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Ten fun facts about Namibia for a fun Namibian safari.jpg Fact number 1 - Namibia is home to the world’s oldest desert Namib Desert Namibia Safari Shifting sand dunes, gravel plains, and rugged mountains make up this extremely arid ecoregion. The Namib Desert, the world's oldest desert, has been around for at least 55 million years, devoid of surface water but bisected by many dry riverbeds. A few ungulates, such as Hartmann's zebras, live in these vegetated riverbeds. Scenic photo of dunes in the Namib Desert, Namibia The south of the desert is very dry, with no dry riverbeds; the gemsbok is the only large mammal that can survive in this harsh climate. An interesting fact about Namibia is that the thick fogs are common along the coast, and they are the desert's lifeblood, providing enough moisture for a variety of interesting, well-adapted animal species to thrive. Fact number 2 - Namibia has 30 languages that are spoken in the country Himba culture of namibia Another fact about Namibia is that it has a remarkable diversity of spoken languages: about 30 overall. More than 11 languages are native to Namibia, but with its cosmopolitan culture, languages from all across the world are spoken in Namibia. In fact, English is the official language, but Namibia's comparatively small population is actually extremely diverse in language and culture. Traditional Herero Woman in Namiba Namibia has a population of close to 2.4 million, and the citizens speak up to 30 languages. The most popular of these is Oshiwambo. English is the recognized official language of Namibia. In fact, Portuguese was spoken by 4–5 percent of the total population. The most common spoken languages used in households are Oshiwambo dialects, 49 per cent of the population are Khoekhoegowab 11 per cent, Afrikaans 10 per cent, RuKwangali 9 per cent and Otjiherero 9 per cent. Fact number 3 - Namibia has some of the highest sand dunes in the world Sossusvlei Climbing Namibia Adventure Big Daddy is the highest dune in the area of Sossusvlei. This colossal dune is found between Sossusvlei and Deadvlei, and the other dunes dwarf at 325 meters. If you want the ultimate bragging rights, take a lot of water and hike to the top of Big Daddy where you can look down onto Deadvlei. Dunes in Namibia Big Daddy may be the highest dune in the Sossusvlei region at 325 meters, but it is not the highest in the Namib Desert. In fact, This honour is bestowed on Dune 7, which was measured at 388m. Dune 7 received its name by being the 7th dune on the Tsauchab River. Fact number 4 - World’s most extensive meteorite shower The Gibeon meteorite shower is the largest known meteorite shower on Earth, covering a wide elliptical area of some 275 by 100 kilometres, centred on Brukkaros south of Mariental. Namibia Capital City Windhoek Most of the pieces fell just southeast of Gibeon. To date, some 120 specimens with a weight of almost 25 tons have been recorded. In fact in Namibia, an unknown number have been collected but never recorded. The Gibeon meteorite shower occurred in prehistoric times in central Namibia. Remains from this meteorite shower are exhibited at Windhoek, Namibia's capital city. Fact number 5 - Namibia has one of the largest concentrations of rock art in Africa San Rock art in namibia The first known inhabitants of Namibia are the San (Bushmen) who belong to the Khoesan people. These hunter-gatherers – like the Ju/'Hoansi, Kxoe and the Kung – have travelled across the vast plains of Southern Africa for thousands of years until migrants armed with arms looking for new land to graze their animals and plant their food, driving them further and further east into the Kalahari Desert. The San have resided in Namibia for more than 6,000 years, and there is more than enough rock art to confirm this. Fact number 6 - Namibia has the largest population of free-roaming cheetahs in the world Cheetah Conservation in Namibia At the Cheetah Conservation in Namibia, you can run across one of the 3,000 or so free-roaming cheetahs in the country. Fact number 7 - Namibia is also home to th

dune is found between Sossusvlei and Deadvlei, and the other dunes dwarf at 325 meters. If you want the ultimate bragging rights, take a lot of water and hike to the top of Big Daddy where you can look down onto Deadvlei. Dunes in Namibia Big Daddy may be the highest dune in the Sossusvlei region at 325 meters, but it is not the highest in the Namib Desert. In fact, This honour is bestowed on Dune 7, which was measured at 388m. Dune 7 received its name by being the 7th dune on the Tsauchab River. Fact number 4 - World’s most extensive meteorite shower The Gibeon meteorite shower is the largest known meteorite shower on Earth, covering a wide elliptical area of some 275 by 100 kilometres, centred on Brukkaros south of Mariental. Namibia Capital City Windhoek Most of the pieces fell just southeast of Gibeon. To date, some 120 specimens with a weight of almost 25 tons have been recorded. In fact in Namibia, an unknown number have been collected but never recorded. The Gibeon meteorite shower occurred in prehistoric times in central Namibia. Remains from this meteorite shower are exhibited at Windhoek, Namibia's capital city. Fact number 5 - Namibia has one of the largest concentrations of rock art in Africa San Rock art in namibia The first known inhabitants of Namibia are the San (Bushmen) who belong to the Khoesan people. These hunter-gatherers – like the Ju/'Hoansi, Kxoe and the Kung – have travelled across the vast plains of Southern Africa for thousands of years until migrants armed with arms looking for new land to graze their animals and plant their food, driving them further and further east into the Kalahari Desert. The San have resided in Namibia for more than 6,000 years, and there is more than enough rock art to confirm this. Fact number 6 - Namibia has the largest population of free-roaming cheetahs in the world Cheetah Conservation in Namibia At the Cheetah Conservation in Namibia, you can run across one of the 3,000 or so free-roaming cheetahs in the country. Fact number 7 - Namibia is also home to the second-largest canyon in the world Fish river canyon Namibia adventure | Credit: Getaway Magazine The Fish River Canyon , located close to the border with South Africa, is also the oldest in the world. Researchers have determined that the canyon was formed at least 500 million years ago through water and wind erosion, coupled with the collapse of the valley floor. Fact number 8 - The most fascinating Namibia Tribes Himba Woman in Kunene Namibia The Himba tribe in the Kunene region of the country have strongly clung to their traditional ways and beliefs. They wear traditional clothes, eat traditional foods and even practice traditional religions. The women wear skirts and leave their upper body bare. Basically, they have been unaffected by modernism in any way. Fact number 9 - The Skeleton Coast is the world’s biggest gravesite for sailors and ships Skeleton Coast Namibia Travel A large number of sailors have died at this coast in Namibia, given the dense fog and the violent storms in the area. In the 1940s, a slate was discovered along with human skeletons. The slate was written by a survivor and directed anyone who found it north. Unfortunately, the wreck had happened close to a century earlier. Fact number 10 - The Namibian dollar is used interchangeably with the South African Rand Added: 2022-08-03 18:59

e second-largest canyon in the world Fish river canyon Namibia adventure | Credit: Getaway Magazine The Fish River Canyon , located close to the border with South Africa, is also the oldest in the world. Researchers have determined that the canyon was formed at least 500 million years ago through water and wind erosion, coupled with the collapse of the valley floor. Fact number 8 - The most fascinating Namibia Tribes Himba Woman in Kunene Namibia The Himba tribe in the Kunene region of the country have strongly clung to their traditional ways and beliefs. They wear traditional clothes, eat traditional foods and even practice traditional religions. The women wear skirts and leave their upper body bare. Basically, they have been unaffected by modernism in any way. Fact number 9 - The Skeleton Coast is the world’s biggest gravesite for sailors and ships Skeleton Coast Namibia Travel A large number of sailors have died at this coast in Namibia, given the dense fog and the violent storms in the area. In the 1940s, a slate was discovered along with human skeletons. The slate was written by a survivor and directed anyone who found it north. Unfortunately, the wreck had happened close to a century earlier. Fact number 10 - The Namibian dollar is used interchangeably with the South African Rand Added: 2022-08-03 18:59

NATURAL COMPOUND FROM AROMATIC PLANTS AND USAGE AS BIOACTIVITY PRODUCTS IN IRAN Global Conference on NURSING AND HEALTHCARE March 27-28, 2019 | Amsterdam, Netherlands Mohmmad Bagher Rezaee Research Institute Forests and Rangelands, Iran Posters & Accepted Abstracts : J Prim Care Gen Pract Botanicals and herbal preparations for medicinal usage contain various types of bioactive compounds. The benefits of aromatic plants extract, or essential oils have been used in remedy purposes since ancient time. Natural products provide unlimited opportunities for contain various types of bioactive compounds and new drug, because of the chemical diversity interest particularly in aromatic plants, usage and diamonds of different herbs has grown throughout the world. The Persian physician Avicenna (980 - 1,037 AD) that is being credited with perfecting the distillation process of essential oils found in the seeds, bark, stems, roots, flowers of plants. It gives plants their distinctive smells and provides plants with protection against disease. Iran also is very famous in producing essential oil and water extraction from national plants spatially Rosa damacena and menthe spp. All essential oil Samples were analysed by GC and GC/MS. The main constituents of oil extracted traditionally, samples were extracted by two hydro distillation method which designed by authors in Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. were analayz and find it citronellol, cis-p-menth -2-en-1-ol and geraniol in Rosa damecena. These compounds and others are very popular in producing drug and effects as anti-cancer, anti-bacterial out of that and we should take care of over doses or toxicology. Iran, on herbal played a key role in connecting various cultures and civilizations. Ethno-herbal and phyto- chemical dates back to a long time ago and a number of writings regarding this issue are left by great physicians e.g. Avicenna and Rhazes. The focus of this paper is on the analytical methodologies, which include the extraction, isolation and characterization of active ingredients in herbal preparations.

It took the Winchester Arms Company a year to begin offering their popular Model 1886 lever-action rifle in the .50-110 chambering. And for 30 more years, Winchester produced a limited number of rifles in this impressive caliber. The Big Fifty was Winchester's attempt to match several British express rifle loads intended for taking big African game. It had a factory 300-grain bullet pushed by smokeless powder at over 2,200 feet per second at the muzzle. Nevertheless, the .50-110 cartridge lingered in domestic production until 1935. It was one of the last of the "half-inch" loads harkening back to the days of buffalo hunting on the Great Plains, but only a small fraction of the nearly 160,000 Model 1886 rifles made were .50-cal. guns.

MATLAB: Introduction to Programming for Behavioral Research Assignment Help MATLAB: Introduction to Programming for Behavioral Research Assignment Help By Online Tutoring and Guided Sessions from AssignmentHelp.Net This subject will introduce students to the basics of the MATLAB user interface and programming language, for the purpose of using MATLAB to conduct behavioural research. The curriculum includes learning about MATLAB syntax, general programming concepts such as functions, loops, and conditional statements, and how to analyze and visualize data in MATLAB. It also includes programming psychology experiments with the Psychophysics toolbox (a set of MATLAB functions), including displaying stimuli (visual and auditory), and collecting responses from participants. Many students face the problem while solving difficult homework in the evening. Many students face the problem of having difficulty in understanding tough concepts taught in the class. www.assignmenthelp.net provides solution to all such difficulties faced by school and college students. Assignmenthelp.net is an online tutoring website designed to provide tutoring help to school and college students. We provide online homework help, Assignment Help, project help, dissertation help and any other kind of tutoring assistance. Our expert professional tutors with masters and PHD degrees provide help using latest advanced technologies to help a student gain maximum interest in the subject. Psychology students can get MATLAB for behavioural research Assignment Help or MATLAB for behavioural research homework help. To get psychology homework help or Psychology Assignment Help all a student needs to do is to register at our website, pay a nominal fee and submit the assignment along with the deadline. As soon as we get the assignment we appoint our expert professional tutors on the task of completing the assignment within the given deadline. The assignment is only handed over to student after careful thorough verification. Contact us via phone, chat or email. We are available 24*7. Use our services to achieve very good grades in your academics.

Most of us know how important reading aloud is, but what’s surprising is how many parents just don’t do it. Perhaps most parents assume teachers at school will read aloud in class and that will be enough. However, after reading The Read Aloud Handbook by read aloud expert Jim Trelease, I realized how important it is to read aloud as much as possible. Trelease offers personal stories and advice that I found extremely insightful. His perspective on reading aloud shows how easy it is to do and the significant impact it has on children. In fact, there’s an entire day (February 1st) dedicated annually to reading aloud. Reading for Pleasure One of the most meaningful gifts you can give a child is to nurture a love of reading for pleasure. Even pediatricians prescribe books. A study by the American Academy of Pediatrics found, “...new evidence that book-sharing in early childhood may promote brain development supporting reading readiness.” In fact, it starts simply with having books around for easy access at home and in the classroom. It makes sense that children who have more accessibility to books, are more likely to utilize books for entertainment. The more a child reads, the more likely he/she will enjoy reading, thus improving reading proficiency and core reading skills (minus the worksheets and comprehension quizzes). In my research, I found that most people describe the origins of their love for books similarly: it transports them to another world. We need to make sure that books are in the hands of children, not for the purpose of gathering data or improving standardized test scores, but for sheer enjoyment. Not only will their love of reading evolve naturally, so will their proficiency in basic language skills like speaking, reading, and writing. In addition, books feed into children’s imagination and creativity, enriching their world view. Reading at Home Although it’s common for teachers to read out loud at school, can you really read enough? August House CEO, Steve Floyd, recalls reading to his young sons everyday when he got home from work, “I was fortunate to spend this very special time reading to my boys, but little did I know that I was also helping them activate their brains or that they were practicing pre-language skills that would prove so valuable later as they learned to read.” It might seem like a chore to read to your child everyday, especially after work, preparing dinner, cleaning up, etc., but reading aloud benefits both you and your child. Consider reading aloud a chance to unwind and bond with your children, all while mentally stimulating cognitive skills and improving their language skills (sounds like a win-win). Trelease explains the simplicity of reading aloud, “You don’t need a degree or forty hours of free time to effectively discuss a book with your child.” You also “don’t need 200 books in your home library to make an impact on children.” One book can actually have a life-long impact on a child. I still think back fondly on my childhood favorites like Eloise or Ramona and Beezus. Reading aloud is something everyone can do with their children. It only takes a couple minutes, and you don’t have to break the bank buying every trending or award-winning book as soon as they're released. Remember, children’s books are “evergreen,” and I’ve found amazing books of great quality at the Goodwill store. Or, make a weekly field trip by visiting your closest library branch. Books are just the first step in developing a child’s mind. As children get older, it’s important to expose them to different genres and formats of reading. Trelease recommends incorporating series into their reading list. Young readers will build strong relationships with the characters (think: Harry Potter, Curious George or Magic Treehouse). Series lend themselves to encourage reading and moving on to the next adventure. With each book, readers are enticed to continue reading. Not only does reading aloud improve comprehension and literacy, it also offers families an inexpensive way to take a mental vacation from the stress of dail

eryday when he got home from work, “I was fortunate to spend this very special time reading to my boys, but little did I know that I was also helping them activate their brains or that they were practicing pre-language skills that would prove so valuable later as they learned to read.” It might seem like a chore to read to your child everyday, especially after work, preparing dinner, cleaning up, etc., but reading aloud benefits both you and your child. Consider reading aloud a chance to unwind and bond with your children, all while mentally stimulating cognitive skills and improving their language skills (sounds like a win-win). Trelease explains the simplicity of reading aloud, “You don’t need a degree or forty hours of free time to effectively discuss a book with your child.” You also “don’t need 200 books in your home library to make an impact on children.” One book can actually have a life-long impact on a child. I still think back fondly on my childhood favorites like Eloise or Ramona and Beezus. Reading aloud is something everyone can do with their children. It only takes a couple minutes, and you don’t have to break the bank buying every trending or award-winning book as soon as they're released. Remember, children’s books are “evergreen,” and I’ve found amazing books of great quality at the Goodwill store. Or, make a weekly field trip by visiting your closest library branch. Books are just the first step in developing a child’s mind. As children get older, it’s important to expose them to different genres and formats of reading. Trelease recommends incorporating series into their reading list. Young readers will build strong relationships with the characters (think: Harry Potter, Curious George or Magic Treehouse). Series lend themselves to encourage reading and moving on to the next adventure. With each book, readers are enticed to continue reading. Not only does reading aloud improve comprehension and literacy, it also offers families an inexpensive way to take a mental vacation from the stress of daily routine or a healthy escape from dealing with problems. Even Jim Trelease relates the way that reading aloud helped him combat his hyperactivity as a child. As parents, older siblings, friends and relatives, it is our responsibility to give children the basic tools they need to succeed in life. As Trelease concludes, “Giving phonics lessons to kids who don’t have any print in their lives is like giving an oar to a person who doesn’t have a boat - they won’t get very far.”

y routine or a healthy escape from dealing with problems. Even Jim Trelease relates the way that reading aloud helped him combat his hyperactivity as a child. As parents, older siblings, friends and relatives, it is our responsibility to give children the basic tools they need to succeed in life. As Trelease concludes, “Giving phonics lessons to kids who don’t have any print in their lives is like giving an oar to a person who doesn’t have a boat - they won’t get very far.”

What does the treatment involve? It involves encouraging the drainage of intraocular liquid (aqueous humour), since high intraocular pressure is the most common cause associated with the onset of glaucomatous damage. When is this treatment indicated? You must bear in mind that childhood glaucoma treatment is mainly surgery. Medical treatment is reserved to cases that are not fully developed and/or as preparation prior to short-term surgery. How is it performed? There are different techniques: - Angle closue surgery: goniotomy, trabeculotomy, canaloplasty. - Filtration surgery: trabeculectomy, trabeculostomy, non perforating surgery. - Drainage mechanisms (tubes): the most commonly used are the Ahmed valve and the non-valved Baerveldt valve. - Cyclodestructive procedures: conventional laser diode and MP3 probe. - MIGS (Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery). The use of each of these techniques will depend on the type of glaucoma, the age of onset, and the characteristics of the eye (particularly the condition of the cornea, the existence (or lack thereof) of eye pathologies. Any surgical technique used on children must be performed under general anaesthesia. The results depend on each of the different techniques applied, as well as the characteristics of the eye and the age of the children at the time of the diagnosis. Angular surgery (goniotomy, trabeculectomy, canaloplasty) must be performed, if possible, as a matter of principle and, filtration surgery (trabeculectomy and trabeculostomy) must be reserved to cases where the condition of the cornea prohibits it, or when angular surgery has proven insufficient for the evolutionary control of glaucoma. The rate of success of goniotomy and trabeculectomy is 75-90%. The technique used in filtration surgery has a lower rate of sucess because of high healing tendency of children, which means the technique may be less effective over the short and long term. Drainage mechanisms usually have a high rate of success, but they are not exempt from preoperative complications attributable to possible eye decompression. The child's eyeball has special anatomical and histological characteristics that condition the outcome, which means it is fundamental that the technique modifications are made to the technique compared to the technique applied to adults. Professionals who perform this treatment Frequently asked questions Does this intervention mean that I'll no longer have to use drugs to control my intraocular pressure? The objective of glaucoma surgery is to control intraocular pressure using the different forms of draining aqueous humour. Any procedure may lose efficacy over time, and in many cases medical treatment may act as a complement to surgery in order to control the disease. What is the difference between congenital and childhood glaucoma? Under the term childhood glaucoma, we find different types of glaucoma, both primary (an eye condition causing glaucoma) and secondary (to other pathologies or contiguous causes). Congenital glaucoma would be a type of primary childhood glaucoma, with 3 subtypes based on the age of onset: —neonatal: ( 0-1 month) —childhood: 1-month- 24 months —late: > 24 months From a surgical point of view, this means that congenital glaucoma has the same therapeutic plan as childhood glaucoma.

Nano-Si can be produced by two ways. One method is based on Magnesiothermic Reduction of Rice Husks, as a by-product from the production of rice that is abundant all over the world. This method is able to produce nano-Si with the exact ability to revert and conductivity as conventional silicon. Nano-Si is a high-performance material with a high surface activity along with high purity. It is also non-toxic and has high surface area. It is used in high power lighting sources. These devices utilize a small amount of nano-Si in order to create light. Nano-Si particles are tiny, less than 5 nanometers in size. Silicon nanoparticles can also be produced through chemical vapor deposition or grinding mechanically. The nanoparticles of silicon are also manufactured by plasma evaporation as well as condensation. In the western world nano-Si is made industrially through specialized companies. Some of these companies include Chemicalbook from Japan, DuPont of the United States, H.C. Stark of Germany and Tekner out of Canada. These companies make nano-Si with high purity and different particle sizes. Nano-Si is an interconnected network of crystalline silicon nanoparticles. The network is visible with HRTEM. The nanoparticles are 8-10 nm in diameter. However, larger particles are distributed in the smallest amount. The large porosity of nanosilicon powder is due to the precise etching and etching of particles. Also, it contains NaCl, a solvent that stops localized melting of the material. Nano silica fume , a mineral having a larger surface. It has greater amorphous silica concentration than quartz powder, which influences both chemical and physical Reactivity. It has a greater pozzolanic activity indicator than quartz which is 330 times higher than that of the pozzolan. This is due to the differences in the proportion and amount of aluminum oxide present within silica fume and quartz. Nano silica fume is utilized to enhance the mechanical properties of concrete. It can increase the strength of concrete via thickening the paste and speeds up the hydration process. It also enhances the properties of concrete, which includes the compressive and flexural strengths. The proportion of silica fume in concrete mixes will determine the split tensile strength as well as compressive strength. The application of nano-silica-fume for concrete has already been investigated to be used in various ways. It can be utilized as a concrete additive that helps enhance construction strength, and it can be catalyst for the production of other materials. It's been used to make high-performance polymers, as well as abrasives. It can also be used in the fabrication of ceramics. Nano-silica can come from several sources, including fly ash , and silica fume. Nano silica is essentially a fine powder. A recent study has demonstrated that it is possible for an ultra-pure nano silica particle through an alkaline extraction procedure. This is a different approach to the usual method of decomposing RHA in oxidizing environments, with high energy inputs. This new method involves acid precipitation and extraction of alkaline. It is a material made up of nanoparticles with different sizes, shapes and orientations. It comes in dry and colloidal forms. While colloidal nanoparticles are able to form an emulsion, dried nanoparticles can behave differently. High-purity nano silica powder is made from agricultural byproducts like rice husk. It is a green source, and has a substantial silica content. The process is also cost-effective and reliable. In order to make spherical silicon nanowires the process is new and has been devised. It makes use of high-energy electrons disintegrate silane gas and then release silicon atoms. This results in a silicon-based nanoparticle that can range from 20 to 80 nanometers in diameter. Researchers hope to apply the technology to other materials as well. There are two key processes to make nanoparticles from porous silicon. Electrochemical etching as well as ultrasonication. Porous Si is the first material used in hybrid preparations since it

te and speeds up the hydration process. It also enhances the properties of concrete, which includes the compressive and flexural strengths. The proportion of silica fume in concrete mixes will determine the split tensile strength as well as compressive strength. The application of nano-silica-fume for concrete has already been investigated to be used in various ways. It can be utilized as a concrete additive that helps enhance construction strength, and it can be catalyst for the production of other materials. It's been used to make high-performance polymers, as well as abrasives. It can also be used in the fabrication of ceramics. Nano-silica can come from several sources, including fly ash , and silica fume. Nano silica is essentially a fine powder. A recent study has demonstrated that it is possible for an ultra-pure nano silica particle through an alkaline extraction procedure. This is a different approach to the usual method of decomposing RHA in oxidizing environments, with high energy inputs. This new method involves acid precipitation and extraction of alkaline. It is a material made up of nanoparticles with different sizes, shapes and orientations. It comes in dry and colloidal forms. While colloidal nanoparticles are able to form an emulsion, dried nanoparticles can behave differently. High-purity nano silica powder is made from agricultural byproducts like rice husk. It is a green source, and has a substantial silica content. The process is also cost-effective and reliable. In order to make spherical silicon nanowires the process is new and has been devised. It makes use of high-energy electrons disintegrate silane gas and then release silicon atoms. This results in a silicon-based nanoparticle that can range from 20 to 80 nanometers in diameter. Researchers hope to apply the technology to other materials as well. There are two key processes to make nanoparticles from porous silicon. Electrochemical etching as well as ultrasonication. Porous Si is the first material used in hybrid preparations since it's quite simple for creating a nanocrystalline films. After a thin layer this film is formed there are various methods used, like ultrasonics can be used to break it down into smaller nanoparticles. This process starts by heating the raw powder by a thermal plasma at high temperatures. Plasma jets with high energy produce small silicon nuclei in the form of vapors, which are removed from the outer cover of the chamber as well as an inner surface of the reaction tube. Silicon nanomaterials are studied using field emission scan electron microscopy. Images processing programs are employed to determine their size. The resultant product is determined by X-ray diffractometry. Nanoparticles are small particles that could pose a threat to health of humans and other organisms. While numerous studies have been performed on the impact of nanoparticles on humans, it's still unclear whether the same risk is applicable on other types of species. In particular, studies by human subjects have proven that exposures to nanoparticles may increase chances of developing cardiovascular diseases, inhalation injury, as well as olfactory epithelium damage. Although nanoparticles are biocompatible and are utilized in numerous biomedical research, there are some concerns about their toxic effects. The amount of toxicity can differ based on the dosage and the place of deposition. Research is underway to be aware of the mechanisms that cause toxicology and determine the ideal concentration for human consumption. Nanoparticles hold enormous potential in the medical field. They can serve as drugs transport vehicles, contrast agents, or fluorescent markers. Nanoparticles are distinguished by their one dimension that ranges from 1 to 100 nanometers. Because of their small dimensions, they are able to penetrate cell membranes and stabilize proteins. Nanoparticles also escape out of lysosomes in the process of endocytosis. There are a variety of factors that determine the efficiency that nanosilica fume can provide as an appropriate nanotechnology

's quite simple for creating a nanocrystalline films. After a thin layer this film is formed there are various methods used, like ultrasonics can be used to break it down into smaller nanoparticles. This process starts by heating the raw powder by a thermal plasma at high temperatures. Plasma jets with high energy produce small silicon nuclei in the form of vapors, which are removed from the outer cover of the chamber as well as an inner surface of the reaction tube. Silicon nanomaterials are studied using field emission scan electron microscopy. Images processing programs are employed to determine their size. The resultant product is determined by X-ray diffractometry. Nanoparticles are small particles that could pose a threat to health of humans and other organisms. While numerous studies have been performed on the impact of nanoparticles on humans, it's still unclear whether the same risk is applicable on other types of species. In particular, studies by human subjects have proven that exposures to nanoparticles may increase chances of developing cardiovascular diseases, inhalation injury, as well as olfactory epithelium damage. Although nanoparticles are biocompatible and are utilized in numerous biomedical research, there are some concerns about their toxic effects. The amount of toxicity can differ based on the dosage and the place of deposition. Research is underway to be aware of the mechanisms that cause toxicology and determine the ideal concentration for human consumption. Nanoparticles hold enormous potential in the medical field. They can serve as drugs transport vehicles, contrast agents, or fluorescent markers. Nanoparticles are distinguished by their one dimension that ranges from 1 to 100 nanometers. Because of their small dimensions, they are able to penetrate cell membranes and stabilize proteins. Nanoparticles also escape out of lysosomes in the process of endocytosis. There are a variety of factors that determine the efficiency that nanosilica fume can provide as an appropriate nanotechnology material. The first is that the particles are extremely small and about 95% of them are smaller than one mm. Also, its physical properties are very good, which make it a great choice for nanotechnology. This material is a premium gray or white hue, and is made up of pure silica in a non-crystalline state. It is easily recognized because of its Xray diffraction capabilities. Nano silica flour is a extremely fine powder and its use is varied. It is a product of silicon smelting and is one of the pozzolanic Amorphous materials with an average particle size of 150 nm. It is used in high-performance concrete as well as in other products needing a material with high performance. It is often confused with fumed silica. However, both are distinct. In the initial study researchers discovered the nano silica fume enhanced the strength of concrete's compressive force. Particularly it was found in concretes with a high volume of fly ash. Concretes that contain fly ash had higher early age strength as well as it increased the compressive strength for 28 days. Silica fume is used in the production of a variety of concretes. It has a high level of resistance to acids, alkalis as well as other chemical agents. However, it comes with some drawbacks. It is firstly, it's hard to place and compact. Additionally, silica fume can increase its water content in the concrete mix. In addition, silica-fume cement requires a plasticizer which makes it costly. Silica fume can be found in a variety of construction of buildings, and particularly high-rise structures. The tiny particles of silica provide greater cement bonding strength, that improves the mechanical properties of concrete. It is also utilized in marine structureslike ships, and offers greater in resistance against chlorine. Nano silica can offer many advantages and benefits, such as speeding up setting as well as improving the concrete's mechanical properties. It improves the durability of concrete and the water hydration. This can lower the construction cost. It can also assis

material. The first is that the particles are extremely small and about 95% of them are smaller than one mm. Also, its physical properties are very good, which make it a great choice for nanotechnology. This material is a premium gray or white hue, and is made up of pure silica in a non-crystalline state. It is easily recognized because of its Xray diffraction capabilities. Nano silica flour is a extremely fine powder and its use is varied. It is a product of silicon smelting and is one of the pozzolanic Amorphous materials with an average particle size of 150 nm. It is used in high-performance concrete as well as in other products needing a material with high performance. It is often confused with fumed silica. However, both are distinct. In the initial study researchers discovered the nano silica fume enhanced the strength of concrete's compressive force. Particularly it was found in concretes with a high volume of fly ash. Concretes that contain fly ash had higher early age strength as well as it increased the compressive strength for 28 days. Silica fume is used in the production of a variety of concretes. It has a high level of resistance to acids, alkalis as well as other chemical agents. However, it comes with some drawbacks. It is firstly, it's hard to place and compact. Additionally, silica fume can increase its water content in the concrete mix. In addition, silica-fume cement requires a plasticizer which makes it costly. Silica fume can be found in a variety of construction of buildings, and particularly high-rise structures. The tiny particles of silica provide greater cement bonding strength, that improves the mechanical properties of concrete. It is also utilized in marine structureslike ships, and offers greater in resistance against chlorine. Nano silica can offer many advantages and benefits, such as speeding up setting as well as improving the concrete's mechanical properties. It improves the durability of concrete and the water hydration. This can lower the construction cost. It can also assist in reducing bleeding and speed up development. Silica fume can be described as a form made up of microsilica. It is utilized to create concrete. The use of nanosilica in concrete helps reduce the amount of recyclable material. However, numerous research studies have proved that nano-silica has negative impacts on human health. There are no currently proven alternatives to nanosilica in concrete or mortar. Although SF and NS usage is increasing exponentially, there is significant concern about their environmental and health risk. Furthermore, leakage into groundwater could pose serious security hazards. In reality crystallized silica dust is known to have been connected to Silicosis the potentially fatal lung disease. However the amorphous silica fume, however, does not have this risk. Nanosilica and Microsilica share the same behavior in pozzolanics. Nanosilica however has a smaller particle size as well as a larger surface area. Therefore, it will react with cement more rapidly. is committed to the advancement of technology and applications of nanotechnology and also to new material industries having extensive experience in nano-technology research and development and application of materials, is an industry leader in the supply and manufacture of chemical substances. If you need information about nanomaterials price or need to know about new materials industry Please feel free to contact us. Send us an email at [email protected] at any time. Nano silica powder Supplier TRUNNANO (aka. Luoyang Tongrun Nano Technology Co. Ltd. is an industry leader in the supply and manufacture of chemicals. Their experience spans more than twelve years. experience in producing high-quality chemicals along with expertise in the field of Nanomaterials. The company is currently working on various substances. Our company manufactures Nano silicon powder that has very high purity, fine particle size as well as low levels of impurity. Contact us by email at [email protected] as well select the product that you want to in

t in reducing bleeding and speed up development. Silica fume can be described as a form made up of microsilica. It is utilized to create concrete. The use of nanosilica in concrete helps reduce the amount of recyclable material. However, numerous research studies have proved that nano-silica has negative impacts on human health. There are no currently proven alternatives to nanosilica in concrete or mortar. Although SF and NS usage is increasing exponentially, there is significant concern about their environmental and health risk. Furthermore, leakage into groundwater could pose serious security hazards. In reality crystallized silica dust is known to have been connected to Silicosis the potentially fatal lung disease. However the amorphous silica fume, however, does not have this risk. Nanosilica and Microsilica share the same behavior in pozzolanics. Nanosilica however has a smaller particle size as well as a larger surface area. Therefore, it will react with cement more rapidly. is committed to the advancement of technology and applications of nanotechnology and also to new material industries having extensive experience in nano-technology research and development and application of materials, is an industry leader in the supply and manufacture of chemical substances. If you need information about nanomaterials price or need to know about new materials industry Please feel free to contact us. Send us an email at [email protected] at any time. Nano silica powder Supplier TRUNNANO (aka. Luoyang Tongrun Nano Technology Co. Ltd. is an industry leader in the supply and manufacture of chemicals. Their experience spans more than twelve years. experience in producing high-quality chemicals along with expertise in the field of Nanomaterials. The company is currently working on various substances. Our company manufactures Nano silicon powder that has very high purity, fine particle size as well as low levels of impurity. Contact us by email at [email protected] as well select the product that you want to inquire about. In international trade, the indirect and local inspection of import and export commodities is closely related to the vital interests of buyers and sellers, as it involves inspection rights, inspection agencies and related claims.… According to reports, a few days ago, a case about the alleged abuse of animals in livestock transportation ended in the captain's conviction, and the shipowner and the beneficiary cargo owner were not criminally punished.… FCL by sea is similar to LCL LCL, except that the FCL is self-picked up to the factory to compete for logistics warehouse packing, while LCL is to row the goods to the designated assembly yard competition warehouse, and the assembly yard will pick up…

quire about. In international trade, the indirect and local inspection of import and export commodities is closely related to the vital interests of buyers and sellers, as it involves inspection rights, inspection agencies and related claims.… According to reports, a few days ago, a case about the alleged abuse of animals in livestock transportation ended in the captain's conviction, and the shipowner and the beneficiary cargo owner were not criminally punished.… FCL by sea is similar to LCL LCL, except that the FCL is self-picked up to the factory to compete for logistics warehouse packing, while LCL is to row the goods to the designated assembly yard competition warehouse, and the assembly yard will pick up…

In addition to making the world sick, the coronavirus pandemic has dramatically illustrated the high costs of the global supply chain. For 40 years, economists have promoted globalization based on supply chains that rely heavily on cheap nonunion Chinese labor — working without adequate safety or environmental protection — to assemble sophisticated parts from around the world that are made into final products and then reshipped largely to consumers in rich countries. This was said to be an ideal international division of labor that optimized returns to all participants. Usually unmentioned was the boost this supply chain model gave to corporate profits. As Stewart Paterson, author of “China Trade and Power,” notes: “This was the largest labor arbitrage in the history of economics.” In addition to benefiting from cheap labor, companies such as Apple, General Electric, and Cisco were awarded subsidies and tax breaks by Beijing. Now, however, the hidden costs of globalization are becoming apparent. One is US dependence on China for critical pharmaceuticals and medical supplies, such as face masks and other personal protective equipment. The New York Times reported that while China makes half the world’s medical masks, it has refused to export them and is buying more on the world markets. China has since signaled to the Trump administration its willingness to provide PPE. India, another major supplier of key pharmaceuticals and PPE, has just imposed a ban on exporting many of them. The hidden cost of this high dependence on the global supply chain for medical items alone is enormous and multiplied by the thousands of other key products and technologies for which the United States is also dependent on China. Nor did American workers mostly move into equivalent or higher-paying jobs as the result of globalization. Rather, as MIT economist David Autor and his colleagues have noted, most of the 2 million to 2.4 million American workers displaced by globalization either did not get jobs or got lower-paying jobs. Moreover, those workers who kept their jobs did not see their income rise in step with rising overall US productivity. The gap between rich, middle class, and poor widened dramatically, creating large welfare problems. Also uncounted has been the cost of the supply chain in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. The Environment and Energy Study Institute estimates that air and sea freight account for 4 to 5 percent of greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, China’s factories emit far more pollution than those of the United States. Thus, China produces half the world’s steel in plants that emit 25 percent more gases than American or European factories. Ironically, the United States, Europe, and Japan are contributing to a net increase in greenhouse gas emissions by sourcing products from China. Recently, overseas assembly operations have become automated, thereby canceling out most of the original labor cost advantage. With costs being similar worldwide, as well as the environmental cost and the uncertainty of having a single-supply location, there is no longer a strong argument for depending on far-flung centers for supplies. Indeed, the argument is now swinging in the opposite direction because of the dynamics of innovation, which occurs most often in environments containing a variety of skills and industries. People with widely different skills run into each other and produce more innovation than those isolated in monocultures. Thus, the global supply chain based on China has tended to generate innovation there while retarding it elsewhere. That the China-centered global supply chain is no longer appropriate (if it ever was) has recently been demonstrated by the multinational toolmaker Stanley Black and Decker. It shifted production of its Craftsman tools from China back to Fort Worth, Texas, a year ago. It reports no increase in costs and much less impact from the coronavirus than would have been the case if it had remained in China. Video editing equipment maker Avid Technologies moved operations from China to Mexico about a

those workers who kept their jobs did not see their income rise in step with rising overall US productivity. The gap between rich, middle class, and poor widened dramatically, creating large welfare problems. Also uncounted has been the cost of the supply chain in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. The Environment and Energy Study Institute estimates that air and sea freight account for 4 to 5 percent of greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, China’s factories emit far more pollution than those of the United States. Thus, China produces half the world’s steel in plants that emit 25 percent more gases than American or European factories. Ironically, the United States, Europe, and Japan are contributing to a net increase in greenhouse gas emissions by sourcing products from China. Recently, overseas assembly operations have become automated, thereby canceling out most of the original labor cost advantage. With costs being similar worldwide, as well as the environmental cost and the uncertainty of having a single-supply location, there is no longer a strong argument for depending on far-flung centers for supplies. Indeed, the argument is now swinging in the opposite direction because of the dynamics of innovation, which occurs most often in environments containing a variety of skills and industries. People with widely different skills run into each other and produce more innovation than those isolated in monocultures. Thus, the global supply chain based on China has tended to generate innovation there while retarding it elsewhere. That the China-centered global supply chain is no longer appropriate (if it ever was) has recently been demonstrated by the multinational toolmaker Stanley Black and Decker. It shifted production of its Craftsman tools from China back to Fort Worth, Texas, a year ago. It reports no increase in costs and much less impact from the coronavirus than would have been the case if it had remained in China. Video editing equipment maker Avid Technologies moved operations from China to Mexico about a year ago and reports a 1 percent boost in profit margins. As he wrestled with the Great Depression in 1933, economist John Maynard Keynes argued that ideas and arts should be international, but added: “Let the goods be homespun.” Stanley Black and Decker CEO John Loree agrees. “We have a philosophy of ‘make where you sell.’” Clyde Prestowitz served as vice chairman of President Clinton’s Commission on Trade and Investment in Asia, and as a US trade negotiator with China, Japan, Korea, and the EU. Jeff Ferry is chief economist of the Coalition for a Prosperous America. Have a point of view about this? Write a letter to the editor; we’ll publish a select few. (We’re experimenting with alternatives to the comment section for creating online conversation at Globe Opinion over the next month; you can let us know what you think of our experiments here.)

year ago and reports a 1 percent boost in profit margins. As he wrestled with the Great Depression in 1933, economist John Maynard Keynes argued that ideas and arts should be international, but added: “Let the goods be homespun.” Stanley Black and Decker CEO John Loree agrees. “We have a philosophy of ‘make where you sell.’” Clyde Prestowitz served as vice chairman of President Clinton’s Commission on Trade and Investment in Asia, and as a US trade negotiator with China, Japan, Korea, and the EU. Jeff Ferry is chief economist of the Coalition for a Prosperous America. Have a point of view about this? Write a letter to the editor; we’ll publish a select few. (We’re experimenting with alternatives to the comment section for creating online conversation at Globe Opinion over the next month; you can let us know what you think of our experiments here.)

Bank Voles are easily confused with Field Voles. They are larger than Field Voles, measuring about 13 to 17 cm long. They have small eyes, small ears and a blunt snout. Adult Bank Voles have a rich chestnut-brown back compared to the grey-brown fur of the Field Vole. They also have a much longer tail than the Field Vole. Bank Voles prefer deciduous woodland, but use many other habitats including gardens as long as there is thick ground cover. They nest in underground burrows. Bank Voles generally forage during dawn and dusk. They eat berries, seeds, leaves and some insects, and though they are mostly found on the ground, they will climb for hedgerow fruits. They breed between March and October, having 5-6 litters with 4-5 young in each. The breeding period sometimes extends into the winter if there is enough food. Scotland's winter visitors: why and how do they migrate? From geese and swans to thrushes and warblers, discover the secrets of our winter birds' migration. Avian influenza - the disease, its impacts and our work From symptoms and outbreaks to impacts and mitigation, learn more about avian flu and our dedication to tackling it.

Cannabis Chemistry - What is HHC?Another synthetic cannabinoid is creating waves in non-legal states, but what is it and what are the risks? Another trendy way to capitalize on the hazy regulations regarding hemp cannabinoids, Hexahydrocannabinol, or HHC, has taken over the conversation. While HHC may be a fun way to access cannabinoids in dry markets, consumers need to know if it is safe and how to source it safely. Where Did HHC First Appear? Who Made it? Surprisingly, HHC was first reported in 1940s Chicago. Professor Roger Adam's laboratory found that HHC is a potential byproduct of the conversion of THC to CBN. CBN results from THCa, the acidic form of THC, aging into CBNa. Thirty years later, Raphael Mechoulam got involved. His contribution to the conversation was finding that there were two forms of HHC, an alpha and a beta version. The beta was found to be more potent, which he hypothesized was due to its 3D shape. The acidic cannabinoids are the precursor of their complete form. As HHC appears during THCa denigration, it does occur as part of the natural life cycle of cannabis. However, like many phytocannabinoids, it exists in trace amounts in unmanipulated cannabis plants. In the commercial market, producers employ chemists to synthesize the compound through hydrogenation, a process used to break crude oil into diesel, gasoline, and jet fuel in the petrol industry. To create HHC, hydrogenation machines add hydrogen atoms to THC isomers, the most famous being delta-9-THC. Here is the greatest danger of HHC, as large-scale production poses a risk of explosion. Safe practices ensure that such an event does not occur, such as grounding machinery, so that sparks do not escape into the material. Why the Explosive Popularity of the Compound? The most prominent reason is marketing. These lab-produced cannabinoids made from CBD promise a "legal high" in states where regulated cannabis isn't available. In a non-scientific, social media poll, the most common answer to why people consume these products is simply because it's legal. By default, most consumers believe that these legal products are safe and thoroughly tested. In other words, by taking advantage of the consumer's lack of education regarding these products, companies are capitalizing on America's demand to get high in places where the cannabis plant isn't yet legal. Additionally, many of these products continue to proliferate false narratives and misinformation by marketing these products as "All-Natural" and "Hemp-Derived," although they are anything but. As CBD falls in price, cultivators need something to do with their legal hemp stores. Originally, the most popular option was to convert their CBD-rich flower into Delta-8-THC extract as the compound was in demand and debatably legal. Now that many markets are cracking down on that compound, HHC is another way to turn rotting hemp into valuable material. While this gives many farmers a lucky break, a legal backlash is looming. Chemists will continue to create alternative cannabinoids that bypass legislative efforts to ban them. HHC is psychoactive but considered weaker than delta-8-THC, a compound considered about half as potent as delta-9-THC. There have been no conclusive studies to prove any medical efficacy. With proper regulation, HHC products would be produced by reputable labs, with mandated testing requirements and available at dispensaries. As we've seen with other lab-made cannabinoids, potency testing and labeling are rarely trustworthy, and many products are testing hot for carcinogens and toxins. Farmers should have alternative options to sell their hemp as CBD wanes in popularity and price. However, unregulated markets are mostly, if not entirely hostile to the industry. Without oversight, producers can sell anything to the public, thus causing health issues and risking the government targeting the entire cannabis industry as a result. A few bad reports regarding Vitamin E Acetate in vape carts brought cannabis into the mainstream, and with little to no positive coverage to gain from it. Irresp

ecause it's legal. By default, most consumers believe that these legal products are safe and thoroughly tested. In other words, by taking advantage of the consumer's lack of education regarding these products, companies are capitalizing on America's demand to get high in places where the cannabis plant isn't yet legal. Additionally, many of these products continue to proliferate false narratives and misinformation by marketing these products as "All-Natural" and "Hemp-Derived," although they are anything but. As CBD falls in price, cultivators need something to do with their legal hemp stores. Originally, the most popular option was to convert their CBD-rich flower into Delta-8-THC extract as the compound was in demand and debatably legal. Now that many markets are cracking down on that compound, HHC is another way to turn rotting hemp into valuable material. While this gives many farmers a lucky break, a legal backlash is looming. Chemists will continue to create alternative cannabinoids that bypass legislative efforts to ban them. HHC is psychoactive but considered weaker than delta-8-THC, a compound considered about half as potent as delta-9-THC. There have been no conclusive studies to prove any medical efficacy. With proper regulation, HHC products would be produced by reputable labs, with mandated testing requirements and available at dispensaries. As we've seen with other lab-made cannabinoids, potency testing and labeling are rarely trustworthy, and many products are testing hot for carcinogens and toxins. Farmers should have alternative options to sell their hemp as CBD wanes in popularity and price. However, unregulated markets are mostly, if not entirely hostile to the industry. Without oversight, producers can sell anything to the public, thus causing health issues and risking the government targeting the entire cannabis industry as a result. A few bad reports regarding Vitamin E Acetate in vape carts brought cannabis into the mainstream, and with little to no positive coverage to gain from it. Irresponsible HHC production poses the same risk to the industry. Should Consumers Trust HHC Products? As with many other crazes in the cannabis world, the consumer must practice discretion when purchasing HHC. Delta 9 THC may be federally illegal, but in the legal markets, it is incredibly regulated. State legislation ensures cultivation standards, production regulations, and testing mandates that protect the buyer from potential hazards. Delta 8, Delta 10, HHC, and even CBD products, are unregulated. Without oversight, there's no promise these products are reputable or legitimate. Labs results can be bought or even altered, making it incredibly difficult to know the actual quality, potency, or contaminant levels. That's not to say there are no trustworthy producers, but it may be challenging to sort the good from the bad. Also, the most significant risk of HHC is the chance of explosion with high production volume. Proper safety measures, such as grounding the equipment to ensure no risk of static discharge, also protect producers from that risk. Of course, enforcing these safety measures only comes with greater regulation and oversight. Will HHC eclipse the traditional cannabis market? Doubtful. But it is entirely plausible that it will compete with delta 8 THC. As with other designer cannabinoids, HHC will likely face legislation that will cripple its development as a commercial product. While it's creating a stir in many dry states, the question becomes, as access to legal cannabis continues to expand, will HHC and other lab-made synthetics have a market?

onsible HHC production poses the same risk to the industry. Should Consumers Trust HHC Products? As with many other crazes in the cannabis world, the consumer must practice discretion when purchasing HHC. Delta 9 THC may be federally illegal, but in the legal markets, it is incredibly regulated. State legislation ensures cultivation standards, production regulations, and testing mandates that protect the buyer from potential hazards. Delta 8, Delta 10, HHC, and even CBD products, are unregulated. Without oversight, there's no promise these products are reputable or legitimate. Labs results can be bought or even altered, making it incredibly difficult to know the actual quality, potency, or contaminant levels. That's not to say there are no trustworthy producers, but it may be challenging to sort the good from the bad. Also, the most significant risk of HHC is the chance of explosion with high production volume. Proper safety measures, such as grounding the equipment to ensure no risk of static discharge, also protect producers from that risk. Of course, enforcing these safety measures only comes with greater regulation and oversight. Will HHC eclipse the traditional cannabis market? Doubtful. But it is entirely plausible that it will compete with delta 8 THC. As with other designer cannabinoids, HHC will likely face legislation that will cripple its development as a commercial product. While it's creating a stir in many dry states, the question becomes, as access to legal cannabis continues to expand, will HHC and other lab-made synthetics have a market?

October is National Cyber Security Awareness Month (NSCAM). This month was created by the US government to provide Americans with the information and resources they need to stay safe online. At Golden Frog we are committed to online privacy and security, and we wanted to join the effort by sharing some tips for staying safe & being aware online: - Always use https when browsing online. Make sure to connect via https (as opposed to http) to ensure your connection is secure. Learn more. - Be wary of public Wi-Fi. Oftentimes these connections are insecure, and by connecting you leave yourself vulnerable to snoops. Learn more. - Use a VPN. A VPN encrypts your Internet connection to protect your privacy and security while you browse and communicate online. Learn more. - Support encryption and use devices and services that are encrypted. Encryption is one of the very best ways to remain secure when communicating online. Learn more. - Utilize two factor authentication. Two factor authentication requires you to enter two sets of credentials when logging in to an account, providing an added level of security. Learn more. - Visit the official National Cyber Security Month Website to learn more! Visit the site now. Get Involved in National Cyber Security Awareness Month Follow #cyberaware on Twitter to see tips that other organizations are sharing – and join the conversation yourself! Tell us how you stay cyber aware in the comments below, or ask us any questions you have about privacy and security online.

What is secondary research? 11/10/20 / Caitlin McAteer In the blog The Difference Between Primary and Secondary Research, market researcher Gigi Devault discusses the different types of research conducted within the field of Market Research. Here, she explains that in primary research, methods such as focus groups, surveys, and interviews are used to better understand a specific question as it relates to a company or organization. Rather than collecting data directly, secondary research aims to answer a question by understanding and applying results of previously completed studies. One significant benefit of primary research is that results are specifically related to the institution in question. With secondary research, the results are not specific to the organization or company and must be interpreted. Although the applicability of research findings through primary research can be enticing, cost is a significant reason why organizations may choose to only conduct secondary research or to use it as a precursor to primary research. This helps to ensure money is well invested and an issue is partially understood prior to methodology design. To maximize research dollars, a program or organization may choose to only conduct secondary research to learn about an issue and how other entities are addressing it. Alternatively, they can conduct secondary research to understand the issue and its context in a broad sense. While the first approach uses secondary research only, the second uses it to guide efforts in primary research to ensure the findings are useful and tailored to a specific situation. Regardless of whether you are only conducting secondary research or are using it in tandem with primary research, the same stages apply: For a detailed explanation of the first four stages, we suggest you visit the Oxbridge Essay Blog on secondary research steps. Step two includes locating relevant data or sources to the specific question or problem you are aiming to understand. If you’d like to ensure that your review of sources includes the most recent and up-to-date data sources as well as perspectives from a wide group of people, you can extend your source list beyond a review of published books and peer-reviewed articles to also include data such as case studies, interviews, newspaper articles, reports of government entities, and more. The fifth step in secondary research as detailed in the above graphic is to interpret what sources may mean or how they collectively inform your research question. This stage is not part of the Oxbridge framework, but an essential step in secondary research conducted at Corona Insights. At Corona, we often aim to understand what the sources of information say as a collective whole as well as how to apply this information to the specific context of our research question or problem in mind. The goal in doing so is to extend the findings to understand not just what each source says, but how that information collectively can paint a more complete picture. By interpreting information that already exists, we can cut down on the costs of research, understand a situation, problem, or question from multiple perspectives, and use a more complete story to inform tailored, specific, attainable, and relevant solutions or answers.

What Does Plasma-Transferred Arc Welding (PTA Welding) Mean? Plasma-transferred arc (PTA) welding is a thermal process for applying wear- and corrosion-resistant layers on surfaces of metallic materials. It is a versatile method of depositing high-quality metallurgically fused deposits on relatively low-cost surfaces. The PTA process is used in instances of extreme demands on wear resistance. It is applied to various components in a variety of industries, such as: - Oil & gas - Used to combat wear, erosion, abrasion and corrosion - Automobiles - Used for hardfacing engine valves - Power generation - Used for high-pressure steam turbine nozzles and induced-draft fan blades Corrosionpedia Explains Plasma-Transferred Arc Welding (PTA Welding) The plasma-transferred arc welding process provides a high-strength metallurgical bond, which is formed between the superalloy coating overlay and the underlying component, ensuring that the coating does not become compromised even under the highest of stresses. Soft alloys, medium- and high-hardness materials, and carbide composites can be deposited on a variety of substrates to achieve diverse properties such as: - Mechanical strength - Wear and corrosion resistance The high-energy plasma arc melts the surface of the base material. At the same time, the powdery filler material is inserted into the arc and is molten. During solidification, a substance-to-substance bond between the filler material and the base material is created. PTA welding has several significant advantages over traditional welding processes. The PTA method of welding takes advantage of the ability to control the shape and direction of the plasma plume used in all methods of electric arc welding. Other key points include: - PTA is a high-energy, low-heat, inert gas welding process. - PTA provides minimal dilution and high resistance to chipping because of its dense metallurgical structure, free of voids, oxide films, and discontinuities. - Used on parts subject to corrosion, thermal shock, severe abrasion, slurry erosion, or extreme impact forces to increase component life. Benefits of plasma-transferred arc welding include: - High productivity - High quality of powder deposits - Significantly lower cost for hardfacing Thus, many surface properties needed for special applications can be economically produced by PTA welding. Applications of PTA welding include: - Downhole drilling tools - High-wear piping components / slurry transport - Ground engagement equipment for oil sands / mining industries - Breaker screens - Valve components - Areas where traditional wire-based overlays such as chromium carbide are not providing significant wear life

Updated: Apr 8, 2020 You hear so many different things about nuts and seeds that sometimes it makes your head spin! One second, they’re the ultimate in nutrition and just a handful a day can improve your life for the better! The next second, you find that you’re worried about their presence as you do your best to keep your oral health in immaculate shape. Then, you’re right back to hearing that almonds are amazing for your smile because they are high in calcium! Good news: While this topic can be cause for confusion, it’s also one our Columbia, TN team can sort out faster than you can say pumpkin seeds! They’re Healthy, So Why Are They A Problem? You are correct in your assertion that nuts and seed are little tiny superfoods that provide you with quite a wallop of nutrition. However, many nuts and seeds are very hard, which means they can be quite hard on your teeth and other oral structures. If you consume them with reckless abandon, then you may end up with oral health concerns. Over time, using your smile to nibble open seeds can erode your tissue. Chewing your way through tough nuts or seeds may strain your jaw joints, contributing to TMJ problems. You may even break a tooth on a hard nut. It’s all about making mindful choices. How Did I Break A Tooth? Maybe you usually avoid hard nuts and you have been as mindful as you can about seeds. You know that you should be careful by removing the shell ahead of time and by selecting foods that aren’t too difficult to break down. So, how could you possibly end up cracking a tooth? Here’s another reason nuts and seeds are problematic for your oral health: Sometimes, they’re hidden. Our quick reminder is to remember to check pastries, breads, salads, and more! When you know what you’re biting into, you’re protecting your teeth. What Do I Do About This Stuck Seed? Whether you meant to eat a particular seed or a piece of a nut was hiding in your brownie, one thing is for sure: They can very easily slip between two teeth, where they become stuck. To begin, you are more than welcome to try to dislodge it by rinsing with water, brushing, and flossing. Though, keep in mind, if these efforts do not succeed, come in. It’s safer for your oral health to allow us to remove it than for you to force it! Come To Us For Any Dental Care Need Whether you have questions about nutrition, how to protect your smile, or you need help with something stuck between two teeth, remember that comprehensive dental care means we are here for it all! To learn more, or to schedule an appointment, call Creekside Family Dental Care in Columbia, TN, today at (931) 388–3384.

New Mexico could play role in saving jaguars from extinction, petition says There is only one jaguar living in the U.S., scientists believe, in Arizona, and New Mexico could be part of the species’ restoration to its historical range in the American West. Last year, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service opted to remove New Mexico lands from an area designated as critical habitat for jaguars, which were listed as endangered 1972, shrinking its habitat to be used for reintroduction by about 59,000 acres in the state’s southwest bootheel region. This included areas in the San Luis and Peloncillo mountain ranges which run into southeast Arizona where the Service maintained its habitat designation for the species. This was in response to a decision filed in 2021 by the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals in New Mexico District Court following a lawsuit by agricultural trade groups the New Mexico Farm and Livestock Bureau, New Mexico Cattle Grower’s Association and the New Mexico Federal Lands Council. But in a petition filed Dec. 12, the Center for Biological Diversity the group argued both states were needed for reintroducing jaguars in the U.S. and seeing its population increase to avoid extinction. The Center argued the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, despite listing the species for federal protections 50 years ago, so far failed to adequately protect the species from extinction. Jaguars are known to dwell in northwest Mexico, the petition read, but lack genetic diversity and are impeded by climate change. Expanding their range in the U.S. and reintroducing the cats would help restore its population, argued the petition. “Restoring the jaguar to a small part of its historic range in the U.S. would enrich our southwestern ecosystems, genetically bolster jaguars in Mexico, and show that we love life on earth, even in its fiercest manifestations,” said Michael Robinson with the Center for Biological Diversity. Gila National Forest in southern New Mexico was proven to have ideal jaguar habitat, the petition argued, and would be suitable for reintroduction with abundant deer, elk and javelina the cat could prey upon. Robinson pointed to reintroduction programs that proved successful in Argentina, involving a public planning process to include local communities and stakeholders. He said a return of the jaguar’s presence in the U.S. would benefit the broader ecosystem, as the species already supported the evolution of prey. He pointed to the mule deer which Robinson said developed ears that can swivel to detect the camouflaged predator. “Because all life is connected in ways that humans only partly understand, I truly believe that jaguar reintroduction will benefit the long-term sustainability of all living beings in the Southwest,” Robinson said. The petition called for the federal government or restore critical habitat designations in New Mexico and add lands in the region for a total area of about 14.6 million acres used for restoring the species in four areas between the two states. Connecting the protected lands in New Mexico and Arizona along the international border and reintroducing jaguars there would allow known populations in Mexico to travel north and breed to increase genetic diversity, the petition argued. That would entail introducing jaguars to habitat along New Mexico’s western border to Arizona in an area within Gila National Forest north of Silver City, the petition read, along with smaller areas in New Mexico’s southwest corner. The petition also sought to add lands in Arizona to the east of Phoenix and in the mountains to the north around Flagstaff and Prescott. Evidence of jaguars in North America dated back to some of the continent’s earliest indigenous peoples, the petition read, and the animal’s place in spiritual teachings of Pueblo peoples in northern New Mexico, Navajo tribes and the Apache. “Pueblo peoples throughout northern New Mexico and Arizona regarded the jaguar as one of several supernatural avatars who served as mentors in hunting,” the petition read. It was in the early 20th Century when the U.S. gove

suitable for reintroduction with abundant deer, elk and javelina the cat could prey upon. Robinson pointed to reintroduction programs that proved successful in Argentina, involving a public planning process to include local communities and stakeholders. He said a return of the jaguar’s presence in the U.S. would benefit the broader ecosystem, as the species already supported the evolution of prey. He pointed to the mule deer which Robinson said developed ears that can swivel to detect the camouflaged predator. “Because all life is connected in ways that humans only partly understand, I truly believe that jaguar reintroduction will benefit the long-term sustainability of all living beings in the Southwest,” Robinson said. The petition called for the federal government or restore critical habitat designations in New Mexico and add lands in the region for a total area of about 14.6 million acres used for restoring the species in four areas between the two states. Connecting the protected lands in New Mexico and Arizona along the international border and reintroducing jaguars there would allow known populations in Mexico to travel north and breed to increase genetic diversity, the petition argued. That would entail introducing jaguars to habitat along New Mexico’s western border to Arizona in an area within Gila National Forest north of Silver City, the petition read, along with smaller areas in New Mexico’s southwest corner. The petition also sought to add lands in Arizona to the east of Phoenix and in the mountains to the north around Flagstaff and Prescott. Evidence of jaguars in North America dated back to some of the continent’s earliest indigenous peoples, the petition read, and the animal’s place in spiritual teachings of Pueblo peoples in northern New Mexico, Navajo tribes and the Apache. “Pueblo peoples throughout northern New Mexico and Arizona regarded the jaguar as one of several supernatural avatars who served as mentors in hunting,” the petition read. It was in the early 20th Century when the U.S. government began killing jaguars to protect local livestock production, hindering its survival and evolution. That was a wrong the Center argued must be rectified by designating lands in the U.S. for the jaguar to thrive and reintroducing them. “Notwithstanding the government’s deplorable consistency in hindering jaguar conservation, the passage of laws and their enforcement has led policies and practices regarding jaguars to evolve,” read the petition. And despite its listing under the Endangered Species Act, and the federal government setting aside about 764,000 acres for habitat in 2014, the jaguar still struggled to grow in numbers, the petition read, and stronger action was needed. “The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service can do far better,” read the petition. “The geography, history, and biology pertaining to the jaguar, as well as the law, argue for a new approach to jaguar conservation.” In a statement following the court decision to remove New Mexico lands from jaguar habitat, former New Mexico Farm and Livestock Bureau Chief Executive Officer Chad Smith said the species' survival in the U.S. was unrealistic and efforts to restore its numbers would only add regulatory burden to the livestock industry. “This is a species that is heavily reliant on different climates other than the arid southwest,” he said. “We’re not opposed to conservation by any means. We’re an important part of that, but we also have to be smart about it.” Adrian Hedden can be reached at 575-628-5516, [email protected] or @AdrianHedden on Twitter.

rnment began killing jaguars to protect local livestock production, hindering its survival and evolution. That was a wrong the Center argued must be rectified by designating lands in the U.S. for the jaguar to thrive and reintroducing them. “Notwithstanding the government’s deplorable consistency in hindering jaguar conservation, the passage of laws and their enforcement has led policies and practices regarding jaguars to evolve,” read the petition. And despite its listing under the Endangered Species Act, and the federal government setting aside about 764,000 acres for habitat in 2014, the jaguar still struggled to grow in numbers, the petition read, and stronger action was needed. “The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service can do far better,” read the petition. “The geography, history, and biology pertaining to the jaguar, as well as the law, argue for a new approach to jaguar conservation.” In a statement following the court decision to remove New Mexico lands from jaguar habitat, former New Mexico Farm and Livestock Bureau Chief Executive Officer Chad Smith said the species' survival in the U.S. was unrealistic and efforts to restore its numbers would only add regulatory burden to the livestock industry. “This is a species that is heavily reliant on different climates other than the arid southwest,” he said. “We’re not opposed to conservation by any means. We’re an important part of that, but we also have to be smart about it.” Adrian Hedden can be reached at 575-628-5516, [email protected] or @AdrianHedden on Twitter.

Tidal power converts the energy of tides into useful forms of power Tidal power (hydropower) converts the energy of tides into useful forms of power (mainly electricity). Description of the Process Tidal power, also called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides into useful forms of power - mainly electricity. Although not yet widely used, tidal power has potential for future electricity generation. Tides are more predictable than wind energy and solar power. Among sources of renewable energy, tidal power has traditionally suffered from relatively high cost and limited availability of sites with sufficiently high tidal ranges or flow velocities, thus constricting its total availability. However, many recent technological developments and improvements, both in design (e.g. dynamic tidal power, tidal lagoons) and turbine technology (e.g. new axial turbines, cross flow turbines), indicate that the total availability of tidal power may be much higher than previously assumed, and that economic and environmental costs may be brought down to competitive levels.

According to the study conducted by the organization, due to modern technology, farmer increased debt burden due to the increased cost of the farming. In order to overcome this situation, the Organization started the Low Cost Farming Project to solve this problems - Due to the successful experiments of organic farming in the Deendayal Prabodhini, it is possible to get more crops of cotton, wheat, tour, soybean etc. - Participation of 2900 farmers from 165 villages under Low Cost farming Project - Due to low cost farming, 6 village have completely organic farming - In the Yavatmal district, research document is available on the basis of Agrarian crisis.

Medical Dictionary: Molluscum contagiosum Molluscum contagiosum is a relatively common viral infection of the skin that results in round, firm, painless bumps ranging in size from a pinhead to a pencil eraser. If the bumps are scratched or injured, the infection can spread to surrounding skin. Though most common in children, molluscum contagiosum can affect adults as well, particularly those with weakened immune systems. Molluscum contagiosum spreads through direct person-to-person contact and through contact with contaminated objects. The bumps charistically have a small indentation or dot at the center and may be itchy. The bumps usually appear on the face, neck, armpits, arms and tops of the hands in children, but may be seen on the genitals, lower abdomen and inner upper thighs in adults if the infection was sexually transmitted. The bumps associated with molluscum contagiosum usually disappear within a year without treatment but doctor-assisted removal is also an option. Source: Mayo Clinic

Data Mining and Automation IPPON is a self-contemplating semantic search engine that can analyze any type of data; automatically detecting hidden mathematical equations and statistical relationships. IPPON automatically activate libraries of mathematical and statistical formulas (EUREQA, MATLAB, EXCEL, SPSS); identify mathematical and statistical formulas which could describe the underlying mechanisms that produced the data and distills scientific and economic laws from raw data. IPPON is an invaluable tool for revealing complicated laws that have eluded scientists, economists and executives. It searches within a data set for numbers that seem connected to each other, and then propose a series of equations to describe the links. Some equations invariably fail, but some are slightly less wrong than others. The best are selected and again tested against the data. IPPON repeats the cycle over and over, until it finds equations that work. If there is not enough data to enable IPPON to find equations, it identifies the gaps in the data and recommends experiments or economists to supply the missing data. IPPON understand rejects and messages from any application and act accordingly like a human being. IPPON is an autodidact agent. IPPON imitate and learn human behavior and allow users to automate virtually any task on any application. IPPON can learn by himself by reading, indexing and understanding texts. For every specific process the "teacher" can added recording macros and scripts to handle exceptions. He can also define the relationships between the objects in IPPON vocabulary.

Things You'll Need Green construction paper Container with pebbles or sand Paper palm trees are perfect for decorating a tropical themed party or classroom event. They're fun to make, and a good project for kids to help with, too. You could even make them with a Sunday school class for Palm Sunday. And it's amazing how realistic these palm trees look. You may be tempted to spread out a beach towel and lay under them. Video of the Day You'll need cardboard tubes to make a paper palm tree. The extra long kind that come with wrapping paper work the best, but you can also tape together shorter tubes, such as paper towel tubes or even toilet paper tubes. Please see the last slide for an itemized list of tools and materials. Put enough cardboard tubes together, end to end, to make the trunk of the palm tree. Tape the ends of the cardboard tubes together with duck tape. Tear pieces of brown paper wide enough to wrap around the tubes with the edges overlapping slightly. (You may want to cut apart paper grocery bags to help make your paper palm tree a "green" project by reusing materials.) Then squeeze the pieces of brown paper to wrinkle them. The wrinkled brown paper will give it a more real look. Wrap pieces of brown paper around the tubes, holding them in place with rubber bands, and overlapping them slightly so that the cardboard tubes are completely covered. The rubber bands also do double duty as the rings on the tree trunk. Peel back the brown paper at random points to get the look of peeling bark. Cut about eight large leaf shapes from green construction paper. Fold the leaves in half lengthwise. Crease the leaves and then unfold them. Cut deep slits in the sides of the leaves to make them look like palm fronds, without cutting all the way through the leaves. Take four of the eight leaves and face them in different directions, and staple the leaves together at the base. Repeat with the other four leaves. Place the two stapled leaf sections in the top of the trunk, and secure them by squeezing a balled up piece of brown paper between them so they don't fall out. Unfold and spread the leaves so they fall in different directions around the trunk. To make the paper palm tree stand up, fill a bucket or large plant container with sand or pebbles. Insert the bottom of the cardboard trunk into the container. Try placing two or three palm trees of different heights in the same container. To make this project even more eco-friendly, paint newspapers with green tempera paint and cut leaf shapes out of them.

Since the middle of the 20th Century yield design approaches have been identified with the lower and upper bound theorem of limit analysis theory – a theory associated with perfect plasticity. This theory is very restrictive regarding the applicability of yield design approaches, which have been used for centuries for the stability of civil engineering structures. This book presents a theory of yield design within the original “equilibrium/resistance” framework rather than referring to the theories of plasticity or limit analysis; expressing the compatibility between the equilibrium of the considered structure and the resistance of its constituent material through simple mathematical arguments of duality and convex analysis results in a general formulation, which encompasses the many aspects of its implementation to various stability analysis problems. After a historic outline and an introductory example, the general theory is developed for the three-dimensional continuum model in a versatile form based upon simple arguments from the mathematical theory of convexity. It is then straightforwardly transposed to the one-dimensional curvilinear continuum, for the yield design analysis of beams, and the two-dimensional continuum model of plates and thin slabs subjected to bending. Field and laboratory observations of the collapse of mechanical systems are presented along with the defining concept of the multi-parameter loading mode. The compatibility of equilibrium and resistance is first expressed in its primal form, on the basis of the equilibrium equations and the strength domain of the material defined by a convex strength criterion along with the dual approach in the field of potentially safe loads, as is the highlighting of the role implicitly played by the theory of yield design as the fundamental basis of the implementation of the ultimate limit state design (ULSD) philosophy with the explicit introduction of resistance parameters. 1. Origins and Topicality of a Concept. 2. An Introductory Example of the Yield Design Approach. 3. The Continuum Mechanics Framework. 4. Primal Approach of the Theory of Yield Design. 5. Dual Approach of the Theory of Yield Design. 6. Kinematic Exterior Approach. 7. Ultimate Limit State Design from the Theory of Yield Design. 8. Optimality and Probability Approaches of Yield Design. 9. Yield Design of Structures. 10. Yield Design of Plates: the Model. 11. Yield Design of Plates Subjected to Pure Bending. Keywords: Mechanical Engineering - Design, Yield Design, The Continuum Mechanics Framework, The Theory Of Yield Design, Kinematic Exterior Approach, Ultimate Limit State Design, Yield Design Of Structures, Yield Design Of Plates, Continuum Mechanics

The Office of Personnel Management recently sent a memo with information they want federal agencies to distribute to their employees to encourage getting flu shots to prevent the spread of the flu virus. The memo notes that most federal employees can get flu shots for little to no cost under the Federal Employees Health Benefits program. A copy of the key information sent to agencies is included below. Flu season is around the corner. The flu vaccine is your best shot at preventing influenza. Here are five important reasons you should get a flu vaccine: - Flu is dangerous. The flu is different from the everyday cold. It can last 2 weeks or more and cause serious complications such as pneumonia. Every year, flu affects millions of people. It causes between 140,000 – 710,000 hospitalizations, 12,000 – 56,000 deaths, and costs billions to the economy. Although proper etiquette for coughs and sneezes, frequent hand-washing, and other good health behaviors can help, experts agree a flu vaccine is the best way to protect against the flu. - It’s very safe. Millions of flu vaccines have been given safely for more than 50 years. Your body’s natural response to vaccination may result in common things like a little redness at the injection site or a slight fever, but these are usually mild and pass quickly. - Getting a flu vaccine can prevent flu or may make illness milder. Those who get the flu vaccine are less likely to get the flu. But, if you do get sick, being vaccinated may make your illness milder. - Flu vaccine is available through health insurance and most workplaces. Federal employees and their family members can receive the flu vaccine through their Federal Employees Health Benefits (FEHB) plan. Most FEHB plans cover flu shots at pharmacies and retail stores, in addition to doctor’s offices and clinics, with no co-pays when in-network. Many federal agencies also offer flu shots onsite at no or low cost. Ask your agency to see if this option is available to you or use the vaccine finder to see what is available in your community. - Getting vaccinated could protect your family and save someone from getting dangerously ill. Babies and young children, pregnant women, people 65 and older, and people with certain medical conditions are all at increased risk of serious complications from influenza. Getting vaccinated reduces the spread of flu from you to them, which can protect your family members, co-workers, and all those around you. These are some of the flu vaccines available and for whom they are recommended. Influenza – Trivalent (Standard) Recommended for everyone 6 months of age and older* Trivalent vaccines protect against two influenza A viruses and one influenza B virus Influenza – Flucelvax (Quadrivalent preservative-free) Flucelvax is approved to prevent seasonal flu in people ages 18 years and older. A standard quadrivalent shot containing virus grown in cell culture instead of eggs protects against two influenza A viruses and two influenza B viruses Influenza – High Dose A high-dose trivalent shot recommended by the CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) as an option for persons 65 years of age and older The CDC has information on its website about other types of flu vaccines that are available. Can the Shot Give Me the Flu? One common question people often ask about flu vaccines is, “Can a flu shot give me the flu?” The answer is no. The viruses contained in flu shots are inactivated (killed), so they cannot cause infection. It is still possible, however, to get the flu after getting a flu shot. The flu vaccine is not 100% effective and does not take effect until one or two weeks after it is received. During this time, you will be just as susceptible to getting the flu as individuals who have not received the vaccination. However, the vaccination can also make your symptoms milder in the event you do get the flu.

What is a tongue-tie? "Tongue-tie" is a term used to describe tongue restriction caused by a short or tight lingual frenulum (the membrane and fascial tissue that connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth). Tongue restriction isn't always necessarily a tongue-tie, so we recommend a thorough assessment from an experienced tongue-tie practitioner, lactation consultant and paediatric osteopath. How can a tongue restriction affect feeding? For a baby to feed effectively their tongue needs to: Extend over their lip to draw in the breast tissue or bottle Move up and down to form a vacuum to effectively remove the milk and control the flow Cup and spread to sustain a deep and effective latch If these movements are restricted, then the ability to feed effectively is also likely to be affected. Neck & jaw stiffness after birth can also affect tongue function, so it's important your baby has the right diagnosis.

Wondering how cerebral palsy affects the immune system? While cerebral palsy will not directly weaken your child’s immune system, it may be the underlying cause of various problems that affect the immune system. This article will explain the effects of cerebral palsy that may indirectly affect one’s immune system as well as daily actions that can help strengthen the immune system. How Cerebral Palsy Affects the Immune System Let’s go over 3 major outcomes of cerebral palsy that can weaken the immune system: Reduced Physical Activity Your physical activity levels may impact on your body’s ability to function. Lack of mobility slows down the body’s metabolic rate and circulation, which reduces the efficiency of major body functions. Blood needs to effectively circulate throughout the entire body to fuel cellular activity. Without sufficient blood flow, your body may not be getting the oxygen and nutrients it needs to function properly. This may weaken the immune system and increase the risk of infections. Additionally, individuals with motor impairments are less likely to move around and be exposed to their environment, which makes them less likely to develop immunity. Cerebral palsy can affect the muscles around the mouth, making it difficult for individuals to chew and swallow their food. Feeding difficulties commonly result in malnutrition, which represses the immune system. Anxiety and Stress Individuals with cerebral palsy are more likely to experience heightened levels of anxiety and stress due to their motor impairments. This causes the brain to activate our body’s stress response and release hormones (primarily cortisol) that suppress immune cell function. Stress reduces the number of lymphocytes in the body, which are essential for fighting off infection. Actions You Can Take to Support Your Immune System: Here are some steps individuals with cerebral palsy can take to help support their immune system: 1. Use a Blender It is best to get essential nutrients from food. However, it can be difficult for individuals with CP to eat. By using a blender, the need for chewing is nearly eliminated and the child can focus on slowly swallowing the drink. Because oral motor impairments also make it difficult to swallow, choosing nutritionally-dense foods that don’t add a lot of volume such as nuts, fruits, and vegetables provide the best nutrition. If necessary, blend vitamins into your child’s drink. Vitamins C, B6, and E can help boost your child’s immune system. 2. Use a Feeding Tube If it is difficult for your child to chew or swallow, your physician may recommend using a feeding tube to ensure optimal nutrition. About 1 in 15 individuals with cerebral palsy utilize a feeding tube. Feeding tubes are surgically inserted through an opening in the abdominal wall and deliver food directly to the stomach. 3. Increase Daily Physical Activity Making an effort to move around more will help promote circulation and keep the body functioning at its best. The more you move, the better equipped your body will be to fight off infections. Regular exercise will also help regulate neurotransmitters in the brain and reduce stress levels. 4. Practice Deep Breathing Deep breathing promotes full oxygen exchange, which helps activate your body’s relaxation response. As a result, deep breathing may help reduce blood pressure, heart rate, and feelings of anxiety that suppress the immune system. CP and Immunity: Key Points Just because an individual has cerebral palsy does not mean they will have a weak immune system. However, complications of CP such as reduced mobility, feeding problems, and high levels of stress may affect the body’s ability to function optimally. Hopefully, this article provided understanding for the interaction between cerebral palsy and the immune system as well as suggestions to improve general health to live your best life. Good luck!

10 Judgements That Changed India, by Zia Mody, is a collection of ten critical judgements passed by the Supreme Court, which transformed democracy and redefined daily life for all Indians. Summary Of The Book The ten essays in 10 Judgements That Changed India, explores several themes such as environmental jurisprudence, reservations, and custodial deaths, within the Indian legal system. This book explains key legal concepts, provides a review of the judgements, and maps the impact of those judgements. It also provides a vital snapshot into India’s legal system and its foundations of democracy. This anthology of legal cases contains some of the most memorable court proceedings, which have had a direct impact on the Indian democracy. Some of the cases explored in this book are Union Carbide Corporation versus Union of India (1989), Maneka Gandhi versus Union of India (1978), Olga Tellis versus Bombay Municipal Corporation (1985), and Mohammed Ahmed Khan versus Shah Bano Begum (1985). The author’s purpose in writing such a book was threefold. First, her aim was to demolish the myth that the Indian judiciary system was weak, powerless, and purposeless. Second, through the selection and discussion of specific cases, the author attempts to demonstrate the resounding impact that the Supreme Court’s rulings had and continue to have on the Indian society. Lastly, through a detailed discussion of the court’s proceedings, Mody attempted to demonstrate the inner workings of the judicial process and the law, which is usually regarded as the domain of lawyers. After reading this book, readers will not only learn about some of the landmark decisions that have affected India, but also the social and cultural contexts in which they occurred. About Zia Mody Zia Mody is an author, and acclaimed legal consultant, who specializes in acquisition law and corporate mergers. Mody studied law at Cambridge University. She then went on to complete her Master’s degree in Law from Harvard Law School. After passing the New York State Bar exam, she worked as an attorney for five years with Baker & McKenzie. She returned to Mumbai and in 1984, and started her own practice. Over time, she formed two mergers and became the managing partner of AZB & Partners, one of the largest law firms in India. Zia Mody is married to business tycoon, Jaydev Mody, and they have three daughters. Mody is the daughter of the acclaimed jurist Soli Sorabjee. Mody resides with her family in Mumbai. Good Book. Not Great Book. Certified Buyer, Mumbai 10 judgements that changed India. HARI NARAYANAN SANKARANARAYANAN Certified Buyer, Chennai Very useful book But the Basic Structure can not change... A good book for interested in law Certified Buyer, New Delhi Best in the market! Certified Buyer, Patna Certified Buyer, Pali Review of books Certified Buyer, New Delhi

Creating the daemonCreate the file /etc/rc.d/fossil with contents like the following. #!/bin/ksh daemon="/usr/local/bin/fossil" # fossil executable daemon_user="_fossil" # user to run fossil as daemon_flags="server /home/_fossil/example --repolist --port 8888" # fossil command . /etc/rc.d/rc.subr # pexp="$daemon server .*" # See below. rc_bg=YES # Run in the background, since fossil serve does not daemonize itself rc_cmd $1 pexpYou may need to uncomment the "pexp=". rc.subr typically finds the daemon process based by matching the process name and argument list. Without the "pexp=" line, rc.subr would look for this exact command: /usr/local/bin/fossil server /home/_fossil/example --repolist --port 8888 Depending on the arguments and their order, fossil may rewrite the arguments for display in the process listing (ps(1)), so rc.subr may fail to find the process through the default match. The example above does not get rewritten, but the same commands in a different order can be rewritten. For example, when I switch the order of the arguments in "daemon_flags", /usr/local/bin/fossil server --repolist --port 8888 /home/_fossil/example the process command is changed to this. /usr/local/bin/fossil server /home/_fossil/example /home/_fossil/example 8888 /home/_fossil/example The commented "pexp=" line instructs rc.subr to choose the process whose command and arguments text starts with this: Enabling the daemonOnce you have created /etc/rc.d/fossil, run these commands. rcctl enable fossil # add fossil to pkg_scripts in /etc/rc.conf.local rcctl start fossil # start the daemon now The daemon should now be running and set to start at boot. Multiple daemonsYou may want to serve multiple fossil instances with different options. For example, - If different users own different repositories, you may want different users to serve different repositories. - You may want to serve different repositories on different ports so you can control them differently with, for example, HTTP reverse proxies or pf(4). To run multiple fossil daemons, create multiple files in /etc/rc.d, and enable each of them. Here are two approaches for creating the files in /etc/rc.d: Symbolic links and copies. Symbolic linksSuppose you want to run one fossil daemon as user "user1" on port 8881 and another as user "user2" on port 8882. Create the files with ln(1), and configure them to run different fossil commands. cd /etc/rc.d ln -s fossil fossil1 ln -s fossil fossil2 rcctl enable fossil1 fossil2 rcctl set fossil1 user user1 rcctl set fossil2 user user2 rcctl set fossil1 flags 'server /home/user1/repo1.fossil --port 8881' rcctl set fossil2 flags 'server /home/user2/repo2.fossil --port 8882' rcctl start fossil1 fossil2 CopiesYou may want to run fossil daemons that are too different to configure just with rcctl(8). In particular, you can't change the "pexp" with rcctl. If you want to run fossil commands that are more different, you may prefer to create separate files in /etc/rc.d. Replace "ln -s" above with "cp" to accomplish this. cp /etc/rc.d/fossil /etc/rc.d/fossil-user1 cp /etc/rc.d/fossil /etc/rc.d/fossil-user2 You can still use commands like "rcctl set fossil-user1 flags", but you can also edit the "/etc/rc.d/fossil-user1" file.

Elbow Method for optimal value of k in KMeans Prerequisites: K-Means Clustering A fundamental step for any unsupervised algorithm is to determine the optimal number of clusters into which the data may be clustered. The Elbow Method is one of the most popular methods to determine this optimal value of k. We now demonstrate the given method using the K-Means clustering technique using the Sklearn library of python. Step 1: Importing the required libraries Step 2: Creating and Visualizing the data From the above visualization, we can see that the optimal number of clusters should be around 3. But visualizing the data alone cannot always give the right answer. Hence we demonstrate the following steps. We now define the following:- - Distortion: It is calculated as the average of the squared distances from the cluster centers of the respective clusters. Typically, the Euclidean distance metric is used. - Inertia: It is the sum of squared distances of samples to their closest cluster center. We iterate the values of k from 1 to 9 and calculate the values of distortions for each value of k and calculate the distortion and inertia for each value of k in the given range. Step 3: Building the clustering model and calculating the values of the Distortion and Inertia: Step 4: Tabulating and Visualizing the results a) Using the different values of Distortion: b) Using the different values of Inertia: To determine the optimal number of clusters, we have to select the value of k at the “elbow” ie the point after which the distortion/inertia start decreasing in a linear fashion. Thus for the given data, we conclude that the optimal number of clusters for the data is 3. The clustered data points for different value of k:- 1. k = 1 2. k = 2 3. k = 3 4. k = 4

Posted October 15, 2019 in Oral Hygiene 4 Minute Read: Once in a while, we all have the occasional day where our breath might be a little too much for anyone close to us to handle. Maybe we had an onion and garlic bagel that morning or a puppy got into the bathroom and chewed up our toothbrush. Sometimes, though, chronic bad breath can also be an issue. While there may be dozens of causes of chronic bad breath, the best way to avoid the problem altogether is to maintain good oral hygiene practices. What Causes Bad Breath? The most common cause of bad breath is food. Garlic, onion, fish—at one point or another we have all noticed someone who had a particularly pungent lunch and brought part of it back with them to school or the office. But you do not need to avoid these foods altogether; rather, you can add another brief step into your dental health regime that will eliminate most of the post-lunch breath you have been suffering from. That step is using mouthwash or carrying a travel-size toothbrush with you to give your mouth a refresher after your meal. If you forget to grab either of these tools, sugar-free gum is a good last-resort way to break down all the residual food after a meal. You might have noticed your breath producing more odor than usual when you are fighting a sickness like strep throat or other bacterial infections in the mouth. But infections can also develop when you do not maintain proper oral hygiene. The breakdown of food in your mouth fosters bacteria growth. If that bacteria is not removed through regular brushing, flossing, and mouthwash, then it is likely to take root between your gums and teeth. In the most extreme cases, dental extraction or root canal procedures may be necessary. As these leftover particles of food rot in your mouth, bad breath inevitably takes hold. It is likely at this point that the development of decay and tartar will be so severe that you will need to visit a dentist to have it removed with a deep cleaning. Since plaque and tartar buildup is not easily removed with a toothbrush, there will be nothing you can do at that point except prevent any further development. Not only is smoking terrible for your health, but the residual smell of your cigarettes also sticks to your clothes, belongings, and breath. The smell of tobacco is distinct and is likely to linger around even if you rinse your mouth or chew gum. The only solution to this problem is to quit smoking. What Are the Best Dental Hygiene Practices? We know that keeping up with the latest dental recommendations is not an easy task, so here are four ways to ensure you are keeping your mouth as clean and odorless as possible: 1. Brush Properly Here are some pointers for making sure you are doing everything you can to avoid bad breath: - Brush for two minutes, twice a day - Use circular—not back and forth—motions - Keep your toothbrush at a 45-degree angle - Brush your tongue and the roof of your mouth 2. Make Sure You Are Flossing Even if you follow the perfect brushing protocol, some material will remain behind between your teeth. The only way to remove this stubborn plaque is to floss regularly—at least once per day—and that includes the teeth in the back of your mouth as well. 3. Rinse and Repeat Similar to brushing, we typically recommended that you rinse your mouth with an antiseptic mouthwash at least twice per day. The liquid will soak into all the nooks of the mouth and eliminate any bacteria that can cause bad breath. 4. Keep Your Dentist Appointment Regardless of how vigilant you are about prevention, conditions like cavities and infections can still occur. This is why one of the most important parts of your dental hygiene routine is to see a dentist regularly to ensure there is nothing going on inside of your mouth that could cause a problem. If you are dealing with occasional or chronic bad breath that you would like to resolve, give our office a call at 575-524-3722 to schedule a consultation today!

Buried in boat coffins in an otherwise barren desert, the Tarim Basin mummies have long puzzled scientists and inspired numerous theories as to their enigmatic origins. Since the late 1990s, the discovery of hundreds of naturally mummified human remains dating from around 2,000 BC to AD 200 in the region’s Tarim Basin has attracted international attention over their so-called ‘Western’ physical appearance, their felted and woven woollen clothing, and their agro-pastoral economy. The Tarim Basin mummies’ cattle-focused economy and unusual physical appearance had led some scholars to speculate that they were the descendants of migrating Yamnaya herders, a highly mobile Bronze Age society from the steppes of the Black Sea region of southern Russia. Others have placed their origins among the Central Asian desert oasis cultures of the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC), a group with strong genetic ties to early farmers on the Iranian Plateau. To better understand the origin of the Tarim Basin mummies’ founding population and who first settled the region at sites such as Xiaohe and Gumugou circa 2,000 BC, a multi-national team generated and analysed genome-wide data from thirteen of the earliest known Tarim Basin mummies, dating to circa 2,100 to 1,700 BC, together with five individuals dating to circa 3,000 to 2,800 BC in the neighbouring Dzungarian Basin. This is the first genomic-scale study of prehistoric populations in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, and it includes the earliest yet discovered human remains from the region. The Tarim Basin mummies were not newcomers to the region To their great surprise, the researchers found that the Tarim Basin mummies were not newcomers to the region at all, but rather appear to be direct descendants of a once widespread Pleistocene population that had largely disappeared by the end of the last Ice Age. This population, known as the Ancient North Eurasians (ANE), survives only fractionally in the genomes of present-day populations, with Indigenous populations in Siberia and the Americas having the highest known proportions, at about 40 percent. In contrast to populations today, the Tarim Basin mummies show no evidence of admixture with any other Holocene groups, forming instead a previously unknown genetic isolate that likely underwent an extreme and prolonged genetic bottleneck prior to settling the Tarim Basin. “Archaeogeneticists have long searched for Holocene ANE populations in order to better understand the genetic history of Inner Eurasia. We have found one in the most unexpected place,” says Choongwon Jeong, a senior author of the study and a professor of Biological Sciences at Seoul National University. In contrast to the Tarim Basin, the earliest inhabitants of the neighboring Dzungarian Basin descended not only from local populations but also from Western steppe herders, namely the Afanasievo, a pastoralist group with strong genetic links to the Early Bronze Age Yamanya. The genetic characterization of the Early Bronze Age Dzungarians also helped to clarify the ancestry of other pastoralist groups known as the Chemurchek, who later spread northwards to the Altai mountains and into Mongolia. Chemurchek groups appear to be the descendants of Early Bronze Age Dzungarians and Central Asian groups the from Inner Asian Mountain Corridor (IAMC), who derive their ancestry from both local populations and BMAC agropastoralists. “These findings add to our understanding of the eastward dispersal of Yamnaya ancestry and the scenarios under which admixture occurred when they first met the populations of Inner Asia,” says Chao Ning, co-lead author the study and a professor of School of Archaeology and Museology at Peking University. The Tarim Basin groups were genetically but not culturally isolated These findings of extensive genetic mixing all around the Tarim Basin throughout the Bronze Age make it all the more remarkable that the Tarim Basin mummies exhibited no evidence of genetic admixture at all. Nevertheless, while the Tarim Basin groups were genetically isolated

in Siberia and the Americas having the highest known proportions, at about 40 percent. In contrast to populations today, the Tarim Basin mummies show no evidence of admixture with any other Holocene groups, forming instead a previously unknown genetic isolate that likely underwent an extreme and prolonged genetic bottleneck prior to settling the Tarim Basin. “Archaeogeneticists have long searched for Holocene ANE populations in order to better understand the genetic history of Inner Eurasia. We have found one in the most unexpected place,” says Choongwon Jeong, a senior author of the study and a professor of Biological Sciences at Seoul National University. In contrast to the Tarim Basin, the earliest inhabitants of the neighboring Dzungarian Basin descended not only from local populations but also from Western steppe herders, namely the Afanasievo, a pastoralist group with strong genetic links to the Early Bronze Age Yamanya. The genetic characterization of the Early Bronze Age Dzungarians also helped to clarify the ancestry of other pastoralist groups known as the Chemurchek, who later spread northwards to the Altai mountains and into Mongolia. Chemurchek groups appear to be the descendants of Early Bronze Age Dzungarians and Central Asian groups the from Inner Asian Mountain Corridor (IAMC), who derive their ancestry from both local populations and BMAC agropastoralists. “These findings add to our understanding of the eastward dispersal of Yamnaya ancestry and the scenarios under which admixture occurred when they first met the populations of Inner Asia,” says Chao Ning, co-lead author the study and a professor of School of Archaeology and Museology at Peking University. The Tarim Basin groups were genetically but not culturally isolated These findings of extensive genetic mixing all around the Tarim Basin throughout the Bronze Age make it all the more remarkable that the Tarim Basin mummies exhibited no evidence of genetic admixture at all. Nevertheless, while the Tarim Basin groups were genetically isolated, they were not culturally isolated. Proteomic analysis of their dental calculus confirmed that cattle, sheep, and goat dairying was already practiced by the founding population, and that they were well aware of the different cultures, cuisines, and technologies all around them. “Despite being genetically isolated, the Bronze Age peoples of the Tarim Basin were remarkably culturally cosmopolitan – they built their cuisine around wheat and dairy from the West Asia, millet from East Asia, and medicinal plants like Ephedra from Central Asia,” says Christina Warinner, a senior author of the study, a professor of Anthropology at Harvard University, and a research group leader at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. “Reconstructing the origins of the Tarim Basin mummies has had a transformative effect on our understanding of the region, and we will continue the study of ancient human genomes in other eras to gain a deeper understanding of the human migration history in the Eurasian steppes,” adds Yinquiu Cui, a senior author of the study and professor in the School of Life Sciences at Jilin University. Header Image – Aerial view of the Xiaohe cemetery – Image Credit : Wenying Li, Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology

, they were not culturally isolated. Proteomic analysis of their dental calculus confirmed that cattle, sheep, and goat dairying was already practiced by the founding population, and that they were well aware of the different cultures, cuisines, and technologies all around them. “Despite being genetically isolated, the Bronze Age peoples of the Tarim Basin were remarkably culturally cosmopolitan – they built their cuisine around wheat and dairy from the West Asia, millet from East Asia, and medicinal plants like Ephedra from Central Asia,” says Christina Warinner, a senior author of the study, a professor of Anthropology at Harvard University, and a research group leader at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. “Reconstructing the origins of the Tarim Basin mummies has had a transformative effect on our understanding of the region, and we will continue the study of ancient human genomes in other eras to gain a deeper understanding of the human migration history in the Eurasian steppes,” adds Yinquiu Cui, a senior author of the study and professor in the School of Life Sciences at Jilin University. Header Image – Aerial view of the Xiaohe cemetery – Image Credit : Wenying Li, Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology

Posted: January 14th, 2017 The Madison Corporation, a monopolist, received a report from a consulting firm concluding that the demand function for its product is: Q + 78 1.1P + 2.3Y + 0.9A where Q is the number of units sold, P is the price of its product (in dollars), Y is per capita income (in thousands of dollars), and A is the firm s advertising expenditure (in thousands of dollars). The firm s average variable cost function is: AVC + 42 8Q + 1.5Q2 where AVC is average variable cost (in dollars). a. Can one determine the firm s marginal cost curve? b. Can one determine the firm s marginal revenue curve? c. If per capita income is $4,000 and advertising expenditure is $200,000, can one determine the price and output where marginal revenue equals marginal cost? If so, what are they? Place an order in 3 easy steps. Takes less than 5 mins.

Our Rural Heritage Canada's built heritage is an important guide to our past. Buildings noted for their historic and other associated values are not only found in city centres but also in our rural environment. Indeed, Canada has a rich tradition of rural ways of life, evidence of which is expressed in many historic places. Some of them commemorate important achievements in agriculture, an industry that reaches an important peak in the late summer and fall seasons. Let's celebrate the harvest and get in the Thanksgiving spirit by exploring some of our country's rural and agricultural heritage places. The cultural landscape of Grand Pré in Nova Scotia is an excellent example of how settlers adapted farming techniques to life in a new land. In the 17th century, Grand Pré was the site of the innovations in farming techniques, including the use of wooden aboiteaus, which are still in use today. For these reasons, and for its strong ties with the Acadians throughout the world, it was listed as a World Heritage Site by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in Farmer's Market Building in Welland, Ontario (left) is a testament to the importance of agriculture to the community's historical livelihood, and the building maintains an ongoing association with its agrarian past. Built in 1919, the building is a unique blend of Spanish revival and Prairie styles. The market always took place on this site, and the building was constructed to meet the needs of a growing agricultural community and rising farming industry in the Niagara region. A less common rural building is the Strathclair Agricultural Society Bandstand in Manitoba. Built in 1900, it is located in the town's fairgrounds and was designed for use as an outdoor entertainment venue. The bandstand is a community gathering place where concerts were held for the benefit of returning veterans, among other uses. After a long day's work in the fields, farmers could come to Strathclair and enjoy a summer's evening entertainment. The Strathclair Bandstand is one of a few bandstands, both ural and urban, that are listed on the Canadian Register of Hstoric Places. buildings were in fashion across Canada for a brief period in the early 20th century. Saskatchewan's Octagonal Building (right) was built in 1905 on the Prince Albert Exhibition Grounds. The building's height adds to its prominence as a landmark in the Exhibition Grounds. The Ladies' Section of the Lorne Agricultural Society initiated the construction of this building as a place to display produce, baking, needlework and horticultural products. The building's second floor was used for community gatherings and social Once found everywhere in the prairies, grain elevators are becoming rare. The Old Val Marie Elevator in Saskatchewan is one of the last remaining grain elevators in the area and speaks to the development of the grain industry in Canada's Prairies. The elevator was built around 1924, with an addition in the 1950s, and was operational until 2000. The structure still stands today and represents the community's rich agricultural history. A beautifully intact farm complex is Stewart Farm in Surrey, British Columbia (left). This farm is comprised of eight traditional farm buildings: a farmhouse, a root cellar, a wood shed, a pole barn, a bunkhouse, a machine shed, a threshing machine shed and a garage. It is the only remaining farmstead of its kind in the region and is associated with pioneer life. The farmhouse dates from 1894, while the other buildings were added between 1894 and the 1920s. The farm's development also reflects changes in society. For example, the farm's owner, John Stewart, owned an early Model T truck and he therefore needed a purpose-built garage. The Stewart Farm is protected and is operated by the City of Surrey as a museum promoting the agricultural heritage of the area. Central Experimental Farm in Ottawa, Ontario is a large rural and agricultural landscape within Canada's capital city. The designation includes built and natural components of the farm, in

trathclair Bandstand is one of a few bandstands, both ural and urban, that are listed on the Canadian Register of Hstoric Places. buildings were in fashion across Canada for a brief period in the early 20th century. Saskatchewan's Octagonal Building (right) was built in 1905 on the Prince Albert Exhibition Grounds. The building's height adds to its prominence as a landmark in the Exhibition Grounds. The Ladies' Section of the Lorne Agricultural Society initiated the construction of this building as a place to display produce, baking, needlework and horticultural products. The building's second floor was used for community gatherings and social Once found everywhere in the prairies, grain elevators are becoming rare. The Old Val Marie Elevator in Saskatchewan is one of the last remaining grain elevators in the area and speaks to the development of the grain industry in Canada's Prairies. The elevator was built around 1924, with an addition in the 1950s, and was operational until 2000. The structure still stands today and represents the community's rich agricultural history. A beautifully intact farm complex is Stewart Farm in Surrey, British Columbia (left). This farm is comprised of eight traditional farm buildings: a farmhouse, a root cellar, a wood shed, a pole barn, a bunkhouse, a machine shed, a threshing machine shed and a garage. It is the only remaining farmstead of its kind in the region and is associated with pioneer life. The farmhouse dates from 1894, while the other buildings were added between 1894 and the 1920s. The farm's development also reflects changes in society. For example, the farm's owner, John Stewart, owned an early Model T truck and he therefore needed a purpose-built garage. The Stewart Farm is protected and is operated by the City of Surrey as a museum promoting the agricultural heritage of the area. Central Experimental Farm in Ottawa, Ontario is a large rural and agricultural landscape within Canada's capital city. The designation includes built and natural components of the farm, including traditional structures, a flower garden and an arboretum. The farm is also home to the Canadian Agriculture and Food Museum, a space where the public can come to learn about farm life, experimental crops and innovations in our agricultural heritage. There are so many ways to learn about our rural heritage. barns can be found across the country and remind us that our rural past is tied importantly to agriculture and farming. Thanksgiving is a perfect time to acknowledge those who have worked so hard to build Canada's rural heritage!

cluding traditional structures, a flower garden and an arboretum. The farm is also home to the Canadian Agriculture and Food Museum, a space where the public can come to learn about farm life, experimental crops and innovations in our agricultural heritage. There are so many ways to learn about our rural heritage. barns can be found across the country and remind us that our rural past is tied importantly to agriculture and farming. Thanksgiving is a perfect time to acknowledge those who have worked so hard to build Canada's rural heritage!

On the clear but chilly night of February 17, 1864, John Crosby stood on the deck of USS Housatonic a little less than six miles and three years removed from the launching point of the Civil War, Fort Sumter. The moonlight shimmered on Charleston Harbor’s still surface as Housatonic patrolled the South Carolina waters as part of the Union naval blockade that was slowly strangling the Confederacy. As Crosby gazed out at the placid harbor around 8:45 p.m., Housatonic’s officer of the deck suddenly saw something shatter the water’s glassy surface only 100 yards away on the starboard side. At first, Crosby thought it could be a surfacing porpoise or perhaps a log. But as the murky shadow rippled closer to the warship, the Navy officer sounded the alarm as he realized that the strange object closing in on Housatonic was actually a cutting-edge naval weapon—a submarine. Based on information gleaned from Confederate deserters, Union ships had been on alert for undersea vessels lurking in Charleston Harbor. Only four months before, USS New Ironsides had been partially damaged in an attack by the semi-submersible CSS David, and this windless, moonlit winter night offered perfect conditions for operating the approaching submarine, H.L. Hunley. As all hands raced to their stations on Housatonic, seven Confederate sailors inside the primitive submarine turned a handcrank that powered the propeller as another man steered toward the 1,240-ton sloop-of-war. Even if they hadn’t been bearing down on a mighty warship, the eight men were already undertaking a dangerous mission simply by being inside the submarine that had already claimed the lives of 13 men, including its inventor, during training exercises. The undersea vessel had been privately constructed in Mobile, Alabama, based on the plans of marine engineer Horace Lawson Hunley. Although Crosby initially thought he spotted a porpoise, the submarine more closely resembled a whale. It was constructed out of a 40-foot-long cylindrical iron steam boiler with a tapered bow and stern. After successful tests on the Mobile River, the submarine was transported to Charleston in August 1863 amid hopes by the Confederate navy that it could be a secret weapon in breaking the Union blockade. Recommended for you Shortly after testing began in Charleston Harbor, five of Hunley’s nine crewmembers drowned when a ship officer accidentally caused the vessel to dive while the hatches were still open. The submarine was salvaged, but less than two months later, a second training accident killed the eight-member crew, including H.L. Hunley himself. Once again, the submarine was pulled to the surface, and even though he knew its tragic history, Lieutenant George Dixon agreed to take command of the vessel in November 1863 and raised a crew of courageous volunteers. As Dixon led his men on the daring attack on Housatonic, he carried with him his good luck charm, a bent gold coin that had saved his life by slowing a bullet that wounded him two years before at the Battle of Shiloh. Although Confederate P.G.T. Beauregard had instructed Dixon to remain on the surface during any attacks, given Hunley’s previous accidents, most of the submarine still remained below the water line as it moved so close to Housatonic that the warship’s 12 cannons were useless. The captain and crew fired their rifles and shotguns in a futile attempt to halt the approaching vessel, but the bullets merely bounced off Hunley’s armor as a spar torpedo mounted at the end of a 16-foot rod that protruded from the submarine’s bow struck the warship. The spar tore into Housatonic’s starboard quarter near its powder magazine, and the rebel torpedo laden with 135 pounds of gunpowder exploded. Housatonic took on water immediately, and within minutes it was a loss, the first warship to have ever been sunk by a submarine. Most of Housatonic’s 155 crewmembers saved themselves by launching lifeboats or climbing the rigging, which remained above the harbor’s shallow 27-foot depth in time for rescue boats from a nearby Union warship to arrive. Five Uni

tern. After successful tests on the Mobile River, the submarine was transported to Charleston in August 1863 amid hopes by the Confederate navy that it could be a secret weapon in breaking the Union blockade. Recommended for you Shortly after testing began in Charleston Harbor, five of Hunley’s nine crewmembers drowned when a ship officer accidentally caused the vessel to dive while the hatches were still open. The submarine was salvaged, but less than two months later, a second training accident killed the eight-member crew, including H.L. Hunley himself. Once again, the submarine was pulled to the surface, and even though he knew its tragic history, Lieutenant George Dixon agreed to take command of the vessel in November 1863 and raised a crew of courageous volunteers. As Dixon led his men on the daring attack on Housatonic, he carried with him his good luck charm, a bent gold coin that had saved his life by slowing a bullet that wounded him two years before at the Battle of Shiloh. Although Confederate P.G.T. Beauregard had instructed Dixon to remain on the surface during any attacks, given Hunley’s previous accidents, most of the submarine still remained below the water line as it moved so close to Housatonic that the warship’s 12 cannons were useless. The captain and crew fired their rifles and shotguns in a futile attempt to halt the approaching vessel, but the bullets merely bounced off Hunley’s armor as a spar torpedo mounted at the end of a 16-foot rod that protruded from the submarine’s bow struck the warship. The spar tore into Housatonic’s starboard quarter near its powder magazine, and the rebel torpedo laden with 135 pounds of gunpowder exploded. Housatonic took on water immediately, and within minutes it was a loss, the first warship to have ever been sunk by a submarine. Most of Housatonic’s 155 crewmembers saved themselves by launching lifeboats or climbing the rigging, which remained above the harbor’s shallow 27-foot depth in time for rescue boats from a nearby Union warship to arrive. Five Union sailors died, but the outcome was even more devastating for the Confederacy as Hunley never returned to port. For the third time, Hunley slipped to the bottom of Charleston Harbor, but exactly why remains a mystery. The undersea vessel could have been fatally damaged in the torpedo explosion, hit by a shot from Housatonic or sucked into the vortex of the sinking warship. In 1995, the submarine was located beneath sand and shells by novelist Clive Cussler’s National Underwater and Marine Agency. Five years later, the well-preserved wreck of Hunley, with its eight crew still at their stations and Dixon still with his lucky coin, was raised from its murky grave and brought to the Warren Lasch Conservation Center in North Charleston where it was placed in a 90,000-gallon freshwater conservation tank. The crew of Hunley were given a proper burial in 2004, and an international team of scientists studying the wreck believe they are close to solving the mystery of what happened to them in the final moments of their daring mission.

on sailors died, but the outcome was even more devastating for the Confederacy as Hunley never returned to port. For the third time, Hunley slipped to the bottom of Charleston Harbor, but exactly why remains a mystery. The undersea vessel could have been fatally damaged in the torpedo explosion, hit by a shot from Housatonic or sucked into the vortex of the sinking warship. In 1995, the submarine was located beneath sand and shells by novelist Clive Cussler’s National Underwater and Marine Agency. Five years later, the well-preserved wreck of Hunley, with its eight crew still at their stations and Dixon still with his lucky coin, was raised from its murky grave and brought to the Warren Lasch Conservation Center in North Charleston where it was placed in a 90,000-gallon freshwater conservation tank. The crew of Hunley were given a proper burial in 2004, and an international team of scientists studying the wreck believe they are close to solving the mystery of what happened to them in the final moments of their daring mission.

Sarojini Naidu was one of the most prominent faces of Indian freedom Struggle. Apart from being a political activist, she was also a prolific writer, orator, administrator and a gifted poet. Born as Sarojini Chattopadhyay on February 13, 1879 in Hyderabad, she was a child prodigy. Her father Aghore Nath Chattopadhyay was a scientist who founded Nizam’s college in Hyderabad. Her mother Barada Sundari Devi was one of the famous Bengali poets. Sarojini was the eldest of the eight siblings. She topped the matriculation examination at Madras University when she was just 12 years old. At the age of 16, she received a scholarship from Nizam of Hyderabad and went to London to study first at King’s College, London and later at Girton College, Cambridge. Poetess par excellence Owing to a brilliant academic record, Sarojini’s father wanted her to become a scientist. However, she had an innate love for poetry. She wrote her first poem in her maths notebook. Her first literary piece titled, ‘Maher Muneer’ even impressed the Nizam of Hyderabad. Soon her literary side bloomed as she wrote a 1,300-line-long poem The Lady of the Lake. Her father also realised that her true passion lies in poetry and started encouraging her to take it more seriously. Her poetry eschews flowery words and is mostly composed of simple words that could also be sung. Her work was rich in imagery, covered a variety of themes – love, death, separation among others. Many of her literary works such as The Golden Threshold, The Bird Of Time, The Broken Wing, Autumn Song have been read widely and critically acclaimed. Her valuable contribution to English poetry earned her the sobriquet of ‘The Nightingale of India’. During her stay in London, Sarojini met Dr. Govindarajulu Naidu, a non-Brahmin and a doctor by profession. After finishing her studies, she got married to him. Inter caste marriages were a taboo at that time but her father, being a progressive thinker allowed her. Sarojini was drawn into Indian freedom struggle after the partition of Bengal in 1905. She met Gopal Krishna Gokhale who asked her to use her poetry to invigorate passion for independence among masses. She played a vital role in the Civil Disobedience movement as well as Quit India movement. She was jailed along with Mahatma Gandhi and others. In 1925, she became the second woman President of the Indian National Congress. She was at the forefront of Civil disobedience in 1930 when Mahatma Gandhi was in jail. In 1931, she participated in the Round Table Summit, along with Mahatma Gandhi and Pundit Malaviya. She also contributed to the drafting of the Indian Constitution. An exceptional orator She had a gift of electrifying audiences, and her ability to weave strength into everything she said. She didn’t prepare her speeches. To speak “was as easy for her as it is for fish to swim,” quotes Sarojini Naidu – Her Way With Words, a book based on her works. Renowned British author and philosopher Aldous Huxley wrote, “It has been our good fortune, while in Bombay, to meet Mrs. Sarojini Naidu, the newly elected President of the All-India Congress and a woman who combines in the most remarkable way great intellectual power with charm, sweetness with courageous energy, a wide culture with originality, and earnestness with humour. If all Indian politicians are like Mrs. Naidu, then the country is fortunate indeed.” Key role in drawing women to freedom movement She is credited for inspiring the women of India to participate in the freedom struggle and bringing them out of the kitchen. She traveled from state to state, city after city and asked for the rights of the women. She re-established self-esteem within the women of India. She helped in shaping Women’s Indian Association in 1917 with Annie Besant and others. The Association sought equal rights including the right to vote and represent. She presented the need to include more women in the Congress and in the freedom struggle. ‘Mickey Mouse’ and ‘Bulbul’ Naidu first met Gandhiji in London, an event which changed the whole course of her life, which took

05. She met Gopal Krishna Gokhale who asked her to use her poetry to invigorate passion for independence among masses. She played a vital role in the Civil Disobedience movement as well as Quit India movement. She was jailed along with Mahatma Gandhi and others. In 1925, she became the second woman President of the Indian National Congress. She was at the forefront of Civil disobedience in 1930 when Mahatma Gandhi was in jail. In 1931, she participated in the Round Table Summit, along with Mahatma Gandhi and Pundit Malaviya. She also contributed to the drafting of the Indian Constitution. An exceptional orator She had a gift of electrifying audiences, and her ability to weave strength into everything she said. She didn’t prepare her speeches. To speak “was as easy for her as it is for fish to swim,” quotes Sarojini Naidu – Her Way With Words, a book based on her works. Renowned British author and philosopher Aldous Huxley wrote, “It has been our good fortune, while in Bombay, to meet Mrs. Sarojini Naidu, the newly elected President of the All-India Congress and a woman who combines in the most remarkable way great intellectual power with charm, sweetness with courageous energy, a wide culture with originality, and earnestness with humour. If all Indian politicians are like Mrs. Naidu, then the country is fortunate indeed.” Key role in drawing women to freedom movement She is credited for inspiring the women of India to participate in the freedom struggle and bringing them out of the kitchen. She traveled from state to state, city after city and asked for the rights of the women. She re-established self-esteem within the women of India. She helped in shaping Women’s Indian Association in 1917 with Annie Besant and others. The Association sought equal rights including the right to vote and represent. She presented the need to include more women in the Congress and in the freedom struggle. ‘Mickey Mouse’ and ‘Bulbul’ Naidu first met Gandhiji in London, an event which changed the whole course of her life, which took her away from comfortable rooms of scholars and poets and placed her before a beggar-saint. With time, they went on to share a great camaraderie. In a letter dated Aug 8 1932 to Naidu, he addressed Naidu as Bulbul and signed off as’ Little man’. Somewhere along the line she referred Mahatma as a “Micky Mouse,” a “Little Man” and Gandhiji did not mind it. According to ‘Man and his message’, a book on Gandhiji’s life by Donn Byrne, this name was affectionately given to him by British media because of the way his ears stuck out like the cartoon character (Mickey Mouse). Despite her admiration for Gandhi, Naidu dreaded Mahatma’s diet. “Good heavens, all that grass and goat milk. Never, never, never!”, quotes the book-Her Way With Words. After India gained freedom, Sarojini became the first woman to become the Governor of Uttar Pradesh (then United Provinces of Agra and Oudh). Naidu suffered a heart attack when she was in office and died on March 2, 1949 at Lucknow in Uttar Pradesh. This is a part of our independence day special series where we remember and salute the women who bravely fought in the Indian freedom struggle. For interesting news videos from InUth, follow us on Youtube.com/InUthdotcom

her away from comfortable rooms of scholars and poets and placed her before a beggar-saint. With time, they went on to share a great camaraderie. In a letter dated Aug 8 1932 to Naidu, he addressed Naidu as Bulbul and signed off as’ Little man’. Somewhere along the line she referred Mahatma as a “Micky Mouse,” a “Little Man” and Gandhiji did not mind it. According to ‘Man and his message’, a book on Gandhiji’s life by Donn Byrne, this name was affectionately given to him by British media because of the way his ears stuck out like the cartoon character (Mickey Mouse). Despite her admiration for Gandhi, Naidu dreaded Mahatma’s diet. “Good heavens, all that grass and goat milk. Never, never, never!”, quotes the book-Her Way With Words. After India gained freedom, Sarojini became the first woman to become the Governor of Uttar Pradesh (then United Provinces of Agra and Oudh). Naidu suffered a heart attack when she was in office and died on March 2, 1949 at Lucknow in Uttar Pradesh. This is a part of our independence day special series where we remember and salute the women who bravely fought in the Indian freedom struggle. For interesting news videos from InUth, follow us on Youtube.com/InUthdotcom

1478 November 1, POPE SIXTUS IV (Spain) At the request of King Ferdinand V ( aka Ferdinand II of Aragon) and Queen Isabella, he issued a Bull Exigit sinceræ devotioni s empowering them to establish to investigate charges of heresy known as the Spanish Inquisition. Unlike the papal inquisition of 1230, this one was totally under royal authority. This tribunal was established ostensibly to root out "backsliding” Jews who had converted, sometimes under duress, to Christianity. Often these Jews - known as New Christians or conversos - succeeded in obtaining high social and political positions which aroused the jealousy on the part of “old Christians”. Thus, although officially religious in nature, the inquisition was a political tool. Specific signs such as no fires on the Sabbath, no eating of pork, washing hands before eating, turning the face towards the wall when dying, etc., were given to root out those who may have continued to secretly practice Judaism. The Spanish inquisition- which spread to all Spanish and later Portuguese (1536) colonies and possessions - was finally disbanded on July 15, 1834. It is estimated that over 300,000 people were tried (not all for Judaizing) and 30,000 executed.

ESL English Teaching Tips – Making a Lesson Plan While a conversation class may seem like it needs no or limited preparation (“all I have to do is talk to them – I’ll bring in my photos from India and we can talk about my trip there.”), the opposite is true. Students will more than likely be timid, especially at the beginning, and the purpose of the class is to get them talking, not for you to talk the entire time. If all they wanted was to listen to English, they could go to an American movie and save themselves time and money. So how do you go about planning for a class? Begin by deciding what content you want to cover and what your objectives are for the lesson – this will depend a lot on your class’s level and it might depend on an ESL textbook that the school has provided for you or that you have brought yourself. Ideally, these objectives will include both new vocabulary and new grammatical forms. Then think about what activities you want to use to accomplish these goals. These may include a short introduction to the class, a warm-up activity to get everyone involved, group work on dialogues, presentation of skits or survey results in front of the class, and a short conclusion reviewing what was learned and pointing out common mistakes. Finally, you should always have a “contingency plan” to fill up any space that might exist at the end of the class. These plans may consist of an additional game/activity, or of an exercise that will help students to build bridges in their minds between structures and vocabulary learned in different lessons and that learned that day. Content to be covered: Visit to the doctor/pharmacist - Review vocabulary: parts of body, where to go to find something (type of store, where in store) - Review grammar: command forms of verbs (“Take two aspirin every morning”) - New vocabulary: ways to describe illness and methods of remedying it - New grammar: giving advice “I would recommend” + [verb+ing] Introduction: quick review of parts of body, command forms - Warm-up activity: Simon Says (10 minutes) - Introduction of new material: common ailment vocabulary, advice language. Write it on the board, and have them copy it into their notebooks. - Group work: worksheets with two dialogues – doctor/patient, pharmacist/client - Report back to class: Doctors describe patient’s ailments, patients describe doctor’s advice - Review of new material, point out common mistakes - Contingency plan: review of city directions, combined with advice form. Write a command sequence on the board: take bus #12 to downtown, walk three blocks north.” Next, have your students convert it to advice form: “I would recommend taking bus #12, walking three blocks north.” Materials: Worksheets with dialogues and word replacement suggestions, large picture of human body to review parts of body. Content to be covered: Clothing/Fashion Attitudes - Review vocabulary: frequency vocabulary (once a week), commands (stand up, touch your ear) - Review grammar: expressing opinions (I think that, I prefer to) - New vocabulary: fashion, advertising terms (in style, out of style, good taste, bad taste, traditional style, latest fashion, department store, boutique, model, effective advertisement, ineffective advertisement) - New grammatical structure: reporting survey results (all, most, the majority, about half, the minority, some, a few, none + of the students) - Introduction: pass out list of new ESL terms, ask if any are familiar. Use pictures of magazines to discuss those that aren’t familiar. - Warm-up activity: Ask questions related to vocabulary and write key words on the board, then have students stand up (touch their ears or put their hands up if they agree). Report the results on the board. - Stand up if you go to department stores more than once a year. Remain standing if you go to department stores more than once a month. If not, sit down. (Twice a month, three times a month, once a week, twice a week.) [Record the results] - Do you think this woman is dressed in the latest fashion? If you do, lift up your book; if you don’t, to

s (10 minutes) - Introduction of new material: common ailment vocabulary, advice language. Write it on the board, and have them copy it into their notebooks. - Group work: worksheets with two dialogues – doctor/patient, pharmacist/client - Report back to class: Doctors describe patient’s ailments, patients describe doctor’s advice - Review of new material, point out common mistakes - Contingency plan: review of city directions, combined with advice form. Write a command sequence on the board: take bus #12 to downtown, walk three blocks north.” Next, have your students convert it to advice form: “I would recommend taking bus #12, walking three blocks north.” Materials: Worksheets with dialogues and word replacement suggestions, large picture of human body to review parts of body. Content to be covered: Clothing/Fashion Attitudes - Review vocabulary: frequency vocabulary (once a week), commands (stand up, touch your ear) - Review grammar: expressing opinions (I think that, I prefer to) - New vocabulary: fashion, advertising terms (in style, out of style, good taste, bad taste, traditional style, latest fashion, department store, boutique, model, effective advertisement, ineffective advertisement) - New grammatical structure: reporting survey results (all, most, the majority, about half, the minority, some, a few, none + of the students) - Introduction: pass out list of new ESL terms, ask if any are familiar. Use pictures of magazines to discuss those that aren’t familiar. - Warm-up activity: Ask questions related to vocabulary and write key words on the board, then have students stand up (touch their ears or put their hands up if they agree). Report the results on the board. - Stand up if you go to department stores more than once a year. Remain standing if you go to department stores more than once a month. If not, sit down. (Twice a month, three times a month, once a week, twice a week.) [Record the results] - Do you think this woman is dressed in the latest fashion? If you do, lift up your book; if you don’t, touch your ear. [Tape the picture on the board, and record the results] - Do you think this woman has bad taste? If you do, put your hand up, if you don’t, touch the floor. [Tape the picture on the board, record the results.] - Where did you buy your shoes? If you bought them in a department store, touch your nose. If you bought them in a boutique, put your hands under your desk. [Record the results] - Introduction of new material: recording results of the survey. Introduce frequency vocabulary and demonstrate it describing results using first two questions: “Most of the class thought . . .”; “Some of the class thought . . .” If the material seems easy for the students, quickly ask for summaries of the results of other questions. If the material seems difficult, give them five minutes to work with their neighbors, then ask. - Group work: worksheets with six new survey questions related to personal shopping and fashion preferences. Break class up into groups of six so that each person is responsible for a question. Each student is responsible for asking all others in group his or her question and recording the results. - Do you wear the current fashion? - Do you dress like your friends? - Should people over thirty dress differently than people under thirty? - Do you like to wear dark colors? - Do you prefer to shop in large shopping malls or small boutiques? - When you meet someone new, is their taste in clothing important to you? - Report back to class: warn students that they should listen closely because they will need to know the general results for a homework assignment. Have each student report the results for his or her question within the group of six. - Homework: Explain to students that you want them to take the survey questions home to ask people in their family. They should then prepare five sentences comparing the preferences of their family with the preferences of the class. The next class will begin with a discussion of their results. - Contingency plan: Relay race. Divide the class into three teams.

uch your ear. [Tape the picture on the board, and record the results] - Do you think this woman has bad taste? If you do, put your hand up, if you don’t, touch the floor. [Tape the picture on the board, record the results.] - Where did you buy your shoes? If you bought them in a department store, touch your nose. If you bought them in a boutique, put your hands under your desk. [Record the results] - Introduction of new material: recording results of the survey. Introduce frequency vocabulary and demonstrate it describing results using first two questions: “Most of the class thought . . .”; “Some of the class thought . . .” If the material seems easy for the students, quickly ask for summaries of the results of other questions. If the material seems difficult, give them five minutes to work with their neighbors, then ask. - Group work: worksheets with six new survey questions related to personal shopping and fashion preferences. Break class up into groups of six so that each person is responsible for a question. Each student is responsible for asking all others in group his or her question and recording the results. - Do you wear the current fashion? - Do you dress like your friends? - Should people over thirty dress differently than people under thirty? - Do you like to wear dark colors? - Do you prefer to shop in large shopping malls or small boutiques? - When you meet someone new, is their taste in clothing important to you? - Report back to class: warn students that they should listen closely because they will need to know the general results for a homework assignment. Have each student report the results for his or her question within the group of six. - Homework: Explain to students that you want them to take the survey questions home to ask people in their family. They should then prepare five sentences comparing the preferences of their family with the preferences of the class. The next class will begin with a discussion of their results. - Contingency plan: Relay race. Divide the class into three teams. Using three identical stacks of index cards, have each student run to the front of the class, take the top card, and write the answer to the question on the card on the board, then run back to tag next person in line. Questions will ask students to make a judgment based on looking at the rest of the class – “How many students are wearing black shoes? The latest fashion? White shirts?” Students have to write one of five answers on board: all, most, about half, some, none. The winning team is the one that completes all of the questions first without having an answer that disagrees with both other teams. Materials: Lists of new vocabulary, pictures of models with different styles taken from local magazines and newspapers, worksheets with surveys, index cards with questions. ESL/EFL books abound in activities and games and they can save you a lot of time and energy in thinking of ways to pass the hours. Be sure to think about the suitability of the activities for your particular country and group of students, not only for level but for cultural relevance. Question and Answer Match-ups This activity is similar to the cocktail party game of matching famous romantic pairs, where each person is given a famous personality and has to walk around and mingle with other guests until they find their pair (Juliet has to find Romeo, Mickey Mouse has to find Minnie Mouse). In the EFL classroom, however, the activity can be expanded to include entire question and typical response match-ups. Print several questions and typical responses on separate index cards, shuffle them, and distribute them. Students have to memorize what is printed on their card. Collect the cards, and allow the students to mingle around the room until they find their match. Have the students report back to class, then have the two partners switch places (the old responder asks the question, the old questioner responds.) This activity can be adapted to suit many different lesson topics. This activity is mentioned in a few older ESL/EFL texts, and works better

Using three identical stacks of index cards, have each student run to the front of the class, take the top card, and write the answer to the question on the card on the board, then run back to tag next person in line. Questions will ask students to make a judgment based on looking at the rest of the class – “How many students are wearing black shoes? The latest fashion? White shirts?” Students have to write one of five answers on board: all, most, about half, some, none. The winning team is the one that completes all of the questions first without having an answer that disagrees with both other teams. Materials: Lists of new vocabulary, pictures of models with different styles taken from local magazines and newspapers, worksheets with surveys, index cards with questions. ESL/EFL books abound in activities and games and they can save you a lot of time and energy in thinking of ways to pass the hours. Be sure to think about the suitability of the activities for your particular country and group of students, not only for level but for cultural relevance. Question and Answer Match-ups This activity is similar to the cocktail party game of matching famous romantic pairs, where each person is given a famous personality and has to walk around and mingle with other guests until they find their pair (Juliet has to find Romeo, Mickey Mouse has to find Minnie Mouse). In the EFL classroom, however, the activity can be expanded to include entire question and typical response match-ups. Print several questions and typical responses on separate index cards, shuffle them, and distribute them. Students have to memorize what is printed on their card. Collect the cards, and allow the students to mingle around the room until they find their match. Have the students report back to class, then have the two partners switch places (the old responder asks the question, the old questioner responds.) This activity can be adapted to suit many different lesson topics. This activity is mentioned in a few older ESL/EFL texts, and works better with high intermediate to advanced students. A crime occurs (be creative – something to do with the vocabulary you are trying to target would be ideal) and three students from the class are accused. They were all together at the time of the crime, and need to submit an alibi. Have them leave the room for five minutes to decide exactly what they were doing. Explain to the students that they will be questioned separately and that the questions will be very specific (“where in the movie theater were you sitting?”) so that they can adequately prepare. Then, each of the three students should enter, one at a time, to answer other students’ questions. Once all three have answered, the rest of the class can compare stories to find inconsistencies. This is a variation of the popular game where students have to find matches between two cards that have the same thing printed on them. The added difficulty to this game is that they have to find pairs in logical order of a sentence. Break classes into two or more teams. Place the cards with individual words on them face down in a grid, such as the following, that would test knowledge of nouns, verbs, and pronouns: Each team is allowed to ask you to turn over two cards (for example, A1 and C2). If the two are the same, and they logically follow the previous pair found in a sentence, they get a point. In this example, the first pair picked to get a point will have to be “The school” or “The girls.” The next pair picked will have to be the verb that agrees with the noun ( “The girls grades,” isn’t correct) and so on until all of the sentences are made. Meaning of the sentences is not as important as noun-verb agreement, as long as students understand the meaning of the sentences they are creating. Find a story, replace several words with blank spaces, and write which type of speech the missing word should be: The ____________________________ dance gracefully under the _________. The (number > 1) (adjective) (plural noun) dance gracefully under the (noun). Students can work in pai

with high intermediate to advanced students. A crime occurs (be creative – something to do with the vocabulary you are trying to target would be ideal) and three students from the class are accused. They were all together at the time of the crime, and need to submit an alibi. Have them leave the room for five minutes to decide exactly what they were doing. Explain to the students that they will be questioned separately and that the questions will be very specific (“where in the movie theater were you sitting?”) so that they can adequately prepare. Then, each of the three students should enter, one at a time, to answer other students’ questions. Once all three have answered, the rest of the class can compare stories to find inconsistencies. This is a variation of the popular game where students have to find matches between two cards that have the same thing printed on them. The added difficulty to this game is that they have to find pairs in logical order of a sentence. Break classes into two or more teams. Place the cards with individual words on them face down in a grid, such as the following, that would test knowledge of nouns, verbs, and pronouns: Each team is allowed to ask you to turn over two cards (for example, A1 and C2). If the two are the same, and they logically follow the previous pair found in a sentence, they get a point. In this example, the first pair picked to get a point will have to be “The school” or “The girls.” The next pair picked will have to be the verb that agrees with the noun ( “The girls grades,” isn’t correct) and so on until all of the sentences are made. Meaning of the sentences is not as important as noun-verb agreement, as long as students understand the meaning of the sentences they are creating. Find a story, replace several words with blank spaces, and write which type of speech the missing word should be: The ____________________________ dance gracefully under the _________. The (number > 1) (adjective) (plural noun) dance gracefully under the (noun). Students can work in pairs or small groups, share the resulting stories with each other, and later share them all (or the group’s funniest) with the class. Divide the class into two teams. Have two stacks of cards ready with parts of speech written on them, and ordered in such a way that they could make a logical sentence (article, noun, verb, pronoun, noun, preposition, article, noun.) The first person in each team runs to you, you hand the student the first card in his or her team’s stack and the student writes an appropriate word on the board. The students then run back to tag the next person, who comes to get the second grammar card from you, and so on. Stop the game when the first team finishes the sentence. Teams get a point for each word that fits into the appropriate grammatical group and fits into the sentence.

rs or small groups, share the resulting stories with each other, and later share them all (or the group’s funniest) with the class. Divide the class into two teams. Have two stacks of cards ready with parts of speech written on them, and ordered in such a way that they could make a logical sentence (article, noun, verb, pronoun, noun, preposition, article, noun.) The first person in each team runs to you, you hand the student the first card in his or her team’s stack and the student writes an appropriate word on the board. The students then run back to tag the next person, who comes to get the second grammar card from you, and so on. Stop the game when the first team finishes the sentence. Teams get a point for each word that fits into the appropriate grammatical group and fits into the sentence.

What is radio frequency engineer? Radio frequency engineering, or RF engineering, is the study and application of radio waves with the purpose of creating technology and devices that can both receive and send signals using these waves. What does RF design engineer do? As a professional expert, an RF design engineer is hired to design radio frequency equipment and products and they can be responsible for dealing with the project through from the design processes to the manufacture and distribution of the products. How do I become an RF engineer? To become an RF engineer, you need a bachelor’s or master’s degree in engineering. As an engineer, you also need to pass the Fundamentals of Engineering exam and become a licensed professional engineer. You must be familiar with Microsoft Office, Matlab, VHDL, and other analytical software. What is RF and microwave engineering? RF and Microwave Engineering is a part of the subcategory of Electrical Engineering. The specialists in RF and Microwave Engineering design, construct and operate the devices that transmit or receive radio waves. The objects in this field include radios, mobile phones, wireless equipment, and some other objects. Is RF Engineer a good career? Well, being a RF Engineer will diffidently help in India but in an Advanced professional level. Join Merchant Navy to get more scope on this, Or even join the CRPF or any research institute. It will defintely get a purpose there. What should an RF Engineer know? Those professionals looking to become an RF Engineer should focus on the following: - Should know cell site design and LTE networking. - Radio Frequency design circuitry. - Should have the ability to understand and study wireless network parameters. - Problem-solving and troubleshooting. - Proficiency in office. Is RF engineer a good career? Is radio frequency a good career? If you want to be a part of something that is constantly changing and essential to people’s lives, then RF is right for you. Whether you have a technical background in engineering or aspire to be a highly-effective marketer, the RF industry offers exciting opportunities. What are types of components in radio frequency engineering? Active Components in RF Circuits - Amplifiers. Amplifier circuits, often built around an operational amplifier, are extremely common in both low-frequency and high-frequency analog design. - Mixers. Another fundamental RF component is the mixer. - Phase-Locked Loops. Scroll to continue with content. - Data Converters. Are RF Engineers in demand? RF Engineers are in demand and have specific skills that clients are looking for. So, you need a portal to join you with exactly the clients who need you. FieldEngineer.com can do just that, working as a global on-demand marketplace service over 40,000 freelancers in networking and engineering fields. What is a DSP engineer? The DSP engineer (digital signal processing engineer) is dedicated to developing algorithms for signal processing in the broad sense. He works on projects in the fields of telecommunications, audio, video, space domain, medical imaging, etc. Are RF engineers in demand? What does a radio frequency engineer do? Radio frequency engineers are specialists within the electrical engineering field. They work with devices that transmit or receive radio waves, including wireless equipment, radios, and cellular phones. A background in general electronics, physics, and math is needed to design and improve wireless networks. How to become a radio frequency specialist? Interest in electronics or radio equipment What is a radio frequency engineer? Bodhi Biswas, a nuclear science and engineering PhD candidate working at the Plasma effect that edge turbulence can have on the propagation and absorption of radio-frequency power.” Although ray-tracing treatments of scattering do not fully capture What does a radio frequency specialist do? A radio frequency specialist is a demanding and challenging position that is part of the communications technology career path in the military. This is an enlisted service position that i

aspire to be a highly-effective marketer, the RF industry offers exciting opportunities. What are types of components in radio frequency engineering? Active Components in RF Circuits - Amplifiers. Amplifier circuits, often built around an operational amplifier, are extremely common in both low-frequency and high-frequency analog design. - Mixers. Another fundamental RF component is the mixer. - Phase-Locked Loops. Scroll to continue with content. - Data Converters. Are RF Engineers in demand? RF Engineers are in demand and have specific skills that clients are looking for. So, you need a portal to join you with exactly the clients who need you. FieldEngineer.com can do just that, working as a global on-demand marketplace service over 40,000 freelancers in networking and engineering fields. What is a DSP engineer? The DSP engineer (digital signal processing engineer) is dedicated to developing algorithms for signal processing in the broad sense. He works on projects in the fields of telecommunications, audio, video, space domain, medical imaging, etc. Are RF engineers in demand? What does a radio frequency engineer do? Radio frequency engineers are specialists within the electrical engineering field. They work with devices that transmit or receive radio waves, including wireless equipment, radios, and cellular phones. A background in general electronics, physics, and math is needed to design and improve wireless networks. How to become a radio frequency specialist? Interest in electronics or radio equipment What is a radio frequency engineer? Bodhi Biswas, a nuclear science and engineering PhD candidate working at the Plasma effect that edge turbulence can have on the propagation and absorption of radio-frequency power.” Although ray-tracing treatments of scattering do not fully capture What does a radio frequency specialist do? A radio frequency specialist is a demanding and challenging position that is part of the communications technology career path in the military. This is an enlisted service position that involves working with telecommunications equipment in order to gather and communicate information. Relaying information among air and ground troops is an important aspect of military security, and radio

nvolves working with telecommunications equipment in order to gather and communicate information. Relaying information among air and ground troops is an important aspect of military security, and radio

When entering into a legal transaction, the parties have two options at their disposal, to say an agreement or a statement of intent. While an agreement refers to the agreement between the legally competent parties, which is usually negotiated. Conversely, the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) is a type of agreement between legally competent parties that is not binding. Although it is not a legally binding document, the letter of intent is an important step because of the time and effort required to negotiate and draft an effective document. In order to establish a letter of intent, the parties concerned must reach mutual understanding. Each party learns what is most important to others before moving forward. A letter of intent is usually a non-binding agreement between the parties that documents a goodwill relationship between the parties. Memoranda of Understanding describe the parties` understanding of the intended relationship between them and may be the first step in establishing a formal contract. Most businessmen, government agencies, legal entities, and individuals often use these two entities in their daily lives to do with another party to achieve a common goal. The parties must understand that if they want their decisions to be binding on each other, they can argue for an agreement that establishes their essential rights for the parties, and they can also enforce them in court. However, if the parties do not want a legal obligation for them, they can opt for a memorandum of understanding. However, a letter of intent is not enforceable, if one of the parties has done something about the letter of intent and the other party has suffered a loss as a result, the aggrieved party has the right to recover the loss because the parties are bound by legal forfeiture. A Memorandum of Understanding (MOA) or Cooperation Agreement is a written document between the parties to work together on an agreed project or achieve an agreed goal. The purpose of a Memorandum of Understanding is to have a written understanding of the agreement between the parties. The Memorandum of Understanding can also make legally valid and the parties responsible for their obligation, or simply a partnership agreement. In the context of sharing agreements, a letter of intent is often used to define the expectations and responsibilities of each party. These MEMoranda of Understanding generally address issues such as: (1) who is responsible for the cost of maintenance and repairs, (2) insurance and liability, (3) personnel and communications, and (4) dispute resolution. Whether the terms of these agreements are legally enforceable as a contract ultimately depends on the intention of the parties. Therefore, parties to a sharing agreement should address the legal status of their agreement early in the negotiation process. Memoranda of Understanding are like contracts that define how two organizations will work together. While memoranda of understanding are technically legally binding, consider these documents as a tool to facilitate partnership and ensure a harmonious working relationship between two organizations.

A mutually helpful relationship is known as a fancy term used to describe the cooperation between two variety. It could occur among humans, fungi, bacterias, or even plants. This romance can result in various benefits and pitfalls. One of the most impressive of all of the mutually useful relationships may be the one between two species of disease. In this context, a fungus is a helpful organism that gives nutrients, normal water, and shield to photosynthetic algae, and also providing several defense from all other invading creatures. However , such a romantic relationship is only likely because of the conditions of the environment. These include a great temperature selection, and a lack of sunlight. This may not be to mention a low population density. For example , many blooming plants are unable to reproduce unless of course they may have insects to pollinate these people. An identical scenario occurs in the microbiome, which contains a host of beneficial organisms. These microorganisms help individuals digest foodstuff, protect them out of pathogens, and present them with maximum environmental conditions. A persons microbiome is mostly a complex network of cells and internal organs, in whose overgrowth can lead to disease. To combat this problem, a number of experts have recommended a solution referred to as probiotics. Those who believe in this kind of theory claim that the gut microbiome may withstand the pains of civilization, and still provide humans with numerous health improvements. A related term is cooperation, which is a highly skilled term with regards to the mutually beneficial relationship between two species. This form of interdependence https://sugardaddyaustralia.org/established-men/ is most often found between two photosynthetic species. A fungus allows a photosynthesis-powered smut to prosper in a chillier, drier environment. Its biggest drawback may be the potential for a parasitic infections. This can occur when the yeast overgrows and reverts to their asexual point out. In the same way that a feline can give you a great nights sleep, a infection can the actual same for that photosynthetic atlygis. This is not to be able to that lizards http://poiarmex.pt/obtaining-sugar-going-out-with-value-out-of-sugar-daddies/ happen to be bad for us, but people are detrimental to fungi. For instance, a single contamination can foodstuff thousands of photosynthetic algae, and will produce plenty of of recent spores every year.

At this year’s COP, the focus will be on topics such as climate finance, damage and loss (see main article), adaptation to climate change and emission reductions. “The negotiations are a process in which each step and each conference is important. The climate change conference in Glasgow last year adopted new initiatives, such as the working programmes for more ambitious aims regarding emission reductions and adaptation. Concretising these programmes during this year’s conference is very important, as global emissions continue to increase and climate effects proliferate – it is becoming increasingly clear how little time we have to reverse the trend,” says Markku Rummukainen, professor of Climatology at the Centre for Environmental and Climate Science (CEC) and the Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science at Lund University. What are reasonable expectations for the conference? “No single conference solves the climate issue. The world is still out of step regarding measures for the climate. But concretising the decisions taken in Glasgow can contribute to reinforce both emission reductions and adaptation. Some progress has been made in the “intermediate discussions” held during the year regarding, for example, damage and loss.” What needs to happen at COP27 for global climate collaboration to advance? “More climate finance is needed for developing countries, including compensation for what is known as climate-related damage and loss. It is also important that progress is made during the conference on the global overview, which is to compare the overall effect of the countries’ national climate plans with the Paris Agreement’s global goals – how much difference is there between the former and the latter? Our status regarding the level of ambition for emission reductions will then form the basis of updated national climate plans.” COP stands for Conference Of the Parties. The parties are those countries that signed the UN’s Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which was drawn up at the Rio conference in 1992. Each climate COP has a number to designate its place in the conference series. COP27 is accordingly the UN’s 27th climate change conference.

A guide for families of all backgrounds to celebrate cultural heritage and embrace inclusivity in the home and beyond. Gone are the days when socially conscious parents feel comfortable teaching their children to merely tolerate others. Instead, they are looking for a way to authentically embrace the fullness of their diverse communities. A Place to Belong offers a path forward for families to honor their cultural heritage and champion diversity in the context of daily family life by: - Fostering open dialogue around discrimination, race, gender, disability, and class - Teaching "hard history" in an age-appropriate way - Curating a diverse selection of books and media choices in which children see themselves and people who are different - Celebrating cultural heritage through art, music, and poetry - Modeling activism and engaging in community service projects as a family Amber O'Neal Johnston, a homeschooling mother of four, shows parents of all backgrounds how to create a home environment where children feel secure in their own personhood and culture, enabling them to better understand and appreciate people who are racially and culturally different. A Place to Belong gives parents the tools to empower children to embrace their unique identities while feeling beautifully tethered to their global community.

The Special Operations Force is an important component of the Naval Power, and its mission is to organize, prepare, train, supervise and maintain in an optimal state of readiness Special Operations and Rescue Units, in order to provide operational elements capable of acting with success where required by National Interests; in this sense, this operative force groups the Naval Special Operators and the Salvation Divers of the Navy, courageous men who, in their respective fields of action, are capable of taking personal risks, in order to successfully achieve exceptional tasks that for many border with the impossible. In doing so, the Special Operators emulate their daring predecessors of the Guerra del Salitre, Ensign of Frigate Carlos Bondy Tellería, who on July 3, 1880, through an action of sabotage with explosives in the bay of Callao, made a successful blasting of the Chilean ship Loa; and the Ensign of Fragata Decio Oyague Neyra, who on September 13, 1880 in the bay of Chancay, sank the Chilean schooner "Virgen de Covadonga", using a similar course of action. On the other hand, Salvation Divers emulate the diver José Hilario Morales, who served under the command of Grand Admiral Miguel Grau, and had the distinction of being one of the survivors of the Huáscar Monitor, since he was embarked on that ship carrying out risky works of diving, from May of 1879 to October 8 of that year, date in which he fell prisoner, in the epic of Angamos. Special Operators assume as their philosophy of life the maxim "Man is the weapon", because they are characterized by having great physical and mental strength, based on solid moral values, which allows them to perform risky missions, stealthily infiltrating small groups by land, sea or air; to be able to identify and beat targets of high military value, which can not be reached by conventional forces, as they are heavily guarded within territories controlled by the enemy. The rescue divers are professional divers who work alone in the cold and dark depths of seas, rivers and lakes, to recover all or part of vessels, ships, submarines, aircraft, structures and / or people who have suffered some sinister in water. Throughout its Institutional trajectory, this Force has acquired great reputation both nationally and internationally, because between the 80's and 90's its special operators developed innumerable combat operations in the Fronts of Ayacucho, Huallaga, Ucayali and the Cenepa, with an incredible record of zero casualties, and in the last decade they have been carrying out special operations in the convulsive area of the VRAEM; likewise, divers from the Salvage Group managed to successfully rescue the naval personnel trapped in the BAP Pacocha submarine, when it was sunk 130 feet deep, and then, after a year of hard work, it was taken again to surface, when its refloating was achieved. The sailors who make up the Special Operations Force are aware of the risk involved in their work and the commitment of honor they swore for their country; that is why when undertaking their dangerous missions, they entrust themselves to God invoking the prayer that says "Lord, please grant us both Victory and Return, but if it is to be one thing, O God, grant us only Victory"

A hearing aid has three basic parts; a microphone, an amplifier and a speaker. When someone speaks to a hearing aid wearer, their voice is amplified from the mic to the speaker in or near the ear. This amplified sound is useful for those individuals with hearing loss caused by damage or aging. Once patients have been diagnosed with hearing loss, their audiologists can help them decide which of the three types of hearing aids are best for the patients’ needs. The Three Types Of Hearing Aids - Behind-the ear (BTE) are made of a plastic case worn behind the ear which is connected to a plastic earmold that fits inside the outer ear. BTE hearing aids are utilized by patients of all ages and levels of hearing loss. - In-the-ear (ITE) aids fit completely inside the outer ear, and include a magnetic telecoil feature which makes it easier to hear phone conversations. ITE’s are applicable for all levels of hearing loss. - Canal aids can be either an in-the-canal (ITC) style made to fit the size and shape of a patient’s ear canal, or a completely-in-canal (CIC) style which is hidden within the ear canal. These types of aids are used mostly by those with mild to moderate hearing loss, due to the fact that this style has a reduced size and limited power and volume. Each of these hearing aids work differently based on their style of electronic programming: - Analog aids are programmable, and after being set by the manufacturer initially, can be adjusted later by both the audiologist and the user. Adjustments can be made using a program on a computer for changes in the listening environment (from small, quiet rooms to large open areas). - Digital aids convert sounds using numerical codes, which allow the hearing aid to adjust automatically based on different pitches and/or loudness. Digital conversion also allows the hearing aid wearer to focus on sounds coming from a specific direction. Choosing The Type Of Hearing Aid Right For You After a careful diagnosis by and discussion with your doctor and/or audiologist, you might need a custom designed hearing aid for you specific hearing problem, but if you simply have mild to moderate hearing loss like most people with hearing problems, the surgeon designed, MDHearingAid can be an effective and affordable choice. A follow up appointment may be necessary for custom hearing aids in order to receive proper fitting, setting, and counseling on wear and care for this important purchase. With over the counter hearing aids, they really are plug and play, with a small a mount of time on getting comfortable wearing the aid and used to the simple settings. Remember, no matter what type of hearing aid you may get, it takes some time and patience to learn about and adjust to wearing a hearing assisting device. Once this period of adjustment has occurred, the short time and effort involved will prove to be worth a lifetime of enjoyable, good hearing!

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and sepsis in hospitals are a common and unfortunate complication. Every year, around one out of every 25 hospital patients develops an HAI, with many of these infections developing into sepsis or other complications. The consistent rate of HAIs occurring in hospitals across the United States has the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other organizations taking an aggressive approach to prevent infections and ensure that hospitals adhere to standards. Read on to learn more about HAIs and sepsis in hospitals, and what these often preventable infections could mean for your health. If you have questions about HAIs and your legal rights, contact our Houston medical malpractice lawyer to discuss your case. HAIs are More Dangerous than Viral Infections Unlike the more common viral infection, HAIs are caused by bacteria, which is aggressive and often resistant to antibiotics. This makes HAIs a tremendous concern for patients and the healthcare community at large. Without immediate and appropriate treatment, HAIs can quickly develop into complicated infections, such as sepsis or septic shock. In fact, a large portion of HAIs reported in hospitals are related to sepsis. Sepsis is a type of HAI that occurs most commonly after surgery, among patients with compromised immune systems, patients with chronic health conditions, and the elderly. The National Institute of General Medical Sciences estimates that over one million Americans develop sepsis in hospitals each year. Of those, 15 to 30 percent die. Furthermore, these rates have continued to rise in recent years. The continued increase in the rate of sepsis in hospitals is attributed to: - Increased tracking and data collection. - Average age of Americans increasing, making the population of individuals living with chronic conditions also increasing. - Many infections are resistant to antibiotics, which can increase the risk of developing sepsis. - Organ transplants continue to be more common. Patients receiving an organ transplant are at a much higher risk of developing an HAI or sepsis. Why is Sepsis So Common in Hospitals? Sepsis is the body’s immune response to infection, most commonly caused by bacteria. The chemicals released into the bloodstream to combat infection restrict blood flow and cause inflammation. Rather than fighting the infection, the overwhelming response leads to oxygen deprivation in the organs, a drop in blood pressure, and can lead to multiple organ failures. In hospitals, sepsis is often caused by an underlying infection or bacteria that has been introduced into the body during the course of medical care. Some of the most common causes of sepsis in hospitals include: Also called central venous catheters or intravenous catheters (IV), central lines are one of the most common causes for HAIs and sepsis in hospitals. Central lines are inserted into large veins in the neck, chest, or groin areas, and depending on the condition being treated, the line may remain in place for several days or weeks, or even months. Because central lines are inserted into major veins and are kept in place for longer durations, the risk of infection and serious complications are higher. Urinary Tract Infections Many hospital patients require the use of a urinary catheter. This catheter is inserted into the urethra, and serves as a drain for urine during hospitalization. Urinary catheters are a common cause of infections, including the common catheter-associated urinary tract infection, or CAUTI. These are the most common HAI occurring in hospitals, with at least 75 percent of all UTIs occurring in hospitals being classified as a CAUTI. Surgical Site Infections Surgical site infections are a common risk factor in hospitals. Any time surgery is performed, there is a chance of bacteria entering the body. During recovery, there are also further opportunities for bacteria to move into the wound if it is not properly cleaned, covered, and taken care of. Surgical site infections are called SSIs, and can easily develop into sepsis

organ transplant are at a much higher risk of developing an HAI or sepsis. Why is Sepsis So Common in Hospitals? Sepsis is the body’s immune response to infection, most commonly caused by bacteria. The chemicals released into the bloodstream to combat infection restrict blood flow and cause inflammation. Rather than fighting the infection, the overwhelming response leads to oxygen deprivation in the organs, a drop in blood pressure, and can lead to multiple organ failures. In hospitals, sepsis is often caused by an underlying infection or bacteria that has been introduced into the body during the course of medical care. Some of the most common causes of sepsis in hospitals include: Also called central venous catheters or intravenous catheters (IV), central lines are one of the most common causes for HAIs and sepsis in hospitals. Central lines are inserted into large veins in the neck, chest, or groin areas, and depending on the condition being treated, the line may remain in place for several days or weeks, or even months. Because central lines are inserted into major veins and are kept in place for longer durations, the risk of infection and serious complications are higher. Urinary Tract Infections Many hospital patients require the use of a urinary catheter. This catheter is inserted into the urethra, and serves as a drain for urine during hospitalization. Urinary catheters are a common cause of infections, including the common catheter-associated urinary tract infection, or CAUTI. These are the most common HAI occurring in hospitals, with at least 75 percent of all UTIs occurring in hospitals being classified as a CAUTI. Surgical Site Infections Surgical site infections are a common risk factor in hospitals. Any time surgery is performed, there is a chance of bacteria entering the body. During recovery, there are also further opportunities for bacteria to move into the wound if it is not properly cleaned, covered, and taken care of. Surgical site infections are called SSIs, and can easily develop into sepsis or septic shock. Bloodstream infections, including sepsis, following surgery occur at a rate of 5.23 percent, meaning that more than five percent of all surgical patients will develop an infection. Patients who need help breathing may be placed on a ventilator. Ventilators have tubes that run down the throat and into the airway. The machine helps expand and retract the lungs and helps the patient breathe easier. Unfortunately, ventilators have been known to increase the risk of pneumonia. Ventilator tubes may provide an avenue for bacteria to travel into the lungs. Pneumonia, as a bacterial infection, is a common cause of sepsis in hospitals. Strategies to Prevent HAIs and Sepsis in Hospitals Due to some of the concerning rates of HAIs in U.S. hospitals, the CDC has initiated a series of prevention strategies. These strategies use surveillance, laboratory research, and outbreak investigations to develop improved prevention techniques. The CDC offers healthcare providers with toolkits and other information about how to prevent HAIs and protect providers and patients from infection. The CDC has specific guidelines for infection control and prevention, including: - Disinfection and sterilization - Hand hygiene - Proper handling of laundry - Environmental infection control - Isolation precautions - Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) - Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) - Organ transplantation - Surgical site infection (SSI) - Dialysis infection control - Disease/organism-specific infection control guidelines: - Tuberculosis (TB) The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has also developed a committee dedicated to the prevention of HAIs and sepsis in hospitals. The HHS Steering Committee for the Prevention of Healthcare-Associated Infections began in 2008 and continues offer support for prevention strategies and healthcare education. The Committee developed a National Action Plan to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections: Road Map to Elimination, which includes the following: - Phase

or septic shock. Bloodstream infections, including sepsis, following surgery occur at a rate of 5.23 percent, meaning that more than five percent of all surgical patients will develop an infection. Patients who need help breathing may be placed on a ventilator. Ventilators have tubes that run down the throat and into the airway. The machine helps expand and retract the lungs and helps the patient breathe easier. Unfortunately, ventilators have been known to increase the risk of pneumonia. Ventilator tubes may provide an avenue for bacteria to travel into the lungs. Pneumonia, as a bacterial infection, is a common cause of sepsis in hospitals. Strategies to Prevent HAIs and Sepsis in Hospitals Due to some of the concerning rates of HAIs in U.S. hospitals, the CDC has initiated a series of prevention strategies. These strategies use surveillance, laboratory research, and outbreak investigations to develop improved prevention techniques. The CDC offers healthcare providers with toolkits and other information about how to prevent HAIs and protect providers and patients from infection. The CDC has specific guidelines for infection control and prevention, including: - Disinfection and sterilization - Hand hygiene - Proper handling of laundry - Environmental infection control - Isolation precautions - Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) - Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) - Organ transplantation - Surgical site infection (SSI) - Dialysis infection control - Disease/organism-specific infection control guidelines: - Tuberculosis (TB) The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has also developed a committee dedicated to the prevention of HAIs and sepsis in hospitals. The HHS Steering Committee for the Prevention of Healthcare-Associated Infections began in 2008 and continues offer support for prevention strategies and healthcare education. The Committee developed a National Action Plan to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections: Road Map to Elimination, which includes the following: - Phase One: Focuses on the top six high priority HAIs: - Surgical site infections - Central line-associated bloodstream infections - Ventilator-associated events - Catheter-associated urinary tract infections - Clostridium difficile (C. diff) infections - Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections - Phase Two: Expands infection control efforts outside hospitals to outpatient settings including end-stage renal disease facilities and ambulatory surgical centers. Phase two also promotes better influenza vaccination rates among healthcare providers. - Phase Three: Further expands efforts to include long-term care facilities like nursing homes, rehabilitation facilities, and skilled-nursing facilities. - Phase Four: Reviews federal antibiotic stewardship efforts in various healthcare settings, and highlights the importance of stewardship in the prevention of HAIs. Most healthcare facilities also have their own policies and procedures for infection control. It is up to those working in these environments, however, to follow policies and procedures that will prevent HAIs and sepsis. Sepsis Specific Guidelines Several organizations also have specific guidelines for preventing and treating sepsis in hospitals. Many of these guidelines are similar to that of HAIs, but they address more specific factors associated with sepsis in hospitals, including factors related to the environment, patient condition, and prevention policies. CMS guidelines are titled “Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock Early Management Bundle”. These guidelines were established in 2015 with the goal of preventing sepsis, identifying infections earlier, and ensuring that treatment is initiated as soon as possible. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also has guidelines for managing sepsis in healthcare settings. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign is one of the most widely-accepted sets of guidelines. Created in collaboration between the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, the guidelin

One: Focuses on the top six high priority HAIs: - Surgical site infections - Central line-associated bloodstream infections - Ventilator-associated events - Catheter-associated urinary tract infections - Clostridium difficile (C. diff) infections - Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections - Phase Two: Expands infection control efforts outside hospitals to outpatient settings including end-stage renal disease facilities and ambulatory surgical centers. Phase two also promotes better influenza vaccination rates among healthcare providers. - Phase Three: Further expands efforts to include long-term care facilities like nursing homes, rehabilitation facilities, and skilled-nursing facilities. - Phase Four: Reviews federal antibiotic stewardship efforts in various healthcare settings, and highlights the importance of stewardship in the prevention of HAIs. Most healthcare facilities also have their own policies and procedures for infection control. It is up to those working in these environments, however, to follow policies and procedures that will prevent HAIs and sepsis. Sepsis Specific Guidelines Several organizations also have specific guidelines for preventing and treating sepsis in hospitals. Many of these guidelines are similar to that of HAIs, but they address more specific factors associated with sepsis in hospitals, including factors related to the environment, patient condition, and prevention policies. CMS guidelines are titled “Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock Early Management Bundle”. These guidelines were established in 2015 with the goal of preventing sepsis, identifying infections earlier, and ensuring that treatment is initiated as soon as possible. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also has guidelines for managing sepsis in healthcare settings. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign is one of the most widely-accepted sets of guidelines. Created in collaboration between the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, the guidelines include guidance from the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI). The guideline bundles available for hospitals include critical care, intensive care, clinical practice guidelines, and severe sepsis guidelines. All of the guidelines are based on evidence-based practices and are intended to improve outcomes for patients. The essential guidelines include: - Hospitals must measure serum lactate levels in patients with severe sepsis within three hours of a diagnosis being made. - Hospitals must obtain blood cultures within three hours of diagnosis. - Broad-spectrum antibiotics must be initiated within three hours of diagnosis. - Healthcare providers should being rapid administration of crystalloid if hypotension (low blood pressure) is diagnosed, or if serum lactate levels are below a certain level. - If, during or after fluid resuscitation, the patient’s blood pressure is still low, vasopressors should be applied. - If the patient is diagnosed as being in septic shock, a further series of steps must be followed within six hours. It is important that healthcare providers and staff adhere to infection control policies in order to preserve patient safety and health. Infection In Hospitals Could be a Sign of Negligence Healthcare facilities have a tremendous responsibility to care for patients and maintain an environment that is safe and healthy. Often, hospitals are kept clean and safe, and infection control policies are followed. Sadly, as the data discussed above shows, there are plenty of reports of noncompliance to raise concern. Sepsis in hospitals could be the result of unavoidable complications, or it could be a sign of negligence. If hospital staff do not follow infection control guidelines, then patients may be at risk for developing preventable illnesses or complications.

es include guidance from the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI). The guideline bundles available for hospitals include critical care, intensive care, clinical practice guidelines, and severe sepsis guidelines. All of the guidelines are based on evidence-based practices and are intended to improve outcomes for patients. The essential guidelines include: - Hospitals must measure serum lactate levels in patients with severe sepsis within three hours of a diagnosis being made. - Hospitals must obtain blood cultures within three hours of diagnosis. - Broad-spectrum antibiotics must be initiated within three hours of diagnosis. - Healthcare providers should being rapid administration of crystalloid if hypotension (low blood pressure) is diagnosed, or if serum lactate levels are below a certain level. - If, during or after fluid resuscitation, the patient’s blood pressure is still low, vasopressors should be applied. - If the patient is diagnosed as being in septic shock, a further series of steps must be followed within six hours. It is important that healthcare providers and staff adhere to infection control policies in order to preserve patient safety and health. Infection In Hospitals Could be a Sign of Negligence Healthcare facilities have a tremendous responsibility to care for patients and maintain an environment that is safe and healthy. Often, hospitals are kept clean and safe, and infection control policies are followed. Sadly, as the data discussed above shows, there are plenty of reports of noncompliance to raise concern. Sepsis in hospitals could be the result of unavoidable complications, or it could be a sign of negligence. If hospital staff do not follow infection control guidelines, then patients may be at risk for developing preventable illnesses or complications.

Vaccinated people are less likely to get so-called long COVID, while those infected while unvaccinated may recover from persistent symptoms faster if they get the shot, a U.K. Health Security Agency review determined. Fully vaccinated people who became infected with COVID-19 were roughly half as likely to have any symptoms lasting more than a month, 78% less likely to have symptoms lasting 12 to 20 weeks, and 13% less likely to have at least one symptom at 6 months, according to six of the eight studies summarized in a rapid evidence briefing document. One preprint study of moderate quality suggested the opposite -- a more than twofold higher risk of symptoms at 4 weeks from the date of diagnosis versus unvaccinated participants -- but it wasn't clear why this study contradicted the rest, the document noted, calling for more analysis. In studies that broke down symptoms individually, there was lower likelihood of developing olfactory dysfunction and significantly lower risk at 6 months for anosmia, fatigue, hair loss, interstitial lung disease, myalgia, and "other" pain. These findings are likely an underestimate of the effectiveness of vaccination in preventing long COVID, since the studies included only vaccinated people who were infected, not those who had infection prevented entirely, the document pointed out. The review also found that people who already had long COVID but then got vaccinated were more likely to have improvement in symptoms -- either immediately or in the weeks afterward -- compared with those who remained unvaccinated, although most had no change in symptoms and a small number had worsening after vaccination. The one study that looked at timing of vaccination suggested that getting the shot sooner was much better than later in terms of likelihood of symptom improvement. "These studies add to the potential benefits of receiving a full course of the COVID-19 vaccination," said Mary Ramsay, MBBS, head of immunization at the U.K. agency, in a statement. "Vaccination is the best way to protect yourself from serious symptoms when you get infected and may also help to reduce the longer-term impact." An estimated 2% of the U.K. population reported COVID symptoms lasting more than 4 weeks after infection as of Dec. 6, 2021, well into the Omicron wave of the pandemic. According to a prior review of mobile app data tracking cases in U.S., U.K., and Swedish populations, symptoms persisted in up to 13% of infected individuals at 1 to 2 months and in 2.6% for 3 months or longer. Potentially more reliable data from clinic-based assessments suggested that 33% to 98% of survivors have symptoms for at least a month after infection. The U.K. Health Security Agency analysis included a total of 15 studies of long COVID: four from the U.S., four from the U.K., two from India, two online with participants in multiple countries, and one each from France, Indonesia, and Israel. Full vaccination was universally considered two doses of a two-dose vaccine series or one of a single-dose vaccine. The document cautioned that all of the studies considered were observational. "As there are many differences between people who are and are not vaccinated, there is a risk in all these studies that factors other than vaccination status may have influenced the results (in any direction)," it pointed out. Additionally, the studies varied widely in their definition of long COVID, and the rapid review precluded pooled or meta-analysis of the findings together. U.K. Health Security Agency Source Reference: UKHSA COVID-19 Evidence Team "The effectiveness of vaccination against long COVID: A rapid evidence briefing" U.K. Health Security Agency 2022.

How to Use Graphs Effectively Many times, you can use a graph to represent data in a more organized way, and in a more visual way. Say we have the equation y equals 2x minus 3. What can do is plug in a couple of numbers for x and then find out what number we get for y, and then we can come out with some coordinates plug them in here, and then draw a line representing the values of this equation. We’re going to start out by plugging in 0 for x. I’m just going to put parentheses like that. 2 times 0 is 0, minus 3, equals -3, so y equals -3. The first coordinate we get is x equals 0 and y equals -3. We’re going to plug in 5 for x, so we’re going to put 5 in parentheses. We get 10 minus 3 equals 7, so y equals 7. In this case x equals 5, y equals 7. We have these two coordinates you just plug these in to this graph right here, and we can get a line. We have these dash marks here. I need to go ahead and label these, so we have this x axis, which runs horizontal, left to right. Then we have the y axis, which runs vertical, or up and down. On the right side of the y axis the x axis is positive, and on the left side it is negative. This works similarly for the y axis. Above the x axis it’s positive, and below it’s negative. First, we’re going take a look at this coordinate right here. We have the x coordinate and the y coordinate, we find x first which is 0, so we are right here. Then we go down to -3 and draw a dot, and I’m going to go ahead and put the coordinates right there. Then we look for the x coordinate first and then the y coordinates. We find 5, then we need to go all the way up to 7, we’re going to need to extend this line a little bit to make it up there. We’re going to go from 5 all the way up to 7 and draw a dot. Then we just need to draw a line all the way up there. If you’re using a piece of paper, you can often use a ruler, so I’m just going to attempt to freehand this which means the line is not going to be very straight as you can see, but we do need to draw the coordinates -or write the coordinates for that too. Then we have a line, and you can go all the way up this line and see different points on it. You can go “Oh okay, if x equals this certain number, then y is equal this certain number.” Because you can follow it across here, you can go down and find the x coordinate, and then go across and find the y coordinate to figure out some other coordinates here, or to figure out some other values for x and y. Here you just have coordinates written on a page. It may not mean much to you, it’s hard to visualize what that looks like. Here you have a real visual format, real organized way to view a lot of data, and then be able to keep it and comprehended.

An independent panel will be set up to investigate the deaths of thousands of dead crabs and lobsters that were washed ashore onto North Sea beaches last year, the UK government has announced. Mass numbers of dying crustaceans were found along parts of the north-east coast of England between October and December 2021. There were distressing scenes of large numbers dead on beaches with fishing crews warning that sparse catches offshore following the event was “catastrophic” for their livelihoods. Chief scientific adviser from the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), Professor Gideon Henderson, said the deaths were “unusual” and that “it is important we understand its cause.” The panel will consider the impact of dredging around a freeport development in Teesside and the presence of pyridine, a chemical pollutant, among other potential causes, Defra said. What happened on the Teesside and North Yorkshire coast? Residents of coastal communities close to the mouth of the River Tees have been raising the alarm over the deaths of crustaceans since autumn last year. An initial report by Defra blamed a naturally occurring algal bloom. But independent researchers blamed chemicals released by dredging operations linked to the development of the government’s flagship freeport at the mouth of the Tees. The development on Europe’s largest brownfield site is expected to bring as many as 18,000 new jobs to the area. But some fear the extensive demolition, rebuilding and dredging work has disturbed pollutants that have lain dormant in the area and the surrounding seabed for decades. Earlier this month the chair of the House of Commons environment select committee called for an urgent investigation into whether dredging had caused the deaths. However, Defra stopped short of granting the request of Sir Robert Goodwill, MP of Scarborough and Whitby, to minimise dredging while the investigation took place. Joe Redfern, secretary of Whitby Commercial Fishing Association, told Defra’s select committee that he thinks further dredging could bring an end to the North East fishing industry. He believes it is “undoubtable” that dredging and pyridine have played a part in the die-offs. What have investigations found to have caused the deaths? An official investigation into the incident was led by Defra and it pointed the finger at an algal bloom as the likely cause. It concluded it was unlikely that dredging, chemical or sewage pollution or animal disease had been the cause. However, subsequent research by academics, backed by the fishing industry, suggested the incident could have been caused by industrial pollutant pyridine, possibly from dredging in the mouth of the River Tees to maintain channels for port traffic. There have been calls for a halt to dredging for the new Teesside freeport pending a full analysis of the situation. In a letter to the parliamentary Defra’s committee, which has been examining the issue, fisheries minister Mark Spencer said an independent group would be established to assess the evidence around the incident and consider all explanations. This would include the possible roles of algal blooms, dredging and pyridine. Mr Spencer said that Professor Henderson, who has not previously been involved in considering this issue, would liaise with the government chief scientist Sir Patrick Vallance to establish the independent group. It would consider the findings of the Defra-led investigation published in May 2022 and subsequent analysis from university researchers. What has been said about the further research? Mr Spencer said: “I recognise fishing communities in the North East want as thorough an assessment as possible into the crab and lobster deaths last year. Defra’s investigation concluded that the most likely cause was an algal bloom, but we have always recognised this is a complex area of science and have remained open to further research. “That’s why it is right that all the evidence is now assessed by independent experts and I look forward to receiving their advice.” Professor Henderson comment

inks further dredging could bring an end to the North East fishing industry. He believes it is “undoubtable” that dredging and pyridine have played a part in the die-offs. What have investigations found to have caused the deaths? An official investigation into the incident was led by Defra and it pointed the finger at an algal bloom as the likely cause. It concluded it was unlikely that dredging, chemical or sewage pollution or animal disease had been the cause. However, subsequent research by academics, backed by the fishing industry, suggested the incident could have been caused by industrial pollutant pyridine, possibly from dredging in the mouth of the River Tees to maintain channels for port traffic. There have been calls for a halt to dredging for the new Teesside freeport pending a full analysis of the situation. In a letter to the parliamentary Defra’s committee, which has been examining the issue, fisheries minister Mark Spencer said an independent group would be established to assess the evidence around the incident and consider all explanations. This would include the possible roles of algal blooms, dredging and pyridine. Mr Spencer said that Professor Henderson, who has not previously been involved in considering this issue, would liaise with the government chief scientist Sir Patrick Vallance to establish the independent group. It would consider the findings of the Defra-led investigation published in May 2022 and subsequent analysis from university researchers. What has been said about the further research? Mr Spencer said: “I recognise fishing communities in the North East want as thorough an assessment as possible into the crab and lobster deaths last year. Defra’s investigation concluded that the most likely cause was an algal bloom, but we have always recognised this is a complex area of science and have remained open to further research. “That’s why it is right that all the evidence is now assessed by independent experts and I look forward to receiving their advice.” Professor Henderson commented that the “death of a large number of crustaceans last year in north-east England was unusual” and the causes have been “assessed and informed with a wide range of measurements, by Government agencies and by university researchers, with more than one explanation put forward to explain the deaths.” He added: “The increased sea life mortality has important consequences for local communities and it is important we understand its cause.”

ed that the “death of a large number of crustaceans last year in north-east England was unusual” and the causes have been “assessed and informed with a wide range of measurements, by Government agencies and by university researchers, with more than one explanation put forward to explain the deaths.” He added: “The increased sea life mortality has important consequences for local communities and it is important we understand its cause.”

In Greek mythology, Prometheus (ancient Greek: Προμηθεύς, "forethought") is the Titan honored chiefly for stealing fire from Zeus and giving it to mortals for their use. For this transgression, Zeus ordered that Prometheus be chained to the summit of the Caucasus Mountains for eternity. On each day that followed, an eagle would come and eat his liver. Since Prometheus was immortal, his liver always regenerated, and so he was left to bear this horrible pain every daily. Prometheus is commonly depicted in myth as an intelligent and cunning figure who had sympathy for humanity; today, the term "Promethean" is used to describe people who are connected with great creativity, intellect, and boldness. Place among the gods Prometheus was a son of the Titan Iapetus by Clymene, one of the Oceanids. He was also a brother of Atlas, Menoetius, and Epimetheus (the "one who thinks too late;" his polar opposite). He surpassed each of these siblings in cunning and deceit. He would go on to become the father of Deucalion with Pronoia. It was Prometheus who warned Deucalion of Zeus' plan to send a flood to destroy humankind, and subsequently advised his son to build an ark in order to sail to safety. In general, Prometheus was not fearful of the gods, and he openly ridiculed Zeus, although he was favored by the supreme god for his assistance in the fight against Cronus. Furthermore, it was Prometheus who helped cure Zeus of a particularly horrendous headache. No healer was able to emancipate the king of the gods from this ailment, and so Prometheus came to him and declared that he knew the appropriate remedy, then promptly took a rock from the ground and hit Zeus over the head with it. Out of the wound on Zeus' head climbed the Goddess Athena, and Zeus' headache disappeared. Alternative versions of these myths identify Hephaestus or Hera, rather than Prometheus, as the individual who split Zeus' head open. Creation of humanity Prometheus, in Ovid's Metamorphoses, is credited with the creation of human-beings "in godlike image" from clay, a role which is assigned to Zeus in other variations of the creation myth. According to the myths, Prometheus and his brother Epimetheus were ordered by Cronus to make creatures that would populate the earth. Prometheus carefully crafted a creature after the shape of the gods: A man. Prometheus and Epimetheus journeyed to Earth from Olympus, then ventured to the Greek province of Boitia and made clay figures. Zeus took the figures and breathed life into them. The figures that Prometheus had created became human beings and honored him. The figures that his brother Epimetheus had created, meanwhile, became the beasts, which turned and attacked him. Zeus was angered by the actions of Prometheus and Epimetheus, and he forbade the pair from teaching humanity the ways of civilization. Athena chose to go against Zeus and taught Prometheus so that he might teach humanity. For their actions, Zeus demanded that a sacrifice be made to the Gods from human beings to demonstrate that they were obedient and worshipful. The gods and mortal man had arranged a meeting at Mecone where the matter of division of sacrifice was to be settled. Prometheus slew a large ox, and divided it into two piles. In one pile he put all the meat and most of the fat, cleverly covering it with the ox's grotesque stomach, while in the other pile, he dressed up the bones artfully with shining fat. Prometheus then invited Zeus to choose a pile for the gods. Zeus, however, saw through the trick, but nonetheless chose the pile of bones, since he realized that in willfully getting tricked he would have an excuse to vent his anger upon mortal humans. Alternative sources claim that Zeus did not, in fact, see through this ruse. This provides a mythological explanation for the common practice in ancient Greece whereby worshipers would sacrifice only bones to the gods, while keeping the meat and fat for themselves. In his wrath, Zeus denied humankind the secret of fire. In the wake of this punishment, Prometheus watched his creations as they shivered tho

clay, a role which is assigned to Zeus in other variations of the creation myth. According to the myths, Prometheus and his brother Epimetheus were ordered by Cronus to make creatures that would populate the earth. Prometheus carefully crafted a creature after the shape of the gods: A man. Prometheus and Epimetheus journeyed to Earth from Olympus, then ventured to the Greek province of Boitia and made clay figures. Zeus took the figures and breathed life into them. The figures that Prometheus had created became human beings and honored him. The figures that his brother Epimetheus had created, meanwhile, became the beasts, which turned and attacked him. Zeus was angered by the actions of Prometheus and Epimetheus, and he forbade the pair from teaching humanity the ways of civilization. Athena chose to go against Zeus and taught Prometheus so that he might teach humanity. For their actions, Zeus demanded that a sacrifice be made to the Gods from human beings to demonstrate that they were obedient and worshipful. The gods and mortal man had arranged a meeting at Mecone where the matter of division of sacrifice was to be settled. Prometheus slew a large ox, and divided it into two piles. In one pile he put all the meat and most of the fat, cleverly covering it with the ox's grotesque stomach, while in the other pile, he dressed up the bones artfully with shining fat. Prometheus then invited Zeus to choose a pile for the gods. Zeus, however, saw through the trick, but nonetheless chose the pile of bones, since he realized that in willfully getting tricked he would have an excuse to vent his anger upon mortal humans. Alternative sources claim that Zeus did not, in fact, see through this ruse. This provides a mythological explanation for the common practice in ancient Greece whereby worshipers would sacrifice only bones to the gods, while keeping the meat and fat for themselves. In his wrath, Zeus denied humankind the secret of fire. In the wake of this punishment, Prometheus watched his creations as they shivered though the cold winter nights and was overcome with sympathy. He decided to give his most loved creation a great gift. He stealthily stole fire from the hearth of the gods and brought it to humans in a hollow wand of fennel that served him in place of a staff. He brought down the fire and gave it to the humans, then instructed them as to how they could cook and stay warm. Zeus was enraged by Prometheus' insubordinate action. However, Zeus could not simply take fire back, because a god or goddess was not able to take away what another had god or goddess had given. For Prometheus' act of hubris, Zeus devised a punishment that would suppress all of humankind while rendering Prometheus unable to succor them. Zeus had Prometheus carried to Mount Caucasus, upon the summit of which he was bound to a rock. Here an eagle by the name of Ethon would arrive daily to peck at his liver. Since Prometheus was immortal, his liver would grow back each day, and so the eagle would be able to eat it again. In other variations of this story, Zeus has Prometheus tortured on the mountain because he had come to know the name of the person who, according to prophecy, would overthrow the king of the gods. This punishment was to last for eternity. About twelve generations later, Zeus's very own son Heracles, passing by on his way to find the apples of the Hesperides as part of his Twelve Labors, freed Prometheus. Once free, Prometheus captured Ethon and ate the bird's liver as revenge for his pain and suffering. Zeus was not overly perturbed upon hearing that Prometheus had again evaded his punishment, as the act brought more glory to his son. However, there was a problem, since Zeus had already decided that Prometheus would be tied in the rock for eternity. According to Greek mythology, this could never change, even if Zeus himself wished it. Finally, a solution was found: Prometheus was invited to return to Mount Olympus and was given a ring by Zeus that contained a piece of the rock to which he had been previously bound. Prometheus liked th

ugh the cold winter nights and was overcome with sympathy. He decided to give his most loved creation a great gift. He stealthily stole fire from the hearth of the gods and brought it to humans in a hollow wand of fennel that served him in place of a staff. He brought down the fire and gave it to the humans, then instructed them as to how they could cook and stay warm. Zeus was enraged by Prometheus' insubordinate action. However, Zeus could not simply take fire back, because a god or goddess was not able to take away what another had god or goddess had given. For Prometheus' act of hubris, Zeus devised a punishment that would suppress all of humankind while rendering Prometheus unable to succor them. Zeus had Prometheus carried to Mount Caucasus, upon the summit of which he was bound to a rock. Here an eagle by the name of Ethon would arrive daily to peck at his liver. Since Prometheus was immortal, his liver would grow back each day, and so the eagle would be able to eat it again. In other variations of this story, Zeus has Prometheus tortured on the mountain because he had come to know the name of the person who, according to prophecy, would overthrow the king of the gods. This punishment was to last for eternity. About twelve generations later, Zeus's very own son Heracles, passing by on his way to find the apples of the Hesperides as part of his Twelve Labors, freed Prometheus. Once free, Prometheus captured Ethon and ate the bird's liver as revenge for his pain and suffering. Zeus was not overly perturbed upon hearing that Prometheus had again evaded his punishment, as the act brought more glory to his son. However, there was a problem, since Zeus had already decided that Prometheus would be tied in the rock for eternity. According to Greek mythology, this could never change, even if Zeus himself wished it. Finally, a solution was found: Prometheus was invited to return to Mount Olympus and was given a ring by Zeus that contained a piece of the rock to which he had been previously bound. Prometheus liked this ring and decided to wear it thereafter for eternity, technically fulfilling the conditions of Zeus' earlier decree. To punish human beings for the offenses of Prometheus, Zeus told Hephaestus to "mingle together all things loveliest, sweetest, and best, but look that you also mingle therewith the opposites of each." So Hephaestus took gold and dross, wax and flint, snow and mud, honey and gall, the bloom of the rose and the toad's venom, the voice of laughing water and the peacocks squall, the sea's beauty and its treachery, the dog's fidelity and the wind's inconstancy, and the mother bird's heart of love and the cruelty of the tiger. All these and other contraries beyond enumeration he blended cunningly into one substance and this he molded into the shape that Zeus had described to him. What resulted was a maiden as beautiful as a goddess, who Zeus named Pandora which meant "all gifted." Zeus breathed upon her image, and it lived. The king of the gods sent her to wed Prometheus' brother, Epimetheus, and although Prometheus had warned his brother never to accept gifts from the Olympians, Epimetheus was love-stricken, and he and Pandora wed. The gods adorned the couple with many wedding gifts, and Zeus presented them with a beautifully wrought box, known today as Pandora's Box. When Pandora opened the box, all suffering and despair was unleashed upon humankind, and Zeus had finally taken his revenge. As the introducer of fire and inventor of crafts, Prometheus was seen as the patron of human civilization, thus, it is not surprising that he was commemorated to some extent in Greek worship. A small shrine to Prometheus was located in the Kerameikos, or potter's quarter, of Athens, not far from Plato's Academy. As is common in many altars and votive reliefs to Prometheus, he was honored in an altar with Hephaestus. In the Akademia, located just outside of Athens, there stood another altar to Prometheus, from which athletes raced to the city carrying burning torches. The contest involved keeping the torch alight w

is ring and decided to wear it thereafter for eternity, technically fulfilling the conditions of Zeus' earlier decree. To punish human beings for the offenses of Prometheus, Zeus told Hephaestus to "mingle together all things loveliest, sweetest, and best, but look that you also mingle therewith the opposites of each." So Hephaestus took gold and dross, wax and flint, snow and mud, honey and gall, the bloom of the rose and the toad's venom, the voice of laughing water and the peacocks squall, the sea's beauty and its treachery, the dog's fidelity and the wind's inconstancy, and the mother bird's heart of love and the cruelty of the tiger. All these and other contraries beyond enumeration he blended cunningly into one substance and this he molded into the shape that Zeus had described to him. What resulted was a maiden as beautiful as a goddess, who Zeus named Pandora which meant "all gifted." Zeus breathed upon her image, and it lived. The king of the gods sent her to wed Prometheus' brother, Epimetheus, and although Prometheus had warned his brother never to accept gifts from the Olympians, Epimetheus was love-stricken, and he and Pandora wed. The gods adorned the couple with many wedding gifts, and Zeus presented them with a beautifully wrought box, known today as Pandora's Box. When Pandora opened the box, all suffering and despair was unleashed upon humankind, and Zeus had finally taken his revenge. As the introducer of fire and inventor of crafts, Prometheus was seen as the patron of human civilization, thus, it is not surprising that he was commemorated to some extent in Greek worship. A small shrine to Prometheus was located in the Kerameikos, or potter's quarter, of Athens, not far from Plato's Academy. As is common in many altars and votive reliefs to Prometheus, he was honored in an altar with Hephaestus. In the Akademia, located just outside of Athens, there stood another altar to Prometheus, from which athletes raced to the city carrying burning torches. The contest involved keeping the torch alight while running; if the torch of the lead runner came to be extinguished, he lost his claim to victory. The festival during which these torch races took place was known as Promethia. In Argos, the chief city of Argolis in Southern Greece, the citizens kept a tomb of Prometheus and honored him as a dead hero. The city of Opous in Central Greece also claimed to honor a grave of Prometheus. The myth of Prometheus is one of the most popular Greek myths, and has enjoyed reverberations in art, literature, and even science. His story has inspired many authors, composers, and artists throughout the centuries, and various works have been created that either allude to Prometheus or use his story as a template. Among the most famous of these are the play Prometheus Bound, traditionally attributed to Aeschylus (525-456 B.C.E.), and Mary Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein, the alternative title of which is The Modern Prometheus. The following year, Shelley's husband, Percy Bysshe Shelley, also contributed a play with similar themes entitled Prometheus Unbound. Shelley, among other Romantics, saw Prometheus as the prototypical genius. Prometheus inspired a number of poems in which he was the titular character, such as those by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Lord Byron. Ludwig van Beethoven provided a musical composition inspired by the Promethean myth entitled Die Geschöpfe des Prometheus, op. 43. Additionally, Prometheus is alluded to in the works of literary giants such as Shakespeare, Franz Kafka, James Joyce, and Thomas Hardy. In the twentieth and twenty-first century, Prometheus has also been a subject of numerous avenues of popular culture in general, spanning a gamut of mainstream media including fiction, film, and comic books. Additionally, Prometheus has also been widely acknowledged by science, as he represents the continuous unraveling of human understanding. As such, many scientific discoveries have been given his name. One of Saturn's inner satellites is named Prometheus after the Titan, as is the asteroid 1809 Promet

hile running; if the torch of the lead runner came to be extinguished, he lost his claim to victory. The festival during which these torch races took place was known as Promethia. In Argos, the chief city of Argolis in Southern Greece, the citizens kept a tomb of Prometheus and honored him as a dead hero. The city of Opous in Central Greece also claimed to honor a grave of Prometheus. The myth of Prometheus is one of the most popular Greek myths, and has enjoyed reverberations in art, literature, and even science. His story has inspired many authors, composers, and artists throughout the centuries, and various works have been created that either allude to Prometheus or use his story as a template. Among the most famous of these are the play Prometheus Bound, traditionally attributed to Aeschylus (525-456 B.C.E.), and Mary Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein, the alternative title of which is The Modern Prometheus. The following year, Shelley's husband, Percy Bysshe Shelley, also contributed a play with similar themes entitled Prometheus Unbound. Shelley, among other Romantics, saw Prometheus as the prototypical genius. Prometheus inspired a number of poems in which he was the titular character, such as those by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Lord Byron. Ludwig van Beethoven provided a musical composition inspired by the Promethean myth entitled Die Geschöpfe des Prometheus, op. 43. Additionally, Prometheus is alluded to in the works of literary giants such as Shakespeare, Franz Kafka, James Joyce, and Thomas Hardy. In the twentieth and twenty-first century, Prometheus has also been a subject of numerous avenues of popular culture in general, spanning a gamut of mainstream media including fiction, film, and comic books. Additionally, Prometheus has also been widely acknowledged by science, as he represents the continuous unraveling of human understanding. As such, many scientific discoveries have been given his name. One of Saturn's inner satellites is named Prometheus after the Titan, as is the asteroid 1809 Prometheus. The name for the sixty-first element Promethium is also derived from Prometheus. In 2003, the first ever cloned horse to be born from and carried by its cloning mother was named Prometea, the feminine form of Prometeos, the Italian form of "Prometheus." - Graves, 52. - Avery, 470. - C. Galli, et al., 635. ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees - Avery, Catherine B. The New Century Handbook of Greek Mythology and Legend. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1972. ISBN 0390669466 - Burkert, Walter. Greek Religion (John Raffan, trans.). Oxford: Blackwell Press, 1985. ISBN 0631112413 - Buxton, Richard. The Complete World of Greek Mythology. Thames & Hudson, 2004. ISBN 978-0500251218 - Galli, C., et al. "A cloned horse born to its dam twin." Nature 424 (Aug. 7), 2003. 635. - Graves, Robert. The Greek Myths. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1960. ISBN 014020508X - Rose, H. J. A Handbook of Greek Mythology. Routledge, 1990. ISBN 978-0415046015 All links retrieved December 1, 2022. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.

heus. The name for the sixty-first element Promethium is also derived from Prometheus. In 2003, the first ever cloned horse to be born from and carried by its cloning mother was named Prometea, the feminine form of Prometeos, the Italian form of "Prometheus." - Graves, 52. - Avery, 470. - C. Galli, et al., 635. ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees - Avery, Catherine B. The New Century Handbook of Greek Mythology and Legend. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1972. ISBN 0390669466 - Burkert, Walter. Greek Religion (John Raffan, trans.). Oxford: Blackwell Press, 1985. ISBN 0631112413 - Buxton, Richard. The Complete World of Greek Mythology. Thames & Hudson, 2004. ISBN 978-0500251218 - Galli, C., et al. "A cloned horse born to its dam twin." Nature 424 (Aug. 7), 2003. 635. - Graves, Robert. The Greek Myths. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1960. ISBN 014020508X - Rose, H. J. A Handbook of Greek Mythology. Routledge, 1990. ISBN 978-0415046015 All links retrieved December 1, 2022. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.

To Collect or Not to Collect As higher visitation and climate change increasingly threaten artifacts, can the Park Service afford to leave them in place? The olla lay in a hollow under a boulder on the right bank of the Colorado River for a very long time. Sheltered from monsoon rains, shaded from the desert sun and perched above the floods that scoured the Grand Canyon every spring until dams were built upstream, the ceramic jar sat as a silent reminder of the Ancestral Puebloan people’s millennia-long relationship to this place. National Park Service archaeologists first documented the pot in its niche in 1990. Though park staff sought to keep its location secret, word of the remarkable object started to spread. In 2008, rangers noted a faint trail up to the olla’s perch from the riverbank. “The pot remains intact and in place, though it has clearly been removed and handled, perhaps multiple times,” read a monitoring report. In early 2012, staff noted that “the site is regularly visited with a well-defined social trail.” In May of that year, rangers returned to find the nook empty and the pot sitting on the ground a short distance away. “It sure seemed like someone was getting ready to steal it, but then got cold feet,” said Ellen Brennan, an archaeologist who’s spent half of her long career at Grand Canyon National Park and recently wrote a paper about the olla. Brennan and her colleagues faced a tough choice: Should they pluck this invaluable object from its longtime home, severing its connection to this particular bend in the river and carrying it off to sit in a dark room miles away up on the canyon rim? Or should they leave it in place and risk coming back to find it shattered, or worse, gone? The case of the wandering olla reflects both the promise and the peril of caring for America’s heritage in the 21st century. In part to honor the wishes of Indigenous communities with ancestral ties to national parks, archaeologists now strive to leave artifacts where they’re found. This is a significant change from the era of indiscriminately collecting Indigenous cultural objects. But with growing park visitation and the widespread use of social media and mapping apps, visitors are ever more likely to stumble upon or seek out objects that have long persisted by dint of their relative obscurity. Meanwhile, the effects of climate change are exposing and damaging artifacts that were once safely buried. All of that means that leaving irreplaceable objects in their original locations also raises the risk of theft or destruction and that Park Service archaeologists are increasingly facing difficult decisions about the cultural resources in their care. “I’m sure you’ve heard all about the paradox of the parks, right?” asked Josh Torres, the Park Service’s acting chief archaeologist. “We desperately want people to come and enjoy the amazing resources that we’re entrusted to preserve and protect for the American people. But there are times when doing so is almost antithetical to conservation and protection.” Conflicts between the agency’s preservation mandate and its public access goal are nothing new, but it’s up to each new generation of park stewards to renegotiate those competing priorities as attitudes evolve and new threats and challenges arise. Well into the 20th century, archaeologists in national parks tended to collect whatever artifacts they came across, often without regard for either scientific rigor or the rights of the people whose ancestors created these objects. A Finnish museum, for example, currently houses about 600 Ancestral Puebloan artifacts that an archaeologist removed in the 1890s from what would become Mesa Verde National Park. (In 2020, the museum repatriated the remains of 20 people and 28 funerary objects that had been part of its collection to the Hopi Tribe, the Pueblo of Acoma, the Pueblo of Zia and the Pueblo of Zuni.) Yellowstone National Park’s museum holds over 35,000 archaeological objects collected within the park in the past 150 years. Brennan said the museum at Grand Canyon holds boxes of “r

the era of indiscriminately collecting Indigenous cultural objects. But with growing park visitation and the widespread use of social media and mapping apps, visitors are ever more likely to stumble upon or seek out objects that have long persisted by dint of their relative obscurity. Meanwhile, the effects of climate change are exposing and damaging artifacts that were once safely buried. All of that means that leaving irreplaceable objects in their original locations also raises the risk of theft or destruction and that Park Service archaeologists are increasingly facing difficult decisions about the cultural resources in their care. “I’m sure you’ve heard all about the paradox of the parks, right?” asked Josh Torres, the Park Service’s acting chief archaeologist. “We desperately want people to come and enjoy the amazing resources that we’re entrusted to preserve and protect for the American people. But there are times when doing so is almost antithetical to conservation and protection.” Conflicts between the agency’s preservation mandate and its public access goal are nothing new, but it’s up to each new generation of park stewards to renegotiate those competing priorities as attitudes evolve and new threats and challenges arise. Well into the 20th century, archaeologists in national parks tended to collect whatever artifacts they came across, often without regard for either scientific rigor or the rights of the people whose ancestors created these objects. A Finnish museum, for example, currently houses about 600 Ancestral Puebloan artifacts that an archaeologist removed in the 1890s from what would become Mesa Verde National Park. (In 2020, the museum repatriated the remains of 20 people and 28 funerary objects that had been part of its collection to the Hopi Tribe, the Pueblo of Acoma, the Pueblo of Zia and the Pueblo of Zuni.) Yellowstone National Park’s museum holds over 35,000 archaeological objects collected within the park in the past 150 years. Brennan said the museum at Grand Canyon holds boxes of “random soils, pottery and wood” that archaeologists collected in the 1960s and ’70s but failed to process. “I liken it to looters or pothunters, who knowingly are stealing archaeological materials that serve no greater purpose than to grace their mantels,” Brennan said. “It doesn’t do anyone any good to collect artifacts without identifying information so they can be studied further into the future and tied back to furthering an understanding of human use and behavior.” For many Indigenous communities, when archaeological sites are disturbed — whether by archaeologists, bulldozers or looters — much more than scientific data is lost. “The Zunis have a very personal, psychological, emotional connection to these ancestral places, which non-Zunis call archaeological sites,” said Kurt Dongoske. He’s the Tribal historic preservation officer for the Pueblo of Zuni, one of the 11 federally recognized Tribes with ancestral ties to Grand Canyon. “From a Zuni perspective, the ancestors that are residing in their eternal homes in these sites are still very much a live presence in spiritual form.” The removal of artifacts for archaeological research has severed vital connections to their ancestors, Dongoske said. Preserving and restoring access to sacred sites and artifacts has been a priority for Indigenous activists and elders who’ve fought for Tribal sovereignty and self-determination since the American Indian Movement of the 1960s and ’70s. As a result, laws such as 1979’s Archaeological Resources Protection Act and the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 require federal agencies to formally consult Tribal governments and other descendant groups before excavating a site. As archaeologists established working relationships with Tribal leaders, they began to realize that many of the answers they were seeking had been there all along. This shift in perspective made it harder for archaeologists in national parks to justify collecting objects in the name of research. “Certain descendant groups say, ‘T

andom soils, pottery and wood” that archaeologists collected in the 1960s and ’70s but failed to process. “I liken it to looters or pothunters, who knowingly are stealing archaeological materials that serve no greater purpose than to grace their mantels,” Brennan said. “It doesn’t do anyone any good to collect artifacts without identifying information so they can be studied further into the future and tied back to furthering an understanding of human use and behavior.” For many Indigenous communities, when archaeological sites are disturbed — whether by archaeologists, bulldozers or looters — much more than scientific data is lost. “The Zunis have a very personal, psychological, emotional connection to these ancestral places, which non-Zunis call archaeological sites,” said Kurt Dongoske. He’s the Tribal historic preservation officer for the Pueblo of Zuni, one of the 11 federally recognized Tribes with ancestral ties to Grand Canyon. “From a Zuni perspective, the ancestors that are residing in their eternal homes in these sites are still very much a live presence in spiritual form.” The removal of artifacts for archaeological research has severed vital connections to their ancestors, Dongoske said. Preserving and restoring access to sacred sites and artifacts has been a priority for Indigenous activists and elders who’ve fought for Tribal sovereignty and self-determination since the American Indian Movement of the 1960s and ’70s. As a result, laws such as 1979’s Archaeological Resources Protection Act and the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 require federal agencies to formally consult Tribal governments and other descendant groups before excavating a site. As archaeologists established working relationships with Tribal leaders, they began to realize that many of the answers they were seeking had been there all along. This shift in perspective made it harder for archaeologists in national parks to justify collecting objects in the name of research. “Certain descendant groups say, ‘There’s literally no question you could ask about that artifact that I couldn’t just tell you the answer to, so just leave it alone,’” said Elizabeth Hora, an archaeologist at the Utah State Historic Preservation Office, which consults with the Park Service on archaeological research in the state’s national park sites. It goes without saying that you shouldn’t pocket artifacts, light a campfire in an archaeological site or scratch your name in a petroglyph panel. But is it OK to check out a secret spot you read about online? As smartphones have made it easier to collect and share information about sites off the beaten path, archaeologists say each visitor’s calculus matters more than ever. “If you see something on social media, and the park hasn’t built a trail to it, there’s probably a reason for that,” Josh Torres said. “It behooves all of us as stewards of our parks to not go out and try to find it.” If you do stumble across an artifact, the Park Service implores you not to post about it online. And while relic hunting forums and Instagram influencers are obvious targets of archaeologists’ anxiety, they’re not counting out the risks of good old-fashioned word of mouth. “You might just share something with your small group of friends, and they’re all good people,” said Ian Wright, cultural site stewardship coordinator for the Utah State Historic Preservation Office. “Then each of them shares it with their small group of friends, and they’re all good people. Even if nobody’s doing anything bad, that’s still a lot of people tromping around out there.” Photo ©RINUS BAAK/DREAMSTIME “Going across the landscape and collecting materials is a thing of the past” for park archaeologists, Brennan said. Instead of relocating objects to controlled storage, park staff are now figuring out how to preserve artifacts where they’re found, but that’s not always possible. “There are lots of instances where we do collect material if it looks like those resources will be lost or stolen,” said Torres. “We have an obligation to mitigat

here’s literally no question you could ask about that artifact that I couldn’t just tell you the answer to, so just leave it alone,’” said Elizabeth Hora, an archaeologist at the Utah State Historic Preservation Office, which consults with the Park Service on archaeological research in the state’s national park sites. It goes without saying that you shouldn’t pocket artifacts, light a campfire in an archaeological site or scratch your name in a petroglyph panel. But is it OK to check out a secret spot you read about online? As smartphones have made it easier to collect and share information about sites off the beaten path, archaeologists say each visitor’s calculus matters more than ever. “If you see something on social media, and the park hasn’t built a trail to it, there’s probably a reason for that,” Josh Torres said. “It behooves all of us as stewards of our parks to not go out and try to find it.” If you do stumble across an artifact, the Park Service implores you not to post about it online. And while relic hunting forums and Instagram influencers are obvious targets of archaeologists’ anxiety, they’re not counting out the risks of good old-fashioned word of mouth. “You might just share something with your small group of friends, and they’re all good people,” said Ian Wright, cultural site stewardship coordinator for the Utah State Historic Preservation Office. “Then each of them shares it with their small group of friends, and they’re all good people. Even if nobody’s doing anything bad, that’s still a lot of people tromping around out there.” Photo ©RINUS BAAK/DREAMSTIME “Going across the landscape and collecting materials is a thing of the past” for park archaeologists, Brennan said. Instead of relocating objects to controlled storage, park staff are now figuring out how to preserve artifacts where they’re found, but that’s not always possible. “There are lots of instances where we do collect material if it looks like those resources will be lost or stolen,” said Torres. “We have an obligation to mitigate those adverse effects to those resources however we can.” These days, Park Service policy dictates that whenever park managers need to make a call about artifacts or sites that are at risk, they discuss options with the descendant communities of the people who created them. “In some instances, the management actions necessary to preserve or protect a particular site from destruction or a federal project may be counter to wishes of the Tribes,” Torres acknowledged. “But that’s the whole purpose of the consultation process: to try and work out amenable solutions.” And as more material traces of the continent’s human past disappear under rising seas, wash away in freak storms, burn up in raging wildfires and melt out of waning ice patches, these sorts of decisions will only become more common. After unusually heavy rains in 2013, rangers at Arizona’s Wupatki National Monument noticed that a partially exposed structure built out of sandstone slabs on a hillside had started to erode. They spotted three clay vessels, exposed to the elements and teetering in a newly formed gully. Park staff couldn’t figure how to stabilize the slope, so in concert with Tribes associated with the park and Arizona’s State Historic Preservation Office, they decided to excavate the whole structure. All told, they found seven intact pots dating to the 12th century. It’s rare to find one intact pot in the field, let alone seven, said Gwenn Gallenstein, museum curator for the three national monuments near Flagstaff including Wupatki. “It caused quite a bit of excitement in the community.” Friends of Flagstaff National Monuments drummed up some funding for a new visitor center display, which would feature the vessels and other objects as part of a story about how climate change is accelerating threats to the park’s archaeological resources. But in consultation for the exhibit with a group of Hopi elders, Gallenstein learned that the site had most likely been a shrine that could have been created to contain something harmful, like an illness.

e those adverse effects to those resources however we can.” These days, Park Service policy dictates that whenever park managers need to make a call about artifacts or sites that are at risk, they discuss options with the descendant communities of the people who created them. “In some instances, the management actions necessary to preserve or protect a particular site from destruction or a federal project may be counter to wishes of the Tribes,” Torres acknowledged. “But that’s the whole purpose of the consultation process: to try and work out amenable solutions.” And as more material traces of the continent’s human past disappear under rising seas, wash away in freak storms, burn up in raging wildfires and melt out of waning ice patches, these sorts of decisions will only become more common. After unusually heavy rains in 2013, rangers at Arizona’s Wupatki National Monument noticed that a partially exposed structure built out of sandstone slabs on a hillside had started to erode. They spotted three clay vessels, exposed to the elements and teetering in a newly formed gully. Park staff couldn’t figure how to stabilize the slope, so in concert with Tribes associated with the park and Arizona’s State Historic Preservation Office, they decided to excavate the whole structure. All told, they found seven intact pots dating to the 12th century. It’s rare to find one intact pot in the field, let alone seven, said Gwenn Gallenstein, museum curator for the three national monuments near Flagstaff including Wupatki. “It caused quite a bit of excitement in the community.” Friends of Flagstaff National Monuments drummed up some funding for a new visitor center display, which would feature the vessels and other objects as part of a story about how climate change is accelerating threats to the park’s archaeological resources. But in consultation for the exhibit with a group of Hopi elders, Gallenstein learned that the site had most likely been a shrine that could have been created to contain something harmful, like an illness. The elders explained that “its contents shouldn’t be utilized for any purpose, handled by any person or kept in storage for research,” Gallenstein recalled. It would have been better, the elders told her, if park staff had left the pots to erode away, but federal regulations mandate that archaeological objects recovered from federal land be preserved, meaning Gallenstein couldn’t just return the pots to the gully where they’d soon be smashed to bits. So the Hopi elders and the park’s superintendent struck a compromise. A few weeks later, park archaeologists dug a pit in a stable area near the site and reburied the shrine’s contents. Back at Grand Canyon, Brennan and her colleagues also sought a solution somewhere between accessioning the olla into the park’s permanent collection and leaving it in its increasingly perilous home. Tribal representatives had told Brennan that they wanted the pot to stay in the canyon — unless it seemed the object was in danger. “Once someone took it out of the site context, we knew at that point we had to remove it,” she said. You can read this and other stories about history, nature, culture, art, conservation, travel, science and more in National Parks magazine. Your tax-deductible membership donation of $25 or more entitles…See more › So with a go-ahead from the Tribes, park staff orchestrated a rescue mission involving cotton gloves, bubble wrap, a sturdy metal box and a 166-mile river journey through dozens of major rapids. (“Intact vessels are so fragile and so rare. You don’t want to be the one that breaks it,” Brennan said. “So yeah, it’s nerve-wracking.”) The olla arrived at the park’s museum undamaged. In the past, the park’s archaeologists might have proceeded to zap the pot with an X-ray machine, swab its surface for traces of ancient pollen or put it on display in the visitor center, but Brennan and her colleagues made a different plan. “It wasn’t just that I want to protect the object from theft,” she said. “I was also thinking about how the Tribes think about these sit

The elders explained that “its contents shouldn’t be utilized for any purpose, handled by any person or kept in storage for research,” Gallenstein recalled. It would have been better, the elders told her, if park staff had left the pots to erode away, but federal regulations mandate that archaeological objects recovered from federal land be preserved, meaning Gallenstein couldn’t just return the pots to the gully where they’d soon be smashed to bits. So the Hopi elders and the park’s superintendent struck a compromise. A few weeks later, park archaeologists dug a pit in a stable area near the site and reburied the shrine’s contents. Back at Grand Canyon, Brennan and her colleagues also sought a solution somewhere between accessioning the olla into the park’s permanent collection and leaving it in its increasingly perilous home. Tribal representatives had told Brennan that they wanted the pot to stay in the canyon — unless it seemed the object was in danger. “Once someone took it out of the site context, we knew at that point we had to remove it,” she said. You can read this and other stories about history, nature, culture, art, conservation, travel, science and more in National Parks magazine. Your tax-deductible membership donation of $25 or more entitles…See more › So with a go-ahead from the Tribes, park staff orchestrated a rescue mission involving cotton gloves, bubble wrap, a sturdy metal box and a 166-mile river journey through dozens of major rapids. (“Intact vessels are so fragile and so rare. You don’t want to be the one that breaks it,” Brennan said. “So yeah, it’s nerve-wracking.”) The olla arrived at the park’s museum undamaged. In the past, the park’s archaeologists might have proceeded to zap the pot with an X-ray machine, swab its surface for traces of ancient pollen or put it on display in the visitor center, but Brennan and her colleagues made a different plan. “It wasn’t just that I want to protect the object from theft,” she said. “I was also thinking about how the Tribes think about these sites as still-living entities.” So she hopes that someday the pot can be returned to its riverside home. “In the meantime, we haven’t done anything with it,” she said. “It’s just been sitting, waiting quietly for us to put it back.” About the author Julia Busiek Author Julia Busiek has worked in national parks in California, Colorado, Hawaii and Washington state. She lives in Oakland, California.

es as still-living entities.” So she hopes that someday the pot can be returned to its riverside home. “In the meantime, we haven’t done anything with it,” she said. “It’s just been sitting, waiting quietly for us to put it back.” About the author Julia Busiek Author Julia Busiek has worked in national parks in California, Colorado, Hawaii and Washington state. She lives in Oakland, California.

What is a “national monument” established by the President? A “national monument” established by the President protects “objects of historic or scientific interest that are situated on lands owned or controlled by the Federal Government” (54 U.S.C. § 320301, known as the Antiquities Act). If the national monument is administered by the National Park Service (NPS), as many national monuments are, it is subject to the same laws and policies as govern other units of the National Park System. Thus, an NPS national monument established by the President is a protected area similar to a national park, administered for the protection and enjoyment of its resources and values. How does an area become a national monument? To be established by the President, the area must meet the criteria of the Antiquities Act (54 U.S.C § 320301), including having objects of historic or scientific interest located on land already owned or controlled by the Federal government. The views of the public are carefully considered in the process. National monuments can also be created by Congress under their own enabling statutes, rather than the Antiquities Act. National monuments can be administered by Federal agencies other than NPS. The Presidential proclamation or Congressionally-enacted statute creating the national monument typically indicates which Federal agency will administer it. What constitutes Camp Nelson National Monument? Camp Nelson National Monument protects and interprets three discontiguous locations in Jessamine County, consisting of approximately 380-acres of the core historic Civil War-era Camp Nelson site, roughly 20 miles southwest of Lexington, Kentucky. These locations include the main encampment area and sites associated with the Home for Colored Refugees. Many Union supply depots were situated in or near large urban areas such as Louisville, Chattanooga, New Orleans, and Chicago, and their associated landscape and remaining archeological resources have been destroyed by post-Civil War development. Because of its rural location and grass roots preservation efforts within Jessamine County, Camp Nelson is considered one of the best-preserved Civil War-era depots, hospitals, recruiting centers, and refugee camp sites in the nation. The national monument is comprised of pastures, open fields, and wood lots similar to the site’s pre- and post-war appearance. Camp Nelson’s well-preserved landscape includes numerous features from the Civil War era; they include earthen fortifications, entrenchments, building foundations, historic road remnants, and springs. The Oliver Perry House/“White House” is the only surviving extant structure associated with Camp Nelson’s Civil War history. This 1855 Greek Revival house was commandeered by the Union army for use as the Quartermaster and Commissary officers’ quarters and eventually returned to the Perry family after the war. Operated in partnership with Jessamine County, a visitor center featuring museum exhibits on the history of Camp Nelson as well as a reconstructed army barracks building are located within the National Monument. The Camp Nelson National Monument is also recognized as an official site on the NPS National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom. Today, the site of Camp Nelson remains one of the best preserved landscapes and archeological sites associated with Civil War-era U.S. Colored Troops recruitment camps and the African American refugee experience. The site speaks to the stories of transformation from enslavement to citizenship and of the extraordinary endurance and courage of the individuals who reshaped their own lives and the course of our nation. What happens now that the area has been designated a national monument? The National Park Service is beginning to work on the development of a management plan, to ensure that the new national monument preserves the site’s resources and provides for an outstanding visitor experience. The National Park Service’s planning for the new park will be done with full public involvement and in coordination with Jessamine County, Kent

l location and grass roots preservation efforts within Jessamine County, Camp Nelson is considered one of the best-preserved Civil War-era depots, hospitals, recruiting centers, and refugee camp sites in the nation. The national monument is comprised of pastures, open fields, and wood lots similar to the site’s pre- and post-war appearance. Camp Nelson’s well-preserved landscape includes numerous features from the Civil War era; they include earthen fortifications, entrenchments, building foundations, historic road remnants, and springs. The Oliver Perry House/“White House” is the only surviving extant structure associated with Camp Nelson’s Civil War history. This 1855 Greek Revival house was commandeered by the Union army for use as the Quartermaster and Commissary officers’ quarters and eventually returned to the Perry family after the war. Operated in partnership with Jessamine County, a visitor center featuring museum exhibits on the history of Camp Nelson as well as a reconstructed army barracks building are located within the National Monument. The Camp Nelson National Monument is also recognized as an official site on the NPS National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom. Today, the site of Camp Nelson remains one of the best preserved landscapes and archeological sites associated with Civil War-era U.S. Colored Troops recruitment camps and the African American refugee experience. The site speaks to the stories of transformation from enslavement to citizenship and of the extraordinary endurance and courage of the individuals who reshaped their own lives and the course of our nation. What happens now that the area has been designated a national monument? The National Park Service is beginning to work on the development of a management plan, to ensure that the new national monument preserves the site’s resources and provides for an outstanding visitor experience. The National Park Service’s planning for the new park will be done with full public involvement and in coordination with Jessamine County, Kentucky and other stakeholders. Open houses and public meetings will be held to discuss the management plan and invite the public to share ideas for the future of the monument. Last updated: December 16, 2019

ucky and other stakeholders. Open houses and public meetings will be held to discuss the management plan and invite the public to share ideas for the future of the monument. Last updated: December 16, 2019

Oakridgers takes up on MIT extreme weather challenges with Nord Anglia Education - 6 May 2022 The world is witnessing hotter days and heatwaves with each passing year since 1950. We will see more changes in weather extremes by end of the 21st century if we don’t act now. It begins with educating children to fight the crisis. As part of Nord Anglia Education, the world’s leading premium school organization, students at Oakridge International School Bachupally get an opportunity to work with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to find the problem–solving ideas. Nord Anglia Education with MIT brings in a new age of challenges for its students all over the globe every year. Overall, 620 students participated in all STEAM-based activities, of different genres. A total of 270 students participated in the MIT challenges on Earth, this academic year focuses on extreme weather. “Global campus MIT gave me a lot of opportunities to learn, develop skills, and be innovative and creative in science and technology. I’m always excited to log onto the global campus and learn something new every day, like learning about weather from the videos of Dr. Kerry Emmauel, Dr. Caroline Ummenhofer, and Dr. Kristen Bergmann, the climate scientists in the extreme weather challenges gave us many interesting insights”, says Jiya, a grade 6 student from Oakridge Bachupally.

I have been requested to talk about what is real and what is not. After some hesitations here are few thoughts. When asked to define reality and non-reality the Buddha replied in many ways often contradicting himself. Maybe his contradictions had a purpose since he did not like metaphysical or philosophical stuff, preferring being down to earth. For example he would rather answer the following: What are the causes of suffering and how to prevent them? Regarding what is reality and not, he replied the following: “If you think, nothing is real because our thoughts are immaterial” Another day he would teach this: “Everything is real when I am using my 5 senses.” Or in modern English he also said: “I don’t know the difference, what is the point of your question?” So, this is a difficult topic to talk about and I am not sure about its practical value in making your life easier, better and more serene. However this is a good challenge for discussion. The first step is to try to define and differentiate 2 key words that seem somewhat similar: To exist and to be real. Is there a difference between them? By definition, nothing exists per se if not present in the present moment. Its antonym is immaterial, virtual. This distinction is very important and should help somewhat in the following second step. Let us use 2 practical examples to differentiate the 2 words If I pinch my skin I am aware of it because my skin does exist in the current moment and is real because my skin is material with a proven concrete reality. In fact, by using our 5 senses one can confirm that something exists – that is now- and is real or not. 2) B exists; does it mean that B is real? The answer is NO in the following example. You have a thought. Does this thought exist? Yes of course, because this thought is present in the current moment. But your thought, whatever true or not, is not real because it does not have any material reality. The distinction between ”what is existing” and “what is real,” sounds purely academic and useless. However its importance is crucial because, by definition, our mind’s world does exist but are immaterial. Our perception, thought, emotion, belief, desire, expectations, memory do exist and maybe true or not but they are not real since lacking concrete reality. So, everything created by our mind 1) does exist if perceived in the current moment, 2) maybe true or not, 3) but is not real per se since being immaterial. Zen says: “Don’t believe in all your thoughts, just observe them since, despite existing, they are not real”. In summary and using a very pragmatic and simple approach: Something exists only in the current moment. It may or may not be real that is with a concrete reality. Something that is real - material - must exist because of the verb to be is in its present form “IS real” that is now. An existing state can be real or virtual. A real state always exists Being aware of what is real and of what is not such as our perceptions, thoughts, beliefs, and emotions is a giant step in discovering your dormant awakening. For your reflections: