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The economic growth outlook for the global economy in 2020 is grim with an anticipated slide to a global recession of -3% as a result of the effects of, and uncertainties surrounding the duration and spread of the coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic. The outlook for Solomon Islands economic growth is projected to tilt downward to between -3% and -5% in 2020 if the effects of Covid-19 persist throughout the year. Sectors that are expected to drive the fall in growth are forestry, tourism, transport, manufacturing, education and government services, while national projects could also be delayed due to restrictions of movement of people.

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India’s Updated First Nationally Determined Contribution Under Paris Agreement August 2022 Submission to UNFCCC Government of IndiaP a g e | 1 of 3 INDIA’S UPDATED FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION WORKING TOWARDS CLIMATE JUSTICE Pursuant to decision 1/CP.20, India submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on 2nd October, 2015. In accordance with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 22, India’s Intended NDC is now its first NDC under the Paris Agreement. The Article 4, paragraph 9 of the Paris Agreement provides that each Party shall communicate a nationally determined contribution every five years in accordance with decision 1/CP.21.

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Approach used to address the effects of age- class structure in forests; f. Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i. How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; ii. For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and The assumptions underlying future projections of impacts from delivering the NDC are set out in the FAO, IRENA and Vivid Economics reports referenced in the appendix of this report.Belize’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution ICTU GUIDANCE methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; iii.

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Barbados Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Communicated to the UNFCCC on September 28, 2015 The National Context As a small island developing state (SIDS) that is extremely vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change and cognizant of the implications for its economic, social and environmental sectors, the Government of Barbados (GOB) ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1994 and the Kyoto Protocol in 2000. Since then, Barbados has actively participated in the Conference of Parties (COP) and related inter-sessional meetings of the UNFCCC, as well as undertaken a variety of measures that fit with the overarching objective of the Convention and intended to build national resilience to the challenges imposed by climate change.

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These policies will be reviewed in light of the enhanced NDC set out in Section II, and the ICTU will be revised accordingly. 14. Emissions reduction targets under current EU legislation are divided between the sectors covered by the EU Emission Trading System (EU ETS), non-ETS sectors under the Effort Sharing Regulation (ESR), and land-use related emissions and removals addressed by the regulation on emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF). 15. The EU ETS, which has been operational since 2005, puts a price on carbon by setting a cap on the maximum number of emission allowances.

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(iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; Emissions and removals in managed forests in the period 2021 – 2030 will be accounted for as the deviation from a projected forward-looking forest reference level, with regards to dynamic age-related forests characteristics. (f.) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: 4 GRZ 2015: Zambia National Strategy to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation(i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity- specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; Tier 2 method was employed for Land subcategory under AFOLU while Tier 1 was used for the remaining subcategories under AFOLU.

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Climate hazards have caused considerable losses across the country’s different sectors over the years. The main climate hazards include droughts and floods which cause economic losses estimated at 3% of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Kenya’s total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are relatively low, standing at 73 MtCO2eq in 2010, out of which 75% are from the land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) and agriculture sectors. This may be explained by the reliance on wood fuel by a large proportion of the population coupled with the increasing demand for agricultural land andMINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES urban development. The other significant emissions are from the energy and transport sectors, with the waste and industrial processes contributing negligible amounts.

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3% of the total.FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA The emissions reduction, which constitutes a reduction of 255 MtCO2e or 64% compared to ‘business-­‐as-­‐usual’ (BAU) emissions in forestry; 20 Mt CO2e from industry; 10 Mt CO2e from transport; and 5 Mt CO2e from buildings. This does not include the reduction of 19 Mt CO2e in neighbouring countries due to the export of electric power to them from Ethiopia. Planning processes The Ethiopian INDC (EINDC) is aligned with the national development plan and anchored on the Climate Resilient Green Economy Vision and Strategy of Ethiopia. The EINDC was developed through an inclusive and participatory process. Methodology Under the CRGE, the 145 Mt CO2e target was calculated by: • examining where emissions were headed under a ‘business-­‐as-­‐ usual’ (BAU) scenario and; • identifying abatement opportunities across sectors.

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It is located in Southern Europe and is an enclave in central Italy. The Republic of San Marino ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on 5 July 1994 and the Kyoto Protocol on 21 January 2010, as a non- Annex I country without quantified commitments for reducing the GHG emissions. Furthermore, San Marino accepted the Doha Amendment on 20 July 2015. San Marino economy is based on small- and medium-sized enterprises. Tourism is thriving, with over 2 million tourists every year. The country has a modest agricultural sector, which offers high quality and genuine products and a well-diversified banking and financial sector.

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The objectives set, will contribute to sustainable economic development and enable Kazakhstan to enter the path of low-carbon "green" development, and contribute to the achievement of the long- term global goal – to keep increase in global temperature below 2 degrees Celsius. Key assumptions Global warming potential (GWP) applied The GWP values adopted by decision 24/CP.19 of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC Methodologies for estimating emissions Methodologies for estimating GHG emissions sourced from: • IPCC 2006 Guidelines; • IPCC 2013 Revised Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guidance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol; • IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement. Sectors covered All IPCC sectors are covered, namely: Energy, Agriculture, Waste, Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry

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Goal (17) Double the production of non-timber forest products compared to the 2016-2020 average by 2030. 2020 Baseline: 103,732 tons (average 2016-2020)21. Conditionality: 150,000 tons will be reached with national effort and 200,000 tons conditional. Description: This measure seeks to strengthen and promote the use of non-timber forest products (Brazil nuts, wild cacao, asaí, majo, carob, cusi and other harvesting products characteristic of Bolivian forests) through the implementation of agroforestry crop systems. Progress is expected to be made in the scalability of technified and industrial harvesting processes in order to expand the benefits associated with their commercialization. Contribution to the SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 1, 8, 15 and 16.

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The Official Gazette No. 104-109. < 18 The National Strategy on Ensuring Equality between women and men (2017-2021) in the Republic of Moldova and the Action Plan for its 20 Government Decision No.779 of 04.10.2013 on approval the Regulation on drought management3.3.1. CROSS-SECTORIAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PRIORITIES Being a complex process, adaptation to climate change requires cross-sectorial perspectives coming from the involvement of a multi-level governance system with strong capacities for both planning and implementing adaptation. In the undertaken sectorial and institutional level capacity assessments of Moldova, it was concluded on several occasions that the need exists to strengthen the country’s capacities to plan and implement cross-sectorial adaptation.

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Climate Change Risk Profile for Antigua and Barbuda, p. xxv.Accompanying Information on Mitigation Actions Without any known fossil fuel resources, Antigua and Barbuda relies almost exclusively on imported fossil fuels for energy: heavy fuel oil in electricity generation; gasoline and diesel in transport; and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for cooking. This has resulted in relatively high emissions and extremely high fuel costs. In 2006, Antigua and Barbuda’s national emissions , of which 92% were derived from fuel combustion in the energy sector.14 In addition, the cost of fossil fuel imports, valued at US $165.4 million in 2013, or equivalent to 13.7% of the country’s GDP, is a financial burden on the country’s economy.

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It should be notedUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE that, it was decided not to include as part of the mitiga- tion contribution of this updated NDC 1 the removals and emissions from the commercial-scale tree planting (af- forestation) component, due to the uncertainties of how such emissions and any emission reductions achieved by the activities of this component will be accounted for un- der the Paris Agreement. In addition to the uncertainties already identified, we also highlight the lack of clarity on how the accounting rules used to comply with the NDCs will be, especially on the interpretations of how such rules will reflect on the scope of articles 5 and 6, especially on the implications linked to the cooperative approaches provided for in Ar- ticles 6.2 and 6.4, and possible accounting processes for the so-called "corresponding adjustments".

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This reduction in emissions occurs precisely in the most problematic, densely populated urban areas, and therefore greatly improves the health, quality of life and livability of cities living there. In addition to traditional cycling and the 19 Government resolution 1537/2019 (IX. 20.) on the tasks related to the new bus strategy concept of Hungary and the Green Bus Model Project.necessary infrastructure, electric bicycles and scooters can play a greater role in urban transport and its decarbonization in the long term.Other areas affected by GHG emissions from transport The Paris Agreement does not cover aviation. Hungary discusses GHG emissions and environmental impacts from aviation under the auspices of the EU and ICAO, and the issue can only be regulated on the international stage efficiently.

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Target Baseline scenario target: To reduce the CO2 emissions from fossil fuels combustion for 30%, that is, for 36% at a higher level of ambition, by 2030 compared to the business as usual (BAU) scenario.Climate change mitigation Methodology Modeling and scenario development: - MARKAL energy planning model (least cost optimization - optimal scenario for energy system development at minimum cost of the whole system); - Bottom-up approach (modeling of policies and measures one by one and comparison to the BAU scenario); - Modeling period: up to 2035. GHG inventory: - Emissions for the period 1990 – 2012 calculated according to the methodology of the International Panel on Climate Change of 2006 (IPCC Guidelines 2006). Global Warming Potential, GWP: - GWP CO2 = 1 (according to IPCC, UNFCCC Decision 17/CP.8).

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− The Ministry of Energy, together with the Ministry of Economic Development and Poverty Reduction coordinate the development and implementation of the National Low-Carbon Development Strategy, one of the main commitments under the Paris Agreement, etc. Legal and regulatory framework: Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Ratification of the Paris Agreement" Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the Use of Renewable Energy Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Approval of the Concept of Environmental Protection of the Republic of Uzbekistan until Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Approval of the Strategy for Transition of the Republic of Uzbekistan to a Green Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On measures to Implement the National Goals and Targets in the Field of Sustainable Development until 2030" (PKM-841 dated 20.10.2018).

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Thus, the NDC is also based on and informed by national laws, as well as domestic legal, financial, and policy frameworks, with the accompanying instruments and institutional arrangements on adaptation and mitigation, foremost of which is Republic Act No. 9729, otherwise known as the Climate Change Act of 2009, as amended by Republic Act No. 10174, and its requisite policy instruments, the National Framework Strategy on Climate Change 2010-2022 and the National Climate Change Action Plan 2011-2028. The NDC also considers the Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022, Philippine Energy Plan 2018-2040, the Philippine National Security Policy 2017- 2022, National Climate Risk Management Framework of 2019 and the Sustainable Finance Policy Framework of 2020. It shall also be progressively informed by the Filipino people’s aspirations across generations.

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This means that we are currently 16.1 million tonnes of CO2e short of achieving the 70% reduction target. In other words, the Government and broad parliamentary majorities, to- gether with the business community and stakeholders, have achieved reductions corresponding to almost a quarter of the goal to be reached by 2030 in one year. The Government’s climate initiative for road transport is expected to deliver an ad- ditional one million tonnes of CO2e by 2030 and the Government will present addi- tional proposals for agriculture, a green tax reform, etc., in 2020 The Government will follow developments closely and will regularly consider new initiatives as technology and society develops. The climate programme outlines how the Government will substantiate the realisa- tion of the remaining reductions towards 2030 and beyond.

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²CCSR – (Carbon Capture and Storage Ready) – technology for carbon catching, storage and recycling .Modernization and intellectualization of electricity grids № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Modernization and intellectualization of electricity transmission system and distribution networks to reduce losses at electricity transmission lines To stimulate and support implementation of programs which will aim to achieve higher efficiency in the transmission and distribution systems. Modernization of transport industry № Policy /measure Promotion the use of transport vehicle which may use different types of motor fuels (for example, petrol and gas or use biofuel and bio component additives), electric, hydrogen cars, cars using fuel cells, as well as public electric transport development Promotion or introduction of requirements to producers of transport vehicles using combustion engines to increase efficiency and environmental friendliness of traditional transport vehicles Incentivizing Ukrainians to reduce the share of their use of outdated cars.

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However, the full implementation of Ethiopia’s INDC requires predictable, sustainable and reliable support in the form of finance, capacity building and technology transfer. Mitigation of GHG emissions The full and effective implementation of the Green Economy Strategy requires an estimated expenditure of more than USD 150 billion by 2030. This highlights the need for significant capital investments. Therefore, the types of contributions required to implement Ethiopia’s INDC are categorized into unsupported and supported contributions. Future research will be conducted to: 1. Quantify and assign the share of unsupported contributions that are planned and fully funded by the government to limit the quantity of emissions; 2. Quantify and assign the share of supported contributions that are planned by the government but require international support to limit the quantity of emissions; 3.

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Water resources Increase efficient water use methods, enhance the adaptive capacity of the water sector. • Strengthen the legal and institutional frameworks for integrating sectoral coordination to ensure water security; • Enhance the resilience of the water sector through the utilization of appropriate technologies for conservation, restoration, sustainable use and increase water resources.Forest resources Create forest ecosystems well adapted to climate change and enhance carbon sink by implementing sustainable forest management. • Implementing forestry measures such as thinning and deadwood removal to improve forest structure and conditions and to create a highly productive and climate change-resilient forest; • Increasing non-carbon and socio-economic benefits of forests by implementing sustainable forest management. Biodiversity Enable adaptation opportunities and adaptive capacities for vulnerable biodiversity to climate change.

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 Industrial Process and Product Use amounted to 35 Gg CO2 eq in 2015 an increase of 1.4 Gg CO2 eq when compared to 2000.  Agriculture sector amounted to 796 Gg CO2 eq in 2015, an increase of 114 Gg CO2 eq when compared with the year 2000.  Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector historically acted as a sink. However, the sector has evolved into a smaller sink over time due to the decrease in forest lands over time. The net emissions from the LULUCF sector amounted to 1,716 Gg CO2 eq in 2015 compared to - 21,636 Gg CO2 eq in 2000 which is a total decrease of removals amounting to 23,370 Gg CO2 eq.

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With 50% of Seychelles under protection, that is an enviable basis for the future. The newly-launched Seychelles Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan addresses climate change as a cross-cutting theme and identifies a series of projects to improve biodiversity conservation though cross-referencing issues such as water and food security. A new Biodiversity law is currently being drafted which will update the existing laws related to the protection of biodiversity and strengthening of the capacity of those charged with their protection. There is a need to balance protected areas and room for development whilst developing a strong capacity for biosecurity. Such requirements offer ideal scope to inform a strengthened Blue Economy Research Institute.

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Target reference year 2005 Reduction level Emissions will be reduced to 30% below 2005 levels by 2030. Scope and coverage This responsibility target is economy-wide covering all sectors: Energy Industrial processes and product use Agriculture Forestry and other land use Waste and all greenhouse gases: HFCs N2 O PFCs NF3 Methodological approaches for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals This NDC applies 100 year Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) from the IPCC 4th assessment report, and methodologies from the IPCC 2006 greenhouse gas inventory guidelines and the 2013 IPCC KP Supplement.

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Metric: 100 year Global Warming Potential (GWP-100), using IPCC AR5 values. Methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: inventory based approach for estimating and accounting anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals in accordance with the applicable IPCC guidelines. This iNDC takes into account the role of conservation units and indigenous lands1 as forest managed areas, in accordance with the applicable IPCC guidelines on the estimation of emission removals.2 Use of markets: Brazil reserves its position in relation to the possible use of any market mechanisms that may be established under the Paris agreement.

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The household lighting penetration rate stands at 23%, according to the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP, July 2015). The 2011 QUIBB well-being indicator questionnaire showed that the main social indicators had generally improved, although their levels are still worrying: net primary schooling rate (87.8%), adult literacy rate (60.3%, with a clear disparity between the sexes: 74.0% for men and 47.9% for women), morbidity rate (20.6%), rate of access to drinking water (56.1%), proportion of households with sanitation (53.1%), rate of malnutrition (27.9%), rate of households having difficulty meeting their dietary needs (49.5%), rate of use of health services (66.2%) and unemployment rate (24.3%).

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Single year target in the year 2030. 3. Scope and coverage a. General description of the target; The emission reduction target will both conditional and un-conditional thus demonstrating the country’s increased climate ambition. b.

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The natural environment already poses significant risks to Papua New Guinea today; hazards like coastal flooding, inland flooding and droughts take a severe toll on the people and the economy. Climate change are predicted to exacerbate some of these event-driven hazards and may also introduce new hazards due to gradual shifts in climatic conditions – most prominently, increased malaria penetration in the highlands, changed agricultural yields and damaged coral reefs. Throughout the country, natural disasters driven by climatic conditions (i.e., excluding seismic and volcanic activity) as well as gradual shifts in climatic conditions disrupt daily life, cause damage to assets and infrastructure, destroy livelihoods, endanger cultural and ecological treasures, and kill or injure people.

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as 2030 emissions), ensuring consistency with its energy mix, set as a feasible reduction target by bottom-up calculation with concrete policies, measures and individual technologies taking into adequate consideration, inter alia, technological and cost constraints, and set based on the amount of domestic emission reductions and removals assumed to be obtained. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding Base years:  FY 2013 and FY 2005; FY 2013 is the base year mainly used for presenting Japan’s INDC.

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Incorporate climate change adapta- tion criteria in planning instruments, ter- ritorial and disaster risk management in all sectors and orders of government A5. Strengthen financial instruments for disaster and risk management and at- tention through the integration of cli- mate change adaptation criteria A6. Implementing strategies to reduce health impacts related to diseases exac- erbated by climate change A7. Identify and address forced displace- ment of people due to the negative im- pacts of climate change AXIS B. RESILIENT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND FOOD SAFETY Food is a fundamental human right that is warranted when people have timely and permanent physical, economic, and social access to food in sufficient quan- tity and quality for adequate consump- tion. This right contributes both to their well-being and to the satisfaction of their dietary and cultural needs.

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Review and adjustments Thailand reserves the right to review and adjust its INDC as necessary upon finalizing the new global agreement under the UNFCCC. Consideration of fairness and ambition, in light of national circumstances and contribution to the ultimate objective of the Convention (Article 2) Thailand s national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions represent only 0.84% of global emissions in 2012. The country s share of cumulative emissions from 1990-2012 is 0.75%. In 2012, per capita GHG emissions is at 5.63 tCO2 e and emissions per GDP (US$ million) is 409.54 tCO2 e, which is lower than world average. In terms of emission profile, the Second National Communication indicates that 67% of total GHG emissions in Thailand in 2000 is from the energy sector. In 2012, CAIT data indicates 73% share is from energy.

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This reform aims to support the national economy, lower fuel consumption, and protect the environment; • a federal freight rail network crossing the country and eventually integrated into the GCC network; • the Emirate of Abu Dhabi has also set targets to shift 25% of government vehicle fleets to compressed natural gas; and • the Emirate of Dubai has invested in a multi-billion dollar light-rail and metro system, which will continue to add new lines. The UAE continues to improve the emission standards for new motor vehicles, in accordance with European emission standards, as well as through the introduction of standard labels. These initiatives target both improvements in fuel economy and reduction in local air pollution.

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Through this approach Canada has already taken steps to reduce emissions from two of the largest emitting sectors of the Canadian economy – transportation and electricity. Building on the strong base of clean electricity generation, Canada has established stringent coal- fired electricity standards that ban the construction of traditional coal-fired electricity generation units, and will accelerate the phase-out of existing coal-fired electricity generation units. Canada has also taken action in the transportation sector, which is responsible for approximately 25% of Canada’s emissions, by working closely with the United States towards common North American greenhouse gas standards for vehicles. The Government of Canada has put in place progressively more stringent greenhouse gas emission standards for passenger automobiles and light trucks as well as regulations for heavy-duty vehicles.

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Oil and gas sector - Application of new and modern environmental-friendly technologies in the oil and gas processing, production of fuel in line with EURO-5 standards in a new refinery complex by 2019 and strengthening the capacity of the staff; - Modernization of gas pipelines, gas distribution system and other measures to decrease losses up to 1% by 2020 and ensure the volume of reduction in compliance with international standards by 2050;- Based on adopted strategy, accumulation of gases emitted to the atmosphere during oil-gas production, prevention of gas leakages during oil-gas processing and at distribution networks. Residential and Commercial Sectors Massive use of control and measurement devices in electrical, heat energy and natural gas systems, application of energy-efficient bulbs, use of modern energy-saving technologies in heating systems, as well organization of public awareness programs on energy use.

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TARGET: 100% by 2030.60 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 Targets Process-based Indicators [relatable NSDP Indicators] Outcome-based Indicators [relatable NSDP Indicators] Relatable NSDP Indicator Target Wa2: By resilient water protection zones declared and sufficiently provides urban water supply needs in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times. Indicator Wa2.1: Climate-resilient natural water sources for urban water supply needs identified and mapped using GIS [ENV 4.2.1; ENV 4.2.2]. Indicator Wa 2.2: Natural resource related measures to protect climate vulnerable urban water sources identified and implemented (e.g. reforestation of watershed) [ECO 2.2.1; ENV 4.3.1; ENV 4.6.1; ENV 4.6.2]. Indicator Wa 2.3: Infrastructure (including technology and services) related measures to protect climate vulnerable urban water sources identified and implemented (e.g. fencing of water source) [ECO 2.2.1]. Indicator Wa 2.4: Skills related measures to protect climate vulnerable urban water sources identified and implemented (e.g. watershed reforestation training) [ECO 2.2.1; ENV4.7.1].

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Furthermore, in the power generation sector, all electricity will be generated from renewable sources, primarily hydropower plants, as well as solar PV. Refer to Table 2 for the strategy in the energy sector. 2. IPPU: Nepal s emissions from industrial processes and product uses are currently low. But with the expected growth forecast, Nepal will switch to renewable energy and waste-related fuel, and raw materials such as limestone for the cement industry.v OFFICIAL Additionally, Nepal will explore the potential for carbon capture and storage, beyond that possible through the forest sector. 3.

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The Strengthening Resilience and Adaptation Capacity of Agricultural and Water Sectors to Climate Change in Guinea- Bissau Project (PRRCASAHAC-GB) carried out a cost-benefit analysis to adaptation in the Gabu region, east of the country, taking into account as a reference the development trend. This analysis showed that Guinea-Bissau s efforts to adapt to climate change will be considerable. Guinea-Bissau requires approximately USD 42 million for the implementation of adaptation projects in all reference sectors in the two administrative sectors (Pitche and Pirada) in the Gabu region. It should be noted that the country has eight (8) administrative regions and all of them are equally vulnerable.

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Adaptation communication, as a component of the Nationally Determined Contribution (in accordance with decision 9/CMA.1 of the Conference of the Parties, serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement) а) National circumstances, institutional arrangements and legal frameworks The Climate Doctrine of the Russian Federation, approved by the order of the President of the Russian Federation dated 17.12.2009 No. 861-rp, defines the strategic goal of the national climate policy to ensure the safe and sustainable development of the Russian Federation, including institutional, economic, environmental and social, including demographic, aspects development in a changing climate and the emergence of related threats.

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During the process of preparation of relevant documents, working groups were formed and numerous consultations, round tables with active participation of representative of government institutions, public and private companies, NGOs and scientific and research institutions were held. The NDC planning and revision took into account obligations resulting from the EU accession process as well as national circumstances and capacities. Following the international and certain provisions of the EU legislation, involvement of the broad range of stakeholders was ensured through public consultation process, working groups responsible for preparation of the NDC, as well as on-line surveys and questionnaires. (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; The Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) has responsibility for matters related to climate change on national and international level.

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By 2025, a reduction of greenhouse gases by at least 35 percent compared with 1990 levels is anticipated. Internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs) from cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement will partly be used. The methodological approaches underlying the Swiss NDC are included in this communication. Long-term: Switzerland aims to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050. This target lays the foundations for Switzerland’s 2050 climate strategy, which was transmitted to the UNFCCC Secretariat on 28 January 2021. 2 Switzerland’s adaptation communication has been submitted to the UNFCCC in December 2020: fccc.int/topics/adaptation-and-resilience/workstreams/adaptation-communicationsA) Information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding of nationally determined contributions (4/CMA.1, Annex I) 1.

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It shall enable a market signal to support local and foreign direct green investments. The NDC recognizes the private sector as the country’s main engine of economic growth and transformation, and promotes its full engagement in climate change adaptation and mitigation.Aware of its exposure and vulnerability to climate change impacts and the increasing losses and damages the Philippines is incurring, it is employing its full national political strength to address the problem of climate change. Thus, the NDC is also based on and informed by national laws, as well as domestic legal, financial, and policy frameworks, with the accompanying instruments and institutional arrangements on adaptation and mitigation, foremost of which is Republic Act No.

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6 How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: (a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Iceland´s updated NDC represents a significant increase in ambition beyond its initial NDC submitted at the time of ratifying the Paris Agreement. Both the initial NDC and this update require significantly higher net emissions reductions than were projected as business as usual at the time of their adoption. (b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Iceland regards its nationally determined contribution to represent its fair share of the efforts to achieve the global long-term goal of the Paris Agreement.

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6 To ensure accuracy against GHG emissions reported in 2007, the energy sector includes the electricity, land transport, maritime transport, and tourism sub-sectors. While emissions from these sub-sectors were not reported in a way that would allow Samoa to form sub-sector targets relative to the 2007 emissions inventory baseline, Samoa would like to put forward to following mass-based sub-sector GHG emissions reduction targets that can be applied relative to the new reference year once the GHG emissions inventory is updated:  Electricity 44.2 Gg CO e  Land transport 5.2 Gg CO e  Maritime transport 3.0 Gg CO e  Tourism 0.5 Gg CO e Each sub-sector has specific means to achieve the overall energy sector target.

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However, the Government of Tonga is in the process of developing transport sector measures to include in the TERM strategies, and has undertaken training and public awareness actions on vehicle maintenance, public transport and bicycle usage. The Kingdom is particularly interested in biofuels for both transport and electricity generation, developed in alignment with Tonga’s resilience focus, ensuring sustainable production and replanting. Tonga is participating in regional transport sector mitigationefforts being developed by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community, and welcomes international assistance in the development of meaningful and wide ranging mitigation opportunities to reduce Tonga’s oil dependence and GHG emissions in this sector.

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Tanzania continues to undertake various efforts, which contribute to the global mitigation agenda. Beyond enhancing carbon sinks through forest conservation, afforestation and reforestation, the country is embarking on enhanced use of natural gas with 53.28 trillion cubic feet discovered reserves of which to-date over 100 million cubic feet are exploited to produce 501 MW. There is also expanded use of renewable energy sources such as geothermal (with a potential of 5 GW); solar with average sunshine of more than 9 hours per day; hydro with a potential of 4.7 GW (while the installed capacity is 561 MW); and wind with speed of 0.9 – 9.9 m/s across many parts of the country.

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EUR Source of finance: Private sector, IPARD programme Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: • Sinking the amount of 330.3 Gg-eq CO2-eq and removing that amount from the atmosphere • Increasing of soil carbon content with adding of biochar as persistent carbon source. Most of the biochar will remain in the in the topsoil layer due to available application technology incorporation biochar by plough on the ploughing depth • The positive effects on the soil fertility and soil health • Local production of the biochar by using residual biomass that is usually burnt in open firesLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan A-M-43: Photovoltaic Irrigation Main objective: Mitigation by replacing the non-renewable energy sources for water pumping with renewable, thus reducing the CO2 emission Description: Installation of photovoltaic system for irrigation purposes with 2.4 kW installed capacity, capable to run 1.1 kW 3 phase pump.

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With regard to energy policy and energy mix, the examination was conducted in a transparent manner to the public at the Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy. (a) (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a Towards the achievement of a sustainable society, Japan is proactively working to incorporate gender perspectives, including gender equal participation, into concrete actions, while aiming atgender-responsive manner; enhanced participation of women in policy decision-making processes for responding to environmental problems including climate change, in line with ongoing international trends.

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Cross Sectoral Efforts: Establishment of Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanism 24. The Paris Agreement requires each Party to monitor, evaluate and learn from adaptation planning, policies, programs, and actions. Currently, there is no monitoring and evaluation (M&E) mechanism or framework established for adaptation. During the development of the National Adaptation Plan, the M&E mechanism will be incorporated and established to ensure successful implementation.

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Review will be conducted, and findings will be incorporated into the MRV process to ensure continuous improvement. 8. Means of Implementation Qatar is already facing challenges of climate change, experiencing extreme climate conditions and events. The country welcomes technical assistance and capacity building designed for developing country Parties under the Convention. The international community’s efforts to transfer and deploy advanced sustainable development technologies are crucial to mitigate GHG emissions and enhance adaptive capacities. Qatar supports the development and operationalization of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement to serve as a driver for sustainable development.

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SINGAPORE’S INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (INDC) AND ACCOMPANYING INFORMATION In accordance with Decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20, Singapore communicates that it intends to reduce its Emissions Intensity by 36% from 2005 levels by 2030, and stabilise its emissions with the aim of peaking around 2030. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including as appropriate, a base year) Emissions Intensity in 2005: Singapore’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per S$GDP (at 2010 e/S$. Projected Emissions Intensity in 2030: Singapore’s GHG emissions per S$GDP (at 2010 prices) in 2030 is projected to be 0.113 kgCO2 e/S$. Time frames and/or periods for implementation: Beginning 2021 to end 2030 Scope and coverage Sectors covered: Energy, Industrial Processes and Product Use, Agriculture, Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry, Waste.

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National policies can assist in shifting investments and financial flows made by private and public investors into more climate-friendly alternatives and optimizing the use of available funds by spreading the risk across private and public investors. Improvement in, and an optimal combination of mechanisms, such as the carbon markets, financial mechanism of the Convention, ODA, national policies and, in some cases, new and additional resources– will be needed to mobilize the necessary investment and financial flows to address climate change.4.5 Barriers and Opportunities towards the NDCs implementation The implementation of mitigation actions faces multiple barriers in various areas such as institutional, organisational, financial and technology technological issues. There is an urgent need to improve the enabling environment for tracking climate change activities.

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Under the LCDS, pre-sorting of plastics in the input waste stream would be mandatory. Implementation of this measure therefore requires the plant specification to be developed such that it ensures the facility is able to efficiently sort (for recycling) all plastics, including plastic film.Malta Low Carbon Development Strategy The timing of measures Although waste is anticipated to make a relatively small contribution to overall abatement achievements (compared to other sectors), emission reductions start to be made earlier than in the case for some other sector measures due to the investment in infrastructure which is likely to occur prior to 2030 (see Figure 15). HIGHER PRIORITY LOWER PRIORITY = Non-ETS emissions related measures Teleworking & Remote Working Waste Prevention Incineration Pre- Sorting of Plastics High Biowaste Capture and Biogas Upgrade Figure 15: Implementation timeline for waste measures 2.6.6.1.

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The result of these positive changes is that Jamaica’s latest NDC will approximately double in ambition. By 2030, the emission reductions in d. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; e. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement.Update of Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Jamaica Page | 11 these two sectors of between 25.4 per cent (unconditional) and 28.5 per cent (conditional) implies that emissions in these sectors would be 1.8 to 2.0 MtCO2e lower than in the BAU scenario. This compares with a range of 1.1 to 1.5 MtCO2e in its previous NDC. This implies that the absolute level of ambition in Jamaica’s unconditional commitment has increased by more than 60% when comparing the First NDC and the updated NDC.

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In 2016, the Republic of Korea introduced the 2030 Basic Roadmap for Achieving the National Greenhouse Gases Reduction Target (2030 Roadmap), presenting specific reduction plans for 8 sectors and 30 sub-sectors. The submitted INDC was registered as the Republic of Korea’s first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), following its ratification of the Paris Agreement on November 3, 2016. Later on, civil society pointed out that the 2030 Roadmap should serve to incentivize companies sufficiently to develop their investment plans for emissions reduction. Also, some argued to increase the role of domestic reduction rather than relying on mitigation efforts in overseas countries as suggested in the 2030 Roadmap.

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ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non- greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable. iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; Not applicable. iv) Further technical information, as necessary; Not applicable. (g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. Market mechanisms: Brunei Darussalam envisages to achieve the intended GHG emissions reductions under this NDC through domestic actions and financing. However, the Government of Brunei Darussalam will explore possible bilateral, regional and international mechanisms in meeting the NDC target. 6.

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Many of the actions specified under the sectors programmes have both mitigation and adaptation benefits. Agriculture Programme of Action Actions Descriptions and Goals/Targets Mitigation benefit intensification of agriculture agro ecology techniques using spatial plant stacking as in agro forestry, kitchen gardens, nutrient recycling, and water conservation to maximise sustainable food production; Seasonal shortages of food supply as a result of poor harvests caused by droughts and flooding and soil erosion are among the most significant signs of how the agriculture sector is vulnerable to climate change in Rwanda. In order to adapt to this situation, Rwanda intends to mainstream agro ecology technologies in its current agriculture intensification programme and other natural resource-based livelihood programmes. 100% of the households involved in agriculture production will be implementing agro forestry sustainable food production by 2030.

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County’s emissions (2016) as percentage of World emissions Country’s per capita emissions (2016) as percentage of World per capita emissions (2016): 79% Country’s historical emissions (cumulative 1990-2016) as percentage of World emissions (cumulative 1990-2016): • Ability to invest in appropriate mitigation measures (capacity to contribute to solving the climate change problem) GDP growth level: North Macedonia lags behind the Southeast Europe (SEE) average, as well as the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). As projected by the International Monetary Fund and Ministry of Finance, until 2040 the Macedonian real GDP growth rate will grow at an average rate of 3.3%. GDP per capita: Such GDP growth rate could be expected for a developing country, and should lead to convergence towards levels of GDP per capita that are common for developed CEE countries today.

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Considering that the current cost of planting 1000 ha = 6 250 000 USD the approximate cost of these afforestation initiatives will amount around 2 billion USD. 4. Presently, the potential income from REDD+ projects in the country is considered to be substantial. Calculating the potential emission reductions from REDD+ activities in Angola demonstrates that there is mitigation potential if deforestation is avoided completely. Assuming thatthe baseline is entirely based on historical emissions, avoided emissions are calculated by multiplying the annual deforestation in Angola, estimated to be 124,800 ha per year (based on numbers from the period 1990-2010), by 82 tC/ha, which is the approximate amount of tons of carbon stored per ha in the country‟s forests.

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ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co- benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. See 3(d) above. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with The accounting approach is from Bhutan’s Third National GHG inventory which followed the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC, 2006), Good Practice Guidance, and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC, 2000).

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Year BAU iNDC historicalInformation provided in order to facilitate clarity, transparency, and understanding Scope and Coverage: Gases: - Carbon Dioxide, - Methane Sectors: - Electricity, - Transport, - Waste, - Forestry Percentage of total greenhouse gas emissions: CFCs emissions are covered under the Montreal protocol. Emissions of other gases such as Nitrous oxide are assumed to be very little as to be considered negligible Quantifiable Information Timeframe and reference point: Grenada’s target is for 2025. Indicative target is 2030 The reference point used is 2010 Accounting approach for land sector: Grenada’s land sector is made up of forested areas (dry and moist), cropland (abandoned, annual and perennial), grazing land, mangroves and beaches and shrub and grassland. For the purposes of this INDC Grenada’s focus is the forested areas.

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The update of the first contribution document has been prepared based on the development projects and plans of the country and based on the principle of the circular carbon economy, which achieves cooperation between thegovernment sector and the private sector in the country. The State of Kuwait is also counting on market, non-market mechanisms and cooperative Approach within Article six of the Paris Agreement to achieve greater ambition in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and including them in the upcoming national contributions, in addition to the means of implementation (financial and technical support and capacity building).

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ENSURE A FAIR AND COHESIVE TRANSITION Climate change and the responses to this global challenge have an impact on employment and economic activities, and the Paris Agreement takes into account the need to safeguard a fair transition for the workforce and the creation of decent and quality jobs, according to each country’s development priorities. The transition to carbon neutrality implies a systemic transformation of the structure and operation of the current economic system which, at a national level, may represent more opportunities than risks. Indeed, this transformation will bring opportunities for new business models and the creation of new clusters with network generation, for example in the sectors related to renewable energy production, automation engineering or services and logistics associated with shared and autonomous mobility.

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 Removals by LULUCF sector are accounted in line with approaches equivalent to those under the Kyoto Protocol.  The Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) is not included as a basis of the bottom-up calculation of Japan’s emission reduction target, but the amount of emission reductions and removals acquired by Japan under the JCM will be appropriately counted as Japan’s reduction.  These methodologies are subject to change depending on the progress of future international negotiations on estimating and accounting rules.Reference information 1. GHG emissions and removals 1. GHG emissions reductions Approximately 90% of GHG emissions in Japan is covered by . Emissions of energy-originated CO2 will be reduced by 25.0% compared to FY 2013 level (24.0% reduction compared to FY 2005 level) (approximately 927 million t-CO2 ).

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The Fujairah Cultured Coral Reef Gardens project was initiated in 2019 and targetswww.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition the cultivation of 1.5 million coral reef colonies over five years. The UAE has deployed 4,500 artificial reefs across its marine and coastal zones, and these are being monitored for improved marine life and fish stocks. Additionally, natural rock barriers are being installed in coastal areas across the country in order to recreate natural habitats and breeding grounds for marine species. Taken together, the UAE’s efforts to protect and restore coral reefs has the potential to provide jobs and reinforce livelihoods to young people, while helping ensure access to this innovative and emerging sector.

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These scenarios projected that in 2050 the GHG emission reduction will reach 40% to 70% compared to 2010 (49 ± 4.5 Gton CO e per year) and 2100 emissions level will reach near zero or below. In model pathways with no or limited overshoot of 1.5°C, global net anthropogenic CO emissions decline by about 45% from 2010 levels by 2030 (40–60% interquartile range), reaching net-zero around 2050 (2045–2055 interquartile range). For limiting global warming to below 2°C, CO emissions are projected to decline by about 20% by 2030 in most pathways (10–30% interquartile range) and reach net-zero around 2075 (2065–2080 interquartile range). Non-CO emissions in pathways that limit global warming to 1.5°C show deep reductions that are similar to those in pathways limiting warming to 2°C (IPCC SR1.5).

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Inclusion in the adult education would augment awareness not only among school children but also impart knowledge on adults concerning the risks involved in climate change. In this regard, the radio, press, television broadcasting, documentary films are excellent tools to appropriately convey the right message to the public.~ 25 ~ 5.4 Research and development Mitigation and adaption measures are subject to continuous scrutiny. For that, periodic monitoring and evaluation to be compared with baseline data is recommended. This is because time series climatic data help to monitor changes over time. Such undertaking can only be effectively carried out through research and development endeavours. The outcome of such undertaking would be inputs required to effectively quantify relevant interventions at the right time.

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Solid fuels 46.92 NA 46.92 NA NA NA NA 2. Oil and natural gas NE NE NE NE NA NA NA A. Mineral products 24.75 24.75 NO NO NA NA NA B. Chemical industry NO NO NO NO NA NA NA D. Other production 3.07 3.07 NA NA NA NA NA E. Production of halocarbons and SF6 NO NO NO NO NA NA NA F. Consumption of halocarbons and SF6 NO NE NO NE NO NA NE G Other product manufacture and use 0.78 NE NE NE NA NA 0.78 H. Other 0.11 0.11 NA NA NA NA NA A. Enteric fermentation 483.90 NA 483.90 NA NA NA NA B.

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Therefore,Angola will address the clear shortness of human and technical capacity to keep abreast with the real situation of GHG emissions in the various sectors for which Angola will require support to implement capacity building and training at various level and sectors. The overall preliminary cost of implementing the proposed Mitigation and Adaptation contributions amount to over 15.7 billion USD across sectors up to 2030. Some of this amount has already been provided by the Government of Angola within the Unconditional Mitigation and Adaptation scenario. Therefore, the implementation of all the Conditional mitigation and adaptation contributions that the country endeavour to deliver will require international support in form of finance, investment, technology development and transfer, and capacity-building to fully accomplish the intended contributions. 6.

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Efforts will also be made to maintain current levels of forest cover, which currently stand at 70.46%, through sustainable forest management and conservation of environmental services. 3 National Accounts Statistics 2014, NSB 4 Second National Communication from Bhutan to UNFCCC, 2011 5 Land Cover Mapping Project, 2010, NSSC 6 Second National Communication from Bhutan to UNFCCC, 2011 7 Unpublished estimates by NECS, RGOB 2015Hydropower from run‐of‐the‐river schemes account for almost 100% of electricity generation in Bhutan with almost 100% access to electricity in urban areas and 94% in rural areas. Presently, Bhutan offsets 4.4 million tons of CO2 e through exports of hydroelectricity.

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The burning of fossil fuels results in the oxidization of the nitrogen contained in the fuel and the air creates nitrous oxide emissions. These emissions come mainly from coal-fired power plants as well as cars and trucks. Industrial processes, particularly those involved in the production of nitric and adipic acid, also cause nitrous oxide emissions through the oxidization of nitrogen compounds. Over 70% of total nitrous oxide emissions emitted in Canada are from the agricultural sector, mainly from crop and animal production. In crop production, nitrous oxide emissions arise mostly from the use of synthetic fertilizers where the addition of nitrogen to soils helps the nutrient absorption of plants and allows bacteria contained in the soil to produce extra energy to grow. Microbial processes involved in these activities then produce releases of nitrous oxide emissions.

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Therefore, mobilizing climate finance from a variety of sources is a top priority of the NAP process that will be implemented over 2021-2024 with GCF to address the financial needs of the Sultanate to cope with climate change in a context of a fast, fair, and just transition to a resilient, low carbon economy. According to the 2040 vision, the strategic economic direction is toward a diverse and sustainable economy anchored on technology, knowledge, and innovation that operates within integrated frameworks, ensures competitiveness, embraces industrial revolutions, and achieves fiscal sustainability. The Omani economy is heading for the next 20 years to expand the production and export base, diversify trading partners, deepen investment in high value-added sectors, and enhance non-oil sectors contribution to the GDP.

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The energy system model produces a trajectory for an energy supply and end use system that can satisfy the demand for useful energy as cost-efficiently as possible, taking account of factors such as taxes, subsidies and return on investment requirements of parties operating in different sectors. The results produced by the model cover the annual flows of all of the energy commodities, materials and emissions described in the model from production, import and inventories to end use, export, storage and disposal or recycling. The results for the levels of GHG emissions can be broken down by sector and emission type and, where necessary, by process.

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The extent to which Swaziland’s adaptation contribution can be achieved is dependent in the form of appropriate capacity building, technical as a response to climate change. planning and implementation ofMitigation Though Swaziland is not a high GHG emitter recognises that it still has an important role to play in global GHG mitigation efforts. Swaziland has experienced various challenges in the compila include data collection and archiving, quality assurance and control, and uncertainties in the estimation of emissions from all IPCC7 sectors.

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Integrated water management planning: Develop and implement plans that will harness new sources of freshwater, construct additional dams for collection of drinking water and recharging of aquifers. IV. Addressing Response Measures Saudi Arabia will take the necessary actions to understand international policy measures to response to climate change, assess the implications of these measures on its economy, and take necessary steps to raise its resilience to these impacts. International cooperation in addressing response measures is important for the Kingdom to achieve its sustainable development objectives and realize its ambitions in addressing climate change; these include: 1. Socio-economic research studies to assess the impacts of mitigation policy measures implemented outside Saudi Arabia on the Saudi economy, including collection of information and development of modelling tools. 2.

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Measures which form the basis for the bottom-up calculation of the GHG emission reduction target emission targets ) ) Measures Energy-originated Industry sector 401 429 (457)  Promotion and enhancement of the industries’ action plans towards a low carbon society Iron and steel industry  Efficiency improvement of electricity-consuming facilities  More chemical recycling of waste plastic at steel plants  Introduction of next-generation coke making  Improvement of power generation efficiency  Enhanced energy efficiency and conservation facilities  Introduction of innovative ironmaking process (Ferro Coke)  Introduction of environmentally harmonized steelmaking process (COURSE50)Chemical industry  Introduction of energy efficiency and conservation process technology in petrochemicals  Introduction of energy efficiency and conservation process technology in other chemical industry  Introduction of energy efficiency and conservation technology using membranes for distilling process  Introduction of technology which uses CO2 as a feedstock  Introduction of chemical product production technology with inedible plant-based material  Introduction of electricity-generating waste water processing with microbe catalysis  Introduction of sealed plant factory Ceramics, stone and clay products industry  Introduction of conventional energy efficiency and conservation technologies (waste heat power generation, slag crusher, air-beam cooler, separator improvement, vertical roller coal mills) 

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National GHG Inventories for the period of 1990- vii. National Statistical Data; viii. National Strategy of the Republic of Tajikistan on Disaster Risk Reduction for the period of 2019- ix. National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change in the Republic of Tajikistan until 2030; x. Sectoral Strategies of the sectors involved in the NDC implementation, which are: o Agriculture, Irrigation, Energy, Forestry & Biodiversity, Industry & Construction, Transport & Infrastructure. xi. National cross-sectoral long-term strategies, national programs and regulations of the Republic of Tajikistan. xii. Assessments carried out by international development partners.F Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the reference indicators. Throughout the NDCs enhancement process, the reference year and GHG Inventories were recalculated according to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.

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Develop scientific and technical research on adaptation of new productive crop varieties with a broad spectrum of tolerance to adverse climate impacts by 2030; III. Promote forestry / planting of species resistant to dry and low rainfall by 2030; IV. Improve pasture with grazing selection by applying rotation management of the of plots byV. Increase the resilience to erosion and maritime, river and storm flooding of coastal areas through improved Coastal Protection for vulnerable communities; VI. Reduce the use of nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture by 2030. 4. Reporting on current and planned adaptation undertakings and support To achieve the objectives of the above mentioned actions in paragraph 3, 17 specific projects were identified and listed in the NAPA, which implementation require external financial support in addition to technological support and capacity building. 5. Gaps and Barriers Financial Barriers: I.

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- Technology transfer: (i) technology for real-time forecasting, early warning, and sharing information system on real-time hydro-meteorological monitoring; (ii) tools to assess climate change impacts, vulnerability, exposure and climate change adaptation measures; (iii) technology for the sustainable use of water resources, prevention of water pollution, and urban water supply; (iv) technology to prevent erosion and protect the coastline and riverbanks; and (v) technology for sustainable agriculture, forestry and aquaculture production; biotechnology to develop new varieties that are more resilient to climate change. - Finance for climate change adaptation, mainly for maintenance of existing infrastructure and building important projects aimed at prevention of natural disasters, and social- economic development in the context of climate change. Viet Nam encourages and creates favourable conditions for private sector investment in climate change adaptation activities.

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INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK and CAPACITY Climate change is a cross cutting issue and currently the institutional framework to address the issue is fragmented. It is often a consequential co-benefit outcome of agencies’ core responsibilities. Creating long-term commitment from all stakeholders, businesses, civil society, and people, is critical as this transition and associated results will take time. In addition, new competencies and skills need to be developed. LULUCF LEGACY ISSUES Malaysia has a long forest management history. However, there are some areas of forest that have been degraded due to past management effects. Restoration and rehabilitation of these forests incurs high cost and nurturing. Furthermore, the advent of climate change has also highlighted another legacy in forest management, that is, the drained peatlands.

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- Protecting forests from deforestation, especially fires and cutting, planting new areas, and rehabilitating degraded sites in accordance to annual plans. The Syrian Arab Republic strongly reaffirms that implementation of these contributions, requires full and serious commitment from developed countries to provide an adequate and predictable financial support to developing countries, under the international environmental conventions, including UNFCCC, in order to fulfill their national plans in the contexts of Paris Agreement, as well as guarantees that funds and funding mechanisms which accessible for developing countries in order to analyze needs and opportunities for developing their national programs, and encouraging investment in projects contributing to mitigation and adaptation to the impacts of climate change.

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Tools used: • 2006 IPCC Software • Long Range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) • Simple Econometric Simulation System(b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; A LEAP model was used to project BAU Scenario for energy sector, while the projection of GHG emissions was adopted using Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Global Change gap analysis methodology. ( projects/pathways-paris). (c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; Not applicable. (d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; Brunei Darussalam’s GHG emissions will be estimated using 2006 IPCC Guidelines via Sectoral Approach.

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Data and Information Collection Systems for the Agriculture Sector Establishment of baseline data will be important to monitor progress and evaluate adaptation and mitigation benefits derived from agroforestry. The baseline data to be collected and analyzed include the following: ● Laws, policies, and regulations pertaining to agroforestry to identify opportunities for synergies with relevant sectors and to understand and address constraints and challenges hindering agroforestry implementation. ● Geographic distribution by type of agroforestry systems and practices, including areal extent of tree cover, species‟ composition and uses, and gendered-roles and socio- economic outcomes in different agro-ecological zones. ● Mitigation benefits (CO2 emissions and removals) for different types of agroforestry systems and practices in different geographies.

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As with the Net Zero Strategy pathway for domestic shipping, the pathway for international shipping is based on research commissioned by the Department for Transport (DfT).101 For both pathways, the estimates from this research have been adjusted to align them with the latest UK greenhouse gas emissions national statistics.102 Therefore, the pathways for domestic shipping and international shipping are consistent with the definitions of domestic shipping and international shipping used in these national statistics.103 Given the emerging nature of zero emission shipping fuels, the NZS pathways for domestic shipping and international shipping should be interpreted as a possible scenario for meeting the government’s commitment to achieving net zero in maritime rather than estimates of the impact of specific policies. The illustrative 2050 scenarios rely on the same evidence base for transport as the Sixth Carbon Budget Impact Assessment with the exception of the high innovation scenarios, where modelling updates on aviation to reflect DfT’s Jet Zero consultation high ambition scenario, and the scenarios for shipping which have been aligned with the NZS pathways described above.

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Reduced desertification: Undertake measures to enhance desertification management. Support actions that will promote the stabilization of sand movements around cities and roads, while increasing sinks for capacity through using green belts as barriers. Develop and enhance arid and semi-arid rural areas through various natural resource conservation activities, biodiversity and eco-system based adaptation efforts. The objective is to improve soil quality, water, pasture and wildlife resources through a system of protected areas and reserves. Mitigation co-benefits may include those relating to reducing land degradation and improving land management practices, especially for agriculture and forestry. 2. Adaptation undertakings: The following adaptation contributions are expected to support Saudi Arabia’s efforts to address climate change and raise resilience to its impacts: 2.1.

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Collectively, these policies will eventually put Indonesia on the path to de- carbonisation. Government Regulation No. 79/2014 on National Energy Policy, set out the ambition to transform, by 2025 and 2050, the primary energy supply mix with shares as follows: a) new and renewable energy at least 23% in 2025 and at least 31% in 2050; b) oil should be less than 25% in 2025 and less than 20% in 2050; c) coal should be minimum 30% in 2025 and minimum 25% in 2050; and d) gas should be minimum 22% in 2025 and minimum 24% in 2050. The Government also promulgated Presidential Regulation No.

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The reduction of emissions includes 4% (9,173Gg) unconditional and 16% (30,210Gg) conditional reduction. The NDCs for the energy sector include: NDC 1: Establishment of large scale wind power plants of 514 MW NDC 2: Establishment of 115 MW of solar power plants NDC 3: Establishment of 105 MW of biomass power plants NDC 4: Establishment of 176 MW of mini hydro power plants NDC 5: Introduction of Demand Side Management (DSM) activities NDC 6: Strengthening sustainable energy related policies with a view to increasing the share of renewable energy from the existing 50%, to 60% in 2020.

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d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribu- tion under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that con- sists of adaptation action and/or economic diversifi- cation plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits con- sistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: (iii) How the economic and social consequences of re- sponse measures have been considered in develop- ing the nationally determined contribution; Not applicable. (iv) Specific projects, measures and activities to be im- plemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, re- sources, water resources, coastal resources, hu- man settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries.

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(iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; Not applicable. EU NDC includes only forcers covered by IPCC guidelines (see Section 3 b). (iv) Further technical information, as necessary; Not applicable. (g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. The EU’s at least 55% net reduction target by 2030 is to be achieved through domestic measures only, without contribution from international credits. Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein have been participating in the EU ETS since 2008, and an agreement linking the EU and Swiss emissions trading systems entered into force in 2020.

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The roles and responsibilities of each stakeholder are presented in Table 18. Table 18: Roles and responsibilities of stakeholders Stakeholder Roles and functions in LTS4CN implementation National Council for Sustainable Development Coordination and integration Capacity building and knowledge management Stakeholder engagement Ministry of Planning, Ministry of Economy and Finance Support to the integration of the LTS4CN implementation at national and subnational planning and budgeting Support to MRV development and implementation Sector-lead ministries/government institutions LTS4CN planning and implementation in respective sectors Provision of information to the National Council for Sustainable Development Non-governmental organizations Provision of information Provision of support Engagement in policymaking Representation of vulnerable groups Private/finance sector LTS4CN implementation Engagement in policymaking Provision of information Development partners Provision of support Engagement in policymaking Academia Provision of research, development, innovation and information Engagement in policymakingCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 46 Stakeholders are represented in the following organogram.

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Reduction of economic losses in the hydro energy sector will be reached through mitigation actions. 3. Adaptation target To prevent the climate change related damage and losses in the country. 4. Resources required to reduce calculated losses, mln. $ 2005 5. Reduced economic losses, mln. $ 2005 5.1. Through domestic activities 135.60 5.2. Through international support 1011.40 6. Monitoring and reporting The monitoring over implementation of the adaptation contribution will be combined with a process of regular updating of the national priorities and sectorial adaptation programs and action plans. Preparation of the updated programs and plans will be based on assessments of the earlier adaptation plans’ outcomes.

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Some of the key barriers for the energy sector include, for instance, limitation of grid connection due to inadequate capacity of transmission lines, lack of support by financial institutions for energy efficiency and renewable energy investments, lack of domestic technological and technical resources and negative public perception particularly against waste-to-energy and biomass power plants. Several measures require a high level of technical capacity and effective coordination across different sectoral agencies, whereas such technical capacity and effective coordination in a developing country like Thailand is currently lacking. For renewable energy development in particular, the International Energy Agency also cited some of the above-mentioned barriers as common barriers for renewable energy deployment in developing countries.

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Hereinafter, we present the common international and national context for these components, and the specific commitments for each one of them. 7.1 International Context The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), as the Paris Agreement, confirm their intention to pro- mote and facilitate, at the national, regional and subregional levels, specific actions in terms of education, capacity building (training scientific, technical and managerial staff), together with public access to the information on climate change. Likewise, the Paris Agreement states that capacity building should enhance the ca- pacity and ability of developing country Parties, and should fa- cilitate technology development, dissemination and deployment, access to climate finance, relevant aspects of education, training and public awareness, and the transparent, timely and accurate communication of information (Article 11).

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It declined by about 14% in 2013, but increased by approximately 23% in 2014 mainly due to the increase in the number of ships servicing the outer atolls. However, the figures for 2015 are showing significant decline in emissions due to the installation of new solar PV systems. Tuvalu is the world’s second lowest-­‐lying country and sea level rise poses a fundamental risk to its very existence. Climate change through rising temperatures and irregular rainfall are already impacting on income from fish and crops. In this context, the target of zero dependence on important fossil fuels for electricity generation by 2025, cannot be more ambitious. Moreover, its targets to reduce emissions from the other energy sectors, mainly transport, are significant given that this is one of the most rapidly growing sources of carbon emissions.

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Future development The government decision for the national target stipulates that within 45 days of approval, the relevant ministries are to submit to the government an outline of economy wide measures to be taken. It is anticipated that the implementation plan will consist of, inter alia, the following: The establishment of mechanisms leveraging large scale private funding together with public funding of energy efficiency projects; A program of tenders for renewable energy. The 17% renewable energy target is substantially more ambitious than Israel s current Removal of barriers for the uptake of renewable energy; Measures to increase the use of natural gas.

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Pakistan’s estimates of climate losses have thus far not covered long-term and non-economic losses related to internal migration and displacement, increasing poverty levels and implications for nutrition, stunting, pandemics, gender and other socio-cultural issues. Based on the weather and climate capacity strengthened in recent years, Pakistan will need 1. to undertake gap analysis to assess the current status of L&D and develop a roadmap based on rigorous methodology and costing, 2. to augment and utilize data management systems to record L&D in key sectors of the economy, and 3. to develop institutional mechanisms for L&D as articulated in the Warsaw International Mechanism (WIM) for Loss & Damage for systematic coordination with sectoral ministries, departments and the provinces.PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 CAPACITY ASSESSMENT & NEEDS 8.1 WHOLE-OF-GOVERNMENT APPROACH Pakistan’s assessment and capability needs are driven by the whole-of-government approach already adopted in its Nature-based Solutions (NbS) approach in initiatives such as Recharge Pakistan, Protective Areas Initiative (PAI), and Ten Billion Tree Tsunami Programme (TBTTP).

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The objective therefore is to achieve the optimal energy mix with the lowest greenhouse gas emissions in order to achieve sustainable development, including the decoupling of emissions and economic growth.Therefore, implementing the provisions of the National Climate Change Policy is critical and necessary to ensure a sustainable development path that will redound to the benefits of society as a whole in the short, medium and long terms. Building climate resilience through the reduction of carbon emissions and reducing climate vulnerability in all sectors will create green jobs and have significant co-benefits from an air quality and associated public health costs perspective, as well as enhance the coping ability and capacity to the adverse impacts of climate change.

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(d) (ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. Not applicable. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; <Sectors of coverage> All sectors and categories encompassing the following: (a) Energy - Fuel Combustion (Energy industries, Manufacturing industries and Construction, Transport, Commercial/Institutional, Residential, Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing, and Other) - Fugitive emissions from fuels - CO2 transport and storage (b) Industrial processes and product use (c) Agriculture (d) Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) (e) Waste <Targeted gases>Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),

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• There is no Measurement, Report and Verification system in place, in accordance with the Paris Agreement Enhanced Transparency Framework, an objective that is being worked on today, in order to timely report on the progress of this contribution; in virtue of the finally agreed upon rules and in the context of the of flexibilities granted to SIDS. • In the event that a satisfactory covenant is achieved in the negotiations under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, Cuba intends to use cooperative approaches that involve the use of mitigation results of international transfer in accordance with the mentioned Article.3.1 Contributions in mitigation Considering the sectors’ contribution to the national inventory of greenhouse gases, agriculture and energy are currently the sectors that are prioritized for emissions reduction.

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Economy‐wide emissions reduction conditional on external international assistance. Samoa recognizes that achieving this highly ambitious target will require significant efforts to removing existing barriers. These include increases in human capacity, technology and capital investment.1. INTRODUCTION: CONTEXT AND NATIONAL PRIORITIES Samoa, a small island developing state in the South Pacific is at the forefront of efforts to address issues associated with the impacts of climate change. Like other islands in the region, the impacts of climate change on the environment are already quite evident and will continue to pose significant threats in the future. On a global scale, Samoa’s contribution to Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions are negligible as highlighted in its Second National Communication (SNC) and second GHG Inventory, 20071.