share of the profits from the APF/Century 21 shows and their holiday home in Portugal to Lew Grade, in return for a one-off payment. Between making the two series of \"Space: 1999\", Anderson produced a one-off television special, \"The Day After Tomorrow\" (also known as \"Into Infinity\"), about two spacefaring families en route to Alpha Centauri, for an NBC series of programmes illustrating current scientific theory for popular consumption.", "Gerry Anderson lengths. It was Anderson's first work with puppets, and the start of his long and successful collaborations with puppeteer Christine Glanville, special effects technician Derek Meddings and composer/arranger Barry Gray. It was Anderson's desire to move into live-action television. \"The Adventures of Twizzle\" was followed by another low-budget puppet series with Leigh, \"Torchy the Battery Boy\" (1958–1959). Although the APF puppet productions made the Andersons world-famous, Gerry Anderson was always unhappy about working with puppets. He used them primarily to get attention from and a good reputation with TV networks, hoping to have them serve as a stepping stone to", "Gerry Anderson which had been set aside since Archer's death, had been picked up again and was completed by Stan Nicholls from Archer's original notes and manuscript, finally being published in 1996 shortly before \"Lavender Castle\" went into production. Around this time Anderson was reunited with his elder son, Gerry Jr. Anderson reportedly experienced powerful feelings of animosity toward his ex-wife Sylvia at the idea she had been responsible for his enforced estrangement from his son. By December 1999, Anderson was working on plans for a computer animated sequel to \"Captain Scarlet\", and he showed early test reels at a few fan", "James Garner (cricketer) the 2002 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy. In his 6 List A matches, he scored 54 runs at an average of 10.80, with a high score of 27. James Garner (cricketer) James Peter Garner (born 27 January 1972) is a former English cricketer. Garner was a right-handed batsman who fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born in Tittleshall, Norfolk and educated at Felsted School. Garner made his debut for Norfolk in the 1991 Minor Counties Championship against Hertfordshire. Garner played Minor counties cricket for Norfolk from 1991 to 2002, which included 19 Minor Counties Championship matches and 18 MCCA Knockout Trophy", "James Garner (cricketer) James Garner (cricketer) James Peter Garner (born 27 January 1972) is a former English cricketer. Garner was a right-handed batsman who fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born in Tittleshall, Norfolk and educated at Felsted School. Garner made his debut for Norfolk in the 1991 Minor Counties Championship against Hertfordshire. Garner played Minor counties cricket for Norfolk from 1991 to 2002, which included 19 Minor Counties Championship matches and 18 MCCA Knockout Trophy matches. He made his List A debut against Cornwall in the 2000 NatWest Trophy. He made 5 further List A appearances, the last coming against Kent in", "James Garner fill an empty seat on a city council, with Kate Mulgrew and Corinne Bohrer. Despite reasonably fair ratings, the show was canceled after only 10 episodes. In 1993, Garner played the lead in a well-received HBO movie, the true story \"Barbarians at the Gate\", and went on to reprise his role as Jim Rockford in eight \"The Rockford Files\" made-for-TV movies beginning the following year. Practically everyone in the original cast of recurring characters returned for the new episodes except Noah Beery, Jr., who had died in the interim. According to Garner's memoir \"The Garner Files\", he insisted upon being", "Gerry Anderson This sci-fi action-adventure series starred American-born actor Ed Bishop (who had also provided the voice of Captain Blue in \"Captain Scarlet & The Mysterons\") as Commander Edward Straker, head of the secret defence organisation SHADO, set up to counter an alien invasion. \"UFO\" was more adult in tone than any of Anderson's puppet series, and mixed Century 21's signature futuristic action-adventure and special effects with serious dramatic elements. \"UFO\" was the last series made under the Century 21 Productions banner. During production of \"UFO,\" Gerry Anderson was approached directly by Harry Saltzman (at the time co-producer of the James Bond", "Gerry Anderson huge and dedicated international following that spans several generations. During the production of \"Thunderbirds\" the Andersons' marriage began to come under increasing strain, and the company also had a setback when the \"Thunderbirds Are GO\" feature film surprisingly flopped. In later interviews, Anderson said that he considered divorce, but this was halted when Sylvia announced that she was pregnant. Their son, Gerry Anderson Jr., was born in July 1967. By that time, production had started on a new series, \"Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons\" (1967), which saw the advent of more realistic marionette characters which, thanks to improvements in electronics", "Gerry Anderson's New Captain Scarlet Gerry Anderson's New Captain Scarlet Gerry Anderson's New Captain Scarlet (more commonly New Captain Scarlet or NCS) is a United Kingdom-produced computer-generated imagery action-adventure TV series which debuted in February 2005 as part of the \"Ministry of Mayhem\" on ITV. The last show produced by Gerry Anderson and broadcast in his life, it is a Hypermarionation reboot of the classic 1967 Supermarionation series, \"Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons\", created by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson. In the year 2068, peace on Earth is maintained by the Spectrum Organization, a super-efficient security group, headquartered in the vast floating aircraft carrier Skybase, which", "Gerry Anderson Anderson was working with Daniel Pickering and Annix Studios on a new project named \"Christmas Miracle\", a children's CGI animated feature. In June 2012 it was publicised that Anderson had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Anderson died in his sleep on 26 December 2012 at the age of 83 after a diagnosis of dementia. The news was announced on his son Jamie's website, who wrote, \"I'm very sad to announce the death of my father, Thunderbirds creator, Gerry Anderson. He died peacefully in his sleep at midday today (26th December 2012), having suffered with mixed dementia for the past few", "Gerry Anderson (broadcaster) population). Starting with \"Making the Tea\", on with music but then also moving on to talk shows. His programme was picked up by BBC Radio Ulster and given a wider audience. \"The Gerry Anderson Show\" was broadcast daily on BBC Radio Ulster from 10:30 am to 11:55 am, and calls made to the show form the basis of BBC NI's animated TV comedy series \"On The Air\". Show regulars included Geordie Tuft a farmer from Loughbrickland, who offered advice to listeners on matters regarding farm animals (particularly goats), using Jeyes Fluid as a shampoo for dogs, and how to \"dung", "Gerry Anderson conventions. These reels had the visual design and characters looking very much as they had in the original show, although the vehicle designs had been somewhat modernised. Several years after the initial tests the project evolved into the remake \"Gerry Anderson's New Captain Scarlet,\" by which time the entire appearance had been significantly updated. Anderson was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 2001. Along with his then business partner John Needham, Anderson created another new series entitled \"Firestorm\", financed by Japanese investors and featured anime style animation. Other planned shows with other Japanese backers, including", "James Garner are few people on this planet I have adored as much as Jimmy Garner. I cherish every moment I spent with him and relive them over and over in my head. He was a diamond.\" Eastwood said, \"Garner opened the door for people like Steve McQueen and myself.\" James Garner James Garner (born James Scott Bumgarner; April 7, 1928 – July 19, 2014) was an American actor, producer, and voice artist. He starred in several television series over more than five decades, including such popular roles as Bret Maverick in the 1950s western series \"Maverick\" and Jim Rockford in \"The", "James Garner with Clint Eastwood, and \"The Notebook\" (2004). James Garner was born James Scott Bumgarner on April 7, 1928, in Norman, Oklahoma, the youngest of three sons of Weldon Warren Bumgarner and Mildred Scott (Meek). His older brothers were Jack Garner (1926–2011) and Charles Bumgarner, a school administrator who died in 1984. His family was Methodist. His mother died when he was 5 years old. After their mother's death, Garner and his brothers were sent to live with relatives. Garner was reunited with his family in 1934, when Weldon remarried. Garner's father remarried several times. Garner came to hate one of", "Gerry Anderson point: he was in financial difficulty, found it hard to get work, and he experienced family difficulties. During December 1980, Gerry and Sylvia's marriage was officially over, and they divorced. In 1981, episodes of many of Anderson's Supermarionation series were combined and edited together as films. These aired under the title \"Super Space Theatre\". In the early 1980s, Anderson formed a new partnership, Anderson Burr Pictures Ltd, with businessman Christopher Burr. The new company's first production was based on an unrealised concept devised by Anderson in the late 1970s for a Japanese cartoon series. \"Terrahawks\" marked Anderson's return to working", "Gerry Anderson Associated Television (ATV) boss who offered to buy the show. This began a long friendship and a very successful professional association between the two men. The new series, \"Supercar\", (1960–61) was developed by Gerry & Sylvia Anderson and Reg Hill based on a story written by Sylvia Anderson and marked several important advances for APF. Sylvia Anderson took on a larger role and became a partner in the company. The series was also the official debut of Supermarionation, the electronic system that made the marionettes more lifelike and convincing on screen. The system used the audio signal from pre-recorded tapes", "James Garner (politician) James Garner (politician) James A. Garner is a U.S. politician from the Republican party who was mayor of the Village of Hempstead, New York from 1988 to 2005, and was the first African-American to be elected a mayor on Long Island. During his tenure as mayor, Garner took a lead role in revitalization, redevelopment, and housing issues facing Hempstead, and was a panelist on the 2002 White House Conference on Minority Homeownership, among other roles. In 2003 the United States Conference of Mayors elected Garner its 61st president, a position he held for one year. In 2004, Garner was nominated", "James Garner James Garner James Garner (born James Scott Bumgarner; April 7, 1928 – July 19, 2014) was an American actor, producer, and voice artist. He starred in several television series over more than five decades, including such popular roles as Bret Maverick in the 1950s western series \"Maverick\" and Jim Rockford in \"The Rockford Files\", and played leading roles in more than 50 theatrical films, including \"The Great Escape\" (1963) with Steve McQueen, Paddy Chayefsky's \"The Americanization of Emily\" (1964), \"Grand Prix\" (1966), Blake Edwards' \"Victor/Victoria\" (1982), \"Murphy's Romance\" (1985), for which he received an Academy Award nomination, \"Space Cowboys\" (2000)", "James Garner (politician) the Hempstead Village Board of Trustees. He is a Vietnam-era veteran and holds a B.S. from Adelphi University, and founded a pest-control company that is today owned and operated by his family. His membership in community groups includes the American Legion and the NAACP. Garner currently serves as the appointed Deputy Nassau County Comptroller for Claims, Payroll & Health Benefits under Comptroller George Maragos. Garner is a veteran of the Vietnam War where he served in the United States Army. James Garner (politician) James A. Garner is a U.S. politician from the Republican party who was mayor of the Village", "Gerry Anderson space adventure \"Fireball XL5\" (1962). At the time it was the company's biggest success, garnering the honour of being the first Anderson series sold to an American TV network, NBC-TV. Around this time, Anderson also saw his Supermarionation style attract imitators—most notably \"Space Patrol\", which used similar techniques and was made by several former employees and associates of Anderson, including Arthur Provis and Roberta Leigh. After the completion of \"Fireball XL5\", Lew Grade offered to buy AP Films. Although Anderson was initially reluctant, the deal eventually went ahead, with Grade becoming the managing director, and the Andersons, Hill, and Read", "James Garner school functions. When he attended Oklahoma Sooners football games, he frequently could be seen on the sidelines or in the press box. Garner received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree at OU in 1995. In 2003, to endow the James Garner Chair in the School of Drama, he donated $500,000, half of a pledged $1 million, for the first endowed position at the drama school. Tom H. Orr, the Director for the School of Drama (Acting/Camera Acting) and the Artistic Director of the University Theatre, currently holds the James Garner Chair at the university. Garner was a strong Democratic", "Gerry James 84 345 4.1 5 15 1963 WPG 0 0 0 0 0 0 1964 SASK 10 4 13 3.3 0 7 The definitive authorized biography of Gerry James, \"Kid Dynamite: The Gerry James Story\" was published in 2011 by Oolichan Books Gerry James Gerald Edwin James (born October 22, 1934) is a former professional Canadian football running back and professional ice hockey player. He played for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League (CFL) and the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League (NHL). His is a member of the Canadian Football Hall of Fame, like his", "James Garner the Most Valuable Amateur Trophy. Garner appeared on Sam Snead's Celebrity Golf TV series which aired from 1960 – 1963. These matches were 9-hole charity events pitting Snead against Hollywood celebrities. Garner was noted as an enthusiastic fan of the Raiders in the NFL, particularly when they played in Los Angeles between 1982 and 1994, when he regularly attended games and mixed with the players. He was also present when the Raiders won Super Bowl XVIII over the Washington Redskins in January 1984 at Tampa, Florida. Garner was a supporter of the University of Oklahoma, often returning to Norman for", "James Garner fistfight in an episode titled \"Duel at Sundown\", in which Eastwood played a vicious gunslinger. Critics were positive about the chemistry between Garner and Kelly, but Garner quit the series after the third season because of a dispute with Warners. Garner did make one fourth-season \"Maverick\" appearance, in an episode filmed in the third season but held back. The studio attempted to replace Garner's character with a Maverick cousin who had lived in Britain long enough to pick up an English accent, portrayed by Roger Moore, but Moore quit the series after filming only 14 episodes as Beau Maverick. Warners", "Sylvia Anderson Sylvia Anderson Sylvia Beatrice Anderson (née Thomas; 25 March 1927 – 15 March 2016) was an English television and film producer, writer, voice actress and costume designer, best known for her collaborations with Gerry Anderson, her husband between 1960 and 1981. In addition to serving as co-creator and co-writer on their TV series during the 1960s and early 1970s, Anderson's primary contribution was character development and costume design. She regularly directed the bi-weekly voice recording sessions, and provided the voices of many female and child characters, in particular the creation of Lady Penelope and Parker in \"Thunderbirds\". Anderson was born", "James Garner Moore, \"Promise\" with Piper Laurie, and \"My Name Is Bill W.\" In 1984, he played the lead in Joseph Wambaugh's \"The Glitter Dome\" for HBO Pictures, which was being directed by his \"Rockford Files\" co-star Stuart Margolin. The film generated a mild controversy for a bondage sequence featuring Garner and co-star Margot Kidder. He was nominated for his only Oscar for Best Actor in a Leading Role for the film \"Murphy's Romance\" (1985), opposite Sally Field. Field and director Martin Ritt had to fight the studio, Columbia Pictures, to have Garner cast, since he was regarded as a TV actor", "Gerry Anderson October 1952, Anderson married Betty Wrightman (b. 1929). They had two daughters, Linda (b. 1954) and Joy (b. 1957). Gerry Anderson began his career in photography, earning a traineeship with the British Colonial Film Unit after the war. He developed an interest in film editing and moved on to Gainsborough Pictures, where he gained further experience. In 1947 he was conscripted for national service with the Royal Air Force. He was based at RAF Manston, an airfield near Margate, and served part of his time in air traffic control. On one occasion, a Spitfire was coming in to land. It", "Gerry Anderson to new Anderson productions being commissioned. Later projects include a 2005 CGI remake of \"Captain Scarlet\" entitled \"Gerry Anderson's New Captain Scarlet\". Gerald Alexander Abrahams was born in the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson and Obstetric Hospital in Bloomsbury, London, and spent the early years of his life in Kilburn, and Neasden, London. He was educated at Kingsgate Infants School in Kilburn and Braintcroft Junior and Senior schools in Neasden, prior to winning a scholarship to Willesden County Grammar School. His parents were Deborah (\"née\" Leonoff) and Joseph Abrahams. Anderson's Jewish paternal grandfather had the surname Bieloglovski. He fled from an area", "James William Arthur Garner James William Arthur Garner James William Arthur \"Jim\" Garner (born August 19, 1944) is a Canadian farmer, rancher and former political figure in Saskatchewan, Canada. He represented Wilkie from 1978 to 1986 in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a Progressive Conservative. He was born in Wilkie, Saskatchewan, the son of William J. Garner and Lillian Brown, and was educated there. In 1967, he married Marie Angeline Harriet Skeates. Garner was defeated by Linda Clifford when he ran for the Wilkie seat in the Saskatchewan assembly in 1975; he defeated Clifford to win the seat in 1978. Garner served in", "James Garner the series until it finished in 2005. In 2004, Garner starred as the older version of Ryan Gosling's character in the film version of Nicholas Sparks' \"The Notebook\" alongside Gena Rowlands as his wife, directed by Nick Cassavetes, Rowlands' son. The Screen Actors Guild nominated Garner as best actor for \"Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role\". In 2010, Garner voiced Shazam in \"\". On November 1, 2011, Simon & Schuster published Garner's autobiography \"The Garner Files: A Memoir\". In addition to recounting his career, the memoir, co-written with nonfiction writer Jon Winokur, detailed the childhood abuses", "James Garner well as expected at the box office. In 1969, Garner played Raymond Chandler's Philip Marlowe in \"Marlowe\", a detective drama featuring an early karate scene with Bruce Lee. The same year, Garner scored a hit with the comedy Western \"Support Your Local Sheriff!\" In 1971, Garner returned to television in an offbeat series, \"Nichols\". The motorcycle-riding antihero character was killed in what became the final episode of the single-season series. Garner was recast as the character's more normal twin brother, in the hopes of creating a more popular series with few cast changes. According to Garner's 1999 videotaped Archive of", "James Garner filmography James Garner filmography The following is the filmography for American actor James Garner. Garner was known for prominent roles in films such as \"Sayonara\" (1957) with Marlon Brando, \"Cash McCall\" (1960) with Natalie Wood, \"The Children's Hour\" (1961) with Audrey Hepburn and Shirley MacLaine, \"Boys' Night Out\" (1962) with Kim Novak and Tony Randall, \"The Great Escape\" (1963) with Steve McQueen, \"The Thrill of It All\" (1963) with Doris Day, \"Move Over, Darling\" (1963) with Doris Day, \"The Wheeler Dealers\" (1963) with Lee Remick (four films in 1963), Paddy Chayevsky's \"The Americanization of Emily\" (1964) with Julie Andrews, Roald Dahl's", "James Bert Garner other patents throughout his career. James Bert Garner James Bert Garner (September 2, 1870 – November 28, 1960) was an American chemical engineer and professor at the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research from 1914 until his retirement in 1957. He is credited with the invention of a World War I gas mask design in 1915. Garner graduated from Wabash College in 1893 with a Bachelor of Science degree and studied under the renowned Dr. Alexander Smith. In 1895, after receiving a Master of Science degree from Wabash and teaching there, he went at Smith's invitation to the University of Chicago", "James Bert Garner James Bert Garner James Bert Garner (September 2, 1870 – November 28, 1960) was an American chemical engineer and professor at the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research from 1914 until his retirement in 1957. He is credited with the invention of a World War I gas mask design in 1915. Garner graduated from Wabash College in 1893 with a Bachelor of Science degree and studied under the renowned Dr. Alexander Smith. In 1895, after receiving a Master of Science degree from Wabash and teaching there, he went at Smith's invitation to the University of Chicago for a teaching appointment. This", "James Garner romantic comedy \"The Art of Love\" (1965) with Dick Van Dyke, and the westerns \"Duel at Diablo\" (1966) with Sidney Poitier, and as Wyatt Earp in \"Hour of the Gun\" (1967) with Jason Robards, Jr. as Doc Holliday. In the smash hit \"The Great Escape\", Garner played the second lead for the only time during the decade, supporting fellow ex-TV series cowboy McQueen among a cast of British and American screen veterans including Richard Attenborough, Donald Pleasence, David McCallum, James Coburn, and Charles Bronson in a story depicting a mass escape from a German prisoner of war camp based on", "Gerry Anderson made as an affectionate \"Thunderbirds\" pastiche (with Anderson co-producing), and by Lady Penelope and Parker appearing in a successful series of UK advertisements for Swinton Insurance. In 1991 Gerry asked journalist and author Simon Archer to write his biography, following an interview by the latter for a series of articles for \"Century 21\" magazine. In September that year in the UK, BBC2 began a repeat showing of \"Thunderbirds\", which rivalled the success of its original run a generation before. This was also surprisingly the series' network television premiere, having never been shown nationally by ITV. It became so popular in", "Gerry Anderson October 1963. This real-life drama inspired Anderson to create a new programme format about a rescue organisation, which eventually became his most famous and popular series, \"Thunderbirds\" (1964–1966). The dramatic title was inspired by the letter Anderson's older brother Lionel had written to his family during World War II. Grade was very enthusiastic about the concept and agreed to back a series of 25-minute episodes (the same length as \"Stingray\"), so the Andersons scripted a pilot episode, \"Trapped in the Sky\", and began production. Gerry initially wanted actress Fenella Fielding to perform the voice of Lady Penelope, but Sylvia convinced", "James Garner American Television interview, not only did the network change the name of the series to \"James Garner as Nichols\", but Garner had Nichols killed in the last episode so that a sequel could never be made. The year 1971 also had him star in \"Support Your Local Gunfighter!\" (with many similarities to \"Support Your Local Sheriff!\"), and the frontier comedy \"Skin Game\", featuring Garner and Louis Gossett, Jr. as con men pretending to be a slave and his owner during the pre-Civil War era. The following year, Garner played a modern sheriff investigating a murder in \"They Only Kill Their", "James William Arthur Garner the provincial cabinet as Minister of Highways. He resigned from cabinet after it was revealed that he had diverted a Saskatchewan government plane to Unity to take him and his family to Regina. Garner did not run for reelection in 1986. James William Arthur Garner James William Arthur \"Jim\" Garner (born August 19, 1944) is a Canadian farmer, rancher and former political figure in Saskatchewan, Canada. He represented Wilkie from 1978 to 1986 in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a Progressive Conservative. He was born in Wilkie, Saskatchewan, the son of William J. Garner and Lillian Brown, and was", "James Garner Archive of American Television interviews. Starting with the 1974 season, Garner appeared as private investigator Jim Rockford in \"The Rockford Files.\" He appeared for six seasons, for which he received an Emmy Award for Best Actor in 1977. Veteran character actor (and Wallace Beery's nephew) Noah Beery, Jr. played Rockford's father, Joseph \"Rocky\" Rockford. Gretchen Corbett portrayed Rockford's lawyer and sometime lover, Beth Davenport, until she had to leave the series due to a salary dispute between the producers and the studio. Garner also invited another familiar actor, Joe Santos, to play Rockford's friend in the Los Angeles Police Department,", "James Garner former presidents who uncover scandalous activity by their successor (Dan Aykroyd) and are pursued by murderous NSA agents.<ref name=\"http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=myfellowamericans.htm\"></ref> In addition to a major recurring role during the last part of the run of TV series \"Chicago Hope\", Garner also starred in two short-lived series, the animated \"God, the Devil and Bob\" and \"First Monday\", in which he played a Supreme Court justice. In 2000, after an operation to replace both knees,<ref name=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2000/apr/12/entertainment/ca-18538\"> </ref> Garner appeared with Clint Eastwood, who had played a villain in the original \"Maverick\" series in the episode \"Duel at Sundown,\" as astronauts in the movie", "James Anderson (English actor) to the cast of \"Holby City\". On 2 September 2016 Anderson got engaged in Sifnos, Greece. On 27 March 2018 Anderson left \"Holby City\" again. James Anderson (English actor) James Anderson (born 3 November 1980) is an English actor. Born in the Surrey village of Thursley, Anderson graduated with first class honours from Warwick University and trained at the Actors Studio (MFA) in New York City. He has since had roles for TV, the stage and independent film. He received the 2006 Gold Hugo Award. On 19 May 2009, it was announced that Anderson would be joining the cast of", "James Adams (character) James Adams (character) James Robert Anthony Adams (born James Choke) is the main character in the first series of the acclaimed book series CHERUB by British author Robert Muchamore. Upon joining CHERUB he changed his surname to Adams, which is derived from ex-Arsenal FC defender Tony Adams. He ended his CHERUB career wearing a black T-shirt, which is the most elite colour granted. At the end of his CHERUB life, he returns to his \"Choke\" surname and switches his two forenames around, to become Robert James Choke. However, he is still referred to as James in later books. He made", "Maverick (TV series) faux-Southern accented gambler reminiscent of Samantha Crawford, and James Garner as Marshal Zane Cooper, who is later revealed to be Bret's father. The movie was directed by Richard Donner (who had previously directed many TV series prior to working in feature films) from a screenplay by Oscar-winning writer William Goldman (\"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\"). Garner maintained in later interviews that he was playing exactly the same character as in the television series, with Gibson as his son (which is consistent with the script's and Gibson's notably different interpretation of the character), but the screenplay itself leaves this open", "Gerry McCambridge New York City Detective, to create the character of “The Mentalist.” In the 1980s Gerry was headlining as “The Mentalist” in Comedy Clubs across the country. He also specialized in entertaining at Fortune 500 corporate events and celebrity “A-List” parties. Gerry also appeared on countless radio and TV talk shows. In 1999, the International Magicians Society presented Gerry with the “Merlin Award” for “Mentalist of the Decade”. Gerry was the first mentalist in history to receive the Merlin award for mentalism since the organizations inception in 1968. In 2002 Gerry wrote his first TV script titled “The Mentalist” and took", "James Anderson (English actor) James Anderson (English actor) James Anderson (born 3 November 1980) is an English actor. Born in the Surrey village of Thursley, Anderson graduated with first class honours from Warwick University and trained at the Actors Studio (MFA) in New York City. He has since had roles for TV, the stage and independent film. He received the 2006 Gold Hugo Award. On 19 May 2009, it was announced that Anderson would be joining the cast of \"Holby City\" as student doctor Oliver Valentine. He left the cast in 2013. It was then announced on 30 October 2014 that he had returned", "Elvira Garner Her son is NASA scientist H. Douglas Garner. Elvira Garner Elvira Garner (1886–1956) was a 20th-century Florida author and watercolor illustrator. Garner lived in Sanford, Florida, and attended Rollins College in 1903 and 1904, but she wasn't able to graduate because of family responsibilities. Garner published five children's books, the first four of which she also illustrated: \"Ezekiel\" (1937), \"Ezekiel Travels\" (1938), \"Sarah Faith Anderson, Her Book\" (1939) and \"Way Down in Tennessee\" (1941). Her last book was \"Little Cat Lost\" (1943). Her best-known children's book \"Ezekiel\", a winning manuscript in the Julia Ellsworth Ford Foundation Prize, was published by", "Gerry Anderson and received a \"special thanks\" credit in the film. The film received poor critical reviews and was unsuccessful at the US box-office. Anderson disliked the film, describing it as \"the biggest load of crap I have ever seen in my life\". \"Gerry Anderson's New Captain Scarlet\" finally premiered in the UK in February 2005. The show cost £23,000,000 to produce, and was the most expensive children's programme ever to be made in the UK. Many companies invested in producing toys and merchandise. Broadcaster ITV incorporated episodes into an existing children's show and showed it in two halves, separated by games", "Gerry Anderson his most popular shows. He also made numerous media and personal appearances to tie in with revivals and video cassette releases of \"Stingray\", \"Thunderbirds\", \"Captain Scarlet\" and \"Joe 90\". Anderson was interviewed for the BBC's 1993 \"Doctor Who\" documentary, \"Thirty Years in the TARDIS\". He joked that, despite his career of making children's programming, the \"real tragedy of my life\" was that his own son Jamie (appearing with him) was a \"Doctor Who\" fanatic. By 1993 Archer published the trivia book \"Gerry Anderson's FAB Facts\". Archer was killed in a car crash on London's orbital M25 motorway on his way", "James Garner his earlier TV role in 1981 in the revival series \"Bret Maverick\", but NBC unexpectedly canceled the show after only one season despite reasonably good ratings. Critics noted that most of the scripts did not measure up to the episodes starring Garner in the first series. Jack Kelly (Bart Maverick) was slated to become a series regular had the show been picked up for another season, and he appeared in the last scene of the final episode in a surprise guest appearance. During the 1980s, Garner played dramatic roles in a number of television films, including \"Heartsounds\" with Mary Tyler", "James Garner went to Clint Walker because the casting director could not reach Garner in time (according to Garner's autobiography). Garner wound up playing an Army officer in the \"Cheyenne\" pilot. His first film appearances were in \"The Girl He Left Behind\" and \"Toward the Unknown\" in 1956. In 1957, he had a supporting role in the TV anthology series episode on \"Conflict\" entitled \"Man from 1997,\" portraying Maureen (Gloria Talbott)'s brother \"Red\"; the show stars Jacques Sernas as Johnny Vlakos and Charlie Ruggles as elderly Mr. Boyne, a librarian from 1997, and involved a 1997 Almanac that was mistakenly left in", "James Garner then dressed Robert Colbert, a Garner look-alike, in Bret Maverick's outfit and called the character Brent, but Brent Maverick did not have a chance to catch on with viewers since Colbert made only two episodes toward the end of the season. That left the rest of the series' run to Kelly, alternating with reruns of episodes with Garner. He still received billing in these newly produced Kelly episodes, aired in the 1961–62 season, although he did not appear in them and had left the series two years previously. The studio did, however, reverse the billing at the beginning of each", "James Wilford Garner and professor of political science at the University of Illinois, and he was editor in chief of the \"American Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology\" (1910–1911). He edited \"Essays on Southern History and Politics\" (1914). He was Hyde lecturer in the French universities (1921) and Tagore lecturer in the University of Calcutta (1922). James Wilford Garner James Wilford Garner (November 22, 1871, Pike County, Mississippi – December 9, 1938) was an American professor of political science. He graduated from the Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College in 1892 and studied at the University of Chicago (Ph.M., 1900) and at Columbia University", "James Wilford Garner James Wilford Garner James Wilford Garner (November 22, 1871, Pike County, Mississippi – December 9, 1938) was an American professor of political science. He graduated from the Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College in 1892 and studied at the University of Chicago (Ph.M., 1900) and at Columbia University (Ph.D., 1902), where he was a member of the Dunning School. His dissertation, \"Reconstruction in Mississippi\", though critical of Reconstruction, was regarded by W. E. B. Du Bois as the fairest of the works of the Dunning School. He was professor of political science at the University of Pennsylvania in 1902 - 1903", "James Garner Detective Dennis Becker. Rounding out the cast was a character actor and friend of Garner's who had previously co-starred with him on \"Nichols,\" Stuart Margolin, playing Jim's ex-cell mate and treacherous \"friend\" Angel Martin. In the first episode of season six, \"Paradise Cove\", Mariette Hartley guest-starred as Court Auditor Althea Morgan. Garner had previously appeared with \"Rockford Files\" co-star Hartley in a lengthy series of extremely popular Polaroid Camera commercials. After six seasons, \"The Rockford Files\" was cancelled in 1980. Although low ratings were primarily to blame, the physical toll on Garner was also an issue. Appearing in nearly every", "Jim Rockford (television character) Logan Echolls calls the titular character \"Rockford\", referencing Jim Rockford. Jim Rockford (television character) James Scott Rockford is a fictional character on the television series \"The Rockford Files\". The character, played by James Garner, is a struggling private investigator operating in the greater Los Angeles area. Rockford is the principal character of the series, and Garner was the only actor to appear in every episode of the series. Unlike many other fictional \"private eyes\", he is an ex-convict, albeit one who was falsely imprisoned (at San Quentin Prison) and later fully pardoned. One episode tells that because of the carelessness", "Gerry Rosenthal Gerry Rosenthal Gerald Raymond \"Gerry\" Rosenthal (born September 2, 1980) is an American actor, voice actor, singer-songwriter, and musician who started out acting in TV commercials at the age of 7. He has starred on films and short films and has guest starred in television series such as \"Law & Order\" and \"Celebrity Deathmatch\". He is perhaps best known for providing the voice for Jimmy Hopkins, the main playable character in the 2006 video game \"Bully\", for which he was nominated for a 2006 Spike VGA Award for Best Performance by a Human Male. He lives in Jersey City, New", "Jim Rockford (television character) Jim Rockford (television character) James Scott Rockford is a fictional character on the television series \"The Rockford Files\". The character, played by James Garner, is a struggling private investigator operating in the greater Los Angeles area. Rockford is the principal character of the series, and Garner was the only actor to appear in every episode of the series. Unlike many other fictional \"private eyes\", he is an ex-convict, albeit one who was falsely imprisoned (at San Quentin Prison) and later fully pardoned. One episode tells that because of the carelessness of his parole officer, Rockford had to hire an attorney", "Nichols (TV series) 1978. \"Nichols\" is currently broadcast on the GetTV network. Nichols (TV series) Nichols (also known as James Garner as Nichols) is an American Western television series starring James Garner. It was first broadcast in the United States on NBC during the 1971-72 season. Set in the fictional town of Nichols, Arizona, \"Nichols\" differed from traditional Western series. The time period was 1914, at the beginning of the motorized era and well after the decline of the \"Old West\". The main character, a sheriff also named Nichols, rode on a motorcycle and in an automobile rather than on the traditional horse.", "Gerry Anderson his goal of making live-action film and TV drama. During the production of \"The Adventures of Twizzle\", Anderson started an affair with secretary Sylvia Thamm and ultimately left his wife and children. Following his divorce from his first wife, Anderson married Thamm in November 1960, while he was working on \"Four Feather Falls\". AP Films' third series was the children's western fantasy-adventure series \"Four Feather Falls\" (1959–60). Provis left the partnership, but the company retained the name AP Films for several more years. \"Four Feather Falls\" was the first Anderson series to use an early version of the so-called \"Supermarionation\"", "James Anderson Jr. honor of Medal of Honor recipient James Anderson Jr. The name James Anderson Jr. is inscribed on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial (\"The Wall\") on Panel 15E - Row 112. \"James Anderson Jr. Memorial Park\" in Carson, California, at the corner of Wilmington and University. was named after James Anderson Jr. Anderson Avenue in Compton, California, is named after him. The Downlow Saga, a 2017 novel by author Sheldon McCormick, is dedicated in memory of Anderson. James Anderson Jr. Private First Class James Anderson Jr. (January 22, 1947 – February 28, 1967) was a United States Marine who posthumously received the", "Gerry James Gerry James Gerald Edwin James (born October 22, 1934) is a former professional Canadian football running back and professional ice hockey player. He played for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League (CFL) and the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League (NHL). His is a member of the Canadian Football Hall of Fame, like his father, Eddie James, who also played for the Blue Bombers. James was born in Regina, Saskatchewan. In a period overlapping the 1959 CFL season and 1959–60 NHL season, James became the only player to play in the CFL's Grey Cup (November", "James Anderson (tennis) James Anderson (tennis) James Outram Anderson (17 September 1894 – 22 December 1973) was an Australian tennis player. Anderson was the eighth child of James Outram Anderson and his wife Patience. He was educated at Camden Grammar School. Anderson's best shot was his forehand drive, which he hit with very little topspin. He is best remembered for his three victories at his home tournament: the Australasian Championships in 1922, 1924 and 1925. Anderson also won the doubles tournament at the 1922 Wimbledon Championships and 1924 Australian Championships. Between 1919 and 1925 Anderson played in 15 ties for the Australian Davis", "Nichols (TV series) Nichols (TV series) Nichols (also known as James Garner as Nichols) is an American Western television series starring James Garner. It was first broadcast in the United States on NBC during the 1971-72 season. Set in the fictional town of Nichols, Arizona, \"Nichols\" differed from traditional Western series. The time period was 1914, at the beginning of the motorized era and well after the decline of the \"Old West\". The main character, a sheriff also named Nichols, rode on a motorcycle and in an automobile rather than on the traditional horse. Nichols did not carry a firearm and was generally", "Gerry Anderson's Gemini Force One skilled storyteller, weaving together narrative strands into one compelling experience\", and as a Young Adult novel, a young reviewer as part of the Guardian's Children's Book site described it as \"a really fun book that will never get old.\" Reviewers were also keen to make comparisons to Anderson's previous TV series \"Thunderbirds\", with \"What Culture\" describing the book as \"the true successor to \"Thunderbirds’\" crown.\" Gerry Anderson's Gemini Force One Gerry Anderson's Gemini Force One or simply Gemini Force One is a series of science fiction books developed by television producer and writer Gerry Anderson before his death in 2012.", "Gerry Anderson's Gemini Force One Gerry Anderson's Gemini Force One Gerry Anderson's Gemini Force One or simply Gemini Force One is a series of science fiction books developed by television producer and writer Gerry Anderson before his death in 2012. The project was announced on the official Gerry Anderson website in July 2013, and the books were completed by author M. G. Harris based on Anderson’s own notes and outlines. After Gerry Anderson died in December 2012, his son Jamie Anderson approached children's book author M. G. Harris (known for The Joshua Files children's book series) to help finish his started book series. Using the", "Sylvia Anderson first episode of a series then sharing the work according to their strengths. Gerry tended to specialise in special effects and hardware, and Sylvia in character, voices, costume, dialogue, and plotlines. In this way, Anderson contributed plot development and voice work for a series of half-hour shows including \"Supercar\", \"Stingray\" and \"Fireball XL5\". However, she felt the half-hour format was insufficient to fully develop characters and stories, and she persuaded the team's TV producer Lew Grade to extend their shows to a full hour. In the early 1960s, the Andersons co-created the series \"Thunderbirds\", and Sylvia created the characters. She", "Elvira Garner Elvira Garner Elvira Garner (1886–1956) was a 20th-century Florida author and watercolor illustrator. Garner lived in Sanford, Florida, and attended Rollins College in 1903 and 1904, but she wasn't able to graduate because of family responsibilities. Garner published five children's books, the first four of which she also illustrated: \"Ezekiel\" (1937), \"Ezekiel Travels\" (1938), \"Sarah Faith Anderson, Her Book\" (1939) and \"Way Down in Tennessee\" (1941). Her last book was \"Little Cat Lost\" (1943). Her best-known children's book \"Ezekiel\", a winning manuscript in the Julia Ellsworth Ford Foundation Prize, was published by Henry Holt in 1937, and detailed the story", "William T. Anderson and works by amateur historians. He was later discussed in biographies of Quantrill, which typically cast Anderson as an inveterate murderer. Three biographies of Anderson were written after 1975. Asa Earl Carter's novel \"\" (1972) features Anderson as a main character. In 1976, the book was adapted into a film, \"The Outlaw Josey Wales\", which portrays a man who joins Anderson's gang after his wife is killed by Union-backed raiders. James Carlos Blake's novel \"Wildwood Boys\" (2000) is a fictional biography of Anderson. He also appears as a character in several films about Jesse James. Historians have been mixed in", "James Anderson (filmmaker) 1957 episode \"The Mothers\", on Lupino's television series, \"Mr. Adams & Eve\". Anderson died on November 26, 1960 in Los Angeles, California. James Anderson (filmmaker) James Anderson (November 6, 1902 – November 26, 1960) was an American assistant director during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. In his twenty-five year career, Anderson worked on almost 75 pictures. He is sometimes confused with James K. Anderson, the actor, because their careers overlapped. He was also known as James A. Anderson or James H. Anderson. Anderson began his career in film as an actor with a featured role in the silent era, in", "James Anderson (filmmaker) James Anderson (filmmaker) James Anderson (November 6, 1902 – November 26, 1960) was an American assistant director during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. In his twenty-five year career, Anderson worked on almost 75 pictures. He is sometimes confused with James K. Anderson, the actor, because their careers overlapped. He was also known as James A. Anderson or James H. Anderson. Anderson began his career in film as an actor with a featured role in the silent era, in 1925's \"The Freshman\", starring Harold Lloyd. After appearing in several silent films, with the advent of sound he moved behind the camera,", "Supercar (TV series) Supercar (TV series) Supercar was a children's TV show produced by Gerry Anderson and Arthur Provis' AP Films for ATV and ITC Entertainment. Thirty-nine episodes were produced between 1961 and 1962, and it was Anderson's first half-hour series. In the UK it was seen on ITV and in the US in syndication (the first Anderson series to be shown overseas) debuting in January 1962. The series uses Supermarionation, based on the complex and difficult Czech style of marionette puppetry. The creation of the show was credited to Gerry Anderson and Reg Hill, but it incorporates elements of \"Beaker's Bureau\", a", "James Garner gave Garner its annual Career Achievement Award. On April 21, 2006, a bronze statue of Garner as Bret Maverick was unveiled in Garner's hometown of Norman, Oklahoma, with Garner present at the ceremony. Garner was married to Lois Josephine Fleischman Clarke, whom he met at a party in 1956. They married 14 days later on August 17, 1956. \"We went to dinner every night for 14 nights. I was just absolutely nuts about her. I spent $77 on our honeymoon, and it about broke me.\" According to Garner, \"Marriage is like the Army; everyone complains, but you'd be surprised at", "Gerry Anderson and radio poured in, among them TV presenter Jonathan Ross, DJ Chris Evans, comedian Eddie Izzard and actors Brian Blessed and John Barrowman. Ross tweeted \"For men of my age his work made childhood an incredible place to be.\" Blessed, who worked with Anderson on \"Space 1999\" and \"The Day After Tomorrow\" said, \"I think a light has gone out in the universe. He had a great sense of humour. He wasn’t childish but child-like and he had a tremendous love of the universe and astronomy and scientists.\" Fanderson chairman Nick Williams paid tribute to Anderson by saying \"To those", "Paul Garner shows like \"The Red Skelton Show\" and \"The Bobby Vinton Show\". In the 1980s, Garner continued to accept bit roles on such television programs as \"CHiPs\", \"Brothers\", and Emmy Award winning \"Amazing Stories\". In 1964, Garner appeared in the film \"For Those Who Think Young\" and also played a bit part in \"Last of the Red Hot Lovers\" in 1972. That same year, Garner appeared in the made-for-TV movie \"Goodnight, My Love\" which was followed by his appearance in \"Frasier, the Sensuous Lion\" (1973) and \"American Raspberry\" (1977). In 1980, Garner appeared in the made-for-TV movie \"The Dream Merchants\" as", "James Garner the highest bidder for the episode reruns. Garner and Jack Kelly reappeared as Bret and Bart Maverick in a 1978 made-for-television film entitled \"The New Maverick\", which served as the pilot for a failed series, \"Young Maverick\", starring Charles Frank as a younger cousin named Ben Maverick. The series itself, which only featured Garner for a few moments at the beginning of the first show, was canceled so rapidly that some of the episodes filmed were never broadcast. After the abrupt disappearance of \"Young Maverick\" two seasons earlier, an attempt to make a \"Maverick\" series without Garner, he returned to", "James Garner Bart, played by Jack Kelly. This allowed two production units to film different story lines and episodes simultaneously, necessary because each episode took an extra day to complete, meaning that eventually the studio would run out of finished episodes to air partway through the season unless another actor was added. The series also featured popular cross-over episodes featuring both Maverick brothers, including the famous \"Shady Deal at Sunny Acres\", upon which the first half of the 1973 movie \"The Sting\" appears to be based, according to Roy Huggins' Archive of American Television interview. Garner and Clint Eastwood staged an epic", "James Bert Garner was when Garner applied the touch of drama. When he placed a stick of activated charcoal into the vessel the tube of the mercury again shot to the top of the cylinder. Dr. Garner's purpose was to fix in his students' memory a mental picture of how ammonia gas was adsorbed by wood charcoal. It made an even more lasting impression upon the instructor but it was a good many years before he was able to make use of it.\" (). In 1897, Garner received a Ph.D. in Physical [Organic] Chemistry and became head of the Chemistry Department at Bradley", "James Anderson Burns all across the USA: \"At 4:00 p.m. September 12, 1945, the forty-seventh year of Oneida Baptist Institute, James Anderson Burns, Founder, Builder, and President Emeritus, died in his room in Anderson Hall. The final services were in the school chapel on Friday afternoon with a great funeral oration by Dr. Elmer Gabbard, President of Witherspoon College, Buckhorn, Kentucky. Burial was on Cemetery Hill in Oneida, overlooking the buildings and grounds of the institution into which went his life and through which he forever lives.\" James Anderson Burns James Anderson Burns (1865–1945), founder of the Oneida Baptist Institute, grew up as", "Thunderbirds (TV series) by ITV, Sylvia Anderson and the estate of Gerry Anderson. \"Thunderbirds\" has influenced TV programmes, films and various other media. The puppet comedy of the film \"\" was directly inspired by the idiosyncrasies of \"Thunderbirds\"-era Supermarionation techniques. Allusion and homage are also evident in \"Wallace and Gromit: A Close Shave\", \"\" and \"Spaced\", as well as the character design of \"\". The BBC sketch comedy \"Not Only... But Also\" included a segment titled \"Superthunderstingcar\" – a parody of \"Thunderbirds\", \"Supercar\" and \"Stingray\". IR's life-saving mission inspired the founding of the volunteer International Rescue Corps, originally made up of a group", "James Robertson Anderson James Robertson Anderson Anderson was born in Glasgow on 8 May 1811. His father was an actor and he went to school on Leith Walk in Edinburgh. He acted as a toddler in 1813 in Edinburgh under William Henry Murray. He married in 1831 and his wife appeared in New York. Anderson acted in Nottingham around 1830 and around Newcastle upon Tyne until in 1834 he became the manager of the Leicester, Gloucester, and Cheltenham theatres. He married his second wife Georgina Stohwasser in Kensington in 1836. He left his job as a theatre manager to make his London debut", "James Garner the large number of people who re-enlist.\" His wife was Jewish. When Garner and Clarke married, her daughter Kim from a previous marriage was seven years old and recovering from polio. Garner had one daughter with Lois: Greta \"Gigi\" Garner. In an interview in \"Good Housekeeping\" with Garner, his wife, and two daughters, conducted at their home, and published in March 1976, Gigi's age was given as 18 and Kim's as 27. In 1970, Garner and his wife briefly lived separately for three months. In late 1979, Garner again separated from his wife (around the time \"The Rockford Files\" stopped", "Once Upon a Time (TV series) of the season. For the third season, Michael Raymond-James was promoted to a series regular as Neal Cassidy, while Ory did not return as a series regular due to commitments to the TV series, \"Intelligence\". For the fourth season, Michael Socha was brought onto the show as Will Scarlet / Knave of Hearts from the show's spin-off, \"Once Upon a Time in Wonderland\", while Raymond-James was dropped from the regular cast when the writers decided to kill off his character. Bailey returned in a recurring arc towards the end of the season after being absent from the show since the", "Jessie Anderson (The Walking Dead) Jessie Anderson (The Walking Dead) Jessie Anderson is a fictional character in the comic book series \"The Walking Dead\" and is portrayed by Alexandra Breckenridge in the television series of the same name. She is a resident in the Alexandria Safe-Zone. Created by writer Robert Kirkman and artist Charlie Adlard, the character made her debut in \"The Walking Dead\" #72 in 2010. In both media Jessie is living in an unhappy, abusive marriage with her husband Pete, despite the zombie outbreak, and her son Ron (and Sam in the TV series) in the Alexandria Safe-Zone. Upon her husband’s death, Jessie", "James Garner Party supporter. From 1982, Garner gave at least $29,000 to Federal campaigns, of which over $24,000 was to Democratic Party candidates, including Dennis Kucinich (for Congress in 2002), Dick Gephardt, John Kerry, Barbara Boxer, and various Democratic committees and groups. On August 28, 1963, Garner was one of several celebrities to join Martin Luther King, Jr. in the \"March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom\". In his autobiography, Garner recalled sitting in the third row listening to King's \"I Have a Dream\" speech. For his role in the 1985 CBS miniseries \"Space\", the character's party affiliation was changed from Republican" ]

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[ "Solunsalpaajat\nSolunsalpaajat eli sytostaatit ovat lääkkeitä, jotka häiritsevät ja hidastavat runsaasti jakautuvien solujen toimintoja.[1] Arkikielessä puhutaan myös ”solumyrkyistä”. Ne häiritsevät solunjakautumista. Varsinkin nopeasti jakautuvat solut kärsivät salpaajista suhteellisesti enemmän kuin lepotilassa olevat jakautumattomat solut.[1] Solunsalpaajia annetaan kolmannekselle syöpäpotilaista. Solujen jakautumista hillitsevän ominaisuutensa vuoksi joitakin niistä voidaan antaa myös vaikeasta psoriasiksesta kärsiville sekä vaikeista tulehduksellisista reumasairauksista kärsiville." ]

[ "Myrkky\nMuutamat alkuaineet kuten alkalimetalleista natrium ja kalium sekä halogeeneista fluori ja kloori, ovat vapaina alkuaineina esiintyessään suuren reaktiivisuutensa vuoksi vaarallisia myrkkyjä, samoin kuin myös fosfori esiintyessään valkoisena fosforina, mutta monet näiden alkuaineiden yhdisteet ovat elämälle välttämättömiä.", "Suippumyrkkyseitikki\nSuippumyrkkyseitikki sisältää orellaniinia, joka on erityisesti munuaisia vaurioittava hengenvaarallinen solumyrkky. Sienen\norellaniinipitoisuus on itiöissä 0,09 %, lakissa 0,78 %, jalassa 0,42 % ja sienirihmastossa 0,03 %. Myrkyt eivät häviä keittämällä eivätkä millään muulla käsittelytavalla. Kokeellisen ja kliinisen myrkytyskuvan perusteella on päätelty, että sienessä olisi myös kortinariini A ja B -nimisiä rengasrakenteisia peptidejä, jotka myös vahingoittavat munuaisia. Kortinariineja on varmistettu esiintyvän muissa seitikkisuvun sienissä..", "Okratoksiinit\nOkratoksiini on \"Aspergillus ochraceus\" -sienen tuottama homemyrkky, joka osoitettiin myrkylliseksi vuonna 1957. Okratoksiinin tiedetään tappaneen muutamassa päivässä sikoja, joita on ruokittu saastuneella rehulla. Okratoksiinin vaikutukset ovat tällöin kohdistuneet munuaisiin ja maksaan.", "Hallusinogeenit\nTähän aineryhmään kuuluvat esimerkiksi kasvit lemmonmarja, alruuna, hullukaali, hulluruoho ja muskottipähkinä. Joissakin intiaanien traditioissa on myös ollut tapana nauttia uskonnollisissa seremonioissa tupakkaa määrinä, jotka tuovat esiin päihteen delirianttivaikutukset.[37] Myös useat lääkevalmisteet, esimerkiksi vanhan polven antihistamiinit difenhydramiini (Benadryl), sen lähisukulainen dimenhydrinaatti (Dramamiini tai Gravol) sekä hydroksitsiini, ovat deliriantteja. Monessa maassa reseptivapaa matkapahoinvointilääke syklitsiini on etenkin nuorten suosiossa.", "Fosgeeni\nFosgeeni on salakavala myrkky, sillä sille altistuminen johtaa oireisiin vasta 24–72 tunnin kuluessa. Fosgeeni on voimakas alkylointiaine (tarkemmin karboksylointiaine) ja solumyrkky, ja se reagoi keuhkojen seinämän proteiinien kanssa. Fosgeenialtistus johtaa nesteen kerääntymiseen keuhkoihin, ja kuolema seuraa yleensä verenhukan, šokin ja hengityselinten pettämisen seurauksena. Toisin kuin hermokaasut, fosgeeni tappaa ainoastaan hengitettynä, ei siis ihon läpi imeytyneenä.", "Ruokamyrkytys\nRuokamyrkytys () on talousvedestä tai elintarvikkeesta aiheutunut sairastuminen, joka voi olla tarttuva tauti (esimerkiksi salmonelloosi) tai äkillinen myrkytys (esimerkiksi sienimyrkytys). Yleensä ruokamyrkytykseksi kutsutaan ruuasta saatua suolitulehdusta. Tyypillisiä oireita ovat ripuli, pahoinvointi, oksentelu ja vatsakipu.", "Hyönteismyrkky\nNikotiinia on aikaisemmin käytetty lähinnä kasvihuoneissa hyönteismyrkkynä, mutta se on erittäin hankala ja myrkyllinen käytössä suuren haihtuvuutensa ja lyhyen vaikutuksensa takia, ja se aiheuttaa helposti työntekijöiden myrkytyksiä. Siksi käyttö on teollisuusmaissa jokseenkin loppunut. Kemiallisesti syntetisoituja johdoksia on pyritty kehittämään 1970-luvulta alkaen tavoitteena vähäisempi myrkyllisyys ihmisille ja pidempi vaikutusaika. Näitä neonikotinoideja ovat mm. imidaklopridi, nitenpyraami ja asetamipridi. Niitä käytetään mm. rypsin siemenien peittaamiseen, niin että hyönteiset eivät syö kasveja heti niiden taimien noustua maan pinnalle. Niiden myrkyllisyyttä ihmiselle pidetään vähäisenä, ja esim. itsemurhayritysten kuolleisuus on vähäinen.[2] Viime aikoina niiden on väitetty aiheuttaneen mehiläiskuolemia, ja joissakin olosuhteissa haittoja on osoitettu mm. kimalaisilla.[4] Mehiläisten viime vuosien huonon menestyksen osalta neonikotinoidien osuutta ei ole toistaiseksi pystytty näyttämään toteen. Laajempi kysymys on kuitenkin se, tehdäänkö sama virhe kuin DDT:n kohdalla, eli aineita käytetään holtittomasti, jolloin haitat tulevat suuremmiksi kuin hyödyt.[5]", "Rasvaliukoiset myrkyt\nRasvaliukoiset myrkyt myrkkyjä, jotka liukenevat rasvoihin. Rasvaliukoiset myrkyt ovat erityisen vaarallisia, koska ne kertyvät rasvakudoksiin, eivätkä poistu elimistöstä itsestään. Rasvaliukoisia myrkkyjä ovat esimerkiksi DDT, dioksiinit ja PCB.", "Kemiallinen ase\nHermokaasut Hyvin myrkyllisiä, helposti levitettäviä jotka vaikuttavat hermosolujen toimintaan. Yleisimmät, tabuuni, sariini, syklosariini, somaani, VX-Kaasu Syövyttävät aineet Yleisimpiä aineita ovat muun muassa rikkihappo, suolahappo, typpihappo, vetyfluoridi ja vetyfluoridista valmistettavat superhapot. Pommin räjähtäessä kuumuus muuntaa hapot hetkessä tappavan kaasumaiseen muotoon, joka joutuessaan suurina määrinä ihmisen ihoon tai keuhkoihin aiheuttaa vakavia palovammoja tai sisäisiä verenvuotoja. Rikkisinappikaasut, kuten: 2-kloorietyylikloorimetyylisulfidi (CAS 2625-76-5), bis(2-kloorietyyli)sulfidi (CAS 505-60-2), bis(2-kloorietyylitio)metaani (CAS 63869-13-6), 1,2-bis(2-kloorietyylitio)etaani (CAS 3563-36-8), 1,3-bis(2-kloorietyylitio)-n-propaani (CAS 63905-10-2), 1,4-bis(2-kloorietyylitio)-n-butaani (CAS 142868-93-7), 1,5-bis(2-kloorietyylitio)-n-pentaani (CAS 142868-94-8), bis(2-kloorietyylitiometyyli)eetteri (CAS 63918-90-1), bis(2-kloorietyylitioetyyli)eetteri (CAS 63918-89-8) Lewisiitit, kuten: 2-kloorivinyylidiklooriarsiini (CAS 541-25-3), tris(2-kloorivinyyli)arsiini (CAS 40334-70-1), bis(2-kloorivinyyli)klooriarsiini (CAS 40334-69-8) Typpisinappikaasut, kuten: bis(2-kloorietyyli)etyyliamiini (CAS 538-07-8), bis(2-kloorietyyli)metyyliamiini (CAS 51-75-2), tris(2-kloorietyyli)amiini (CAS 555-77-1); Ärsyttävät aineet Tukahduttavat aineet Käytetyin tukahduttava ja tappava aine on vetysyanidi eli sinihappo, jota muodostuu kaliumsyanidin (1 gramma riittää tappamaan 20 ihmistä kiinteässä muodossa) joutuessa kosketuksiin happojen kanssa Kasvimyrkyt eli herbisidit Palytoksiini (palytoxin) on koralleista saatavaa myrkkyä Yleismyrkylliset aineet Psykotaisteluaineet Toksiinit", "Nitrosoamiinit\nNitrosoamiinit ovat syöpää aiheuttavia typpiyhdisteitä, joita käytetään mm. joissakin tuholaismyrkyissä ja kosmetiikkatuotteissa. Niitä on tupakkatuotteissa, muun muassa savukkeissa sekä nuuskassa, erityisesti amerikkalaisessa nuuskassa, josta on Massachusettsin terveysviraston tutkimuksissa löytynyt jopa yli 40 -kertaisia nitrosoamiinipitoisuuksia ruotsalaiseen nuuskaan verrattuna. Niitä muodostuu myös joskus mahalaukussa nitriittien ja/tai nitraattien reagoidessa aminohappojen kanssa.", "Räjähde\nSekundääriräjähteet sytytetään aina aloiteräjähteellä eli primääriräjähteellä. Sekundääriräjähteitä ovat dynamiitti, TNT, pentaeritrytolitetranitraatti, heksogeeni, oktogeeni, ANFO, nitroselluloosa ja geligniitti. C-4, C-3 ja Semtex ovat tehokkaita muoviräjähteitä. Monet sekundääriräjähteet, kuten trinitrotolueeni (TNT), kestävät hyvin iskuja ja palavat vain sytytettynä (esimerkiksi nitroselluloosa).", "Raskasmetalli\nLyijy on yleisin raskasmetalleista. Sitä esiintyy esimerkiksi lyijyakuissa, ääni- ja säteilysuojelussa sekä ammuksissa. Se pääsee luontoon myös liikenteestä ja teollisuudesta, kuten metallisulatoista ja akkuteollisuudesta. Muiden myrkkyjen tavoin lyijy pystyy kulkeutumaan pitkiäkin matkoja ilmavirtojen mukana. Pääasiallinen altistumisreitti on ravinto. Tetraetyylilyijyä (CHCH)4Pb käytettiin osana bensiinissä 1930–1970-luvuilla. Palaessa bensiinistä vapautui ympäristöön haitallisia lyijy-yhdisteitä, kuten hermo- ja ympäristömyrkkyjä. Tämän vuoksi lyijy-yhdisteiden käytöstä bensiinin lisäaineena on luovuttu kokonaan. Suomessa kielto astui voimaan 1990-luvulla ja koko EU:n alueella vasta 2004. Lyijyttömien polttoaineiden myötä sen saanti on vähentynyt huomattavasti.", "Siansiittiötesti\nSian siittiötestillä on mitattu useiden toksiinien solumyrkyllisyyttä. Tähän mennessä siittiömyrkyllisimmäksi tutkituksi yhdisteeksi on osoittautunut kereulidi. Sian siittiön liikuntakyvyn halvaannuttamiseen riittää 5400 molekyyliä / siittiö, eli 77 kereulidimolekyyliä / mitokondrio. Kereulidi on tiettävästi ensimmäinen bakteerimyrkky, jonka tuhoisa annos voidaan laskea painoyksiköiden sijasta molekyyleissä. Muita erittäin siittiömyrkyllisiä, hometaloista löytyneitä toksiineja ovat esimerkiksi valinomysiini ja amylosiini. ", "Kalykuliinit\nKalykuliinit ovat ryhmä polyketideihin kuuluvia myrkyllisiä orgaanisia yhdisteitä. Niitä on eristetty merissä elävistä sienieläimistä \"Discodermia calyx\" ja \"Lamellomorpha strongylata\". Kalykuliinien myrkyllisyys perustuu proteiinifosfataasi 1:n ja proteiinifosfataasi 2:n toiminnan inhibiitioon. Niitä tutkitaan mahdollisina syöpälääkkeinä.", "Hyönteismyrkky\nOrganofosfaattien myrkkyvaikutus perustuu siihen, että ne estävät hermostossa ja lihaksissa asetyylikoliiniesteraasi-entsyymiä, joka pilkkoo asetyylikoliinia. Tämä taas on hermoston välittäjäaine, jota vapautuu hermopäätteestä seuraavan hermosolun pinnalla oleville reseptoreille tai hermo-lihasliitoksessa oleville reseptoreille. Jos asetyylikoliini ei hajoa normaalisti, seuraa hermon tai lihaksen ylikiihottuminen, joka näkyy mm. kouristuksina, syljenerityksen lisääntymisenä ja monina keskushermoston ja autonomisen hermoston oireina. Suuret annokset aiheuttavat kuoleman hengityksen lamaantumisen, limanerityksen ja keuhkoputkien supistuksen aiheuttaman tukehtumisen seurauksena.[1] Aineet imeytyvät helposti iholta ja myös hyönteisten kitiinikuoren läpi ja ne ovat siksi tehokkaita hyönteismyrkkyjä.", "Hämähäkit\nYhtä heimoa (Liphistidae) lukuun ottamatta kaikilla hämähäkeillä on myrkkyrauhaset. Ne lamauttavat saaliinsa pistämällä näitä leukaraajoissa olevilla piikeillä. Myrkyn koostumus vaihtelee eri lajien välillä suuresti. Hämähäkkien myrkky on vaarallista muille niveljalkaisille, mutta selkärankaisten aineenvaihdunta on niin erilaista, että vain harvojen hämähäkkien myrkky on vaarallista ihmiselle. Tunnetuin myrkkyhämähäkki on pallohämähäkkeihin kuuluva mustaleski (Latrodectus mactans). Pelätyissä suurikokoisissa lintuhämähäkeissä on vain harvoja huomattavan myrkyllisiä lajeja. Mustalesket purevat ihmistä yleensä vain silloin, jos ne joutuvat epähuomiossa puristuksiin ihoa vasten. Ongelmallisempia myrkkyhämähäkkejä ovat aggressiiviset brasilialaiset juoksuhämähäkkejä muistuttavat Phoneutria-suvun edustajat. Myrkkyhämähäkin myrkky vaikuttaa yleensä hermostoon ja aiheuttaa halvauksia tai jopa kuoleman.", "Sokeritoukka\nKemiallisesti sokeritoukkia voidaan torjua hyönteismyrkyillä, kuten aerosoleilla, muurahaissirotteilla[10] tai erityisesti sokeritoukkien torjuntaan suunnatuilla sirotteilla[1]. Aineet sisältävät yleensä pyretroideja tai boorihappoa.[8] Useimmiten kemiallista torjuntaa tarvitaan lähinnä vain suuriksi kasvaneisiin kantoihin[3][1], jolloin on samalla tärkeää käsitellä niiden piilopaikat. Sirotteiden ja ansojen yhteiskäytöllä voidaan vähentää hyönteisten määriä tilanteissa, joissa fysikaalisia olosuhteita on hankala helposti muuttaa sokeritoukille epäsuosiollisiksi.[6] Sirotteita käytettäessä on samalla alennettava ilmankosteutta.[1] Aerosolisuihkeita voidaan käyttää lattiapintojen, seinäkoristeiden, laatikostojen taustojen, huonekalujen alustojen, rakennelmien rakojen ja ullakoiden lattioiden ja kattojen käsittelyyn. Rakennusten ulkopuolella voidaan käsitellä räystäät, varastorakennukset ja kukkapenkkirakennelmat. Kemiallisen torjunnan tehon toteamiseen voidaan tarvita aikaa kymmenestä päivästä kahteen viikkoon, koska piileskelevien hyönteisten on ensin oltava kontaktissa torjunta-aineeseen.[9]", "Kärpässienet\nMonet kärpässienet ovat myrkyllisiä. Esimerkiksi kavalakärpässienen ja valkokärpässienen sisältämät fallotoksiinit ja amatoksiinit ovat tappavia solumyrkkyjä, jotka eivät tuhoudu keittämälläkään. Punakärpässieni sisältää hermomyrkkyjä, joilla on muun muassa pahoinvointia aiheuttavia sekä huumaavia vaikutuksia, mutta niistä johtuvat kuolemantapaukset ovat todella harvinaisia.", "Liaanimyrkkysumakki\nLiaanimyrkkysumakki tai myrkkymuratti (\"Toxicodendron radicans\") on sumakkikasveihin kuuluva kasvi, joka kasvaa Pohjois- ja Keski-Amerikassa sekä Itä-Aasiassa. Se on varsin yleinen monilla Yhdysvaltain esikaupunkialueilla. Myrkkymuratti aiheuttaa kosketettaessa useimmille ihmisille allergisen reaktion, joka voi pahimmillaan olla hengenvaarallinen. Suomenkielisestä nimestään huolimatta se ei ole sukua eurooppalaiselle muratille (\"Hedera helix\").", "Myrkytys\nLääkeaineista aiheutuu noin 550 kuolemantapausta vuodessa. Tärkeimpiä aiheuttajia ovat opioidit, masennuslääkkeet ja psykoosilääkkeet. Noin puolessa tapauksista mukana on alkoholi. Suomalaista tutkimustietoa tulehduskipulääkkeiden aiheuttamista kuolemantapauksista ei ole mutta Lääkealan turvallisuus- ja kehittämiskeskus Fimea arvelee yhdysvaltalaisten tutkimusten perusteella, että tulehduskipulääkkeet saattavat olla vuosittain osallisina 150–300 kuolemantapauksessa. Tulehduskipulääkkeet eivät aiheuta varsinaista myrkytystä, mutta vakavin sivuvaikutus on lisääntynyt riski mahasuolikanavan verenvuotoon.", "Sienimyrkky\nSolumyrkyt ovat sienimyrkyistä vaarallisimpia, ne voivat johtaa maksa- ja munuaisvaurioihin. Punakärpässieni sisältää iboteenihappoa ja muskimolia, jotka voivat aiheuttaa keskushermoston oireita kuten hallusinaatioita.", "Sienimyrkky\nHermomyrkyt eli psykotrooppiset myrkyt vaikuttavat keskushermostoon ja mielentilaan. Oireet (hikoilu, sekavuus, harha-aistimukset ja alentunut verenpaine) alkavat 1–4 tunnin kuluttua sienen nauttimisesta. Hermomyrkkyjä sisältäviä sieniä on käytetty monissa kulttuureissa hallusinaatioiden aiheuttamiseen ja uskonnollisissa rituaaleissa. Väli-Amerikassa käytettiin madonlakkeja (\"Psilocybe\"). Siperiassa ja Suomessakin šamaanit käyttivät punakärpässientä (\"Amanita muscaria\") helpottamaan loveen lankeamista. Myrkytykset ovat yleensä tahallisesti aiheutettuja, kun sieniä on käytetty huumeena.Osalla ihmisistä on synnynnäinen sienisokerin imeytymishäiriö eli trehaloosi-intoleranssi. Se aiheuttaa ilmavaivoja ja ripulointia.", "Verimyrkky\nVerimyrkky eli \"hemotoksiini\" on myrkkytyyppi, joka vaikuttaa vereen. Verimyrkyn nimi on hieman harhaanjohtava, sillä verimyrkyt eivät vaikuta pelkästään vereen, vaan tuhoavat myös muuta kudosta solumyrkkyjen tapaan.", "Myrkylliset homeet\nToksiset homeet aiheuttavat vakavia ympäristöterveydellisiä haittoja ympäri maailman ja myrkyllisten homesienten terveysvaikutukset on tunnettu satoja vuosia. Myrkyllisten homeiden terveysvaikutusten tiedetään välittyvän sekä ympäristöaltistuksen että saastuneen ruoan välityksellä. Yleisesti homeille ja niiden toksiineille altistutaan suun kautta saastuneen ruoan välityksellä. Muita altistusreittejä ovat iho ja hengityselimet.", "Siilikkäät\nKeskeisenä tuntomerkkinä naaraan takaruumissa, munanasettimen yhteydessä on pari feromonirauhasia, jotka se voi työntää ruumiinsa ulkopuolelle. Rauhasten pituus ja muoto vaihtelevat. Monilla siilikkäillä on myrkkyrauhanen keskiruumiinsa prothoraxissa. Myrkkyrauhasen ansiosta ne voivat uhattuna erittää pisaroittain muun muassa asetyylikoliinia ja histamiineja sisältävää nestettä. Lisäksi perhosten erityisenä piirteenä on uurteisesta levystä muodostuva, ultraäänen tuottamiseen sopiva tymbaalielin keskiruumiin takaosassa. Äänen taajuus on 20–60 kHz ja sen tarkoituksena on luultavasti varoittaa lepakoita sekä muita öisiä saalistajia perhosen myrkyllisyydestä. Eräiden arvioiden mukaan ääni voi myös häiritä lepakoiden kaikuluotausta tehden perhosen lepakolle näkymättömäksi. Soukkoperhosilla (Syntominae) tymbaalielin on kuitenkin surkastunut tai puuttuu kokonaan.", "Amatoksiinit\nAmatoksiinit ovat sienimyrkkyjä. Ne ovat muun muassa valkokärpässienestä, kavalakärpässienestä ja myrkkynääpikästä löytyviä solumyrkkyjä. Kemiallisesti amatoksiinit ovat kahdeksan aminohappoa sisältäviä rengasrakenteisia peptidejä. Valkokärpässieni ja kavalakärpässieni sisältävät lisäksi virotoksiineja ja fallotoksiineja, jotka sisältävät seitsemän aminohappoa. Amatoksiineista merkittävin on alfa-amanitiini.", "Kosteusvaurioindikaattorit\nBacillus amyloliquefaciens tuottaa amylosiinia, erittäin toksista solumyrkkyä.", "Savu\nMonet savun aineet ovat hyvin myrkyllisiä tai ärsyttäviä. Vaarallisin on hiilimonoksidi, joka aiheuttaa häkämyrkytyksen, mitä joskus saattaa vielä vakavoittaa vetysyanidin tai fosgeenin esiintyminen. Savun hengittäminen voi sen vuoksi nopeasti johtaa lamaantumiseen ja tajunnan menetykseen. Rikkioksidit, vetykloridi ja vetyfluoridi muodostavat kosteassa ilmassa rikkihappoa, suolahappoa ja fluorivetyhappoa, jotka syövyttävät sekä keuhkoja että monia materiaaleja. Nukkuessaan ihminen ei aisti savua, mutta ihminen herää, jos sitä kertyy keuhkoihin tietty määrä. Näin ei kuitenkaan välttämättä tapahdu, jos ihminen on lamaantunut taikka alkoholin tai huumeiden vaikutuksen alaisena.", "Palytoksiini\nYleinen vakavan myrkytyksen aiheuttama oire on rabdomyolyysi, jossa lihassolut alkavat hajota ja niiden sisäiset nesteet vuotavat vereen. Muita oireita ovat muun muassa metallinen tai karvas maku suussa, vatsakrampit, pahoinvointi, oksentelu, heikkous, ripuli, sydämen harvalyöntisyys, munuaisten pettäminen, punasolujen hajoaminen (hemolyysi), lihaskouristelu, kehon sinertävyys (syanoosi) ja hengitysvaikeudet. Kuoleman palytoksiini aiheuttaa yleensä sydänpysähdyksen kautta vaurioittamalla sydäntä.", "Verimyrkky\nVerimyrkyt vaikuttavat pääasiassa kahdella tavalla. Ensinnäkin ne tuhoavat punasoluja ja verisuonten seinämiä, toiseksi verimyrkky aiheuttaa verisuonissa tukoksia ja muodostaa lopulta kuolioita.", "Savusumu\nSavusumu eli smog (engl. \"smoke\", ’savu’ + \"fog\", ’sumu’) tarkoittaa etenkin suurkaupungeissa esiintyvää ilmansaaste-episodia, jonka aikana näkyvyys on huono ja saasteiden pitoisuudet voivat kohota vaaralliselle tasolle. Haihtuvat orgaaniset yhdisteet eli VOC-yhdisteet aiheuttavat yhdessä valokemiallisten hapettimien kanssa savusumun syntymisen. Savusumu ärsyttää silmiä ja limakalvoja, rapauttaa maaleja ja kumia sekä tappaa kasveja.", "Lyijymyrkytys\nMyrkytystilan oireisiin kuuluu muun muassa pahoinvointia, kipua ja anemiaa. Lyijymyrkytys saattaa johtaa kuolemaan. Akuutit lyijymyrkytykset ovat paljon harvinaisempia kuin myrkytykseen johtava krooninen altistuminen lyijylle. \nAkuutti lyijymyrkytys johtuu lähes aina (elimistöön huonoliukoisten) lyijysuolojen nauttimisesta. Oireet ovat paikallisia ruoansulatuskanavan oireita (jano, metallinmaku suussa, vatsakipu, oksentelu, ripuli tai ummetus, lyijysulfidi voi värjätä ulosteen mustaksi), sokki ja munuaisten vaurioitumisen oireita kuten oliguria ja virtsan koostumuksen muutokset, keskushermoston oireet sekä hemolyysi. Mikäli potilas paranee, jatkossa seuraavat usein kroonisen lyijymyrkytyksen oireet.", "Antrasykliinit\nAntrasykliineillä on bakteereja tappavia ominaisuuksia, mutta varsinaisina yleiskäyttöisinä antibiootteina niitä ei ole niiden haittavaikutusten ja myrkyllisyyden vuoksi käytetty. Ensimmäisen kerran antrasykliinien syöpäsoluja tappava ominaisuus raportoitiin vuonna 1959. Antrasykliinien vaikutusmekanismista ei ole täyttä yksimielisyyttä ja useita vaikutusmekanismeja on esitetty. Antrasykliinit voivat estää DNA:n jakautumisen joko interkalatoitumalla DNA:n kaksoiskierteen väliin tai katkaisemalla juosteen. Kaksoiskierteen katkeaminen johtuu antrasykliineista muodostuvien radikaalien muodostumiseen. Nämä radikaalit muodostavat elimistössä superoksidi- ja hydroksyyliradikaaleja, jotka vaurioittavat DNA:ta. Antrasykliinit voivat myös muodostaa kompleksin Fe-ionin kanssa ja tämä kompleksi sitoutuu voimakkaasti DNA:han. Tämä kompleksi voi myös katalysoida Fenton-reaktiota, jossa muodostuu hydroksyyliradikaaleja.", "Hiilivedyt\nKlooratut hiilivedyt ovat synteettisiä orgaanisia halogeeniyhdisteitä, joita on olemassa tuhansia ja joista osa on erittäin myrkyllisiä. Ne ovat hiilimolekyylejä, joiden vetyatomeja on korvattu klooriatomeilla. Luontoon kloorattuja hiilivetyjä pääsee teollisuuspäästöjen mukana sekä maan- ja metsäviljelyssä. Ne muodostavat merkittävän ympäristömyrkkyryhmän.", "Saimaannorppa\nIhmisen toiminnasta aiheutuneet ympäristömyrkyt tappoivat paljon saimaannorppia vielä 1970-luvulla. Vaikka ilmapäästöjen takia Saimaahan kertyy yhä elohopeaa ja muita raskasmetalleja, elohopea ei aiheuta enää saimaannorpalle riskiä. Ympäristökemikaaleista on kuitenkin edelleen haittaa, sillä orgaaniset klooriyhdisteet ovat biokertyviä ja jotkin PCB-yhdisteitä korvaavat aineet saattavat aiheuttaa uuden uhan.", "Ansamysiinit\nAnsamysiinit eli ansamakrolidit tai ansamakrolaktaamit ovat ryhmä rakenteellisesti samankaltaisia prokaryoottien ja eräiden kasvien tuottamia sekundääriaineenvaihdunnan tuotteita. Monilla ansamysiineillä on biologista aktiivisuutta ne voivat olla esimerkiksi antibiootteja tai antiviraalisia yhdisteitä ja eräitä tutkitaan myös syöpälääkkeinä. Ansamysiinien rakenteessa on aromaattinen yhdin johon on sitoutunut alifaattinen ketju muodostaen renkaan. Alifaattisen polyketidiketjun eliöt syntetisoivat etikkahaposta tai propaanihaposta. Ansamysiinit ovat saaneet nimensä latinan kielen kahvaa merkisevästä sanasta \"ansa\". Ansamakrolidit ovat merkittäviä paitsi niiden biologisten ominaisuuksien vuoksi myös niiden kiraalisen alifaattisen ketjun haastavan synteesin vuoksi.", "Polyklooratut dibentsodioksiinit\nSuurina pitoisuuksina dioksiinit aiheuttavat ihmisillä muun muassa klooriaknea. Eläinkokeissa on osoitettu, että dioksiinialtistus aiheuttaa kehityshäiriöitä ja syöpää. Myrkyllisin dioksiiniryhmä ovat ne dioksiinit, joissa on klooriatomi on \"para\"-asemassa suhteessa happeen, eli paikoissa numero 2, 3, 7 ja 8, esimerkiksi TCDD eli 2,3,7,8-tetrakloori-dibentso-\"p\"-dioksiini. TCDD on myrkyllisin synteettinen aine joillakin eläinlajeilla ja sitä käytetään dioksiinien myrkyllisyyden vertailuaineena. Sen toksisuusekvivalenttikerroin on yksi. Nimenomaan \"para\"-klooratut dioksiinit ovat erityisen hajoamattomia ilmeisesti siksi, ettei myrkkyjä poistava sytokromi P450 -entsyymi pysty hapettamaan niitä tehokkaasti.", "Saumamyrkkyluikero\nSaumamyrkkyluikero (\"Meiacanthus atrodorsalis\") on luikeroihin kuuluva kala. Sen purema on myrkyllinen.", "Sienet\nHemolyyttiset myrkyt aiheuttavat punasolujen tuhoutumista ja anemiaa. Rusokärpässienen sisältämä hemolyyttinen myrkky hajoaa kuumennettaessa. Tätä vielä vaarallisempaa hemolyyttistä myrkkyä sisältävä sieni on pulkkosieni, jonka myrkky ei hajoa kuumennettaessa. Pulkkosienen myrkky kerääntyy elimistöön ja sen vaikutus voimistuu syöntikertojen toistuessa, mikä voi johtaa jopa hengenvaaralliseen tilaan.", "Suippumyrkkyseitikki\nSuippumyrkkyseitikin maku on mieto ja sienen sisältämä myrkky vaikuttaa usein vasta vuorokausien jälkeen sienen syömisestä. Myrkky tuhoaa ihmisen munuaiskudosta ja on vaarallista pieninäkin määrinä. Suomessa tunnetaan ainakin kolme suippumyrkkyseitikin aiheuttamaa kuolemantapausta. Noin kolmasosalle myrkytyksen saaneista potilaista jää pysyvä vaikea munuaisvaurio, mutta suotuisissa tapauksissa munuaisten toiminta voi palautua kokonaan tai osittain, ja virtsaneritys alkaa uudelleen .", "Epikloorihydriini\nLyhytaikainen altistuminen epikloorihydriinille voi syövyttää silmiä, ihoa ja hengitysteitä. Höyryn hengittäminen voi aiheuttaa muun muassa keuhkopöhöä ja astman kaltaisia reaktioita. Höyry aiheuttaa kyynelvuotoa. Toistuva tai pitkäaikainen ihokosketus voi aiheuttaa ihon herkistymisen. Aineelle altistumisesta voi seurata myös vaikutuksia keskushermostossa, munuaisissa ja maksassa. Epikloorihydriinille altistuminen työssä katsotaan aiheuttavan vaaraa perimälle, sikiölle tai lisääntymiselle. Aine on luokiteltu myös syöpävaaraa aiheuttavaksi. Epikloorihydriini on haitallista vesieliöille ja se on helposti kulkeutuvaa, joten se voi joutua pohjaveteen. Maahan valunut epikloorihydriini haihtuu maan pinnasta ja maaperässä se on kohtalaisen nopeasti hajoavaa.", "Suomyrtit\nSuomyrtit tai norkkomyrtit (\"Myrica\") on suomyrttikasveihin kuuluva kasvisuku ja heimon tyyppisuku. Sukuun kuuluu 20 lajia.Suomyrttiä esiintyy Euroopan mereisissä osissa Portugalista pohjoiseen Norjaan, Pohjois-Amerikassa ja itäisimmässä Aasiassa Korean, Japanin ja Kamtšatkan niemimaan välisellä alueella. Suomessa suomyrttiä esiintyy pääosin rannikoilla ja järviseudulla Etelä-Hämeestä Etelä-Savoon. Aasiassa ja Pohjois-Amerikassa kasvaa useita omia suomyrttilajeja.", "Hermomyrkky\nHermomyrkky eli neurotoksiini on kemiallinen aine, joka estää neuronien toimintaa. Koska hermosolut vastaavat lukuisista elimistön toiminnoista, neurotoksiinien vaikutus voi ilmetä hyvin monella tavalla. Neurotoksiinin vaikutukset riippuvat myös annoksen suuruudesta.", "Myrkky\nLuonnossa esiintyvät myrkyt voidaan jakaa eliöiden tuottamiin myrkkyihin ja elottoman luonnon myrkkyihin. Näissä yhteyksissä käytetään ryhmittelyperusteena kemiallista rakennetta. Eliöiden myrkyt ovat peräisin eläimistä, kasveista, sienistä ja mikrobeista ja niitä kutsutaan toksiineiksi. Usein eliöiden tuottamat myrkyt ovat orgaanisia ja ryhmitellään tuottajansa mukaan, esimerkkeinä käärmeenmyrkyt ja bakteeritoksiinit. Elottoman luonnon tuottamia myrkkyjä ovat esimerkiksi alkuaineiden radioaktiiviset isotoopit, raskasmetallit ja myrkylliset kaasut. Nämä myrkyt ovat enimmäkseen epäorgaanisia.", "Inhibiittori\nInhibiittori voi kiinnittyä entsyymin aktiiviseen kohtaan, jolloin substraatti ei pääse kiinnittymään. Esimerkiksi antibiootit kiinnittyvät bakteerien aineenvaihdunnassa toimivien entsyymien aktiiviseen kohtaan, jolloin bakteerit kuolevat. Jotkin inhibiittorit muuttavat entsyymimolekyylin muotoa, jolloin substraatti ei pysty kiinnittymään sen aktiiviseen kohtaan. Syanidi, tietyt hermokaasut (esimerkiksi organofosfaatit) ja arsenikki estävät tällä tavalla joidenkin elämän kannalta välttämättömien reaktioiden tapahtumisen soluissa ja ovat sen takia tappavan myrkyllisiä. Soluissa on luonnollisia inhibiittoreita. Kun entsyymireaktion lopputuotetta on riittävästi, voi lopputuote estää entsyymin tuotannon solussa toimimalla luonnollisena inhibiittorina. Näin solussa tapahtuvien kemiallisten reaktioiden tasapaino säilyy.[1]", "Sienimyrkky\nJotkut ihmiset ovat allergisia sienten pinta-aktiivisille aineille, ja he voivat sada oireita sinänsä myrkyttömistä sienistä. Tämä kannattaa ottaa huomioon erityisesti sellaisten sienten kohdalla, joita käytetään toisinaan raakana esimerkiksi salaateissa. Tällaiseen on toisinaan suositeltu esimerkiksi eräitä mietoja sieniä kuten keltahaperoa.", "Myrkky\nUseat alkuaineet ovat käytännössä ympäristömyrkkyjä ja myös haitallisia ihmiselle. Esimerkiksi raskasmetalleilla ja radioaktiivisilla alkuaineilla voi olla suuria vaikutuksia ihmisen ja eliöiden terveyteen. Myrkyllisille alkuaineille voi altistua muun muassa nautitun ruoan ja veden kautta tai työympäristön vuoksi. Myrkyllisiksi alkuaineiksi luokitellaan esimerkiksi arseeni, kadmium, lyijy ja elohopea. Myös näiden alkuaineiden yhdisteet ovat myrkyllisiä.", "Myrkyllisyys\nMutageenit ovat aineita, jotka vahingoittavat solun genomia. Syntynyt vaurio periytyy solun jakautuessa. Altistumista mutageeneille voidaan seurata mittaamalla syntyviä DNA-addukteja (kemikaalin ja emäksen kompleksi)kudoksista ja kromosomimuutoksia esimerkiksi veren lymfosyyteistä. Ionisoivan säteilyn, styreenin, vinyylikloridin ja etyleenioksidin on todettu aiheuttavan lymfosyyttimuutoksia. Mutaatiot voivat tapahtua sukusoluissa tai somaattisissa soluissa. Sukusolujen mutaatiot ovat perinnöllisiä ja näkyvät vasta seuraavissa sukupolvissa. Toistaiseksi ei tunneta varmuudella yhtään kemikaalien aiheuttamaa periytynyttä muutosta, mutta riskiin on suhtauduttava vakavasti, koska sukusoluihin kohdistuvat vaikutukset voivat pitkällä aikavälillä olla paljon tuhoisampia ihmiskunnalle kuin muut viivästyneet vaikutukset. Somaattisiin soluihin kohdistuvista mutaatioista pahin seuraamus on syöpä.", "Hauli\nLyijy on ympäristömyrkky, joka kulkeutuu esimerkiksi petolintujen elimistöön niiden saaliseläimiin jääneiden haulien kautta. Eniten se kertyy merikotkiin: joka kolmas Suomen uhanalaisista merikotkista kuolee lyijymyrkytykseen, joka todennäköisesti johtuu lyijyhauleista niiden ravinnossa: riistassa tai vesilinnuissa. Lyijymyrkytys aiheuttaa yleensä hitaan kuoleman. Eviran tutkijan mukaan lyijyammusten käyttö tulisi kieltää kokonaan.", "Ryöppäys\nTyypillisiä ryöpättäviä sieniä ovat myrkyllinen korvasieni ja kirpeänmakuiset rouskut. Korvasienet on ryöpättävä avonaisessa kattilassa kaksi kertaa vähintään viisi minuuttia runsaassa vedessä, jotta hengenvaarallinen solumyrkky gyromitriini saadaan liukenemaan. Keitinvesi on siihen liuenneiden myrkkyjen takia kaadettava jokaisen ryöppäyskerran jälkeen pois ja sienet huuhdeltava hyvin. Riittävästä tuuletuksesta on huolehdittava.", "Sienimyrkky\nSienten poiminta ruoaksi sellaisilta alueilta, joilla tiedetään olevan maaperäsaasteita, ei ole suositeltavaa. Osa sienistä kerää ympäristömyrkkyjä, ruokasienistä erityisesti raskasmetalleja kuten lyijy ja kadmiumia ja jopa radioaktiivisia metalleja kuten uraania ja strontiumia. Kadmium tosin kulkeutunee elimistön läpi imeytymättä kitiiniin sitoutuneena. Toistaiseksi (vuoteen 2005 mennessä) ei näistä ole todettu olevan Suomessa suurta vaaraa, mutta raskaan liikenteen ja teollisuuden läheisyydestä ei ruokasieniä kannata poimia. Myös Säteilyturvakeskus seuraa asioita radioaktiivisuuden kannalta.", "Vesakkomyrkky\nVesakkomyrkky eli vesakontorjunta-aine on myrkky, jota ruiskutetaan nuorten lehtipuiden ja pensaiden tappamiseksi. Ruiskutetut kasvit pudottavat lehtensä ja kuolevat. ", "Sienimyrkky\nMykotoksiinien terveysvaikutukset voivat olla akuutteja tai kroonisia. Akuutit oireet ilmaantuvat nopeasti ja ne ovat usein vakavia. Akuutti sienimyrkytys johtaa usein nopeasti – jopa viidessätoista minuutissa – ripuliin ja oksentamiseen. Elimistöön joutuneen myrkyn määrää voidaan vähentää riittävän ajoissa annetulla lääkehiilellä ja mahan tyhjennyksellä. Krooniset terveysvaikutukset voivat olla pitkäaikaisia tai kumulatiivisia vaikutuksia. Kroonisia vaikutuksia mykotoksiineilla ovat esimerkiksi syövät tai immuunipuolustuksen alenema.", "Gyromitriini\nGyromitriini on solumyrkky ja karsinogeeni, jota esiintyy eräissä \"Gyromitra\"-suvun sienissä, kuten korvasienessä (\"Gyromitra esculenta\"). Kemiallisesti gyromitriini on asetaldehydin N-formyyli-N-metyylihydratsoni ja sen systemaattinen IUPAC-nimi on N'-etyylideeni-N-metyyliformohydratsidi. Gyromitriini on vesiliukoinen, haihtuva yhdiste, joka hajoaa helposti, jolloin siitä muodostuu metyylihydratsiinia (CHN), joka on varsinainen myrkytyksen aiheuttaja.", "ABC (sodankäynti)\nSyövyttäviä aineita käytettiin jo ensimmäisessä maailmansodassa. Tähän ryhmään kuuluvat muun muassa sinappikaasut, arseeniyhdisteet sekä fosgeenioksiimi (nokkoskaasut). Monet syövyttävät aineet ovat rasvaliukoisia ja näin imeytyvät limakalvoilta ja iholta elimistöön. Syövyttävät kaasut aiheuttavat muun muassa rakkuloita, pahoinvointia, päänsärkyä, hengityselimien kuolioita ja silmien tulehdusta. Myöhäisoireina voi esiintyä syöpää sekä hermoston ja ruuansulatuselimistön oireita.", "Samarium\nSamariumilla ei ole biologista roolia, mutta sen on havaittu stimuloivan aineenvaihduntaa. Samariumin liukoiset suolat ovat lievästi myrkyllisiä joutuessaan ruoansulatukseen. Jos altistuu samariumille, metalli ärsyttää silmiä, aiheuttaa kyynelehtimistä, hämärtää näköä ja aiheuttaa valonarkuutta. Samariumin nieleminen aiheuttaa pahoinvointia, oksentelua, huimausta, väsymystä, vatsakipuja, lisääntynyttä syljen eritystä, ruoansulatuskanavan ärsytystä, sydänoireita, vaikutuksia keskushermostoon ja muistivaikeuksia. Samariumia ei ole luokiteltu ihmiselle syöpää aiheuttavaksi. Samariumin pitkäaikaisesta ja kroonisesta altistumisesta ei ole julkaistu tietoa. Samariumin myrkyllisiä ominaisuuksia ei ole täysin tutkittu.", "Solumyrkky\nSolumyrkky on kemiallinen aine, joka voi tuhota elävän solun tai vahingoittaa sen toimintoja. Solun altistuessa solumyrkylle siinä voi ilmetä useita vaikutuksia. Solu voi joutua nekroosiin, jolloin se kadottaa solukalvon jännitteen ja solu kuolee nopeasti hajoamisen seurauksena. Solu voi lakata kasvamasta ja jakautumasta tai solussa voi aktivoitua itsetuhomekanismi, apoptoosi.", "Raid (hyönteismyrkky)\nAlun perin Raidin vaikuttavana aineena oli nimenomaan ensimmäinen synteettisesti valmistettu pyretroidi, alletriini. Myöhemmin tuotteisiin on lisätty myös muita pyretroideja, joka on laajentanut niiden käyttömahdollisuuksia. Pyretriinit sitoutuvat hermosolun aksonin pinnalla oleviin proteiineihin, jotka muodostavat hermoimpulssia kuljettavia jänniteherkkiä natriumkanavia. Pyretriinimolekyylin tarttuminen proteiiniin pakottaa natriumkanavan auki, \njolloin hermosolu johtaa sähköä jatkuvasti. Näin eliö ei enää kykene koordinoimaan hermosignaalien kulkemista ja seurauksena on voimakkaita pakkoliikkeitä ja lopulta kuolema.", "Myrkky\nMyrkylliset ja haitalliset kemikaalit jaetaan Euroopan unionin säännöissä myrkyllisyyden perusteella kolmeen ryhmään: \"erittäin myrkylliset aineet\" (T+), \"myrkylliset aineet\" (T) ja \"haitalliset aineet\" (Xn). EU-luokituksessa myrkyiksi ei luokitella aineita, jotka ovat pelkästään syövyttäviä eli aiheuttavat vain paikallista kudostuhoa. Kuitenkin on olemassa joitain aineita, jotka ovat sekä syövyttäviä että tappavan myrkyllisiä ihokosketuksessa.", "Toksiini\nMonet toksiinit ovat eliöiden saalistusta, puolustautumista tai elintilan raivaamista varten. Eläinten toksiinit ulottuvat tappavista käärmeenmyrkyistä ihmiselle suhteellisen harmittomiin hyönteisten, esim. mehiläisten myrkkyihin. Kasvien myrkyt estävät usein eläimiä syömästä niitä. Nekin vaihtelevat hengenvaarallisista myrkkykatkon koniinista niittyleinikin karvasaineisiin. Jälkimmäiset aiheuttavat laitumilla niittyleinikkiä kasvavia syömättömiä tupsuja. Makrosienten myrkyt kuten valkokärpässienen amanitiinit ovat hengenvaarallisia, rouskujen karvasaineet lähinnä ärsyttävät mahaa. Mikrosienten toksiinit, mykotoksiinit ovat hyvin moninaisia Aspergillus flavuksen syöpää aiheuttavasta aflatoksiinista verisuonten supistuksen takia kuolioita aiheuttavaan torajyväsienen ergotamiiniin. Bakteeritoksiineja on äärimmäisen myrkyllisestä botulinumtoksiinista suolistossa elävän kolibakteerin endotoksiineihin.", "Nitrosyylikloridi\nAine on myrkyllistä ja aiheuttaa hengitettynä hengenahdistusta ja yskää. Aine on voimakas hapetin ja kykenee myös syövyttämään metalleja. Nitrosyylikloridin reagoidessa veden kanssa reaktiotuotteina syntyy suolahappoa ja typen oksideja. Veteen joutuessaan aine on eliöstölle vaarallista.", "Myrkky\nUseat levät voivat aiheuttaa ihmisille toksisia reaktioita, kuten ihoreaktioita, silmien ärsytystä ja hengityshäiriöitä. Varsinainen myrkytystila edellyttää kuitenkin myrkyn joutumista elimistöön veden tai hengitysilman mukana. Myrkyllisiä lajeja tunnetaan panssarilevistä, punalevistä, piilevistä, tarttumalevistä mutta varsinkin sinilevistä.\nMykotoksiinit ovat myrkyllisten homesienten sekundaarisia aineenvaihduntatuotteita, jotka voivat aiheuttaa haittaa tai kuoleman ihmisessä tai eläimessä. Mykotoksiinien farmakologisten ominaisuuksien takia joitakin mykotoksiineja käytetään antibiootteina, kasvunedistäjinä sekä lääkkeinä. ", "Halonit\nHalonit tuhoavat otsonikerrosta paljon tehokkaammin kuin CFC-yhdisteet. Halonien käyttö ja niitä sisältävien tuotteiden myynti on siksi kielletty Suomessa joitakin poikkeuksia lukuun ottamatta. Halonit ovat myös kasvihuonekaasuja. Halonien korvaamiseksi onkin kehitetty vastaavaan tehoon perustuvia sammutuskaasuja, joiden haittavaikutus otsonikerrokseen on vähäinen tai haittavaikutusta ei ole lainkaan. Haloneja on korvattu myös mm. argonilla, typellä ja hiilidioksidilla. Näiden teho perustuu tulen tukahduttamiseen ja ne ovat täysin vaarattomia ympäristölle, koska kaikkia näitä aineita on luonnollisesti muutenkin ilmakehässä, joskin hiilidioksidi on kasvihuonekaasu. Haittapuolena on kuitenkin vaarallisuus ihmiselle. Kaasut syrjäyttävät hapen ilmasta ja samassa tilassa olevat henkilöt ovat vaarassa tukehtua.", "Risiini (myrkky)\nRisiini ja rohtosuopayrtistä saatava saponiini ovat molemmat ribosomi-inaktivaattoreita. Ne pysäyttävät proteiinien synteesin soluissa, aiheuttaen solukuoleman.[10]", "Glykoalkaloidit\nGlykoalkaloidit ovat kasvisten luontaisia myrkkyjä eli toksiineja. Glykoalkaloideja saadaan pääasiassa perunasta, mutta niitä on myös raaoissa vihreissä tai vihertävissä tomaateissa. Perunan glykoalkaloideja kutsutaan solaniiniksi (CHNO) sekä kakoniiniksi (CHNO) ja tomaatin tomatiiniksi (CHNO). Ne ovat suurina annoksina terveydelle haitallisia. Glykoalkaloidit hajottavat solukalvoja ja häiritsevät hermoston toimintaa säätelevien koliiniesteraasien toimintaa.", "Hiili\nJotkut hiiliyhdisteet ovat hengenvaarallisia. Hiilimonoksidi (CO) eli häkä on jo pieninä annoksina tappava, ja henkiin jääneet kärsivät muistinmenetyksistä ja heikkoudesta. Syanidit (CN-) ovat äärimmäisen myrkyllisiä lähes kaikille hemoglobiinia hapenkuljetukseen käyttäville organismeille, varsinkin tasalämpöisille selkärankaisille, kuten nisäkkäille. National Geographicin mukaan puhtaat fullereenit ovat hyvin myrkyllisiä.", "Metyylinitriitti\nMetyylinitriitti on erittäin myrkyllistä. Rotille tappava annos ilmassa on 170 ppm. Aineen on todettu myös aiheuttavan methemoglobiinin määrän kasvua veressä. Maetyylinitriitin on myös todettu olevan syöpää aiheuttava ja mutageeninen. Metyylinitriitti hajoaa hyvin herkästi auringonvalossa. Aine on myös hyvin helposti syttyvää", "Raskausmyrkytys\nRaskauskouristus tarkoittaa raskausmyrkytyspotilaalle uutena kehittyviä kouristuksia, joita ei voida selittää millään muulla syyllä. Se on sekä äidille että lapselle vaarallinen raskausmyrkytyksen komplikaatio, josta on monesti seurauksia molempien hengen ja terveyden suhteen. \nRaskausmyrkytystä potevan varoitusmerkkejä voivat olla päänsärky, näköhäiriöt sekä vatsan oikean yläneljänneksen tai koko ylävatsan kivut. Näistä yleisin on päänsärky. Vakavissa raskausmyrkytystapauksissa käytetään kouristuksia estävänä hoitona magnesiumsulfaattia.", "Vesinokkaeläimen myrkky\nVesinokkaeläimen aiheuttamia dokumentoituja myrkytystapauksia tunnetaan muutamia. Näiden perusteella tiedetään, millaisia oireita myrkytyksestä seuraa. Näitä ovat turvotus; pitkäkestoinen ja sietämättömäksi kuvailtu kipu, joka ei helpotu tavanomaisilla kipulääkkeillä morfiini mukaan luettuna[9]; pahoinvointi; vilunväreet; imusolmukkeiden turvotus[10]; nopea verisolujen laskeutuminen ja matala proteiinin ja albumiinin pitoisuus seerumissa.[8] Varhaisissa eläinkokeissa kaniineilla vesinokkaeläimen myrkyn raportoitiin pudottavan verenpainetta, aiheuttavan verenpurkaumia ja kuoleman.[11] Lisätutkimuksissa havaittiin lievää proteolyyttista aktiivisuutta, histamiinin vapautumista sekä ihon anafylaksia laboratorioeläimillä. In vitro -tutkimusten mukaan myrkky rentouttaa sileitä lihaksia ja aiheuttaa proteolyysia[12] sekä vähäistä punasolujen hajoamista.[13] Koe-eläimissä myrkky saa aikaan turvotusta, hermopäätteiden polttelua ja kipua.", "Gyromitra\nGyromitra on sienten suku, jossa esiintyy gyromitriiniä, joka on tappavan vaarallinen solumyrkky. Tätä myrkkyä esiintyy muun muassa korvasienissä.", "Sienet\nRuokasienet sisältävät vaihtelevassa määrin trehaloosia eli sienisokeria. Joillakin ihmisillä on synnynnäinen entsyymipuutos, trehaloosi-intoleranssi[3], jonka vuoksi he voivat saada helposti vatsanväänteitä sieniateriasta. Joitain sieniä voi käyttää huumeina, kuten Psilocybe-suvun lajeja, joiden hallussapitokin on Suomessa kiellettyä. Suomessakin šamaanit ovat käyttäneet punakärpässientä helpottamaan loveen lankeamista.[4]", "Atsaspirasidit\nAtsaspiratsidien tiedetään aiheuttaneen myrkytyksiä eri puolilla maailmaa, ja muun muassa Kauko-Idässä simpukoita tarjotaan ensin kotieläimille, jotta saadaan selville niiden mahdollinen myrkyllisyys.", "Myrkky\nTorjunta-aineet ovat aineita tai aineiden seoksia ja ne voivat olla fysikaalisia, kemiallisia tai biologisia myrkkyjä. Torjunta-aineiden tarkoitus on tappaa tuholaisia, kuten tuhohyönteisiä, rikkaruohoja tai rottia. Tällöin tavoitteena on, että aine olisi kohdelajille tappavan myrkyllinen, mutta ihmiselle ja eläimille mahdollisimman vaaraton. ", "Solun tukiranka\nMonilla tubuliiniin sitoutuvilla myrkyillä on myös lääketieteellistä arvoa. Eräästä krookuksesta saatava myrkky, kolkisiini, sitoutuu solun vapaaseen tubuliiniin. Sidottu tubuliini ei pysty esimerkiksi muodostamaan tumasukkulaa, jolloin solunjakautuminen pysähtyy. Kolkisiinia käytetäänkin solunjakautumisen tutkimisessa. Kolkisiinia voidaan käyttää kemoterapiassa, sillä jatkuvasti jakautuvat syöpäsolut ovat herkempiä kolkisiinille kuin useimmat muut solut.", "Vesipäästäinen\nVesipäästäinen saalistaa veden alla, veden pinnalla ja kuivalla maalla. Sen ravintoa ovat hyönteiset ja niiden toukat, madot, kotilot sekä hämähäkkieläimet. Saalislistalta löytyvät myös pikkukalat, kalanmäti sekä sammakot ja pikkunisäkkäät. Vesipäästäisen sylki on myrkyllistä. Myrkky on niin voimakasta, että sen kerrotaan aiheuttavan sammakon kuoleman muutamassa minuutissa. Vesipäästäinen on Suomen ainoa myrkyllinen nisäkäs. Koko maailman nisäkkäistäkin vain almikit (\"Solenodontidae\"), hidaslorit (\"Nycticebus\"), vesinokkaeläin (\"Ornithorhynchus anatinus\") ja lyhythäntäpäästäinen (\"Blarina brevicauda\") ovat vesipäästäisen lisäksi myrkyllisiä.", "Myrkky\nIhmiselle myrkyllisiä sienilajeja tunnetaan noin 100 kpl, joista 15-20 lajia on nautittuna tappavia. Syömäkelpoisten ja myrkyllisten sienten välillä ei ole selvää rajaa. Yli 95 % myrkytystapauksista johtuu sienen väärintunnistamisesta, loput myrkytystapaukset liittyvät myrkkysienten päihdekäyttöön.", "Syanidi\nLigandina (sitoutuneena) syanidi ei ole välttämättä myrkyllinen. Esimerkiksi preussinsininen (Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 ) on myrkytön, ja sitä käytetään talliumin ja radioaktiivisen cesiumin vastamyrkkynä. Ferrosyanidi ([Fe(CN)6]3-) on aineosana lisäaineissa E535 (natriumferrosyanidi), E536 (kaliumferrosyanidi) ja E538 (kalsiumferrosyanidi), joita käytetään paakkuuntumisenestoaineena suolassa.", "Ympäristömyrkky\nRaskasmetalleiksi kutsutaan metalleja, joilla on suuri tiheys. Osa näistä aineista muuttuu ympäristömyrkyiksi niiden päästessä luontoon ihmisen toimien vuoksi. Koska raskasmetallit eivät hajoa, ne voivat olla biologisessa kiertokulussa ikuisesti. Joskus myrkyt sitoutuvat järvien ja merien sedimenttiin ja maahiukkasiin. Haitallisimpia ympäristömyrkkyjä ovat elohopea, kadmium ja lyijy. Bakteerit voivat muuttaa elohopean metyylielohopeaksi, joka sitoutuu helposti eliön proteiineihin ja on tavallista elohopeaa myrkyllisempää. Tämä aine voi synnyttää pysyviä hermostovaurioita.", "Ferroseeni\nFerroseenilla itsellään on vähän käyttötarkoituksia. Ferroseeniä voidaan käyttää tetraetyylilyijyn korvikkeena vanhoihin autoihin, jotka on suunniteltu lyijybensiiniä varten. Ferroseenista on kuitenkin helppo valmistaa johdannaisia. Lääkekemiassa on havaittu, että tamoksifeenin ferroseenijohdannainen on solumyrkky, jota voidaan käyttää syövän hoitoon. Ferrosenyylifosfiineja käytetään metallikatalyytin ligandina; näitä katalyyttejä käytetään lääkkeiden ja maatalouskemikaalien valmistuksessa.", "Syanobakteerit\nSinileväkukinnoista yli puolet on myrkyllisiä. Sinibakteereissa on kahdenlaisia myrkkyjä, maksamyrkkyjä ja hermomyrkkyjä. Maksalle myrkylliset sinilevät ovat yleisempiä kuin hermostolle myrkylliset. Makeiden vesien maksamyrkyt (mikrokystiinit) ja murtoveden maksamyrkyt (nodulariinit) ovat rakenteeltaan aminohapoista muodostuneita rengasrakenteisia peptidejä aiheuttaen eläimille maksan turpoamisen ja sokin. Hermostoon vaikuttavat toksiinit (mm. anatoksiinit ja saksitoksiinit) ovat rakenteeltaan pienimolekyylisiä hiilivetyrenkaita sisältäviä alkaloideja tai organofosfaatteja aiheuttaen mm. lihasten halvaantumista.\nMyrkkyihin kuolee satunnaisesti lehmiä ja koiria, mutta Suomessa ei ihmisille ole aiheutunut vakavia myrkytyksiä. Sinibakteereja sisältävässä vedessä uimisesta voi tulla ihottumaa, päänsärkyä ja kuumetta. Järvivedestä otetussa puhdistetussa juomavedessä ei sinibakteerimyrkkyjä ole merkittäviä määriä.", "Kaliumsyanidi\nKaliumsyanidi on ollut murhaajien suosima myrkky. Myrkkynä kaliumsyanidi on valkoisena jauheena, joka maistuu karvasmantelilta. Puoli grammaa ainetta nieltynä riittää tappamaan ihmisen. Vatsaan joutuessaan kaliumsyanidi reagoi vatsassa olevan suolahapon kanssa, jolloin muodostuu sinihappoa. Kaliumsyanidista vapautuva syanidi-ioni salpaa soluhengityksen estämällä sytokromioksidaasin toiminnan. Se vahingoittaa erityisesti sydäntä ja keskushermostoa. Uhri kuolee nopeasti; syanidi voi johtaa kuolemaan noin 3-8 minuutin kuluessa. Kaliumsyanidimyrkytyksen vastamyrkkynä toimii esimerkiksi siitä B12-vitamiinia muodostava hydroksikobalamiini (CHCoNOP). Vetyperoksidi hapettaa kaliumsyanidin erittäin tehokkaasti vähemmän myrkylliseksi kaliumsyanaatiksi:", "Raid (hyönteismyrkky)\nRaidin toiminta perustuu pyretriinien ja piperonyylibutoksidin (PBO) yhteisvaikutukseen. Pyretriinit ovat hermomyrkkyjä, joita saadaan eräistä afrikkalaisista päivänkakkaralajeista (mm. \"Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium\"). Niille ominaista on hyvin alhainen myrkyllisyys linnuille ja nisäkkäille, kun taas kaloille ja useimmille selkärangattomille ne ovat sitä vastoin hyvin myrkyllisiä. Ero johtuu lintujen ja nisäkkäiden elimistön kyvystä hajottaa molekyylit hyvin nopeasti. Luonnosta peräisin olevina yhdisteinä ne ovat myös biologisesti hajoavia ja mikrobit hajottavat luontoon päätyneen pyretriinin nopeasti.", "Kosteusvaurioindikaattorit\n\"Streptomyces griseus\" on yleinen kosteusvaurioiden yhteydessä tavattu aktinobakteeri, joka kykenee tuottamaan valinomysiiniä. Kosteusvauriorakennuksista eristetty ja laboratorio-oloissa kasvatettu kanta on osoittautunut erittäin solumyrkylliseksi. Valinomysiinin solumyrkyllisyys perustuu solujen mitokondrioiden tuhoamiseen.", "Hiilivedyt\nPCB-yhdisteet ovat erittäin pysyviä, ne eivät ole vesiliukoisia, vaan rasvaliukoisia. Erilaisia PCB-kongereeneja eli PCB-yhdisteitä on olemassa 209. Epätäydellisesti palaessaan PCB-yhdisteet muodostavat dioksiinia ja furaania, jotka ovat supermyrkkyjä. Näitä yhdisteitä syntyy esimerkiksi korkealämpöisissä teollisissa prosesseissa, kuten sellun kloorivalkaisussa, ja sitä kautta niitä pääsee myös luontoon. PCB-yhdisteitä sisältävien tuotteiden maahantuonti, myynti, valmistus ja luovutus kiellettiin Suomessa 1990-luvulla. Kemiallisen kestävyytensä ansiosta PCB-yhdisteitä on hankala hävittää käytön jälkeen.[6]", "Nisäkkäiden myrkyt\nNisäkkäiden tuottamien myrkkyjen merkitys on ollut pitkään vähäinen tieteellisessä tutkimuksessa. Fossiililöydökset ja kokeellisten menetelmien kehittyminen on kuitenkin tuottanut lisää tietoa ja kasvattanut mielenkiintoa nisäkäsmyrkkyjä kohtaan. Nisäkkäiden myrkyt ovat kirjava joukko erilaisia toksisia seoksia ja vaikutusmekanismeja. Nisäkäsmyrkyt voidaan jakaa kolmeen luokkaan; hyönteissyöjien, nokkaeläinten ja lepakoiden myrkkyihin. Neljännessä luokassa, kädellisissä, on ehdotettu olevan myrkyllisiä lajeja. Eläinten tuottamille myrkyille ei ole yksiselitteistä määritelmää. Bücherlin (1968) mukaan myrkyllisellä eläimellä tulee olla ainakin yksi myrkkyrauhanen, mekanismi myrkyn erittämiselle tai ruiskuttamiselle sekä väline jolla tehdä haava. Mebs (2002) määrittelee eläinmyrkyt aineiksi, jotka ovat haitallisia muille eliöille määrätyssä pitoisuudessa ja jotka ovat useimmiten proteiineja tai peptidejä.", "Sylki\nSylki on pääasiassa vettä, mutta siinä on myös ioneja, ureaa, amylaasia ja bakteereja torjuvia entsyymejä kuten lysotsyymiä. Etenkin märehtijöillä on syljessään paljon ureaa, jota märehtijöiden etumahoissa olevat mikrobit voivat käyttää proteiinien muodostukseen. Joillakin lajeilla, kuten vasikalla, on syljessään myös lipaasia. Lihansyöjillä ei erity lainkaan tärkkelystä pilkkovaa sylkiamylaasia. Sylkeä on kahdenlaista: seroosia ja mukoosia sylkeä.", "Somaani\nSomaani eli O-pinakolyylimetyylifosfonofluoridaatti on eräs voimakkaimmista organofosfaatteihin kuuluvista hermokaasuista. Muita vastaavantyyppisiä ovat muun muassa tabuuni, sariini ja syklosariini. Somaani on ihon kautta tappavan myrkyllistä jo alle 10 mg annoksilla.", "Natriumsyanidi\nNatriumsyanidin vaikutukset ovat samanlaisia kuin kaliumsyanidin. Kerralla nautittuna 100–200 mg natriumsyanidia aiheuttaa tajuttomuuden minuutin sisällä, joskus 10 sekunnin sisällä, riippuen ruumiin vastustuskyvystä ja vatsassa olevasta ruoan määrästä. 45 minuutin jälkeen keho menee koomaan tai syvään uneen ja henkilö voi kuolla kahden tunnin sisällä, jos hän ei saa lääkettä. Tämän aikana voi esiintyä kouristuksia. Kuoleman aiheuttaa yleensä sydämenpysähdys.", "Sienet\nVaarallisimmat myrkkysienet sisältävät solumyrkkyjä. Ne ovat soluja tuhoavia myrkkyjä, jotka vaikuttavat sisäelimiin, erityisesti maksaan ja munuaisiin, joiden toiminta on vilkasta. Solumyrkkyjä ovat amatoksiinit ja fallotoksiinit (joita on mm. valko- ja kavalakärpässienessä sekä myrkkynääpikässä), orellaniini (jota on seitikeissä) ja gyromitriini (jota on korvasienessä). Myrkytysoireet (mm. oksentelu, ripuli, jano, heikotus, säryt) alkavat tyypillisesti 5–36 tunnin kuluttua sienen syömisestä, mutta orellaniinin kohdalla oireeton latenssivaihe voi olla jopa kaksi viikkoa. Myrkytys vaatii sairaalahoitoa. Edellä mainituista myrkyistä vain korvasienen gyromitriini hajoaa keitettäessä ja haihtuu veden mukana sienten kuivaamisen yhteydessä. Muut solumyrkyt eivät häviä keittämällä eivätkä kuivaamalla.", "Domoiinihappo\nDomoiinihappo on neurotoksinen levämyrkky, joka aiheuttaa muistinmenetystä. Sitä tuottavat tietyt levät ja toksiini rikastuu äyriäisiin, sardiineihin ja anjoviksiin ja sitä kautta näitä syöviin meripetoeläimiin. Altistuminen kyseiselle toksiinille vaikuttaa keskushermostoon ja voi aiheuttaa kuoleman. Altistumista seuraavat oireet voivat olla oksentelua, pahoinvointia, ripulia ja vatsakramppeja 24 tunnin sisällä altistumisesta. Voimakas altistus voi aiheuttaa neurologisia oireita kuten päänsärkyä, heikotusta, sekavuutta, lyhytaikaisen muistin menetystä, motorista heikkoutta, runsasta limaneritystä, sydämen rytmihäiriöitä ja kooman.", "Beryllium\nInternational Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) on luokitellut berylliumin ja berylliumin yhdisteet ensimmäisen luokan karsinogeeneiksi; ne ovat karsinogeenisia sekä ihmisille että eläimille ja berylliumille altistuminen on yhdistetty erityisesti keuhkosyöpään. Berylliumpölyn hengittäminen voi myös aiheuttaa kroonisen keuhkosairauden, jota kutsutaan beryllioosiksi, jonka oireita ovat väsymys, rintakivut ja yskiminen. Beryllium myös kertyy ihmisen elimistöön, erityisesti luukudokseen. Se voi aiheuttaa myös iho-oireita ja vaikuttaa maksan ja sydämen toimintaan. Berylliumin aiheuttamat terveyshaitat voivat ilmentyä viivästyneinä.[10][13]", "Hankittu immuniteetti\nHankitun immuniteetin toinen osa, soluvälitteinen immuniteetti, on puolestaan kehittynyt torjumaan sellaisten taudinaiheuttajien hyökkäyksiä, jotka lisääntyvät elimistön omien solujen sisällä käyttäen niitä isäntinään hyödyntäen niiden molekyylejä ja ulkokalvon tarjoamaa suojaa immuunijärjestelmää vastaan. Tällaisia solunsisäisiä loisia ovat tyypillisesti kaikki virukset, mutta myös jotkin bakteerit (esimerkiksi tuberkuloosia aiheuttava Mycobacterium tuberculensis sekä klamydiaa aiheuttavat bakteerit) ja alkueläimet (esimerkiksi malariaa aiheuttavat Plasmodium-suvun loiset) lisääntyvät elimistön solujen sisäpuolella. Mikäli antigeeniä esittelevän solun mukana imukudokseen esiteltäväksi tuotava antigeeni on peräisin tällaisesta patogeenistä, aktivoituvat tyypin 1 auttaja-T-solut (Th19), jotka tunnistavat ko. antigeenin. Merkittävin tämän auttaja-T-solutyypin tuottama sytokiini on TNF-α (tuumorinekroositekijä alfa), ja tämäntyyppisten sytokiinien erittymisen seurauksen kypsyvät ko. antigeenin tunnistavat sytotoksiset T-lymfosyytit eli tappaja-T-solut.", "Ympäristömyrkky\nDioksiini Raskasmetallit Torjunta-aineet POP-yhdisteet PCB-yhdisteet Bisfenoli-A Ftalaatit PFAS-yhdisteet Parabeenit Metyylielohopea TBT ja muut orgaaniset tinayhdisteet PAH-yhdisteet CFC-yhdisteet", "Valkokärpässieni\nValkokärpässieni sisältää amatoksiineja, jotka ovat maksaa ja munuaisia tuhoavia solumyrkkyjä. Myrkytyksen oireet, kuten kova jano, oksentelu, mahavaivat, pahoinvointi ja ripuli, alkavat 6–24 tunnin kuluttua sienen nauttimisesta, ja johtavat pysyviin elinvaurioihin tai kuolemaan. Valkokärpässienen myrkkyä ei voi poistaa keittämällä, jäädyttämällä tai kuivattamalla, kuten joidenkin sienten.", "Sakaramiina\nSakaramiina on jalkaväkimiina, jonka tarkoituksena on rikkoa pyöräajoneuvon rengas tai silpoa kehon osa, mutta ei surmata miinaan astunutta. Sakaramiina 65-98 kuuluu painevaikutteisten polkumiinojen ryhmään. Suomessa on käytössä sakaramiina SM 65-98, jossa räjähdysaineena käytetään 60 grammaa tiiviiksi puristettua trinitrotolueenia. SM 65-98 laukaistaan yleissytytin 65:llä ja sakaralaukaisin 98:lla. SM 65-98 kuuluu tietyt jalkaväkimiinat kieltävän Ottawan sopimuksen piiriin.", "Sariini\nSariini (tunnus GB) eli O-isopropyylimetyylifosfonofluoridaatti (C4H10FO2P) on organofosfaatteihin kuuluva, äärimmäisen myrkyllinen yhdiste, jota käytetään kemiallisena aseena. YK on luokitellut sen joukkotuhoaseeksi. Aineen valmistus ja hallussapito on ollut laitonta vuodesta 1993.[1] Huoneenlämpötilassa sariini on väritön ja hajuton neste.", "Myrkyllisyys\nEräät hormonihäiriköt aiheuttavat linnuilla ja nisäkkäillä muun muassa lisääntymis- ja kehityshäiriöitä sekä syöpää. Jo 1960-luvulla alettiin epäillä eräiden ympäristömyrkkyjen (mm. PCB, DDT) aiheuttavan lisääntymishäiriöitä ravintoketjun huipulla olevissa eläimissä. Nämä aineet onkin sittemmin kielletty lähes kaikissa teollisuusmaissa. Useiden epäilyttävien aineiden käyttö on rajoitettua tai kiellettyä EU:ssa.", "Hyönteismyrkky\nDDT:n aiheuttaman suuren innostuksen vallitessa syntetisoitiin 1940-luvulta alkaen useita kloorattuja hyönteismyrkkyjä kuten metoksikloori, lindaani, klordaani, endriini, aldriini, dieldriini ja heptakloori. Lindaania lukuun ottamatta ne eivät koskaan yleistyneet Suomessa. Metoksikloori ja DDT ovat nisäkkäille varsin myrkyttömiä, mutta muut klooratut hyönteismyrkyt ovat varsin tai hyvin myrkyllisiä. Lisäksi ne kaikki ovat rasvaliukoisa ja hyvin pysyviä, minkä takia ne kertyvät ympäristön eliöissä ns. ravintopyramidin mukana. Ravinnon rasvojen mukana ne imeytyvät myös ihmiseen. Siksi niistä on 1970-luvulta alkaen pyritty eroon ja useimmat on kielletty (ks. jäljempänä). DDT on käytössä malarian torjunnassa eräissä trooppisissa maissa ja lindaani on rajoitetussa käytössä. Suomessa pitoisuudet ympäristössä ja ihmisissä ovat nykyään erittäin pieniä.[1]", "Myrkky\nSienet voivat tuottaa toksiineja, sienimyrkkyjä. Toksikologiassa sienimyrkyt luokitellaan niiden vaikutuksen mukaan solumyrkyiksi, hermomyrkyiksi, alkoholin kanssa vaikuttaviksi myrkyiksi, ruoansulatuskanavaan vaikuttaviksi myrkyiksi sekä tuntemattomiksi myrkyiksi.", "VOC-päästöt\nHaihtuvat orgaaniset yhdisteet ovat osasyy savusumuun muodostamalla alailmakehän otsonia reagoidessaan auringonvalon läsnä ollessa typen oksideihin. Alailmakehässä otsoni on haitallista ihmisille, eläimille ja kasvillisuudelle. Vesiliukoisuutensa takia VOC-aineet ovat myös uhka pohjaveden laadulle. Joidenkin VOC-yhdisteiden on havaittu tai epäilty aiheuttavan syöpää." ]

[ 13.1796875 ]

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[ "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nจังหวัดศรีสะเกษแบ่งการปกครองเป็น 2,557 หมู่บ้าน, 206 ตำบล, 22 อำเภอ ได้แก่" ]

[ "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nพ.ศ. 2424 ในรัชกาลพระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว โปรดเกล้าฯ ให้วางโครงข่ายระบบโทรเลขจากเมืองขุขันธ์ไปยังเมืองต่างๆ 2 สายคือ สร้างทางสายโทรเลขขุขันธ์-จำปาศักดิ์ และสร้างทางสายโทรเลขจากเมืองขุขันธ์-มโนไพร-เมืองเสียมราฐ", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nต่อมาในระหว่างพุทธศตวรรษที่ 12-16 (ประมาณ 1,400 - 1,200 ปีมาแล้ว) ชุมชนสมัยเหล็ก (โดยเฉพาะที่ตั้งอยู่ในพื้นที่ราบลุ่มแม่น้ำมูล ทางตอนเหนือของจังหวัด) ได้มีพัฒนาการต่อมาเป็นชุมชนในพุทธศาสนา นิกายเถรวาทหรือหินยาน มีการจารึกเรื่องราวทางประวัติศาสตร์ด้วยตัวอักษรหรือภาษาเขียนแบบโบราณ จึงจัดเป็นช่วง \"ยุคหรือสมัยประวัติศาสตร์\" ตอนต้น รวมทั้งมีการวางผังเมืองอย่างเป็นระบบ โดยการขุดคูน้ำและสร้างคันดินล้อมรอบเมือง เพื่อใช้เป็นแหล่งเก็บกักน้ำในฤดูแล้งและใช้เป็นแนวป้องกันน้ำท่วมในฤดูน้ำหลาก ชุมชนโบราณสำคัญที่มีลักษณะผังเมืองดังกล่าวนี้ เช่น เมืองโบราณที่มีคูน้ำ-คันดินในเขตอำเภอราษีไศล, เมืองโบราณโคกขัณฑ์(គោកខណ្ឌ)ซึ่งเป็นที่ตั้งตัวอำเภอขุขันธ์ในปัจจุบัน [3]", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nโดยรถยนต์ กรุงเทพมหานคร-ศรีสะเกษ ใช้เส้นทาง ทางหลวงแผ่นดินหมายเลข 1(ถนนพหลโยธิน) ถึงทางแยกเข้า ทางหลวงแผ่นดินหมายเลข 2(ถนนมิตรภาพ) ที่กิโลเมตรที่ 107 แล้วไปตามทางหลวงแผ่นดินหมายเลข 2 ถึงจังหวัดนครราชสีมา แยกทางขวาเข้าทางหลวงหมายเลข 226 ผ่านจังหวัดบุรีรัมย์และจังหวัดสุรินทร์ จึงถึงจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ รวมระยะทาง 571 กิโลเมตร โดยรถไฟ รายชื่อสถานีรถไฟ สายตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ|สายตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ มาลงที่สถานีรถไฟศรีสะเกษ|สถานีศรีสะเกษระยะทาง 515.09 กิโลเมตร โดยรถโดยสารประจำทาง สามารถเดินทางจากสถานีขนส่งผู้โดยสารกรุงเทพฯ สายตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ มาลงที่สถานีขนส่งผู้โดยสารจังหวัดศรีสะเกษได้โดยตรง โดยเครื่องบิน สามารถเดินทางโดยสายการบินภายในประเทศมายังท่าอากาศยานอุบลราชธานีและเดินทางต่อมายังจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ ด้วยระยะทางอีกประมาณ 70 กิโลเมตร", "สมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ มีเขตเลือกตั้งสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎร 8 เขต (พ.ศ. 2554) และมีสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรแบบแบ่งเขตเลือกตั้งได้ 8 คน จากทั้งหมด 375 คนทั่วประเทศในสภาผู้แทนราษฎรไทย", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nพระครูประสาธน์ขันธคุณ (มุม อินทปญโญ) พระเกษตรศรีลาจารย (หนู อุมสาโห) อดีตเจ้าอาวาสวัดเจียงอีศรีมงคลวราราม พระอารามหลวงแห่งแรกของจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ และอดีตรองเจ้าคณะจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ พระครูโกวิทพัฒโนดม (เกลี้ยง เตชธฺมโม) พระครูเทวราชกวีวรญาณ (จูม ธมฺมทีโป) พระมงคลวุฒ (เครื่อง สุภทฺโท) (หลวงปู่เครื่อง) วัดสระกำแพงใหญ่ อำเภออุทุมพรพิสัย สมณะโพธิรักษ์ หลวงปู่สรวงวัดไพรพัฒนา อ.ภูสิงห์ พระราชธรรมสารสุธี (ธีรังกูร ธีรงฺกุโร ป.ธ.๙) รองเจ้าคณะจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ เจ้าอาวาสวัดมหาพุทธาราม (วัดพระโต) พระอารามหลวง", "ศรีสะเกษ ศ.รุ่งวิสัย\nชีวิตส่วนตัว ศรีสะเกษเคยมีภรรยา คือ พัชรีวรรณ กัณหา (ชื่อเล่น: เก๋) โดยอยู่กินกันโดยไม่ได้มีพิธีสมรส[9] โดยในระยะแรกที่เดินทางเข้ามากรุงเทพมหานคร ศรีสะเกษรวมทั้งภรรยามีชีวิตความเป็นอยู่ที่ลำบากมากด้วยความยากจน ตัวศรีสะเกษเองก็เคยผ่านอาชีพมาแล้วหลากหลาย ทั้งพนักงานรักษาความปลอดภัย (รปภ.) หรือแม้กระทั่งเก็บขยะขาย หรือต้องคุ้ยหาอาหารในกองขยะ[10] และหลังจากได้แชมป์โลกในครั้งที่สอง ศรีสะเกษได้รับการบรรจุเข้ารับราชการตำรวจในพื้นที่จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ อันเป็นบ้านเกิด[3]", "เทศบาลเมืองศรีสะเกษ\nเทศบาลเมืองศรีสะเกษ ตั้งอยู่บนภูมิประเทศที่มีลักษณะเป็นพื้นที่ราบลุ่มในเขตลุ่มแม่น้ำมูลตอนปลาย โดยตั้งอยู่ทางตอนใต้ของฝั่งแม่น้ำมูล ห่างจากชายฝั่งแม่น้ำมาทางทิศใต้ประมาณ 5 กิโลเมตร ภูมิสัณฐานจัดเป็นแนวคันดินริมน้ำของลำน้ำสาขาแม่น้ำมูล ประกอบด้วยลำห้วยสำราญและลำห้วยแฮดซึ่งโอบล้อมเขตเทศบาลในทิศเหนือ ทิศตะวันออก ทิศใต้ และทิศตะวันตก นอกจากนั้น ยังมีลำน้ำย่อยซึ่งเป็นลำน้ำสาขาของลำห้วยทั้งสองสายไหลหล่อเลี้ยงภายในพื้นที่เขตเทศบาล ลำน้ำย่อยดังกล่าวได้แก่ห้วยระกำ ห้วยปูน และห้วยน้ำคำ ทางตอนเหนือของเขตเทศบาลมีลักษณะเป็นเนินและที่ดอนสูงกว่าพื้นที่ทางตอนใต้ ", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nองค์กรปกครองส่วนท้องถิ่น (อปท.) ประกอบด้วยองค์การบริหารส่วนจังหวัด 1 แห่ง เทศบาลเมือง 2 แห่ง เทศบาลตำบล 34 แห่ง และองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบล 192 แห่ง [30]", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nนอกจากนั้น สามารถเดินทางจากตัวเมืองจังหวัดศรีสะเกษไปยังอำเภอต่างๆภายในจังหวัดและไปยังตัวเมืองของจังหวัดใกล้เคียง โดยทางรถยนต์ด้วยระยะทาง ดังนี้", "สมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nหลังจากที่ประเทศไทยเปลี่ยนแปลงการปกครองในปี พ.ศ. 2475 ได้มีการจัดการเลือกตั้งสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรเป็นครั้งแรกเมื่อวันที่ 15 พฤศจิกายน พ.ศ. 2476 การเลือกตั้งครั้งนี้เป็น \"การเลือกตั้งทางอ้อมครั้งแรกและครั้งเดียวของไทย\" โดยจังหวัดศรีสะเกษมีสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรคนแรก คือ ขุนพิเคราะห์คดี (อินทร์ อินตะนัย)", "จังหวัดยโสธร\nทิศเหนือ ติดต่อกับอำเภอหนองสูง อำเภอนิคมคำสร้อย และอำเภอดอนตาล จังหวัดมุกดาหาร ทิศตะวันออก ติดต่อกับอำเภอชานุมาน อำเภอเสนางคนิคม อำเภอเมืองอำนาจเจริญ อำเภอหัวตะพาน จังหวัดอำนาจเจริญ และอำเภอเขื่องใน จังหวัดอุบลราชธานี ทิศใต้ ติดต่อกับอำเภอศิลาลาด อำเภอราษีไศล และอำเภอยางชุมน้อย จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ ทิศตะวันตก ติดต่อกับอำเภอหนองพอก อำเภอเสลภูมิ และอำเภอพนมไพร จังหวัดร้อยเอ็ด", "จังหวัดขุขันธ์\nเขตการปกครองของจังหวัดขุขันธ์ในอดีตมี 7 อำเภอ 1 กิ่งอำเภอ ซึ่งรายชื่อดังต่อไปนี้สะกดชื่อตามราชกิจจานุเบกษา ฉบับวันที่ 12 ตุลาคม พ.ศ. 2456 และ 29 เมษายน พ.ศ. 2460 ได้แก่\nรวมจังหวัดขุขันธ์มีพื้นที่ประมาณ 13,857.578 ตร.กม.", "โรงพยาบาลศรีสะเกษ\nปัจจุบัน โรงพยาบาลตั้งอยู่ในเขตเทศบาลเมืองศรีสะเกษ ท้องที่ตำบลเมืองใต้ อำเภอเมืองศรีสะเกษ จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ บนเนื้อที่ 41 ไร่ บริเวณริมฝั่งลำน้ำห้วยสำราญ อันเป็นลำน้ำสาขาของแม่น้ำมูล เป็นศูนย์กลางแห่งการเรียนรู้ด้านสุขภาพของประชาชน เพื่อให้บริการในการส่งเสริมสุขภาพ การป้องกัน ฟื้นฟู และรักษาโรค แก่ชาวจังหวัดศรีสะเกษและจังหวัดใกล้เคียงในภูมิภาคอีสานใต้ ตลอดจนผุ้ป่วยจากประเทศเพื่อนบ้าน นอกจากนั้น ยังเป็นสถาบันการผลิตแพทย์ หลักสูตรแพทยศาสตรบัณฑิต ในฐานะศูนย์แพทยศาสตรศึกษาชั้นคลินิก ในเขตภาคตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือตอนล่าง", "จังหวัดแม่ฮ่องสอน\nการปกครองแบ่งออกเป็น 7 อำเภอ 45 ตำบล 402 หมู่บ้าน", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nรายพระนามและรายนามผู้ว่าราชการเมืองและจังหวัดขุขันธ์ (พ.ศ. 2450 – พ.ศ. 2481) ผู้ว่าราชการจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ (พ.ศ. 2481 – ปัจจุบัน)", "จังหวัดฉะเชิงเทรา\nการปกครองแบ่งออกเป็น 11 อำเภอ 93 ตำบล 859 หมู่บ้าน", "เทศบาลตำบลปรางค์กู่\nเทศบาลตำบลปรางค์กู่ เป็นองค์กรปกครองส่วนท้องถิ่นประเภทเทศบาลตำบล ขนาดเล็ก อยู่ในเขตพื้นที่อำเภอปรางค์กู่ จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ สำนักงานตั้งอยู่ถนนวัชรพล 3 หมู่ที่ 4 ตำบลพิมาย อำเภอปรางค์กู่ จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ เป็น 1 ในจำนวนเทศบาลตำบล 23 แห่งในปัจจุบันของจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ เขตเทศบาลตั้งอยู่ในบริเวณตอนกลาง ด้านตะวันตกของจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ ห่างจากตัวจังหวัดไปทางทิศตะวันตกเฉียงใต้โดยทางรถยนต์ประมาณ 60 กิโลเมตร เป็นที่ตั้งของที่ว่าการอำเภอและหน่วยงานการบริหารราชการระดับภูมิภาคอื่นๆ ของอำเภอปรางค์กู่ รวมทั้งเป็นศูนย์กลางทางเศรษฐกิจ การคมนาคมขนส่ง และการสื่อสารของอำเภอ ", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nรายนามเจ้าเมือง, ข้าหลวงกำกับราชการ, ผู้ว่าราชการเมืองศีร์ษะเกษรายนามวาระการดำรงตำแหน่ง1. พระยารัตนวงษา (ท้าวอุ่น หรือ พระภักดีภูธรสงคราม) ผู้ก่อตั้งเมือง เจ้าเมืองท่านแรก (อดีตปลัดเมืองขุขันธ์ ผู้กราบบังคมทูลขอแยกมาตั้งเมืองศรีสะเกษ บริเวณบ้านโนนสามขาสระกำแพง เมื่อ พ.ศ. 2325) พ.ศ. 2325 – 2328 (รัชกาลพระบาทสมเด็จพระพุทธยอดฟ้าจุฬาโลกมหาราช สมัยกรุงรัตนโกสินทร์)2. พระยาวิเศษภักดี (ท้าวชม) เจ้าเมืองศรีสะเกษ (พ.ศ. 2328 ย้ายเมืองมาตั้งที่บ้านพันทาเจียงอี คือที่ตั้งตัวเมืองจังหวัดศรีสะเกษในปัจจุบัน)พ.ศ. 2328 – พ.ศ. 2368 (รัชกาลพระบาทสมเด็จพระพุทธยอดฟ้าจุฬาโลกมหาราช-รัชกาลพระบาทสมเด็จพระนั่งเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว) 3. พระยาวิเศษภักดี เจ้าเมืองศรีสะเกษพ.ศ. 2368 – พ.ศ. 2424 (รัชกาลพระบาทสมเด็จพระนั่งเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว-รัชกาลพระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว) 4. พระยาวิเศษภักดี (ท้าวโท หรือ พระพรหมภักดี) เจ้าเมืองศรีสะเกษพ.ศ. 2424 – พ.ศ. 2437 (รัชกาลพระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว) หลวงจำนงยุทธกิจ(อิ่ม)และ ขุนไผทไทยพิทักษ์(เกลื่อน) (คณะข้าหลวงเมืองศรีสะเกษ ปฏิบัติงานร่วมกับเจ้าเมืองศรีสะเกษ)พ.ศ. 2433 – พ.ศ. 2443 (รัชกาลพระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว)5.พระภักดีโยธา(เหง้า) ผู้ว่าราชการเมืองศรีสะเกษ (คนแรก)พ.ศ. 2443 – พ.ศ. 2450 (รัชกาลพระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว)", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nอำเภอเมืองศรีสะเกษ เทศบาลเมืองศรีสะเกษ เทศบาลตำบลน้ำคำ เทศบาลตำบลตะดอบ อำเภอกันทรลักษ์ เทศบาลเมืองกันทรลักษ์ เทศบาลตำบลสวนกล้วย เทศบาลตำบลหนองหญ้าลาด อำเภอยางชุมน้อย เทศบาลตำบลยางชุมน้อย อำเภอกันทรารมย์ เทศบาลตำบลกันทรารมย์ อำเภอไพรบึง เทศบาลตำบลไพรบึง เทศบาลตำบลสำโรงพลัน อำเภอปรางค์กู่ เทศบาลตำบลปรางค์กู่ อำเภอขุนหาญ เทศบาลตำบลขุนหาญ เทศบาลตำบลโนนสูง เทศบาลตำบลสิ เทศบาลตำบลกันทรอม เทศบาลตำบลกระหวัน เทศบาลตำบลโพธิ์กระสัง อำเภออุทุมพรพิสัย เทศบาลตำบลกำแพง เทศบาลตำบลสระกำแพงใหญ่ เทศบาลตำบลโคกจาน เทศบาลตำบลอุทุมพรพิสัย เทศบาลตำบลแต้ อำเภอบึงบูรพ์ เทศบาลตำบลบึงบูรพ์ อำเภอห้วยทับทัน เทศบาลตำบลห้วยทับทัน เทศบาลตำบลจานแสนไชย อำเภอศรีรัตนะ เทศบาลตำบลศรีรัตนะ อำเภอขุขันธ์ เทศบาลตำบลเมืองขุขันธ์ เทศบาลตำบลศรีสะอาด อำเภอราษีไศล เทศบาลตำบลเมืองคง เทศบาลตำบลส้มป่อย อำเภอวังหิน เทศบาลตำบลบุสูง เทศบาลตำบลวังหิน อำเภอพยุห์ เทศบาลตำบลพยุห์ อำเภอเมืองจันทร์ เทศบาลตำบลเมืองจันทร์ เทศบาลตำบลหนองใหญ่ อำเภอโพธิ์ศรีสุวรรณ เทศบาลตำบลผือใหญ่", "เทศบาลตำบลจานแสนไชย\nในสมัยก่อน ตำบลจานแสนไชยยังไม่ปรากฏ แต่เดิมนั้นขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำบลกล้วยกว้าง อำเภอห้วยทับทัน จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ และต่อมาก็ได้แยกตัวออกจากตำบลกล้วยกว้างมาตั้งเป็นตำบลจานแสนไชย หลังจากกิ่งอำเภอห้วยทับทันเปลียนมมาเป็นอำเภอห้วยทับทันและได้จัดตั้งสภาตำบลจานแสนไชย โดยมีหมู่บ้านในสังกัด ๑๓ หมู่บ้าน", "อำเภอราษีไศล\nราษีไศล [รา-สี-สะ-ไหฺล] เป็นอำเภอหนึ่งของจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nความโดดเด่นของเทศกาลคือการแสดงประกอบแสง สี เสียง ชุด ศรีพฤทเธศวร ซึ่งเป็นการแสดงที่ย้อนยุคบอกเล่าตำนานของการสร้างเมืองศรีสะเกษ หรือ เมืองศรีนครลำดวน ในอดีต นับเป็นการแสดงละครกลางแจ้งที่สมบูรณ์แบบที่สุดรายการหนึ่งของประเทศไทย ประกอบด้วยนักแสดงจำนวนกว่า 1,000 คน และชุดการแสดงหลายรายการ โดยเฉพาะ ระบำศรีพฤทเธศวร ซึ่งเป็นการแสดงนาฏยศิลป์ที่ได้รับการออกแบบโดยกรมศิลปากร นอกจากนั้น ยังมีการแสดงดนตรี การฟ้อนรำ และศิลปะพื้นบ้านของชน 4 เผ่าไทยศรีสะเกษ ได้แก่ ลาว กูย เยอ และ เขมร ซึ่งเป็นกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ดั้งเดิมที่ต้งถิ่นฐานอยู่ในพื้นที่จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ และระหว่างชมการแสดงนักท่องเที่ยวจะได้สัมผัสกับรสชาติอาหารพื้นเมืองในบรรยากาศการรับประทานอาหารแบบ พาข้าวแลง หรือการรับประทานอาหารมื้อค่ำ ท่ามกลางกลิ่นหอมของดอกลำดวน [39]", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nทางตอนเหนือของจังหวัดมีแม่น้ำมูลไหลผ่านเขตอำเภอศิลาลาด,อำเภอราษีไศล,อำเภอเมืองศรีสะเกษ,อำเภอยางชุมน้อย และอำเภอกันทรารมย์ เป็นระยะทางยาวประมาณ 120 กิโลมเตร บริเวณนี้ถือเป็นแหล่งอุดมสมบูรณ์ที่สุดของจังหวัด เนื่องจากเป็นที่ราบลุ่มแม่น้ำขนาดใหญ่อันอยู่สูงจากระดับทะเลปานกลางประมาณ 115-130 เมตร [31]", "โรงพยาบาลศรีสะเกษ\nโรงพยาบาลศรีสะเกษ เป็นโรงพยาบาลศูนย์ ระดับโรงพยาบาลขนาดใหญ่ อยู่ในจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ สังกัดกระทรวงสาธารณสุข ก่อตั้งเมื่อ พ.ศ. 2451 ในรัชสมัยพระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว โดยการริเริ่มของ ขุนเวชการบริรักษ์ ผู้ดำรงตำแหน่งสาธารณสุขจังหวัดขุขันธ์ ตั้งแต่เมื่อครั้งจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ ยังใช้ชื่อเดิมว่า \"จังหวัดขุขันธ์\" ก่อนที่จะเปลี่ยนชื่อมาเป็น \"จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\" ใน พ.ศ. 2481 หลังจากนั้นโรงพยาบาลประจำจังหวัดศรีสะเกษจึงใช้ชื่อว่า \"โรงพยาบาลศรีสะเกษ\" ตามชื่อจังหวัดที่มีการเปลี่ยนแปลงใหม่ ", "จังหวัดของประเทศไทย\nก. ตามข้อมูลของกรมการปกครองเมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2552 ประเทศไทยแบ่งการปกครองออกเป็น 75 จังหวัด[27] และต่อมา เมื่อวันที่ 22 มีนาคม พ.ศ. 2554 มีการประกาศใช้พระราชบัญญัติตั้งจังหวัดบึงกาฬ พ.ศ. 2554 ทำให้จังหวัดบึงกาฬเป็นจังหวัดที่ 76 ของไทย[28]", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nตัวจังหวัดศรีสะเกษในปัจจุบันตั้งอยู่ริมฝั่งห้วยสำราญ ห้วยน้ำคำและห้วยขะยุง ห่างจากแม่น้ำมูลไปทางทิศใต้ประมาณสิบกิโลเมตร และอยู่สูงจากระดับน้ำทะเลปานกลางประมาณ 126 เมตร", "อำเภอกันทรารมย์\nกันทรารมย์ [กัน-ทะ-รา-รม] เป็นอำเภอหนึ่งของจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ ตั้งอยู่บนเส้นทางหลักเชื่อมระหว่างจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ และจังหวัดอุบลราชธานี ทั้งการขนส่งทางบก และการขนส่งทางรางรถไฟ", "อำเภอศรีรัตนะ\nศรีรัตนะ เป็นอำเภอหนึ่งของจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ", "จังหวัดมหาสารคาม\nแบ่งออกเป็น 1 องค์การบริหารส่วนจังหวัด 123 องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบล 1 เทศบาลเมือง และ 18 เทศบาลตำบล โดยมีรายชื่อเทศบาลดังนี้", "จังหวัดของประเทศไทย\nหน่วยการปกครองย่อยรองไปจากจังหวัดคือ \"อำเภอ\" ซึ่งมีทั้งสิ้น 878 อำเภอ ซึ่งจำนวนอำเภอนั้นจะแตกต่างกันไปในแต่ละจังหวัด ส่วนเขตการปกครองย่อยของกรุงเทพมหานครมีทั้งหมด 50 เขต", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์กูย(กวย) ในเอกสารสมัยต้นกรุงรัตนโกสินทร์เรียกกลุ่มเขมรป่าดง มีเพียงภาษาพูดเท่านั้น สำเนียงและคำศัพท์ร่วมหลายคำคล้ายภาษาข่า ภาษาแสก ภาษาโส้ จัดล้วนจัดอยู่ในตระกูลภาษาออสโตรเอเชียติก (มอญ-เขมร) ช่วยให้สามารถสื่อสารกันได้ ภาษากวยยังเป็นภาษาพิเศษที่ใช้ในการประกอบพิธีกรรมของหมอควาญช้าง สำหรับการบวงสรวงผีก่อนการออกจับช้างป่า มีกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์กวยตั้งถิ่นฐานอยู่ในบางส่วนของอำเภอราษีไศล, อำเภอเมืองจันทร์ , อำเภอห้วยทับทัน, อำเภออุทุมพรพิสัย, อำเภอปรางค์กู่, อำเภอเมืองศรีสะเกษ, อำเภอน้ำเกลี้ยง, อำเภอศรีรัตนะ, อำเภอไพรบึง, อำเภอขุนหาญ และอำเภอกันทรลักษ์ [3] [35]", "จังหวัดอุบลราชธานี\nในปัจจุบัน จังหวัดอุบลราชธานีแบ่งเขตการปกครองออกเป็น 25 อำเภอ 219 ตำบล 2469 หมู่บ้าน (หมายเลข 6, 13, 16, 17, 18 แยกเป็นจังหวัดอำนาจเจริญ) ได้แก่", "จังหวัดพิษณุโลก\nจังหวัดพิษณุโลกแบ่งการปกครองออกเป็น 9 อำเภอ 93 ตำบล 1,032 หมู่บ้าน ซึ่งอำเภอทั้ง 9 อำเภอมีดังนี้", "ตำบลปรือใหญ่\nตำบลปรือใหญ่ เป็นตำบลหนึ่งในอำเภอขุขันธ์ เดิมขึ้นอยู่กับตำบลห้วยใต้ อำเภอห้วยเหนือ เมืองขุขันธ์ ต่อมาในปี พ.ศ. 2467 ได้แยกจากตำบลห้วยใต้ และได้ยกฐานะเป็น ตำบลปรือใหญ่ อำเภอห้วยเหนือ จังหวัดขุขันธ์ ต่อมา ระยะแรกมี 11 หมู่บ้าน ต่อมาปี พ.ศ. ๒๔๘๑ ทางราชการได้เปลี่ยนชื่อจังหวัดขุขันธ์ เป็นชื่อจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ และเปลี่ยนชื่ออำเภอห้วยเหนือ เป็นชื่ออำเภอขุขันธ์ จึงทำให้ตำบลปรือใหญ่ อยู่ในอำเภอขุขันธ์ จังหวัดศรีสะเกษตั้งแต่บัดนั้นเป็นต้นมา ปัจจุบันตำบลปรือใหญ่ ประกอบด้วย 19 หมู่บ้าน มีกำนันปกครองตั้งแต่ยกฐานะจนถึงปัจจุบัน รวม 5 คน และต่อมาได้รับการยกฐานะจากสภาตำบลปรือใหญ่เป็น องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลปรือใหญ่ เมื่อวันที่ 23 กุมภาพันธ์ พ.ศ. 2540 ในที่สุด", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nวันที่ 11 พฤศจิกายน พ.ศ. 2481 คณะผู้สำเร็จราชการแทนพระองค์พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรเมนทรมหาอานันทมหิดล พระอัฐมรามาธิบดินทร ตรา \"พระราชกฤษฎีกาเปลี่ยนนามจังหวัดและอำเภอบางแห่ง พุทธศักราช 2481\"[24] มาตรา 3 ให้เปลี่ยนชื่อ \"จังหวัดขุขันธ์\" เป็น จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ โดยมีผลใช้บังคับตั้งแต่วันที่ 14 พฤศจิกายน ปีนั้น[3]", "เทศบาลเมืองศรีสะเกษ\nเทศบาลเมืองศรีสะเกษแบ่งเขตการปกครองออกเป็นชุมชนจำนวน 46 ชุมชน ได้แก่", "เทศบาลตำบลไพรบึง\nเทศบาลตำบลไพรบึง เป็นองค์กรปกครองส่วนท้องถิ่นประเภทเทศบาลตำบล อยู่ในเขตพื้นที่อำเภอไพรบึง จังหวัดศรีสะเกษโดยเป็น 1 ในบรรดาเทศบาลตำบลจำนวน 23 แห่งในปัจจุบันของจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ มีสำนักงานตั้งอยู่หมู่ที่ 20 ถนนเทศบาล 30 ตำบลไพรบึง อำเภอไพรบึง จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ", "โรงพยาบาลศรีสะเกษ\nพ.ศ. 2481 ได้มีการเปลี่ยนชื่อจังหวัดขุขันธ์เป็นจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ \"สาธารณสุขจังหวัดขุขันธ์\" จึงเปลี่ยนชื่อเป็น \"สาธารณสุขจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\" และ \"สุขศาลาจังหวัดขุขันธ์\" ก็ได้เปลี่ยนชื่อเป็น \"สุขศาลาจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\" หลังจากนั้นระหว่าง พ.ศ. 2484 - พ.ศ. 2485 เกิดสงครามอินโดจีนและสงครามมหาเอเชียบูรพาขึ้น จังหวัดศรีสะเกษได้รับการกำหนดให้เป็นเป้าหมายทางยุทธศาสตร์ที่สำคัญแห่งหนึ่ง จึงได้มีการก่อสร้างฐานบินและสนามบินทหารขึ้น (บริเวณที่ตั้งโรงเรียนศรีสะเกษวิทยาลัย ในปัจจุบันและพื้นที่โดยรอบ) บริเวณสุขศาลาจังหวัดศรีสะเกษได้เป็นสถานที่เก็บน้ำมันเชื้อเพลิงของกองทัพอากาศและที่พักของหน่วยทหาร สุขศาลาจังหวัดศรีสะเกษจึงมีบทบาทมากขึ้นเป็นลำดับในการรักษาผู้เจ็บป่วยทั้งทางทหารและพลเรือนตลอดช่วงภาวะสงคราม ", "โรงพยาบาลศรีสะเกษ\nโรงพยาบาลศรีสะเกษ มีการแบ่งส่วนราชการ ดังต่อไปนี้ ", "จังหวัดหนองคาย\nมีจำนวนทั้งสิ้น 67 แห่ง แบ่งออกเป็นเทศบาลเมือง 2 แห่ง เทศบาลตำบล 17 แห่ง และ องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบล 48 แห่ง โดยเทศบาลสามารถจำแนกได้ตามพื้นที่ดังนี้", "เทศบาลตำบลอุทุมพรพิสัย\nเทศบาลอุทุมพรพิสัย เป็นองค์กรปกครองส่วนท้องถิ่นประเภทเทศบาลตำบล ขนาดเล็ก อยู่ในเขตพื้นที่อำเภออุทุมพรพิสัย จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ สำนักงานตั้งอยู่ที่ หมู่ที่ 9 ตำบลกำแพง อำเภออุทุมพรพิสัย จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ เป็น 1 ในจำนวนเทศบาลตำบล 23 แห่งของจังหวัดศรีสะเกษในปัจจุบัน", "จังหวัดพระนครศรีอยุธยา\nปัจจุบันจังหวัดพระนครศรีอยุธยาประกอบด้วย 16 อำเภอ ได้แก่", "รายชื่อเทศบาลตำบลในประเทศไทย\nในเขตจังหวัดบึงกาฬ มีเทศบาลตำบล 18 แห่ง ได้แก่เทศบาลตำบลเชียงยืน\nเทศบาลตำบลโคกพระ\nเทศบาลตำบลโกสุมพิสัย\nเทศบาลตำบลแวงน่าง\nเทศบาลตำบลขามเรียง\nเทศบาลตำบลท่าขอนยาง\nเทศบาลตำบลบรบือ\nเทศบาลตำบลแกดำ\nเทศบาลตำบลวาปีปทุม\nเทศบาลตำบลนาดูน\nเทศบาลตำบลนาเชือก\nเทศบาลตำบลหนองกุง\nเทศบาลตำบลกุดปลาดุก\nเทศบาลตำบลโพนทอง\nเทศบาลตำบลมิตรภาพ\nเทศบาลตำบลหัวดง\nเทศบาลตำบลหนองไผ่\nเทศบาลตำบลพยัคฆภูมิพิสัยอำเภอเมืองศรีสะเกษ", "โรงพยาบาลศรีสะเกษ\nปัจจุบันโรงพยาบาลศูนย์ศรีสะเกษ ประกอบด้วยศูนย์เชี่ยวชาญทางการแพทย์ ระดับ 3 (ระดับตติยภูมิ) ใน 5 สาขาดังนี้", "จังหวัดยโสธร\nจนกระทั่ง ปี พ.ศ. 2514 จอมพล ถนอม กิติขจร ในฐานะหัวหน้าคณะปฏิวัติ ได้นำเรื่องการจัดตั้งจังหวัดยโสธรที่ค้างคาอยู่ ออกประกาศของคณะปฏิวัติฉบับที่ 70 ลงวันที่ 6 กุมภาพันธ์ 2514 โดยได้แยกอำเภอต่างๆที่อยู่ในการปกครองของจังหวัดอุบลราชธานีเดิม 6 อำเภอ คือ อำเภอยโสธร อำเภอกุดชุม อำเภอเลิงนกทา อำเภอคำเขื่อนแก้ว อำเภอมหาชนะชัย และอำเภอป่าติ้ว รวมเข้าเป็นจังหวัดยโสธร จังหวัดที่ 71 ของประเทศไทย มีผลตั้งแต่วันที่ 1 มีนาคม 2515 เป็นต้นไป และแต่งตั้งนายชัยทัต สุนทรพิพิธ รองผู้ว่าราชการจังหวัดอุบลราชธานี ดำรงตำแหน่งเป็นผู้ว่าราชการจังหวัดยโสธรคนแรก", "อำเภอปราสาท\nท้องที่อำเภอปราสาทประกอบด้วยองค์กรปกครองส่วนท้องถิ่น 20 แห่ง ได้แก่\nโดยได้รับงบประมาณจากโครงการไทยเข้มแข็งทั้งสิ้น 77.95 ล้านบาท (อ้างอิง: http://sp2.tkk2555.com/sp2/ebud_province.aspx?id=32)สภาพเศรษฐกิจโดยรวมของอำเภอปราสาทอยู่ในเกณฑ์ค่อนข้างดี การกระจายความเจริญอยู่ในระดับปานกลาง สภาพคล่องทางเศรษฐกิจและเงินหมุนเวียนในระบบตลาด/วัน อยู่ในลำดับที่ 2 \nของจังหวัดสุรินทร์ (รองจากอำเภอเมืองสุรินทร์) การเจริญเติบโตด้านอุตสาหกรรมในปี 2552-2557 มีมูลค่าการลงทุนสะสมสูงเป็นอันดับ 1 ของจังหวัด ที่ 6 พันล้านบาท\n(อ้างอิง:http://www.industry.go.th/ops/pio/surin) (http://www.surin.go.th/surin/14_3.htm) สาเหตุที่ทำให้อำเภอปราสาทมีอัตราการเจริญเติบโตทางเศรษฐกิจค่อนข้างดี เนื่องจากคณะรัฐมนตรีได้วางยุธศาสตร์ให้จังหวัดสุรินทร์เป็นหนึ่งในประตู่สู่อินโดจีนของภาคตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ เพื่อให้ประเทศไทยเป็นศูนย์กลางการขนส่งทางบกของอาเซียน อำเภอปราสาทมีที่ตั้งอยู่ในจุดยุทธศาสตร์ที่สำคัญของเส้นทางการขนส่งที่มีถนนสายสำคัญผ่านสองสายคือ ทางหลวงหมายเลข 24 (โชคชัย-เดชอุดม) ซึ่งมีจุดเริ่มต้นจากอำเภอโชคชัย จังหวัดนครรราชสีมา ผ่านเข้าสู่จังหวัดบุรีรัมย์ เข้าจังหวัดสุรินทร์ที่อำเภอปราสาท ผ่านอำเภอสังขะ เข้าสู่จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ และไปสิ้นสุดที่อำเภอเดชอุดม จังหวัดอุบลราชธานี ซึ่งสามารถออกสู่ประตูอินโดจีนที่ด่านช่องเม็ก จังหวัดอุบลราชธานีได้ และ ถนนสายสำคัญอีกเส้นหนึ่ง คือ ทางหลวงหมายเลข 214 มีจุดเริ่มต้นจากเขตเทศบาลเมืองกาฬสินธุ์ ผ่านจังหวัดร้อยเอ็ด จังหวัดมหาสารคราม เข้าสู่จังหวัดสุรินทร์ที่อำเภอท่าตูม ผ่านอำเภอเมืองสุรินทร์ อำเภอปราสาท เข้าสู่อำเภอกาบเชิง และสิ้นสุดที่ประตูอินโดจีน ช่องจอม ซึ่งสามารถเชื่อมต่อกับถนนหมายเลข 68 ของกัมพูชาที่ทางรัฐบาลไทยให้เงินช่วยเหลือในการพัฒนาเส้นทาง จากเหตุผลที่กล่าวมาข้างต้นทำให้อำเภอปราสาทอยู่ในฐานะที่เป็นดินแดนเชื่อมโยงของจังหวัดและของภาคตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ ส่งผลการลงทุนในอำเภอปราสาทขยายตัวอย่างต่อเนื่อง แม้จะมีบางปีที่เกิดสภาวะถดถอยบ้าง จากสภาวะเศรษฐกิจโลกและความไม่มั่นคงทางการเมืองของประเทศ\nอย่างไรก็ดี ยุทธศาสตร์ที่ตั้งของอำเภอปราสาทยังคงเสียเปรียบอำเภอประโคนชัยและอำเภอนางรองของจังหวัดบุรีรัมย์ ได้เนื่องจากอำเภอดังกล่าวมีที่ตั้งที่สามารถเชื่อมต่อสู่ภาคตะวันออกได้", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ไท-ลาว แบ่งออกเป็น2ส่วนใหญ่ๆคือ 1.ชาวไทอีสานดั้งเดิมที่ตั้งถิ่นฐานมานานแล้วไม่ต่ำกว่า300ปี 2.ชาวลาวที่โยกย้ายถิ่นมาจากประเทศลาวหรือฝั่งซ้ายแม่น้ำโขงตั้งแต่สมัยรัชกาลที่1เป็นต้นมา ทั้ง2กลุ่มมีภาษาในการสื่อสารเป็นของตนเองทั้งภาษาพูดและภาษาเขียน ได้แก่อักษรไทยน้อยและอักษรธรรมอีสาน ซึ่งเป็นตัวอักษรที่พัฒนามาจากตัวฝักขามในสมัยสุโขทัยพร้อมกับการเข้ามาของศาสนาพุทธในดินแดนอีสาน สำเนียงภาษาพูดของกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ชาวไท-ลาว จัดอยู่อยู่ในตระกูลภาษาไท-กะได โดยชาวไทอีสานดั้งเดิมจะมีสำเนียงพูดเป็นภาษาถิ่นอีสานถิ่นใต้สำเนียงเดียวกับจังหวัดอุบลราชธานี, อำนาจเจริญ และยโสธร ส่วนชาวลาวที่โยกย้ายมาทีหลังจะมี2กลุ่มคือชาวลาวเวียงจันทน์และชาวลาวจำปาศักดิ์ โดยสำเนียงลาวเวียงพบได้มากในตัวอำเภอเมืองศรีสะเกษ, อำเภอขุนหาญ และอำเภอขุขันธ์ ซึ่งเป็นสำเนียงเดียวกับนครหลวงเวียงจันทน์ในประเทศลาว มีลักษณะการพูดเนิบช้าและเหน่อ และภาษาลาวใต้ในแขวงจำปาศักดิ์, ประเทศลาว มีสำเนียงการพูดที่ห้วนสั้น การเข้ามาของชาวลาวฝั่งซ้ายแม่น้ำโขงไม่ทราบปีที่แน่ชัด แต่พบการเคลื่อนย้ายครั้งใหญ่ในสมัยรัชกาลที่๓ และรัชกาลที่๕ และยุคสงครามกลางเมืองลาวคอมมิวนิส (พ.ศ. 2496-2518) ในจังหวัดศรีสะเกษมีความแตกต่างจากสำเนียงของกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ลาวในจังหวัดทางตอนบนของภาคตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ เนื่องจากพื้นฐานการพัฒนาและถิ่นฐานเดิมที่แตกต่างกันไป โดยรวมแล้วกลุ่มภาษาไทกะไดในจังหวัดศรีสะเกษถูกแบ่งออกเป็น3สำเนียงคือ ไทอีสาน, ลาวเวียง และลาวใต้ โดยหลอมรวมเป็นวัฒนธรรมไท-ลาวของชาวศรีสะเกษ อย่างไรก็ดีมักเรียกรวมกลุ่มวัฒนธรรมกลุ่มนี้ว่าชาวลาว [3]", "จังหวัดของประเทศไทย\nจังหวัด เป็นเขตบริหารราชการส่วนภูมิภาคของประเทศไทย ปัจจุบันมีทั้งสิ้น 76 จังหวัด[ก] (ทั้งนี้ กรุงเทพมหานครไม่เป็นจังหวัด[ข]) จังหวัดถือเป็นระดับการปกครองของรัฐบาลลำดับแรก โดยเป็นหน่วยการปกครองส่วนภูมิภาคที่รวมท้องที่หลาย ๆ อำเภอเข้าด้วยกันและมีฐานะเป็นนิติบุคคล ในแต่ละจังหวัดปกครองด้วยผู้ว่าราชการจังหวัด", "เทศบาลเมืองศรีสะเกษ\nระดับมัธยมศึกษา", "เทศบาลเมืองศรีสะเกษ\nเทศบาลเมืองศรีสะเกษ เป็นองค์กรปกครองส่วนท้องถิ่น ประเภทเทศบาลเมือง ระดับเทศบาลขนาดใหญ่ มีพื้นที่ครอบคลุม 7 ตำบล ในเขตอำเภอเมืองศรีสะเกษ จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ ภายในเขตเทศบาลเป็นที่ตั้งหน่วยงานการบริหารของอำเภอเมืองศรีสะเกษ รวมทั้งเป็นที่ตั้งศูนย์กลางการบริหาร สถาบันการศึกษา สถานพยาบาลและสาธารณสุข เศรษฐกิจ ตลอดจนการคมนาคมขนส่งของจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ", "จังหวัดชัยภูมิ\nการปกครองแบ่งออกเป็น 16 อำเภอ 124 ตำบล 1393 หมู่บ้าน", "อำเภอไพรบึง\nระยะทางจากตัวจังหวัดศรีสะเกษถึงอำเภอไพรบึง ประมาณ 42 กิโลเมตร", "จังหวัดอำนาจเจริญ\nแบ่งออกเป็น 7 อำเภอ 56 ตำบล 653 หมู่บ้าน", "รายชื่อโรงเรียนในจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nต่อไปนี้เป็นรายชื่อโรงเรียนในจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nนอกเหนือจากแร่ข้างต้นแล้ว หลายพื้นที่ของจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ ทั้งตอนเหนือ ตอนกลางและตอนใต้ ยังเป็นแหล่งแร่ศิลาแลงหรือดินแลงและแร่ดินเหนียว ซึ่งมีปริมาณสำรองและศักยภาพเหมาะสมสำหรับอุตสาหกรรมก่อสร้างรวมทั้งอุตสาหกรรมประเภทอื่นๆ เช่น อุตสาหกรรมอิฐและดินเผา แหล่งแร่ที่สำคัญครอบคลุมพื้นที่อำเภอโพธิ์ศรีสุวรรณ อำเภอบึงบูรพ์ อำเภอน้ำเกลี้ยง อำเภอศรีรัตนะ อำเภอขุนหาญ และอำเภอกันทรลักษ์ (อ้างอิง: กรมทรัพยากรธรณี.การจำแนกเขตเพื่อการจัดการด้านธรณีวิทยาและทรัพยากรธรณี จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ.กรุงเทพฯ: กรมทรัพยากรธรณี กระทรวงทรัพยากรธรรมชาติและสิ่งแวดล้อม,2553., สรุปข้อมูลจังหวัด จัดทำโดยศาลากลางจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ เข้าถึงออนไลน์ทาง )", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nลุถึงสมัยกรุงธนบุรี ระหว่างปี พ.ศ. 2319 – พ.ศ. 2321 สมเด็จพระเจ้ากรุงธนบุรี(พระเจ้าตากสิน) โปรดเกล้าฯ มีรับสั่งให้ พระยาจักรี (ทองด้วง) ไปทำศึกปราบกบฏกับเวียงจันทน์ พระไกรภักดีศรีนครลำดวน (ตากะจะ) และ ”หลวงปราบ” ได้เกณฑ์กำลังไปช่วยรบอย่างเข้มแข็งจนได้รับชัยชนะทุกครั้ง ถือว่ามีความดีความชอบจึงได้โปรดเกล้าฯ เลื่อนบรรดาศักดิ์เป็น “พระยาไกรภักดีศรีนครลำดวน“ [17] [18] [19]", "ทางหลวงแผ่นดินหมายเลข 220\nทางหลวงแผ่นดินหมายเลข 220 สายศรีสะเกษ–ขุขันธ์ เป็นเส้นทางคมนาคมที่สำคัญแห่งหนึ่งของจังหวัดศรีสะเกษซึ่งเชื่อมต่อจากอำเภอเมืองศรีสะเกษ ไปยัง อำเภอขุขันธ์ โดยเริ่มจากแยกจากถนนขุขันธ์ (ทางหลวงแผ่นดินหมายเลข 221) ในเขตเทศบาลเมืองศรีสะเกษ ตัดผ่านทางหลวงแผ่นดินหมายเลข 294 (ถนนเลี่ยงเมืองศรีสะเกษ) ผ่าน อำเภอวังหินและอำเภอขุขันธ์ ทางหลวงหมายเลข 220 จะไปบรรจบกับทางหลวงแผ่นดินหมายเลข 24 (ห่างจากสี่แยกขุขันธ์ประมาณ 7 ก.ม.) รวมระยะทางทางหลวงหมายเลข 220 คือ 56 กิโลเมตร ", "จังหวัดยโสธร\nปี พ.ศ. 2452 ทรงพระกรุณาโปรดเกล้าฯ ให้ยุบอำเภอคำเขื่อนแก้ว และอำเภอปจิมเขมราฐ โดยให้รวมกับอำเภออุไทยเขมราฐ พร้อมกันนั้นก็ให้ยุบเมืองเขมราฐ ส่วนอำเภอที่อยู่ในเขตการปกครองเมืองเขมราฐ ก็ให้มารวมอยู่ในเขตการปกครองของเมืองยโสธร เมืองยโสธรจึงมีอำเภอในเขตการปกครองรวม 6 อำเภอ ดังนี้ 1.อำเภออุไทยยะโสธร 2.อำเภอปจิมยะโสธร 3.อำเภออุไทยเขมราฐ 4.อำเภออำนาจเจริญ 5.อำเภอโขงเจียม และ 6.อำเภอวารินทร์ชำราบ จึงเป็นปีที่เมืองยโสธรมีพื้นที่อาณาเขตกว้างใหญ่ และมีจำนวนอำเภอมากที่สุด", "ศรีสะเกษ ศ.รุ่งวิสัย\nศรีสะเกษ นครหลวงโปรโมชั่น มีชื่อจริงตามบัตรประจำตัวประชาชน ว่า วิศักดิ์ศิลป์ วังเอก มีชื่อเล่นว่า \"ตั้ม\" แต่เพื่อน ๆ นิยมเรียกว่า \"แหลม\" ตามลักษณะของใบหน้า เกิดเมื่อวันที่ 8 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2529 ที่ตำบลแต้ อำเภออุทุมพรพิสัย จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ ในครอบครัวนักมวย ที่มีปู่, พ่อ และอา ล้วนแต่เป็นนักมวยทั้งสิ้น โดยเป็นลูกชายคนโตในจำนวนลูกชายทั้งหมด 3 คน ของนายเจียมศักดิ์ และนางหนูรัตน์ วังเอก ซึ่งลูก ๆ ทุกคนก็ล้วนแต่เป็นนักมวยทั้งหมด ศรีสะเกษจบการศึกษาเทียบเท่าระดับชั้นมัธยมศึกษาปีที่ 6 จากการศึกษานอกโรงเรียน (กศน.) ปัจจุบันกำลังศึกษาระดับปริญญาตรีที่คณะรัฐศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยเฉลิมกาญจนา และได้รับบรรจุเข้าเป็นข้าราชการตำรวจ สังกัดตำรวจภูธรจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ ในอัตราชั้นยศ สิบตำรวจตรี (ส.ต.ต)[3]", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nพ.ศ. 2459 มี \"ประกาศกระทรวงมหาดไทย เรื่อง ทรงพระกรุณาโปรดเกล้าฯ ให้เปลี่ยนคำว่าเมืองเรียกว่าจังหวัด ลงวันที่ 19 พฤษภาคม 2459\"[22] ให้เรียกเมืองขุขันธ์ใหม่เป็น \"จังหวัดขุขันธ์\"[3]", "อำเภอห้วยทับทัน\nห้วยทับทัน เป็นอำเภอหนึ่งของจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ ตั้งอยู่ทางด้านทิศตะวันตกของจังหวัด มีพื้นที่ติดต่อกับจังหวัดสุรินทร์ แยกออกมาจาก อำเภออุทุมพรพิสัยประกาศตั้งเป็นกิ่งอำเภอห้วยทับทัน เมื่อวันที่ 17 ม.ค. 2520 ทำการเปิดกิ่งอำเภอ เมื่อวันที่ 16 ก.พ. 2520 โดยใฃ้ใต้ถุนศาลาวัดประชารังสรรค์เป็นสถานที่ทำการกิ่งอำเภอ และได้รับงบประมาณก่อสร้างที่ว่าการอำเภอถาวร ปี 2524 ต่อมากระทรวงมหาาดไทย ได้ประกาศยกฐานะเป็นอำเภอเมื่อ 29 มี.ค. 2529 มีผลิตภัณฑ์ที่มีชื่อเสียงเป็นที่รู้จัก คือ ไก่ย่างไม้มะดันห้วยทับทัน", "เทศบาลเมืองศรีสะเกษ\nระดับอนุบาลและประถมศึกษา", "เทศบาลเมืองศรีสะเกษ\nในปี พ.ศ. 2530 ได้มีพระราชกฤษฎีกาเปลี่ยนแปลงเขตเทศบาลเมืองศรีสะเกษ จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ พ.ศ. 2530 กำหนดขอบเขตเทศบาลเมืองศรีสะเกษ (ใหม่) โดยขยายพื้นที่เขตเทศบาลจากเดิม 2 ตำบลออกไปครอบคลุมพื้นที่บางส่วนของอีก 5 ตำบล ปัจจุบัน เทศบาลเมืองศรีสะเกษมีพื้นที่ครอบคลุม 7 ตำบล ในเขตอำเภอเมืองศรีสะเกษ รวม 36.66 ตารางกิโลเมตร", "อำเภอกันทรารมย์\nอนึ่ง ในอำเภอกันทรารมย์ไม่มีตำบลที่ชื่อ \"กันทรารมย์\" ส่วนตำบลกันทรารมย์นั้นตั้งอยู่ในเขตอำเภอขุขันธ์ จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ", "อำเภอสุวรรณภูมิ\nการนับตำแหน่งนายอำเภอ นับจากปี 2451 นั้น จะใช้ลำดับที่ 1 ใหม่ เนื่องจาก ผู้ว่าราชการเมือง เมืองชั้นเอก มีฐานะเทียบเท่า \"ผู้ว่าราชการจังหวัด\" ภายหลังมีการเปลี่ยนแปลงและยุบฐานะเมือง เป็น อำเภอ เป็น \"นายอำเภอ\" นั้น จึงนับลำดับใหม่\nอำเภอสุวรรณภูมิแบ่งพื้นที่การปกครองออกเป็น 15 ตำบล 199 หมู่บ้าน ได้แก่\nท้องที่อำเภอสุวรรณภูมิประกอบด้วยองค์กรปกครองส่วนท้องถิ่น 16 แห่ง ได้แก่", "อำเภอเมืองศรีสะเกษ\nอำเภอเมืองศรีสะเกษแบ่งเขตการปกครองย่อยออกเป็น 18 ตำบล 165 หมู่บ้าน ได้แก่\nท้องที่อำเภอเมืองศรีสะเกษประกอบด้วยองค์กรปกครองส่วนท้องถิ่น 17 แห่ง ได้แก่", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nรายนามเจ้าเมืองศรีนครลำดวน, เจ้าเมืองขุขันธ์, ข้าหลวงกำกับราชการ, ผู้ว่าราชการเมืองขุขันธ์รายนามวาระการดำรงตำแหน่ง1. พระยาไกรภักดีศรีนครลำดวน (พระยาขุขันธ์ภักดี-พระไกรภักดีศรีนครลำดวน-หลวงแก้วสุวรรณ หรือตากะจะ) ผู้ก่อตั้งเมือง เจ้าเมืองขุขันธ์ท่านแรก พ.ศ. 2302 – 2321 (รัชกาลพระเจ้าเอกทัศน์ สมัยกรุงศรีอยุธยาตอนปลาย – รัชกาลพระเจ้าตากสินมหาราช สมัยกรุงธนบุรี)2. พระยาขุขันธ์ภักดีศรีนครลำดวน (หลวงปราบ/เชียงขัน) เจ้ามืองขุขันธ์พ.ศ. 2321 – 2325 (รัชกาลพระเจ้าตากสินมหาราช สมัยกรุงธนบุรี)3. พระยาขุขันธ์ภักดีศรีนครลำดวน (ท้าวบุญจันทร์) เจ้าเมืองขุขันธ์พ.ศ. 2325 – 2369 (รัชกาลสมเด็จพระพุทธยอดฟ้าจุฬาโลกมหาราช – รัชกาลสมเด็จพระนั่งเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว)4. พระยาขุขันธ์ภักดีศรีนครลำดวน (พระสังฆะ บุตรเจ้าเมืองสังฆะ) เจ้าเมืองขุขันธ์พ.ศ. 2369 – พ.ศ. 2393 (รัชกาลสมเด็จพระนั่งเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว)5. พระยาขุขันธ์ภักดีศรีนครลำดวน (ท้าวใน หรือ พระยาภักดีภูธรสงคราม) เจ้าเมืองขุขันธ์พ.ศ. 2393 (รัชกาลสมเด็จพระนั่งเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว)6. พระยาขุขันธ์ภักดีศรีนครลำดวน (ท้าวนวล หรือ พระแก้วมนตรี) เจ้าเมืองขุขันธ์พ.ศ. 2393 (รัชกาลสมเด็จพระนั่งเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว)7. พระยาขุขันธ์ภักดีศรีนครลำดวน (ท้าวกิ่ง หรือ พระภักดีภูธรสงคราม) เจ้าเมืองขุขันธ์พ.ศ. 2393 – พ.ศ. 2395 (รัชกาลสมเด็จพระนั่งเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว – รัชกาลสมเด็จพระจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว) 8. พระยาขุขันธ์ภักดีศรีนครลำดวน (ท้าววัง หรือ พระวิชัย) เจ้าเมืองขุขันธ์พ.ศ. 2395 – พ.ศ. 2426 (รัชกาลสมเด็จพระจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว – รัชกาลสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว) 9. พระยาขุขันธ์ภักดีศรีนครลำดวน (ท้าวปัญญา ขุขันธิน ต้นสกุล ขุขันธิน นามสุกลพระราชทาน [21]) เจ้าเมืองขุขันธ์ และผู้ว่าราชการเมืองขุขันธ์(คนแรก)พ.ศ. 2426 – พ.ศ. 2450 (รัชกาลสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว) หลวงเสนีย์พิทักษ์ ข้าหลวงกำกับราชการเมืองขุขันธ์(คนที่ 1) ปฏิบัติงานร่วมกับเจ้าเมืองขุขันธ์พ.ศ. 2428 – พ.ศ. 2431 (รัชกาลสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว)พระยาบำรุงบุรประจันต์ (ท้าวจันดี หรือ พระรัตนโกศา) ข้าหลวงกำกับราชการเมืองขุขันธ์(คนที่ 2) ปฏิบัติงานร่วมกับเจ้าเมืองขุขันธ์พ.ศ. 2432 – พ.ศ. 2435 (รัชกาลสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว)พระศรีพิทักษ์ (ท้าวหว่าง) ข้าหลวงกำกับราชการเมืองขุขันธ์(คนที่ 3) ปฏิบัติงานร่วมกับเจ้าเมืองขุขันธ์พ.ศ. 2436 – พ.ศ. 2450 (รัชกาลสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว)", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nจากกรุงเทพมหานครสามารถเดินทางไปยังจังหวัดศรีสะเกษได้ดังนี้ แผนที่เส้นทางคมนาคมทางบกในจังหวัดศรีสะเกษและจังหวัดใกล้เคียง", "จังหวัดมหาสารคาม\nอำเภอกันทรวิชัย 18 กิโลเมตร อำเภอแกดำ 25 กิโลเมตร อำเภอบรบือ 26 กิโลเมตร อำเภอโกสุมพิสัย 30 กิโลเมตร อำเภอกุดรัง 39 กิโลเมตร อำเภอเชียงยืน 39 กิโลเมตร อำเภอวาปีปทุม 43 กิโลเมตร อำเภอนาเชือก 58 กิโลเมตร อำเภอชื่นชม 59 กิโลเมตร อำเภอนาดูน 67 กิโลเมตร อำเภอยางสีสุราช 74 กิโลเมตร อำเภอพยัคฆภูมิพิสัย 85 กิโลเมตร", "จังหวัดอำนาจเจริญ\nจังหวัดอำนาจเจริญเป็นจังหวัดลำดับที่ ๗๕ มีอำเภอขึ้นสังกัด เจ็ด อำเภอคืออำเภอเมือง ฯ อำเภอชานุมาน อำเภอเสนางคนิคม อำเภอปทุมราชวงศา อำเภอพนา อำเภอหัวตะพาน และอำเภอลืออำนาจ", "จังหวัดขอนแก่น\nการปกครองแบ่งออกเป็น 26 อำเภอ 199 ตำบล 2331 หมู่บ้าน", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nพ.ศ. 2445 ในรัชกาลพระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว เปลี่ยนชื่อ มณฑลอีสาน เป็น มณฑลอุบล มีเมือง 3 เมืองขึ้นอยู่ในเขตการปกครองของมณฑลอุบล คือ เมืองอุบลราชธานี เมืองขุขันธ์ และเมืองสุรินทร์", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nในระยะเวลาดังกล่าวนี้ พระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว ทรงเห็นความจำเป็นเร่งด่วนเพื่อจัดการปกครองภายในหัวเมืองตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือให้เป็นระเบียบแบบแผนยิ่งขึ้น จึงทรงพระกรุณาโปรดเกล้า ให้พระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรมหลวงสรรพสิทธิประสงค์เป็นข้าหลวงใหญ่ประจำหัวเมืองลาวกาวและเปลี่ยนชื่อใหม่ว่า มณฑลลาวกาว สืบแทนพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรมหลวงพิชิตปรีชากร", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nพ.ศ. 2424 ในรัชกาลพระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว โปรดเกล้าฯ เริ่มใช้<b data-parsoid='{\"dsr\":[13883,13902,3,3]}'>นโยบายเลิกทาส มีสารตรา ไปยังหัวเมืองด้านตะวันออก ห้ามมิให้จับข่า มาทำการซื้อขายแลกเปลี่ยนและใช้สอยการงานต่าง ๆ และส่วนผู้ใดได้ซื้อหามาจากผู้ใดอยู่ก่อนนั้น ก็ให้อยู่กับผู้นั้นต่อไป เพราะถ้าจะให้ข้าทาสนั้นหลุดพ้นค่าตัวไปก็จะเป็นเหตุเดือดร้อนแก่มูลนาย ผู้ซื้อและแลกเปลี่ยนมาก่อนนั้น", "โรงพยาบาลศรีสะเกษ\nศูนย์แพทยศาสตรศึกษาชั้นคลินิก โรงพยาบาลศรีสะเกษ มีการเรียนการสอนและการฝึกปฏิบัติการทางการแพทย์ แก่นักศึกษาแพทย์ หลักสูตรแพทยศาสตรบัณฑิตภายใต้การดูแลของอาจารย์แพทย์ รวม 62 ท่าน ใน 20 สาขา ดังนี้ ", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nพื้นที่ตอนใต้ของจังหวัดในเขต อำเภอภูสิงห์ อำเภอขุนหาญ และ อำเภอกันทรลักษ์ อันเป็นแนวเทือกเขาพนมดงรัก ตามแนวชายแดนไทย-กัมพูชา เป็นอาณาบริเวณที่มีป่าไม้อุดมสมบูรณ์และมีธรรมชาติอันเป็นระบบนิเวศที่เหมาะสมต่อการอยู่อาศัยของสัตว์ป่าหลายชนิด สัตว์ป่าจำนวนมากในพื้นที่นี้จัดเป็นสัตว์ป่าหายากที่ใกล้สูญพันธุ์ เช่น [[กูปรี หรือ[[โคไพรหรือ [[วัวป่าซึ่งมีรายงานว่ามีปริมาณหลงเหลืออยู่น้อยมาก ด้วยเหตุนี้ ทางราชการจึงได้ประกาศจัดตั้งเขตรักษาพันธุ์สัตว์ป่าในพื้นที่จังหวัดศรีสะเกษและพื้นที่รอยต่อกับจังหวัดใกล้เคียง(สุรินทร์-อุบลราชธานี) ได้แก่ เขตรักษาพันธุ์สัตว์ป่าห้วยศาลาเขตรักษาพันธุ์สัตว์ป่าพนมดงรักเขตรักษาพันธุ์สัตว์ป่าห้วยทับทัน-ห้วยสำราญและเขตรักษาพันธุ์สัตว์ป่ายอดโดม", "ไทยลีก\nต่อมาได้มีกรณีข้อพิพาทในเรื่องสิทธิการบริหารสโมสรและสิทธิการแข่งขัน ระหว่าง อีสาน ยูไนเต็ด และ ศรีสะเกษ เอฟซี โดยทาง อีสาน ยูไนเต็ด ได้ยื่นคำร้องต่อ ศาลปกครอง เพื่อขอให้พิจารณาว่า ศรีสะเกษ เอฟซี มีสิทธิทำการแข่งขันในฤดูกาล ฤดูกาล 2556 หรือไม่ ซึ่งศาลปกครองมีคำสั่งให้คุ้มครองชั่วคราว เป็นผลให้ บจก.ไทยพรีเมียร์ลีก ต้องลงมติให้พักการแข่งขันของ สโมสรฟุตบอลศรีสะเกษ ตามคำสั่งคุ้มครองฯของศาล โดยเมื่อศาลปกครองวินิจฉัยให้สโมสรฟุตบอลศรีสะเกษ มีสิทธิทำการแข่งขันฟุตบอลไทยพรีเมียร์ลีกได้ต่อไป สมาคมฟุตบอลแห่งประเทศไทยฯ จึงประชุมร่วมกับ บจก.ไทยพรีเมียร์ลีก สโมสรฟุตบอลศรีสะเกษ และสโมสรสมาชิกทั้งหมด โดยที่ประชุมลงมติให้ ฤดูกาล 2557 เพิ่มสมาชิกเป็น 20 สโมสร และกำหนดสโมสรที่จะต้องตกชั้นลงไปแข่งขันไทยลีกดิวิชั่น 1 ต้องมีถึง 5 สโมสรคือ อันดับที่ 16-20 (ขณะเดียวกัน ทั้งสองฤดูกาลดังกล่าว ยังคงให้สโมสรชนะเลิศ, รองชนะเลิศ และอันดับที่ 3 ของไทยลีกดิวิชัน 1 ขึ้นมาแข่งขันในไทยพรีเมียร์ลีกตามเดิม) เพื่อทำให้สโมสรสมาชิก คงเหลือเพียง 18 ทีมเท่าเดิม\nส่วนฤดูกาล 2556 ให้สโมสรอันดับที่ 17 ต้องตกชั้นลงไปแข่งขันในไทยลีกดิวิชัน 1 เพียงทีมเดียว ", "อำเภอเชียงคำ\nเมื่อวันที่ 26 มิถุนายน 2539 กระทรวงมหาดไทยได้ออกพระราชกฤษฎีกา แบ่งพื้นที่อำเภอเชียงคำเป็น กิ่งอำเภอภูซาง ประกอบด้วย 5 ตำบล คือ ตำบลสบบง ตำบลภูซาง ตำบลเชียงแรง ตำบลทุ่งกล้วยและตำบลป่าสัก โดยมีผลบังคับใช้ตั้งแต่วันที่ 15 กรกฎาคม 2539 ", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nพ.ศ. 2388 ในรัชกาลพระบาทสมเด็จพระนั่งเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว ตั้งบ้านไพรตระหมักและบ้านตาสี เป็น เมืองมโนไพร ขึ้นกับเมืองขุขันธ์ (ปัจจุบันอยู่ในเขตประเทศกัมพูชาเรียก<b data-parsoid='{\"dsr\":[13466,13485,3,3]}'>เมืองมะลูเปรย)", "เทศบาลเมืองศรีสะเกษ\nเขตเทศบาลเมืองศรีสะเกษ เป็นศูนย์กลางทางการศึกษาของจังหวัดศรีสะเกษและพื้นที่ภาคตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือตอนล่าง โดยเป็นที่ตั้งของสถาบันการศึกษาทุกระดับตั้งแต่ระดับพื้นฐานถึงระดับอุดมศึกษา ประกอบด้วยสถานศึกษาที่สำคัญในแต่ละระดับ ดังนี้\nระดับอุดมศึกษา \nระดับอาชีวศึกษา", "ประเทศไทย\nการปกครองส่วนภูมิภาคจัดระเบียบเป็น 76 จังหวัด 878 อำเภอ 7,255 ตำบล[2] จังหวัดล่าสุดของประเทศไทย คือ จังหวัดบึงกาฬซึ่งแยกจากจังหวัดหนองคายในปี 2554", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nดังนั้น ในเดือนมิถุนายนของทุกปี จังหวัดศรีสะเกษจึงกำหนดเป็นช่วงเทศกาล เงาะ ทุเรียน และของดีศรีสะเกษ เพื่อส่งเสริมการท่องเที่ยวเชิงเกษตรและการท่องเที่ยวเชิงนิเวศของจังหวัด รวมทั้งการเผยแพร่ชื่อเสียงของผลไม้และพืชผลทางการเกษตรจากศรีสะเกษ มีขบวนรถบุปผาชาติประดับด้วยผลไม้ กิจกรรมคาราวานการท่องเที่ยวชมสวนและชิมผลไม้ไปตามสวนในพื้นที่เพาะปลูกสำคัญ เช่น ในเขตอำเภอกันทรลักษ์และอำเภอขุนหาญ รวมทั้งการจำหน่ายผลไม้และพืชผลทางการเกษตรคุณภาพดี ราคาย่อมเยาว์ [40]", "เทศบาลตำบลห้วยทับทัน\nเทศบาลตำบลห้วยทับทัน เป็นองค์กรปกครองส่วนท้องถิ่นประเภทเทศบาลตำบล ขนาดเล็ก อยู่ในเขตพื้นที่อำเภอห้วยทับทัน จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ สำนักงานตั้งอยู่เลขที่ 306 หมู่ 1 ตำบลห้วยทับทัน อำเภอห้วยทับทัน จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ เป็น 1 ในจำนวนเทศบาลตำบล 23 แห่งในปัจจุบันของจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ เขตเทศบาลตั้งอยู่ในบริเวณตอนบนของจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ ห่างจากตัวจังหวัดไปทางทิศตะวันตกโดยทางรถยนต์ประมาณ 37 กิโลเมตร เป็นที่ตั้งของที่ว่าการอำเภอและหน่วยงานการบริหารราชการระดับภูมิภาคอื่นๆ ของอำเภอห้วยทับทัน รวมทั้งเป็นศูนย์กลางทางเศรษฐกิจ การคมนาคมขนส่ง และการสื่อสารของอำเภอ ", "จังหวัดเชียงใหม่\nปัจจุบันจังหวัดเชียงใหม่แบ่งเขตการปกครองออกเป็น 25 อำเภอ 204 ตำบล 2,066 หมู่บ้าน ซึ่งอำเภอทั้ง 25 อำเภอมีดังนี้", "ตำบลปรือใหญ่\nตำบลปรือใหญ่ เป็นตำบลหนึ่งในอำเภอขุขันธ์ เดิมขึ้นอยู่กับตำบลห้วยใต้ อำเภอห้วยเหนือ เมืองขุขันธ์ ต่อมาในปี พ.ศ. 2467 ได้แยกจากตำบลห้วยใต้ และได้ยกฐานะเป็น ตำบลปรือใหญ่ อำเภอห้วยเหนือ จังหวัดขุขันธ์ ต่อมา ระยะแรกมี 11 หมู่บ้าน ต่อมาปี พ.ศ. ๒๔๘๑ ทางราชการได้เปลี่ยนชื่อจังหวัดขุขันธ์ เป็นชื่อจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ และเปลี่ยนชื่ออำเภอห้วยเหนือ เป็นชื่ออำเภอขุขันธ์ จึงทำให้ตำบลปรือใหญ่ อยู่ในอำเภอขุขันธ์ จังหวัดศรีสะเกษตั้งแต่บัดนั้นเป็นต้นมา ปัจจุบันตำบลปรือใหญ่ ประกอบด้วย 19 หมู่บ้าน มีกำนันปกครองตั้งแต่ยกฐานะจนถึงปัจจุบัน รวม 5 คน คำว่า \"ปรือใหญ่\" แปลว่า \"ป่าใหญ่\" เนื่องจากในสมัยก่อนตำบลปรือใหญ่นั้นมีอาณาเขตกว้างขวางมากติดชายแดนประเทศกัมพูชา และมีผืนป่าขนาดใหญ่ที่อุดมสมบูรณ์มาก แต่ในปัจจุบันได้ถูกแยกออกไปเป็นตำบลตะเคียนราม ตำบลโคกตาล และตำบลดงรัก อำเภอภูสิงห์ จึงทำให้ปัจจุบันนี้ตำบลปรือใหญ่เหลือพื้นที่ป่าลดน้อยลง", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nมหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏศรีสะเกษ มหาวิทยาลัยรามคำแหง สาขาวิทยบริการเฉลิมพระเกียรติ จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ ศูนย์แพทยศาสตร์ศึกษาชั้นคลินิก ศรีสะเกษ สถาบันการพลศึกษา วิทยาเขตศรีสะเกษ มหาวิทยาลัยมหาจุฬาลงกรณราชวิทยาลัย มหาวิทยาลัยมหามกุฏราชวิทยาลัย [37] มหาวิทยาลัยเฉลิมกาญจนา มหาวิทยาลัยปทุมธานี ศูนย์ขุขันธ์ มหาวิทยาลัยเวสเทิร์น ศูนย์กันทรลักษ์ สถาบันการเรียนรู้เพื่อปวงชน ศรีสะเกษ", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nความหมายอื่นของ ศรีสะเกษ ดูได้ที่ ศรีสะเกษ (แก้ความกำกวม)", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nพ.ศ. 2436 รัชกาลพระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัวโปรดเกล้าฯ ให้พระศรีพิทักษ์ (หว่าง )ป็น<b data-parsoid='{\"dsr\":[16623,16648,3,3]}'>ข้าหลวงเมืองขุขันธ์ โดยรวมเมืองขุขันธ์ เมืองสุรินทร์และเมืองสังขะ เป็นบริเวณเดียวกัน ตั้งที่ทำการข้าหลวง ณ เมืองขุขันธ์", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nในจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ มีชุมชนหลายกลุ่มตั้งถิ่นฐานอาศัยอยู่ร่วมกัน ทั้งนี้เป็นผลมาจากการอพยพย้ายครัวเข้ามาของคนในกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ต่างๆ ตั้งแต่ในอดีต ปัจจุบันยังคงปรากฏลักษณะเฉพาะทางกายภาพและวัฒนธรรมของกลุ่มคนเหล่านั้นอยู่ กลุ่มคนดังกล่าวได้แก่ ชาวลาว ชาวเขมร ชาวกูย (หรือกวย) และเยอ[3] [34]", "อำเภออุทุมพรพิสัย\nอุทุมพรพิสัย (ในอดีตเขียน \"อุทุมพรพิไสย\") เป็นอำเภอหนึ่งของจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ เป็นอำเภอเก่าแก่ของจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ (แรกเริ่มการก่อตั้งจังหวัดศรีสะเกษมี 6 อำเภอ คือ อำเภอเมืองศรีสะเกษ อำเภอกันทรารมย์ อำเภอกันทรลักษ์ อำเภอขุขันธ์ อำเภอราษีไศล และอำเภออุทุมพรพิสัย) เป็นอำเภอที่พระบาทสมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัวภูมิพลอดุลยเดชเคยเสด็จพระราชดำเนินทางรถไฟเยี่ยมพสกนิกรเมื่อครั้งอดีต เป็นอำเภอที่มีความหนาแน่นของประชากรสูงที่สุดของจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ มีอำเภอที่แยกจากอำเภออุทุมพรพิสัยไปแล้ว 4 อำเภอ คือ อำเภอห้วยทับทัน อำเภอบึงบูรพ์ อำเภอเมืองจันทร์ และอำเภอโพธิ์ศรีสุวรรณ ", "อำเภอโนนคูณ\nโนนคูณ เป็นอำเภอหนึ่งของจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ แยกออกจากอำเภอกันทรารมย์ เมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2520 และได้รับการยกฐานะเป็นอำเภอ ในปี พ.ศ. 2531", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nพ.ศ. 2424 ในรัชกาลพระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว ตั้งบ้านโนนหินกอง เป็น เมืองราษีไศล ขึ้นกับเมืองศรีสะเกษ", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ มีแหล่งน้ำที่สำคัญและมีผลต่อกิจกรรมการเกษตร การประมง ดังนี้", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nบริเวณที่ตั้งของจังหวัดนี้เคยเป็นอู่วัฒนธรรมโบราณ มาตั้งแต่สมัยก่อนประวัติศาสตร์ ตอนปลาย จนเข้าสู่สมัยประวัติศาสตร์ได้แก่วัฒนธรรมทวารวดี,อาณาจักรขอมหรือเขมรโบราณ,ล้านช้าง, อยุธยา และ รัตนโกสินทร์ ตามลำดับ เช่นเดียวกับพื้นที่อื่นๆ ของภาคตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ จากหลักฐานทางโบราณคดีที่บ้านหลุบโมก ตำบลเมืองคง อำเภอราษีไศล พบร่องรอยเมืองโบราณมีคูน้ำและคันดินล้อมรอบสองชั้น ภายในเมืองมีซากโบราณสถานและใบเสมาอันแสดงถึงร่องรอยการนับถือพุทธศาสนา นอกจากนี้ยังพบปราสาทและปรางค์กู่อีกหลายแห่ง โดยเป็นศิลปะเขมรราวพุทธศตวรรษที่ 13-17 รวมทั้งชุมชนเขมรโบราณ เช่น แหล่งโบราณคดีในเขตปราสาทสระกำแพงใหญ่ ซึ่งอยู่รอบๆบารายหรือแหล่งน้ำขนาดใหญ่ประจำชุมชนเขมรโบราณใน อำเภออุทุมพรพิสัย, แหล่งโบราณคดีบ้านหัวช้าง อำเภอไพรบึง ซึ่งพบชิ้นส่วนภาชนะดินเผาชนิดเนื้อแกร่ง ตกแต่งผิวด้วยการเคลือบสีน้ำตาล ตลอดจนสิ่งของเครื่องใช้ที่ทำด้วยโลหะ", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nศรีสะเกษ เป็นจังหวัดหนึ่งของประเทศไทย อยู่ในภาคตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือตอนล่าง ลักษณะภูมิประเทศทางตอนใต้เป็นที่สูง และค่อย ๆ ลาดต่ำไปทางเหนือลงสู่ลุ่มแม่น้ำมูลซึ่งอยู่ทางตอนเหนือของจังหวัด[1] ปัจจุบันมีเนื้อที่ 8,840 ตารางกิโลเมตร ประกอบด้วยอำเภอ 22 อำเภอ[1] มีประชากรราว 1.47 ล้านคน [2] ประกอบด้วยกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์หลากหลาย ซึ่งพูดภาษาถิ่นต่าง ๆ กัน อาทิ ภาษาลาว (สำเนียงลาวใต้ซึ้งใช้ครอบคลุมทั้งฝั่งอุบลราชธานีและจำปาศักดิ์), ภาษากูย, ภาษาเยอ และภาษาเขมรถิ่นไทย ส่วนใหญ่เป็นพุทธศาสนิกชนและนับถือผีมาแต่เดิม[3][4][5]", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nพ.ศ. 2436 ในรัชกาลพระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัวฝรั่งเศสได้ยกทัพขึ้นทางเมืองเชียงแตง เมืองสีทันดร และเมืองสมโบก ซึ่งสมันนั้นเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของราชอาณาจักรไทย พระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ กรมหลวงพิชิตปรีชากรในฐานะผู้สำเร็จราชการข้าหลวงใหญ่มณฑลอีสานได้รับหน้าที่ผู้อำนวยการป้องกันราชอาณาจักร ให้เกณฑ์กำลังหัวเมืองสุรินทร์ เมืองศรีสะเกษ เมืองขุขันธ์ เมืองมหาสารคาม และเมืองร้อยเอ็ด เมืองละ 800 เมืองสุวรรณภูมิ และเมืองยโสธร เมืองละ 500 ฝึกการรบแล้วส่งกำลังรบเหล่านี้เข้าตรึงการรุกรานของฝรั่งเศสทุกจุด สถานการณ์สงครามสงบลงในเดือนตุลาคม พุทธศักราช 2436 ต่างฝ่ายต่างถอนกำลังรบ กำลังรบของเมืองขุขันธ์ เมืองศรีสะเกษ จึงได้กลับคืนบ้านเมือง อาจกล่าวได้ว่านับแต่ได้สถาปนากรุงรัตนโกสินทร์ เมื่อเกิดศึกสงครามจากข้าศึกนอกราชอาณาจักร ชาวขุขันธ์และชาวศรีสะเกษจะมีบทบาทในการป้องกันบ้านเมืองด้วยเสมอ", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nลักษณะป่าไม้ของจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ ส่วนใหญ่เป็นป่าโปร่ง ประกอบด้วยป่ายาง ไม้เต็ง ไม้ประดู่ ไม้แดง ไม้กระบาก และไม้เบญจพรรณ จังหวัดศรีสะเกษมีพื้นที่ป่าไม้แยกเป็นป่าอนุรักษ์ (3 แห่ง 472,075 ไร่) ป่าสงวน (4 ป่า 92,042 ไร่) ป่าชุมชน (อยู่ในเขตป่าสงวน 25,621 ไร่, ป่าไม้ 1,845 ไร่, ป่าสาธารณประโยชน์ 7,094 ไร่) ป่าเศรษฐกิจ (Zone E: 825,246 ไร่) พื้นที่ป่าไม้ที่สมบูรณ์ร้อยละ 11.67 ของพื้นที่จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nมีการตั้งถิ่นฐานในจังหวัดศรีสะเกษมาแต่สมัยก่อนประวัติศาสตร์ จนเกิดพัฒนาการที่เข้มข้นในสมัยอาณาจักรขอมซึ่งได้ทิ้งมรดกทางวัฒนธรรมหลายประการไว้ เช่น ปราสาทหินและปรางค์กู่ศิลปะขอมตั้งกระจัดกระจายอยู่หลายแห่ง ครั้นในสมัยอาณาจักรอยุธยา มีการยกบ้านปราสาทสี่เหลี่ยมโคกลำดวน(บริเวณใกลๆปราสาทกุด หรือปราสาทสี่เหลียมโคกลำดวน วัดเจ็ก อำเภอขุขันธ์ ในปัจจุบัน) เป็นเมืองขุขันธ์ [3][6][7] และในสมัยรัชกาลที่ 5 แห่งอาณาจักรรัตนโกสินทร์ได้ย้ายเมืองไปยังบริเวณตำบลเมืองเก่า (ตำบลเมืองเหนือ อำเภอเมืองศรีสะเกษ ในปัจจุบัน) แต่เรียกชื่อ<b data-parsoid='{\"dsr\":[4274,4292,3,3]}'>เมืองขุขันธ์ ตามเดิม กระทั่งยกฐานะเป็น จังหวัดขุขันธ์ เมื่อ พ.ศ. 2459 แล้วเปลี่ยนชื่อเป็น จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ เมื่อ พ.ศ. 2481 [1]", "จังหวัดจันทบุรี\nจังหวัดจันทบุรีแบ่งการปกครองออกเป็น 10 อำเภอ 76 ตำบล 731 หมู่บ้าน[29] ดังนี้[30]", "จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ\nกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์เขมร มีภาษาพูดที่จัดเป็นภาษาเขมรถิ่นไทย หรือเขมรสูง(ขแมร์เลอ) เนื่องจากมีสำเนียงและคำศัพท์หลายคำแตกต่างไปจากภาษาพูดของชาวเขมรในประเทศกัมพูชาซึ่งจัดเป็นชาวเขมรลุ่มหรือเขมรต่ำ(ขแมร์กรอม) อย่างไรก็ดี จากผลการวิจัยของทั้ง2สำเนียงคือภาษาเขมรถิ่นไทยและภาษาเขมรถิ่นกัมพูชา ภาษาเขมรถิ่นไทยหรือเขมรสูงสามารถใช้พูดสื่อสารกับชาวเขมรในประเทศกัมพูชาได้ แต่ภาษาเขมรลุ่มในประเทศกัมพูชามักไม่ค่อยเข้าใจภาษาเขมรสูง โดยในพื้นที่จังหวัดศรีสะเกษมีกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ชาวเขมรสูงอาศัยอยู่หนาแน่นในอำเภอภูสิงห์, อำเภอขุขันธ์, อำเภอขุนหาญ, อำเภอกันทรลักษ์, รวมทั้งบางส่วนของอำเภอศรีรัตนะ, อำเภอไพรบึง, อำเภอปรางค์กู่และอำเภอห้วยทับทัน ซึ่งประชากรในกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์เขมรถิ่นไทยนี้ คิดเป็นสัดส่วนประมาณร้อยละ20 ของประชากรทั้งจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ [3] [36]" ]

[ 12.6796875 ]

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[ "Joseph Haydn Joseph Haydn (Franz) Joseph Haydn (; ; 31 March 173231 May 1809) was an Austrian composer of the Classical period. He was instrumental in the development of chamber music such as the piano trio. His contributions to musical form have earned him the epithets \"Father of the Symphony\" and \"Father of the String Quartet\". Haydn spent much of his career as a court musician for the wealthy Esterházy family at their remote estate. Until the later part of his life, this isolated him from other composers and trends in music so that he was, as he put it, \"forced to", "William Parsons (composer and musician) music at Oxford University in 1790. In his spare time, he acted as a magistrate for the jurisdiction near his house in Portman Square. He was knighted by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, John Jeffreys Pratt, second Earl Camden in 1795, thus becoming the first British musician honoured with a knighthood. An unremarkable composer and musician, he gained the title more through tutoring the king's family and his contacts than any merit, being a friend of several members of the royal family and composers such as Joseph Haydn. Few of his compositions survive. William Parsons (composer and musician) Sir William" ]

[ "ZYAT ZY ZYAT ZY ZY UAV is a series of Chinese UAV developed by Xi'an Zhan-Yi (meaning Spreading Wing) Aviation Technology Co., Ltd. (ZYAT, 西安展翼航空科技有限公司), and ZY-I has entered service with Chinese authorities and private enterprises. ZY-I is in twin-boom configuration and the propulsion is provided by a two-blade propeller driven by a pusher engine mounted in the rear end of the fuselage. The two rudders of ZY-I is joined near the top, instead of at the root or at the booms, as in most twin boom configuration. Production of ZY-I is not done by ZYAT alone, as some productions are contracted", "ZYAT ZY out to other original equipment manufacturers.Specification: ZYAT ZY ZY UAV is a series of Chinese UAV developed by Xi'an Zhan-Yi (meaning Spreading Wing) Aviation Technology Co., Ltd. (ZYAT, 西安展翼航空科技有限公司), and ZY-I has entered service with Chinese authorities and private enterprises. ZY-I is in twin-boom configuration and the propulsion is provided by a two-blade propeller driven by a pusher engine mounted in the rear end of the fuselage. The two rudders of ZY-I is joined near the top, instead of at the root or at the booms, as in most twin boom configuration. Production of ZY-I is not done by ZYAT", "Somali aristocratic and court titles most often used historically by the clergymen (ulama): Below is a list of the titles traditionally employed by leaders and officials within the Somali customary law or \"xeer\". Somali aristocratic and court titles This is a list of Somali aristocratic and court titles that were historically used by the Somali people's various sultanates, kingdoms and empires. Also included are the honorifics reserved for Islamic notables as well as traditional leaders and officials within the Somali customary law (\"xeer\"), in addition to the nobiliary particles set aside for distinguished individuals. Below is a list of the royal court titles historically retained", "Somali aristocratic and court titles Somali aristocratic and court titles This is a list of Somali aristocratic and court titles that were historically used by the Somali people's various sultanates, kingdoms and empires. Also included are the honorifics reserved for Islamic notables as well as traditional leaders and officials within the Somali customary law (\"xeer\"), in addition to the nobiliary particles set aside for distinguished individuals. Below is a list of the royal court titles historically retained by the Somali monarchies and aristocracies. Islamic leaders within Somali society were often drawn from or elevated to the noble ranks. Below is a list of the titles", "Family as a model for the state family via small communities to the polis. Many writers from ancient times to the present have seen parallels between the family and the forms of the state. In particular, monarchists have argued that the state mirrors the patriarchal family, with the people obeying the king as children obey their father. The family–state model was first expressed in ancient times, often as a form of justification for aristocratic rule. Plutarch records a laconic saying of the Dorians attributed to Lycurgus. Asked why he didn't establish a democracy in the Lacedæmon, Lycurgus responded: “Begin, friend, and set it up in your family”.", "Classical music of the United Kingdom in 1830, which attempted to train British musicians to the same standards as those of the continent. Its first principal was the oratorio composer Dr William Crotch (1745–1847), and the first tutor of piano was Cipriani Potter (1792–1871). Potter was the first London performer of Mozart and Beethoven concerti. He wrote nine symphonies and four piano concerti and as principal from 1832-59 was highly influential in the development of British music and the profession of musician. The significance of classical music in Ireland, and to a degree its place in conflicting British and Irish identities, was signalled by the foundation", "Don Li (composer/musician) Don Li (composer/musician) Don Li (* 7 April 1971 in Bern, Switzerland, as Don Pfäffli) is a Swiss composer, musician (clarinet, saxophone) and music producer of reductive music. Born into a family of graphic artists, he played drums, piano and saxophone as a child and started writing his own compositions at the age of 16. As a young saxophonist he played with George Gruntz, Christy Doran, Harald Haerter and Joseph Bowie, among others. He presented most of his compositions with his sextet \"Tonus\" (1993–2002), which consisted of the musicians Mich Gerber (1997–1998), Nik Bärtsch (1996–2002), Björn Meyer (1998–2002), Werner Hasler", "Yoshiki (musician) chronic tendonitis on his right hand, which may cause him to be unable to play musical instruments in the future. Yoshiki (musician) , known by the mononym Yoshiki, is a Japanese musician, songwriter, composer and record producer. He is best known as co-founder of the visual kei heavy metal band X Japan, for which he is the drummer, pianist and main songwriter. Yoshiki's solo career includes two classical studio albums—\"Eternal Melody\" (1993), produced by George Martin, and \"Eternal Melody II\" (2005)—and the classical compilation \"Yoshiki Classical\" (2013). He has also collaborated and played with artists such as Tetsuya Komuro and", "Richard Campbell (classical musician) Richard Campbell (classical musician) Richard John Campbell (21 February 1956 – 8 March 2011) was an English classical musician, best known as a founder member of the early music ensemble Fretwork and for his newer association with the Feinstein Ensemble, specialising in historically accurate performance of 18th-century music. Campbell was born in Hammersmith, London, where his parents were teachers, and was educated at Marlborough College and Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he studied Classics. After rejecting a career as a Latin teacher as having 'dubious prospects', he went to study at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague and the Guildhall. With Fretwork,", "Lionel Gossman the human? Gossman's study provides insight into the sources and character of the \"Nazi Conscience.\" First published in Germany in 1929, this is a new and corrected English translation of a memoir recounting a rebellious young woman's struggle to achieve independence. Born in 1883 into a wealthy aristocratic society of the old Austro-Hungarian Empire, Hermynia Zur Mühlen spent much of her childhood traveling in Europe and North Africa with her diplomat father. After five years on her German husband's estate in Czarist Russia, she broke with both her family and her husband and set out on a precarious career as", "József Ács (musician) József Ács (musician) József Ács (born 1948) is a German composer, and classical pianist and composer of Hungarian origin. A graduate of the Franz Liszt Academy of Music in Budapest and the Robert Schumann Hochschule in Düsseldorf, he won the first prize for piano at the \"German Music Competition\" in the Beethovenhalle in Bonn. He is particularly renowned for his recitals of Franz Liszt, and has done work in conjunction with the Vatican Archives. More recently he has been performing the works of Italian composer Ruggero Leoncavallo. He composed a completion of Leoncavallo's Requiem which was a fragment. Ács also", "David Matthews (composer) until he was 25 did he produce a work that satisfied him sufficiently to be pronounced his 'Opus 1'. He has largely avoided teaching, but to support his composing career has been employed in much editorial work and orchestration of film music. He has also written occasional articles and reviews for various music journals - the culmination of which activity being his 1980 book about Michael Tippett, a composer he admires enormously. Tippett is indeed one of the strongest palpable influences on Matthews's own music, which could be characterised as a potent distillation and development of certain qualities that distinguish", "John Eccles (composer) Lincoln's Inn Fields) as well as the occasional court ode. He is reported to have spent much of his time fishing. He was the only Master of the King's Musick in the history of the post to serve four monarchs (King William III, Queen Anne, King George I and King George II). John Eccles (composer) John Eccles (1668 – 12 January 1735) was an English composer. Born in London, eldest son of professional musician Solomon Eccles, John Eccles was appointed to the King's Private Music in 1694, and in 1700 became Master of the King's Musick. Also in 1700 he", "Naubat Khan by the painters of the court and Naubat Khan is one of the rare musicians – along with the illustrious singer-composer Tansen – to have been the subject of an individual portrait. He was painted by Ustad Mansur during the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar. Naubat Khan was the founder of the Beenkar dynasty of India. His direct descendants commanded respect in musical circles for several centuries. Notable members of this family are Naubat Khan Naubat Khan (नौबात खान also known as Ali Khan Karori) was a prominent Indian classical music composer, musician and instrumentalist. He was an influential musician", "Composer tributes (classical music) copies the compositional style of an earlier composer, such as: Dedication of a work to another composer or performer: Musical cryptograms, where the composer’s name is encoded in musical letters. The most famous example of this is the BACH motif, which has been used by over 400 composers in tribute to Johann Sebastian Bach (Bach himself used it more than once in his own works). Other examples include: Composer tributes (classical music) Musical tributes or homages from one composer to another can take many forms. Following are examples of the major types of tributes occurring in classical music. A particular", "Yoshiki (musician) Yoshiki (musician) , known by the mononym Yoshiki, is a Japanese musician, songwriter, composer and record producer. He is best known as co-founder of the visual kei heavy metal band X Japan, for which he is the drummer, pianist and main songwriter. Yoshiki's solo career includes two classical studio albums—\"Eternal Melody\" (1993), produced by George Martin, and \"Eternal Melody II\" (2005)—and the classical compilation \"Yoshiki Classical\" (2013). He has also collaborated and played with artists such as Tetsuya Komuro and Roger Taylor. In 1999, at the request of the Japanese government, he composed and performed a classical song at a", "Hungarian National Ballet repertoire of folk pieces reflecting national culture. It also remains one of the world's leading classical companies with over 100 dancers. The Hungarian National Ballet also tours internationally. Hungarian National Ballet The Hungarian National Ballet () is a classical ballet dance company based in Budapest, Hungary. The ballet company is attached to the Hungarian State Opera House, which is also home to the Hungarian National Opera company and the Hungarian National Philharmonic orchestra. The ballet company was established in 1884. Ballet performances began in Hungary during the 18th century, when they were held in private theatres at aristocratic castles. Professional", "Mendel (Hungarian family) Mendel (Hungarian family) The Jewish Hungarian family of Mendel is the name of a prominent Hungarian family which flourished in the latter half of the 15th century and in the first half of the sixteenth in Ofen (Buda). Members of three generations of it are known; namely, Jacob, Israel, and Isaac Mendel, who held the office of \"Princeps Judæorum\", \"Supremus Judæorum,\" or \"Præfectus Judæorum\" between 1482 and 1539. This office, which seems to have existed only during that period, was created by King Matthias Corvinus in order to give the Jews an accredited representative at court, who at the same", "Nick Powell (musician/composer) Nick Powell (musician/composer) Nick Powell is a British musician, composer and sound designer. He has worked extensively in theatre on productions in the West End and on Broadway, and for companies including the Royal National Theatre, the Royal Shakespeare Company, the National Theatre of Scotland, the Royal Court Theatre, and the Donmar Warehouse. In 1993 Powell founded the theatre company Suspect Culture alongside director Graham Eatough and playwright David Greig; composing music for fourteen of their productions. In 2017 Powell was the composer and sound designer on \"The Ferryman\", written by Jez Butterworth and directed by Sam Mendes, it opened", "Stuart Jones (composer) Stuart Jones (composer) Stuart Jones is a composer and musician from Birmingham, England. And one of the most popular recording artists on the label New World Music According to Allmusic, Stuart Jones displayed an intense interest in music throughout his childhood years. Listening to classical music, Jazz, and pop gave Jones a broad base of musical influences, which he would draw on throughout the course of his career. That diverse palette is demonstrated in Jones' wide array of accomplishments, and his compositions for film and television can be heard on programs throughout the U.K. He is known for his prodigious", "Greg Kuehn Greg Kuehn Gregory Russell Kuehn is an American composer, songwriter, musician and producer. Kuehn's career began in Orange County's early punk scene, when he left his classical piano studies at California State University, Long Beach to join horror punk icons T.S.O.L. Together they made the album \"Beneath the Shadows\", still a highly regarded and influential work. Following his tenure in T.S.O.L. , he spent several years as a recording and touring musician working with artists including Bob Dylan, The Church, Duane Peters, Megan Mullally, Berlin and Ian Astbury of The Cult. Most recently, Kuehn has been performing with LA punk", "Hungarian National Ballet Hungarian National Ballet The Hungarian National Ballet () is a classical ballet dance company based in Budapest, Hungary. The ballet company is attached to the Hungarian State Opera House, which is also home to the Hungarian National Opera company and the Hungarian National Philharmonic orchestra. The ballet company was established in 1884. Ballet performances began in Hungary during the 18th century, when they were held in private theatres at aristocratic castles. Professional companies were established that performed throughout Hungary and also toured abroad. The Budapest National Theatre increasingly serving a role as a home for the dancers. The first ballet", "Thomas A'Becket (composer) Thomas A'Becket (composer) Thomas a'Becket (born March 17, 1808; died January 6, 1890) was an actor and musician credited with writing the music and the words, in 1843, to \"Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean\". Born in Chatham, England, A'Becket came to the United States in 1837 and spent much of his life in Philadelphia. At one time, he served as the stage manager of the actor Edwin Booth and for many years was the director of the Walnut Street Theatre, in Philadelphia, where he also had a long acting career. During his early years in America, he gave music", "Morten Olsen (composer) years, he has also worked with various international orchestras, e.g. the French TM+ and Ensemble Alternance. Morten Olsen is inspired by the classical tradition, but his compositions are marked by an experimenting and unpredictable tonality. His music ranges from dramatic to more somber works. Morten Olsen (composer) Morten Olsen (born 1961) is a Danish musician and composer. Olsen began his musical career within electronic jazz fusion music in the 1980s. Today, he is connected with modern classical music. Olsen graduated from the Royal Danish Academy of Music in Copenhagen in 1992, where he was educated as a double bassist. Since", "Peter Taylor (composer) some of which are available currently on '70s: The Original Soundtrack' (DWCD0255), as well as classical fanfares and pieces on 'Classics 4' (DWCD0139), while some more of his tracks appear on 'Movie Archive – The Silent Film Era' (DWCD0096) and 'Come Dancing' (DWCD0104). Peter Taylor (composer) Peter Taylor is a musician and composer born in Manchester, England. He has worked with the BBC and Granada Television, and together with Cliff Twemlow formed one half of the composition partnership Peter Reno. Taylor began his music career studying pianoforte at Ardwicke Central High School in Manchester. Inspired and entranced by the virtuosity", "Family as a model for the state house is a pattern of monarchy, of aristocracy and of democracy. The relationship of parents to children is monarchic, of husbands to wives aristocratic, of children to one another democratic.” (\"Hellenistic Commentary to the New Testament\", edd Boring, Berger, & Colpe) Confucius believed the child should be subordinate to the parent, younger brother to the older, wife to husband, and subject to the sovereign who is to be regarded as the father of the nation. The state as the family writ large was the most harmonious, orderly, and natural form of government. This was later expanded to cover international relations", "James Oswald (composer) James Oswald (composer) James Oswald (1710–1769) was a Scottish composer, arranger, cellist, and music publisher, who was appointed as Chamber Composer for King George III but also wrote and published many Scottish folk tunes. Oswald was born in Crail, Scotland in 1710, being baptised on 21 March, and died in Knebworth, Hertfordshire on 2 January 1769. As a young man he worked in Dunfermline, Fife as a musician and dancing master. Throughout his career he maintained an interest in traditional Scottish music, but he also composed in classical \"style galant\" forms. In 1741 he left Edinburgh for London and Allan", "Robert Kahn (composer) Robert Kahn (composer) Robert Kahn (July 21, 1865 – May 29, 1951) was a German composer, pianist, and music teacher. Kahn was born in Mannheim, the second son of Bernhard Kahn and Emma Eberstadt. One of his seven siblings was the wealthy financier Otto Kahn whose son Roger Wolfe Kahn was a successful jazz musician, composer and aviator. His parents belonged to a distinguished family of bankers and merchants. In 1882, Kahn entered the Königlichen Hochschule für Musik in Berlin, where he studied for the next three years. Between 1885 and 1886, he continued his musical education under the tutelage", "Nick Powell (musician/composer) Andrew Square to mark the opening of the 70th Edinburgh International Festival. In October 2017 Powell joins Alex Lee in composing music for 59's \"Reflections\"; an animation projected in the Guggenhaim Museum, Bilbao. Nick Powell (musician/composer) Nick Powell is a British musician, composer and sound designer. He has worked extensively in theatre on productions in the West End and on Broadway, and for companies including the Royal National Theatre, the Royal Shakespeare Company, the National Theatre of Scotland, the Royal Court Theatre, and the Donmar Warehouse. In 1993 Powell founded the theatre company Suspect Culture alongside director Graham Eatough and", "Family as a model for the state (e.g. the emperor of China is treated as the older brother of the Korean king). Confucian family theory is still espoused in North Korea to justify their method of leadership succession. The concept of family is important in classical Confucianism. For Confucius, \"xiào\" or filial piety was a \"dé\" or virtue. The character representing \"xiào\", 孝, itself represents a basic family structure, with the upper component representing elders (\"lao\", old), and the lower representing children (\"zi\", son). Those acting with filial piety, such as through the performances of \"lĭ\" were therefore acting in accordance with \"yì\" (righteousness, or fulfilling one's", "Musician, Composer, Raconteur contribute\". \"All compositions by Dizzy Gillespie except as indicated\" Disc One: Disc Two: Musician, Composer, Raconteur Musician, Composer, Raconteur is a live album by trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie recorded at the Montreux Jazz Festival in 1981 and released on the Pablo label. The Allmusic review stated \"This double album is subtitled \"Dizzy Gillespie Plays and Raps in His Greatest Concert,\" an exaggeration to say the least. In reality, this set (which contains some of his humorous joking with the audience) is a fine all-around example of Gillespie at a typical concert in 1981. At the age of 63, he was no", "György Ligeti (musician) György Ligeti (musician) György Ligeti (; born 19 December 1972) is a Hungarian indie musician, record producer, best known as the lead singer, songwriter, lyricist and guitarist of the indie rock band We Are Rockstars, and the disbanded The Puzzle. He is also the singer and guitarist of the Hungarian electro band, Žagar. He is not related to the avant-garde classical composer of the same name, György Ligeti (1923-2006). Ligeti was born in Kaposvár, Hungary. He attended the Munkácsy Mihály Gimnázium és Szakközépiskola in Kaposvár. Ligeti obtained a Master of Arts in Communication and media studies from the University of", "Hungarian folk music due to the Hungarian composer Franz Liszt, who in 1846 began composing 19 Hungarian Rhapsodies for piano, five of which were later orchestrated, thus being the first pieces of music by a major composer to incorporate sources from so-called “peasant music”. These works, which broke free from classical tradition, were often viewed by the elite as brash and unrefined, yet they deeply influenced others, like Johannes Brahms, and later Zoltán Kodály and Béla Bartók, even having an influence on American jazz. During the 20th century, Hungarian composers were influenced by the traditional music of their nation which may be considered", "József Ács (musician) wrote a small mass for choir and organ called, \"Weihnachtslieder-Messe.\" Appropriate for the Christmas season, this joyful mass incorporates two Christmas tunes, In dulci jubilo, and Es kommt ein Schiff geladen. József Ács (musician) József Ács (born 1948) is a German composer, and classical pianist and composer of Hungarian origin. A graduate of the Franz Liszt Academy of Music in Budapest and the Robert Schumann Hochschule in Düsseldorf, he won the first prize for piano at the \"German Music Competition\" in the Beethovenhalle in Bonn. He is particularly renowned for his recitals of Franz Liszt, and has done work in", "John Sebastian (classical harmonica player) addition to playing guitar and autoharp), although he primarily plays in a Sonny Terry-influenced blues or folk style on a diatonic rather than chromatic harmonica. In interviews, John B. has described his early exposure to music and stage performance through his father's career, and how his father helped connect him with musicians who influenced his own career, such as Terry and Lightnin' Hopkins. John Sebastian (classical harmonica player) John Sebastian (born John Sebastian Pugliese; April 25, 1914 − August 18, 1980) was an American musician and composer known as a master of the classical chromatic harmonica. He was the first", "Robert Morton (composer) Johannes Tinctoris wrote glowingly of Morton, mentioning that he was \"world-famous\". Even though much of his music must have been lost—including any sacred music—he seems to have been influential on other composers at the court of Burgundy, and several of his compositions were used as source material for masses by later composers, including Josquin des Prez. Robert Morton (composer) Robert Morton (also \"Mourton\", \"Moriton\"; c. 1430 – after 13 March 1479) was an English composer of the early Renaissance, mostly active at the Burgundian court. He was highly regarded at the time. Only secular vocal music, all Rondeaux for three", "Bálint Bakfark Bálint Bakfark Bálint Bakfark (; in contemporary sources Valentin Bakfark or (from 1565 onward) Valentin Greff alias Bakfark, his name is variously spelled as \"Bacfarc\", \"Bakfarc\", \"Bakfarkh\", \"Bakffark\", \"Backuart\") (1526–30 – 15 or 22 August 1576) was a Hungarian composer of Transylvanian Saxon origin, and lutenist of the Renaissance. He was enormously influential as a lutenist in his time, and renowned as a virtuoso on the instrument. He was born in Brassó, Transylvania, Kingdom of Hungary (today Brașov in Romania), into a family of Transylvanian Saxon origin. An orphan, he was brought up by the Greff family and was educated", "Josh Kaufman (musician) Josh Kaufman (musician) Josh Kaufman (born May 26, 1978) is a multi-instrumentalist, songwriter, producer, composer, arranger and engineer based in Brooklyn, NY. Kaufman was born in Paterson, New Jersey, and spent his first seven years moving back and forth between there and Stony Brook, Long Island due to his father’s hospital work as a rheumatologist. His family finally settled on Long Island where they would remain for much of his schooling. His interest in music stemmed from playing his parents’ record collection on a Fisher Price turntable as a small child as well as sitting with his mother at the", "Hungarian Dances (Brahms) 4 and 7), Paul Juon (No. 4), Martin Schmeling (1864–1943) (Nos. 5 to 7), Hans Gál (Nos. 8 and 9), (Nos. 5, 6 and 11 to 16) and (Nos. 4, 8 and 9). More recently, Iván Fischer has orchestrated the complete set. Brahms's \"Hungarian Dances\" were influential in the development of ragtime. See, for example, the role of German-American piano teacher Julius Weiss in ragtime composer Scott Joplin's early life and career. The earliest known recording of any movement of Hungarian Dances was a condensed piano-based rendition of Hungarian Dances No. 1, from 1890, played by Brahms himself, and was", "Martin Green (musician) Martin Green (musician) Martin Green is a musician and composer, best known as accordionist in the folk trio Lau, who won a Paul Hamlyn Foundation Award for Artists . His family were Jewish refugees who fled Austria in the 1930s. His great-grandfather ended up in a Jewish ghetto in Shanghai, then a few years later his grandmother went to London with her mother. His career as a composer began in 2003 with the goliath environmental theatre production of 'Albatross' based on Shackleton's journey, which was the centrepiece of the Glastonbury Festival's Theatre Field in 2004. Alongside Aidan O'Rourke and Kris", "Morten Olsen (composer) Morten Olsen (composer) Morten Olsen (born 1961) is a Danish musician and composer. Olsen began his musical career within electronic jazz fusion music in the 1980s. Today, he is connected with modern classical music. Olsen graduated from the Royal Danish Academy of Music in Copenhagen in 1992, where he was educated as a double bassist. Since then, he has composed works for solo instruments, orchestras, and choral works. In 1990, Olsen was one of the founders of \"Athelas Sinfonietta Copenhagen\", a Danish ensemble. He has also composed four works for Esbjerg Ensemble in the years 2004-2005 and 2007-2008. In later", "Musician, Composer, Raconteur Musician, Composer, Raconteur Musician, Composer, Raconteur is a live album by trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie recorded at the Montreux Jazz Festival in 1981 and released on the Pablo label. The Allmusic review stated \"This double album is subtitled \"Dizzy Gillespie Plays and Raps in His Greatest Concert,\" an exaggeration to say the least. In reality, this set (which contains some of his humorous joking with the audience) is a fine all-around example of Gillespie at a typical concert in 1981. At the age of 63, he was no longer the powerful trumpeter he once was, but he still had something to", "Henry Holmes (composer) at the Haymarket Theatre on 13 July 1847. They then toured throughout Europe to much acclaim and violinist/composer Louis Spohr dedicated his three violin duos to them. The brothers parted ways in 1864, with Alfred settling in Paris and Henry remaining in London. In London, Holmes was active as a recitalist, chamber musician, and concert soloist. He taught the violin privately and at the Royal College of Music spent much of his time composing. Some of his notable pupils include Arnold Dolmetsch, Arthur Elwell Fisher, and Kathleen Parlow. He spent the last several years of his life in San Francisco,", "Josh Kaufman (musician) long-term partner, Yellowbirds and Rocketship Park bandmate and regular musical collaborator Annie Nero in 2010. The couple gave birth to daughter Clarabelle in May 2014. They live in Brooklyn. Josh Kaufman (musician) Josh Kaufman (born May 26, 1978) is a multi-instrumentalist, songwriter, producer, composer, arranger and engineer based in Brooklyn, NY. Kaufman was born in Paterson, New Jersey, and spent his first seven years moving back and forth between there and Stony Brook, Long Island due to his father’s hospital work as a rheumatologist. His family finally settled on Long Island where they would remain for much of his schooling.", "Pran Nath (musician) of recordings exist under the care of La Monte Young. In Pran Nath's will, Young, as executor of his estate, was instructed to begin releasing recordings. Pran Nath (musician) Pandit Pran Nath (Devanagari: पंडित प्राणनाथ) (3 November 1918 – 13 June 1996) was an Indian classical singer and teacher of the Kirana gharana (singing style). Pran Nath was born into a wealthy family in Lahore in present-day Pakistan. While they were avid devotees of music, inviting musicians into the house to perform nightly, his family did not approve of his desire to become a musician, so he left home at", "Raphael (musician) Raphael (musician) Raphael (born 1948) is a United States musician and composer of ambient music. Raphael F. Sharpe was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma in 1948. Raised by Benedictine nuns, when his family got ill, he learned classical music and Gregorian chant. In 1967, he participated at the San Francisco Summer of Love, masquerading as a velvet-caped European count playing gypsy style violin. He studied piano at the San Francisco Conservatory. From there he moved to the Esalen Institute at Big Sur where he worked for ten years as a teacher and musician. There he started pursuing music as a therapy,", "Composer tributes (classical music) Composer tributes (classical music) Musical tributes or homages from one composer to another can take many forms. Following are examples of the major types of tributes occurring in classical music. A particular work may fit into more than one of these types. Variations on a theme by another composer. These are usually written as discrete sets of variations. There are hundreds of examples, including: Many works are based on a theme or themes by another composer (sometimes anonymous or traditional). They range from short pieces to extended major compositions. Sometimes these works are no more than sets of variations under", "Richard Campbell (classical musician) of The Sixteen, Ex Cathedra of Birmingham, the City of London Sinfonia, the St James's Baroque Players, Florilegium, and Paul McCreesh's Gabrieli Players. He was a founding member of Jakob Lindberg's Dowland Consort, Philip Picket's Musicians of the Globe and, Charles Humphries's ensemble Kontraband. Richard Campbell (classical musician) Richard John Campbell (21 February 1956 – 8 March 2011) was an English classical musician, best known as a founder member of the early music ensemble Fretwork and for his newer association with the Feinstein Ensemble, specialising in historically accurate performance of 18th-century music. Campbell was born in Hammersmith, London, where his", "Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles Until the end of the Ethiopian monarchy in 1974, there were two categories of nobility in Ethiopia. The Mesafint ( , modern , singular , modern , \"prince\"), the hereditary nobility, formed the upper echelon of the ruling class. The Mekwanint (, modern singular , modern or , \"governor\") were the appointed nobles, often of humble birth, who formed the bulk of the aristocracy. Until the 20th century, the most powerful people at court were generally members of the \"Mekwanint\" appointed by the monarch, while regionally, the \"Mesafint\" enjoyed greater influence and power. Emperor Haile", "Hailu Mergia & His Classical Instrument Hailu Mergia & His Classical Instrument Hailu Mergia & His Classical Instrument (Amharic:ኃይሉ መርጊያና የመሣረያ ቅንብሮቹ), also known as Shemonmuanaye, is a 1985 studio album by Ethiopian jazz musician Hailu Mergia, formerly of the Walias Band. After the band split up in 1983, Mergia moved to the United States and began studying music at Howard University, during which time he discovered an accordion and began playing it. Initially intending to record a cassette of himself playing the accordion in a small studio belonging to an acquaintance at Howard, he also incorporated other instruments in the studio, such as a Rhodes", "Steve Lewis (musician) Steve Lewis (musician) Steve Lewis (March 19, 1896 - c 1941?) was a jazz pianist and composer. Lewis was born in New Orleans. In 1910, he began his career as a member of the Silver Leaf Orchestra. He joined the Olympia Orchestra and toured with Bill and Mary Mack in 1917. When he returned to New Orleans, he spent the next ten years in bands with Armand J. Piron. During the 1920s, he taught piano to such students as Luis Russell. He worked as a bandleader and a freelance musician. His last days were spent in a mental institution in", "Max Harris (composer) On England\" (1976). He was also music director on several jazz albums issued during the 1970s which partnered violinists Stéphane Grappelli and Yehudi Menuhin. Max Harris (composer) Max Harris (15 September 1918 – 13 March 2004) was a British film and television composer and arranger. He played the piano and piano accordion. Born in Bournemouth, Hampshire, England, into a Jewish family, his father was a tailor from Poland, and his mother had emigrated from Latvia. Harris was raised in London. He originally embarked on a career in dance bands and as a jazz musician, before his war service, becoming a", "Miklós Malek (musician) music teacher Mária Toldy. His sister Andrea Malek is also a singer and actress. Miklós Malek (musician) Miklos Malek (in Hungarian Ifj. Malek Miklós) (born in Budapest, Hungary on 15 April 1975) is a Hungarian songwriter, music producer and artist and television personality, who is a resident of Los Angeles. He has produced for a number of renowned artists. He is also a judge and mentor in the Hungarian version of \"X-Faktor\". Los Angeles-based music producer, songwriter and mixing engineer Miklos Malek grew up in a family of renowned musicians in Budapest. After receiving a master's degree in classical piano", "Hailu Mergia & His Classical Instrument musician to wonder what performing music outside his Washington home would be like. Nonetheless, the success of the album's re-release allowed Mergia to relaunch his international touring career. Mergia built a friendship with Shimkovitz, and following the success of the re-release, Awesome Tapes from Africa re-released two more Mergia albums, 1977's \"Tche Belew\" (an instrumental jazz album by Mergia and the Walias Band) in 2015 and the 1978 cassette \"Wede Harer Guzo\" in 2016. Mergia's first album of new material since 2003, \"Lala Belu\", will be released on the label in February 2018. Praise greeted \"Hailu Mergia & His Classical", "Jay Ferguson (American musician) Jay Ferguson (American musician) John Arden \"Jay\" Ferguson (born May 10, 1947) is an American rock/pop musician, known for his work with Spirit and Jo Jo Gunne, and his 1978 solo hit \"Thunder Island\". His later career has been as a composer of music for television programs and films. Born in Burbank, California in the San Fernando Valley, Ferguson grew up in the Van Nuys and Canoga Park sections of Los Angeles. At 12 years old, Ferguson's parents encouraged his musical abilities with classical piano lessons. When he was 16, Ferguson's interest transferred to the banjo. Along with his brother", "Just as Much as Ever Just as Much as Ever \"Just as Much as Ever\" is a song written by Charles Singleton and Larry Coleman. The song was a hit single for Bob Beckham, Nat King Cole, and Bobby Vinton. Bob Beckham released a version of \"Just as Much as Ever\" in 1959 as a single and on his album \"Just as Much as Ever\". Beckham's version spent 21 weeks on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, peaking at No. 32, while reaching No. 41 on the \"Cash Box\" Top 100, No. 32 on the \"Cash Box\" chart of \"The Records Disc Jockeys Played Most\", and", "Kingdom of Mysore Lavish sums were spent on acquiring various instruments including the unconventional horn violin, theremin and calliaphone, a mechanical music player. The Mysore court was home to several renowned experts (\"vidwan\") of the time. Veena Sheshanna, a court musician during the rule of Maharaja Chamaraja X, is considered one of the greatest exponents of the veena. His achievements in classical music won Mysore a premier place in the art of instrumental Carnatic music and he was given the honorific \"Vainika Shikhamani\" by Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV. Mysore Vasudevacharya was a noted musician and composer in Sanskrit and Telugu from Mysore. He", "John Fahey (musician) John Fahey (musician) John Aloysius Fahey (; February 28, 1939 – February 22, 2001) was an American fingerstyle guitarist and composer who played the steel-string acoustic guitar as a solo instrument. His style has been greatly influential and has been described as the foundation of American Primitive Guitar, a term borrowed from painting and referring mainly to the self-taught nature of the music and its minimalist style. Fahey borrowed from the folk and blues traditions in American roots music, having compiled many forgotten early recordings in these genres. He would later incorporate classical, Portuguese, Brazilian, and Indian music into his", "David Feldman (musician) David Feldman (musician) David Feldman (born 20 December 1977 in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian-Israeli Jazz and Bossa Nova musician, player of the Piano and also an arranger, producer, composer and sound-engineer. David Feldman was born in a family of classical and early-music musicians. He started very early his musical studies, playing classical piano at the age of four. At that time, he would drive his piano teacher crazy, because he would never stick to what was written on the music sheet, always preferring to show his personal interpretation of the piece. When at the age of ten he", "Stuart Jones (composer) a classical symphony Symphony in F, two stage musicals Shirt and Tie and Picture This Picture Life, and finally a modern ‘Concerto for acoustic speed funk pianos’. Jones is also noted for his TV music with KPM and Stock, the most notable appearance of his music being on the soap Emmerdale. Stuart Jones appears to work mainly as a solo artist but is well known on the video sharing site YouTube with his piano-duelling duo Blister teaming up with musician Sniper, many of the videos being featured on NME Stuart Jones (composer) Stuart Jones is a composer and musician from", "Barrett family of Jamaica Penn and General Robert Venables who led the failed invasion of Hispaniola. They then turned their sights on Jamaica, which was much less fortified, and successfully wrested it from Spanish control for the King of England. The first Barretts became an extremely wealthy and influential English family in Jamaica, owning more than 84,000 acres of land and 2,000 slaves in the parishes of Trelawny and St. James. The original family home was Cinnamon Hill Great House in St James. The construction was started by Samuel Barrett but died before it was completed. It was completed by Edward his son, and", "Vengalil family originated through the marriage of Raman Menon, Dewan of Travancore (1815–1817) serving Maharani Gowri Parvati Bayi and his wife, Narayani Amma. Influential members include politician V. K. Krishna Menon and author Janaki Ram, as well as C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar by marriage. Numerous members of the Vengalil family held titles equivalent to that of Thakur or Raja in north India. Vengalil family The Vengalil family (Malayalam: വെങ്ങാലിൽ; Hindi: वेङ्ङालिल; also transliterated as \"Vengayil\") is an aristocratic Keralite Nair family from Malabar that was powerful in India during much of the British Raj, and known as intimates of the Nehru-Gandhi family.", "Miklós Malek (composer) judge / mentor in the Hungarian \"X-Faktor\". Miklós Malek (composer) Miklós Malek (born 3 June 1945, in Budapest, Hungary) is a Hungarian award winning composer and conductor. He has won many awards: Táncdalfesztivál - Hangszerelési díj (1969), Lyra-díj (1994), Fényes Szabolcs-díj (1996), EMeRTon-díj (2000), Erkel Ferenc-díj (2004) and Artisjus Életmű-díj (2004) He was admitted to the Franz Liszt Academy of Music where he graduated in 1970 obtaining the diploma after studying classical music. He joined Angyalföldi Dixieland Zenekar orchestra in 1963 and from 1969 onwards, he worked for two decades as band composer-arranger including from 1969 with Magyar Rádió (Hungarian", "Johann Fischer (composer) was back in the Stuttgart court orchestra, and a year later he became a church musician at the Barfüßerkirche in Augsburg, where he was employed until 1677. During his time, about 60 pieces of church music were composed. He then married Antonia Sybilla who gave him between 1675 and 1681 five children, but his life was in music and so he returned to his home town. In 1683 he had a job for three years as a violinist, teacher and composer in the court orchestra of the Duke of Ansbach who was very much fond of French music. From 1686", "Mendel (Hungarian family) time should be responsible for the payment of their taxes. The \"Præfectus Judæorum\" was empowered to impose fines and other penalties on the Jews. As an official of the crown he was exempted from wearing the Jews' hat. Mendel (Hungarian family) The Jewish Hungarian family of Mendel is the name of a prominent Hungarian family which flourished in the latter half of the 15th century and in the first half of the sixteenth in Ofen (Buda). Members of three generations of it are known; namely, Jacob, Israel, and Isaac Mendel, who held the office of \"Princeps Judæorum\", \"Supremus Judæorum,\" or", "Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles task to administrate the given areas. In certain cases the title of kantiba could have passed down from father to son, and in some others the title was given to elected individuals for a few years. End of the mandate another person was elected. Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles Until the end of the Ethiopian monarchy in 1974, there were two categories of nobility in Ethiopia. The Mesafint ( , modern , singular , modern , \"prince\"), the hereditary nobility, formed the upper echelon of the ruling class. The Mekwanint (, modern singular , modern or , \"governor\") were the", "Pran Nath (musician) Pran Nath (musician) Pandit Pran Nath (Devanagari: पंडित प्राणनाथ) (3 November 1918 – 13 June 1996) was an Indian classical singer and teacher of the Kirana gharana (singing style). Pran Nath was born into a wealthy family in Lahore in present-day Pakistan. While they were avid devotees of music, inviting musicians into the house to perform nightly, his family did not approve of his desire to become a musician, so he left home at the age of 13 and took up residence with the reclusive singer Abdul Wahid Khan of the Kirana gharana, cousin of the more widely known Abdul", "Takuro (musician) Takuro (musician) , better known by his stage name TAKURO, is a Japanese musician and lyricist best known as one of the guitarists and leader of the rock band Glay, for which he is also the main composer and lyricist. As a musician and composer, Takuro has worked with different artists and has also released solo works. Takuro and his older sister were raised by a single mother, as she never remarried after his father's death, when Takuro was three years old. He considers his mother an early influence in his musical career, as he was strongly impressed by her", "Domenico Scarlatti Domenico Scarlatti Giuseppe Domenico Scarlatti (Naples, 26 October 1685 Madrid, 23 July 1757) was an Italian composer. He is classified primarily as a Baroque composer chronologically, although his music was influential in the development of the Classical style and he was one of the few Baroque composers to transition into the classical period. Like his renowned father Alessandro Scarlatti, he composed in a variety of musical forms, although today he is known mainly for his 555 keyboard sonatas. He spent much of his life in the service of the Portuguese and Spanish royal families. Domenico Scarlatti was born in Naples,", "David Flynn (composer) David Flynn (composer) David Flynn (also known as Dave Flynn, born 6 January 1977) is an Irish composer and musician with a number of major awards and commissions to his name. His recent music is noteworthy for merging the influence of traditional Irish music with contemporary classical music and jazz. He is also an accomplished multi-instrumentalist who works across many genres including classical, jazz, rock and traditional Irish music. He performs regularly on guitar, mandolin, banjo, bouzouki and vocals. Flynn was born and raised in Dublin, Ireland. His early musical experiences included brief periods studying piano and tin whistle, but", "George Templeton Strong (composer) George Templeton Strong (composer) George Templeton Strong (May 26, 1856 – June 27, 1948) was an American composer of classical music and a professional painter. His work has been described as Romantic. He moved to Vevey, Switzerland, in 1897 and lived there and in Geneva for the remainder of his life. Although his career was in Europe, he is considered an American composer. George Templeton Strong was born in New York City to Ellen (Ruggles) and George Templeton Strong, an attorney. The family was musical; both parents were amateur musicians and his father was on the board of the New", "Charles Macintosh (composer and naturalist) Charles Macintosh (composer and naturalist) Charles Macintosh (1839–1922), known as 'the Perthshire Naturalist', was a musician and self-taught amateur naturalist from Inver, near Dunkeld, Perthshire, Scotland. He, with his younger brother James, who was a fiddler and himself a composer, represented the third generation of an important musical family in the area. Their grandfather James (1791-1876) had learned fiddle from Niel Gow, who also lived in Inver. Charles spent nearly all his life in the small cottage in Inver where he was born, only moving in with his brother in Dunkeld for the last few months of his life. He", "Jason Moran (musician) Jason Moran (musician) Jason Moran (born January 21, 1975) is an American jazz pianist, composer and educator, heavily involved in multimedia art and theatrical installations. Moran recorded first with Greg Osby and debuted as a band leader with the 1999 album \"Soundtrack to Human Motion\". Since then, he has released eight other albums—with his trio The Bandwagon, solo or leading other ensembles—and appeared in about 30 albums as a sideman. He has garnered much critical acclaim and won a number of awards for his playing and compositional skills, which combine elements of post-bop and avant-garde jazz, blues, classical music, stride", "Wayne Marshall (classical musician) Gershwin Songbook CD. In October 2016, he will be one of the recipients of the Golden Jubilee Award, for his services to music. Wayne Marshall was born in Oldham, Lancashire, to parents originally from Barbados. He was educated at Chetham's School of Music, Manchester, the Royal College of Music, and the Hochschule für Musik in Vienna. Wayne Marshall has recorded 21 studio albums over a musical career spanning more than two decades. Wayne Marshall (classical musician) Wayne Marshall (born 13 January 1961) is an English pianist, organist, and conductor. He is Chief Conductor of WDR Funkhausorchester in Cologne, Germany, and", "Bill McGlaughlin Bill McGlaughlin William \"Bill\" McGlaughlin (born October 3, 1943) is an American composer, conductor, music educator, and Peabody Award-winning classical music radio host. He is the host and music director of the public radio programs \"Exploring Music\" and \"Saint Paul Sunday\". A nationally noted radio commentator, Bill McGlaughlin is known for his cheerful, open, and down-to-earth personality on classical music radio. Beyond his career as a broadcaster and music educator, McGlaughlin has also spent a decade as a professional orchestral musician, over three decades as a conductor, and a decade as a successful composer. McGlaughlin views the more recent, radio", "Dorji family Kalimpong, India. The powerful aristocratic Dorji family are descended from the influential 12th-century aristocratic Lama Sum-phrang Chos-rje (b.1179; d. 1265). The Dorji family are therefore also descended from the aristocratic Dungkar Choji (b. 1578) of the prominent Nyö clan. This means that the Dorji family are related by blood to the reigning Wangchuck monarchs who share the same ancestors. In fact Gongzim Ugyen Dorji (b.1855; d.1916) who served as the Chamberlain (Gongzim) to the first king Ugyen Wangchuck was also his second cousin, because they shared the same great-grandfather Padma, son of the aristocratic Rabgyas. From the beginning of Bhutan's", "Peter Oberg (musician) a 20-year career as a woodworker, building everything from wooden racing sloops to reproduction English antiques and fine furniture. To date Oberg has completed over 134 classical guitars, and his instruments are played all over the United States, in Canada, and in Europe. Peter Oberg lives with his wife Jannine in San Diego, California. Jannine is a Certified Wellness Coach, professional astrologer, and Relationship Coach active in many professional organizations. His stepson Brian M. Palmer is a Los Angeles-based film editor, photographer, essayist, and chronicler of offbeat pop culture. Peter Oberg (musician) Peter Oberg (born 1953) is a musician, composer,", "Symphony for Classical Orchestra (Shapero) Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra, a fact that has not helped the work's reception. Aaron Copland thought highly of Shapero but did not like his inclination to \"hide the brilliance of his own gifts behind the cloak of the great masters.\" Of Copland's works, Shapero always admired the Short Symphony, even after Copland's popular Symphony No. 3, of which \"Shapero criticized, among other things, the first movement's trombone melody.\" Much later on in his life, Copland dedicated one of his Emily Dickinson settings to Shapero. Prior to the Symphony for Classical Orchestra, the composer, still in his twenties, \"was producing a", "Paul O'Shaughnessy (musician) Paul O'Shaughnessy (musician) Paul O'Shaughnessy (born 9 June 1961 in Dublin, Ireland) is an Irish fiddler, former member of Irish folk music bands Altan and Beginish. Also a whistle and flute player and an occasional composer, Paul has been playing fiddle since his childhood, and has long been recognised as a leading traditional musician in the city of Dublin. Paul O'Shaughnessy comes from Artane on the north side of Dublin city. He spent much of his youth in Donegal where he developed a love and talent for fiddle playing, learning at first not only from his mother, Pearl McBride (a", "Family court Family court Family court is a court of Equity convened to decide matters and make orders in relation to family law, such as custody of children. In common-law jurisdictions \"family courts\" are statutory creations primarily dealing with equitable matters devolved from a court of inherent jurisdiction, such as a superior court. Family courts were first established in the United States in 1910, when they were called domestic relations courts although the idea itself is much older. Family courts hear all cases that relate to familial and domestic relationships. Although each state has a different system utilized to address family law", "William Young (composer) William Young (composer) William Young (died 23 April 1662) was an English viol player and composer of the Baroque era, who worked at the court of Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria in Innsbruck. The sonatas which he published in 1653 were some of the earliest sonatas produced by an English composer. The details of Young's origins are unknown. By 1652 he was a chamber musician at the Innsbruck court, where \"the Englishman\", as he was called, was a highly regarded viol player and composer. The design of his English-made viol influenced that of some of the viols built by Jakob", "Nathan Scott (composer) Rockies\" and \"Wake of the Red Witch\", starring John Wayne. Though much of his career would focus on scoring for television, his later film credits at other film studios included MGM's 1961 \"X-15\" and \"Montana Belle\", which was released by RKO Pictures in 1953. Scott left Republic Pictures in 1952. Beginning in the early 1950s, Scott spent most of his career composing for television. Starting in 1952, Scott orchestrated and arranged music for \"Dragnet\"'s original composer, Walter Schumann. Scott did the arrangements for all \"Dragnet\" episodes, until the show's series finale in 1959. Scott also composed the score for approximately", "Night Thoughts of a Classical Physicist Night Thoughts of a Classical Physicist Night Thoughts of a Classical Physicist is an historical novel by historian of science Russell McCormmach, published in 1982 by Harvard University Press. Set in 1918, the book explores the world of physics in the early 20th century—including the advent of modern physics and the role of physicists in World War I—through the recollections of the fictional Viktor Jakob. Jakob is an old German physicist who spent most of his career during the period of classical physics, a paradigm being confronted by the rapid and radical developments of relativistic physics in 1900s and 1910s.", "Miklós Malek (composer) Miklós Malek (composer) Miklós Malek (born 3 June 1945, in Budapest, Hungary) is a Hungarian award winning composer and conductor. He has won many awards: Táncdalfesztivál - Hangszerelési díj (1969), Lyra-díj (1994), Fényes Szabolcs-díj (1996), EMeRTon-díj (2000), Erkel Ferenc-díj (2004) and Artisjus Életmű-díj (2004) He was admitted to the Franz Liszt Academy of Music where he graduated in 1970 obtaining the diploma after studying classical music. He joined Angyalföldi Dixieland Zenekar orchestra in 1963 and from 1969 onwards, he worked for two decades as band composer-arranger including from 1969 with Magyar Rádió (Hungarian Radio). From 1983 he worked as a", "Adrian Le Roy Adrian Le Roy Adrian Le Roy (c.1520–1598) was an influential French music publisher, lutenist, mandore player, guitarist, composer and music educator. Le Roy was born in the town of Montreuil-sur-Mer in northern France to a wealthy family. Very little is known about his formative years, but he was probably a chorister and studied the lute, guitar and cittern with various teachers. He became an accomplished musician and entered the service of, first, Claude de Clermont, then, Jacques II (Baron de Semblançay and Viscount of Tours), both members of the aristocracy who had influence at court. In 1546 he met the", "Tom Norris (musician) issuing his first popular music CD, \"Edge of the World\". Other credits include: Tom Norris (musician) Tom Norris (born 1971) is an English musician, composer, ensemble leader and songwriter who plays classical violin with the London Symphony Orchestra and also manages a solo pop music career. Tom Norris was born in Kent and attended Chetham's School of Music as a child. Later he studied at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London, and began singing and playing in local clubs as a jazz violinist with musicians including Lionel Grigson. After finishing school, he played as an extra with", "Composer Composer A composer (Latin \"compōnō\"; literally \"one who puts together\") is a musician who is an author of music in any form, including vocal music (for a singer or choir), instrumental music, electronic music, and music which combines multiple forms. A composer may create music in any music genre, including, for example, classical music, musical theatre, blues, folk music, jazz, and popular music. Composers often express their works in a written musical score using musical notation. Many composers are, or were, also skilled performers of music. Since musical notation only incompletely expresses a piece of music, there is a whole", "Wise (composer) Wise (composer) Gabriel Antonio Cruz Padilla (born 1981 in Bayamón, Puerto Rico), popularly known as Wise or (\"Wise\" The Gold Pen, formerly Wise Da 'Gangsta'), is a composer, singer and producer in Puerto Rico. At the age of 12, 1993, he composed, \"Hasta el Sol De Hoy\", for the salsa musician, Edgar Joel. At this moment in time, his heart and mind made him see that, “Gabriel Cruz”, had all the potential and talent to create music. He started his career as a composer of different musical genres, among which we can mention, salsa, merengue, Latin pop, reggaeton, trap, and", "John Sebastian (classical harmonica player) John Sebastian (classical harmonica player) John Sebastian (born John Sebastian Pugliese; April 25, 1914 − August 18, 1980) was an American musician and composer known as a master of the classical chromatic harmonica. He was the first harmonicist to adopt an all-classical repertoire and, along with Larry Adler and Tommy Reilly, established the harmonica as a serious instrument for classical music. In addition to performing, Sebastian increased the range of classical music available for the harmonica by transcribing numerous existing classical works for the harmonica, composing works of his own, and commissioning or otherwise encouraging other composers to write for", "Musicians of the Kingdom of Mysore Western styles. During this period, Veena Subramanya Iyer wrote an important treatise on music in Kannada, dealing with both its theoretical and practical aspects, called \"Sangeeta Samayasara\" which was published in 1915. A very influential musician, academic and composer of this period was Harikeshanallur Dr. L. Muthiah Bhagavatar. A native of Tirunalveli (in modern Tamil Nadu), he was a scholar in Sanskrit and was trained in music by Samabasiva Iyer in Tiruvayyar. He was appointed court musician at Mysore in 1927 and was honoured by kings and notables alike. He was given the title \"Gayaka Shikamani\" by his patron King", "William Reed (musician) William Reed (musician) William Reed (9 September 1859 – 2 November 1945) was a Canadian organist, choir conductor, and composer. He held numerous organ and choirmaster posts in churches throughout Canada from 1884 until 1913. His career in this area was cut short as his deafness worsened. He spent the remainder of his career composing and contributing articles to music periodicals like \"The Etude\". His compositional output mainly consists of sacred works, including many anthems and works for solo organ. His more well known works include the Christmas cantata \"The Message of the Angels\" (1910), the cantata \"The Burden of", "Society of the Song dynasty unaltered Tang era legal code, the act of primogeniture was not practiced in Chinese inheritance of property, and in fact was illegal. When the head of a family died, his offspring equally divided the property. This law was implemented in the Tang dynasty in order to challenge the powerful aristocratic clans of the northwest, and to prevent the rise of a society domineered by landed nobility. If an official family did not produce another official within a few generations, the future prospects of that family remaining wealthy and influential became uncertain. Thus, the legal issues of familial inheritance had profound", "Victor Bailey (musician) Victor Bailey (musician) Victor Bailey (March 27, 1960 – November 11, 2016) was an American bass guitar player. He was the bassist for Weather Report during their final years from 1982 to 1986, and launched a solo career in 1988. As a musician, Bailey was known for his signature scat-bass solos. Born in Philadelphia, on March 27, 1960, Victor Randall Bailey was raised by a highly musical family. His father, Morris Bailey Jr., was an active musician and composer, while his uncle, Donald \"Duck\" Bailey, was a jazz drummer, who played on numerous Blue Note records (e.g., Jimmy Smith Trio,", "Classical acting The precise system was based on having an expressive and responsive body to relay detailed and nuanced character portrayals, as well as addressing the creation of an inner life. Stanislavski's theories were published in the translated 1936 book \"An Actor Prepares\". The training included: Another influential theorist of classical acting in the early-to mid-1900s was Michel Saint-Denis, a French actor and theater director who founded The London Theatre Studio and dedicated much of his career to experimental theatre. He incorporated many of Stanislavski's techniques into his teaching, as well as improvisation and sense memory, seeking a balance between external and", "Levente Egry Levente Egry Levente Egry (born 21 August 1969), is a Hungarian performing artist, working as a composer, producer, performer and pianist. Being the holder of the last Hungarian Diamond Record (the category is no longer in use) for over 100,000 records sold in Hungary he recently started a classical-crossover project: \"Sentimental Piano Concert\". His life is full of contrasting success —after having a great early career in classical music, critical acclaim as a jazz and pop artist now he is now pursuing a career as a classical composer and pianist. Levente Egry was born on 21 August 1969 in Budapest,", "Miklós Malek (musician) Miklós Malek (musician) Miklos Malek (in Hungarian Ifj. Malek Miklós) (born in Budapest, Hungary on 15 April 1975) is a Hungarian songwriter, music producer and artist and television personality, who is a resident of Los Angeles. He has produced for a number of renowned artists. He is also a judge and mentor in the Hungarian version of \"X-Faktor\". Los Angeles-based music producer, songwriter and mixing engineer Miklos Malek grew up in a family of renowned musicians in Budapest. After receiving a master's degree in classical piano at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music, he moved to the U.S. to study", "Sáfár family Visegrád in autumn 1317, Stephen was appointed its castellan. In 1323, Charles selected Visegrád as the new capital of the kingdom. Since that Stephen became steward of the royal court affairs as castellan of Visegrád. His nickname \"Sáfár\" (lit. \"steward\"), which later became the surname of his family, first documented appearance from 1343. Stephen gained his first land donations in 1318, (re)promoting to the Hungarian nobility. Stephen had four or five children: his daughters married to influential barons who held national dignities during the rule of Louis I of Hungary. His elder son Nicholas I served as castellan of Gönc", "Perquisite (musician) Perquisite (musician) Pieter Perquin (born 30 April 1982, Amsterdam, Netherlands), better known under the pseudonym Perquisite, is a Dutch musician, music producer and composer. In 1996, at the age of 14, Perquisite started making hip-hop beats. Due to his classical musical background he often incorporated classical and jazzy elements into his creations. In 2001 he started his own record label Unexpected Records and made his debut with \"The Outta Nowhere EP\", in collaboration with Dutch jazz saxophonist Benjamin Herman. After this, he composed and produced another solo EP \"Double Vision\", which was released in 2002. In 2003 Perquisite started collaborating" ]

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[ "I stood still so that I didn't step on footprints." ]

[ "I didn't say anything when he asked me that question.", "A man plays a guitar on stage.", "A man is holding a girls hand and walking through a creek.", "We only looked at current salaries.", "The people are outside a bar.", "A woman is standing on the bleachers.", "Jon saw no need to test Adrin." ]

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[ "Glamour (magazine) Glamour is a women's magazine published by Condé Nast Publications. Founded in 1939 and first published in April 1939 in the United States, it was originally called \"Glamour of Hollywood\".", "Vogue (magazine) Vogue is an American fashion and lifestyle magazine made up of many components including fashion, beauty, culture, living, and runway. \"Vogue\" began as a weekly newspaper in 1892 in the United States, before becoming a monthly publication years later." ]

[ "Ritz Newspaper Ritz Newspaper, colloquially Ritz Magazine, sometimes simply Ritz, was a British magazine focusing on gossip, celebrity and fashion. It was launched in 1976 by David Bailey and David Litchfield, who acted as co-editors.", "Allure (magazine) Allure is an American women’s beauty magazine, published monthly by Conde Nast in New York City. It was founded in 1991 by Linda Wells. Michelle Lee replaced Wells in 2015. A signature of the magazine is its annual Best of Beauty awards—accolades given in the October issue to beauty products deemed the best by magazine staff.", "Seventeen (American magazine) Seventeen is an American magazine for teenagers. The magazine's reader base is 13-to-19-year-old females. It began as a publication geared towards inspiring teen girls to become model workers and citizens. Soon after its debut, \"Seventeen\" took a more fashion and romance-oriented approach in presenting its material while promoting self-confidence in young women. It was first published in September 1944 by Walter Annenberg's Triangle Publications.", "National Police Gazette The National Police Gazette, commonly referred to as simply the \"Police Gazette\", was an American magazine founded in 1845. Under publisher Richard K. Fox, it became the forerunner of the men's lifestyle magazine, the illustrated sports weekly, the girlie/pin up magazine, the celebrity gossip column, Guinness World Records-style competitions, and modern tabloid/sensational journalism.", "Frankie (magazine) frankie magazine is a bi-monthly Australian magazine, featuring music, art, fashion, photography, craft and other cultural content. In 2012, it was awarded Australian Magazine of the Year at the Australian Magazine Awards, as well as winning out over both \"Vogue\" and \"Harper's Bazaar\" for the Australian Fashion Magazine of The Year.", "Modes &amp; Travaux Modes & Travaux is a French language monthly general interest women's magazine based in Paris, France. Founded in 1919 it is one of the oldest magazines in the country.", "Dolores (Ziegfeld girl) Dolores or Rose Dolores (born Kathleen Rose) (1893 or 1894 – 7 November 1975) was the first celebrity clothes model and has been credited with inventing the \"blank hauteur\" of the modern fashion model. Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr. called her \"The loveliest showgirl in the world\". She was known for her commanding stage presence and became the star of the Ziegfeld Follies from 1917 until her retirement in 1923. She lived the rest of her life in Paris and during the Second World War helped Allied airmen escape the German occupation.", "Adolph de Meyer Baron Adolph de Meyer (1 September 1868 – 6 January 1946) was a photographer famed for his photographic portraits in the early 20th century, many of which depicted celebrities such as Mary Pickford, Rita Lydig, Luisa Casati, Billie Burke, Irene Castle, John Barrymore, Lillian Gish, Ruth St. Denis, King George V of the United Kingdom, and Queen Mary. He was also the first official fashion photographer for the American magazine \"Vogue\", appointed to that position in 1913.", "Al-Fatah (magazine) Al-Fatah (Arabic: الفتاة‎ ‎ / ALA-LC: \"al-Fatāh\", meaning \"the young girl\") was an Arabic women's magazine published in Alexandria, Egypt. The magazine was the first Arab women's magazine and was one of the earliest publications in the country. It was published from 1892 to 1894.", "McCall's McCall's was a monthly American women's magazine, published by the McCall Corporation, that enjoyed great popularity through much of the 20th century, peaking at a readership of 8.4 million in the early 1960s. It was established as a small-format magazine called The Queen in 1873. In 1897 it was renamed McCall's Magazine—The Queen of Fashion (later shortened to \"McCall's\") and subsequently grew in size to become a large-format glossy. It was one of the \"Seven Sisters\" group of women's service magazines. The McCall Pattern Company is the latest evolution of the brand name selling sewing patterns and publishing Vogue Patterns.", "Mirage (magazine) Mirage is an international fashion and culture magazine headquartered in Paris, France.", "Playboy Playboy is an American men's lifestyle and entertainment magazine. It was founded in Chicago in 1953, by Hugh Hefner and his associates, and funded in part by a $1,000 loan from Hefner's mother. Notable for its centerfolds of nude and semi-nude models (Playmates), \"Playboy\" played an important role in the sexual revolution and remains one of the world's best-known brands, having grown into Playboy Enterprises, Inc., with a presence in nearly every medium. In addition to the flagship magazine in the United States, special nation-specific versions of \"Playboy\" are published worldwide.", "Glitz and Glamour Glitz and Glamour is the debut EP by American rock band The Cab.", "The Chap The Chap is a British humorous men's lifestyle magazine published quarterly. It was founded in 1999 by Gustav Temple and Vic Darkwood, and is still edited by Temple. The magazine proposes that men everywhere return to a more gentlemanly way of life by rejecting modern vulgarity and careless, shabby or faddish dress sense through the restoration of the lifestyle, habits, manners and traditional fashion sense of a mid-20th century (or earlier) British \"chap\". Thus it advises men to wear traditional British suits and other similar well-tailored clothing, especially those cut from tweed; to keep their trousers sharply pressed; to be impeccably groomed; to wear quality handmade shoes, brightly polished; and a return to the wearing of hats.", "Vogue Records Vogue Records was a short-lived United States-based record label of the 1940s, noted for the artwork embedded in the records themselves. Founded in 1946 as part of Sav-Way Industries of Detroit, Michigan, the discs were initially a hit, because of the novelty of the colorful artwork, and the improved sound compared to the shellac records dominant at the time. The discs were manufactured by first sandwiching printed illustrations around a core of aluminum, then coating both sides with clear vinyl upon which the grooves were stamped.", "Edward Enninful Edward Kobina Enninful OBE (born February 1972) is a British fashion stylist, and editor-in-chief of \"British Vogue\" magazine. He was appointed fashion director of British fashion magazine i-D at the age of 18, a position he held for over two decades.", "Coty, Inc. Coty, Inc., is a North American beauty products manufacturer based in New York founded in Paris, France, by François Coty in 1904. Its main products are fragrances, colour cosmetics and skin and body care products. It is known for its cooperation with designers and celebrities for the creation of fragrances. Its biggest brands, or \"power brands\" as it calls them, are: Calvin Klein (fragrance and cosmetics), Chloe (fragrance), Davidoff (fragrance), y (fragrance), Marc Jacobs (fragrance), Philosophy (beauty), Adidas (fragrance and beauty), Playboy (fragrance), OPI Products (beauty), Rimmel London (make-up), Max Factor (cosmetics) and Sally Hansen (beauty).", "Prix République du Glamour Founded in 2008, the prix République du Glamour (in English, the Republic of Glamour prize) annually rewards the best French lesbian novels. The novel is chosen each year by the editor of the eponymous magazine.", "Zooey Magazine Zooey Magazine was a boutique quarterly United States-based women's fashion and lifestyle magazine, with an emphasis on simple living. The magazine began its printed publication in 2010, having been created in 2008 by the then 14-year-old Lucia Tran. It folded in 2015.", "Reel Moments Reel Moments (sometimes Glamour Reel Moments or Glamour's Reel Moments) is an annual film series project by the magazine \"Glamour\". The program entails a competition where its readers submit short stories with three being selected to be made into short films. The short stories submitted are all non-fiction personal essays. Actors, directors and crew all donate their time for the project. Sponsors fund scripting, production and screening costs." ]

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[ "As the giant spun another time, Jon could feel the axe above his head." ]

[ "The giant fell to the ground as Jon delivered one last fatal blow.", "Legal Aid attorneys give access to one hundred thousand Marylanders.", "Jack was the king of the world.", "Let's go down to the basement.", "a skier stands on his hands", "Last year he said that AK-47s should not be used by private individuals.", "The expertise comes from the US." ]

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[ "This constitution was created when the U.S. Congress directed local government to organize a constitutional convention to write the Puerto Rico Constitution in 1951. The acceptance of that constitution by Puerto Rico's electorate, the U.S. Congress, and the U.S. president occurred in 1952. In addition, the rights, privileges and immunities attendant to United States citizens are \"respected in Puerto Rico to the same extent as though Puerto Rico were a state of the union\" through the express extension of the Privileges and Immunities Clause of the U.S. Constitution by the U.S. Congress in 1948." ]

[ "After Cassander's death in 298 BCE, however, Demetrius, who still maintained a sizable loyal army and fleet, invaded Macedon, seized the Macedonian throne (294) and conquered Thessaly and most of central Greece (293-291). He was defeated in 288 BC when Lysimachus of Thrace and Pyrrhus of Epirus invaded Macedon on two fronts, and quickly carved up the kingdom for themselves. Demetrius fled to central Greece with his mercenaries and began to build support there and in the northern Peloponnese. He once again laid siege to Athens after they turned on him, but then struck a treaty with the Athenians and Ptolemy, which allowed him to cross over to Asia minor and wage war on Lysimachus' holdings in Ionia, leaving his son Antigonus Gonatas in Greece. After initial successes, he was forced to surrender to Seleucus in 285 and later died in captivity. Lysimachus, who had seized Macedon and Thessaly for himself, was forced into war when Seleucus invaded his territories in Asia minor and was defeated and killed in 281 BCE at the Battle of Corupedium, near Sardis. Seleucus then attempted to conquer Lysimachus' European territories in Thrace and Macedon, but he was assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus (\"the thunderbolt\"), who had taken refuge at the Seleucid court and then had himself acclaimed as king of Macedon. Ptolemy was killed when Macedon was invaded by Gauls in 279, his head stuck on a spear and the country fell into anarchy. Antigonus II Gonatas invaded Thrace in the summer of 277 and defeated a large force of 18,000 Gauls. He was quickly hailed as king of Macedon and went on to rule for 35 years.", "An example of this theory in action would be as follows: An emotion-evoking stimulus (snake) triggers a pattern of physiological response (increased heart rate, faster breathing, etc.), which is interpreted as a particular emotion (fear). This theory is supported by experiments in which by manipulating the bodily state induces a desired emotional state. Some people may believe that emotions give rise to emotion-specific actions: e.g. \"I'm crying because I'm sad,\" or \"I ran away because I was scared.\" The issue with the James–Lange theory is that of causation (bodily states causing emotions and being a priori), not that of the bodily influences on emotional experience (which can be argued and is still quite prevalent today in biofeedback studies and embodiment theory).", "The Football Association Premier League Ltd (FAPL) is operated as a corporation and is owned by the 20 member clubs. Each club is a shareholder, with one vote each on issues such as rule changes and contracts. The clubs elect a chairman, chief executive, and board of directors to oversee the daily operations of the league. The current chairman is Sir Dave Richards, who was appointed in April 1999, and the chief executive is Richard Scudamore, appointed in November 1999. The former chairman and chief executive, John Quinton and Peter Leaver, were forced to resign in March 1999 after awarding consultancy contracts to former Sky executives Sam Chisholm and David Chance. The Football Association is not directly involved in the day-to-day operations of the Premier League, but has veto power as a special shareholder during the election of the chairman and chief executive and when new rules are adopted by the league.", "Through the force of sheer numbers, the English-speaking American settlers entering the Southwest established their language, culture, and law as dominant, to the extent it fully displaced Spanish in the public sphere; this is why the United States never developed bilingualism as Canada did. For example, the California constitutional convention of 1849 had eight Californio participants; the resulting state constitution was produced in English and Spanish, and it contained a clause requiring all published laws and regulations to be published in both languages. The constitutional convention of 1872 had no Spanish-speaking participants; the convention's English-speaking participants felt that the state's remaining minority of Spanish-speakers should simply learn English; and the convention ultimately voted 46-39 to revise the earlier clause so that all official proceedings would henceforth be published only in English.", "In recent decades, the literacy rate of Rajasthan has increased significantly. In 1991, the state's literacy rate was only 38.55% (54.99% male and 20.44% female). In 2001, the literacy rate increased to 60.41% (75.70% male and 43.85% female). This was the highest leap in the percentage of literacy recorded in India (the rise in female literacy being 23%). At the Census 2011, Rajasthan had a literacy rate of 67.06% (80.51% male and 52.66% female). Although Rajasthan's literacy rate is below the national average of 74.04% and although its female literacy rate is the lowest in the country, the state has been praised for its efforts and achievements in raising male and female literacy rates.", "The mid 20th century saw a series of studies relying to the role of science in a social context, starting from Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962. It opened the study of science to new disciplines by suggesting that the evolution of science was in part sociologically determined and that positivism did not explain the actual interactions and strategies of the human participants in science. As Thomas Kuhn put it, the history of science may be seen in more nuanced terms, such as that of competing paradigms or conceptual systems in a wider matrix that includes intellectual, cultural, economic and political themes outside of science. \"Partly by selection and partly by distortion, the scientists of earlier ages are implicitly presented as having worked upon the same set of fixed problems and in accordance with the same set of fixed canons that the most recent revolution in scientific theory and method made seem scientific.\"", "In electric power distribution, capacitors are used for power factor correction. Such capacitors often come as three capacitors connected as a three phase load. Usually, the values of these capacitors are given not in farads but rather as a reactive power in volt-amperes reactive (var). The purpose is to counteract inductive loading from devices like electric motors and transmission lines to make the load appear to be mostly resistive. Individual motor or lamp loads may have capacitors for power factor correction, or larger sets of capacitors (usually with automatic switching devices) may be installed at a load center within a building or in a large utility substation." ]

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[ "As an academic field, history of science began with the publication of William Whewell's History of the Inductive Sciences (first published in 1837). A more formal study of the history of science as an independent discipline was launched by George Sarton's publications, Introduction to the History of Science (1927) and the Isis journal (founded in 1912). Sarton exemplified the early 20th-century view of the history of science as the history of great men and great ideas. He shared with many of his contemporaries a Whiggish belief in history as a record of the advances and delays in the march of progress. The history of science was not a recognized subfield of American history in this period, and most of the work was carried out by interested scientists and physicians rather than professional historians. With the work of I. Bernard Cohen at Harvard, the history of science became an established subdiscipline of history after 1945." ]

[ "In May 2008, Dell reached an agreement with office supply chain, Officeworks (part of Coles Group), to stock a few modified models in the Inspiron desktop and notebook range. These models have slightly different model numbers, but almost replicate the ones available from the Dell Store. Dell continued its retail push in the Australian market with its partnership with Harris Technology (another part of Coles Group) in November of the same year. In addition, Dell expanded its retail distributions in Australia through an agreement with discount electrical retailer, The Good Guys, known for \"Slashing Prices\". Dell agreed to distribute a variety of makes of both desktops and notebooks, including Studio and XPS systems in late 2008. Dell and Dick Smith Electronics (owned by Woolworths Limited) reached an agreement to expand within Dick Smith's 400 stores throughout Australia and New Zealand in May 2009 (1 year since Officeworks — owned by Coles Group — reached a deal). The retailer has agreed to distribute a variety of Inspiron and Studio notebooks, with minimal Studio desktops from the Dell range. As of 2009[update], Dell continues to run and operate its various kiosks in 18 shopping centres throughout Australia. On March 31, 2010 Dell announced to Australian Kiosk employees that they were shutting down the Australian/New Zealand Dell kiosk program.", "Starting in the coal mines, by the mid-19th century elevators were operated with steam power and were used for moving goods in bulk in mines and factories. These steam driven devices were soon being applied to a diverse set of purposes - in 1823, two architects working in London, Burton and Hormer, built and operated a novel tourist attraction, which they called the \"ascending room\". It elevated paying customers to a considerable height in the center of London, allowing them a magnificent panoramic view of downtown.", "Defining exactly what section of a DNA sequence comprises a gene is difficult. Regulatory regions of a gene such as enhancers do not necessarily have to be close to the coding sequence on the linear molecule because the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into proximity. Similarly, a gene's introns can be much larger than its exons. Regulatory regions can even be on entirely different chromosomes and operate in trans to allow regulatory regions on one chromosome to come in contact with target genes on another chromosome.", "Cotton is used to make a number of textile products. These include terrycloth for highly absorbent bath towels and robes; denim for blue jeans; cambric, popularly used in the manufacture of blue work shirts (from which we get the term \"blue-collar\"); and corduroy, seersucker, and cotton twill. Socks, underwear, and most T-shirts are made from cotton. Bed sheets often are made from cotton. Cotton also is used to make yarn used in crochet and knitting. Fabric also can be made from recycled or recovered cotton that otherwise would be thrown away during the spinning, weaving, or cutting process. While many fabrics are made completely of cotton, some materials blend cotton with other fibers, including rayon and synthetic fibers such as polyester. It can either be used in knitted or woven fabrics, as it can be blended with elastine to make a stretchier thread for knitted fabrics, and apparel such as stretch jeans.", "In flood lamps used for photographic lighting, the tradeoff is made in the other direction. Compared to general-service bulbs, for the same power, these bulbs produce far more light, and (more importantly) light at a higher color temperature, at the expense of greatly reduced life (which may be as short as two hours for a type P1 lamp). The upper temperature limit for the filament is the melting point of the metal. Tungsten is the metal with the highest melting point, 3,695 K (6,191 °F). A 50-hour-life projection bulb, for instance, is designed to operate only 50 °C (122 °F) below that melting point. Such a lamp may achieve up to 22 lumens per watt, compared with 17.5 for a 750-hour general service lamp.", "Santa Monica is a beachfront city in western Los Angeles County, California, United States. The city is named after the Christian saint, Monica. Situated on Santa Monica Bay, it is bordered on three sides by the city of Los Angeles – Pacific Palisades to the north, Brentwood on the northeast, Sawtelle on the east, Mar Vista on the southeast, and Venice on the south. Santa Monica is well known for its affluent single-family neighborhoods but also has many neighborhoods consisting primarily of condominiums and apartments. Over two-thirds of Santa Monica's residents are renters. The Census Bureau population for Santa Monica in 2010 was 89,736.", "Grape juice is obtained from crushing and blending grapes into a liquid. The juice is often sold in stores or fermented and made into wine, brandy, or vinegar. Grape juice that has been pasteurized, removing any naturally occurring yeast, will not ferment if kept sterile, and thus contains no alcohol. In the wine industry, grape juice that contains 7–23% of pulp, skins, stems and seeds is often referred to as \"must\". In North America, the most common grape juice is purple and made from Concord grapes, while white grape juice is commonly made from Niagara grapes, both of which are varieties of native American grapes, a different species from European wine grapes. In California, Sultana (known there as Thompson Seedless) grapes are sometimes diverted from the raisin or table market to produce white juice." ]

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[ "Plant anatomy is the study of the structure of plant cells and tissues, whereas plant morphology is the study of their external form. All plants are multicellular eukaryotes, their DNA stored in nuclei. The characteristic features of plant cells that distinguish them from those of animals and fungi include a primary cell wall composed of the polysaccharides cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin, larger vacuoles than in animal cells and the presence of plastids with unique photosynthetic and biosynthetic functions as in the chloroplasts. Other plastids contain storage products such as starch (amyloplasts) or lipids (elaioplasts). Uniquely, streptophyte cells and those of the green algal order Trentepohliales divide by construction of a phragmoplast as a template for building a cell plate late in cell division." ]

[ "Since re-establishing independence, Estonia has styled itself as the gateway between East and West and aggressively pursued economic reform and integration with the West. Estonia's market reforms put it among the economic leaders in the former COMECON area.[citation needed] In 1994, based on the economic theories of Milton Friedman, Estonia became one of the first countries to adopt a flat tax, with a uniform rate of 26% regardless of personal income. In January 2005, the personal income tax rate was reduced to 24%. Another reduction to 23% followed in January 2006. The income tax rate was decreased to 21% by January 2008. The Government of Estonia finalised the design of Estonian euro coins in late 2004, and adopted the euro as the country's currency on 1 January 2011, later than planned due to continued high inflation. A Land Value Tax is levied which is used to fund local municipalities. It is a state level tax, however 100% of the revenue is used to fund Local Councils. The rate is set by the Local Council within the limits of 0.1–2.5%. It is one of the most important sources of funding for municipalities. The Land Value Tax is levied on the value of the land only with improvements and buildings not considered. Very few exemptions are considered on the land value tax and even public institutions are subject to the tax. The tax has contributed to a high rate (~90%) of owner-occupied residences within Estonia, compared to a rate of 67.4% in the United States.", "According to both indigenous American and European accounts and documents, American civilizations at the time of European encounter had achieved many accomplishments. For instance, the Aztecs built one of the largest cities in the world, Tenochtitlan, the ancient site of Mexico City, with an estimated population of 200,000. American civilizations also displayed impressive accomplishments in astronomy and mathematics. The domestication of maize or corn required thousands of years of selective breeding.", "On March 30, 2015, it was announced that West is a co-owner, with various other music artists, in the music streaming service Tidal. The service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Jay Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015. Including Beyoncé and Jay-Z, sixteen artist stakeholders (such as Rihanna, Beyoncé, Madonna, Chris Martin, Nicki Minaj and more) co-own Tidal, with the majority owning a 3% equity stake. The idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry, and to rival other streaming services such as Spotify, which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties. \"The challenge is to get everyone to respect music again, to recognize its value\", stated Jay-Z on the release of Tidal.", "An argument for idealism, such as those of Hegel and Berkeley, is ipso facto an argument against materialism. Matter can be argued to be redundant, as in bundle theory, and mind-independent properties can in turn be reduced to subjective percepts. Berkeley presents an example of the latter by pointing out that it is impossible to gather direct evidence of matter, as there is no direct experience of matter; all that is experienced is perception, whether internal or external. As such, the existence of matter can only be assumed from the apparent (perceived) stability of perceptions; it finds absolutely no evidence in direct experience.", "Streets' names change from West to East (for instance, East 10th Street to West 10th Street) at Broadway below 8th Street, and at Fifth Avenue from 8th Street and above.", "Israel has embraced solar energy; its engineers are on the cutting edge of solar energy technology and its solar companies work on projects around the world. Over 90% of Israeli homes use solar energy for hot water, the highest per capita in the world. According to government figures, the country saves 8% of its electricity consumption per year because of its solar energy use in heating. The high annual incident solar irradiance at its geographic latitude creates ideal conditions for what is an internationally renowned solar research and development industry in the Negev Desert. Israel had a modern electric car infrastructure involving a countrywide network of recharging stations to facilitate the charging and exchange of car batteries. It was thought that this would have lowered Israel's oil dependency and lowered the fuel costs of hundreds of Israel's motorists that use cars powered only by electric batteries. The Israeli model was being studied by several countries and being implemented in Denmark and Australia. However, Israel's trailblazing electric car company Better Place shut down in 2013.", "In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for regulating pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA). Studies must be conducted to establish the conditions in which the material is safe to use and the effectiveness against the intended pest(s). The EPA regulates pesticides to ensure that these products do not pose adverse effects to humans or the environment. Pesticides produced before November 1984 continue to be reassessed in order to meet the current scientific and regulatory standards. All registered pesticides are reviewed every 15 years to ensure they meet the proper standards. During the registration process, a label is created. The label contains directions for proper use of the material in addition to safety restrictions. Based on acute toxicity, pesticides are assigned to a Toxicity Class." ]

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[ "In the 1960s, Downtown Houston consisted of a collection of mid-rise office structures. Downtown was on the threshold of an energy industry–led boom in 1970. A succession of skyscrapers were built throughout the 1970s—many by real estate developer Gerald D. Hines—culminating with Houston's tallest skyscraper, the 75-floor, 1,002-foot (305 m)-tall JPMorgan Chase Tower (formerly the Texas Commerce Tower), completed in 1982. It is the tallest structure in Texas, 15th tallest building in the United States, and the 85th tallest skyscraper in the world, based on highest architectural feature. In 1983, the 71-floor, 992-foot (302 m)-tall Wells Fargo Plaza (formerly Allied Bank Plaza) was completed, becoming the second-tallest building in Houston and Texas. Based on highest architectural feature, it is the 17th tallest in the United States and the 95th tallest in the world. In 2007, downtown Houston had over 43 million square feet (4,000,000 m²) of office space." ]

[ "On runways, green lights indicate the beginning of the runway for landing, while red lights indicate the end of the runway. Runway edge lighting consists of white lights spaced out on both sides of the runway, indicating the edge. Some airports have more complicated lighting on the runways including lights that run down the centerline of the runway and lights that help indicate the approach (an approach lighting system, or ALS). Low-traffic airports may use pilot controlled lighting to save electricity and staffing costs.", "In March 2013, Governor Rick Snyder declared a financial emergency in the city, stating that the city has a $327 million budget deficit and faces more than $14 billion in long-term debt. It has been making ends meet on a month-to-month basis with the help of bond money held in a state escrow account and has instituted mandatory unpaid days off for many city workers. Those troubles, along with underfunded city services, such as police and fire departments, and ineffective turnaround plans from Bing and the City Council led the state of Michigan to appoint an emergency manager for Detroit on March 14, 2013. On June 14, 2013 Detroit defaulted on $2.5 billion of debt by withholding $39.7 million in interest payments, while Emergency Manager Kevyn Orr met with bondholders and other creditors in an attempt to restructure the city's $18.5 billion debt and avoid bankruptcy. On July 18, 2013, the City of Detroit filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection. It was declared bankrupt by U.S. judge Stephen Rhodes on December 3, with its $18.5 billion debt he said in accepting the city's contention that it is broke and that negotiations with its thousands of creditors were infeasible.", "The Heian period (平安時代, Heian jidai?) is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. The period is named after the capital city of Heian-kyō, or modern Kyōto. It is the period in Japanese history when Buddhism, Taoism and other Chinese influences were at their height. The Heian period is also considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art, especially poetry and literature. Although the Imperial House of Japan had power on the surface, the real power was in the hands of the Fujiwara clan, a powerful aristocratic family who had intermarried with the imperial family. Many emperors actually had mothers from the Fujiwara family. Heian (平安?) means \"peace\" in Japanese.", "The Hoddle Grid (dimensions of 1 by 1⁄2 mile (1.61 by 0.80 km)) forms the centre of Melbourne's central business district. The grid's southern edge fronts onto the Yarra River. Office, commercial and public developments in the adjoining districts of Southbank and Docklands have made these redeveloped areas into extensions of the CBD in all but name. The city centre has a reputation for its historic and prominent lanes and arcades (most notably Block Place and Royal Arcade) which contain a variety of shops and cafés and are a byproduct of the city's layout.", "The late Turrell V. Wylie, a former professor of the University of Washington, and Li Tieh-tseng argue that the reliability of the heavily censored History of Ming as a credible source on Sino-Tibetan relations is questionable, in the light of modern scholarship. Other historians also assert that these Ming titles were nominal and did not actually confer the authority that the earlier Yuan titles had. Van Praag writes that the \"numerous economically motivated Tibetan missions to the Ming Court are referred to as 'tributary missions' in the Ming Shih.\" Van Praag writes that these \"tributary missions\" were simply prompted by China's need for horses from Tibet, since a viable horse market in Mongol lands was closed as a result of incessant conflict. Morris Rossabi also writes that \"Tibet, which had extensive contacts with China during the Yuan, scarcely had diplomatic relations with the Ming.\"", "The Uruguayan Basketball League is headquartered in Montevideo and most of its teams are from the city, including Defensor Sporting, Biguá, Aguada, Goes, Malvín, Unión Atlética, and Trouville. Montevideo is also a centre of rugby; equestrianism, which regained importance in Montevideo after the Maroñas Racecourse reopened; golf, with the Club de Punta Carretas; and yachting, with the Puerto del Buceo, an ideal place to moor yachts. The Golf Club of Punta Carretas was founded in 1894 covers all the area encircled by the west side of Bulevar Artigas, the Rambla (Montevideo's promenade) and the Parque Rodó (Fun Fair).", "On 1 August, the British fleet under Horatio Nelson captured or destroyed all but two French vessels in the Battle of the Nile, defeating Bonaparte's goal to strengthen the French position in the Mediterranean. His army had succeeded in a temporary increase of French power in Egypt, though it faced repeated uprisings. In early 1799, he moved an army into the Ottoman province of Damascus (Syria and Galilee). Bonaparte led these 13,000 French soldiers in the conquest of the coastal towns of Arish, Gaza, Jaffa, and Haifa. The attack on Jaffa was particularly brutal. Bonaparte discovered that many of the defenders were former prisoners of war, ostensibly on parole, so he ordered the garrison and 1,400 prisoners to be executed by bayonet or drowning to save bullets. Men, women, and children were robbed and murdered for three days." ]

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[ "Some kids are sitting." ]

[ "There is no rope.", "Much of this effort has been consistently collected by the former CSR system.", "The children are being coached by adults.", "A woman is skateboarding.", "There are many things to do here.", "A man examining the inside of a washing machine.", "A group of band members waiting to play" ]

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[ "A black-haired woman is weaving at a loom" ]

[ "A woman is sewing curtains at a sewing machine", "The young girl and boy were about to watch TV", "A man is carrying a canoe with a dog.", "A dog is playing outside.", "Law school is the place to have fun.", "An animal is outdoors.", "Various dialects." ]

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[ "RBE2 The RBE2 (Radar à Balayage Electronique 2 plans) is a multirole radar developed during the 1990s for the French Dassault Rafale combat aircraft.", "Dassault Rafale The Dassault Rafale (] , literally meaning \"gust of wind\", and \"burst of fire\" in a more military sense) is a French twin-engine, canard delta wing, multirole fighter aircraft designed and built by Dassault Aviation. Equipped with a wide range of weapons, the Rafale is intended to perform air supremacy, interdiction, aerial reconnaissance, ground support, in-depth strike, anti-ship strike and nuclear deterrence missions. The Rafale is referred to as an \"omnirole\" aircraft by Dassault." ]

[ "Denel Dynamics Bateleur The Bateleur (named for the bateleur eagle) is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) prototype designed and built by Denel Dynamics (formerly Kentron). It has been designed as a MALE (medium-altitude - long endurance) UAV, with its primary role being surveillance, with a secondary signals intelligence capability.", "Groupement des écoles d'aéronautique The Groupement des écoles d'aéronautique (GEA France) (in English French aeronautical universities network) includes three French national aerospace engineering \"grandes écoles\" focused on this scope:", "Farman Aviation Works Farman Aviation Works (French: \"Avions Farman\" ) was a French aircraft company founded and run by the brothers Richard, Henri, and Maurice Farman. They designed and constructed aircraft and engines from 1908 until 1936; during the French nationalization and rationalization of its aeronautical industry, Farman's assets were assigned to the \"Société Nationale de Constructions Aéronautiques du Centre\" (SNCAC).", "Belgocontrol Belgocontrol is the Belgian air navigation and traffic service provider for the civil airspace for which the Belgian State is responsible. It was created in .", "Searchwater (radar) Searchwater radar is a maritime surveillance radar developed by Thorn EMI under project P1149. This type of radar has been in service with the Royal Air Force Hawker Siddeley Nimrod aboard the MR2 variant since the 1970s.", "H2S (radar) H2S was the first airborne, ground scanning radar system. It was developed for the Royal Air Force's Bomber Command during World War II to identify targets on the ground for night and all-weather bombing, allowing attacks outside the range of the various radio navigation aids like Gee or Oboe, which were limited to about 500 km . It was also widely used as a general navigation system, allowing landmarks to be identified at long range.", "Institut aéronautique et spatial Institut aéronautique et spatial (IAS) is the French aeronautical industry's education coordinator. IAS was created in 1980 and is located in Toulouse. It is directly under the supervision of GIFAS (French Aerospace Industries Association) international committee. IAS’members are the major aeronautics & space companies such as EADS Group, Safran Group, Thales Group, Dassault Aviation, Airbus, Eurocopter,….. and the aerospace equipment group including SME’s. IAS is member of Institut au service du spatial, de ses applications et technologies.", "RAPTOR RAPTOR (Reconnaissance Airborne Pod Tornado) is a reconnaissance pod used by the Royal Air Force on its fleet of Tornado GR.4A and GR.4 aircraft. RAPTOR is manufactured by the Goodrich Corporation, now part of UTC Aerospace Systems.", "Airbus A340 The Airbus A340 is a long-range, four-engine, wide-body commercial passenger jet airliner developed and produced by the European aerospace company Airbus. The A340 was assembled in Toulouse, France. It seats up to 375 passengers in the standard variants and 440 in the stretched -600 series. Depending on the model, it has a range of 6700 to . Its distinguishing features are four high-bypass turbofan engines and three-bogie main landing gear.", "Focke-Wulf Fw 42 The Focke-Wulf Fw 42 was a design for a twin-engined medium bomber, of canard configuration, that was designed by Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau AG in Germany in the early 1930s. Several air forces expressed interest in the aircraft. However, despite its advanced design being proven sound in wind tunnel testing, the Fw 42 failed to win a contract for development, and no examples of the type were ever built.", "KBP Instrument Design Bureau JSC \"Konstruktorskoe Buro Priborostroeniya\" (KBP) (Russian: АО «Конструкторское бюро приборостроения» , \"Joint-Stock Company - Instrument Design Bureau \" ) is one of the main enterprises in the field of Russian defense industry, based in Tula. It is engaged in designing high-precision weapon systems for the Army, the VMF and the VKS, as well as anti-air defense systems, high-rate-of-fire cannons and small arms, in addition to civilian products. Its full name goes as \"Joint-Stock Company Instrument Design Bureau named after Academic A. G. Shipunov\". Its shareholders include High Precision Systems, part of the State Corporation Rostec.", "Shenyang J-11 The Shenyang J-11 (Chinese: 歼-11), with NATO reporting name Flanker B+, is a single-seat, twin-engine jet fighter, whose airframe is based on the Soviet-designed Sukhoi Su-27 air superiority fighter. It is currently manufactured by the Shenyang Aircraft Corporation. The People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) of China (PRC) is the sole operator of the aircraft.", "ATR 42 The ATR 42 is a twin-turboprop, short-haul regional airliner developed and manufactured in France and Italy by ATR (Aerei da Trasporto Regionale or Avions de transport régional), a joint venture formed by French aerospace company Aérospatiale (now Airbus) and Italian aviation conglomerate Aeritalia (now Leonardo S.p.A.). The number \"42\" in its name is derived from the aircraft's standard seating configuration in a passenger-carrying configuration, which typically varies between 40 and 52 passengers.", "Focke-Wulf Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau AG (] ) was a German manufacturer of civil and military aircraft before and during World War II. Many of the company's successful fighter aircraft designs were slight modifications of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190. It is one of the predecessor companies of today's Airbus.", "Dassault Mirage F2 The Dassault Mirage F2 was a French prototype two-seat attack fighter which was designed to serve as a test bed for the SNECMA TF306 turbofan engine and influenced the similar variable-geometry Dassault Mirage G.", "Groupe de Chasse Groupe de Chasse or groupe de chasse (usually abbreviated as GC) is the French language term for \"fighter group\" or \"fighter wing\". More literal translations include \"pursuit group\" (the US term for fighter groups prior to 1942) and \"hunting group\" (similar to the German language \"Jagdgruppe\" or \"JG\").", "Dassault Mirage F1 The Dassault Mirage F1 is a French fighter and attack aircraft designed and manufactured by Dassault Aviation. It was developed as a successor to the popular Mirage III family.", "Elma Electronic Elma Electronic is a publicly traded Swiss electronics company founded in 1960 and based in Wetzikon, Switzerland. The company has 5 product divisions: Systems Platforms, Backplanes, Enclosures & Components, Rotary Switches, and Cabinet Enclosures. The largest segment is systems packaging solutions serving the military, aerospace, homeland security, medical and industrial markets. The Elma Bustronic division develops backplanes, including VME320, which was the world's fastest VME backplane in 1997. Elma Bustronic also develops backplanes in OpenVPX, VMEbus, VME64X, CompactPCI, MicroTCA, and custom bus structures. Elma is an executive member of the PCI Industrial Computer Manufacturers Group (PICMG), VME International Trade Association, and member of the OpenVPX Industry Working Standards Group.", "CNES The Centre national d'études spatiales (CNES) (English: \"National Centre for Space Studies\") is the French government space agency (administratively, a \"public administration with industrial and commercial purpose\"). Its headquarters are located in central Paris and it is under the supervision of the French Ministries of Defence and Research.", "Timeline of the Eurofighter Typhoon This is a timeline of the development of the Eurofighter Typhoon, a multirole fighter aircraft manufactured by a consortium of European aerospace manufacturers, Eurofighter GmbH, formed in 1983." ]

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[ "The amount of smog is still too high in areas where many people are exposed." ]

[ "There are very few people who are still being exposed to a lot of smog.", "John did not practice law in the city nor the country.", "Slate ): Not so great.", "Tuppence has never correctly judged a situation in her life.", "Two people are standing near each other", "I haven't seen a trail where there were no witnesses to watch.", "The experiment outlived Ahkenaten's death." ]

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[ "All That Jazz (film) \"an essentially funny movie that seeks to operate on too many levels at the same time... some of it makes you wince, but a lot of it is great fun... A key to the success of the production is the performance of Roy Scheider as Joe Gideon... With an actor of less weight and intensity, \"All That Jazz\" might have evaporated as we watched it. Mr. Scheider's is a presence to reckon with.\" \"Variety\" described it as \"a self-important, egomaniacal, wonderfully choreographed, often compelling film\" and added, \"Roy Scheider gives a superb performance as Gideon, creating a character filled with", "Roy Scheider Roy Scheider Roy Richard Scheider (November 10, 1932 – February 10, 2008) was an American actor and amateur boxer. Scheider gained fame for his leading and supporting roles in several iconic films from the 1970s, playing NYPD Detective Buddy \"Cloudy\" Russo in \"The French Connection\" (1971); NYPD Detective Buddy Manucci in \"The Seven Ups\" (1973); Police Chief Martin Brody in \"Jaws\" (1975) and \"Jaws 2\" (1978); Doc in \"Marathon Man\" (1976); choreographer and film director Joe Gideon (whose character was based on Bob Fosse) in \"All That Jazz\" (which was written and directed by Fosse) (1979); and Dr. Heywood R.", "Peter Allen (musician) film \"All That Jazz\", Allen's live rendition of “Everything Old Is New Again” is danced to by Ann Reinking and Erzebet Foldi for Roy Scheider’s character Joe Gideon based on Bob Fosse. Filmography Peter Allen (musician) Peter Allen (born Peter Richard Woolnough; 10 February 1944 – 18 June 1992) was an Australian-born singer-songwriter, musician and entertainer, known for his flamboyant stage persona and lavish costumes. His songs were made popular by many recording artists, including Elkie Brooks, Melissa Manchester and Olivia Newton-John, with one, \"Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)\" by Christopher Cross, winning an Academy Award for Best", "Michael Tolan Mary's night-school teacher & boyfriend. He also made guest appearances on such television series as \"Mannix\", \"Kojak\", \"Nichols\", \"The Outer Limits\", \"McMillan and Wife\", and \"Law & Order\". His last known television appearance was on an episode of \"Murder, She Wrote\" in 1994. Tolan appeared in the Bob Fosse film \"All That Jazz\" (1979) as lead character Joe Gideon's cardiologist, Dr. Ballinger. Tolan also helped found the American Place Theatre, of which he wrote: “We wanted to attract some of the writers who wrote fine, intelligent, deep material about American life, and see if we could interest them in writing" ]

[ "All That Jazz (song) All That Jazz (song) \"All That Jazz\" (alternatively \"And All That Jazz\") is a song from the 1975 musical \"Chicago\". It has music by John Kander and lyrics by Fred Ebb, and is the opening song of the musical. The title of the 1979 film, starring Roy Scheider as a character strongly resembling choreographer/stage and film director Bob Fosse, is derived from the song. Opus, Book 3 by Rob Blythe notes the song uses the 7th chord to create a unique musical effect. \"Popular Culture: Introductory Perspectives\" postulated that the song encapsulated the \"importance of jazz in the constitution of", "All That Jazz (film) All That Jazz (film) All That Jazz is a 1979 American musical drama film directed by Bob Fosse. The screenplay, by Robert Alan Aurthur and Fosse, is a semi-autobiographical fantasy based on aspects of Fosse's life and career as a dancer, choreographer and director. The film was inspired by Fosse's manic effort to edit his film \"Lenny\" while simultaneously staging the 1975 Broadway musical \"Chicago\". It borrows its title from the Kander and Ebb tune \"All That Jazz\" in that production. The film won the Palme d'Or at the 1980 Cannes Film Festival. In 2001, \"All That Jazz\" was deemed", "All That Jazz (song) pop culture\". Describes it as a \"cynical comment on the willingness of humans...to act solely, simply, and remorselessly in their own interest\", and deeming this unlawful conduct as part of \"all that jazz\" one needs to get by. BlueCoupe said in the song, \"the ghost of Bob Fosse hangs about\". All That Jazz (song) \"All That Jazz\" (alternatively \"And All That Jazz\") is a song from the 1975 musical \"Chicago\". It has music by John Kander and lyrics by Fred Ebb, and is the opening song of the musical. The title of the 1979 film, starring Roy Scheider as a", "Bob Fosse Brando. The film was shot on location in Berlin and Munich, Germany; In 1979, Fosse co-wrote and directed a semi-autobiographical film \"All That Jazz\" (1979), which portrayed the life of a womanizing, drug-addicted choreographer-director in the midst of triumph and failure. Ann Reinking appears in the film as the protagonist's lover, protégé and domestic-partner. \"All That Jazz\" won four Academy Awards, earning Fosse his third Oscar nomination for Best Director. It also won the Palme d'Or at the 1980 Cannes Film Festival. In the summer and fall of 1980, working with \"All That Jazz\" executive producer Daniel Melnick, Fosse commissioned", "Bob Fosse Saratoga Springs, New York on 27 April 2007. The Los Angeles Dance Awards, founded in 1994, were called the \"Fosse Awards\", and are now called the American Choreography Awards. The Bob Fosse-Gwen Verdon Fellowship was established by his daughter Nicole Fosse in 2003 at the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater. Ann Reinking, as well as Verdon, helped keep Fosse's unique choreography alive after his death. Reinking played the role of Roxie Hart in the New York revival of \"Chicago\", which opened in 1996. She choreographed the dances \"in the style of Bob Fosse\" for that revival, which is still running", "All That Jazz (film) in 1991, and was the last live-action musical to compete in the category until Baz Luhrmann's \"Moulin Rouge!\" was nominated over twenty years later. The DVD issued in 2003 features scene-specific commentary by Roy Scheider and interviews with Scheider and Fosse. Fox released a \"Special Music Edition\" DVD in 2007, with an audio commentary by the film's Oscar-winning editor, Alan Heim. Blu-ray and DVD editions were released in August 2014 with all the old special features, as well as new supplements through the Criterion Collection brand. All That Jazz (film) All That Jazz is a 1979 American musical drama film", "Bob Fosse Bob Fosse Robert Louis Fosse (June 23, 1927 – September 23, 1987) was an American dancer, musical theatre choreographer, director and film director. He won eight Tony Awards for choreography, more than anyone else, as well as one for direction. He was nominated for four Academy Awards, winning for his direction of \"Cabaret\". Fosse was born in Chicago, Illinois, on June 23, 1927, to a Norwegian American father, Cyril K. Fosse, a traveling salesman for The Hershey Company, and Irish-born mother, Sara Alice Fosse (née Stanton), the second youngest of six. He teamed up with Charles Grass, another young dancer,", "Bob Fosse \"The Berlin Stories\" which was later adapted into \"Cabaret\" and Fosse was also in talks to direct a remake of \"The Bad and the Beautiful\", towards the end of his life. Fosse was an innovative choreographer and had multiple achievements in his life. Notable distinctions of Fosse's style included the use of turned-in knees, the famous \"Fosse Amoeba,\" sideways shuffling, rolled shoulders, and jazz hands. With Astaire as an influence, he used props such as bowler hats, canes and chairs. His trademark use of hats was influenced by his own self-consciousness. According to Martin Gottfried in his biography of Fosse,", "Bob Fosse on Broadway . In 1999, Verdon served as artistic consultant on a plotless Broadway musical designed to showcase examples of classic Fosse choreography. Called simply \"Fosse\", the three-act musical revue was conceived and directed by Richard Maltby, Jr. and Ann Reinking and choreographed by Reinking and Chet Walker. Verdon and Fosse's daughter, Nicole, received a \"special thanks\" credit. The show won a Tony for best musical. Bob Fosse Robert Louis Fosse (June 23, 1927 – September 23, 1987) was an American dancer, musical theatre choreographer, director and film director. He won eight Tony Awards for choreography, more than anyone else,", "Bob Fosse Fosse performed a song and dance number in Stanley Donen's 1974 film version of \"The Little Prince\". According to \"AllMusic\", \"Bob Fosse stops the show with a slithery dance routine.\" In 1977, Fosse had a small role in the romantic comedy \"Thieves\". Fosse directed five feature films. His first, \"Sweet Charity\" (1969), starring Shirley MacLaine, is an adaptation of the Broadway musical he had directed and choreographed. Fosse shot the film largely on location in Manhattan. His second film, \"Cabaret\" (1972), won eight Academy Awards, including Best Director, which he won over Francis Ford Coppola for \"The Godfather\", starring Marlon", "Bob Fosse for themselves. According to Michael Joosten, Fosse once said: \"The time to sing is when your emotional level is too high to just speak anymore, and the time to dance is when your emotions are just too strong to only sing about how you 'feel.'\" He also took influence from Jerome Robbins. \"New Girl in Town\" gave Fosse the inspiration to direct and choreograph his next piece because of the conflict of interest within the collaborators. During that piece, \"Redhead\", Fosse utilized one of the first ballet sequences in a show that contained five different styles of dance; Fosse's jazz,", "Bob Fosse Winchell starring Robert De Niro as Winchell, which, like \"Star 80\", would have dealt with the dark side of fame, the underbelly of show business, and portraying a Svengali-like character much like Paul Snider. However, Fosse died before starting the Winchell project. Prior to 1983, Fosse was approached by Arnon Milchan and Paul D. Zimmerman to direct Zimmerman's script \"The King of Comedy\" (1983), which would have starred Andy Kaufman, Sandra Bernhard, and Sammy Davis Jr., among others. Although the subject matter and the script itself intrigued him, Fosse passed on the project. Warren Beatty approached Fosse twice to direct", "Bob Fosse and began a collaboration under the name \"The Riff Brothers\". They toured theaters throughout the Chicago area. After being recruited, Fosse was placed in the variety show \"Tough Situation\", which toured military and naval bases in the Pacific. Fosse moved to New York City with the ambition of being the new Fred Astaire. His appearance with his first wife and dance partner Mary Ann Niles (1923–1987) in \"Call Me Mister\" brought him to the attention of Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis. Fosse and Niles were regular performers on \"Your Hit Parade\" during its 1950-51 season, and during this season Martin", "Fosse/Verdon Fosse/Verdon Fosse/Verdon is an upcoming American biographical miniseries, based on the book \"Fosse\" by Sam Wasson, that is set to premiere on FX. \"Fosse/Verdon\" tells the story of \"the romantic and creative partnership between Bob Fosse and Gwen Verdon. He was a filmmaker and one of theater's most influential choreographers and directors; she was the greatest Broadway dancer of all time. Together, they changed the face of American entertainment — at a perilous cost.\" On July 5, 2018, it was announced that FX had given a series order consisting of eight episodes to a television miniseries adaptation of Sam Wasson's", "Fosse/Verdon recurring capacity. Principal photography for the series commenced in November 2018 in New York City, New York and was expected to last until March 2019. Fosse/Verdon Fosse/Verdon is an upcoming American biographical miniseries, based on the book \"Fosse\" by Sam Wasson, that is set to premiere on FX. \"Fosse/Verdon\" tells the story of \"the romantic and creative partnership between Bob Fosse and Gwen Verdon. He was a filmmaker and one of theater's most influential choreographers and directors; she was the greatest Broadway dancer of all time. Together, they changed the face of American entertainment — at a perilous cost.\" On", "All That Jazz (Breathe album) All That Jazz (Breathe album) All That Jazz is the debut studio album by English pop rock band Breathe. Released in April 1988, the album peaked at #22 on the UK Albums Chart and at #34 on the US \"Billboard\" 200. It has been certified Silver in the UK by the BPI and Gold in the US by the RIAA. A number of the album's tracks were recorded in 1985. The group's first single, \"Don't Tell Me Lies\", was released in 1986 and reached #77 on the UK Singles Chart. In 1987, Bob Sargeant was brought on board to produce,", "Bob Fosse Long Island, where Fosse had been living with his girlfriend of four years, and scattered his ashes in the Atlantic Ocean as he had requested. At the 1973 Academy Awards, Fosse won the Academy Award for Best Director for \"Cabaret\". In the same year he won Tony Awards for directing and choreographing \"Pippin\" and Primetime Emmy Awards for producing, choreographing and directing Liza Minnelli's television special \"Liza with a Z\". He was the first and so far only person to win all three major industry awards in the same year. Fosse was inducted into the National Museum of Dance in", "Bob Fosse \"\"His baldness was the reason that he wore hats, and was doubtless why he put hats on his dancers.\"\" He used gloves in his performances because he did not like his hands. Some of his most popular numbers include \"Steam Heat\" (\"The Pajama Game\") and \"Big Spender\" (\"Sweet Charity\"). The \"Rich Man's Frug\" scene in \"Sweet Charity\" is another example of his signature style. For \"Damn Yankees\", he took a great deal of inspiration from the \"\"father of theatrical jazz dance\"\", Jack Cole. In 1957, both Verdon and Fosse were studying with Sanford Meisner to develop a better acting technique", "Fosse Fosse Fosse is a three-act musical revue showcasing the choreography of Bob Fosse. The musical was conceived by Richard Maltby, Jr., Chet Walker, and Ann Reinking. The first idea for \"Fosse\" was conceived by Chet Walker, who was in many of Bob Fosse’s shows and served as dance captain. Walker began workshops in New York City, where he hired numerous dancers to begin the process of putting the numerous pieces of choreography on its feet. Livent, a Canadian-based theatrical production company, was the producer of workshops and also the pre-Broadway tour. \"Fosse\" started its tour in Toronto. A two-month rehearsal", "Bob Fosse and Lewis caught their act in New York's Pierre Hotel and scheduled them to appear on the \"Colgate Comedy Hour\". In a 1986 interview Fosse told an interviewer, \"Jerry started me doing choreography. He gave me my first job as a choreographer and I'm grateful for that.\" Fosse was signed to a MGM contract in 1953. His early screen appearances included \"Give A Girl A Break\", \"The Affairs of Dobie Gillis\" and \"Kiss Me Kate\", all released in 1953. A short sequence that he choreographed in the last (and danced with Carol Haney) brought him to the attention of Broadway", "All That Jazz (film) that of Fosse's wife, the dancer and actress Gwen Verdon, who continued to work with him on projects including \"Chicago\" and \"All That Jazz\" itself. Gideon's rough handling of chorus girl Victoria Porter closely resembles Bob Fosse's own treatment of Jennifer Nairn-Smith during rehearsals for \"Pippin\". Nairn-Smith herself appears in the film as Jennifer, one of the \"NY/LA\" dancers. Ann Reinking was one of Fosse's sexual partners at the time and was more or less playing herself in the film, but nonetheless she was required to audition for the role as Gideon's girlfriend, Kate Jagger. Cliff Gorman was cast in", "Fosse Lanier, Eugene Fleming, Desmond Richardson, Sergio Trujillo, Scott Wise, Kim Morgan Greene, Mary Ann Lamb, Dana Moore, Elizabeth Parkinson, Julio Agustin, Brad Anderson, Andy Blankenbuehler, Marc Calamia, Holly Cruikshank, Lisa Gajda, Scott Jovovich, Christopher R. Kirby, Dede LaBarre, Shannon Lewis, Mary MacLeod, Brad Musgrove (Dance Captain), Michael Paternostro, Rachelle Rak, Lainie Sakakura (Dance Captain), Alex Sanchez. Fosse Fosse is a three-act musical revue showcasing the choreography of Bob Fosse. The musical was conceived by Richard Maltby, Jr., Chet Walker, and Ann Reinking. The first idea for \"Fosse\" was conceived by Chet Walker, who was in many of Bob Fosse’s shows", "Jazz dance technique consisted of \"highly stylized, continuously flowing movements that developed the technique and style for the combinations that followed\" Another amazing jazz choreographer and dancer that founded a jazz technique was Lynn Simonson. Her technique, unsurprisingly, was called the Simonson technique. She emphasized organic movement with a connection to the music. Lastly, Bob Fosse developed his signature style of jazz dance. He, like some of the previously mentioned choreographers, worked in the musical theatre business. His brand was a \"combination of vaudeville, striptease, magic shows, nightclubs, film and Broadway musicals, all based on social dance\". Over the last 20 years,", "The Cry of Jazz of Sun Ra’s band performing the music. Alex, the film’s main character, serves as narrator during these sections. Although the film is nominally about jazz, jazz is utilized primarily as a metaphor through which to understand the African American experience. As the majority of the attendees of the jazz club leave, the crowd that remains is composed of two White men, Bruce and John, two White women, Natalie and Faye, and three Black men, Alex, Louis, and Bob. Alex overhears Bruce telling Natalie that rock and roll is jazz, which prompts a discussion about what jazz is. When Bruce asserts,", "Bob Fosse it became known that Fosse had epilepsy, when he suffered a seizure onstage. On September 23, 1987, Fosse died at George Washington University Hospital from a heart attack, while the revival of \"Sweet Charity\" was opening at the nearby National Theatre. Verdon held him in her arms as he suffered a fatal heart attack on the sidewalk outside the Willard Hotel as the revival of \"Sweet Charity\" was beginning across the street. He was taken to George Washington University Hospital, where he was pronounced dead. He was cremated and shortly thereafter Verdon and Nicole Fosse took his ashes to Quogue,", "Bob Fosse producers. Fosse moved from on-screen acting to theater, and in 1954, he choreographed his first musical, \"The Pajama Game\", followed by George Abbott's \"Damn Yankees\" in 1955. It was while working on the latter show that he first met the rising star whom he was to marry in 1960, Gwen Verdon. For her work in \"Damn Yankees,\" Verdon won her first Tony Award for Best Actress. In 1957 Fosse choreographed \"New Girl in Town\", also directed by Abbott, and Verdon won her second Leading Actress Tony. In 1960, Fosse was, for the first time, both director and choreographer of a", "Bob Fosse \"Dick Tracy\" (1990) and a film about the life of Edie Sedgwick which was to have starred Jennifer Jason Leigh as Sedgwick and Al Pacino as Andy Warhol. Fosse turned both projects down, and the Edie Sedgwick project was never made. Fosse was also considered making a film based on his musicals, \"Big Deal\" and \"Chicago\" with Madonna as Roxie Hart, Michelle Pfeiffer as Velma Kelly and Jack Nicholson as the slick lawyer, Billy Flynn. Both projects never materialized. Other projects that Fosse was approached to direct were \"A Single Man\" based on the novel by Christopher Isherwood, who wrote", "Bob Fosse His third wife was dancer and actress Gwen Verdon. In 1963, they had a daughter, Nicole Fosse, who later also became a dancer and actress. Though Fosse's extramarital affairs put a strain on the marriage and by 1971 they were separated, they never divorced. They remained legally married until his death in 1987. Verdon never remarried. Fosse met Ann Reinking during the run of \"Pippin\". According to Reinking, their romantic relationship ended \"toward the end of the run of \"Dancin\".\" Throughout the 1970s Fosse was also sporadically linked with actress Jessica Lange. During rehearsals for \"The Conquering Hero\" in 1961,", "Love and All That Jazz \"Love and All That Jazz\"\". Love and All That Jazz Love and All That Jazz is a studio album by saxophonist Eric Kloss. It was recorded in 1966 and released on Prestige Records. Allmusic awarded the album 4 stars stating \"Eric Kloss was only 17 when he recorded his second Prestige LP, \"Love and All That Jazz\", in 1966. At that age, most jazz musicians are lucky to be featured on an album as sideman, let alone record as a leader and have a contract with an independent label of Prestige's stature... Although Kloss was still a teenager in 1966,", "Bob Fosse a cancan, a gypsy dance, a march, and an old-fashioned English music hall number. Fosse utilized the idea of subtext and gave his dancers something to think about during their numbers. He also began the trend of allowing lighting to influence his work and direct the audience's attention to certain things. During \"Pippin\", Fosse made the first ever television commercial for a Broadway show. Fosse married dance partner Mary Ann Niles (1923–1987) on May 3, 1947 in Detroit. In 1952, he married dancer Joan McCracken in New York City; this marriage lasted until 1959, when it, too, ended in divorce.", "All That Jazz (film) nervous energy… The film's major flaw lies in its lack of real explanation of what, beyond ego, really motivates [him].\" \"TV Guide\" said, \"The dancing is frenzied, the dialogue piercing, the photography superb, and the acting first-rate, with non-showman Scheider an illustrious example of casting against type . . . \"All That Jazz\" is great-looking but not easy to watch. Fosse's indulgent vision at times approaches sour self-loathing.\" Leonard Maltin gave the film two-and-a-half stars (out of four) in his 2009 movie guide; he said that the film was \"self-indulgent and largely negative,\" and that \"great show biz moments and", "Fosse/Verdon biography of Bob Fosse, \"Fosse\". Steven Levenson was expected to serve as showrunner for the series and write the first episode, which was set to be directed by Thomas Kail. Executive producers were slated to consist of Levenson, Kail, Lin-Manuel Miranda, Sam Rockwell, Michelle Williams, and George Stelzner. Additionally, Nicole Fosse was set to serve as a co-executive producer and Andy Blankenbuehler as a co-producer. Production companies were expected to include Fox 21 Television Studios and FX Productions. On October 25, 2018, it was reported that Kail would direct a total of four of the eight episodes of the series.", "Jazz dance Jazz dance Jazz dance is the performance dance technique and style that emerged in America in the early twentieth century. Jazz dance began as an African American social dance that had roots in African slave dances. Over time, a clearly defined jazz genre emerged, changing from a street dance to a theatrical dance performed on stage due to the work by artists such as Jack Cole, Bob Fosse, Eugene Louis Faccuito and Gus Giordano. The origins of jazz dance can be traced back to the African ritual and celebratory dances from around the eighteenth century. These dances had an emphasis", "Love and All That Jazz Love and All That Jazz Love and All That Jazz is a studio album by saxophonist Eric Kloss. It was recorded in 1966 and released on Prestige Records. Allmusic awarded the album 4 stars stating \"Eric Kloss was only 17 when he recorded his second Prestige LP, \"Love and All That Jazz\", in 1966. At that age, most jazz musicians are lucky to be featured on an album as sideman, let alone record as a leader and have a contract with an independent label of Prestige's stature... Although Kloss was still a teenager in 1966, there is nothing adolescent about", "Bob Fosse of a Musical. He was also director and choreographer of \"Chicago\" in 1975, which also starred Verdon. In 1986, Fosse directed, wrote, and choreographed the Broadway production of \"Big Deal\". Although nominated for five Tony awards, and winning for best choreography, the production closed after only 69 performances. In 1957 he also choreographed the film version of \"The Pajama Game\" starring Doris Day. The next year, Fosse appears in the film version of \"Damn Yankees\", which he also choreographed, in which Verdon reprises her stage triumph as \"Lola\"; they partner each other in the mambo number, \"Who's Got the Pain\".", "Bob Fosse musical called simply \"Redhead\". With \"Redhead\", Fosse won the Tony Award for best choreography, Verdon won her third Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical, and the show won the Tony for best musical. Although he was replaced as the director/choreographer for the short-lived 1961 musical \"The Conquering Hero\", he quickly took on the job of choreographer of the 1961 musical hit \"How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying\", which starred Robert Morse. With Fosse again the choreographer-director, Verdon starred in \"Sweet Charity\" in 1966. In 1973, Fosse's work on \"Pippin\" won him the Tony for Best Direction", "Fosse grin. Those 45 seconds are famous. They had much to do with propelling Bob Fosse's career as a show-business-shaking choreographer and director of musical comedy. The vignette, here vibrantly performed by Andy Blankenbuehler and Lainie Sakakura, is a re-creation of the first sequence Fosse choreographed for film, a scene from the 1953 movie of \"Kiss Me, Kate,\" danced by Fosse and Carol Haney. It was a calling card, of sorts, announcing that an audacious new choreographic talent had arrived, and when you watch the film today, Fosse's pas de deux still seems to tear through the celluloid. Valarie Pettiford, Jane", "Jazz hands Jazz hands Jazz hands in performance dance is the extension of a performer's hands with palms toward the audience and fingers splayed (this position is also referred to as webbing). It is commonly associated with especially exuberant types of performance such as musicals, cheerleading, show choir, revue, and especially jazz dance shows. In cheerleading, the position with arms outstretched and fingers wiggling up and down is sometimes referred to as spirit fingers or jazz fingers. Depending on the performance venue, both gestures can be associated with campiness. Probably the biggest proponent of jazz hands was Bob Fosse, who incorporated them", "Fosse act of \"Fosse,\" the hard-working but oddly affectless evening of dance by the choreographer Bob Fosse that opened last night at the Broadhurst Theater. At the sound of that scream, which echoes not with terror but with irrepressible energy, a slender, elfin-faced fellow with a goatee shoots into view, sliding on his side like a runaway roller skate. The orchestra is playing Cole Porter's \"From This Moment On,\" as the couple perform an acrobatic, exuberant and exasperated mating dance, an ode to percolating hormones. You've just received, in darkest January, a quick infusion of springtime, and it's impossible not to", "All That Jazz (Ella Fitzgerald album) Grammy Award for Album of the Year at the same ceremony. For the 1992 Pablo CD Issue, PACD-2310-938-2 All That Jazz (Ella Fitzgerald album) All That Jazz was the last studio album by the American jazz singer Ella Fitzgerald. \"All That Jazz\" eschewed a tendency by Fitzgerald in past decades to record popular and commercial songs of the day, and instead concentrated on jazz standards from the Swing era, a period which some fifty years earlier had seen her begin her career in music. Fitzgerald's performance on this album won her the Grammy Award for Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Female,", "All That Jazz (Ella Fitzgerald album) All That Jazz (Ella Fitzgerald album) All That Jazz was the last studio album by the American jazz singer Ella Fitzgerald. \"All That Jazz\" eschewed a tendency by Fitzgerald in past decades to record popular and commercial songs of the day, and instead concentrated on jazz standards from the Swing era, a period which some fifty years earlier had seen her begin her career in music. Fitzgerald's performance on this album won her the Grammy Award for Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Female, at the 33rd Grammy Awards. Fitzgerald also appeared on Quincy Jones \"Back on the Block\", which won the", "Chicago 'n All That Jazz Chicago 'n All That Jazz Chicago 'n All That Jazz (subtitled Big Band Jazz of the Broadway Musical) is an album by American jazz saxophonist Lee Konitz performing John Kander and Fred Ebb's songs from the Broadway musical \"Chicago\" recorded in 1975 and released on the Groove Merchant label. Scott Yanow of Allmusic said \" Konitz and his sidemen play with enthusiasm and melodic creativity; some of the themes are quite catchy. The playing time (around 36 minutes) is quite brief and the music is far from essential but the performances are surprisingly pleasing, making this a worthy purchase\". All", "What Was Missing Sugar and Muto's second episode dealing with Marceline (the first being \"It Came from the Nightosphere\" from season two), and because of this, Sugar \"wanted to get it right\". Sugar later explained on her Tumblr that, \"It might seem like this episode is about friendship, but I wanted it to be about honesty! Marceline almost gets the door open because she drops her guard and tells the truth for a second while she sings this song.\" She later likened the theme of the episode to a quote by Bob Fosse—“The time to sing is when your emotional level is too", "Chicago 'n All That Jazz compositions by John Kander and Fred Ebb. Chicago 'n All That Jazz Chicago 'n All That Jazz (subtitled Big Band Jazz of the Broadway Musical) is an album by American jazz saxophonist Lee Konitz performing John Kander and Fred Ebb's songs from the Broadway musical \"Chicago\" recorded in 1975 and released on the Groove Merchant label. Scott Yanow of Allmusic said \" Konitz and his sidemen play with enthusiasm and melodic creativity; some of the themes are quite catchy. The playing time (around 36 minutes) is quite brief and the music is far from essential but the performances are surprisingly", "Fosse felt it was too long for a Broadway dance review. After 21 previews, the original Broadway production opened at the Broadhurst Theatre on January 14, 1999, and closed on August 25, 2001, after 1093 performances. The musical was directed by Richard Maltby, Jr. and Ann Reinking, with original choreography by Bob Fosse. The co-choreographer was Ann Reinking, with choreography re-creations by Chet Walker and dance reconstructions by Lainie Sakakura and Brad Musgrove with Gwen Verdon as artistic advisor. In 2002, \"Fosse\", featuring Reinking and Ben Vereen, was aired as part of the \"Great Performances\" series on PBS television. A London", "Federico Fellini magazine \"Cinema\" asked Stanley Kubrick in 1963 to name his favorite films, the film director listed \"I Vitelloni\" as number one in his Top 10 list. \"Nights of Cabiria\" was adapted as the Broadway musical \"Sweet Charity\" and the movie \"Sweet Charity\" (1969) by Bob Fosse starring Shirley MacLaine. \"City of Women\" was adapted for the Berlin stage by Frank Castorf in 1992. \"8½\" inspired among others: \"Mickey One\" (Arthur Penn, 1965), \"Alex in Wonderland\" (Paul Mazursky, 1970), \"Beware of a Holy Whore\" (Rainer Werner Fassbinder, 1971), \"Day for Night\" (François Truffaut, 1973), \"All That Jazz\" (Bob Fosse, 1979), \"Stardust", "All That Jazz (Breathe album) 1-19, 2-1, 2-2, and 2-5 to 2-11 previously unavailable on CD. All That Jazz (Breathe album) All That Jazz is the debut studio album by English pop rock band Breathe. Released in April 1988, the album peaked at #22 on the UK Albums Chart and at #34 on the US \"Billboard\" 200. It has been certified Silver in the UK by the BPI and Gold in the US by the RIAA. A number of the album's tracks were recorded in 1985. The group's first single, \"Don't Tell Me Lies\", was released in 1986 and reached #77 on the UK Singles", "Bob Fosse documentary research for a follow-up feature having to do with the motivations that compel people to become performers, but he found the results uninspiring and abandoned the project. Fosse's final film, \"Star 80\" (1983), was a controversial biographical movie about slain \"Playboy\" Playmate Dorothy Stratten. The film is based on the Pulitzer Prize-winning article on the same topic. The film was nominated for several awards, and was screened out of competition at the 34th Berlin International Film Festival. During this time, Fosse also considered directing more motion pictures. He was close to filming the life of controversial gossip columnist Walter", "Bob French (jazz musician) Bob French (jazz musician) Robert \"Bob\" French (c. December 27, 1938 – November 12, 2012) was an American jazz drummer and radio show host at WWOZ, from New Orleans, Louisiana. French led The Tuxedo Jazz Band from 1977 until his death in 2012. (The Tuxedo Jazz Band was formerly led by Oscar \"Papa\" Celestin and later by French's father, Albert \"Papa\" French from 1958 to 1977). As a child French took drumming lessons from Louis Barbarin. He organized an R&B band in high school that included James Booker, Art Neville, Charles Neville (of The Neville Brothers), and Kidd Jordan, and", "Ray Fosse play of the 1970 All-Star Game. Initial x-rays revealed no fractures or other damage, but a re-examination the following year found that Fosse had sustained a fractured and separated shoulder, which healed incorrectly, causing chronic pain that never entirely resolved. Rose asserted that he was simply trying to win the game, and that Fosse — who had moved a few feet up the third-base line to receive the throw from Amos Otis — was blocking the plate; but Rose was widely criticized for over-aggressive play in an exhibition game. Fosse went on to play 42 games in the second half", "The Jazz Album: Watch What Happens The Jazz Album: Watch What Happens The Jazz Album: Watch What Happens is a 2006 studio album by the German baritone Thomas Quasthoff. The album was arranged by Alan Broadbent, Steve Gray, and Nan Schwartz. Quasthoff was traditionally a singer of opera and lieder and this was his first album of jazz vocal music. \"The Jazz Album\" peaked at 19 on Billboard magazine's Top Classical Crossover Chart and was included on their European Top 100 Albums list. In an interview with John Lewis in \"The Guardian\", Quasthoff said that jazz standards and show tunes could be compared favourably with his", "Lydford-on-Fosse Lydford-on-Fosse Lydford-on-Fosse is a village and civil parish in the Mendip district of Somerset, England. The parish includes the village of West Lydford and hamlet of East Lydford. Lydford-on-Fosse straddles the Fosse Way, an ancient Roman road which linked the cities of Lincoln and Exeter. The village takes its name from two Saxon words, Lyd \"torrent or noisy stream\" and Ford \"a passage crossing a river\", and was established before the Norman Conquest. The villages of East and West Lydford are to the east and west of the ford which was where the Fosse Way crossed the river Brue. A", "The Jazz Album: Watch What Happens - instead, Quastoff glides through a selection of showtunes and standards with a relaxed sense of swing, and a soft American accent that recalls, variously, Lou Rawls, Bing Crosby and Nat King Cole.\" The album was also positively received by Christoph Loudon in \"The Jazz Times\". Production The Jazz Album: Watch What Happens The Jazz Album: Watch What Happens is a 2006 studio album by the German baritone Thomas Quasthoff. The album was arranged by Alan Broadbent, Steve Gray, and Nan Schwartz. Quasthoff was traditionally a singer of opera and lieder and this was his first album of jazz vocal", "All That Jazz (film) Stanley Kubrick, who is mentioned in the movie, reportedly called it \"[the] best film I think I have ever seen\". In 2001, \"All That Jazz\" was deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. It was also preserved by the Academy Film Archive in the same year. In 2006, the film was ranked #14 by the American Film Institute on its list of the Greatest Movie Musicals. The film would be the last musical nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture until Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\"", "Fosse Way modern road ends at a picnic site car park, and a further southwards can be explored on foot. The junction of Fosse Way with Watling Street, now the A5, is at High Cross (Roman name \"Venonis\"). Watling Street is the county boundary between Leicestershire and Warwickshire. The Fosse Way follows the B4455 across Warwickshire, through Street Ashton, Stretton-under-Fosse, Brinklow, Bretford, Stretton-on-Dunsmore, Princethorpe and the site of a Roman town near Chesterton, until it joins the A429 near the boundary with Gloucestershire. The route then follows the A429 through Stretton-on-Fosse, Moreton-in-Marsh, Stow-on-the-Wold, Northleach and Fossebridge, to Cirencester, where it crosses Akeman", "Antoine de La Fosse fluent in while in Florence, which earned him a membership of \"\". La Fosse is interred in St-Gervais-et-St-Protais, Paris. Antoine de La Fosse Antoine de La Fosse (alias \"Sieur d'Aubigny\"; 1653 or 1658 – November 2, 1708) \"\", was a French playwright who wrote four tragedies, and was the last French author of tragedies to make a name for himself at the end of the 17th century. The son of a goldsmith and the nephew of painter Charles de La Fosse, Antoine served first as the secretary for the Envoy of France to Florence. La Fosse was then attached to", "Lydford-on-Fosse earlier church in the village of West Lydford. Lydford-on-Fosse Lydford-on-Fosse is a village and civil parish in the Mendip district of Somerset, England. The parish includes the village of West Lydford and hamlet of East Lydford. Lydford-on-Fosse straddles the Fosse Way, an ancient Roman road which linked the cities of Lincoln and Exeter. The village takes its name from two Saxon words, Lyd \"torrent or noisy stream\" and Ford \"a passage crossing a river\", and was established before the Norman Conquest. The villages of East and West Lydford are to the east and west of the ford which was where", "All That Jazz (film) the titular role of \"The Stand-Up\"—the film-within-a-film version of \"Lenny\"—after having played the role of Lenny Bruce in the original theatrical production of the show (for which he won a Tony Award), but was passed over for Fosse's film version of the production in favor of Dustin Hoffman. Reviews were largely positive. \"All That Jazz\" scores an 86% \"Fresh\" (or \"good\") rating on review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes based on 36 reviews. In his review in \"The New York Times\", Vincent Canby called the film \"an uproarious display of brilliance, nerve, dance, maudlin confessions, inside jokes and, especially, ego\" and", "Fosse/Verdon A day later, it was announced that Joel Fields had joined the production as an additional writer and executive producer. Alongside the series order announcement, it was confirmed that Sam Rockwell and Michelle Williams had been cast in the lead roles of Bob Fosse and Gwen Verdon, respectively. On November 19, 2018, it was announced Margaret Qualley and Norbert Leo Butz had been cast in series regular roles and that Aya Cash, Nate Corddry, Susan Misner, Bianca Marroquín, Kelli Barrett, Evan Handler, Rick Holmes, Paul Reiser, Ethan Slater, Byron Jennings, and Laura Osnes had joined the cast cast in a", "Bob French (jazz musician) Alvin Batiste. In the 1960s he recorded with Earl King, Snooks Eaglin and Fats Domino. He has also played and recorded with Dave Bartholomew, who is a relative on his mother's side). Bob French & Friends played often on Frenchmen Street at the D.B.A. nightclub. French's best-known gig was the long-running Monday night jam session at Donna's, across from Louis Armstrong Park. French died on November 12, 2012, after a long illness. He was 74 years old. Bob French (jazz musician) Robert \"Bob\" French (c. December 27, 1938 – November 12, 2012) was an American jazz drummer and radio show", "All That Jazz (Breathe album) and the group continued working on the rest of the tracks to be included on \"All That Jazz\". Their biggest hit single was \"Hands to Heaven\", which reached #4 in the UK and #2 on the US pop chart. Other singles released from the album include \"How Can I Fall?\" (#3 US pop and #1 US adult contemporary), a re-release of \"Don't Tell Me Lies,\" \"Jonah,\" and \"All This I Should Have Known\" (US only). On 19 February 2013, a Deluxe Edition of the album was released on Cherry Pop Records. Disc 1 Disc 2 Note: Tracks 1-12 to 1-16,", "All in Your Name A fan said that Gibb has a demo recording of it, but Gibb himself would not confirm that any of this happened. Gibb explains: \"Michael Jackson and I were the dearest of friends, that's simply what it was. We gravitated towards the same kind of music and we loved collaborating and he was the easiest person to write with. The more we got to know each other the more those ideas entwined and it all came to this song 'All In Your Name'. 'All in Your Name' is in fact the message that Michael wanted to send out to all", "Antoine de La Fosse Antoine de La Fosse Antoine de La Fosse (alias \"Sieur d'Aubigny\"; 1653 or 1658 – November 2, 1708) \"\", was a French playwright who wrote four tragedies, and was the last French author of tragedies to make a name for himself at the end of the 17th century. The son of a goldsmith and the nephew of painter Charles de La Fosse, Antoine served first as the secretary for the Envoy of France to Florence. La Fosse was then attached to the Marquis Francois Joseph Créquy (1662–1702) who died in the Battle of Luzzara on August 15, 1702, before he", "Stretton-on-Fosse Stretton-on-Fosse Stretton-on-Fosse is a small village and civil parish with fewer than 200 houses, most built of Cotswold stone or locally-made red brick, situated on the Warwickshire-Gloucestershire border on the fringe of the Cotswold Hills. The population of the civil parish taken at the 2011 census was 439. By comparison, the 1931 population was 282. The village has about 200 buildings, made of Cotswold stone or locally made red bricks. Of these, 18 are Grade II Listed. It is not to be confused with the other Warwickshire village of a similar name, Stretton-under-Fosse. Stretton means \"settlement on a Roman Road\"", "What a Beautiful Name What a Beautiful Name \"What a Beautiful Name\" is a song by Australian praise and worship group Hillsong Worship. The song, written and led by Brooke Ligertwood and co-written with Ben Fielding, refers to the promise of salvation through Jesus Christ as represented by His Holy Name. The \"genre-smashing single\" contributed to Hillsong being named \"Billboard\"s Top Christian Artist of 2017. \"What a Beautiful Name\" won two Dove Awards for Song of the Year and Worship Song of the Year in 2017. It won the 2018 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song. \"What a Beautiful Name\" was released", "Stretton-under-Fosse Stretton-under-Fosse Stretton-under-Fosse is a village and civil parish in the English county of Warwickshire. In 2001 its population was recorded as 185, increasing to 234 at the 2011 Census. The village contains a number of old cottages along its main street. Just outside Stretton is an old manor house, Newbold Revel, which is now used as a training college for prison officers. Nearby is the Oxford Canal and a canal arm leading to Stretton Wharf. Confusingly, another village in Warwickshire, Stretton-on-Fosse, has a very similar name. The latter is located at the other end of the county. Stretton means \"settlement", "Jon Fosse of Jon Fosse's essays, is published in English translation by Dalkey Archive Press. Jon Fosse Jon Olav Fosse (born 29 September 1959) is a Norwegian author and dramatist. Fosse was born in Haugesund, Norway. He debuted in 1983 with the novel \"Raudt, svart\" (\"Red, black\"). His first play, \"Og aldri skal vi skiljast\", was performed and published in 1994. Jon Fosse has written novels, short stories, poetry, children's books, essays and plays. His works have been translated into more than forty languages. Fosse was made a chevalier of the Ordre national du Mérite of France in 2003. Fosse also has", "Jon Fosse Jon Fosse Jon Olav Fosse (born 29 September 1959) is a Norwegian author and dramatist. Fosse was born in Haugesund, Norway. He debuted in 1983 with the novel \"Raudt, svart\" (\"Red, black\"). His first play, \"Og aldri skal vi skiljast\", was performed and published in 1994. Jon Fosse has written novels, short stories, poetry, children's books, essays and plays. His works have been translated into more than forty languages. Fosse was made a chevalier of the Ordre national du Mérite of France in 2003. Fosse also has been ranked number 83 on the list of the Top 100 living geniuses", "Sideways Bob him on missions that literally drove him mad (though he already was a psychopath before). Ms. Baiul is also responsible for his missing eye; the two had a long rivalry before Bob knew that she was working for I.O. as well. Bob's real name is Robert Thompson. According to interviews with DV8 writer Warren Ellis, Bob's surname is a homage to famed gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson. Sideways Bob's appearance was likely inspired by the look Billy Bob Thornton sported in the film \"Sling Blade\". Sideways Bob Sideways Bob is a comic book character from Wildstorm Comics. Sideways Bob (for", "Fosse Way Fosse Way The Fosse Way was a Roman road in England that linked Exeter (\"Isca Dumnoniorum\") in South West England to Lincoln (\"Lindum Colonia\") in Lincolnshire, via Ilchester (\"Lindinis\"), Bath (\"Aquae Sulis\"), Cirencester (\"Corinium\") and Leicester (\"Ratae Corieltauvorum\"). It joined Akeman Street and Ermin Way at Cirencester, crossed Watling Street at \"Venonis\" (High Cross) south of Leicester, and joined Ermine Street at Lincoln. The word \"Fosse\" is derived from the Latin \"fossa\", meaning \"ditch\". For the first few decades after the Roman invasion of Britain in CE 43, the Fosse Way marked the western frontier of Roman rule in Iron", "Bob Rusch as 12 years old during the late 1960's and early 1970's.\" Rusch was interviewed by the newspaper, and in the articles \"Rusch acknowledged that he had sex with multiple young students... 'I accept involvement in some of the things that went on, not all of them, and to that extent I am embarrassed and remorseful and I have been for the better part of 41 years,' said Mr. Rusch, who is now 71 years old. 'I carry a lot of guilt.'\" Bob Rusch Robert D. \"Bob\" Rusch (born April 3, 1943 in New York City) is an American jazz critic", "What Kind of Fool (Heard All That Before) Kylie Minogue\". These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of \"What Kind of Fool (Heard All That Before)\". Minogue performed the song on the following concert tours: What Kind of Fool (Heard All That Before) \"What Kind of Fool (Heard All That Before)\" is a song recorded by Australian recording artist Kylie Minogue, released as the lead single from her first greatest hits album \"Greatest Hits\" (1992). The song was written by Mike Stock, Minogue and Pete Waterman, and produced by Stock and Waterman. It was Minogue's last original single to be released from the record", "Stratton-on-the-Fosse Stratton-on-the-Fosse Stratton-on-the-Fosse is a village and civil parish located on the edge of the Mendip Hills, south-west of Westfield, north-east of Shepton Mallet, and from Frome, in Somerset, England. It has a population of 1,108, and has a rural agricultural landscape, although it was part of the once-thriving Somerset coalfield. Within the boundaries of the parish are the hamlets of Benter and Nettlebridge. Stratton-on-the-Fosse straddles the Fosse Way, an ancient Roman road which linked the cities of Lincoln and Exeter. It lies between the parish of Westfield, Somerset and the village of Oakhill. St Vigor and St John Church of", "Gwen Verdon be seen in \"All That Jazz\" playing the protagonist's partner, as she was in Fosse's real life. She, as much as Verdon, would become responsible for keeping Fosse's trademark choreography alive after Fosse's death. Reinking played Roxie Hart in the highly successful Broadway revival of \"Chicago\" that opened in 1996. She choreographed the dances \"in the style of Bob Fosse\" for that revival. After originating the role of Roxie opposite Chita Rivera in \"Chicago\", Verdon focused on film acting, playing character roles in movies such as \"The Cotton Club\" (1984), \"Cocoon\" (1985) and \"\" (1988). She continued to teach dance", "All in the Name of Love the title track from that year's film, \"Armed and Dangerous\". It was after this album that then-lead singer Barbara Weathers left the band to begin a solo career. Founding band member Duke Jones, who left the band very early on in their career, appears on this album, playing flugelhorn. All in the Name of Love All In The Name Of Love is a studio album by the R&B band Atlantic Starr released in 1987 upon Warner Bros. Records. The album rose to nos. 4 & 18 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and Billboard 200 charts. All In The Name Of", "The Jazz Knights and Jamie Way. The group covered music from Fletcher Henderson through Duke Ellington and Count Basie all the way through contemporary artists such as Bob Brookmeyer and Bill Holman. A great deal of music performed was written by their own staff writers and members of the Jazz Knights themselves. An important part of the Jazz Knights mission was that of music/jazz education. Many of its members were accomplished clinicians with extensive backgrounds in music education. They performed at national music conventions including the International Association of Jazz Educators, , The Midwest Clinic, the Western International Band Clinic, the University of", "Ray Fosse in 1970 and 1971. Fosse was named to the 100 Greatest Cleveland Indians in 2001. Fosse is a color commentator for the Oakland Athletics on NBC Sports California and occasionally on the A's radio broadcasts when the game is not on TV or is on national television. He has served as the color analyst for the Oakland Athletics' radio and television broadcasts since 1986. In 2002, he was nominated for a Ford C. Frick Award. Fosse has been married to his wife Carol since April 1970. They maintain residences in Oakland, California and Scottsdale, Arizona. Ray Fosse Raymond Earl Fosse", "Jack Cole (choreographer) and angular, using small groups of dancers rather than a large company; it is closer to the glittering nightclub floor show than to the ballet stage. Cole is remembered as the prime innovator of the theatrical jazz dance heritage. Cole's unmistakable style endures in the work of Gwen Verdon, Bob Fosse, Jerome Robbins, Gower Champion, Peter Gennaro, Michael Bennett, Tommy Tune, Patsy Swayze, Alvin Ailey (who was a dancer in the musical \"Jamaica\"), and countless other dancers and choreographers including Wayne Lamb. Verdon said that \"Jack influenced all the choreographers in the theater from Jerome Robbins, Michael Kidd, Bob Fosse", "What About Bob? also involved with the lawsuit. What About Bob? What About Bob? is a 1991 American black comedy film directed by Frank Oz and starring Bill Murray and Richard Dreyfuss. Murray plays Bob Wiley, an irritating patient who follows his egotistical psychiatrist Dr. Leo Marvin (Dreyfuss) on vacation. When the unstable Bob befriends the other members of Marvin's family, it pushes the doctor over the edge. The film received positive reviews and was a box office success. This film is number 43 on Bravo's \"100 Funniest Movies\". Bob Wiley is a good-natured man with great work ethic, but he suffers from", "What About Bob? What About Bob? What About Bob? is a 1991 American black comedy film directed by Frank Oz and starring Bill Murray and Richard Dreyfuss. Murray plays Bob Wiley, an irritating patient who follows his egotistical psychiatrist Dr. Leo Marvin (Dreyfuss) on vacation. When the unstable Bob befriends the other members of Marvin's family, it pushes the doctor over the edge. The film received positive reviews and was a box office success. This film is number 43 on Bravo's \"100 Funniest Movies\". Bob Wiley is a good-natured man with great work ethic, but he suffers from multiple phobias and is divorced", "Ralph Burns Allen's \"Bananas\". Burns worked with film-director Bob Fosse and in 1972 won the Academy Award as music supervisor for \"Cabaret\". He composed the film scores for \"Lenny\" (1974) and Martin Scorsese's jazz-themed \"New York, New York\" (1977). Fosse again employed Burns to create the soundtrack for \"All That Jazz\" for which he also won an Academy Award in 1979. He then worked on \"Urban Cowboy\" (1980) and in 1982, Burns received another Academy Award nomination for his work in \"Annie\". His work for the stage was also notable. \"Baryshnikov on Broadway\" in 1980 earned Burns an Emmy Award for his", "Ray Fosse won the American League Cy Young Award in , he gave Fosse credit for his success: \"I've got to split it up and give part, a big part, to my catcher, Ray Fosse. He kept pushing me in games when I didn't have good stuff. He'd come out and show me that big fist of his when I wasn't bearing down the way he thought I should.\" In 1973 Fosse was traded along with Jack Heidemann to the Oakland Athletics for Dave Duncan and George Hendrick. He played in 143 games that season, the most of his career, on a", "Jazz Concerto Grosso though he was later briefly a member of the acclaimed Gerry Mulligan Concert Jazz Band\". \"All compositions by Phil Sunkel\" Jazz Concerto Grosso Jazz Concerto Grosso (full title Gerry Mulligan Bob Brookmeyer Play Phil Sunkel's Jazz Concerto Grosso) is an album by American jazz musicians Gerry Mulligan and Bob Brookmeyer featuring performances of compositions by Phil Sunkel recorded in 1957 and released on the ABC-Paramount label. The Allmusic review by Ken Dryden stated \"Although Gerry Mulligan and Bob Brookmeyer get top billing on this LP, the leader, composer, and arranger of all three compositions is cornetist Phil Sunkel. ...All of", "All About Jazz All About Jazz All About Jazz is a website established by Michael Ricci in 1995. A volunteer staff publishes news, album reviews, articles, videos, and listings of concerts and other events having to do with jazz. Ricci maintains a related site, \"Jazz Near You\", about local concerts and events. The Jazz Journalists Association voted \"All About Jazz\" Best Website Covering Jazz for thirteen consecutive years between 2003 and 2015, when the category was retired. In 2015, Ricci said the site received a peak of 1.3 million readers per month in 2007. Another source said that the site has over 500,000", "Name All the Animals Name All the Animals Name All the Animals is a 2004 memoir by Alison Smith, detailing the aftermath of the death of her eighteen-year-old brother. While attending Our Lady of Mercy High School, a Catholic high school, Smith developed an eating disorder, lost her faith in God and realized that she was a lesbian, all after her brother's death. The book has received significant acclaim. It was named one of \"People Magazine\"’s ten best books of 2004 and won the Barnes & Noble Discover Award for Non-Fiction, the 2005 Lambda Literary Award for Autobiography/Memoir and the 2005 Judy Grahn Award.", "Name All the Animals Name All the Animals Name All the Animals is a 2004 memoir by Alison Smith, detailing the aftermath of the death of her eighteen-year-old brother. While attending Our Lady of Mercy High School, a Catholic high school, Smith developed an eating disorder, lost her faith in God and realized that she was a lesbian, all after her brother's death. The book has received significant acclaim. It was named one of \"People Magazine\"’s ten best books of 2004 and won the Barnes & Noble Discover Award for Non-Fiction, the 2005 Lambda Literary Award for Autobiography/Memoir and the 2005 Judy Grahn Award.", "The Glory That Was Darkness Fall\" (1939), the main character considers the possibility that instead of being thrown back in time he has found himself in a Rome that Benito Mussolini has forced to imitate the 6th century, but dismisses the idea as impractical. In the earlier fantasy novel \"The Carnelian Cube\" (1948) by de Camp and his collaborator Fletcher Pratt an actual reenactment of the Biblical siege of Samaria by the Assyrians is performed, directed by astrology-guided archaeologists using drafted and hypnotized participants. \"Galaxy Science Fiction\"s Floyd C. Gale rated \"The Glory That Was\" three stars out of five, stating that \"there isn't", "Fosse Way Magazine the Fosse Way Magazine had an office in Street in Somerset. The Fosse Way Magazine ceased publication in April 2011, although the sister publications continue to be published. Fosse Way Magazine The Fosse Way Magazine was a weekly magazine-size newspaper, distributed free of charge in the Mendip and South Somerset areas of Somerset, England. Its masthead stated that it covers Bruton, Castle Cary, Frome, Glastonbury, Langport, Shepton Mallet, Somerton, Street and Wells. It was the sister paper of the Blackmore Vale Magazine which operates in Dorset, and the Stour and Avon Magazine. The three papers are published by Blackmore Vale", "Smooth jazz album \"Breathless\". A further evolution that began in 2000 is urban jazz, which combines elements of hip-hop and fusion music. Counting among such musicians are Nick Colionne, Boney James, Vincent Ingala, Bobby Perry, Bob Baldwin, Brian Bromberg, Michael Lington, David Lanz, Jonathan Fritzen, Daniele Caprelli, Kim Waters, and Walter Beasley. The AllMusic guide to jazz fusion states that smooth jazz has none of the improvisational \"risk-taking\" of jazz fusion. \"Unfortunately as it became a moneymaker, much of what was labelled fusion was actually a combination of jazz with easy-listening pop music and lightweight R&B\", the combination of which was soon", "Cliff Gorman \"Lenny\". Although the film version, directed by Bob Fosse, featured Dustin Hoffman, Gorman was recruited to portray a Dustin Hoffman-like character portraying Lenny Bruce, in a side-story in Fosse's autobiographical film \"All That Jazz\" (1979). He played Joseph Goebbels in the 1981 TV movie \"The Bunker\", and co-starred as Lt. Andrews in the film \"Angel\" (1984). He had roles in movies like \"Cops and Robbers\" (1973), \"Rosebud\" (1975), \"\" (1976), \"An Unmarried Woman\" (1978) with Jill Clayburgh, \"Night of the Juggler\" (1980), \"Hoffa\" (1992) with Jack Nicholson and Danny DeVito, and \"Night and the City\" (1992). His TV work included", "Big Deal (musical) Big Deal (musical) Big Deal is a musical with a book by Bob Fosse using songs from various composers such as Ray Henderson, Eubie Blake, and Jerome Kern. It was based on the film \"Big Deal on Madonna Street\" by Mario Monicelli. The musical received five Tony Award nominations, with Fosse winning for Choreography. Fosse said that by using existing songs: \"I can pick the perfect songs that will say the right things, and they're known. We'll have the greatest score in the world because they're all hit songs.\" Fosse said of the main character, Charlie: \"That's my part! A", "The Jazz Butcher the label, culminating in 1995's \"Illuminate\". Their \"oeuvre\" is blackly humorous with such topics as Thomas Pynchon's \"The Crying of Lot 49\", an unrequited crush on Shirley MacLaine, and an ode to SF writer Harlan Ellison. The song \"Sister Death\" is not about the comic book character, but was inspired by the last words of Saint Francis of Assisi, \"Welcome, Sister Death\". The Jazz Butcher The Jazz Butcher, also known as The Jazz Butcher Conspiracy and The Jazz Butcher And His Sikkorskis From Hell, are a British musical group founded by Pat Fish. The band was formed in Oxford in", "Ann Reinking Actress in a Musical. In 1976 she replaced Donna McKechnie as Cassie in \"A Chorus Line\"; in 1977 she replaced Gwen Verdon in the starring role of Roxie Hart in \"Chicago\", a show directed and choreographed by Fosse. In 1978 she appeared in Fosse's revue \"Dancin'\", and received another Tony nomination. In that year Reinking and Fosse ended their romance and separated. They continued to have a professional, creative collaboration. Reinking has acknowledged Fosse as the major influence on her work as a choreographer. In 1979, Reinking appeared in Bob Fosse's semi-autobiographical film \"All That Jazz\" as Katie Jagger, a", "What Kind of Fool (Heard All That Before) What Kind of Fool (Heard All That Before) \"What Kind of Fool (Heard All That Before)\" is a song recorded by Australian recording artist Kylie Minogue, released as the lead single from her first greatest hits album \"Greatest Hits\" (1992). The song was written by Mike Stock, Minogue and Pete Waterman, and produced by Stock and Waterman. It was Minogue's last original single to be released from the record label PWL, as although \"Celebration\" was released as the last single, it was a cover version, not an original single. The single was released on 10 August 1992 as a CD", "All That That\" dialogues from the show, and songs sung by musical guests (i.e. Faith Evans, Coolio, Brandy, Naughty By Nature, etc.). \"All That\"s theme opening and outro theme were finally released on this CD. Music from the CD is mainly inspired from the show. On October 1, 1998, Nickelodeon released a 112-page book of \"All That\" called \"\" by Steve Holland. The book contains information of the show's sketches, cast members and notable points of the show. It also contains different character information as well. On June 30, 2000, Nickelodeon gave \"All That\" a promotional summer tour titled \"All That Music", "What Was Said What Was Said What Was Said (released January 29, 2016 on the ECM label) is an album by pianist Tord Gustavsen, vocalist Simin Tander and drummer Jarle Vespestad. The Allmusic review by Thom Jurek awarded \"What Was Said\" 4 stars and stated \"This band incorporates improvisational elements into the core of each composition, and the role of the singer is as a co-conspirator in the creation of the moment.\". They also selected it as one of their Favorite Jazz Albums of 2016. Writing in The Guardian, John Fordham called it \"returning to simple songs with religious roots, and to collaboration" ]

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[ "Bob May (actor) grandchildren. He is interred in San Fernando Mission Cemetery. Bob May (actor) Bob May (September 4, 1939 – January 18, 2009) was an American actor best remembered for playing The Robot on the television series \"Lost in Space\", which debuted in 1965 and ran until 1968. May appeared in all 83 episodes inside a prop costume built by Bob Stewart; the robot's voice was dubbed by Dick Tufeld, who was also the narrator of the series. Born in New York City, May was the grandson of vaudeville comedian Chic Johnson, half of the Olsen and Johnson comedy team famed for" ]

[ "Dick Tufeld Dick Tufeld Richard Norton \"Dick\" Tufeld (December 11, 1926 – January 22, 2012) was an American actor, announcer, narrator and voice actor from the late 1940s until the early 21st century. He was a well-known presence on television as an announcer, but his most famous role was as the voice of the Robot in the television series, \"Lost in Space\". Born in Los Angeles, California, to a Russian father and a Canadian mother, he spent his childhood in Pasadena, California. Tufeld attended the Northwestern University School of Communication, then known as the university's School of Speech. In 1945, he obtained", "Dick Tufeld was married to Adrienne Tufeld (1948–2004, her death), and commissioned a home by architect Gregory Ain in 1952. He died in 2012 of congestive heart failure. Dick Tufeld Richard Norton \"Dick\" Tufeld (December 11, 1926 – January 22, 2012) was an American actor, announcer, narrator and voice actor from the late 1940s until the early 21st century. He was a well-known presence on television as an announcer, but his most famous role was as the voice of the Robot in the television series, \"Lost in Space\". Born in Los Angeles, California, to a Russian father and a Canadian mother, he", "Bill Mumy Erasmus Leaf, a child mathematical genius who develops a crush on Brigitte Bardot (played by herself in the film). His parents, played by James Stewart and Glynis Johns, attempt to manage his obsession. While noted for several roles as both a child and adult actor, Mumy is best known for his iconic television role in a classic 60s science fiction series. From 1965 to 1968, Mumy portrayed Will Robinson in \"Lost in Space\", who was the recipient of numerous warnings, (most famously \"Danger, Will Robinson\") from the show's robot character, voiced by Dick Tufeld. Mumy was later cast in \"Bless", "Irwin Allen voice. The flight deck set of the Jupiter 2 spacecraft from the series was recreated as the backdrop for parts of the special. It also was used as a vehicle to promote the 1998 \"Lost in Space\" film version of the original television series, starring William Hurt, Matt LeBlanc, Gary Oldman, Lacey Chabert, Mimi Rogers and Heather Graham. Burns and Jashni later formed Synthesis Entertainment and began developing and producing remakes of, and sequels to, several Allen properties, including a 2002 Fox Television pilot for an updated version of \"The Time Tunnel\", which did not sell, and remakes of films", "Brian Steele Brian Steele Brian Steele is an American actor who has had many roles as monsters and creatures on television and in films. In 2018, he appears as The Robot in \"Lost in Space\". Steele stands at 6 ft 7 in (2.01m). In 2006–2014 Steele portrayed the prank redeeming Sasquatch in over 40 \"Messin' with Sasquatch\" commercials for Jack Links Jerky. On television, Steele played the Bigfoot called Harry in the series \"Harry and the Hendersons\" before moving on to play creatures in theatrical motion pictures, with roles like Mr. Wink in \"\" wearing over 130 pounds of makeup. Steele has", "Lost in Space are to be cryogenically frozen for the voyage, and they are set to be unfrozen when the spacecraft approaches its destination. Meanwhile, Dr. Zachary Smith (Jonathan Harris), Alpha Control's doctor, is revealed to be a saboteur on behalf of an unnamed nation. After disposing of a guard who catches him on board the spacecraft, Smith reprograms the \"Jupiter 2\"s B-9 environmental control robot (voiced by Dick Tufeld) to destroy critical systems on the spaceship eight hours after launch. Smith, however, becomes trapped aboard at launch and his extra weight throws the \"Jupiter 2\" off course, causing it to encounter a", "Lost in Space Wally Cox, Grant Sullivan, Norman Leavitt, Tommy Farrell, Mercedes McCambridge, Lyle Waggoner, Albert Salmi, Royal Dano, Strother Martin, Michael J. Pollard, Byron Morrow, Arte Johnson, Fritz Feld, John Carradine, Al Lewis, Hans Conried, Dennis Patrick, Michael Rennie, Daniel J. Travanti and Michael Conrad. Jonathan Harris, although a permanent cast member, was listed in the opening credits as \"Special Guest Star\" in every episode of \"Lost in Space\". Props and monsters were regularly recycled from other Irwin Allen shows. A sea monster outfit that had featured on Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea (TV series) might get a spray paint", "Jonathan Harris Dr. Zachary Smith, the evil and conniving double agent on \"Lost in Space\". The character did not appear in the original 1965 pilot episode for CBS, nor did The Robot. The series was already in production when Harris joined the cast, and starring/co-starring billing had already been contractually assigned. Harris successfully negotiated to receive \"Special Guest Star\" billing on every episode. Bill Mumy said about Harris' role in his first episode, \"It was actually implied that this villainous character that sabotaged the mission and ended up with us was going to be killed off after a while.\" Mumy added, \"Jonathan", "Lost in Space (film) Lost in Space (film) Lost in Space is a 1998 American science-fiction adventure film directed by Stephen Hopkins, and starring William Hurt, Matt LeBlanc, and Gary Oldman. The plot is adapted from the 1965–1968 CBS television series \"Lost in Space\". Several actors from the TV show make cameo appearances. The film focuses on the Robinson family, who undertake a voyage to a nearby star system to begin large-scale emigration from a soon-to-be uninhabitable Earth, but are thrown off course by a saboteur and must try to find their way home. \"Lost in Space\" met with negative reviews, and grossed $136.2", "Parker Posey on numerous series, such as \"Futurama\" (2000), \"The Simpsons\" (2000), \"Will & Grace\" (2001), \"Boston Legal\" (2006), \"Parks and Recreation\" (2011), \"The Good Wife\" (2011–12), \"Louie\" (2012), \"Inside Amy Schumer\" (2014), and \"Search Party\" (2016). Since 2018 she has starred as June Harris on the Netflix series \"Lost in Space\". Posey was born in Baltimore, Maryland, to Lynda (née Patton), a chef, and Chris Posey, owner of a car dealership. She has a twin brother, Christopher. Posey's first name was given to her because her mother had a childhood friend she admired named Parker. After Posey's birth, her family lived", "Torin Thatcher of \"Beyond This Place\" (1957). He appeared in programmes such as \"The Real McCoys\", \"Thriller\", \"Gunsmoke\", \"Perry Mason\", \"Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea\", \"Daniel Boone\" and \"\". He was cast as the sly space trader in an episode of \"Lost in Space\". Thatcher, if not for his distinguished career, has become recognised by several generations of fans of \"\" from his performance as Marplon, secretly a member of the resistance in the episode \"The Return of the Archons\". Thatcher died of cancer on 4 March 1981, in Thousand Oaks, California, USA. Torin Thatcher Torin Herbert Erskine Thatcher (15", "Irwin Allen roughly $250,000 per episode. As another castaway themed show, Allen incorporated some of the successful elements from \"Lost in Space\", although this time he did not allow the treacherous character to dominate the series. Allen also produced several TV movies, such as \"City Beneath the Sea\", which recycled many props and models from \"Voyage\", \"Lost in Space,\" and \"Man From The 25th Century\". Both were intended as pilots for new TV series projects, but his small-screen success from the 1960s largely eluded him in the 1970s. \"Lost in Space\"'s Bill Mumy said of Allen that, while he was very good", "Michael J. Pollard is amusing right up until twenty kids pile onto Kirk and he emerges with blood seeping down the sides of his head. He also appeared in the memorable first season episode of Irwin Allen's \"Lost In Space\" as a nameless Peter Pan-like boy who lives in the dimension behind all mirrors (\"The Magic Mirror\") In 1967, he played the supporting role of C. W. Moss in Arthur Penn's \"Bonnie and Clyde\", alongside Warren Beatty, Faye Dunaway, Gene Hackman, and Estelle Parsons, for which he received Academy Award and Golden Globe Award nominations for Best Supporting Actor and won a BAFTA", "Robert Kinoshita actor Dick Tufeld. Two of Kinoshita's famous robots appeared faceplate-to-faceplate in the \"Lost in Space\" episodes \"War of the Robots\" and \"Condemned of Space\", where Robby the Robot appeared as a guest robotoid and robot, respectively. Among his credits are art direction on four other well-known TV shows: \"Highway Patrol\" (1955–1959), \"Bat Materson\" (1960–1961), \"Hawaii Five-O\" (1970–1971), and \"Kojak\" (1973–1974). Kinoshita also contributed production design to several features including \"The Phantom Planet\" (1961). The B9 robot fan club provided photos of Kinoshita on his 94th birthday as well as an interview. Robert Kinoshita turned 100 in February 2014 and died", "Bill Mumy his friend and acting mentor offscreen and their onscreen connection while working in character as Will Robinson and Dr. Smith onscreen, in \"Lost in Space\". Mumy noted: \"I never really had too many uncomfortable moments working with any actor. I was comfortable working with most everybody. It’s just the more that Jonathan and I did together, the more he changed the character. He really changed the character of Dr. Smith himself. He really turned him from a snarling saboteur villain to this bumbling insulting kook. The more he played it for comedy, the more Irwin Allen liked it. The show", "June Lockhart She replaced actress Cloris Leachman, who, in turn, had replaced Jan Clayton – who had played a similar character earlier in the series. Following her five-year run on \"Lassie\" Lockhart made a guest appearance on \"Perry Mason\" as defendant Mona Stanton Harvey in \"The Case of the Scandalous Sculptor.\" Lockhart then starred as Dr. Maureen Robinson in \"Lost in Space\", which ran from 1965 to 1968 on CBS, opposite veteran actors Guy Williams and Jonathan Harris. In 1965, Lockhart played librarian Ina Coolbrith, first poet laureate of California, in the episode \"Magic Locket\" of the syndicated western series, \"Death Valley", "Robotoid since the body and brain of the robotoid are not identical to the original person being copied. Robotoid A robotoid is an \"artificial lifeform\" that is created through processes that are totally different from cloning or synthetics. In short; the cybernetic equivalent of a \"humanoid.\" Perhaps the first mention of \"robotoid\" was in the \"Lost in Space\" episode \"War of the Robots\" which originally aired on February 9, 1966 and credits Robby the Robot as a \"robotoid\" and William Bramley and Ollie O'Toole as uncredited \"robotoid voice\" actors. In the episode, the \"Lost in Space\" robot says: \"It is more", "Irwin Allen footage, particularly from \"Hell and High Water\", \"The Enemy Below\" and Allen's \"The Lost World\". Allen had originally intended \"Lost in Space\" (1965–68, CBS TV) to be a family show, a science fiction version of \"The Swiss Family Robinson\". It quickly developed into a children's show with episodes concentrating on the young Will Robinson, the robot and especially the comic villain Dr. Smith. The show popularized several science fiction elements that have since become widespread, such as the comic robot (e.g. \"Silent Running\", \"Star Wars\") or android (\"Logan's Run\", \"\"), the heroic child (\"Voyagers!\", Wesley Crusher), and the wacky lovable", "Robotoid Robotoid A robotoid is an \"artificial lifeform\" that is created through processes that are totally different from cloning or synthetics. In short; the cybernetic equivalent of a \"humanoid.\" Perhaps the first mention of \"robotoid\" was in the \"Lost in Space\" episode \"War of the Robots\" which originally aired on February 9, 1966 and credits Robby the Robot as a \"robotoid\" and William Bramley and Ollie O'Toole as uncredited \"robotoid voice\" actors. In the episode, the \"Lost in Space\" robot says: \"It is more than a machine...it is a robotoid.\" The robot goes on to explain that as a robot, it", "William Mapother William Mapother William Reibert Mapother Jr. (; born April 17, 1965) is an American actor, known for his role as Ethan Rom on the television series \"Lost\" and starring in the film \"In the Bedroom\". He is also known for the film \"Another Earth\". Mapother was born in Louisville, Kentucky, the son of Louisa (née Riehm) and William Reibert Mapother Sr. He is of English, Irish, and German ancestry. He is a first cousin of actor Tom Cruise (whose birth name was Thomas Cruise Mapother IV). His father was an attorney, bankruptcy consultant and judge in Louisville, between 1967 and", "Grant Sullivan (actor) In 1967, he was a cast as a space alien in the episode \"Kidnapped in Space\" on CBS's \"Lost in Space\". Sullivan left acting in the early 1970s and became a realtor. He worked as a business executive for both Mission Viejo Company and Great Western Real Estate until his retirement. Sullivan died of cancer at his home in Laguna Beach, California on May 31, 2011, aged 86. He was survived by his wife of 42 years, Valedia Sullivan, and a brother, Don Schulz. Grant Sullivan (actor) Grant Sullivan (June 30, 1924 – May 31, 2011) was an American actor", "Lost in Space humor, including fanciful space hippies, more pirates, off-beat inter-galactic zoos, ice princesses and \"Lost in Space\"'s beauty pageant. During the first two seasons, episodes concluded in a \"live action freeze\" anticipating the following week, with the cliff-hanger caption, \"To be continued next week! Same time — same channel!\" For the third season, the episode would conclude, immediately followed with a vocal \"teaser\" from the Robot (Dick Tufeld), warning viewers to \"Stay tuned for scenes from next week's exciting adventure!\", which would highlight the next episode, followed by the closing credits. After cancellation, the show was successful in reruns and in", "Dick Tufeld as the voice of the B9 Robot in the CBS television series \"Lost in Space\", a role he reprised for the 1998 feature film. He also provided narrations for many other Irwin Allen productions, such as ABC's \"Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea\" and \"The Time Tunnel\", and did voice work for the 1978 animated television series \"Fantastic Four\". He narrated several episodes of \"Thundarr the Barbarian\" (1980). He was the main title narrator on the 1979 DePatie-Freleng series, \"Spider-Woman\", as well as the main title announcer on the 1981 Marvel Productions show \"Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends\". He", "Jonathan Harris Jonathan Harris Jonathan Harris (born Jonathan Daniel Charasuchin; November 6, 1914 – November 3, 2002) was an American character actor whose career included more than 500 television and movie appearances, as well as voiceovers. Two of his best-known roles were as the timid accountant Bradford Webster in the television version of \"The Third Man\" and the fussy villain Dr. Zachary Smith of the 1960s science fiction series \"Lost in Space\". Near the end of his career, he provided voices for the animated features \"A Bug's Life\" and \"Toy Story 2\". The second of three children, Harris was born to a", "Frédéric Dieudonné Jeunet, Charlotte Rampling, Claude Lelouch, Johnny Depp, Christopher Lee, Patrick Stewart, Mark Hamill, Buzz Aldrin, William Shatner, Tippi Hedren, Stan Lee, Ray Bradbury, Ted Turner, Richard Dean Anderson, Larry Hagman, Christopher Reeve, Roy E. Disney, Tony Curtis, Ernest Borgnine, Steve McQueen, TV series \"Heroes\", \"Lost\", \"Stargate SG1\" and \"Battlestar Galactica\" cast and crew, and has celebrated movie classics such as \"Blade Runner\", \"Star Trek\", \"Superman\", \"Forbidden Planet\", Alfred Hitchcock's \"The Birds\", \"\", \"Planet of the Apes\", \"Some Like It Hot\" and \"The Wild Bunch\". Frédéric Dieudonné Frédéric Dieudonné (born September 21, 1969) is a French writer, a filmmaker and a", "Bill Mumy really went the way that Jonathan led it. But we had great chemistry together, and we never had a bad day. We were always prepared, as was Bobby May who was inside the robot. When we had our work to do—and I think this is a very big reason [for] the way it went—they’d get us done in a couple of takes. Nobody screwed up. It was easier for the crew and it was easier for us, and people seemed to like it.\" Mumy attends \"Lost in Space\" reunions and shows, and co-authored a 2015 book, \"Lost (and Found) in", "Mark Goddard Anspach, brought two children to their marriage. Mark Goddard Mark Goddard (born Charles Harvey Goddard; July 24, 1936) is an American actor who has starred in a number of television programs. He is probably best known for portraying Major Don West, the adversary of Dr. Zachary Smith (played by Jonathan Harris), in the CBS series \"Lost in Space\" (1965-68). He also played Detective Sgt. Chris Ballard , \"The Detectives\", starring Robert Taylor. Charles Harvey Goddard was born in Lowell, Massachusetts, the youngest of five children, and grew up in Scituate. He was raised Catholic. He led both his high school", "Bill Mumy Bill Mumy Charles William Mumy Jr. (; born February 1, 1954) is an American actor, musician, pitchman, instrumentalist, voice actor, author and a figure in the science-fiction community. He came to prominence in the 1960s as a child actor, when he was credited as Billy Mumy, an era which included appearances in \"The Twilight Zone\" and \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\" television shows, as well as co-starring in \"Dear Brigitte\", followed by an iconic three-season role as Will Robinson in the 1960s CBS sci-fi series \"Lost in Space\". He later appeared as lonely teenager Sterling North in the Disney film \"Rascal\" (1969).", "Mark Goddard the rest of the cast and he paid tribute to producer Irwin Allen, who had died late in 1991. On October 16, 1997, (the same day the show's fictional \"Jupiter II\" spaceship departed in the original episode), Goddard and the rest of the surviving cast also appeared on the inside cover of \"TV Guide\" to promote the feature film of \"Lost in Space\". At the same time, the Sci-Fi Channel had planned to do a \"Lost in Space\" marathon. Goddard, along with Harris and the rest of his cast, were planning for the movie \"Lost in Space: The Journey Home\"", "Robot series (Asimov) spec screenplay entitled 'Hardwired' written in 1995 by Jeff Vintar. While this earlier script had no direct connections with Asimov, it was considered suitably 'Asimovian' in nature (being a locked room mystery with robot suspects) to provide the basis for an \"I, Robot\" movie. Elements from several Asimov robot stories were woven into the overall storyline, including \"Little Lost Robot\", \"The Evitable Conflict\" and \"Robot Dreams\". The movie starred Will Smith as Dale Spooner and Bridget Moynahan as Susan Calvin. Robot series (Asimov) The \"Robot\" series is a series of 38 science fiction short stories and five novels by American", "Lost in Space 1997, the United States is gearing up to colonize space. The \"Jupiter 2\", a futuristic saucer-shaped spacecraft, stands on its launch pad undergoing final preparations. Its mission is to take a single family on a five-and-a-half-year journey to an Earthlike planet orbiting the star Alpha Centauri. The Robinson family, consisted of Professor John Robinson (Guy Williams), his wife Maureen (June Lockhart) and their three children, Judy (Marta Kristen), Penny (Angela Cartwright), and Will (Billy Mumy). The family is accompanied by U.S. Space Corps Major Donald West (Mark Goddard), who is trained to land the ship. The Robinsons and Major West", "Lost in Space as a happy crew without internal conflicts. While many storylines in the later series focused primarily on Dr. Zachary Smith, a stowaway and saboteur played by Jonathan Harris, he was absent from the unaired pilot. His character was added after the series was commissioned for production. The pilot episode was first aired on television during a 1997 retrospective. CBS bought the series, turning down \"Star Trek\" in favor of \"Lost in Space\". Before the first episode was filmed, the characters Smith and the Robot were added, and the spaceship, originally named \"Gemini 12\", was renamed the \"Jupiter 2\" and redesigned.", "Robert Kinoshita and \"B9 Environmental Control\" robot from the 1960s TV series \"Lost in Space\", which was called \"Robot\". Created at a cost of anywhere between $125,000 and $1,000,000 — depending on which source is quoted — and measuring around 7 feet (213 cm) tall, Robby the Robot was the result of the efforts of a number of individuals, although the final design as it appeared in \"Forbidden Planet\" is usually attributed to Kinoshita, who was head draftsman of the art department, and who produced the working drawings and blueprints for Robby's construction under the supervision of art director A. Arnold \"Buddy\"", "Fritz Feld roles, including the recurring role of \"Zumdish\", the manager of the intergalactic Celestial Department Store on \"Lost In Space\", in two Season 2 episodes, \"The Android Machine\" and \"The Toymaker\". Zumdish returned in the Season 3 episode \"Two Weeks In Space\", where he has been brainwashed by bank robbers into believing he is a tour director taking the robbers on holiday. He also portrayed one of the Harmonia Gardens waiters in the movie \"Hello Dolly!\" (1969). Feld made his final film appearance in 1989. Feld was married to Virginia Christine who was twenty years his junior and famous for her", "Bill Mumy the Sci Fi original film \"A.I. Assault\". In 2018, Mumy appeared in the pilot episode of the Netflix remake series, \"Lost in Space\". His character's name is Dr. Z. Smith, in homage to the character played by Jonathan Harris in the 1965 television series. Mumy has narrated over 50 episodes of the Arts & Entertainment Channel's \"Biography\" series, as well as hosted and narrated several other documentaries and specials for A & E, Animal Planet network, The Sci-Fi Channel, and E!. His voice acting talents can be heard on animated shows like \"Ren and Stimpy\", \"Scooby-Doo\", \"\", Steven Spielberg's \"Animaniacs\",", "Dee Hartford in \"Gunsmoke\", \"Burke's Law\", \"The Outer Limits\", \"The Alfred Hitchcock Hour\", \"Batman\" (two episodes), \"Time Tunnel\", \"Land of the Giants\" and \"Lost in Space\" (three episodes). She appeared as the android Verda in the 1966 \"Lost in Space\" episode \"The Android Machine\" and in a sequel, \"Revolt of the Androids\". Hartford married Hawks on February 20, 1953, at his home in Hollywood, California. She is a Mormon. Dee Hartford Dee Hartford (born Donna Higgins, April 21, 1928) is a retired American television actress. She was married to Howard Hawks from 1953-59. Her sister was actress Eden Hartford. Born in Salt", "Jonathan Harris tribute to Harris, writer/director John Wardlaw wrote an additional scene for the film \"The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas\", which included Harris's final performance before his death. Wardlaw asked \"Lost in Space\" co-stars Bill Mumy, Angela Cartwright, and Marta Kristen to contribute their voices to the film. The three actors reunited in the recording studio on June 14, 2006. \"This was the first time they had all been together in something unrelated to \"Lost in Space\" and it was a blast. They listened to what Harris had recorded and there were laughs and some tears,\" Wardlaw stated. Harris was married to", "Mark Goddard Mark Goddard Mark Goddard (born Charles Harvey Goddard; July 24, 1936) is an American actor who has starred in a number of television programs. He is probably best known for portraying Major Don West, the adversary of Dr. Zachary Smith (played by Jonathan Harris), in the CBS series \"Lost in Space\" (1965-68). He also played Detective Sgt. Chris Ballard , \"The Detectives\", starring Robert Taylor. Charles Harvey Goddard was born in Lowell, Massachusetts, the youngest of five children, and grew up in Scituate. He was raised Catholic. He led both his high school baseball and basketball teams to the state", "Maxwell Jenkins Maxwell Jenkins Maxwell Jenkins (born May 3, 2005) is an American actor who is known for his roles in \"Betrayal\" and \"Sense8\". In 2016, he played the role of Ryan Jensen in \"A Family Man\". In 2018, he appears as Will Robinson in \"Lost in Space\", the Netflix remake of the 1965 TV series. The series is ongoing, and is expected to release more episodes next year. Jenkins is the son of Jeff Jenkins, a former Ringling clown, and Julie Greenberg. They are the co-founders and directors of the Chicago-based Midnight Circus, whose proceeds help fund general improvements for the", "Robinsonade than sue CBS or Irwin Allen, Western decided to reach a settlement which allowed them to use \"Lost in Space\" for the title of the comic book. Since CBS and Irwin Allen licensed shows to Western, Western didn't want to antagonize them. Also, the TV show title probably helped sales of the comic book. The \"Lost in Space\" TV series is an adaptation of the novel \"The Swiss Family Robinson\". The astronaut family of Dr. John Robinson, accompanied by an Air Force pilot and a robot, set out from an overpopulated Earth in the spaceship \"Jupiter 2\" to visit a", "Bill Mumy pioneered them. In 1996, Mumy and his \"Lost in Space\" costar Jonathan Harris were reunited at a Walt Disney convention in Orlando, Florida. Mumy worked again with Harris on the retrospective special \"Lost In Space: Forever\" (1998), where they reprised their roles in a scene written by Mumy (Harris rewrote his own lines). This occurred the year after the rest of the cast (including both Mumy and Harris) stated in a \"TV Guide\" article that the Sci Fi Channel planned to do a \"Lost in Space\" marathon while promoting a new movie. Harris was to appear in the planned TV", "Lyle Waggoner the title role in the TV series version of \"Batman\", but lost the role to Adam West. In 1967, he appeared in \"Catalina Caper\" (with Tommy Kirk, a former child actor trying to restart his career as a young adult), a film which would eventually be lampooned by \"Mystery Science Theater 3000\". He also had a minor guest starring role in the Season 3 episode \"Deadliest of the Species\" of the TV series \"Lost in Space\". In 1976 Waggoner was appointed \"mayor\" of Encino, California by the local chamber of commerce. The \"mayor\" is not an actual government official; the", "Jonathan Harris of Dr. Smith by Gary Oldman in the 1998 film version, who played the role as a more genuinely menacing and less likeable character than Harris's on television. For the 2018 reboot of \"Lost in Space\" as a Netflix original series, Parker Posey was cast as Dr. Zachary Smith, a female sociopath using a stolen identity to assume the role of the ship's psychologist. In the mid-1970s, Harris starred in live-action roles in two Saturday morning children's series, \"Space Academy\" and \"Uncle Croc's Block\", and was a well-known TV spokesman for the International House of Pancakes. He made several cameo", "Robot (Lost in Space) Robot (Lost in Space) The Class M-3 Model B-9 General Utility Non-Theorizing Environmental Control Robot, known simply as the Robot, is a fictional character in the television series \"Lost in Space\". His full designation was only occasionally mentioned on the show. Although a machine endowed with superhuman strength and futuristic weaponry, he often displayed human characteristics, such as laughter, sadness, and mockery, as well as singing and playing the guitar. With his major role often being to protect the youngest member of the crew, the Robot's catchphrases were \"It does not compute\" and \"Danger, Will Robinson!\", accompanied by flailing his", "Toby Stephens In 2018, he appears as John Robinson in \"Lost in Space\", the Netflix remake of the 1965 TV series. Stephens and New Zealand actress Anna-Louise Plowman were married in 2001. Their first child, son Eli Alistair, was born in May 2007. The renowned British playwright Simon Gray (who penned \"Japes\", a stage play, and \"Missing Dates\", a radio drama, both of which starred Stephens), was reported to be Eli's godfather. Their daughters, Tallulah and Kura, were born in May 2009 and in September 2010, respectively. Plowman and Stephens performed together as Sibyl and Elyot in Jonathan Kent's revival of \"Private", "Michael Ansara character of \"Qarlo,\" the Soldier in an episode of the original The Outer Limits television show. It opened the second season of shows on 19 September 1964 and was written by acclaimed fantasy writer and novelist Harlan Ellison, adapting it from his short story \"Soldier from Tomorrow.\" He starred in a supporting role in the 1965 Elvis Presley film, \"Harum Scarum\". His wife, Barbara Eden, had starred in an earlier Elvis film, 1960's \"Flaming Star\". Ansara played the Ruler on episode 22, \"The Challenge,\" of the television series \"Lost in Space\" (March 2, 1966) with a young Kurt Russell as", "Guy Williams (actor) expert in astrophysics and geology, who commanded the mission of the \"Jupiter 2\" spaceship, taking his family in a voyage to colonize the Alpha Centauri star system. After \"Lost in Space\", Guy Williams decided to retire in order to better enjoy his wealth, which had been largely generated by investments in several businesses, buying and selling on the stock market. When Guy had first visited Argentina in 1973 he was quite taken by the admiration and fascination the Argentine people expressed for him and his character of 'El Zorro'. In return, Guy fell in love with the culture and people", "Lost in Space (comics) Penelope\", Brian Woodford. The artist was John Burns. Lost in Space (comics) Lost in Space was a comic book published by Innovation Comics, based upon the television series \"Lost in Space\". It utilized the settings and characters from the series, but was set years after the end of the series, and featured older characters coming to terms with being cut off from Earth for so many years. In the 1980s, Bill Mumy (who played Will Robinson on the series) had tried, and failed, to convince Irwin Allen to allow production of a \"Lost in Space\" film for theatres or TV.", "Jon Hamm after three years, he was terminated as a client by William Morris. Hamm continued working as a waiter and, briefly, as a set designer for a softcore pornography movie. After repeatedly failing to get promising roles, Hamm set his 30th birthday as a deadline to succeed in Hollywood, stating: During 2000, Hamm obtained the role of romantic firefighter Burt Ridley on NBC's drama series \"Providence\". His one-episode contract grew to 19, and enabled him to quit waiting tables. Hamm made his feature movie debut with one line in Clint Eastwood's space adventure \"Space Cowboys\" (2000); more substantial roles followed in", "Gregory Chamitoff cousin's bagel bakery. He also bought a velcro chess set and started playing games against mission control, which got quite competitive. While Richard Garriott was aboard the ISS at the beginning of Expedition 18, Chamitoff and Garriott filmed the first magic show in space, and along with Yury Lonchakov, Michael Fincke and Richard Garriott, filmed the first science-fiction movie made in space, \"Apogee of Fear\". After conducting experiments with the SPHERES during his mission, he founded the Zero Robotics competition, where high school students program the robots. Chamitoff served as a mission specialist on STS-134, the penultimate Space Shuttle mission,", "Tobor the Great Robot for the classic 1956 film \"Forbidden Planet\", as well as the B-9 Environmental Control Robot for the mid-1960s hit science fiction television series \"Lost In Space\". The original Tobor prop and remote control device is still in existence, having been stored away safely in a private collection for more than 50 years. There is an on-line company, Fred Barton Productions, that sells screen-accurate, full-size replicas of Tobor as seen in the film. In a review in \"The New York Times\" \"Tobor the Great\" is characterized as \"This children's sci-fi adventure (that) chronicles the friendship between an 11-year-old and his", "Lost in Space in Space. To compete, \"Lost in Space\" Season 2 imitated \"Batman\"'s campy humor to compete against that show's enormous success. Bright outfits, over-the-top action, outrageous villains came to the fore, in outlandish stories. Stories giving all characters focus were sacrificed, in favor of a growing emphasis on Smith, Will, and the Robot. According to Billy Mumy, Mark Goddard and Guy Williams both disliked the shift away from serious science fiction. The third season had more straight adventure, with the \"Jupiter 2\" now functional and hopping from planet to planet, but the episodes still tended to be whimsical and to emphasize", "Lost in Space Harris) was the only character from the original program to appear in the special, along with the Robot (who was named Robon and employed in flight control rather than a support activity). The spacecraft was launched vertically by rocket, and Smith was a passenger rather than a saboteur. The pilot for the animated \"Lost in Space\" series was not picked up as a series, and only this episode was produced. This cartoon was included in the Blu-ray release on September 15, 2015. 20th Century Fox has released the entire series on DVD in Region 1. Several of the releases contain", "Jim Nabors television jobs for nightclub and concert engagements and a role in a touring production of \"Man of La Mancha\". However, Sid and Marty Krofft persuaded Nabors to star in the Saturday-morning children's television show \"The Lost Saucer,\" about two bumbling androids, Fi (Ruth Buzzi) and Fum (Nabors), who travel through time with two children. Nabors, whose character was described as a \"Gomer Pyle in outer space\", sang in a few of the episodes. Nabors also guest starred on episode 6 of season 1 of \"The Muppet Show\". In the 1980s, Nabors appeared in three feature-length films starring his friend Burt", "Guy Williams (actor) despite being originally slated to become one of the four permanent leads. He was originally to replace Pernell Roberts (Adam Cartwright), who had planned to leave the show at the end of that season, thus allowing the format with four regular leads to continue. Roberts decided late in the season to stay for one more year. This, plus the cast's concern that replacement of a regular character might create a threatening precedent, cost Williams the role. In 1965, Guy Williams returned to weekly television in the popular CBS science-fiction family series \"Lost In Space\". Guy Williams played Professor John Robinson,", "Linda Harrison (actress) Angeles and obtained a real estate license, like her eldest sister, Kay. In 1995, she landed a small part as the \"Madam\" in \"Wild Bill\". In 1998, she appeared as herself in the Kevin Burns TV documentary \"Behind the Planet of the Apes\" about the making of the first five \"Planet of the Apes\" films. In October 1998, Harrison attended her first science fiction convention in New Jersey. Also in attendance were Jonathan Harris, Marta Kristen, Mark Goddard and Angela Cartwright, of the original \"Lost in Space\" TV series; Lou Ferrigno of \"The Incredible Hulk\" TV series; and Bela Lugosi", "Vitina Marcus \"Taras Bulba\" (1962) with Tony Curtis and Yul Brynner. On television, she appeared in \"Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea\", including the first-season episode \"Turn Back the Clock\" (which, in classic Irwin Allen-style, reused some of her footage from \"The Lost World\" and the second-season episode \"Return of the Phantom\". She appeared in two light-hearted episodes of \"Lost in Space\" as 'The Green Lady' (aka 'Lorelei'), stowaway Dr. Zachary Smith's most persistent and verdant admirer, while Smith was completely under her spell, to the complete peril of the \"Jupiter II\", as usual; \"Have Gun – Will Travel\" as Della", "Alfred Worden Worden was played by Michael Raynor. Worden wrote the poem \"Apollo Lost\" in response to the cutbacks in the US space program. It was set to music by Cynthia McQuillin. Other poems by Worden have been published, and some have been set to music by Dov Rosenschein. Worden contributed the foreword to the space history book \"To A Distant Day\" by Chris Gainor. Alfred Worden Alfred Merrill \"Al\" Worden (born February 7, 1932), (Col, USAF, Ret.), is an American astronaut and engineer who was the Command Module Pilot for the Apollo 15 lunar mission in 1971. He is one of", "Lost in Space (comics) Lost in Space (comics) Lost in Space was a comic book published by Innovation Comics, based upon the television series \"Lost in Space\". It utilized the settings and characters from the series, but was set years after the end of the series, and featured older characters coming to terms with being cut off from Earth for so many years. In the 1980s, Bill Mumy (who played Will Robinson on the series) had tried, and failed, to convince Irwin Allen to allow production of a \"Lost in Space\" film for theatres or TV. In 1991, a fledgling publisher called Innovation Comics", "Jim Lovell based on Lovell's book \"Lost Moon\". Lovell himself makes a cameo in this movie, playing the captain of the USS \"Iwo Jima\" at the end of the film. In 1998, actor Tim Daly portrayed Lovell in portions of the HBO miniseries \"From the Earth to the Moon\". The film depicts Lovell during his missions aboard Gemini 12, Apollo 8, and Apollo 13, though he is not seen on screen during the latter mission. Lovell is one of the astronauts featured in the book and documentaries \"In the Shadow of the Moon\" and \"When We Left Earth\". On November 13, 2008,", "Jonathan Harris the reunion TV movie \"Lost in Space: The Journey Home\" was set to film, Harris was taken to the hospital with what he thought was a back problem. On November 3, 2002, Harris died of a blood clot to the heart. He was 87 years old, just three days shy of his 88th birthday. Harris was interred in Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery, in Westwood Village, in Los Angeles. Eulogists at his funeral included long time friends: director Arthur Hiller; former 20th Century Fox television executive and producer Kevin Burns; and fellow \"Lost in Space\" castmate Bill Mumy. As a", "Jeffrey Kluger Whitman Bassow Award for \"best reporting in any medium on international environmental issues\" for their work on global warming. Kluger has authored numerous books, most notably \"Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13\" (October 1994), with coauthor Jim Lovell. \"Lost Moon\" would become the basis for the Ron Howard film \"Apollo 13\" (1995) starring Tom Hanks. Kluger would later be a technical consultant for, and appear in, the movie \"Apollo 13: The IMAX Experience\". His other books about the space program are: His other works include: Jeffrey Kluger Jeffrey Kluger (born 1954) is a senior writer at \"Time\" magazine", "Leonard Stone \"The Case of the Hateful Hero.\" Stone played Farnum the Great in 2 episodes of \"Lost in Space\" (1965-1968). In 1966, he had a supporting role as Morton on the short-lived CBS sitcom \"The Jean Arthur Show\" starring Jean Arthur and Ron Harper.. He appeared twice on ABC's \"The Donna Reed Show\", as Mr. Trestle in \"The Good Guys and the Bad Guys\" (1961) and as Harlan Carmody, Jr., in \"Joe College\" (1965). In the 1965-1966 season, he appeared as Doc Joslyn in \"Camp Runamuck\" on NBC. In 1967, he had the role of Judge Gilroy in \"Cimarron Strip\" on", "Robby the Robot \"The Thin Man\", \"Columbo\", \"The Addams Family\", and \"Lost in Space\" where he battles The Robot. While Robby's appearance was generally consistent, there were exceptions. The original Rod Serling incarnation of \"The Twilight Zone\" - which was substantially filmed at MGM Studios - made extensive use of props and costumes originally created for \"Forbidden Planet\", including Robby. The Season 5 episode \"Uncle Simon\" (1963) featured Robby, although his appearance was considerably different, combining the familiar body with an alternative head. According to Robby's current owner, director William Malone, the head used in this episode was a prototype created during Robby's", "Lost in Space new world in each episode, as the family attempts to return to Earth or to reach their original destination in the Alpha Centauri system. A newly built \"Space Pod\", provided a means of transportation between the ship and passing planets, and allows for various escapades. This season has a different set of opening credits and a new theme tune, which was composed by John Williams as part of the show's new direction. During its three-season run, a number of actors made guest appearances. Among those are: Kevin Hagen, Alan Hewitt, Sherry Jackson, Werner Klemperer, Warren Oates, Don Matheson, Kurt Russell,", "Robot (Lost in Space) around the world, who have built at least 15 detailed full-size replicas of the Robot. In the 2018 Netflix series, the Robot is an alien AI which bears only a few resemblances with earlier versions, such as his famous line and loyalty to Will. Robot (Lost in Space) The Class M-3 Model B-9 General Utility Non-Theorizing Environmental Control Robot, known simply as the Robot, is a fictional character in the television series \"Lost in Space\". His full designation was only occasionally mentioned on the show. Although a machine endowed with superhuman strength and futuristic weaponry, he often displayed human characteristics,", "Maxwell Jenkins Chicago parks the circus is hosted in. Jenkins began performing with the circus at age three, performing acts like tightwire walking, juggling, and playing mandolin. Jenkins started his acting career in ABC's \"Betrayal\" at age 8 in 2013. Maxwell Jenkins Maxwell Jenkins (born May 3, 2005) is an American actor who is known for his roles in \"Betrayal\" and \"Sense8\". In 2016, he played the role of Ryan Jensen in \"A Family Man\". In 2018, he appears as Will Robinson in \"Lost in Space\", the Netflix remake of the 1965 TV series. The series is ongoing, and is expected to", "Space Academy Space Academy Space Academy is a live-action sci-fi children's television program produced by Filmation that originally aired Saturday mornings on the CBS television network, from September 10, 1977, to December 17, 1977. (Repeats ran on and off until September 1, 1979.) A total of fifteen half-hour episodes were made. The program starred veteran actor Jonathan Harris, best known as Dr. Zachary Smith of \"Lost in Space;\" co-starring were Pamelyn Ferdin, Ric Carrott, Maggie Cooper, Brian Tochi, Ty Henderson, and Eric Greene. The program featured a pint-sized robot called \"Peepo\", a radio-controlled machine voiced by Erika Scheimer talking through a pitch-shifter", "The Siege of AR-558 Lennier, required him to wear them. But \"Deep Space Nine\" producer Ira Steven Behr offered him a human role in this episode, which Mumy accepted after reading the script for an hour. Once on set, he found that the script could not be changed at all, unwittingly delaying a morning's production because he added the word \"well\" to a line. He was happy with the death scene of his character, also adding that Behr \"got a kick\" out of killing Will Robinson from \"Lost in Space\". The Siege of AR-558 \"The Siege of AR-558\" is the 158th episode of the", "Robert Patrick Marshall\" as Marshall University head coach Rick Tolley, who lost his life when Southern Airways Flight 932 crashed in 1970. His credits also include a guest starring role in the \"Lost\" episode \"Outlaws\", as well as a recurring role as the voice of Master Piandao in of the Nickelodeon animated series \"\". Patrick played a supporting role in \"Firewall\", a 2006 action movie starring Harrison Ford. He has also appeared in Meat Loaf's music video \"Objects in the Rear View Mirror May Appear Closer than They Are\" with Will Estes. Director McG, who directed \"Terminator Salvation\", said that he wanted", "William Mapother Bateson was recast. In 2014, he played the lead in the paranormal horror film \"The Atticus Institute\". He is a founding partner of the film finance platform Slated. William Mapother William Reibert Mapother Jr. (; born April 17, 1965) is an American actor, known for his role as Ethan Rom on the television series \"Lost\" and starring in the film \"In the Bedroom\". He is also known for the film \"Another Earth\". Mapother was born in Louisville, Kentucky, the son of Louisa (née Riehm) and William Reibert Mapother Sr. He is of English, Irish, and German ancestry. He is a", "Kevin Hagen Train\", \"Outlaws\", \"Straightaway\", \"GE True\", \"Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea\", \"The Twilight Zone\", in the episodes \"Elegy\", and \"You Drive\", \"Daniel Boone\", \"Blue Light\", \"\", \"Rawhide\", \"77 Sunset Strip\", \"M*A*S*H\", \"The Rifleman\", \"Lancer\", \"The Virginian\", \"The Guns of Will Sonnett\", \"The Cowboys\", \"Lost in Space\" (as the alien in the episode \"His Majesty Smith\"), \"The Silent Force\", \"Sara\", \"Quincy, M.E.\", \"Simon and Simon\", and \"Knots Landing\". Hagen considered his big break to be the role of a Confederate who kills James Stewart's son and daughter-in-law in the 1965 film \"Shenandoah\". His most famous role was one of his", "Heather Graham the sci-fi film \"Lost in Space\", which was met with mostly negative reviews, and grossed $69,117,629 domestically on a production budget of $80 million. The cast was signed on for sequels that remain unmade. She starred as Felicity Shagwell in the sequel \"\" (1999), which was a box-office hit. Shagwell is one of her best-known roles and became a fan favorite. Her turn as Shagwell also earned her a nomination for the Saturn Award for Best Actress. She appeared in the music video for Lenny Kravitz's cover of \"American Woman\". Also in 1999, Graham co-starred as Daisy in the movie", "R. Daneel Olivaw final brain, which was thousands of times more advanced than his first, showed signs of shutting down after only 600 years. In the 1964 British television adaptation of \"The Caves of Steel\" (an episode of the BBC2 series \"Story Parade\"), Daneel was played by John Carson. The script was adapted by Terry Nation. In the 1969 British television adaptation of \"The Naked Sun\" (an episode of the BBC2 series \"Out of the Unknown\"), Daneel was played by David Collings. In the 1988 TV Movie \"Robots\", Daneel was portrayed by Brent Barrett. In the 1989 BBC Radio 4 adaptation of \"The", "Jason of Star Command \"Space Academy\", but according to the DVD booklet, he \"had a falling out\" with Filmation, thus the creation of Doohan's character. The asteroid prop used for \"Space Academy\" was re-used for \"Jason\", where Star Command was stated to be \"in a secret part of the Space Academy\". Other than the appearance of the robot Peepo and the appearance of a Seeker shuttle piloted by Lt. Matt Prentiss (John Berwick), no references were made to the characters or situations in \"Space Academy\". Season One (fifteen-minute segments from \"Tarzan and the Super 7\"): Season Two (30 minute episodes aired as \"Jason of", "Marta Kristen died. Marta Kristen Marta Kristen (born February 26, 1945) is a Norwegian-born American actress. Kristen is best known for her role as Judy Robinson, one of Professor John and Maureen Robinson's daughters, in the television series \"Lost in Space\" (1965–1968). Marta played the part of the space family's eldest child, a mature \"20-something woman\" near the age group of the space pilot, played by Mark Goddard. Her mature role allowed adult form-fitting fashions and hairstyles, as shown in publicity photos of the TV series. Kristen was born Birgit Annalisa Rusanen in Oslo, Norway, to a Finnish mother and a German", "James Cotten Spy\"), Dave Klein (\"Chasing Amy\", \"Clerks II\"), and Michael Barrett (\"CSI\", \"Bobby\", \"Kiss Kiss Bang Bang\"). He studied Production Design with Lawrence Paull (\"Blade Runner\", \"Escape from L.A.\", \"Unlawful Entry\") and Direction with Paul Verhoeven (\"RoboCop\", \"Starship Troopers\"), Donald Petrie (\"How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days\", \"Miss Congeniality\"), Danielle Suissa (\"Pocahontas\", \"Neowolf\"), and Brad Battersby (\"Red Letters\", \"Jesus the Driver\"). Shortly after graduating from the L.A. Film School, Cotten directed a Roger Corman film called \"Demon Slayer\", a co-production with the film school. The movie was released direct to DVD in 2003. It currently appears on the Sci-Fi", "Gary Oldman described as \"one of cinema's most memorable villains\"; a sadistic prison warden in \"Murder in the First\" (1995); futuristic corporate tyrant Jean-Baptiste Emanuel Zorg in \"The Fifth Element\" (1997); and Dr. Zachary Smith/Spider Smith in the commercially successful but critically panned \"Lost in Space\" (1998). He was considered for two roles in Quentin Tarantino's \"Pulp Fiction\" (1994), but neither were realised. Tarantino contemplated Oldman as gangster Jules Winnfield (played by Samuel L. Jackson), while TriStar executives recommended him for drug dealer Lance (portrayed by Eric Stoltz). In 1994's \"\", he played corrupt DEA officer Norman Stansfield, which has since been", "David Learner BBC TV adaptation, but only in costume providing the movements for Marvin. Stephen Moore, who played him on the radio series, was brought back to provide the voice. Learner later appeared in the documentary \"The Making of Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy\" (1993) to reminisce about the filming of the show. In 1990 he appeared in The Satellite Game (38 episodes) for BSB, playing the host Larry the Robot. It was during this time that he met Knightmare producer Tim Child for the first time, which led to a successful audition for the role of Pickle. Learner later said in", "Matt LeBlanc Award nominations, three Golden Globe award nominations, and one Screen Actors Guild Award. During this time he also appeared in the films \"Lookin' Italian\" (1994), \"Ed\" (1996), \"Lost in Space\" (1998), \"Charlie's Angels\" (2000), and its sequel, \"\" (2003). Following the cancellation of \"Joey\", LeBlanc announced that he would be taking a one-year hiatus from acting on TV, which later turned into five years. His next role would be as a fictionalized version of himself on \"Episodes\". In 2011, LeBlanc began appearing as a fictional version of himself in \"Episodes\", a BBC/Showtime television series about a British television series that", "Commando Cody hero of the ABC TV and radio series \"Space Patrol\", which ran from 1950 to 1955. Corry's title was \"Commander-in-Chief of the Space Patrol\". Commando Cody Commando Cody is the hero in two 12-chapter science fiction serials made by Republic Pictures, played by George Wallace in 1952's \"Radar Men from the Moon\" and Judd Holdren in 1953's \"\". Another 12-chapter Rocket Man movie serial, \"Zombies of the Stratosphere\", was written as the direct sequel to \"Radar Men from the Moon\". But the name of the serial's main character was changed from Commando Cody to the more prosaic \"Larry Martin\" at", "Little Lost Robot Little Lost Robot \"Little Lost Robot\" is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov. It was first published in the March 1947 issue of \"Astounding Science Fiction\" and reprinted in the collections \"I, Robot\" (1950), \"The Complete Robot\" (1982), \"Robot Dreams\" (1986), and \"Robot Visions\" (1990). \"Little Lost Robot\" was adapted by Leo Lehman for the 1962 Associated British Corporation anthology television series \"Out of This World\", which also marks the first appearance of Susan Calvin, played by Maxine Audley, in TV and movies. It is the only episode of this series that survives in the archives", "Marta Kristen Marta Kristen Marta Kristen (born February 26, 1945) is a Norwegian-born American actress. Kristen is best known for her role as Judy Robinson, one of Professor John and Maureen Robinson's daughters, in the television series \"Lost in Space\" (1965–1968). Marta played the part of the space family's eldest child, a mature \"20-something woman\" near the age group of the space pilot, played by Mark Goddard. Her mature role allowed adult form-fitting fashions and hairstyles, as shown in publicity photos of the TV series. Kristen was born Birgit Annalisa Rusanen in Oslo, Norway, to a Finnish mother and a German soldier", "Shawn Robinson Shawn Robinson Shawn Robinson (1974 – July 28, 2015) was an American stuntman. He is the son of legendary stuntman Dar Robinson. Robinson has performed stunts in a career spawning over 20 years, including films such as \"Guardians of the Galaxy\", the \"Transformers\" film series, \"Hook\", \"Behind Enemy Lines\", \"War of the Worlds\" and more recently \"\" and \"Horrible Bosses 2\". In television, Robinson took part in episodes of \"Criminal Minds\", \"Lost\" and \"\". On July 28, 2015, Robinson was found dead in his hotel room in New Orleans, Louisiana after he failed to report for work on the upcoming", "Lost in Space Dr. Smith character. Whether Williams retired to Argentina after the end of the series. In 1995, Kevin Burns produced a documentary showcasing the career of Irwin Allen, hosted by Bill Mumy and June Lockhart in a recreation of the \"Jupiter 2\" exterior set. Mumy and Lockhart utilize the \"Celestial Department Store Ordering Machine\" as a temporal conduit to show information and clips on Allen's history. Clips from Allen's various productions as well as pilots for his unproduced series were presented along with new interviews with cast members of Allen's shows. Mumy and Lockhart complete their presentation and enter the \"Jupiter", "Christian Slater \"The West Wing\" and \"Alias\" TV productions, but also being part of Hollywood films, including \"Bobby\" and \"3000 Miles to Graceland\". He has also worked as a voice-over artist in productions, including the character of 'Pips' in the successful Australian animated film \"\", \"\" and TV documentaries, including \"Prehistoric Planet\" and \"Dinosaur Planet\". Slater also voiced the character John Watson a.k.a. \"Wonko the Sane\" in BBC Radio 4's production of \"The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy\". Slater starred in the television series \"My Own Worst Enemy\" in 2008 and \"The Forgotten\" in 2009. In 2011 he co-starred in the action", "Charles Justiz shuttles after their re-entry and he is only one of two pilots in the world to chase the space shuttle out of orbit with both a T-38 and an STA, a highly modified corporate-type turbojet. Justiz logged over 15,000 shuttle approaches in the STA. During his tenure with the space agency, Justiz was heavily involved in developing training and safety curriculum for NASA's various flight programs. He trained every NASA shuttle astronaut. His role in training the astronauts for Challenger in 1986 was portrayed by actor Woody Watson in the 1990 film \"Challenger\". Justiz served as the lead for the", "Little Lost Robot it before it can harm her. Little Lost Robot \"Little Lost Robot\" is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov. It was first published in the March 1947 issue of \"Astounding Science Fiction\" and reprinted in the collections \"I, Robot\" (1950), \"The Complete Robot\" (1982), \"Robot Dreams\" (1986), and \"Robot Visions\" (1990). \"Little Lost Robot\" was adapted by Leo Lehman for the 1962 Associated British Corporation anthology television series \"Out of This World\", which also marks the first appearance of Susan Calvin, played by Maxine Audley, in TV and movies. It is the only episode of this", "Atlantis: The Lost Empire Atlantis: The Lost Empire Atlantis: The Lost Empire is a 2001 American animated science fantasy action adventure film created by Walt Disney Feature Animation—the first science fiction film in Disney's animated features canon and the 41st overall. Written by Tab Murphy, directed by Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise, and produced by Don Hahn, the film features an ensemble cast with the voices of Michael J. Fox, Cree Summer, James Garner, Leonard Nimoy, Don Novello, Phil Morris, Claudia Christian, Jacqueline Obradors, Jim Varney (in his final role before his death), Florence Stanley, John Mahoney, David Ogden Stiers and Corey Burton. Set", "Jonathan Harris house detective, a character whose distinctive mannerisms and catchphrases would soon carry over into his Maxwell Smart role on \"Get Smart\". In similar fashion, several of Harris's tropes from the series, such as \"Oh, the pain!\", along with the character's mannerisms and delivery, became part of the Dr. Zachary Smith character on \"Lost in Space\". In an apparent homage to his earlier role, Harris played a similarly pompous diplomat on \"Get Smart\" in 1970. His female assistant was named Zachary. Harris also guest-starred on \"The Ghost & Mrs. Muir\". Harris was cast over two other actors for the role of", "Interstellar (film) follow. But then within that, it subdivides into a further three joints. And all the places we see lines — those can subdivide further. So you can unfold a finger, essentially, but it's all proportional.\" Actor Bill Irwin voiced and physically controlled both robots, but his image was digitally removed from the film, and actor Josh Stewart's voice replaced his voicing for CASE. The human space habitats resemble O'Neill cylinders, a theoretical space colony model proposed by physicist Gerard K. O'Neill in 1976. Gregg Landaker and Gary Rizzo were the film's audio engineers tasked with audio mixing, while sound editor", "Gunner Wright director William Eubank. Wright played the main character, American Astronaut Lee Miller who becomes stranded aboard the International Space Station. Wright also stars in \"Dead Space\", \"Dead Space 2\" and \"Dead Space 3\" as protagonist Isaac Clarke, developed by Visceral Games and distributed by Electronic Arts. Wright attended the 2010 Comic-Con to promote \"Dead Space 2\" and meet with fans. Variety described Wright's performance in \"Love\", saying \"Wright, shouldering nearly a one-man-show burden, is gamely athletic, all-American and somewhat of a blank slate, like Kubrick's astronauts – until some unfettered personality begins to seep out.\" Ain't It Cool News also", "Love's Labours Lost in Space Leela rejects his offer and tells him off. With no apparent hope of rescue, the crew resign themselves to death. Nibbler then excretes a small pellet of dark matter, enough to enable the ship to escape the planet. As Vergon 6 implodes, the crew returns to Earth, while some of the native animals find refuge on the nearby asteroids. When the Zapp Brannigan role was originally cast, the creators chose \"Saturday Night Live\" alumnus and semi-frequent \"Simpsons\" voice actor Phil Hartman. When Hartman was murdered by his wife in 1998, however, the role was given to Billy West (who was", "Lost in Space a number of homages to the original television series. These include cameos and story details from the original TV-series, including: Additional cameo appearances of actors from the original TV-series were considered, but not included in the film: The film used a number of ideas familiar to viewers from the original show: Smith reprogramming the robot and its subsequent rampage (\"Reluctant Stowaway\"), near miss with the sun (\"Wild Adventure\"), the derelict spaceship (\"The Derelict\"), discovery of the Blawp and the crash (\"Island in the Sky\") and an attempt to change history by returning to the beginning (\"The Time Merchant\"). Also a", "Robots (1988 film) Robots (1988 film) Robots is a 1988 Interactive movie directed by Doug Smith and Kim Takal. Its screenplay, by Peter Olatka, is based on Isaac Asimov's \"Robot\" series. It stars Stephen Rowe as Elijah Baley, Brent Barrett as R. Daneel Olivaw, and John Henry Cox as Han Fastolfe. Elijah Baley is issued an assignment by Police Commissioner Julius Enderby to induct a Spacer Robot onto the force, as requested by Dr. Han Fastolfe, the galaxy's leading Spacer roboticist. Baley meets R. Daneel Olivaw at Spacertown, where they discover that Han Fastolfe becomes the victim of a failed murder attempt, his", "Zack Shada Zack Shada Zachary David \"Zack\" Shada (born November 25, 1992) is an American actor, producer and director. Shada was born in Boise, Idaho. He appeared as Thin Boy in \"\" (2003), and as Nick Davis in the 2005 television movies \"\", \"Jane Doe: Now You See It, Now You Don't\", \"Jane Doe: Till Death Do Us Part\", and \"Jane Doe: The Wrong Face\". He has appeared in two episodes of \"Lost\", and voiced Slightly in \"Tinker Bell\" and Comet in \"Space Chimps\". Shada has also starred as Dean's best friend, Joey, in Disney series \"Wizards of Waverly Place\". His brothers", "Alfie Curtis in artists and models who do not conform to typical standards of idealised beauty. Most of Curtis's appearances were in minor roles in British television series. He played the part of Matt Beckett in the TV police drama \"Cribb\" (1980–81) and Ted in the TV adaptation of J.B. Priestley's \"Lost Empires\" (1986). His cinema roles included an appearance in David Lynch's 1980 film \"The Elephant Man\" in which he played the part of a milkman. He was best known for a small part in the 1977 space opera film \"Star Wars\", in which he played the role of Dr. Evazan,", "Jonathan Harris had died in 1991. Harris refused to make a cameo appearance in the 1998 motion picture version of \"Lost in Space\", unlike many of his co-stars in the original series. He announced, \"I've never played a bit part in my life and I'm not going to start now!\" However, he did make promotional appearances for the film: In late 2002, Harris and the rest of the surviving cast of the television series were preparing to film an NBC two-hour movie titled \"Lost in Space: The Journey Home\"; however, the project was unable to proceed after Harris's death. Two months before", "Robert Pattinson critical appreciation for his performances in David Michod's futuristic western \"The Rover\" (2014); in Cronenberg's satire drama \"Maps to the Stars\" (2014); in James Gray's \"The Lost City of Z\" (2017), as an aide-de-camp to an explorer who disappeared in the Amazon while looking for an ancient city; and in the Safdie Brothers' \"Good Time\" (2017). Pattinson started his career as a model at the age of 12. In 2013, Dior Homme signed him as the face of their Fragrances. In 2016, he also became the first brand ambassador of their Menswear collection. Pattinson composes and plays his own music.", "Moosie Drier late 1990s, Drier accepted minor roles in sci-fi space-ship hijack thriller \"Velocity Trap\" (1997), and \"Storm Trackers\" (1999), a thriller about a secret military weather control machine gone awry. Since 2000, he has specialized in voice-over work in such films as \"Teaching Mrs. Tingle\" (1999), \"American Beauty\" (1999), \"What Lies Beneath\" (2000) \"Shrek\" (2001), \"40 Days and 40 Nights\" (2002), \"The Shape of Things\" (2003), \"Jungle Book 2\" (2003), \"the Lion King 1½\" (2004), \"The Chronicles of Riddick\" (2004), \"Hauru no ugoku shiro\" (Eng: \"Howl's Moving Castle\") in 2004, and \"Madagascar\" (2005). Drier directed episodes of such series as \"Reba\"" ]

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[ "New World Department Store China New World Department Store China Limited () is a Hong Kong-based company engaged in department store operation in China. It is a subsidiary of New World Development. It has self-owned stores and managed stores in Hong Kong and Mainland China, and operates under two brands: \"New World\" (Chinese: 新世界) and \"Ba Li Chun Tian\" (literally \"Paris Spring\")(Chinese: 巴黎春天). Its company chairman is Henry Cheng, the son of the Hong Kong billionaire, Cheng Yu-tung. It was listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange with IPO price of HK$5.8 per share.", "Hong Kong Stock Exchange The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited (SEHK) is a stock exchange located in Hong Kong. It is East Asia's and Asia's third largest stock exchange in terms of market capitalization behind the Tokyo Stock Exchange and Shanghai Stock Exchange, and the sixth largest in the world before Euronext. As of 31 October 2016, SEHK had 1,955 listed companies, 989 of which are from mainland China, 856 from Hong Kong and 110 from abroad (e.g. Taiwan, Malaysia, United States, Singapore, etc.) Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing owns SEHK and is itself listed on SEHK." ]

[ "Asian supermarket An Asian supermarket is a category of grocery stores in Western countries that stocks items imported from the multiple countries in East, South and Southeast Asia. Supermarkets in Asia generally (except for the Middle East) have no equivalent to the \"Asian\" supermarkets of the West, foodstuffs in each respective Asian country have vastly different regulations and supply chains from one another, they are localized for each countries' tastes and only carry locally approved items for that market. Examples of this: seaweed snacks, originate in Japan where they are salty or savory, in Thailand they are often spicy and locally produced.", "Galleria Department Store Galleria Department Store () is an upmarket South Korean department store franchise owned by Hanwha Group. It has 5 branches throughout Korea, notably the Luxury Hall West and Luxury Hall East, both in Apgujeong-dong, as upmarket luxury-brand fashion malls in Seoul.", "Citysuper Citysuper, officially stylised as C!ty'super, is a well-known retail chain in Hong Kong, mainland China and Taiwan. As well as its core format of upmarket supermarkets selling fresh produce and groceries, some Citysuper retail outlets also offer household goods, stationery and cosmetics, and many Citysuper stores are also accompanied by cafes and restaurants. Citysuper specialises in upmarket specialist products and luxury imported groceries, which differentiates it from other supermarkets that operate across Greater China. As of October 2015, Citysuper has about 15 locations in Hong Kong, 7 in Shanghai and 6 in Taiwan.", "Business Center (CNBC Asia) Business Center is a former primetime business news show on CNBC Asia. It debuted in mid-October 2000 to replace the Asian Edition of Global Market Watch. The show took its name from CNBC US' flagship evening show, \"Business Center\" and while it shared the same lower-thirds, the background for the charts remained the same as the ones used during other daytime shows.", "Cheung Kong Center Cheung Kong Center () is a skyscraper in Central, Hong Kong designed by Cesar Pelli. It is 68 storeys tall with height of 283 m and a gross floor area of 1260000 sqft . When completed in 1999, it was the third-tallest building in the city. It sits on the combined sites of the former Hong Kong Hilton, which was demolished in 1995/6, and Beaconsfield House, sold by the Government in 1996. It stands between the HSBC Hong Kong headquarters building and the Bank of China Tower. As is common in Hong Kong, coloured lights on the sides of the building illuminate at night in intricate light shows.", "Sa Sa International Holdings Sa Sa International Holdings () () is a Hong Kong-based chain store company selling cosmetics, personal care, skin care and baby care products, often at discounted prices.", "Hyundai Department Store Hyundai Department Store (Korean: 현대백화점 주식회사, Hanja: 現代百貨店株式會社, ), together with Lotte Department Store and Shinsegae, is one of the three major department store chains in South Korea. It has 14 locations and more than $340 million in annual sales.", "Lufax Lufax (), full name Shanghai Lujiazui International Financial Asset Exchange Co., Ltd., is an online Internet finance marketplace in China headquartered in Lujiazui, Shanghai. Founded in 2011, it is an associate of China Ping An Group.", "PX Mart PX Mart Co., Ltd. (T: 全聯實業股份有限公司, S: 全联实业股份有限公司, P: \"Quánlián Shíyè Gǔfènyǒuxiàngōngsī\"), operating as Pxmart (T:全聯社, S: 全聯社, P: \"Quánlián Shè\"), is a supermarket chain in Taiwan. It is often known as \"Chuan Lian center\" (T: 全聯福利中心, S: 全联福利中心, P: \"Quánlián Fúlì Zhōngxīn\", Liter:Whole Union Welfare Center). The corporate headquarters is in Zhongzheng District, Taipei. As of 2011 the chaiperson is Lin Ming-hsiung (林敏雄 \"Lín Mǐnxióng\"). As of 2008 Pxmart is Taiwan's largest \"hard discounter\" chain.", "Pacific Exchange The Pacific Exchange was a regional stock exchange in California until 2001. Its main exchange floor and building were in San Francisco, California, with a branch building in Los Angeles, California.", "East Asia East Asia is the eastern subregion of the Asian continent, which can be defined in either geographical or ethno-cultural terms. Geographically and geopolitically, it includes China (including Hong Kong and Macau), Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Japan and Taiwan; it covers about 12000000 km2 , or about 28% of the Asian continent. GDP(PPP) of East Asia is 32.4 trillion while Nominal GDP is 19.1 trillion USD.", "Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre The Guangzhou Chow Tai Fook Finance Centre (also called East Tower) is a 1,739 ft tall mixed-use skyscraper in the southern Chinese city of Guangzhou, which was completed in October 2016. It is the tallest completed building in Guangzhou, the third-tallest in China, and the seventh-tallest in the world. The Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre has a total of 111 above ground and five below ground floors and houses a shopping mall, offices, apartments, and a hotel. The skyscraper has a gross floor area of 5,464,633 sqft , of which a little over twenty percent is not part of the skyscraper itself, but of the podium connected to it.", "Giordano (store) Giordano International Limited (Giordano or the Company)is a Hong Kong-based international retailer of men’s, women’s and children’s apparel and accessories. Established in 1981, Giordano now employs over 8,100 staff with over 2,800 shops operating in more than 40 countries worldwide. Its current Chairman and CEO is Dr. Lau Kwok Kuen, Peter. The Company is one of Asia-Pacific's most successful retailers and its brands include \"Giordano\", \"Giordano Junior\", \"Giordano Ladies\", \"BSX\" and \"Concepts One\". Giordano has been listed on the Main Board of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange since 1991 and trades under ticker symbol 709.HK.", "China National Offshore Oil Corporation China National Offshore Oil Corporation, or CNOOC Group (Chinese: 中国海洋石油总公司 Pinyin: \"Zhōngguó Háiyáng Shíyóu Zǒnggōngsī\"), is a major national oil company in China. It is the third-largest national oil company in the People's Republic of China, after CNPC (parent of PetroChina) and China Petrochemical Corporation (parent of Sinopec). The CNOOC Group focuses on the exploitation, exploration and development of crude oil and natural gas in offshore China.", "Youngor Group Youngor Group Company Limited () is a public textiles and clothing enterprise in Ningbo, Zhejiang, China. It is engaged in designing, manufacturing, selling clothing products with its \"Youngor\" Brand for gentleman clothing. Youngor was established in 1993 and it was listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange in 1998.", "Music industry of East Asia The music industry of East Asia, a region that includes China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, South Korea, North Korea, Mongolia and Japan, is a rapidly growing economic sector that is home to some of the world's largest music markets.", "Parkson Parkson Holdings Berhad (doing business as Parkson; : ) is an Asian-based department store operator with an extensive network of 131 stores as of 2017, spanning approximately 2.1 million m of retail space across cities in Malaysia, China, Vietnam, Indonesia and Myanmar.", "Pyongyang Department Store No. 1 The Pyongyang Department Store No. 1 is a major retail store in Pyongyang, North Korea,", "East Kong Yick Building The East Kong Yick Building () is one of two buildings erected in Seattle, Washington's Chinatown-International District (\"the ID\") by the Kong Yick Investment Company (the other being the West Kong Yick Building). A four-story hotel in the core of the ID, with retail stores at ground level, the East Kong Yick was created by the pooled resources of 170 Chinese American pioneers. In, 2008, the building reopened as the home of the expanded Wing Luke Asian Museum.", "Citistore Citistore (Hong Kong) Limited () or Citistore () is a department store company in Hong Kong. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Henderson Land Development, a flagship enterprise owned by Dr. Lee Shau Kee. Established in 1989, it has branches in Tsuen Wan, Yuen Long, Ma On Shan, Tseung Kwan O and Tai Kok Tsui, and two \"id:c\" where is a new domain for young generation. The main customers of Citistore are young people in middle income group." ]

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[ "In the early 1880s, Kanehiro Takaki observed that Japanese sailors (whose diets consisted almost entirely of white rice) developed beriberi (or endemic neuritis, a disease causing heart problems and paralysis), but British sailors and Japanese naval officers did not. Adding various types of vegetables and meats to the diets of Japanese sailors prevented the disease, (not because of the increased protein as Takaki supposed but because it introduced a few parts per million of thiamine to the diet, later understood as a cure)." ]

[ "The Super Nintendo Entertainment System (officially abbreviated the Super NES[b] or SNES[c], and commonly shortened to Super Nintendo[d]) is a 16-bit home video game console developed by Nintendo that was released in 1990 in Japan and South Korea, 1991 in North America, 1992 in Europe and Australasia (Oceania), and 1993 in South America. In Japan, the system is called the Super Famicom (Japanese: スーパーファミコン, Hepburn: Sūpā Famikon?, officially adopting the abbreviated name of its predecessor, the Family Computer), or SFC for short. In South Korea, it is known as the Super Comboy (슈퍼 컴보이 Syupeo Keomboi) and was distributed by Hyundai Electronics. Although each version is essentially the same, several forms of regional lockout prevent the different versions from being compatible with one another. It was released in Brazil on September 2, 1992, by Playtronic.", "One use of the term \"computer security\" refers to technology that is used to implement secure operating systems. In the 1980s the United States Department of Defense (DoD) used the \"Orange Book\" standards, but the current international standard ISO/IEC 15408, \"Common Criteria\" defines a number of progressively more stringent Evaluation Assurance Levels. Many common operating systems meet the EAL4 standard of being \"Methodically Designed, Tested and Reviewed\", but the formal verification required for the highest levels means that they are uncommon. An example of an EAL6 (\"Semiformally Verified Design and Tested\") system is Integrity-178B, which is used in the Airbus A380 and several military jets.", "During World War II, the islands were used as a top secret Royal Navy weather and radio station codenamed HMS Atlantic Isle, to monitor Nazi U-boats (which were required to maintain radio contact) and shipping movements in the South Atlantic Ocean. The first Administrator, Surgeon Lieutenant Commander E.J.S. Woolley, was appointed by the British government during this time.", "Child labour is still common in many parts of the world. Estimates for child labour vary. It ranges between 250 and 304 million, if children aged 5–17 involved in any economic activity are counted. If light occasional work is excluded, ILO estimates there were 153 million child labourers aged 5–14 worldwide in 2008. This is about 20 million less than ILO estimate for child labourers in 2004. Some 60 percent of the child labour was involved in agricultural activities such as farming, dairy, fisheries and forestry. Another 25 percent of child labourers were in service activities such as retail, hawking goods, restaurants, load and transfer of goods, storage, picking and recycling trash, polishing shoes, domestic help, and other services. The remaining 15 percent laboured in assembly and manufacturing in informal economy, home-based enterprises, factories, mines, packaging salt, operating machinery, and such operations. Two out of three child workers work alongside their parents, in unpaid family work situations. Some children work as guides for tourists, sometimes combined with bringing in business for shops and restaurants. Child labour predominantly occurs in the rural areas (70%) and informal urban sector (26%).", "The army was still equipped with the Dreyse needle gun of Battle of Königgrätz fame, which was by this time showing the age of its 25-year-old design. The rifle had a range of only 600 m (2,000 ft) and lacked the rubber breech seal that permitted aimed shots. The deficiencies of the needle gun were more than compensated for by the famous Krupp 6-pounder (3 kg) steel breech-loading cannons being issued to Prussian artillery batteries. Firing a contact-detonated shell, the Krupp gun had a longer range and a higher rate of fire than the French bronze muzzle loading cannon, which relied on faulty time fuses.", "Muslims have been living in Tibet since as early as the 8th or 9th century. In Tibetan cities, there are small communities of Muslims, known as Kachee (Kache), who trace their origin to immigrants from three main regions: Kashmir (Kachee Yul in ancient Tibetan), Ladakh and the Central Asian Turkic countries. Islamic influence in Tibet also came from Persia. After 1959 a group of Tibetan Muslims made a case for Indian nationality based on their historic roots to Kashmir and the Indian government declared all Tibetan Muslims Indian citizens later on that year. Other Muslim ethnic groups who have long inhabited Tibet include Hui, Salar, Dongxiang and Bonan. There is also a well established Chinese Muslim community (gya kachee), which traces its ancestry back to the Hui ethnic group of China.", "Cotton is used to make a number of textile products. These include terrycloth for highly absorbent bath towels and robes; denim for blue jeans; cambric, popularly used in the manufacture of blue work shirts (from which we get the term \"blue-collar\"); and corduroy, seersucker, and cotton twill. Socks, underwear, and most T-shirts are made from cotton. Bed sheets often are made from cotton. Cotton also is used to make yarn used in crochet and knitting. Fabric also can be made from recycled or recovered cotton that otherwise would be thrown away during the spinning, weaving, or cutting process. While many fabrics are made completely of cotton, some materials blend cotton with other fibers, including rayon and synthetic fibers such as polyester. It can either be used in knitted or woven fabrics, as it can be blended with elastine to make a stretchier thread for knitted fabrics, and apparel such as stretch jeans." ]

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[ "Many people are standing outdoors near the ocean." ]

[ "A group of people are sitting on some grass.", "I couldn't get him out of my mind.", "The dog does not have any legs.", "A group of female athletes is jogging.", "I don't care for this conversation.", "No, I don't think they have that here.", "The family is playing basketball." ]

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[ "Daniel Lanois is a producer for Bob Dylan." ]

[ "Producer Daniel Lanois is not given credit at all for any of his work.", "People talk outside of a house.", "In high school, I enjoyed doing my homework in front of the television.", "The man is wearing a suit", "Woman holding a boy", "To people are on camera.", "I don't think they will ever arrive." ]

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[ "Far from the Madding Crowd she screams. At this, Boldwood shoots Troy dead and tries unsuccessfully to turn the gun on himself. Although Boldwood is convicted of murder and sentenced to be hanged, his friends petition the Home Secretary for mercy, claiming insanity. This is granted, and Boldwood's sentence is commuted to \"confinement during Her Majesty's pleasure\". Bathsheba, profoundly chastened by guilt and grief, buries her husband in the same grave as Fanny Robin and her child and adds a suitable inscription. Throughout her tribulations, Bathsheba comes to rely increasingly on her oldest and, as she admits to herself, only real friend, Gabriel. When he" ]

[ "Far from the Madding Crowd thank him, he asks if she needs a shepherd. She uncovers her face and reveals herself to be none other than Bathsheba. She has recently inherited her uncle's estate and is now wealthy. Though somewhat uncomfortable, she employs him. Meanwhile, Bathsheba has a new admirer: the lonely and repressed William Boldwood. Boldwood is a prosperous farmer of about forty, whose ardour Bathsheba unwittingly awakens when – her curiosity piqued because he has never bestowed on her the customary admiring glance – she playfully sends him a valentine sealed with red wax on which she has embossed the words, \"Marry me\".", "Far from the Madding Crowd return, Boldwood offers his rival a large bribe to give up Bathsheba. Troy pretends to consider the offer, then scornfully announces they are already married. Boldwood withdraws, humiliated, and vows revenge. Bathsheba soon discovers that her new husband is an improvident gambler with little interest in farming. Worse, she begins to suspect he does not love her. In fact, Troy's heart belongs to her former servant, Fanny Robin. Before meeting Bathsheba, Troy had promised to marry Fanny; on the wedding day, however, the luckless girl went to the wrong church. She explained her mistake, but Troy, humiliated at being left", "Far from the Madding Crowd (1967 film) and rural life to be \"splendid\". His strongest criticism is that the film missed the point of the small society of rural life: Thomas Hardy's novel told of a 19th century rural England in which class distinctions and unyielding social codes surrounded his characters. They were far from the madding crowd whether they liked it or not, and got tangled in each other's problems because there was nowhere else to turn. It's not simply that Bathsheba (Julie Christie) was courted by the three men in her life, but that she was courted by ALL three men in her life. The", "Far from the Madding Crowd (2015 film) find several buildings on fire and saves the barn from destruction. At dawn the next day he is introduced to the farm's new mistress: Bathsheba. She hires him as a shepherd. In the meantime, Fanny goes to the wrong church for her wedding and Troy, apparently jilted, is devastated. In town, Bathsheba proves to be a shrewd trader when selling her seed. She immediately is drawn to her neighbour William Boldwood (Michael Sheen), a prosperous and mature bachelor. Bathsheba sends Boldwood a Valentine as a joke, and he, both offended and intrigued, soon proposes marriage. Bathsheba says she does share", "Far from the Madding Crowd away, but he is rescued by a rowing boat. A year later, with Troy presumed drowned, Boldwood renews his suit. Burdened with guilt over the pain she has caused him, Bathsheba reluctantly consents to marry him in six years, long enough to have Troy declared dead. Troy, however, is not dead. When he learns that Boldwood is again courting Bathsheba, he returns to Weatherbury on Christmas Eve to claim his wife. He goes to Boldwood's house, where a party is under way, and orders Bathsheba to come with him; when she shrinks back in surprise, he seizes her arm, and", "Far from the Madding Crowd (2015 film) opens the coffin, and discovers the mother and baby within. Frank, comes home, and upon seeing Fanny and his dead baby, bends over the coffin and kisses Fanny's lips. Bathsheba protests that she is still his wife, but he coldly responds that even in death Fanny means more to him than Bathsheba ever could mean. In grief Frank goes to the beach, where he strips off his uniform and swims far into the ocean. The next day Bathsheba learns Frank has apparently drowned. Left with Frank's gambling debts, Bathsheba worries she may lose the farm. Boldwood offers to buy it", "Far from the Madding Crowd keep his appointment with Fanny. Seeing the reason for her failure to meet him, he gently kisses the corpse and tells the anguished Bathsheba, \"This woman is more to me, dead as she is, than ever you were, or are, or can be\". The next day he spends all his money on a marble tombstone with the inscription: \"Erected by Francis Troy in beloved memory of Fanny Robin ...\" Then, loathing himself and unable to bear Bathsheba's company, he leaves. After a long walk he bathes in the sea, leaving his clothes on the beach. A strong current carries him", "Far from the Madding Crowd at the altar, angrily called off the wedding. When they parted, unbeknownst to Troy, Fanny was pregnant with his child. Some months later, Troy and Bathsheba encounter Fanny on the road, destitute, as she painfully makes her way toward the Casterbridge workhouse. Troy sends his wife onward with the horse and gig before she can recognise the girl, then gives Fanny all the money in his pocket, telling her he will give her more in a few days. Fanny uses up the last of her strength to reach her destination. A few hours later, she dies in childbirth, along with", "Far from the Madding Crowd (2015 film) he answers simply to \"Do what is right\". She breaks off the dance and leaves, only to discover Frank, outside, alive and well. He was rescued from drowning but has faked his death for some weeks, preferring the idea of being 'dead.' He demands money from Bathsheba, claiming it was unfair that he gave up his profession and now lives off nothing while she has money and a house. Frank grabs her roughly, screaming that she is still his wife and must obey him. Enraged, Boldwood emerges from the house and kills Frank with a single blast from his rifle,", "Katniss Everdeen plant can be eaten, as Katniss does in the book. Her father once said: \"As long as you can find yourself, you'll never starve.\" The plant also shares its name with a constellation in the Zodiac called Sagittarius, or \"The Archer\", which may also reference Katniss's skills in archery. Her last name comes from Bathsheba Everdene, the central female character in \"Far from the Madding Crowd\" by Thomas Hardy. According to Collins, \"The two are very different, but both struggle with knowing their hearts\". \"The Hunger Games\" takes place in the ruins of North America: a country called Panem (in", "Gina Beck December 2013 at the Oriental Theatre in Chicago, IL. her return was the first international transfer to join an American production for an actress playing Glinda. On 14 July 2014, it was announced that she would be leaving the First National Tour on 27 July 2014. In November 2014 she performed in an Off-West End 5 week run of \"Jacques Brel is Alive and Well and Living in Paris\" at the Charing Cross Theatre In April and May 2015 she played the role of Bathsheba Everdene in The Watermill Theatre's production of \"Far From the Madding Crowd\" In 2015 Gina", "Caedmon's Song life. It also reflects her interests, since she studies linguistics, specializing in phonology and dialects. This knowledge helps her find her attacker. Throughout the story, Kirsten remembers quotations from works of famous authors, with which she can identify, e.g. Yeats' \"Long-Legged Fly\" or Coleridge's ode \"Dejection\". Furthermore the fate of Martha Browne - Thomas Hardy: \"Far from the madding crowd\" causes Kirsten to use Martha Browne as her alias. Kirsten represses the attack, a psychological defence mechanism. But her attitude towards the attack changes: she develops a desire for killing her attacker. This desire is reinforced by her therapist who", "Curigwen Lewis the leading role of Bathsheba Everdene in a BBC radio dramatisation of \"Far From the Madding Crowd\". She died, aged 86, in Westminster, London. Curigwen Lewis Curigwen Lewis (1 November 1905 – 17 February 1992) was a Welsh actress of stage and screen. She was born in Llandrindod Wells as Martha Curigwen Lewis. In 1939 she married actor Andrew Cruickshank, with whom she appeared in two episodes of \"Dr. Finlay's Casebook\". The couple had two children. She was a leading lady with the Birmingham Repertory Company and the Old Vic Company. Her television work included \"Choir Practice\" (1949) and \"Pride", "Puddletown parish was 1,450. Puddletown's parish church has significant architectural interest, particularly its furnishings and monuments. It has a 12th-century font and well-preserved woodwork, including 17th-century box pews. Thomas Hardy took an interest in the church, and the village provided the inspiration for the fictional settlement of Weatherbury in his novel \"Far from the Madding Crowd\"; Weatherbury Farm, the home of principal character Bathsheba Everdene, is based on a manor house within the parish. The name Puddletown means 'farmstead on the River Piddle'. It derives from the Old English \"pidele\", a river-name meaning fen or marsh, and \"tūn\", meaning farmstead. Several", "Far from the Madding Crowd Far from the Madding Crowd Far from the Madding Crowd (1874) is Thomas Hardy's fourth novel and his first major literary success. It originally appeared anonymously as a monthly serial in \"Cornhill Magazine\", where it gained a wide readership. The novel is the first to be set in Hardy's fictional region of Wessex in rural south west England. It deals in themes of love, honour and betrayal, against a backdrop of the seemingly idyllic, but often harsh, realities of a farming community in Victorian England. It describes the farmer Bathsheba Everdene, her life and relationships – especially with her lonely", "Puddletown two grass football pitches (one junior, one full-size). Puddletown is the basis for the village of \"Weatherbury\" in Thomas Hardy's novel \"Far from the Madding Crowd\". Weatherbury Farm, the house of Bathsheba Everdene, is based on Waterston Manor, between Puddletown and Piddlehinton. Hardy's cousin, Tryphena Sparks, who was the inspiration for Hardy's poem \"Thoughts of Phena at News of Her Death\", lived in Puddletown. Cardinal Pole, the last Roman Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury, was vicar of the parish from 1532 to 1536. The author and broadcaster Ralph Wightman (1901–1971) lived in Puddletown in the later years of his life; he", "Barton Fink \"divert you in your sojourn among the Philistines\". Mayhew alludes to \"the story of Solomon's mammy\", a reference to Bathsheba, who gave birth to Solomon after her lover David had her husband Uriah killed. Although Audrey cuts Mayhew off by praising his book (which Audrey herself may have written), the reference foreshadows the love triangle which evolves among the three characters of \"Barton Fink\". Rowell points out that Mayhew is murdered (presumably by Charlie) soon after Barton and Audrey have sex. Another Biblical reference comes when Barton flips to the front of the Bible in his desk drawer and sees", "Thomas Hardy of love that crosses the boundaries of class. The reader is forced to reconsider the conventions set up by society for the relationships between women and men. Nineteenth-century society had conventions, which were enforced. In this novel Swithin St Cleeve's idealism pits him against such contemporary social constraints. Fate or chance is another important theme. Hardy's characters often encounter crossroads on a journey, a junction that offers alternative physical destinations but which is also symbolic of a point of opportunity and transition, further suggesting that fate is at work. \"Far From the Madding Crowd\" is an example of a novel", "Far from the Madding Crowd gives notice that he is leaving her employ, she realises how important he has become to her well-being. That night, she goes alone to visit him in his cottage, to find out why he is deserting her. Pressed, he reluctantly reveals that it is because people have been injuring her good name by gossiping that he wants to marry her. She exclaims that it is \"... too absurd – too soon – to think of, by far!\" He bitterly agrees that it is absurd, but when she corrects him, saying that it is only \"too soon\", he is emboldened to", "Jessica Barden starring Mark Strong and Taissa Farmiga. In 2014, she appeared in the American independent movie \"Lullaby\". In July 2015, Barden played the role of Kit Carmichael in the BBC's two-part television adaptation of Sadie Jones' debut novel \"The Outcast\". The same year she played the role of Liddy in Thomas Vinterberg's adaptation of Thomas Hardy's \"Far from the Madding Crowd\" (which was also the inspiration for \"Tamara Drewe\"). She also played a role in the absurdist black comedy \"The Lobster\" by Greek director Yorgos Lanthimos. In 2016, Barden played the title role in Channel 4's TV movie \"Ellen\" and the", "Bathsheba at Her Bath (Rembrandt) Clark, \"this Christian acceptance of the unfortunate body has permitted the Christian privilege of a soul\". The letter shown in her right hand contains a demand from David for her to choose between fidelity to her husband or obedience to her king, and is an anecdotal catalyst for her introspection. In representing this moment, Rembrandt extrapolated from the biblical text, which treated Bathsheba incidentally while focusing on David's sinfulness. As a result, her expression is profound enough to suggest not only her sense of resignation, but the broader narrative as well. As a conception of the nude figure suffused with", "Bathsheba time and had no way to refuse the requests of a King. David J. Zucker writes that \"[s]he is a victim of 'power rape'\". Andrew J. Schmutzer stated that \"David's 'taking' Bathsheba makes him responsible for her coming to him.\" Antony F. Campbell states \"The 'violation of Bathsheba' may be the least unsatisfactory terminology, especially given the ambivalence of the text's storytelling.\" According to Michael D. Coogan, the faulting of David is made clear in the text from the very beginning: \"It was springtime, the time when kings go forth to war... but David remained in Jerusalem\" (); if David", "Bloxworth House house was used as the Bathsheba Everdene's house in the acclaimed 1967 film adaptation of \"Far from the Madding Crowd\". It was considerably and sympathetically restored in the 1970s. The present owner, horticulturalist Martin Lane Fox, acquired the house in 1997 and has considerably remodelled the garden. The house is currently being sold (2014). The two-storey building was first listed in 1959 and is described by Historic England as a \"countryhouse\". There is a date stone inscribed \"1608\" in the porch. The building originally had an E-shaped plan, but was altered during the 18th and 19th centuries. It has brick", "Abigail then settle with David in Hebron, where Abigail gives birth to David's second son, Chileab (also called Daniel). Abigail is also listed as one of the seven Jewish women prophets, the other six being Miriam, Deborah, Hannah, Sarah, Huldah,and Esther. In terms of her moral character, Abraham Kuyper argues that Abigail's conduct indicates \"a most appealing character and unwavering faith,\" but Alice Bach regards her as subversive. Adele Berlin contrasts the story of Abigail with that of Bathsheba. In one, the wife prevents David from murdering her foolish and greedy husband. In the second, David orders the murder of a", "Daniel Deronda his origins, his decision to go to \"the East\" (per Ezra/Mordecai's wish), and his betrothal to Mirah. Gwendolen is devastated by the news, but it becomes a turning point in her life, inspiring her to finally say, \"I shall live.\" She sends him a letter on his wedding day, telling him not to think of her with sadness but to know that she will be a better person for having known him. The newlyweds are all prepared to set off for \"the East\" with Mordecai, when Mordecai dies in their arms, and the novel ends. On its publication, \"Daniel Deronda\"", "Julie Christie magazine, 1965 was \"The Year of Julie Christie\". After dual roles in François Truffaut's adaptation of the Ray Bradbury novel \"Fahrenheit 451\" (1966), starring with Oskar Werner, she appeared as Thomas Hardy's heroine Bathsheba Everdene in Schlesinger's \"Far from the Madding Crowd\" (1967). After moving to Los Angeles in 1967 (\"I was there because of a lot of American boyfriends\"), she appeared in the title role of Richard Lester's \"Petulia\" (1968), co-starring with George C. Scott. Christie's persona as the swinging sixties British woman she had embodied in \"Billy Liar\" and \"Darling\" was further cemented by her appearance in the", "Women in the Bible daughter or punish his son. Frymer Kensky says \"The reader of the story who expects that the state will provide protection for the vulnerable now sees that the state cannot control itself.\" Absalom is filled with hatred, and kills Amnon two years later. Absalom then rebels against his father and is also killed. In the Book of Samuel, Bathsheba is a married woman who is noticed by king David. He has her brought to him, and she becomes pregnant. The text in the Bible does not explicitly state whether Bathsheba consented to sex. David successfully plots the death of her", "Silverwing (novel) of the \"anti-Frieda\" in the fact that she is hasty and impatient, and was even willing to sacrifice Shade for Tree Haven. Bathsheba is also conservative, abiding by the law even though it is unfair, and has ambitions of usurping Frieda. At Hibernaculum, Bathsheba manages to convince some Silverwings to stay behind. Ariel - Cassiel's mate and Shade's mother. Ever since Cassiel's supposed death, Ariel has been uberparanoid of the safety of her son. She saves Shade from the owls, and was willing to sacrifice herself to the owls before Frieda's intervention. She also teaches Shade the sound map in", "Bathsheba packed and Bathsheba's house may have been as close as twenty feet away from David's rooftop; people in ancient times were exceptionally modest about their bodies, so he suggests that Bathsheba displayed herself deliberately, so that instead of being an innocent victim, it was actually she who seduced David in order to rid herself of Uriah, and move in with King David. David summoned Bathsheba for sex. Lawrence O. Richards states that the biblical text supports the innocence of Bathsheba, that David took the initiative to find out her identity and summon her, and that she was alone at the", "Joseph Bishara Miska refers to Bishara as a \"creature performer\". His debut performance was as the main antagonist in \"Insidious\", the Lipstick-Face Demon, a role he reprised in \"Insidious: Chapter 2\" and \"Insidious: The Last Key\". He portrayed Bathsheba in \"The Conjuring\", and demonic creatures in \"The Conjuring 2\" and the \"Annabelle\" film series. Bishara is known to be fond of horror, and he has stated that he favors composing for the genre above others: \"It is the one that had the most energy for me. There always just seemed to be something a little bit more compelling about being on the", "Abigail good man because he desires his wife. \"In the Abigail story, David, the potential king, is seen as increasingly strong and virtuous, whereas in the Bathsheba story, the reigning monarch shows his flaws ever more overtly and begins to lose control of his family.\" Levenson and Halpern suggest that Abigail may, in fact, also be the same person as Abigail, mother of Amasa. Richard M. Davidson, however, points out that \"on the basis of the final form of Old Testament canon, references to Abigail in the biblical accounts indicate two different individuals.\" Abigail's self-styling as a \"handmaid\" led to \"Abigail\"", "Clarissa Eden Berners used her as the basis of a character in his novel \"Far From the Madding War\" (1941), while photographer Cecil Beaton, 16 years her senior, treated her as a special confidante and introduced her to the reclusive Swedish actress Greta Garbo. The journalist and author Sofka Zinovieff has claimed that, after her grandmother, Jennifer Fry (of the Fry's chocolate family), separated in 1944 from her grandfather, Robert Heber-Percy, who was Lord Berners' closest friend, Clarissa and Cecil Beaton amused themselves by riffling through underclothes and love letters that Jennifer had left in a drawer at Berners' country home, Faringdon", "Bathsheba by him; for in reality it only predicted that his granddaughter, Bathsheba, the daughter of his son Eliam, would become queen (Sanh. 101b, YalḲ. Sam. § 150). The Midrash portrays the influence of Satan bringing about the sinful relation of David and Bathsheba as follows: Bathsheba was bathing, perhaps behind a screen of wickerwork. Satan is depicted as coming in the disguise of a bird. David, shooting at the bird, strikes the screen, splitting it; thus Bathsheba is revealed in her beauty to David (Sanhedrin 107a). In , \"the wife of Uriah\" is mentioned as one of the ancestors of", "Bathsheba Bathsheba bathing, watched by King David. In art the subject is one of the most commonly shown in the Power of Women \"topos\". As an opportunity to feature a large female nude as the focus of a history painting, the subject was popular from the Renaissance onwards. Sometimes Bathsheba's maids, or the \"messengers\" sent by David are shown, and often a distant David watching from his roof. The messengers are sometimes confused with David himself, but most artists follow the Bible in keeping David at a distance in this episode. Paintings with articles include: Bathsheba has been portrayed by: Bathsheba", "The Fairy's Dilemma demon for carrying off the wrong lady. The only solution, she thinks, is to transform the mortals into harlequinade characters. She changes Parfitt into Harlequin, Jane into Columbine, the judge into Pantaloon and Sir Trevor into Clown. All are angry, but Rosebud insists that they play the harlequinade and uses her magic to force them to do so. While Rosebud looks on, everyone is affected by the magic and must play their harlequinade parts. When she is not watching, however, they regain their true personalities and are all horrified at the excesses of their harlequinade characters. Matters go from bad", "David and Bathsheba (film) is based on the second Old Testament book of Samuel from the Bible. When the Ark of the Covenant is brought to Jerusalem, a soldier reaches out to steady it and is struck dead. While the prophet Nathan declares this the will of God, a skeptical David pronounces it the result of a combination of heat-stroke and too much wine. David becomes attracted to Bathsheba who is the wife of Uriah, one of David's soldiers. The attraction is mutual although both know an affair would break the law of Moses. When Bathsheba discovers she is pregnant by David, the King", "Characters in the Realm of the Elderlings be true when Hap quits his apprenticeship for her and she steals his money. Ultimately, she is found disloyal, hanging on the arm of an older, wealthy sailor. A hedge witch who lives in Buckkeep. Hap introduces her to Fitz. As with Starling, Fitz's relationship with Jinna varies in depth. She is one of the few people to discover he is Witted and gives him a charm for his journey. Nettle is the daughter of Fitz and Molly Chandler. As a Farseer, she possesses the Skill, although she has not received any training. However, she does not possess the Wit", "Thelma Bates greatest desires, creating an army of succubi and incubi that makes him too powerful for Ella to kill. The only students who are not converted are Thelma (because the death of Maya leaves nothing for Malachi to offer her), Roxanne (who becomes a \"pure soul\" in her quest for forgiveness from God for seducing Jez and causing his apparent suicide), Tom (who is secretly gay, in love with Leon, and impossible to convert because Malachi cannot make the straight Leon love him back), Leon (after Thelma enters his dreams), and Ella (after Thelma enters her dreams to awaken Ella's real,", "Elphaba sickening cause. Therefore, the public turns against her. She never truly turns wicked though she is depressed and frustrated that she could not save Fiyero. Liir, Sarima and her children are not present in the musical, and a love triangle with Fiyero and Glinda exists instead of the posthumous one (after Fiyero's death) with Sarima. The young Elphaba shows interest in sorcery from the beginning of her education, as opposed to having it thrust upon her as in the book. Elphaba is explicitly shown to survive at the end, and goes to live a life beyond Oz with Fiyero, where", "Uriah the Hittite the Ammonites. Now, therefore, the sword will never depart from your house, because you despised Me and took the wife of Uriah the Hittite to be your own.'\" NIV Nathan then informs David that his child with Bathsheba must die. Indeed, their first child dies after seven days. David and Bathsheba later had a second son, the future King Solomon. \"All references from the JPS translation (1917) unless otherwise stated.\" Uriah is portrayed in the American films \"David and Bathsheba\" (1951) by Kieron Moore, \"King David\" (1985) by James Lister and Mark Burnett's and Roma Downey's \"The Bible: The Epic", "Arvire et Évélina However, he is reluctant to betray his brother. The ceremony goes ahead, but Évélina interrupts it before Irvin can swear the oath. Modred suspects the truth and urges Irvin to confess everything to Évélina. Irvin and Évélina are left alone and Évélina gradually persuades the prince to admit the plot. Arvire enters with the news that Vellinus has fled to the Romans. A bard announces that the Roman army is invading Mona. At Évélina's prompting, Irvin offers to lead the British defence so Arvire can stay hidden. Arvire and Modred accept and Modred hands Irvin a sword and helmet. The", "Children of the Lamp Blue Djinn of Babylon. It is revealed Philippa was used as a key to get Layla Gaunt to usurp the role as Blue Djinn. Her focus word is \"FABULONGOSHOOMARVELISHLYWONDERPIPICAL\", and changes it later in \"The Five Fakirs of Faizabad\" to \"DIDDLEEYEJOEFROMMEJICOFELLOFFHISHORSEATARODEOHANDSUPSTICKEMUPDROPTHENGUNSANDPICKEMUPDIDDLEEYEJOEFROMMEJICO\", the longest one in the series. She has no idea that Dybbuk likes her, but she is shown to have a sense of affection for him as she tries to rescue him in the \"Eye of the Forest.\" She is shown to have a crush on Axel in The Grave Robbers of Genghis Khan. John Gaunt is the twin", "Tryphena Sparks Nicholas Hillyard considers that the affair is important in relation to Hardy's start as a novelist and poet. Sparks was the inspiration for Hardy's poem \"Thoughts of Phena at News of Her Death\" in which Hardy describes her as his \"lost prize\". She may also have inspired Hardy's story that later became Far from the Madding Crowd. Other Hardy poems have been connected to Sparks, including \"In A Eweleaze Near Weatherbury\", \"At Rushy Pond\", \"A Spot\", \"The Wind's Prophecy\", \"To an Orphan Child\", and \"To a Motherless Child\", which is addressed to Tryphena's daughter whom he had met when visiting", "Morgan le Fay kind of a fantastic goddess (\"dea quaedam phantastica\") had removed Arthur's body to the Isle of Avalon, so that she might cure his wounds there,\" for the purpose of enabling the possibility of King Arthur's messianic return. In his encyclopedic work \"Otia Imperialia\", written around the same time and with similar derision for this belief, Gervase of Tilbury calls that mythical enchantress Morganda the Fairy (\"Morganda Fatata\"). Morgan retains this role as Arthur's otherworldly healer in much of later tradition. Morgan first appears by name in \"Vita Merlini\", written by Norman-Welsh cleric Geoffrey of Monmouth. Purportedly an account of the", "Princess Fiona she is pregnant, forcing Shrek to come to terms with the idea of fatherhood. While Shrek, Donkey and Puss venture to Camelot to recruit Arthur, Fiona remains at Far, Far Away, where her princess friends Cinderella, Snow White, Sleeping Beauty and Rapunzel host a baby shower for her. The shower is interrupted by Still bitter over losing both the kingdom and Fiona to Shrek, Prince Charming stages an invasion so that he can proclaim himself king of Far Far Away. Instead of waiting to be rescued, an idea that Fiona finds appalling, she encourages the princesses to free themselves and", "Chosen (Cast novel) loses her virginity to Loren and Imprints with him, breaking her previous one with Heath. Erik walks in on them and angrily breaks up with Zoey. She pulls herself together and leaves to gather her friends, planning to tell them about Stevie Rae, to cast a circle and heal her. On the way, Zoey chances upon Loren and Neferet and hears him confess that Neferet had made him seduce Zoey, for her to become alienated from her closest friends, and that he actually loves Neferet. Heartbroken, Zoey leaves to get Damien, the Twins and Aphrodite. She had planned to use", "David and Bathsheba (film) to rule. Nathan tells David he has forgotten that he is a servant of the Lord. David marries Bathsheba. A drought hits Israel. David's and Bathsheba's baby dies. Nathan returns to tell David that God is displeased with his sin. He will not die as the law demands, but he will be punished through misfortune in his family. David takes responsibility but insists Bathsheba is blameless. But the people want Bathsheba killed. David makes plans to save Bathsheba, but she tells David she is not blameless. They are both at fault. David is reminded of the Lord and quotes Psalm", "Bathsheba at Her Bath (Rembrandt) Bathsheba, daughter of Eliam and wife of Uriah the Hittite. David had his messengers retrieve her, and after they slept together she became pregnant with his child. David was able to marry Bathsheba by sending Uriah into battle where he was killed. Prior to \"Bathsheba at Her Bath\", the standard treatment had been to show Bathsheba bathing out of doors—thus accounting for her visibility to David—and accompanied by maidservants. A tower could usually be seen in the distance, and perhaps a small figure of David, sometimes accompanied by his two courtiers. Such was the design Rembrandt's earlier \"The Toilet of", "David and Bathsheba (film) sends for Uriah hoping he will spend time with his wife to cover her pregnancy. David's wife Michal who is aware of the affair, tells David that Uriah did not go home but slept at the castle as a sign of loyalty to his King. Frustrated, David orders Uriah to be placed on the battle's front and for the troops to withdraw leaving him to die. Uriah is reported dead and David sends a dispatch to tell Bathsheba so they can plan their marriage. Nathan the prophet advises David the people are dissatisfied with his leadership and desire his sons", "Adam Bede of the story. In the final moments, Hetty, about to be executed for infanticide, is saved by her seducer, Arthur Donnithorne. Critics have argued that this \"deus ex machina\" ending negates the moral lessons learned by the main characters. Without the eleventh hour reprieve, the suffering of Adam, Arthur, and Hetty would have been more realistically concluded. In addition, some scholars feel that Adam's marriage to Dinah is another instance of the author's/narrator's intrusiveness. These instances have been found to directly conflict with the otherwise realistic images and events of the novel. In September 1885 a theatre adaptation of Adam", "Cat's Cradle: Witch Mark coach, and trying to find the missing veterinarian who contacted him about the unicorn. Meanwhile, two figures resembling the Doctor and Ace return to Llanfer Ceirog, but they are really shape-shifting demons who kill and take the forms of two local residents. The Doctor and Ace set off on their quest. They meet Bathsheba, a young girl with a withered arm, who tells them that her family was killed by demons while she was collecting firewood. They agree to take her with them, and she hopes that the god Goibhnie will see fit to restore her arm. After meeting Herne,", "Wuthering Heights (band) are deeply personal, sometimes disturbing studies of the human condition. While exorcising personal demons on one level, underneath lurks the doom of modern civilization itself. While perhaps not as overtly pagan in outlook as other artists, the forces of Nature are the backbone of Ravn´s poetry. The band does not reference 19th-century literature in their lyrics to any real extent, despite the fact the band takes its name from the novel \"Wuthering Heights\" by Emily Brontë, and despite the allusion in the name of their 2004 album \"Far From the Madding Crowd\" to Thomas Hardy. Wuthering Heights (band) Wuthering Heights", "Hester (novel) herself invited to the dances so that she may also 'come out' and marry. Meanwhile, Edward makes his interest in Hester known and his discontent with Catherine grows. Hester nearly finds out about her father at one of Catherine's parties. Hester's love life is revisited and marriage is discussed, while Roland talks business with Edward and Harry. Harry is opposed to speculating with the bank's money, but Edward seems enthusiastic. Edward's betrayal hurts Catherine, as well as harming the bank's business. Edward runs away and marries Emma. Afterwards, Catherine and Hester work together to retain the bank's status and stability.", "Hendrickje Stoffels number of nudes, especially the painting \"Bathsheba at Her Bath\". She would have been 28 at the time of the painting. Sluijter has proposed otherwise, stating that Rembrandt would be very unlikely to portray his partner's own recognisable face on nudes to be sold publicly. She appears in several films and television dramas about the life of Rembrandt. She is a character in the 1936 British film \"Rembrandt\", where she is portrayed by Elsa Lanchester. Gisela Uhlen took the role in the 1942 German film \"Rembrandt\". In the 1999 biopic \"Rembrandt\" she is played by Romane Bohringer. In Peter Greenaway's", "Far from the Madding Crowd 50; Hardy extended the reference for the 1895 edition. The village of Puddletown, near Dorchester, is the inspiration for the novel's Weatherbury. Dorchester, in turn, inspired Hardy's Casterbridge. In \"The Mayor of Casterbridge\", Hardy briefly mentions two characters from \"Far from the Madding Crowd\" – Farmer Everdene and Farmer Boldwood, both in happier days. In 2003, the novel was listed at number 48 on the BBC's survey The Big Read. In 2007, the book finished 10th on the \"Guardian\"'s list of greatest love stories of all time. The novel was retold by author F.J. Campbell in \"The Islanders\", set in", "Kay Bennett and Miguel, in reality, she was trying to keep them apart. After the incident in the mineshaft, Kay became more determined than ever to get Miguel, and sold her soul to Hecuba in order to get him. She helped Hecuba arrange for the demons of Hell to get their hands on Charity, but her plan failed when the demons seized Kay as well. Kay was lucky enough to escape from the bowels of Hell and get her soul back, but her flirtation with goodness didn't last too long before she found the Book of Spells, and cast a spell to", "Not Wanted on the Voyage Lucy plans another escape and has Crowe take a message to Emma to release them. Emma removes all the chains and bars while Noah and Hannah are preoccupied with praying, Shem is preoccupied with eating, and Japeth is preoccupied dressing his wounds. Mrs. Noyes, Lucy, and Ham bar the armoury and the chapel, locking in Noah, Hannah, and Japeth, but they are unable to find Shem. While locked in the chapel, Hannah's labour begins. She asks Noah to call for help, but he refuses to call for anyone until the baby is born. Noah knows that the baby is likely", "Death: The High Cost of Living comprehend what the lives she takes must feel like, to taste the bitter tang of mortality.' Didi manages to eat from street vendors, run into a number of people including a megalomaniac known only as \"The Eremite\" (not overtly stated, but implied to be an alternative future version of Mister E, after his return from the end of time at Death's hands in the original \"Books of Magic\" miniseries), and a British woman named Mad Hettie who is looking for her heart. A character similar to Didi appears in Gaiman's \"American Gods\", in which she is seen at Rock City", "Bathsheba had been away at war, the incident would not have taken place. The Bathsheba incident leads to a shift in the book's perspective; afterwards David \"is largely at the mercy of events rather than directing them\". He is no longer able to control his family, and ends up being overthrown by Absalom. And in the story of David's son Amnon's rape of his sister Tamar, told so soon after the incident of Bathsheba, seems to draw a parallel between the sexual misconduct of father and son. Bathsheba at her Bath is the formal name for the subject in art showing", "Cadfael knew his father, but his mother Mariam always described Cadfael (without naming him) in loving terms. Based on this praise, Daoud decides to embrace his father's Christianity rather than his mother's Islamic faith, and takes the name of his godfather at baptism, Olivier de Bretagne. After Mariam dies, Olivier offers his service to a crusading noble, and quickly becomes his favourite squire (\"The Virgin in the Ice\"). His master supports the Empress Maud, which places him on the opposing side to Cadfael's friend Hugh Beringar, though they eventually reconcile their differences. Olivier is presented as the gracious knight and paladin:", "Emma Swan and visions; an arrested Hyde helps her receive an oracle's vision of a hooded figure killing her. Guided by Morpheus, Gold enters Belle's dreams to lift the sleeping curse; he tries to renew their love, but she rejects him. \"Morpheus\" reveals he is really their unborn son, and desired this outcome. Emma’s death visions trouble her, as it puts her future with Killian in doubt, and after seeing him entertain Ashley’s daughter, asks him to move in with her. Emma discovers the sword can kill the Evil Queen without hurting Regina. The Queen steals the lamp and wishes Emma to", "Nell Mangel up the garden and find several of his personal effects. Nell eventually explains Len has left and will not return. Nell allows Harold Bishop to lodge with her and Jane. Nell is pleased to learn Harold is a devout Christian and a man of high moral standards. Nell develops a rivalry with Madge, which reaches a new high after it became clear Harold is in love with Madge. Nell constantly tries to ruin their romance. Not accepting that she has not managed to split Madge and Harold up, she manages to spoil things on their wedding by playing the church", "Leon Small she decides to tell Leon. He confronts Lucy in The Queen Victoria and asks if the baby is his. They meet the next day and he says he is willing to go with her to get an abortion, but she lies that the baby is not his. When Leon demands the truth, Lucy tells him she had an abortion. Zsa Zsa receives gifts from someone calling themselves \"The Blue Masquerader\" and Leon grows jealous. Leon and Fatboy eventually discover that Peter has been sending the gifts. Lucy helps Peter to split up Leon and Zsa Zsa but after Peter changes", "The Fairy's Dilemma longer be tolerated; unless she becomes more attentive to her duties of protecting mortals from demons, she will be sent to the back row of the ballet chorus. She had decided to protect and assist Aloysius Parfitt, a clergyman, and Jane Collins, a nurse. Jane has attracted the attention of Sir Trevor Mauleverer, a colonel in the Life Guards, who Rosebud believes to be a wicked baronet. Rosebud asks the demon to carry Jane off to Sir Trevor's apartment (making it look as if Sir Trevor has had her carried off) so that Rosebud can then rescue Jane and restore", "Tamar (daughter of David) Tamar narrative, coming soon after the Bathsheba narrative, as a way for the narrator to compare Amnon to David. As David wronged Bathsheba, so too will Amnon wrong Tamar, \"like father like son.\" Mark Gray, however, disagrees with this position, and argues that \"the rape of Tamar is an act of such horrific defilement that it is marked off as distinct from David's encounter with Bathsheba.\" Adrien Bledstein says the description of Tamar as wearing a \"richly ornamented robe\" may have been meant to signify that she was a priestess or interpreter of dreams, like Joseph with his coat of", "Bathsheba in , and are omitted in the Books of Chronicles. David, while walking on the roof of his palace, saw a very beautiful woman bathing. He ordered enquiries and found out that she was Bathsheba, wife of Uriah. He desired her and later made her pregnant. The text in the Bible does not explicitly state whether Bathsheba consented to sex. In an effort to conceal his sin, David summoned Uriah from the army (with whom he was on campaign) in the hope that Uriah would have sex with her and think that the child belongs to him. But Uriah was", "Queen of Sheba the window some day to dry just to depreciate Her Majesty's jewels and gifts.\" Christine de Pizan's \"The Book of the City of Ladies\" continues the convention of calling the Queen of Sheba \"Nicaula\". The author praises the Queen for secular and religious wisdom and lists her besides Christian and Hebrew prophetesses as first on a list of dignified female pagans. Christopher Marlowe's \"Doctor Faustus\" refers to the Queen of Sheba as \"Saba\", when Mephistopheles is trying to persuade Faustus of the wisdom of the women with whom he supposedly shall be presented every morning. Gérard de Nerval's autobiographical novel,", "Cadfael (TV series) that Cadfael or the widow acted to hasten his end. \"Saint Peter's Fair\" is an adaptation that contains a shocking twist near the end, different from the novel. It pits Cadfael and Hugh Beringar against each other, with Hugh's loyalty to King Stephen and Cadfael's sense of true justice making them enemies. In the series of novels, the two men are friends. \"The Raven in the Foregate\" focuses on Cadfael's efforts to prove that Eleanor, called Eluned in the novel, was murdered rather than a suicide and his own guilt at having sent her to Father Ailnoth for confession. Other", "Gallathea enough for Neptune. The villager Ericthinis delivers the crushing judgement that it would have been better for everyone if Hebe had been more beautiful. The confusion is finally resolved in Act V Scene III. Neptune rages about the stage threatening the village, the shepherds, Diana and her followers for conspiring against him. Diana appears and challenges him although she is quickly followed by Venus. Venus is angry that Diana has been keeping Cupid captive. The two engage in a debate over chastity and love. Finally, a truce is brokered; Diana hands Cupid over and Neptune revokes his call for virgin", "Susan Pevensie Dawn Treader\", Susan accompanies her parents on a trip to America, while Peter is being tutored by Professor Digory Kirke. Edmund and Lucy have to stay with their relatives, the Scrubbs. Susan is considered \"the pretty one of the family\", which makes Lucy insecure. Lucy is tempted to recite a spell she finds in Coriakin's magic book, which will make her beautiful \"beyond the lot of mortals\", and she pictures a plain-looking Susan jealous of her beauty - clearly hinting at a sibling rivalry not evident before. Susan is not very good at school work and acts old for her", "The Beauty Stone Simon and Saida. She says that she observed the two of them walking arm in arm in a meadow, with Saida trying desperately, but unsuccessfully, to coax the secret from him. When Saida arrives, the Devil encourages her to take Simon to the castle and continue her seduction. While Simon and Saida are together, they encounter Joan and Laine, but he will have nothing to do with them. To the sound of trumpets, Philip enters, dressed for battle. He announces that he has wearied of beauty, and is going to war. Joan and Laine beg Philip to intercede with Saida,", "Butler family (Artemis Fowl) number of weapons of fairy manufacture. Juliet Butler is Butler's little sister. It is mentioned that Juliet is the only person to laugh at Butler multiple times. Juliet is the only mentioned family of Butler who appears in the series, and whom he is extremely fond of, regarding his happiest childhood memory \"as a teenager, teaching his baby sister how to do spinning kicks in her sandbox\". She is 4 years older than Artemis, making her 16 at the time Artemis II decoded the \"Book of the People\". Juliet also has blond hair that some people find extremely attractive. In", "Macaria received by Demophon, the king. Arriving at the gates of Athens with his army, Eurystheus gives Demophon an ultimatum, threatening war upon Athens unless Demophon surrenders Heracles's children. When Demophon refuses and begins to prepare for war, an oracle informs him that Athens will be victorious only if a noble maiden is sacrificed to Persephone. Upon hearing this, Macaria sees that her only choice is immediate death on the altar or eventual death at the hands of Eurystheus. Since in neither case will she be granted a normal, happy life, she offers herself as the victim to save the welcoming", "Dorothy Vernon of Haddon Hall a way to keep the Vernon properties held by Vernons. Dorothy at the time had been an awkward adolescent; she now is a mature, strong-willed, red-headed beauty. On his way to Haddon Hall, Malcolm (still in the company of John Manners) encounters Dorothy, her aunt, and her friend Madge, all of whom live at Haddon Hall. Catching glimpses of each other, John Manners and Dorothy instantly begin to be attracted to each other. Malcolm, by contrast, sees his cousin as too beautiful and strong-willed to make a good wife. As the book progresses, Dorothy and John develop a secret romance,", "World Without End (Follett novel) to marry him instead. Gwenda then tries to win Wulfric back his lands by having sex with Ralph, but Ralph does not uphold his end of the deal. Gwenda's first son, Sam, is conceived through this liaison. Meanwhile, the monastery's Sacrist, Godwyn, a nephew of Prior Anthony, outwits his opponents and wins the priory election in an overwhelming victory. Godwyn claims to be a reformer, but turns out to be even more conservative and quickly begins to clash with the townsmen on a number of issues, including the funding and building of a fabulous new bridge designed by Merthin and", "The Sweet Far Thing the book) for dead bodies to fence any jewelry or money left upon them. They come across the body of a girl wearing a crescent moon amulet identical to Gemma's own. At Spence academy Gemma struggles to open the Realms. Pressure builds on her as her friends plot to use her magic to alter the courses of their lives. But after much struggling Gemma finds a backdoor-like entry into the Realms. By touching a mysterious stone unearthed during the reconstruction of the east wing of Spence Gemma can enter the Realms. There Gemma, Felicity, and Ann find Pippa among a", "Untamed (Cast novel) her to come to the House of Night to be safe. Zoey then goes to Shekinah, and is attacked by a Raven Mocker on the way. She escapes Aphrodite's second vision of death by calling for Damien, who sends Air to banish the creature. Outside the Council chambers she happens to eavesdrop on a discussion between Neferet and Shekinah. She incredulously hears how Neferet manages to twist all the problems she's faced since the beginning of her change and make it seem as if they were Zoey's fault. Back at school, Zoey begins a cleansing ritual at Shekinah's request. Zoey", "The Sanctuary Sparrow make love and fall asleep behind the chapel altar during Vespers. Liliwin's absence is noted. Liliwin and Rannilt wake at Compline having slept too long. Liliwin escorts Rannilt home, risking his sanctuary for her safety. Liliwin sees Daniel leave the Aurifaber home that evening, which he later tells Brother Cadfael. At the river's edge, Cadfael comes upon the body of Baldwin Peche the locksmith, the same person sought by Madog of the Dead-boat. They find clues of where Peche's body was put in the river the day before. The townspeople accuse Liliwin of this crime immediately. Liliwin denies the murder.", "Michael Sheen Carey Mulligan in the romantic drama \"Far from the Madding Crowd\" as prosperous bachelor William Boldwood. His performance was well received. Anthony Lane of \"The New Yorker\" remarked: \"How you prevent such a fellow, crushed by his own decency, from sagging into a bearded Ashley Wilkes is no easy task, yet Sheen succeeds, and Boldwood's brave smile grows dreadful to behold.\" Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of \"The A.V. Club\" found the character \"pitiful, and sometimes downright painful to watch. He's not Hardy's Boldwood, but he's a Boldwood. The only sad, genuine moment of the film belongs to him.\" Peter Bradshaw of \"The", "Galahad at Blandings years, and was good friends with Sam's father \"Boko\" Bagshott, and is disturbed at their falling-out over a minor matter of a bet in the Drones Club marriage sweepstakes. Sam needs £700 to fix up his inherited family seat and sell it (to Oofy Prosser), and has drawn Tipton in the race for the next to be married. The other front-runners have dropped out, and Sam believes he has a sure winner, as Lady Hermione will not let Veronica lose her a multimillionaire son-in-law. Sandy, who knew Tipton from working for his uncle Chet Tipton in New York, believes that", "Silas Marner the snow and passes out. The child wanders away and into Silas' house. Silas follows her tracks in the snow and discovers the woman dead. When he goes to the party for help, Godfrey heads outdoors to the scene of the accident, but resolves to tell no one that Molly was his wife. Molly's death, conveniently for Godfrey and Nancy, puts an end to the marriage. Silas keeps the child and names her Eppie, after his deceased mother and sister, both named Hephzibah. Eppie changes Silas' life completely. Silas has been robbed of his material gold, but thinks that he", "The Sweet Far Thing group of girls she claims to have saved from entering the Winterlands. Pippa leads the group of girls and attempts to teach them manners in a similar fashion that she was taught at Spence. Pippa asks Gemma to help her cross over from the Realms into a heaven-like area but finds that she cannot because she has been in the Realms too long. This causes her a great deal of distress and a guilt-ridden Gemma begins giving her an allowance of magic to help her get through the sadness. After a three month absence, Kartik finds Gemma at Spence Academy", "Kirth Gersen Finally, he has the aid and companionship of Alice Wroke in \"The Book of Dreams\". As the saga closes with all his enemies brought to harsh justice at his hands, Gersen faces the difficult transition from monomaniacal assassin to ordinary citizen. Gersen has one long-term associate. Having come into possession of an enormous fortune via a swindle perpetrated in the lawless Beyond (see above), Gersen needs to invest the money. To this end, he engages a financial advisor named Jehan Addels, whom he promises a large salary with regular increments and the interesting challenge of investing an enormous amount of", "The Blue Djinn of Babylon is having little success. John goes in search of Philippa, who is being held at the Blue Djinn's secret palace in Babylon. The twin's favorite uncle, Nimrod, also goes in search of an acceptable alternative to Philippa as the next Blue Djinn. The book alternates between John's search of Philippa, told in third person narration, and Philippa's experiences, told in first person in the form of a diary. Philippa discovers that the Blue Djinn's powers to be beyond good and evil come from the Garden of Eden's Tree of Logic. Slowly Philippa loses her humanity as the Tree has greater", "Modron mysterious ford in Denbighshire where dogs went to bark. He find a washer woman, and has his way with her. She reveals that she had been condemned to wash at the ford until she conceived a son by \"a Christian\", and bids Urien to return at the end of the year to receive the child. On returning, Urien finds the twins Owain and Morfudd. Modron is connected with \"Euron\" in the poem \"Cad Goddeu\" (\"The Battle of the Trees\"), which associates her with characters known from the Third Branch of the Mabinogi. Euron may an error for \"Gwron\"; John T.", "Mara, Daughter of the Nile other servants often. Nahereh: Mara's second master, who buys her from Zasha. He is stone faced and mysterious. Later, Mara finds out his name, and who he is. He is the brother of Queen Hatshepsut's right-hand man. Sheftu: A man who meets Mara on the boat to Thebes. He is working for the side against Nahereh. She overhears a private conversation about the revolution, and Sheftu, thinking she is a runaway slave, promises to turn her in if she does not work for him. He is guarded and secretive, but can be charming. Nekonkh: The captain of the boat on", "Ross (play) two Arab servants, Hamed and Rashid (similar to Lawrence's real-life companions Farraj and Daud), Lawrence enters the desert, revealing that he feels that the supreme being of the world is \"the will\", and he believes that he can achieve anything if he puts his mind to it. Lawrence later meets Auda ibu Tayi, leader of the Howeitat tribe of Bedouin, using flattery to convert him to the Arab cause (he has been paid off by the Turks to support them). Auda and Lawrence soon plan an expedition through the Nefud Desert to capture the Turkish-held port of Aqaba, which is", "Haddon Hall (opera) replies that Manners would be a suitable husband only if he will swear an oath in support of parliament. Dorothy knows that Manners will never do this, and Sir George orders her to marry her cousin. Dorothy asks for her mother's support, but Lady Vernon cannot help her. Oswald enters, disguised as a travelling seller of housewares. He is actually John Manners's servant, carrying a letter for Dorothy. He encounters Dorothy's handmaiden, Dorcas, and the two servants quickly become enamoured of one another. When Dorothy appears, Oswald gives her the letter. Manners has proposed that they elope, and Dorothy must", "The Other Shoe Prince Thomas, and the two dance together. After he excuses himself, Ella sees him talking to her stepsister, Clorinda. Lady Tremaine tells Ella that he was making fun of her. She runs off, leaving her glass slipper. Later that night, Gus shows Ella the key in the box in her closet, which opens up the portal to the Land of Untold Stories, but Clorinda stops her because she wants to marry Jacob and wants Ella to marry Prince Thomas. Clorinda wants to get away from her mother as soon as possible. When Lady Tremaine returns home, she confronts Ella and", "Harold Bloom religious work (see Jahwist). They further envisaged this anonymous writer as a woman attached to the court of the successors of the Israelite kings David and Solomon—a piece of speculation which drew much attention. Later, Bloom said that the speculations didn't go far enough, and perhaps he should have identified J with the Biblical Bathsheba. In \"Jesus and Yahweh: The Names Divine\" (2004), he revisits some of the territory he covered in \"The Book of J\" in discussing the significance of Yahweh and Jesus of Nazareth as literary characters, while casting a critical eye on historical approaches and asserting the", "God Knows (novel) King Saul, Jonathan (and homosexual innuendoes), Bathsheba and Uriah, the Psalms, the treachery of Absalom, Solomon, etc. At some points, David betrays knowledge of the future (he mentions Michelangelo's \"David\", saying it is ironic that a King of the Jews should stand there uncircumcised), and even of heaven (Moses sits on a rock in the afterworld, working on his stutter) – we are left to guess whether or not this stems from his special relationship with God, as no answers are forthcoming. Though not nearly as famous as Heller's \"Catch-22\", \"God Knows\" explores many of the same themes. God Knows", "Elphaba sorcery to aid, enhance and further the scientific investigations initially begun by Doctor Dillamond while she was at Shiz, her main use of sorcery is creating flying monkeys. The Wizard's Gale Forcers eventually capture Sarima and her family, Nor is later revealed to be the only survivor. Elphaba is left unsatisfied as Sarima can no longer provide the forgiveness she desires and plunges into madness. After Nessarose is crushed by Dorothy Gale's house, Elphaba attends her sister's funeral, where she meets with Glinda. The two are initially happy to be reunited, but when Elphaba learns that Glinda has given Nessarose's", "Heaven Casteel him to marry her. The two are happy for a brief time, until Troy's detective agency locates Keith and Our Jane. Heaven rushes to 'save them' when Troy becomes ill and wishes her to go on and find them, only to discover once she is there that they no longer need her and that they love their adoptive parents when they deny knowing her. Devastated, she goes to Fanny, who spitefully convinces her to go to Winnerow to get back her baby Darcy that she sold to the Reverend Wayland Wise who adopted her and raped her. Heaven reluctantly agrees,", "Lance Powell (Brookside) in Lance's scenes. He also believed that the Lance's relationship with Fred was for the benefit of Bev's story arc. Poppins named Lance's most memorable moment as being when he moved in with Max Farnham (Steven Pinder) because it was \"great\" and \"tickled\" him. He also revealed that he believed that Lance's \"heart belongs to Max\" and that he should make a move on Lance. During White's pregnancy, Bev discusses having Fred's child for him and Lance. This would have accommodated White's pregnancy; however, the show's writers decided against doing the storyline. The storyline concluded with Bev changing her mind", "Mr. Gold make wishes to get their family back and after Snow, David, Hook, Zelena, and Dr. Jekyll return Gold travels to the Land of Untold Stories to confront Hyde and get Belle. Hyde later makes a deal with Gold to give him info about how to free Belle from her sleeping curse in exchange for Storybrooke in which Gold agrees. Rumple uses the Sands of Morpheus to wake Belle, at the same time, meeting the consciousness of his unborn son in the dream world. Due to his son encouraging Belle not to let Rumple ruin their lives, she leaves him to", "Hex (TV series) last. Ella loses all her feelings for Malachi, who quickly moves on to romancing Alex and other girls in the school. He eventually seduces the entire student body, creating an army of succubi and incubi that makes him too powerful for Ella to kill. The only students who are not converted are Roxanne (who becomes a \"pure soul\" in her quest for forgiveness from God for seducing Jez and causing his apparent suicide), Tom (who is secretly gay, in love with Leon, and impossible to convert because Malachi cannot make Leon love him back), Thelma (because after Ella later kills", "Silas Marner has a strong bond with Silas, who through her has found a place in the rural society and a purpose in life. Meanwhile, Godfrey and Nancy mourn their own childless state, after the death of their baby. Eventually, the skeleton of Dunstan Cass—still clutching Silas' gold—is found at the bottom of the stone quarry near Silas' home, and the money is duly returned to Silas. Shocked by this revelation, and coming to the realisation of his own conscience, Godfrey confesses to Nancy that Molly was his first wife and that Eppie is his child. They offer to raise her as", "Ella Enchanted heavily criticized for its changes to the source material. Levine stated that the film is \"so different from the book that it's hard to compare them,\" noting the addition of new characters such as Sir Edgar and Heston, and suggested \"regarding the movie as a separate creative act\". At birth, Ella of Frell is given the gift of obedience by the foolish fairy Lucinda. As a result, she cannot disobey a direct order given to her, whether it is chopping off her own head or hopping on one foot for a day. Her mother, Lady Eleanor, and the family's secret", "Lady Hester Pulter Roderigo then lusts after Florinda, the daughter of a Spanish courtier-diplomat. Using his friend, Alphonso, Roderigo pursues Florinda. However, Florinda rejects him, causing Roderigo to hate her. We take a break from the main story line to see Fidelia, Zabra's companion who was in Africa all this time, arrives unexpectedly and tells her own story of adventure. In it, another African king, whom Pulter does not name, demanded Fidelia as his mistress on pain of death. Fidelia and her lover, Amandus, who is the Prince of Naples, kill the African king through a trick in bed. They escape, but are", "The Mountains of Madness fact how the transmission is concluded: he has killed Edith who is trapped in Judith's body. Sebastian actually tried to stop the awakening but was to insane after learning the truth that he could not tell. Judith burns the Necronomicon preventing the awakening from being stopped but Edward Jr stabs her to death thus robbing her of her prize: seeing and meeting the Gods. The stand is pulled back and the action returns to the hospital. Edward Jr sums up his story. The psychologists start to question his story, but not the fantastical elements. Instead they ask him how he" ]

[ 5.20703125 ]

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[ "Exactly." ]

[ "No, that's not correct.", "Adequate civil legal assistance requires tenacity and being a driven individual.", "A person rides a dirt bike through the mud.", "He is still a hot topic.", "He was able to invest $300 million abroad by 1959 because of his dictatorship.", "that sounds fine because newspapers are usually free", "Louis XIV was unable to draw his own conclusions from Mazarin's coaching in affairs of state." ]

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