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Wireless communication networks are widely deployed to provide various communication services such as, for example, voice, video, packet data, messaging, or broadcast. These wireless networks may be multiple-access networks capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available network resources. Examples of such multiple-access networks include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) networks, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) networks, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) networks, Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) networks, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) networks. A wireless communication network may include a number of base stations that can support communication for a number of user equipments (UEs), also referred to as mobile devices or mobile entities. A UE may communicate with a base station via a downlink and an uplink. The downlink (or forward link) refers to the communication link from the base station to the UE, and the uplink (or reverse link) refers to the communication link from the UE to the base station. As used herein, a “base station” means an eNode B (eNB), a Node B, a Home Node B, or similar network component of a wireless communications system. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) represents a major advance in cellular technology as an evolution of Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). The LTE physical layer (PHY) provides a highly efficient way to convey both data and control information between base stations, such as an evolved Node Bs (eNBs), and mobile devices, such as UEs. In prior applications, a method for facilitating high bandwidth communication for multimedia has been single frequency network (SFN) operation. SFNs utilize radio transmitters, such as, for example, eNBs, to communicate with subscriber UEs. In unicast operation, each eNB is controlled so as to transmit signals carrying information directed to one or more particular subscriber UEs. The specificity of unicast signaling enables person-to-person services such as, for example, voice calling, text messaging, or video calling. In multicast broadcast operation, several eNBs in an area broadcast signals in a synchronized fashion, carrying information that can be received and accessed by any subscriber UE in the broadcast area. The generality of multicast broadcast operation enables greater efficiency in transmitting information of general public interest, for example, event-related multimedia broadcasts. As the demand and system capability for event-related multimedia and other multicast broadcast services has increased, system operators have shown increasing interest in making use of multicast broadcast operation in 3GPP and 3GPP2 networks. In the past, 3GPP LTE technology has been primarily used for unicast service, leaving opportunities for improvements and enhancements related to multicast broadcast signaling. Analogous multicast operations may also be implemented in wireless communications outside of the 3GPP or 3GPP2 context.

Q: Getting Distinct Count from two tables I have two tables for example table1 as ╔══════════╦════════════╗ ║ id ║ login_id ║ ╠══════════╬════════════╣ ║ 1 ║ 2 ║ ║ 2 ║ 2 ║ ║ 3 ║ 2 ║ ║ 4 ║ 1 ║ ╚══════════╩════════════╝ and table2 as ╔══════════╦════════════╗ ║ id2 ║ login_id ║ ╠══════════╬════════════╣ ║ 1 ║ 3 ║ ║ 2 ║ 1 ║ ║ 3 ║ 2 ║ ║ 4 ║ 1 ║ ╚══════════╩════════════╝ I need to get the count of column login_id from the two tables where there is no duplicate I have tried SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT t1.login_id), COUNT(DISTINCT t2.login_id) FROM table1 as t1 JOIN table2 AS t2 I got COUNT(DISTINCT t1.login_id) 2 COUNT(DISTINCT t2.login_id) 3. Is there any way that I can the output to be only 3. Hope that it's clear to understand what I want. A: Use UNION : select count(*) from (select login_id from table1 union -- WILL REMOVE DUPLICATE select login_id from table2 ) t;

Q: How can telnet connect to an arbitrary port? Through telnet I am able to connect to any server at any port, how does it work? Is there a telnet server daemon running on that server? If there is, shouldn't the daemon listen on a specific port? why can I connect to an arbitrary port on that server? Why can I telnet to 127.0.0.1 at 80 port and get a response from my Nginx without a telnet daemon running on my Ubuntu? A: The telnet client doesn't do any special processing. It opens a TCP connection to the remote server on any port you specify, forwards through this connection anything you type and puts on screen anything that it receives from the server. When you telnet 127.0.0.1 80 it opens a connection to port 80 of localhost where usually a web server is already listening (nginx in your case). An HTTP client knows how to craft an HTTP request and send it through the connection. The telnet client doesn't know anything about HTTP but if you know the protocol you can manually craft a request and type it and the telnet client will happily send it for you through the connection. If the program at the other end (the web server) understands the request it will send a response back. Again, the telnet client doesn't understand a bit of the response (it's just data to it) but it happily puts the response on screen. You can use telnet to connect to any port of a (remote or local) computer, as long as there is a server application that is listening on that port. There is a telnet server, it usually listens on port 23 if I remember correctly and when a connection is established to it it launches a pseudo-terminal program that handles a login session on the server (the exact program it launches to handle the session depends on the OS). If the login succeeds, the telnet client then talks with the pseudo-terminal program that passes the keys you type to a remote shell; the output produced by the shell goes back to you through the pseudo-terminal -> TCP connection -> telnet client. The telnet server is deprecated by the SSH protocol that does the same thing (and many others) but everything that goes through the connection is encrypted on each end before sending and decrypted on the other end before being used. This adds privacy and security to the services already provided by the telnet server. The telnet client, however, is still useful because it can be used to test the functionality of servers that use unencrypted text protocols like HTTP, SMTP, POP3, IMAP etc.

Q: Xcode 5-DP5 Crashing when distributing I have been struggling past 4 days trying to Publish an app to App Store. But every single time I go on Xcode Project->Archive-> Distribute/Validate Have downloaded the right profile from iTunes Developer Center. It crashes every time. I have tried removing the itunnesconnect DB file that I read from previous posts but I couldnt find it $ rm ~/Library/Developer/Xcode/connect1.apple.com 4.6.1.db Got $ rm: /Users/{_USER_}/Library/Developer/Xcode/connect1.apple.com: No such file or directory $ rm: 4.6.1.db: No such file or directory Also tried running: mkdir ~/Library/Developer/Xcode/OldPortalDBs; mv ~/Library/Developer/Xcode/connect1.apple.com* ~/Library/Developer/Xcode/OldPortalDB Getting similar error (As the file is indeed nonexistent. However this options were for Xcode 4 Here is the Details to the Crash: http://www.ipaste.org/NCj I am running the following: Mac OS X 10.9 Mavericks XCode 5-DP5 MacBook Air Mid 2013 PhoneGap/Cordova 3.0 Any help would be mostly appreciated, thank you A: Developer center clearly states that you cannot use any Developer Preview version to submit app to the App Store: Xcode 5 Developer Preview cannot be used to submit apps to the iOS or Mac App Store. Continue to use the publicly released version of Xcode to compile and submit apps to the App Stores. Source: Login to iOS dev center, choose iOS SDK Beta tab, see the "Read Me Before Downloading" section.

Morphometry of terminal hepatic veins. 2. Follow up in chronically alcohol-fed baboons. Alcohol induced perivenular fibrosis of terminal hepatic veins (THV) is claimed to be a precursor lesion leading to fibrosis development in man and baboon. The nature and significance of the THV lesions found in four baboons chronically fed with alcohol were studied in liver biopsies obtained during a three year period. The surface of THV wall and the number of mesenchymal cells were assessed with a semi-automatic image analyser. Histologically, THV were characterized as (a) phlebitic, in the presence of an inflammatory cell infiltrate involving the venous wall; (b) oedematous, when the connective tissue of the THV wall was disrupted or dissociated and (c) fibrotic, when perivenular scarring appeared as an increased rim. These lesions were present simultaneously and their intensity and distribution were independent of the duration of alcohol intoxication. Morphometric data obtained from these THV confirmed the thickening of the THV wall (WS/IS in: oedematous 1.05 +/- 0.36; phlebitic 1.65 +/- 1.04; fibrotic 1.47 +/- 0.36); and revealed an increased number of mesenchymal cells in fibrotic (439 microns 2/cell; p less than 0.01) and in phlebitic THV (510 microns 2/cell; p less than 0.05). A constant relationship was found between phlebitis and the presence of inflammatory infiltrate within the hepatic acini. Fibrotic THV was a less frequent finding and the lesion disappeared in the sequential biopsies of one of the baboons. In conclusion, THV lesions were heterogeneous and the collagen deposition in the THV wall was potentially reversible during the three year alcohol intoxication period, regardless the inflammatory reaction and, thus, did not indicate early irreversible hapatic fibrosis.

Koch County Koch County is an administrative division of Northern Liech, South Sudan, covering an area in the center of the state. The administrative center is the town of Koch. Large villages include Dhor Wang, Thorial, Duar, Wath-Thier and Bieh. According to the Sudan Population and Housing Census, 2008, there were 75,000 persons in Koch County. The population is extremely poor, with widespread illiteracy. There are serious security concerns. Between April and November 2010, over 35 people died in the county, many of them civilians, from insurgent attacks. There were suspicions that General Gatluak Gai, who came from Koch County, was the leader of the forces responsible for these attacks. As of January 2011 talks were in progress with different people who claimed to represent Gatluak Gai, but the situation was extremely obscure. On 18 July 2011, Gatluak Gai concluded peace talks with the SPLA. Three days later he was killed. His second in command in the "South Sudan Liberation Army" rebel group, Marko Chuol Ruei, claimed responsibility for the death, saying Gatluak Gai had told his fighters to ignore the peace agreement. References Category:Unity (state)

Q: Postgres change number format in Postgres I use this query: UPDATE managers SET phone_number = replace(phone_number, '\m86', '3706'); unfortunately the field is long and query fails. I need to change all numbers beginning with 86 to start with 3706... I tried many Postgres functions, but it is not obvious do they have the fumction I need. the error is: ERROR: function replace(bigint, unknown, unknown) does not exist LINE 1: UPDATE managers SET phone_number = replace(phone_number, '\m... ^ HINT: No function matches the given name and argument types. You might need to add explicit type casts. table definition: CREATE TABLE public.managers( phone_number bigint, email_report boolean, ) A: As was pointed out in the comments, if you use a regex replace it becomes much easier to articulate what a number is which starts with 86. The pattern for that is just ^86 and the replacement is 3706. Consider the following query: UPDATE managers SET phone_number = REGEXP_REPLACE(phone_number::text, '^86', '3706')::int

Q: Golang Struct Won't Marshal to JSON I'm trying to marshal a struct in Go to JSON but it won't marshal and I can't understand why. My struct definitions type PodsCondensed struct { pods []PodCondensed `json:"pods"` } func (p *PodsCondensed) AddPod(pod PodCondensed) { p.pods = append(p.pods, pod) } type PodCondensed struct { name string `json:"name"` colors []string `json:"colors"` } Creating and marshaling a test struct fake_pods := PodsCondensed{} fake_pod := PodCondensed { name: "tier2", colors: []string{"blue", "green"}, } fake_pods.AddPod(fake_pod) fmt.Println(fake_pods.pods) jPods, _ := json.Marshal(fake_pods) fmt.Println(string(jPods)) Output [{tier2 [blue green]}] {} I'm not sure what the issue is here, I export json data for all my structs, the data is being stored correctly and is available to print. It just wont marshal which is odd because everything contained in the struct can be marshaled to JSON on its own. A: This is a common mistake: you did not export values in the PodsCondensed and PodCondensed structures, so the json package was not able to use it. Use a capital letter in the variable name to do so: type PodsCondensed struct { Pods []PodCondensed `json:"pods"` } type PodCondensed struct { Name string `json:"name"` Colors []string `json:"colors"` } Working example: http://play.golang.org/p/Lg3cTO7DVk Documentation: http://golang.org/pkg/encoding/json/#Marshal

Blériot-SPAD S.71 The Blériot-SPAD S.71 was a French fighter aircraft developed in the early 1920s. Design and development The S.71 was a single-seat fighter plane of all-wood construction with jointed fabric. Specifications References Category:Fighter aircraft Category:Biplanes Category:1920s French fighter aircraft S.71 Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft Category:Aircraft first flown in 1923

Wound care into the new millennium. "There has never been a time in the history of management of wounds when so many have been so well prepared to effect improvement in the quality of care being delivered at reduced costs and with improved outcomes," says Dick Meer, founder and executive director of the Center for Tissue Trauma Research and Education (CTTRE) in Jensen Beach, Fla.

David Aitken David Aitken may refer to: David D. Aitken (1853–1930), U.S. Representative from Michigan David A. Aitken, architect in Malaysia David Aitken (minister) (1796–1875), Scottish minister and church historian

Jason Leverant Jason Leverant is the President and COO of the AtWork Group, a national staffing company in the United States, having started there in 2007. Under his leadership, the company earned more than $300 million in sales during 2017 and was one of the largest staffing firms in the US, with about 100 American franchise locations. In 2016, Leverant was named to the Business Journal’s 40 under 40, and he has also been named to the international Staffing Industry Analysts’ Staffing 100 list, along with their own 40 under 40 list. He has also written for publications such as Smart Business. References Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:American chief executives

Q: Difference between cranio and teschio I am studying the difference between "cranio m" and "teschio m" (the m stands for masculine). Hypothesis number one: "cranio m" refers to set of bones of a person that is alive; "teschio m" is a symbol of skull, "teschio m" can be used to refer to a pirate flag. Hypothesis number two: "cranio m" refers to a skull of a person that is alive or dead, if still has human tissue other than bones. "Teschio m" is used to refer to a skull of a person that has no other human tissue but the bones. Am I right? Thank you. A: A famous passage from Rosmunda by Vittorio Alfieri ROSMUNDA. [...] Nol vegg'io sempre, a quella orribil cena (banchetto a me di morte) ebro d'orgoglio, d'ira, e di sangue, a mensa infame assiso, ir motteggiando? e di vivande e vino carco, nol veggio (ahi fera orrida vista!) bere a sorsi lentissimi nel teschio dell'ucciso mio padre? indi inviarmi d'abborrita bevanda ridondante l'orrida tazza? E negli orecchi sempre quel sanguinoso derisor suo invito a me non suona? Empio ei dicea: «Col padre bevi, Rosmunda». [...] The phrase “Bevi Rosmunda dal teschio di tuo padre” is commonly associated to it, coming from a parody by Achille Campanile of Alfieri's tragedy (see Wikipedia). This should make clear that teschio is not just a symbol. According to the Treccani dictionary the word is used to denote the bones of the head, almost exclusively for dead bodies of human beings or animals. It comes from Latin testulum (pottery vase), like testa (head) comes from testum. The word cranio refers to the anatomic part and can be used both for living and dead bodies.

--- abstract: '[Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} has been of interest for decades, as it is one of only a few naturally forming ferromagnetic semiconductors. Recently, this material has been revisited due to its potential as a 2 dimensional semiconducting ferromagnet and a substrate to induce anomalous quantum Hall states in topological insulators. However, many relevant properties of [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} still remain poorly understood, especially the spin-phonon coupling crucial to spintronic, multiferrioc, thermal conductivity, magnetic proximity and the establishment of long range order on the nanoscale. We explore the interplay between the lattice and magnetism through high resolution micro-Raman scattering measurements over the temperature range from 10 K to 325 K. Strong spin-phonon coupling effects are confirmed from multiple aspects: two low energy modes splits in the ferromagnetic phase, magnetic quasielastic scattering in paramagnetic phase, the phonon energies of three modes show clear upturn below [T$_{C}$]{}, and the phonon linewidths change dramatically below [T$_{C}$]{} as well. Our results provide the first demonstration of spin-phonon coupling in a potential 2 dimensional atomic crystal.' address: - 'Department of Physics, University of Toronto, ON M5S 1A7 Canada' - 'Department of Physics, Boston College 140 Commonwealth Ave Chestnut Hill MA 02467-3804 USA' - 'Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA' - 'Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA' - 'Department of Physics, Boston College 140 Commonwealth Ave Chestnut Hill MA 02467-3804 USA' author: - Yao Tian - 'Mason J. Gray' - Huiwen Ji - 'R. J. Cava' - 'Kenneth S. Burch' title: 'Magneto-Elastic Coupling in a potential ferromagnetic 2D Atomic Crystal' --- \[sec:intro\]Introduction ========================= [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} is a particularly interesting material since it is in the very rare class of ferromagnetic semiconductors and possesses a layered, nearly two dimensional structure due to van Der Waals bonds[@CGT_original; @li2014crxte]. Recently this material has been revisited as a substrate for the growth of the topological insulator [Bi$_{2}$Te$_{3}$]{} to study the anomalous quantum Hall effect[@BT_CGT_quantum_hall]. Furthermore the van Der Waals bonds make it a candidate two dimensional atomic crystal, which is predicted as a platform to study 2D semiconducting ferromagnets and for single layered spintronics devices[@sivadas2015magnetic]. In such devices, spin-phonon coupling can be a key factor in the magnetic and thermal relaxation processes[@golovach2004phonon; @ganzhorn2013strong; @jaworski2011spin], while generating other novel effects such as multiferroticity[@wesselinowa2012origin; @issing2010spin]. Combined with the fact that understanding heat dissipation in nanodevices is crucial, it is important to explore the phonon dynamics and their interplay with the magnetism in [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{}. Indeed, recent studies have shown the thermal conductivity of its cousin compound [Cr$_{2}$Si$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} linearly increases with temperature in the paramagnetic phase, suggesting strong spin-phonon coupling is crucial in these materials[@casto2015strong]. However there are currently no direct probes of the phonon dynamics of [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{}, let alone the spin-phonon coupling. Such studies are crucial for understanding the potential role of magneto-elastic effects that could be central to the magnetic behavior of [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} as a 2D atomic crystal and potential nano magneto-elastic device. Polarized temperature dependent Raman scattering is perfectly suited for such studies as it is well established for measuring the phonon dynamics and the spin-phonon coupling in bulk and 2D atomic crystals[@compatible_Heterostructure_raman; @Raman_Characterization_Graphene; @Raman_graphene; @Pandey2013; @sandilands2010stability; @zhao2011fabrication; @calizo2007temperature; @sahoo2013temperature; @polarized_raman_study_of_BFO; @dresselhaus2010characterizing]. Compared to other techniques, a high resolution Raman microscope can track sub-[cm$^{-1}$]{} changes to uncover subtle underlining physics. A demonstration of Raman studies of [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} can be extremely meaningful for the future study of the exfoliated 2D ferromagnets. ![Crystal structure of [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{}. The unit cell is indicated by the black frame. Cr and Ge dimer are inside the octahedra formed by Te atoms. One third of the octahedra are filled by Ge-Ge dimers while the other is filled by Cr ions forming a distorted honeycomb lattice.[]{data-label="fig:CGT_structure"}](CGT_lattice_structure.eps){width="0.5\columnwidth"} ![(a): Raman spectra of [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} taken in different conditions. All the spectra are taken at 300 K. The Raman spectra of the air-exposed sample shows broader and fewer Raman modes, indicating the formation of oxides. (b): Normalized Raman Spectra of [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} in XX and XY geometry at 270 K, showing the different symmetry of the phonon modes.[]{data-label="633_532_oldsample_raman"}](CGT_532nm_airexposed_cleaved_300k_XX_XY.eps "fig:"){width="\figuresize"}\ In this paper, we demonstrate the ease of exfoliating [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{}, as well as the dangers of doing so in air. Namely we find the Raman spectra of [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} are strongly deteriorated by exposure to air, but [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} exfoliated in a glovebox reveals bulk like spectra. In addition, we find strong evidence for spin-phonon coupling in bulk [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{}, via polarized temperature dependent Raman spectroscopy. The spin-phonon coupling has been confirmed in multiple ways: below [T$_{C}$]{} we observe a split of two phonon modes due to the breaking of time reversal symmetry; a drastic quenching of magnetic quasielastic scattering; an anomalous hardening of an additional three modes; and a dramatic decrease of the phonon lifetimes upon warming into the paramagnetic phase. Our results also suggest the possibility of probing the magneto-elastic coupling using Raman spectroscopy, opening the door for further studies of exfoliated 2D [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{}. \[sec:exp\][Method Section]{} ============================= Single crystal [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} was grown with high purity elements mixed in a molar ratio of 2:6:36; the extra Ge and Te were used as a flux. The materials were heated to 700$^{o}$C for 20 days and then slow cooled to 500$^{o}$C over a period of 1.5 days. Detailed growth procedures can be found elsewhere[@Huiwen_doc]. The Raman spectra on the crystal were taken in a backscattering configuration with a home-built Raman microscope[@RSI_unpublished]. The spectra were recorded with a polarizer in front of the spectrometer. Two Ondax Ultra-narrow-band Notch Filters were used to reject Rayleigh scattering. This also allows us to observe both Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman shifts and provides a way to confirm the absence of local laser heating. A solid-state 532 nm laser was used for the excitation. The temperature variance was achieved by using an automatically controlled closed-cycle cryostation designed and manufactured by Montana Instrument, Inc. The temperature stability was within 5 mK. To maximize the collection efficiency, a 100x N.A. 0.9 Zeiss objective was installed inside the cryostation. A heater and a thermometer were installed on the objective to prevent it from being damaged by the cold and to keep the optical response uniform at all sample temperatures. The laser spot size was 1 micron in diameter and the power was kept fairly low (80 $\mu$W) to avoid laser-induced heating. This was checked at 10 K by monitoring the anti-Stokes signal as the laser power was reduced. Once the anti-Stokes signal disappeared, the power was cut an additional $\approx 50\%$. ![(a): The reflection optical image of the exfoliated [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{}. The texts indicate different position of the prepared samples. (b): AFM topography image of the rectangle region in a. (c): The height distribution of the rectangle region in b. The height difference between the peaks reveals the thickness of the [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} flakes, which are region 1: 30 nm and region 2: 4 nm. (d): Raman spectra of the two exfoliated [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} flakes []{data-label="fig:exfoliated_CGT"}](CGT_exfoliation.eps){width="\textwidth"} \[sec:Results\_and\_discussion\]Results ======================================= Raman studies at room temperature --------------------------------- We first delve into the lattice structure of [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} (shown in Fig. \[fig:CGT\_structure\]). This material contains van der Waals bonded layers, with the magnetic ions (Cr, [T$_{C}$]{}=61 K) forming a distorted honeycomb lattice[@Huiwen_doc]. The Cr atoms are locally surrounded by Te octahedra, and thus the exchange between Cr occurs via the Te atoms. Based on the group theory analysis, the Raman-active modes in [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} are of A$_{g}$, E$_{1g}$ and E$_{2g}$ symmetry, and E$_{1g}$ and E$_{2g}$ are protected by time-reversal symmetry. In the paramagnetic state we expect to see 10 Raman-active modes, because the E$_{1g}$ and E$_{2g}$ mode are not distinguishable by energy (see details in the supplemental materials). Keeping the theoretical analysis in mind, we now turn to the mode symmetry assignment of [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{}. This analysis was complicated by the oxidation of the [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} surface. Indeed, many chalcogenide materials suffer from easy oxidation of the surface, which is particularly problematic for [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} as TeO$_{x}$ contains a strong Raman signal[@Raman_aging_effect]. The role of oxidation and degradation are becoming increasingly important in many potential 2D atomic crystals[@osvath2007graphene], thus a method to rapidly characterize its presence is crucial for future studies. For this purpose, we measured the Raman response at room temperature in freshly cleaved, as well as air-exposed [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} (shown in Fig. \[633\_532\_oldsample\_raman\]a). The air-exposed sample reveals fewer phonon modes which are also quite broad, suggesting the formation of an oxide. A similar phenomena was also observed in similar materials and assigned to the formation of TeO$_{x}$[@Raman_amorphous_crystalline_transition_CGTfamily]. ![Temperature dependent collinear (XX) Raman spectra of [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} measured in the temperature range of 10 K $ - $ 325 K. T$_{c}$ is indicated by the black dash line.[]{data-label="XX_temp"}](Raman_colorplot_newscolor.eps "fig:"){width="\textwidth"}\ ![(a): Temperature dependent collinear (XX) Raman spectra of [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} for the E$_{g}^{1}$ and E$_{g}^{2}$ modes. T$_{c}$ is indicated by the black dash line. (b): Raw spectra of E$_{g}^{1}$ and E$_{g}^{2}$ modes. Four Lorentzians (shown in dash line) were used to account for the splitting.[]{data-label="fig:low_energy_colorplot"}](CGT_lowenergy.eps){width="\columnwidth"} From the Raman spectra of the freshly cleaved [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} sample, we can see that at room temperature there are 7 modes. They center at 78.6 [cm$^{-1}$]{}, 85.3 [cm$^{-1}$]{}, 110.8 [cm$^{-1}$]{}, 136.3 [cm$^{-1}$]{}, 212.9 [cm$^{-1}$]{}, 233.9 [cm$^{-1}$]{} and 293.8 [cm$^{-1}$]{} at 270 K. The other three modes might be too weak or out of our spectral range. To identify the symmetry of these modes, we turn to their polarization dependence (see Fig. \[633\_532\_oldsample\_raman\]b). From the Raman tensor (see the supplemental materials), we know that all modes should be visible in the co-linear (XX) geometry and A$_{g}$ modes should vanish in crossed polarized (XY) geometry. To test these predictions we compare the spectra taken at 270 K in XX and XY configurations. As can be seen from Fig. \[633\_532\_oldsample\_raman\]b, only the two modes located at 136.3 [cm$^{-1}$]{} and 293.8 [cm$^{-1}$]{} vanish in the XY configuration. Therefore, these two modes are of A$_{g}$ symmetry, and the other five modes are of E$_{g}$ symmetry. Before proceeding to the temperature dependent Raman studies, it is useful to confirm the quasi-two-dimensional nature of [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{}. To achieve this, we exfoliated [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} on mica inside an argon filled glovebox to avoid oxidation. The results are shown in Fig. \[fig:exfoliated\_CGT\]. We can see from the optical image (Fig. \[fig:exfoliated\_CGT\]a) that many thin-flake [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} samples can be produced through the mechanical exfoliation method. To verify the thickness, we also performed atomic force microscope (AFM) measurement on two flakes (region 1 and 2). The results are shown in Fig. \[fig:exfoliated\_CGT\]b and \[fig:exfoliated\_CGT\]c. Both flakes are in nano regime and the region 2 is much thinner than region 1, showing the great promise of preparing 2D [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} samples through this method. To be sure that no dramatic structural changes occur during exfoliation, we also took Raman spectra on the flakes, the results of which are shown in Fig. \[fig:exfoliated\_CGT\]d. As can be seen from the plot, the Raman spectra of exfoliated [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} are very similar to the bulk, confirming the absence of structural changes. Besides, the Raman intensity of the [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} nanoflakes increases dramatically as its thickness decreases. This is due to the onset of interference effect and has been observed on many other 2D materials[@sandilands2010stability; @yoon2009interference; @zhao2011fabrication]. Temperature Dependence ---------------------- To search for the effects of magnetism (i.e. magneto-elastic and degeneracy lifting), we measured the Raman spectra well above and below the ferromagnetic transition temperature. The temperature resolution was chosen to be 10 K below 100 K and 20 K above. The full temperature dependence is shown in Fig. \[XX\_temp\], while we focus on the temperature dependence of the lowest energy E$_{g}$ modes in Fig. \[fig:low\_energy\_colorplot\] to search for the lifting of degeneracy due to time reversal symmetry breaking first. Indeed, as the temperature is lowered, additional modes appear in the spectra [near [T$_{C}$]{}]{} in Fig. \[fig:low\_energy\_colorplot\]a. As can be seen more clearly from the Raw spectra in Fig. \[fig:low\_energy\_colorplot\]b, the extra feature near the E$_{g}^{1}$ mode and the extremely broad and flat region of the E$_{g}^{2}$ mode appear below [T$_{C}$]{}. We note that the exact temperature at which this splitting occurs is difficult to determine precisely due to our spectral resolution and the low signal levels of these modes. Nonetheless, the splitting clearly grows as the temperature is lowered and magentic order sets in. At the lowest temperatures we find a 2.9 [cm$^{-1}$]{} splitting for the E$_{g}^{1}$ mode and a 4.5 [cm$^{-1}$]{} splitting for the E$_{g}^{2}$ mode. This confirms our prediction that the lifting of time reversal symmetry leads to splitting of the phonon modes, and suggests significant spin-phonon coupling. Indeed, a similar effect has been observed in numerous three dimensional materials such as MnO[@PhysRevB.77.024421], ZnCr$_{2}$X$_{4}$ (X = O, S, Se)[@yamashita2000spin; @rudolf2007spin], and CeCl$_{3}$. In CeCl$_{3}$ the E$_{g}$ symmetry in its point group C$_{4v}$ is also degenerate by time reversal symmetry. For CeCl$_{3}$ it was found that increasing the magnetic field led to a splitting of two E$_{g}$ modes and a hardening of a second set of E$_{g}$ modes[@schaack1977magnetic]. The phonon splitting and energy shifts (discussed in the later section) match well with our observation in [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{}. ![Temperature dependence of phonon frequency shifts. The phonons frequency shifts are shown in blue. The red curves indicate the fit results using the anharmonic model mentioned in the texts. T$_{c}$ is indicated by the dash vertical lines.[]{data-label="CGT_phonon_fits"}](phononpos_stack.eps){width="0.5\columnwidth"} Further evidence of spin-phonon coupling as the origin of the splitting comes for the energy of the modes. The ferromagnetism of [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} originates from the Cr-Te-Cr super-exchange interaction where the Cr octahedra are edge-sharing and the Cr-Te-Cr angle is $91.6^{o}$[@CGT_original]. The energy of these two modes are very close to the Te-displacement mode in [Cr$_{2}$Si$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{}. Thus, it is very likely the E$_{g}^{1}$ and E$_{g}^{2}$ modes involve atomic motions of the Te atoms whose bond strength can be very susceptible to the spin ordering, since the Te atoms mediate the super-exchange between the two Cr atoms. Before continuing let us consider some alternative explanations for the splitting. For example, structural transitions can also result from magnetic order, however previous X-ray diffraction studies in both the paramagnetic (270 K) and ferromagnetic phases (5 K) found no significant differences in the structure[@CGT_original]. Alternatively, the dynamic Jahn-Teller effect can cause phonon splitting[@klupp2012dynamic], but the Cr$^{3+}$ ion is Jahn-Teller inactive in [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{}, thus eliminating this possibility as well. One-magnon scattering is also highly unlikely since the Raman tensor of one-magnon scattering is antisymmetric which means the scattering only shows in crossed polarized geometry (XY, XZ and YZ). However, we observed this splitting under XX configuration[@fleury1968scattering]. ![Temperature dependence of phonon linewidths (green). The red curves indicate the fit results using equation \[eqn:Klemens\_model\_width\] above [T$_{C}$]{}. The mode located at 110.8 (136.3) [cm$^{-1}$]{} is shown on left (right). T$_{c}$ is indicated by the vertical dash lines.[]{data-label="fig:phononlinewidth"}](phononwidth_stack.eps){width="0.5\columnwidth"} Other than the phonon splitting, we also note a dramatic change in the background Raman scattering at [T$_{C}$]{} in Fig. \[fig:low\_energy\_colorplot\]a. We believe this is due to magnetic quasielastic scattering. In a low dimensional magnetic material with spin-phonon coupling, the coupling will induce magnetic energy fluctuation and allow the fluctuations to become observable as a peak centered at 0 [cm$^{-1}$]{} in Raman spectra[@reiter1976light; @kaplan2006physics]. Typically the peak is difficult to be observed not just due to weak spin-phonon coupling, but since the area under the peak is determined by the magnetic specific heat $C_{m}$ and the width by $D_{t}=C_{m}/\kappa$ where $D_{t}$ is the spin diffusion coefficient, and $\kappa$ is the thermal conductivity. However in low dimensional materials the fluctuations are typically enhanced, increasing the specific heat and lowering the thermal conductivity, making these fluctuations easier to observe in Raman spectra. This effect has been also observed in many other low dimensional magnetic materials evidenced by the quenching of the scattering amplitude as the temperature drops below [T$_{C}$]{}[@choi2004coexistence; @lemmens2003magnetic]. To further investigate the spin-phonon coupling, we turn our attention to the temperature dependence of the mode frequencies and linewidths. Our focus is on the higher energy modes (E$_{g}^{3}$-A$_{g}^{2}$) as they are easily resolved. To gain more quantitative insights into these modes, we fit the Raman spectra with the Voigt function: $$\label{voigt_function} V(x,\sigma,\Omega,\Gamma)=\int^{+\infty}_{-\infty}G(x',\sigma)L(x-x',\Omega,\Gamma)dx'$$ which is a convolution of a Gaussian and a Lorentzian[@olivero1977empirical]. Here the Gaussian is employed to account for the instrumental resolution and the width $\sigma$ (1.8[cm$^{-1}$]{}) is determined by the central Rayleigh peak. The Lorentzian represents a phonon mode. In Fig. \[CGT\_phonon\_fits\], we show the temperature dependence of the extracted phonon energies. All phonon modes soften as the material is heated up. This result is not surprising since the anharmonic phonon-phonon interaction is enhanced at high temperatures and typically leads to a softening of the mode[@PhysRevB.29.2051]. However, for the E$_{g}^{3}$, E$_{g}^{4}$ and A$_{g}^{1}$ modes, their phonon energies change dramatically as the temperature approaches [T$_{C}$]{}. In fact the temperature dependence is much stronger than we would expect from standard anharmonic interactions. Especially for the E$_{g}^{4}$ mode, a 2 [cm$^{-1}$]{} downturn occurs from 10 K to 60 K. This sudden drop of phonon energy upon warming to [T$_{C}$]{} is a further evidence for the spin-phonon coupling in [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{}. Other mechanisms which can induce the shift of phonon energies are of very small probability in this case. For example, an electronic mechanism for the strong phonon energy renormalization is unlikely due to the large electronic gap in [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} (0.202 eV)[@Huiwen_doc]. The lattice expansion that explains the anomalous phonon shifts in some magnetic materials[@kim1996frequency] is also an unlikely cause. Specifically, the in-plane lattice constant of [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} grows due to the onset of magnetic order[@CGT_original], which should lead to a softening of the modes. However we observe a strong additional hardening of the modes below [T$_{C}$]{}. The spin-phonon coupling is also confirmed by the temperature dependence of the phonon linewidths, which are not directly affected by the lattice constants[@PhysRevB.29.2051]. In Fig. \[fig:phononlinewidth\], we show the temperature dependent phonon linewidths of the E$_{g}^{3}$, and A$_{g}^{1}$ modes due to their larger signal level. We can see the phonon lifetimes are enhanced as the temperature drops below [T$_{C}$]{}, as the phase space for phonons to scatter into magnetic excitations is dramatically reduced[@ulrich2015spin]. This further confirms the spin-phonon coupling. To further uncover the spin-phonon interaction, we first remove the effect of the standard anharmonic contributions to the phonon temperature dependence. In a standard anharmonic picture, the temperature dependence of a phonon energy and linewidth is described by: $$\begin{aligned} \omega(T)=&\omega_{0}+C(1+2n_{B}(\omega_{0}/2))+ D(1+3n_{B}(\omega_{0}/3)+3n_{B}(\omega_{0}/3)^{2})\\ \Gamma(T)=&\Gamma_{0}+A(1+2n_{B}(\omega_{0}/2))+ B(1+3n_{B}(\omega_{0}/3)+3n_{B}(\omega_{0}/3)^{2})\label{eqn:Klemens_model_width}\end{aligned}$$ where $\omega_{0}$ is the harmonic phonon energy, $\Gamma_{0}$ is the disorder induced phonon broadening, $n_{B}$ is the Bose-factor, and $C$ ($A$) and $B$ ($D$) are constants determined by the cubic and quartic anharmonicity respectively. The second term in both equations results from an optical phonon decaying into two phonons with opposite momenta and a half of the energy of the original mode. The third term describes the optical phonon decaying into three phonons with a third of the energy of the optical phonon[@PhysRevB.28.1928]. The results of fitting the phonon energy and linewidths are shown in red in Fig. \[CGT\_phonon\_fits\] and \[fig:phononlinewidth\] with the resulting parameters listed in in table \[table:Anharmonic\_fit\_data\]. We can see that the temperature dependent frequencies of the two highest energy modes E$_{g}^{5}$, A$_{g}^{2}$ follow the anharmonic prediction very well throughout the entire range. However, for the other three modes, there is a clear deviation from the anharmonic prediction below [T$_{C}$]{} confirming the existence of spin-phonon coupling. Moreover, we notice that for the E$_{g}^{3}$, A$_{g}^{1}$ and E$_{g}^{4}$ modes, the phonon energies start to deviate from the anharmonic prediction even above [T$_{C}$]{} (circled in Fig. \[CGT\_phonon\_fits\]). This is probably due to the short-ranged two-dimensional magnetic correlations that persist to temperatures above [T$_{C}$]{}. Indeed finite magnetic moments[@Huiwen_doc] and magneto-striction[@CGT_original] were observed in [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} above [T$_{C}$]{}. Mode $\omega_{0}$ Error C Error D Error A Error B Error ------------- -------------- ------- ------- ------- -------- ------- ------ ------- ------- ------- E$_{g}^{3}$ 113.0 0.1 -0.09 0.03 -0.013 0.002 0.10 0.03 0.003 0.002 A$_{g}^{1}$ 138.7 0.1 -0.12 0.04 -0.024 0.003 0.13 0.03 0.003 0.003 E$_{g}^{4}$ 220.9 0.4 -1.9 0.1 -0.02 0.01 – – – – E$_{g}^{5}$ 236.7 0.1 -0.01 0.07 -0.12 0.01 – – – – A$_{g}^{2}$ 298.1 0.3 -0.4 0.3 -0.20 0.04 – – – – : Anharmonic interaction parameters. The unit is in [cm$^{-1}$]{}.[]{data-label="table:Anharmonic_fit_data"} Discussion ========== The spin-phonon coupling in 3d-electron systems usually results from the modulation of the electron hopping amplitude by ionic motion, leading to a change in the exchange integral $J$. In the unit cell of [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} there are two in-equivalent magnetic ions (Cr atoms), therefore the spin-phonon coupling Hamiltonian to the lowest order can be written as[@woods2001magnon; @PhysRev.127.432], $${H_{int} = \sum\limits_{i,\delta}\frac{\partial J}{\partial u}(\mathbf{S}_{i}^{a}{}\cdot\mathbf{S}_{i+\delta}^{b})u\label{equ:hamitionian_sp} }$$ where $\mathbf{S}$ is a spin operator, $u$ stands for the ionic displacement of atoms on the exchange path, the index ($i$) runs through the lattice, $\delta$ is the index of its adjacent sites, and the subscripts $a$ and $b$ indicate the in-equivalent Cr atoms in the unit cell. The strength of the coupling to a specific mode depends on how the atomic motion associated with that mode, modulates the exchange coupling. This in turn results from the detailed hybridization and/or overlap of orbitals on different lattice sites. Thus, some phonon modes do not show the coupling effect regardless of their symmetry. To extract the spin-phonon coupling coefficients, we use a simplified version of equation \[equ:hamitionian\_sp\][@fennie2006magnetically; @lockwood1988spin], $$\omega\approx\omega_{0}^{ph}+\lambda{}<\mathbf{S}_{i}^{a}{}\cdot\mathbf{S}_{i+\delta}^{b}>\label{spin_phonon_coupling_equation}$$ where $\omega$ is the frequency of the phonon mode, $\omega_{0}^{ph}$ is the phonon energy free of the spin-phonon interaction, $<\mathbf{S}_{i}^{a}\cdot\mathbf{S}_{i+\delta}^{b}>$ denotes a statistical average for adjacent spins, and $\lambda$ represents the strength of the spin-phonon interaction which is proportional to $\frac{\partial{}J}{\partial{}u}u$. The saturated magnetization value of [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} reaches 3$\mu$B per Cr atom at 10 K, consistent with the expectation for a high spin configuration state of Cr$^{3+}$[@Huiwen_doc]. Therefore, $<\mathbf{S}_{i}^{a}{}\cdot\mathbf{S}_{i+\delta}^{b}> \approx 9/4$ for Cr$^{3+}$ at 10 K and the spin-phonon coupling constants can be estimated using equation \[spin\_phonon\_coupling\_equation\]. The calculated results are given in table \[spin\_phonon\_table\]. Compared to the geometrically ([CdCr$_{2}$O$_{4}$]{}, [ZnCr$_{2}$O$_{4}$]{}) or bond frustrated ([ZnCr$_{2}$S$_{4}$]{}) chromium spinels the coupling constants are smaller in [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{}[@rudolf2007spin]. This is probably not surprising, because in the spin frustrated materials, the spin-phonon couplings are typically very strong[@rudolf2007spin]. On the other hand, in comparison with the cousin compound [Cr$_{2}$Si$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} where the coupling constants were obtained for the phonon modes at 90.5 [cm$^{-1}$]{} ($\lambda$=0.1) and 369.3 [cm$^{-1}$]{} ($\lambda$=-0.2)[@casto2015strong], the coupling constants in [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} is larger. ----------------------- ---------- ------------------- ----------- -- -- Mode $\omega$ $\omega_{0}^{ph}$ $\lambda$ \[0.5ex\] E$_{g}^{3}$ 113.4 112.9 0.24 A$_{g}^{1}$ 139.3 138.5 0.32 E$_{g}^{4}$ 221.7 219.0 1.2 ----------------------- ---------- ------------------- ----------- -- -- : Spin-phonon interaction parameters at 10 K. The unit is in [cm$^{-1}$]{}. \[spin\_phonon\_table\] \[sec:exp\]Conclusion ===================== In summary, we have demonstrated spin-phonon coupling in a potential 2D atomic crystal for the first time. In particular we studied the polarized temperature dependent Raman spectra of [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{}. The two lowest energy modes of E$_{g}$ symmetry split below [T$_{C}$]{}, which is ascribed to the time reversal symmetry breaking by the spin ordering. The temperature dependence of the five modes at higher energies were studied in detail revealing additional evidence for spin-phonon coupling. Among the five modes, three modes show significant renormalization of the phonon lifetime and frequency due to the onset of magnetic order. Interestingly, this effect appears to emerge above [T$_{C}$]{}, consistent with other evidence for the onset of magnetic correlations at higher temperatures. Besides, magnetic quasielastic scattering was also observed in [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{}, which is consistent with the spin-phonon coupling effect. Our results also show the possibility to study magnetism in exfoliated 2D ferromagnetic [Cr$_{2}$Ge$_{2}$Te$_{6}$]{} from the perspective of the phonon modes and magnetic quasielastic scattering using micro-Raman scattering. Acknowledgements ================ We are grateful for numerous discussions with Y. J. Kim and H. Y. Kee at University of Toronto. Work at University of Toronto was supported by NSERC, CFI, and ORF and K.S.B. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation (Grant No. DMR-1410846). The crystal growth at Princeton University was supported by the NSF MRSEC Program, grant number NSF-DMR-1005438. 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Often touted as the holy-grail of gaming, three dimensional (3D) gaming has not yet reached the commercial success desired by many game developers and suppliers. There are several problems associated with 3D gaming. 3D displays for the home market are not readily available. Typical displays are single-purpose, in that a display is configured either for two-dimensional (2D) rendering or 3D rendering, but not both. Displays configured to render in both 2D and 3D are typically prohibitively expensive. Further, very little 3D game content exists. Content producers typically do not want to invest in a new technology until the technology is proven and consumers typically do not want to invest in the technology if there is limited content available. Additionally, true 3D content requires multiple cameras to film objects from different viewpoints.

# /* ************************************************************************** # * * # * (C) Copyright Edward Diener 2014. * # * Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See * # * accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at * # * http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) * # * * # ************************************************************************** */ # # /* See http://www.boost.org for most recent version. */ # # ifndef BOOST_PREPROCESSOR_ARRAY_DETAIL_GET_DATA_HPP # define BOOST_PREPROCESSOR_ARRAY_DETAIL_GET_DATA_HPP # # include <boost/preprocessor/config/config.hpp> # include <boost/preprocessor/tuple/rem.hpp> # include <boost/preprocessor/control/if.hpp> # include <boost/preprocessor/control/iif.hpp> # include <boost/preprocessor/facilities/is_1.hpp> # # /* BOOST_PP_ARRAY_DETAIL_GET_DATA */ # # define BOOST_PP_ARRAY_DETAIL_GET_DATA_NONE(size, data) # if BOOST_PP_VARIADICS && !(BOOST_PP_VARIADICS_MSVC && _MSC_VER <= 1400) # if BOOST_PP_VARIADICS_MSVC # define BOOST_PP_ARRAY_DETAIL_GET_DATA_ANY_VC_DEFAULT(size, data) BOOST_PP_TUPLE_REM(size) data # define BOOST_PP_ARRAY_DETAIL_GET_DATA_ANY_VC_CAT(size, data) BOOST_PP_TUPLE_REM_CAT(size) data # define BOOST_PP_ARRAY_DETAIL_GET_DATA_ANY(size, data) \ BOOST_PP_IIF \ ( \ BOOST_PP_IS_1(size), \ BOOST_PP_ARRAY_DETAIL_GET_DATA_ANY_VC_CAT, \ BOOST_PP_ARRAY_DETAIL_GET_DATA_ANY_VC_DEFAULT \ ) \ (size,data) \ /**/ # else # define BOOST_PP_ARRAY_DETAIL_GET_DATA_ANY(size, data) BOOST_PP_TUPLE_REM(size) data # endif # else # define BOOST_PP_ARRAY_DETAIL_GET_DATA_ANY(size, data) BOOST_PP_TUPLE_REM(size) data # endif # define BOOST_PP_ARRAY_DETAIL_GET_DATA(size, data) \ BOOST_PP_IF \ ( \ size, \ BOOST_PP_ARRAY_DETAIL_GET_DATA_ANY, \ BOOST_PP_ARRAY_DETAIL_GET_DATA_NONE \ ) \ (size,data) \ /**/ # # endif /* BOOST_PREPROCESSOR_ARRAY_DETAIL_GET_DATA_HPP */

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // Copyright (c) 2007-2016 Hartmut Kaiser // Copyright (c) 2008-2009 Chirag Dekate, Anshul Tandon // Copyright (c) 2012-2013 Thomas Heller // // SPDX-License-Identifier: BSL-1.0 // Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying // file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// #pragma once #include <hpx/config.hpp> #include <hpx/assert.hpp> #include <hpx/modules/errors.hpp> #include <hpx/topology/cpu_mask.hpp> #include <boost/variant.hpp> #include <cstddef> #include <cstdint> #include <limits> #include <string> #include <utility> #include <vector> namespace hpx { namespace threads { namespace detail { typedef std::vector<std::int64_t> bounds_type; enum distribution_type { compact = 0x01, scatter = 0x02, balanced = 0x04, numa_balanced = 0x08 }; struct spec_type { enum type { unknown, thread, socket, numanode, core, pu }; HPX_CORE_EXPORT static char const* type_name(type t); static std::int64_t all_entities() { return (std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::min)(); } spec_type(type t = unknown, std::int64_t min = all_entities(), std::int64_t max = all_entities()) : type_(t) , index_bounds_() { if (t != unknown) { if (max == 0 || max == all_entities()) { // one or all entities index_bounds_.push_back(min); } else if (min != all_entities()) { // all entities between min and -max, or just min,max HPX_ASSERT(min >= 0); index_bounds_.push_back(min); index_bounds_.push_back(max); } } } bool operator==(spec_type const& rhs) const { if (type_ != rhs.type_ || index_bounds_.size() != rhs.index_bounds_.size()) return false; for (std::size_t i = 0; i < index_bounds_.size(); ++i) { if (index_bounds_[i] != rhs.index_bounds_[i]) return false; } return true; } type type_; bounds_type index_bounds_; }; typedef std::vector<spec_type> mapping_type; typedef std::pair<spec_type, mapping_type> full_mapping_type; typedef std::vector<full_mapping_type> mappings_spec_type; typedef boost::variant<distribution_type, mappings_spec_type> mappings_type; HPX_CORE_EXPORT bounds_type extract_bounds( spec_type const& m, std::size_t default_last, error_code& ec); HPX_CORE_EXPORT void parse_mappings(std::string const& spec, mappings_type& mappings, error_code& ec = throws); } // namespace detail HPX_CORE_EXPORT void parse_affinity_options(std::string const& spec, std::vector<mask_type>& affinities, std::size_t used_cores, std::size_t max_cores, std::size_t num_threads, std::vector<std::size_t>& num_pus, bool use_process_mask, error_code& ec = throws); // backwards compatibility helper inline void parse_affinity_options(std::string const& spec, std::vector<mask_type>& affinities, error_code& ec = throws) { std::vector<std::size_t> num_pus; parse_affinity_options( spec, affinities, 1, 1, affinities.size(), num_pus, false, ec); } }} // namespace hpx::threads

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Introduction {#tca13044-sec-0001} ============ Nivolumab, a PD‐1 antibody, is an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) that has been proven to be active in patients with several different tumor types. Nivolumab has been shown to have an overall response rate (ORR) of approximately 20% in patients with previously treated non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).[1](#tca13044-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"}, [2](#tca13044-bib-0002){ref-type="ref"} However, nivolumab is not effective in more than 40% of NSCLC patients who experience disease progression, despite nivolumab treatment. To improve the efficacy of this promising immunotherapy, additional modalities such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy (RT), or other ICIs may also be administered to patients in whom ICIs have not been completely effective. Interestingly, RT stimulates a systemic immune response and causes the release of tumor‐related antigens.[3](#tca13044-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"} Recent preclinical studies have demonstrated a synergistic tumor response with RT and the blockade of PD‐1.[4](#tca13044-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}, [5](#tca13044-bib-0005){ref-type="ref"}, [6](#tca13044-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"} It is possible that tumor‐specific immunity is induced by radiation. Although RT plays an important role in the local control and elimination of tumors, it also contributes to the induction of antitumor immune responses, and the immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory effects of RT.[6](#tca13044-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"} Radiation‐induced cell death causes a release of danger signals such as HMGB1, ATP, and HSP70, and the dendritic cells can stimulate activated CD8 T cells and tumor‐specific T cells.[6](#tca13044-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"} In addition to immune activation, RT induces transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), an immunosuppressive cytokine. To reduce the immunosuppressive functions, a combination of RT and TGF‐β inhibitors has been identified as a valuable option in preclinical settings.[6](#tca13044-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"} A recent experimental study demonstrated that fractionated RT increases PD‐L1 surface expression on tumor cells, suggesting a key rationale for the combination of RT with ICIs.[7](#tca13044-bib-0007){ref-type="ref"} Of the 98 patients registered in the KEYNOTE‐001 phase I trial, Shaverdian *et al.* reported that the duration of progression‐free survival (PFS) with pembrolizumab was significantly longer in patients previously administered RT than in those not treated with RT.[8](#tca13044-bib-0008){ref-type="ref"} Fiorica *et al.* also reported that nivolumab treatment after hypofractionated RT improved the outcome in 35 patients with pretreated or metastatic NSCLC.[9](#tca13044-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"} These results suggest that previous RT clinically improves tumor response and immune reaction to ICIs, such as nivolumab or pembrolizumab. However, the synergistic effect of ICIs and previous RT was not fully elucidated in these studies. As the former study was a phase I trial, pembrolizumab was administered at different doses and treatment deliveries.[8](#tca13044-bib-0008){ref-type="ref"} The latter study was limited by a small sample of only 35 patients.[9](#tca13044-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"} Analysis of these studies shows that immunotherapy after previous RT prolongs survival;[8](#tca13044-bib-0008){ref-type="ref"}, [9](#tca13044-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"} however, neither the ORRs of ICIs after previous RT nor the populations that might benefit from ICI treatment were included. Little detailed clinical data of the effect of ICI administration after previous RT has been reported; therefore, we attempted to elucidate the potential synergistic antitumor effect of nivolumab after RT in patients with previously treated NSCLC. Methods {#tca13044-sec-0002} ======= Patient eligibility and data collection {#tca13044-sec-0003} --------------------------------------- The eligibility criteria for our retrospective analysis were: histologically or cytologically proven advanced NSCLC with stage III or IV disease or recurrence after surgical resection; age \> 20 years; patients with disease progression after at least one prior cytotoxic chemotherapy treated with nivolumab; *EGFR* mutation‐positive patients administered EGFR‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors prior to any cytotoxic chemotherapy; and patients with available ORR data of nivolumab according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1. Patients were excluded if they had: a concomitant serious illness, such as myocardial infarction in the previous three months; uncontrolled angina pectoris, heart failure, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, uncontrolled hypertension, interstitial pneumonia, or lung disease; an infection or other disease contraindicating chemotherapy; or were pregnant or breastfeeding. This study was approved by the institutional ethics committee of the Saitama Medical University International Medical Center. Treatment and efficacy evaluation {#tca13044-sec-0004} --------------------------------- Nivolumab was intravenously administered at 3 mg/kg every two weeks. A complete blood cell count, differential count, routine chemistry measurements, physical examination, and toxicity assessment were performed on a weekly basis. Acute toxicity was graded according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4.0. The tumor response was evaluated according to RECIST version 1.1.[10](#tca13044-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"} Statistical analysis {#tca13044-sec-0005} -------------------- *P* \< 0.05 indicated statistical significance. Fisher\'s exact tests were conducted to examine the association between the categorical variables. The Kaplan--Meier method was used to estimate survival as a function of time, and survival differences were analyzed by log‐rank tests. PFS was defined as the time from the initiation of nivolumab therapy to tumor recurrence or death from any cause, while overall survival (OS) was defined as the time from the initiation of nivolumab therapy to death from any cause. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 4 and JMP 8.0. Results {#tca13044-sec-0006} ======= Patient demographics {#tca13044-sec-0007} -------------------- From February 2016 to December 2017, 152 patients with pretreated NSCLC were administered nivolumab. Twenty‐eight patients were excluded because of inadequate medical information or the absence of an evaluable target lesion. Thus, a total of 124 patients (*n* ~males~ = 93, *n* ~females~ = 31; median age: 69 years; range: 31--85 years) were eligible for analysis. Patient characteristics are listed in Table [1](#tca13044-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"}. A total of 99 patients had a smoking history. Clinical staging indicated that 27 patients had stage III disease, 77 had stage IV disease, and 20 patients developed recurrence after surgical resection. The patients were divided into RT and non‐RT groups. ###### Comparison of demographics in patients treated with or without RT before nivolumab ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Variables All patients\ Patients administered any RT before Nivo (*n* = 66) Patients not administered RT before Nivo (*n* = 58) *P* (*n* = 124) ---------------------------------------------------------- --------------- ----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- ---------- Age ≦ 69/\> 69 65/59 36/30 29/29 0.71 Gender Male/female 93/31 51/15 42/16 0.54 Smoking Yes/no 99/25 52/14 47/11 0.82 ECOG PS 0/1--3 59/65 31/35 18/40 0.09 Stage III/IV 27/97 20/46 7/51 0.71 T factor T1--2/T3--4 68/56 35/31 33/25 0.58 N factor N0/N1‐3 20/104 12/54 8/50 0.62 Histology Adeno/non‐adeno 65/59 31/35 34/24 0.21 *EGFR* mutation status Mutant/wild 14/104 10/51 4/53 0.15 Nivo response CR or PR/SD or PD 35/89 24/44 11/47 **0.04** White blood cells[†](#tca13044-note-0002){ref-type="fn"} High/low 65 / 59 32/34 33/25 0.37 Neutrophils^1^ High/low 64 / 60 33/33 31/27 0.72 Lymphocytes^1^ High/low 62 / 62 26/40 36/22 **0.01** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bold values indicates statistically significance. Laboratory findings before nivolumab administration. IV, stage IV including recurrence after surgical resection; adeno, adenocarcinoma; CR, complete response; ECOG PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; Nivo, nivolumab; non‐adeno, non‐adenocarcinoma; PD, progressive disease; PR, partial response; RT, radiotherapy; SD, stable disease; WBC, white blood cell. The percentages of patients with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance score (PS) of 0--1 in the RT and non‐RT groups were 75% (50/66) and 82% (48/58), respectively, without significant difference. There were 65 patients with adenocarcinoma (AC), 38 with squamous cell carcinoma (SQC), and 21 with other histologies. *EGFR* mutation analysis was performed: 104 patients had wild‐type *EGFR*, 14 harbored mutant *EGFR*, and 6 patients had unknown *EGFR* status. Table [1](#tca13044-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"} shows a comparison of the groups prior to nivolumab administration. The patient demographics in both groups were well balanced, except for the lymphocyte count. Sixty‐six patients were administered any RT prior to nivolumab treatment. Of these 66 patients, 24 were treated with concurrent platinum‐based chemoradiotherapy (50--60 Gy), 16 with palliative thoracic RT (30--40 Gy), 14 with palliative bone RT (8--30 Gy), and 11 with cranial RT (30--50 Gy). In terms of systemic chemotherapy prior to nivolumab treatment, 118 patients were treated with platinum‐based regimens and 6 with non‐platinum regimens. In the 66 patients administered any previous RT, 52 were treated with extracranial RT and 40 with thoracic RT. Patients were subdivided into three groups for further analysis: any previous RT (n = 66), extracranial RT (*n* = 52), and thoracic RT (*n* = 40). Palliative RT after nivolumab administration was administered to 25 of 66 patients (37.8%) who had undergone any previous RT (2 in thoracic sites, 13 in bone sites, 2 in lymph node metastases, and 8 in brain metastases) and 23 (of 58 patients 36.6%) without previous RT (4 in thoracic sites, 11 in bone sites, 2 in lymph node metastases and 6 in brain metastases), without statistical significance (37.8% vs. 36.6%; *P* = 0.85). Treatment delivery and response rate {#tca13044-sec-0008} ------------------------------------ The median number of nivolumab cycles was 4 (range: 1--43). The ORR and disease control rate (DCR) of nivolumab were 28.0% (95% confidence interval \[CI\] 20.1--35.9%) and 58.4% (95% CI 49.8--67.0%), respectively. Furthermore, analysis of all patients according to the number of lymphocytes showed an ORR of nivolumab treatment of 32% (20/62) in patients with low lymphocytes and 27% (17/62) in patients with high lymphocytes (*P* = 0.69). The median duration of follow‐up after RT in the 66 patients administered any RT prior to nivolumab treatment was 314 days (range: 12--3768). We used this median value of 314 days as a cutoff, and found that the ORR and DCR in 35 patients with a follow‐up of \< 314 days were 42% and 71%, and those in 31 patients with a follow‐up of \> 314 days were 29% and 64%, respectively, demonstrating no significant difference between the two groups. The ORR (36.4%, 95% CI 24.8--48.0%) in patients treated with previous RT was significantly higher than in patients without previous RT (19%, 95% CI 8.9--29.1%). The ORRs and DCRs of nivolumab in patients with or without previous RT are listed in Table [2](#tca13044-tbl-0002){ref-type="table"}. There was no statistically significant difference in the ORRs and DCRs among patients administered previous RT, extracranial RT, or thoracic RT. In the analysis according to histology, a statistically significant difference in the DCR, but not the ORR, was observed between AC and non‐AC histologies among patients with any previous RT, extracranial RT, and thoracic RT. No statistically significant differences in the ORRs and DCRs were observed between patients with stage III and IV. However, the ORR of patients with non‐AC histology and wild‐type *EGFR* seemed to be higher than in patients with AC histology, but the difference was not statistically significant. Among patients with SQC histology, the ORRs and DCRs were 43.4% and 78.2% in patients administered any previous RT (*n* = 23), 52.6% and 84.2% in patients administered extracranial RT (*n* = 19), and 52.6% and 89.4% in patients administered thoracic RT (*n* = 19), respectively. ###### Response of nivolumab in patients treated with or without previous RT Variables CR PR SD PD ORR (%) DCR (%) ----------------------------- ---- ---- ---- ---- --------- --------- Any previous RT (*n* = 66) 1 23 21 21 36.4% 68.2% Adeno (*n* = 31) 1 8 7 15 29.0% 51.6% Non‐adeno (*n* = 35) 0 15 14 6 42.8% 80.0% *EGFR* wild type (*n* = 51) 1 22 16 12 45.1% 76.4% *EGFR* mutant (*n* = 10) 0 1 1 8 10.0% 20.0% Stage III (*n* = 20) 0 8 6 6 40.0% 70.0% Stage IV (*n* = 37) 0 12 11 14 32.4% 62.2% Extracranial RT (*n* = 52) 1 19 17 15 38.4% 71.2% Adeno (*n* = 21) 1 4 5 11 23.8% 47.6% Non‐adeno (*n* = 31) 0 15 12 4 48.3% 87.1% *EGFR* wild type (*n* = 44) 1 19 12 12 45.5% 72.7% *EGFR* mutant (*n* = 4) 0 0 1 3 0.0% 25.0% Stage III (*n* = 19) 0 8 5 6 42.1% 68.4% Stage IV (*n* = 24) 0 8 8 8 33.3% 66.7% Thoracic RT (*n* = 40) 0 17 14 9 42.5% 77.5% Adeno (*n* = 11) 0 3 2 6 27.2% 45.5% Non‐adeno (*n* = 29) 0 14 12 3 48.3% 86.9% *EGFR* wild type (*n* = 35) 0 17 10 8 48.6% 77.1% *EGFR* mutant (*n* = 1) 0 0 0 1 0.0% 0.0% Stage III (*n* = 19) 0 8 6 5 42.1% 73.7% Stage IV (n *n* = 14) 0 6 5 3 42.8% 78.6% No previous RT (*n* = 58) 0 11 17 30 18.9% 46.5% Adeno (*n* = 34) 0 6 10 18 17.6% 47.1% Non‐adeno (*n* = 24) 0 5 7 12 20.8% 50.0% *EGFR* wild type (*n* = 53) 0 11 14 28 20.7% 47.2% *EGFR* mutant (*n* = 4) 0 0 2 2 0.0% 50.0% Stage III (*n* = 7) 0 0 2 5 0.0% 28.6% Stage IV (*n* = 40) 0 6 12 22 15.0% 45.0% Adeno, adenocarcinoma; CR, complete response; DCR, disease control rate; non‐adeno, non‐adenocarcinoma; ORR, overall response rate; PD, progressive disease; PR, partial response; RT, radiotherapy; SD, stable disease. Survival analysis and toxicity {#tca13044-sec-0009} ------------------------------ The median PFS and OS rates after nivolumab administration in all patients were 132 and 561 days, respectively. Of the 124 patients, 64 died and 101 experienced recurrence after initial nivolumab treatment. The median PFS of patients administered any previous RT (*n* = 66), extracranial RT (*n* = 52), thoracic RT (*n* = 40), and no previous RT (n = 58) were 204, 206, 233, and 79 days, respectively, and the median survival times were 562 days, not reached (NR), NR, and 524 days, respectively (Fig [S1](#tca13044-supitem-0001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed in all patients (Table [3](#tca13044-tbl-0003){ref-type="table"}). In univariate analysis, gender, smoking, histology, any previous RT, extracranial RT, and thoracic RT were identified as significant prognostic markers for PFS, while PS and neutrophil count were significant predictors for OS. In multivariate analysis, we included variables with *P* \< 0.05 in univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis confirmed that any previous RT and smoking were independent prognostic factors for poor PFS, whereas PS was the only significant prognostic marker for OS (Table [3](#tca13044-tbl-0003){ref-type="table"}). Figure [1](#tca13044-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"} shows the Kaplan--Meier survival curves according to any previous RT, extracranial RT, and thoracic RT. ###### Univariate and multivariate survival analyses Number of patients PFS OS ------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------- --------------------------- ----------------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------------------- Age ≦ 69/\> 69 65/59 103/140 days (0.49) ‐ 709/524 days (0.68) Gender Male/female 93/31 184/68 days (**0.01**) 1.03(0.73--1.41) (**0.85**) 709/445 days (0.27) Smoking Yes/no 99/25 184/60 days (**\< 0.01**) 1.44(1.01--2.05) (**0.04**) 709/284 days (0.24) ECOG PS 0/1--3 59/65 177/81 days (0.12) --- 709/179 days (**\< 0.01**) 1.49(1.07--2.00) (**0.01**) Stage III/IV 27/97 139/176 days (0.89) --- NR/528 days (0.40) LN metastasis Yes/no 20/104 139/245 days (0.49) --- 524/NR days (0.19) Histology Adeno/non‐adeno 65/59 85/195 days (**0.02**) 1.12(0.96--1.39) (0.29) 528/709 days (0.38) Any RT Yes/no 66/58 204/79 days (**0.02**) 1.30(0.06--1.59) (**0.01**) 562/524 days (0.48) Thoracic RT Yes/no 40/58 233/79 days (\< **0.01**) --- NR/528 days (0.41) Extracranial RT Yes/no 52/58 206/79 days (**0.01**) --- NR/528 days (0.29) White blood cells[†](#tca13044-note-0004){ref-type="fn"} High/low 65/59 128/144 days (0.39) --- 478/NR days (0.12) Neutrophils[†](#tca13044-note-0004){ref-type="fn"} High/low 64/60 118/177 days (0.15) --- 406/778 days (**0.05**) 1.25(0.97--1.62) (0.07) Lymphocytes[†](#tca13044-note-0004){ref-type="fn"} High/low 62/62 180/129 days (0.35) --- 778/409 days (0.14) Laboratory findings before nivolumab administration. IV, stage IV including recurrence after surgical resection; CI, confidence interval; adeno, adenocarcinoma; ECOG PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; HR, hazard ratio; LN, lymph node; M, months; MST, median survival time; Nivo, nivolumab; non‐adeno, non‐adenocarcinoma; OS, overall survival; PFS, progression‐free survival; PR, partial response; RT, radiotherapy. ) RT(+) (*n* = 66) and () RT(−) (*n* = 58), (**b**) extracranial RT () RT(+) (*n* = 52) and () RT(−) (*n* = 58), and (**c**) thoracic RT, () RT(+) (*n* = 40) and () RT(−) (*n* = 58). A statistically significant difference in PFS was observed between patients treated with and without RT. Kaplan--Meier survival curves of overall survival (OS) according to (**d**) any previous RT () RT(+) (*n* = 66) and () RT(−) (*n* = 58), (**e**) extracranial RT () RT(+) (*n* = 52), and () RT(−) (*n* = 58) and (**f**) thoracic radiotherapy () RT(+) (*n* = 40) and () RT(−) (*n* = 58). No statistically significant difference in OS was observed between the patients treated with and without RT.](TCA-10-992-g001){#tca13044-fig-0001} Figure [2](#tca13044-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"} shows a forest plot of PFS and OS according to RT administration prior to nivolumab treatment for each variable. Compared to no RT, previous RT was significantly linked to favorable PFS in patients with wild‐type *EGFR* and stage IV disease, while extracranial RT and thoracic RT yielded significantly better PFS in patients with non‐AC histology and wild‐type *EGFR*, and better OS in patients with non‐AC histology (Figs [2](#tca13044-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}, [3](#tca13044-fig-0003){ref-type="fig"}). {#tca13044-fig-0002} ) RT(+) (*n* = 31) and () RT(−) (*n* = 28). The one and two‐year OS rates were 77% and 65%, respectively.](TCA-10-992-g003){#tca13044-fig-0003} In the analysis of pulmonary toxicities, 8 (20%) patients treated with previous thoracic RT experienced treatment‐related pulmonary toxicities compared to 12 (14%) patients not administered thoracic RT, without any statistical significance. Furthermore, no statistically significant difference in the incidence of grade 3 or higher pulmonary adverse events was observed between patients with or without a history of thoracic RT. Discussion {#tca13044-sec-0010} ========== This study was a retrospective evaluation of the efficacy of nivolumab treatment according to a history of previous RT in patients with previously treated NSCLC. We found that any previous RT was an independent prognostic marker of a favorable prognosis with nivolumab administration and could markedly improve the response rate and outcome of nivolumab treatment. The ORR of nivolumab was particularly improved in patients with non‐AC histology and wild‐type *EGFR,* with an increase of more than 40% if any previous RT was performed prior to nivolumab administration, whereas that of nivolumab in patients without previous RT was similar to that observed in previous phase III studies.[1](#tca13044-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"}, [2](#tca13044-bib-0002){ref-type="ref"} In addition, the frequency of low lymphocytes was significantly higher in patients administered previous RT; however, no statistically significant difference in the ORR of nivolumab was observed between patients with and without any previous RT. Therefore, we consider that the number of lymphocytes does not bias the efficacy of nivolumab, although it remains unclear why there is a trend of low lymphocytes in the RT group. Our detailed survival analysis also revealed that nivolumab increased PFS and OS in patients with non‐AC histology who were administered extracranial RT prior to nivolumab therapy. Of the 59 patients with non‐AC histology, SQC histology was noted in 38 (64.4%). There was no significant difference in OS between patients with and without previous RT in our study; however, any sequential treatment after nivolumab may have biased these results. In addition, the frequency of palliative RT administration after nivolumab treatment was not significantly different between patients with and without previous RT; thus, it did not affect the survival difference between the groups. We believe that any previous RT contributes to prolonged OS after the initiation of nivolumab. Based on these results, further investigation in prospective studies evaluating the efficacy of nivolumab following any previous RT is warranted. Extracranial RT seemed to increase the efficacy of nivolumab administration more than any RT, including for brain metastases, although the mechanism remains unclear. Shaverdian *et al.* reported that any previous treatment with RT in patients with advanced NSCLC receiving pembrolizumab was associated with longer PFS and OS.[9](#tca13044-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"} They analyzed the clinical features of a subset of 97 patients administered pembrolizumab in the phase I KEYNOTE001 trial. Forty‐two (43%) of the 97 patients were administered any previous RT before the initiation of pembrolizumab, 38 (39%) were administered extracranial RT, and 24 (25%) were administered thoracic RT. The PFS (6.3 months) and OS (11.6 months) rates of patients who underwent extracranial RT were significantly longer than in patients who did not undergo extracranial RT (2.0 and 5.3 months, respectively). In their analysis according to the type of previous RT administered, extracranial RT seemed to improve prognosis after pembrolizumab compared to any RT. This phenomenon suggests that previous RT, except to the brain, strongly contributes to the synergistic effect of ICIs, which is similar to the results of our study. Fiorica *et al.* also confirmed the synergistic effect of RT on nivolumab against advanced NSCLC.[8](#tca13044-bib-0008){ref-type="ref"} Their study included 15 patients previously administered RT and 20 patients never administered RT, and PFS and OS after nivolumab treatment were compared. The outcome of patients administered RT prior to nivolumab treatment was markedly better than that of patients who were not. However, the relationship between the response rate of ICIs and previous RT remains unclear. To our knowledge, our study is the first to verify the improvement in the ORR of nivolumab after any previous RT. Nivolumab administration after RT increased the response rate nearly two‐fold (36.4% vs. 18.9%); a favorable trend was also observed in patients with non‐AC histology and wild‐type *EGFR*. Patients with SQC histology achieved an ORR of 52.6% and a DCR of 89.4% with nivolumab treatment. We found that previous RT yields a different synergistic effect in the response to nivolumab treatment according to histological type. The combined sequence of RT and nivolumab may be a promising treatment in patients with non‐AC histology, particularly SQC histology. Further study is warranted to elucidate the additive effect of radiation on the efficacy of nivolumab according to the histological type in advanced NSCLC. Recently, Britschgi *et al.* reported the existence of abscopal effects induced by RT and nivolumab in patients with metastatic NSCLC, suggesting that this represented clinical determination of the synergistic effect of local RT and ICIs.[11](#tca13044-bib-0011){ref-type="ref"} An abscopal effect is a phenomenon wherein untreated tumor lesions regress after local treatment, such as RT. Theoretically, radiation‐triggered antitumor T cells are thought to kill tumor cells outside the irradiated tumor sites.[12](#tca13044-bib-0012){ref-type="ref"} However, this depends on many factors, such as whether tumor‐specific T cells are induced by RT and are effective for tumor control. In a preclinical study, Zhang *et al.* reported that the synergistic local and abscopal effects of hypofractionated RT and anti‐PD‐1 treatment are different in different tumor cell lines.[13](#tca13044-bib-0013){ref-type="ref"} Yuan *et al.* presented a case of lung SQC with systemic tumor regression by RT even after nivolumab had failed.[14](#tca13044-bib-0014){ref-type="ref"} Their result suggests that RT stimulated immune activation in nivolumab‐refractory circumstances and activated T cells killed tumor cells, even outside irradiated sites. Moreover, Meng *et al.* reported that cells in the immune microenvironment, such as CD4+, CD8+, and FOXP3+ tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes, are likely different between non‐SQC and SQC patients.[15](#tca13044-bib-0015){ref-type="ref"} Although it is unknown whether the synergistic effect of RT and ICIs is stronger in SQC than in AC tumors, our results suggest that nivolumab has a stronger synergistic effect after previous RT in patients with SQC histology than those with AC histology. Studies have evaluated the adverse events in patients treated with both ICIs and thoracic RT.[8](#tca13044-bib-0008){ref-type="ref"}, [9](#tca13044-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"}, [16](#tca13044-bib-0016){ref-type="ref"}, [17](#tca13044-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"} No statistically significant difference in the frequency of grade 3 or higher pulmonary toxicities was observed in patients with or without a history of previous thoracic RT prior to ICI treatment. Our results are consistent with these findings. Therefore, RT prior to nivolumab administration is acceptable in terms of safety. Our study has several limitations. First, as this was a retrospective study with a small sample, bias may be present in our results. Second, the patients in our study received different total doses and schedules of RT according to the stage or extent of their tumor, therefore we could not confirm whether the efficacy of nivolumab varies according to the total RT dose. However, an optimal trend between the presence of previous RT and the efficacy of nivolumab was identified. Finally, it remains unclear why previous RT enhances the response rate of nivolumab. Although many experimental studies have explored the relationship between radiation and immune reaction, little is known about the clinical significance of RT as a sensitizer to immunotherapy. Our investigation verified that previous RT enhances the response rate of nivolumab and contributes to the prolongation of disease‐free survival. In the randomized phase III PACIFIC study, the anti‐PD‐L1 antibody durvalumab significantly improved the survival duration of patients with locally advanced NSCLC administered platinum‐based concurrent chemoradiotherapy.[18](#tca13044-bib-0018){ref-type="ref"} Therefore, the prognostic significance of administering an anti‐PD‐L1 antibody following thoracic radiation has been established in patients with locally advanced disease. Currently, there are planned or ongoing prospective clinical studies investigating RT combined with ICIs in patients with NSCLC.[17](#tca13044-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"} In conclusion, RT prior to nivolumab therapy influences the efficacy of nivolumab and is intricately linked with favorable prognosis after immunotherapy. Extracranial RT has been clinically identified as a better modality to improve the efficacy of nivolumab compared to any other RT, including for brain metastases. Further investigation is required to establish the promising sequential strategy of nivolumab followed by RT. Disclosure {#tca13044-sec-0011} ========== OY, AM, KK, and HK received research grants and speaker honorarium from Ono Pharmaceutical Company and Bristol‐Myers Company. All remaining authors report no conflict of interest. Supporting information ====================== ###### **Figure S1.** The median progression‐free survival rates of patients administered any previous radiotherapy (RT, *n* = 66), extracranial RT (*n* = 52), thoracic RT (*n* = 40), and no previous RT (*n* = 58) were 204, 206, 233, and 79 days, and the median survival times were 562, not reached (NR), NR, and 524 days, respectively. ###### Click here for additional data file.

Q: Adding multiple columns to a table in sqllite Can i add multiple columns to a table in a single query execution, using alter table? A: No,you can't add multiple columns in single query execution. SQLite supports a limited subset of ALTER TABLE.therefore you have to add them one by one. see documentation at sqlite

In such a digitizing device, as has become known from, e.g., West German Patent No. DE-PS 19,43,217, the scanning element is moved manually in two mutually perpendicular coordinate directions over a defined curve path. At predetermined points on this curve path, coordinate signals, which correspond to the actual position of the scanning element, are generated automatically or manually via a release element. These signals are sent to a memory. The prior-art digitizing devices have a highly sophisticated design and are therefore expensive.

Identification of differently timed motor components of conditioned blink responses. Electromyographic recordings were made from the orbicularis oculi muscles of cats in order to identify differently timed motor components of conditioned eye blink responses (CRs). Conditioning was established rapidly by pairing electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus (HS) with a click conditioned stimulus (CS) and a glabella tap unconditioned stimulus (US). Analysis of the EMG responses disclosed five different motor components of the CR that could be distinguished and characterized according to their latencies of occurrence. Four were associated with an increase in EMG activity elicited by the CS (16-48 ms, alpha(1); 48-80 ms, alpha(2); 80 to 120 ms, beta; >/=120 ms, gamma), and one was associated with a decrease in activity (16 to 60 ms, alpha(i)). Analysis of the amplitudes of the different components of the CR during the course of conditioning and extinction disclosed that short latency, alpha(1) components of the CRs were acquired and extinguished in a manner equivalent to longer latency components of the CRs. The observations supported the hypothesis that short and long latency components of blink responses represented comparable rather than substantially different forms of Pavlovian conditioning. The alpha(2) response was present before conditioning began, and increased with other components after conditioning. The alpha(i) response component was also observed prior to conditioning, and represents a previously undetected, inhibitory consequence of presenting weak (70 dB) acoustic stimuli. It could play a role in conditioned inhibition, latent inhibition and blocking as well as suppression of the conditioned motor response during extinction.

Self-Care Behaviors of Nepalese Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Mixed Methods Analysis. Most previously reported literature on diabetes self-care is either solely quantitative or qualitative research conducted in developed countries; findings may not be generalizable to developing countries with different sociodemographic and cultural factors. The study aims to develop an explanatory mediation model for self-care and enhance model interpretation through qualitative input. A quantitatively driven, sequential, mixed method design was used. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data for the quantitative component from 230 participants. Participants for the qualitative interview were selected using maximum variation sampling (n = 13), and interviewing was guided by semistructured questions. Diabetes management self-efficacy had the strongest influence on diabetes self-care (standardized path coefficient = .42, p < .001), followed by perceived social support (standardized path coefficient = .26, p < .001), and educational status (standardized path coefficient = -.22, p < .001). Diabetes management self-efficacy significantly and partially mediated the relationship between diabetes duration and diabetes self-care (Sobel's z = 2.65, p < .001) and between expectation regarding aging and diabetes self-care (Sobel's z = 3.03, p < .001). Perceived social support significantly and partially mediated the relation between educational status and diabetes self-care (Sobel's z = -2.81, p < .001). The qualitative component elucidated nine themes interwoven in Nepalese culture, social structure, and religious belief. Responsibilities toward family and belief in God acted as boosters for self-care in the case of Nepalese adults, which differed by age, gender, and literacy status. The results from this study suggest that tailored psychosocial interventions to promote diabetes management self-efficacy may be beneficial in promoting self-care among Nepalese adults with diabetes mellitus.

NORML Foundation Weekly News Release Marijuana arrests more than doubled since 1990 while, at the same time, the percentage of arrests for the sale and manufacture of cocaine and heroin fell by over 50 percent, a preliminary analysis of drug arrest statistics by The NORML Foundation announced today. "These figures affirm that law enforcement priorities have shifted from targeting hard drug users and traffickers to arresting primarily recreational marijuana smokers," NORML Foundation Executive Director Allen St. Pierre said. "As we enter the new millennium, the drug war is now more than ever a war on marijuana smokers." The NORML Foundation examined FBI drug arrest figures between 1990 and 1997, the last year the agency has data available. NORML found: Drug arrests increased 31 percent since the beginning of the decade. Rising marijuana possession arrests are chiefly responsible for this overall rise in drug arrests. Marijuana arrests rose every year since 1991, reaching an all time high of 695,200 in 1997. Marijuana arrests increased 59 percent during this period. Conversely, use of marijuana by adults remained unchanged. The percentage of arrests for the sale or manufacture of cocaine and heroin fell 51 percent between 1990 and 1997. The percentage of arrests for all heroin and cocaine violations also fell by 34 percent. There have been more than 3.7 million marijuana arrests this decade. Eighty-three percent of these arrests were for possession only. The arrest figures conflict with statements made by White House Drug Czar Barry McCaffrey, who recently announced that America "can not arrest our way out of the [drug] problem." "The FBI data show that we are witnessing an unprecedented number of drug arrests in the 1990s, the largest percentage of which are for marijuana possession," St. Pierre said. "McCaffrey and others need to examine these figures and explain why they run contrary to the administration's stated goals." St. Pierre also noted that marijuana use among adolescents has increased despite the law enforcement crackdown. "Clearly, the figures show that targeting and arresting adult marijuana smokers does not deter adolescent experimentation with the drug." St. Pierre labeled marijuana prohibition an expensive and wasteful policy, and called for further analysis of whether the increased emphasis on marijuana enforcement is causing police to neglect enforcement efforts aimed at harder drugs like cocaine and heroin. The NORML Foundation will soon issue a full report on its website: www.norml.org. For more information, please contact Allen St. Pierre or Paul Armentano of The NORML Foundation @ (202) 483-8751. Feds Ease Restrictions On United States' Only Legal Marijuana-Based Drug July 8, 1999, Washington, D.C.: Federal drug enforcement officials relaxed restrictions last week on the only legal marijuana-based drug. The decision reclassifies synthetic THC, marketed as Marinol, as a Schedule III controlled substance and is expected to expand patients' access to the drug. "Marinol is a legal alternative to marijuana that has demonstrated safety and varied effectiveness among patients; for those patients who find medical benefits from Marinol, this ruling is a positive step," NORML Executive Director R. Keith Stroup, Esq. said. "However, to those thousands of patients who find Marinol ineffective or less effective when compared to whole smoked marijuana therapy, this reclassification provides little relief." Stroup continued, "Marinol is not necessarily an adequate substitute for whole smoked marijuana because it lacks several of the drug's medically valuable compounds, known as cannabinoids. Therefore, this decision is not a silver bullet for patients or politicians. Federal law still must be changed to allow those unresponsive to synthetic THC the opportunity to use inhaled marijuana as a legal medical therapy." The FDA first approved Marinol in 1986 to treat the nausea associated with cancer therapy. The agency later approved the drug as an appetite stimulant for AIDS patients. Last week's reclassification ruling allows doctors greater flexibility to prescribe Marinol and relaxes record keeping requirements on the drug. Stroup noted, however, that it raises further questions about the future of medical marijuana. "This decision by the federal government acknowledges that one of the primary compounds in marijuana, THC, is medically valuable and lacks a high potential for abuse," he said. "Yet, this same government maintains that marijuana must remain criminally prohibited because it has no medical value and a high abuse potential. This is the equivalent of the government endorsing Vitamin C but prohibiting orange juice." For more information, please contact Allen St. Pierre or Paul Armentano of The NORML Foundation @ (202) 483-8751. Copies of the NORML Foundation white paper, "The Need for Medical Marijuana Despite the Availability of Synthetic THC," are available upon request. A state task force convened by Attorney General Bill Lockyer to explore ways to better implement California's medical marijuana law will likely recommend patients register for ID cards identifying themselves to police, The Los Angeles Times reported. Oregon already has similar regulations in place. The task force, whose recommendations will be released shortly, is also expected to recommend the state develop regulations allowing marijuana clubs to operate openly. Lawmakers are expected to introduce the task force's proposals before the state Legislature. For more information, please contact California NORML Coordinator Dale Gieringer, who served on the task force, @ (415) 563-5858.

Q: Date convert in Java I want to compare two dates, for that i convert the string to date format.But during the conversion the date format changed to "02/01/2013" and "03/01/2014".It makes error in my logic.any one please tell me to how to compare two days in my date format. String fdate="01/02/2012"; String tdate="01/03/2013"; SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("dd/MM/yyyy"); Date frmdt=new Date(fdate); String s1 = sdf.format(frmdt); Date todt=new Date(tdate); String s2 = sdf.format(todt); Date frmdate = sdf.parse(s1); Date todate = sdf.parse(s2); if(frmdate.compareTo(todate)<=0){ //process; } A: Try this: String fs = "01/02/2012"; String ts = "01/03/2013"; DateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("dd/MM/yyyy", Locale.getDefault()); sdf.setLenient(false); Date fdate = sdf.parse(fs); Date tdate = sdf.parse(ts); if (fdate.before(tdate) || f.date.equals(tdate)) { //process; } You've got too much going on. It's much simpler. A: It seems to me that you should be calling SimpleDateFormat.parse instead: // Using the US locale will force the use of the Gregorian calendar, and // avoid any difficulties with different date separator symbols etc. SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("dd/MM/yyyy", Locale.US); sdf.setTimeZone(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC")); // Avoid DST complications sdf.setLenient(false); Date fromDate = sdf.parse(fromDateText); Date toDate = sdf.parse(toDateText); // Alternatively: if (!fromDate.after(toDate)) if (fromDate.compareTo(toDate) <= 0) { ... } I'd actually suggest that you use Joda Time if at all possible, where you could use a LocalDate type to more accurately represent your data.

--- abstract: 'We describe a 325-MHz survey, undertaken with the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT), which covers a large part of the three equatorial fields at 9, 12 and 14.5 h of right ascension from the [ *Herschel*]{}-Astrophysical Terahertz Large Area Survey (H-ATLAS) in the area also covered by the Galaxy And Mass Assembly survey (GAMA). The full dataset, after some observed pointings were removed during the data reduction process, comprises 212 GMRT pointings covering $\sim90$ deg$^2$ of sky. We have imaged and catalogued the data using a pipeline that automates the process of flagging, calibration, self-calibration and source detection for each of the survey pointings. The resulting images have resolutions of between 14 and 24 arcsec and minimum rms noise (away from bright sources) of $\sim1$ mJy beam$^{-1}$, and the catalogue contains 5263 sources brighter than $5\sigma$. We investigate the spectral indices of GMRT sources which are also detected at 1.4 GHz and find them to agree broadly with previously published results; there is no evidence for any flattening of the radio spectral index below $S_{1.4}=10$ mJy. This work adds to the large amount of available optical and infrared data in the H-ATLAS equatorial fields and will facilitate further study of the low-frequency radio properties of star formation and AGN activity in galaxies out to $z \sim 1$.' author: - | Tom Mauch$^{1,2,3}$[^1], Hans-Rainer Klöckner$^{1,4}$, Steve Rawlings$^1$, Matt Jarvis$^{2,5,1}$, Martin J. Hardcastle$^2$, Danail Obreschkow$^{1,6}$, D.J. Saikia$^{7,8}$ and Mark A. Thompson$^2$\ $^1$Oxford Astrophysics, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH\ $^2$Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB\ $^3$SKA South Africa, Third Floor, The Park, Park Road, Pinelands, 7405 South Africa\ $^4$Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany\ $^5$ Physics Department, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa\ $^6$ International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia\ $^7$ National Centre for Radio Astrophysics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Pune University Campus, Ganeshkind P.O., Pune 411007, India\ $^8$ Cotton College State University, Panbazar, Guwahati 781001, India\ bibliography: - 'allrefs.bib' - 'mn-jour.bib' title: 'A 325-MHz GMRT survey of the [*Herschel*]{}-ATLAS/GAMA fields' --- \[firstpage\] surveys – catalogues – radio continuum: galaxies Introduction ============ The *Herschel*-Astrophysical Terahertz Large Area Survey [H-ATLAS; @eales10] is the largest Open Time extragalactic survey being undertaken with the *Herschel Space Observatory* [@herschel10]. It is a blind survey and aims to provide a wide and unbiased view of the sub-millimetre Universe at a median redshift of $1$. H-ATLAS covers $\sim 570$ deg$^2$ of sky at $110$, $160$, $250$, $350$ and $500$ ${\mu}$m and is observed in parallel mode with [*Herschel*]{} using the Photodetector Array Camera [PACS; @pacs] at 110 and 160 ${\mu}$m and the Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver [SPIRE; @spire] at 250, 350 and 500 ${\mu}$m. The survey is made up of six fields chosen to have minimal foreground Galactic dust emission, one field in the northern hemisphere covering $150$ deg$^2$ (the NGP field), two in the southern hemisphere covering a total of $250$ deg$^2$ (the SGP fields) and three fields on the celestial equator each covering $\sim 35$ deg$^2$ and chosen to overlap with the Galaxy and Mass Assembly redshift survey [GAMA; @Driver+11] (the GAMA fields). The H-ATLAS survey is reaching 5-$\sigma$ sensitivities of (132, 121, 33.5, 37.7, 44.0) mJy at (110, 160, 250, 350, 500) $\mu$m and is expected to detect $\sim 200,000$ sources when complete [@Rigby+11]. A significant amount of multiwavelength data is available and planned over the H-ATLAS fields. In particular, the equatorial H-ATLAS/GAMA fields, which are the subject of this paper, have been imaged in the optical (to $r \sim 22.1$) as part of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey [SDSS; @sloan] and in the infrared (to $K \sim 20.1$) with the United Kingdom Infra-Red Telescope (UKIRT) through the UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey [UKIDSS; @ukidss] Large Area Survey (LAS). In the not-too-distant future, the GAMA fields will be observed approximately two magnitudes deeper than the SDSS in 4 optical bands by the Kilo-Degree Survey (KIDS) to be carried out with the Very Large Telescope (VLT) Survey Telescope (VST), which was the original motivation for observing these fields. In addition, the GAMA fields are being observed to $K \sim 1.5-2$ mag. deeper than the level achieved by UKIDSS as part of the Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy (VISTA) Kilo-degree Infrared Galaxy (VIKING) survey, and with the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) to a limiting AB magnitude of $\sim 23$. In addition to this optical and near-infrared imaging there is also extensive spectroscopic coverage from many of the recent redshift surveys. The SDSS survey measured redshifts out to $z\sim0.3$ in the GAMA and NGP fields for almost all galaxies with $r<17.77$. The Two-degree Field (2dF) Galaxy Redshift Survey [2dFGRS; @2df] covers much of the GAMA fields for galaxies with $b_{J}<19.6$ and median redshift of $\sim0.1$. The H-ATLAS fields were chosen to overlap with the GAMA survey, which is ongoing and aims to measure redshifts for all galaxies with $r<19.8$ to $z\sim0.5$. Finally, the WiggleZ Dark Energy survey has measured redshifts of blue galaxies over nearly half of the H-ATLAS/GAMA fields to a median redshift of $z\sim0.6$ and detects a significant population of galaxies at $z\sim1$. The wide and deep imaging from the far infrared to the ultraviolet and extensive spectroscopic coverage makes the H-ATLAS/GAMA fields unparallalled for detailed investigation of the star-forming and AGN radio source populations. However, the coverage of the H-ATLAS fields is not quite so extensive in the radio. All of the fields are covered down to a $5\sigma$ sensitivity of 2.5 mJy beam$^{-1}$ at 1.4 GHz by the National Radio Astronomy Obervatory (NRAO) Very Large Array (VLA) Sky Survey [NVSS; @nvss]. These surveys are limited by their $\sim45$-arcsec resolution, which makes unambiguous identification of radio sources with their host galaxy difficult, and by not being deep enough to find a significant population of star-forming galaxies, which only begin to dominate the radio-source population below 1 mJy [e.g. @Wilman08]. The Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-cm [FIRST; @first] survey covers the NGP and GAMA fields at a resolution of $\sim6$ arcsec down to $\sim0.5$ mJy at 1.4 GHz, is deep enough to probe the bright end of the star-forming galaxy population, and has good enough resolution to see the morphological structure of the larger radio-loud AGN, but it must be combined with the less sensitive NVSS data for sensitivity to extended structure. Catalogues based on FIRST and NVSS have already been used in combination with H-ATLAS data to investigate the radio-FIR correlation [@jarvis+10] and to search for evidence for differences between the star-formation properties of radio galaxies and their radio-quiet counterparts (@hardcastle+10 [@hardcastle+12; @virdee+13]). To complement the already existing radio data in the H-ATLAS fields, and in particular to provide a second radio frequency, we have observed the GAMA fields (which have the most extensive multi-wavelength coverage) at 325 MHz with the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope [GMRT; @gmrtref]. The most sensitive GMRT images reach a $1\sigma$ depth of $\sim 1$ mJy beam$^{-1}$ and the best resolution we obtain is $\sim 14$ arcsec, which is well matched to the sensitivity and resolution of the already existing FIRST data. The GMRT data overlaps with the three $\sim60$-deg$^2$ GAMA fields, and cover a total of $108$ deg$^2$ in $288$ 15-minute pointings (see Fig. \[noisemaps\]). These GMRT data, used in conjunction with the available multiwavelength data, will be valuable in many studies, including an investigation of the radio-infrared correlation as a function of redshift and as a function of radio spectral index, the link between star formation and accretion in radio-loud AGN and how this varies as a function of environment and dust temperature, and the three-dimensional clustering of radio-source populations. The data will also bridge the gap between the well-studied 1.4-GHz radio source populations probed by NVSS and FIRST and the radio source population below 250 MHz, which will be probed by the wide area surveys made with the Low Frequency Array [LOFAR; @reflofar] in the coming years. This paper describes the 325-MHz survey of the H-ATLAS/GAMA regions. The structure of the paper is as follows. In Section 2 we describe the GMRT observations and the data. In Section 3 we describe the pipeline that we have used to reduce the data and in Section 4 we describe the images and catalogues produced. In Section 5 we discuss the data quality and in Section 6 we present the spectral index distribution for the detected sources between 1.4 GHz and 325 MHz. A summary and prospects for future work are given in Section 7. GMRT Observations ================= Date Start Time (IST) Hours Observerd N$_{\rm{antennas}}$ Antennas Down Comments -------------- ------------------ ----------------- --------------------- --------------------- ------------------------------ 2009, Jan 15 21:00 14.0 27 C01,S03,S04 C14,C05 stopped at 09:00 2009, Jan 16 21:00 15.5 27 C01,S02,S04 C04,C05 stopped at 09:00 2009, Jan 17 21:00 15.5 29 C01 C05 stopped at 06:00 2009, Jan 18 21:00 16.5 26 C04,E02,E03,E04 C05 stopped at 09:00 2009, Jan 19 22:00 16.5 29 C04 2009, Jan 20 21:00 13.5 29 C01 20min power failure at 06:30 2009, Jan 21 21:30 13.0 29 S03 Power failure after 06:00 2010, May 17 16:00 10.0 26 C12,W01,E06,E05 2010, May 18 17:00 10.0 25 C11,C12,S04,E05,W01 E05 stopped at 00:00 2010, May 19 18:45 10.5 25 C12,E05,C05,E03,E06 40min power failure at 22:10 2010, Jun 4 13:00 12.0 28 W03,W05 Survey Strategy --------------- The H-ATLAS/GAMA regions that have been observed by the *Herschel Space Observatory* and are followed up in our GMRT survey are made up of three separate fields on the celestial equator. The three fields are centered at 9 h, 12 h, and 14.5 h right ascension (RA) and each spans approximately 12 deg in RA and 3 deg in declination to cover a total of 108 deg$^2$ (36 deg$^2$ per field). The Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) of the primary beam of the GMRT at 325 MHz is 84 arcmin. In order to cover each H-ATLAS/GAMA field as uniformly and efficiently as possible, we spaced the pointings in an hexagonal grid separated by 42 arcmin. An example of our adopted pointing pattern is shown in Fig. \[pointings\]; each field is covered by 96 pointings, with 288 pointings in the complete survey. ![The 96 hexagonal GMRT pointings for the 9-h H-ATLAS/GAMA fields. The pointing strategy for the 12- and 14.5-h fields is similar. The dark grey ellipses (circles on the sky) show the 42-arcmin region at the centre of each pointing; the light grey ellipses (circles) show the 84-arcmin primary beam.[]{data-label="pointings"}](gamma9hr.png){width="\linewidth"} Observations ------------ {width="\textwidth"} {width="\textwidth"} {width="\textwidth"} Observations were carried out in three runs in Jan 2009 (8 nights) and in May 2010 (3 nights) and in June 2010 (1 night). Table \[obssummary\] gives an overview of each night’s observing. On each night as many as 5 of the 30 GMRT antennas could be offline for various reasons, including being painted or problems with the hardware backend. On two separate occasions (Jan 20 and May 19) power outages at the telescope required us to stop observing, and on one further occasion on Jan 21 a power outage affected all the GMRT baselines outside the central square. Data taken during the Jan 21 power outage were later discarded. Each night’s observing consisted of a continuous block of 10-14 h beginning in the early evening or late afternoon and running through the night. Night-time observations were chosen so as to minimise the ionopheric variations. We used the GMRT with its default parameters at 325 MHz and its hardware backend (GMRT Hardware Backend; GHB), two 16 MHz sidebands (Upper Sideband; USB, and Lower Sideband; LSB) on either side of 325 MHz, each with 128 channels, were used. The integration time was set to 16.7 s. The flux calibrators 3C147 and 3C286 were observed for 10 minutes at the beginning and towards the end of each night’s oberving. We assumed 325-MHz flux densities of 46.07 Jy for 3C147 and 24.53 Jy for 3C286, using the standard VLA (2010) model provided by the [AIPS]{} task [SETJY]{}. Typically the observing on each night was divided into 3 $\sim4-5$-h sections, concentrating on each of the 3 separate fields in order of increasing RA. The 9-h and 12-h fields were completely covered in the Jan 2009 run and we carried out as many observations of the 14.5-h field as possible during the remaining nights in May and June 2010. The resulting coverage of the sky, after data affected by power outages or other instrumental effects had been taken into account, is shown in Fig. \[noisemaps\], together with an indication of the relationship between our sky coverage and that of GAMA and H-ATLAS. Each pointing was observed for a total of 15 minutes in two 7.5-min scans, with each scan producing $\sim 26$ records using the specified integration time. The two scans on each pointing were always separated by as close to 6 h in hour angle as possible so as to maximize the $uv$ coverage for each pointing. The $uv$ coverage and the dirty beam of a typical pointing, observed in two scans with an hour-angle separation of 3.5 h, is shown in Fig. \[uvcoverage\]. Phase Calibrators ----------------- One phase calibrator near to each field was chosen and was verified to have stable phases and amplitudes on the first night’s observing. All subsequent observations used the same phase calibrator, and these calibrators were monitored continuously during the observing to ensure that their phases and amplitudes remained stable. The positions and flux densities of the phase calibrators for each field are listed in Table \[phasecals\]. Although there are no 325-MHz observations of the three phase calibrators in the literature, we estimated their 325-MHz flux densities that are listed in the table using their measured flux densities from the 365-MHz Texas survey [@texassurvey] and extrapolated to 325 MHz assuming a spectral index of $\alpha=-0.8$[^2]. Each 7.5-minute scan on source was interleaved with a 2.5-minute scan on the phase calibrator in order to monitor phase and amplitude fluctuations of the telescope, which could vary significantly during an evening’s observing. During data reduction we discovered that the phase calibrator for the 14.5-h field (PHC00) was significantly resolved on scales of $\sim 10$ arcsec. It was therefore necessary to flag all of the data at $uv$ distance $>20$ k$\lambda$ from the 14.5-h field. This resulted in degraded resolution and sensitivity in the 14.5-h field, which will be discussed in later sections of this paper. During observing the phases and amplitudes of the phase calibrator measured on each baseline were monitored. The amplitudes typically varied smoothly by $<30$ per cent in amplitude for the working long baselines and by $<10$ per cent for the working short baselines. We can attribute some of this effect to variations in the system temperature, but since the effects are larger on long baselines it may be that slight resolution of the calibrators is also involved. Phase variations on short to medium baselines were of the order of tens of degrees per hour, presumably due to ionospheric effects. On several occasions some baselines showed larger phase and amplitude variations, and these data were discarded during the data reduction. ------------ --------- --------------- --------------- ---------------------- Calibrator Field RA (J2000) Dec. (J2000) $S_{325\,{\rm MHz}}$ Name *hh mm ss.ss* *dd mm ss.ss* Jy PHA00 9-hr 08 15 27.81 -03 08 26.51 9.3 PHB00 12-hr 11 41 08.24 +01 14 17.47 6.5 PHC00 14.5-hr 15 12 25.35 +01 21 08.64 6.7 ------------ --------- --------------- --------------- ---------------------- : The phase calibrators for the three fields.[]{data-label="phasecals"} The Data Reduction Pipeline =========================== The data handling was carried out using an automated calibration and imaging pipeline. The pipeline is based on [python]{}, [aips]{} and [ParselTongue]{} (Greisen 1990; Kettenis 2006) and has been specially developed to handle GMRT data. The pipeline performs a full cycle of data calibration, including automatic flagging, delay corrections, absolute amplitude calibration, bandpass calibration, a multi-facet self-calibration process, cataloguing, and evaluating the final catalogue. A full description of the GMRT pipeline and the calibration will be provided elsewhere (Klöckner in prep.). Flagging -------- The GMRT data varies significantly in quality over time; in particular, some scans had large variations in amplitude and/or phase over short time periods, presumably due either to instrumental problems or strong ionospheric effects. The phases and amplitudes on each baseline were therefore initially inspected manually and any scans with obvious problems were excluded prior to running the automated flagging procedures. Non-working antennas listed in Table \[obssummary\] were also discarded at this stage. Finally, the first and last 10 channels of the data were removed as the data quality was usually poor at the beginning and end of the bandpass. After the initial hand-flagging of the most seriously affected data an automated flagging routine was run on the remaining data. The automatic flagging checked each scan on each baseline and fitted a 2D polynomial to the spectrum which was then subtracted from it. Visibilities $>3\sigma$ from the mean of the background-subtracted data were then flagged, various kernels were then applied to the data and also $3\sigma$ clipped and the spectra were gradient-filtered and flagged to exclude values $>3\sigma$ from the mean. In addition, all visibilities $>3\sigma$ from the gravitational centre of the real-imaginary plane were discarded. Finally, after all flags had been applied any time or channel in the scan which had had $>40$ per cent of its visibilities flagged was completely removed. On average, 60 per cent of a night’s data was retained after all hand and automated flagging had been performed. However at times particularly affected by Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) as little as 20 per cent of the data might be retained. A few scans ($\sim10$ per cent) were discarded completely due to excessive RFI during their observation. Calibration and Imaging {#imagepipe} ----------------------- After automated flagging, delay corrections were determined via the [aips]{} task [FRING]{} and the automated flagging was repeated on the delay-corrected data. Absolute amplitude calibration was then performed on the flagged and delay corrected dataset, using the [ aips]{} task [SETJY]{}. The [aips]{} calibration routine [ CALIB]{} was then run on channel 30, which was found to be stable across all the different night’s observing, to determine solutions for the phase calibrator. The [aips]{} task [GETJY]{} was used to estimate the flux density of the phase-calibrator source (which was later checked to be consistent with other catalogued flux densities for this source, as shown in Table \[phasecals\]). The bandpass calibration was then determined using [BPASS]{} using the cross-correlation of the phase calibrator. Next, all calibration and bandpass solutions were applied to the data for the phase calibrator and the amplitude and phase versus $uv$-distance plots were checked to ensure the calibration had succeded. The calibration solutions of the phase-calibrator source were then applied to the target pointing, and a multi-facet imaging and phase self-calibration process was carried out in order to increase the image sensitivity. To account for the contributions of the $w$-term in the imaging and self-calibration process the field of view was divided into sub-images; the task [SETFC]{} was used to produce the facets. The corrections in phase were determined using a sequence of decreasing solution intervals starting at 15 min and ending at 3 min (15, 7, 5, 3). At each self-calibration step a local sky model was determined by selecting clean components above $5\sigma$ and performing a model fit of a single Gaussian in the image plane using [SAD]{}. The number of clean components used in the first self-calibration step was 50, and with each self-calibration step the number of clean components was increased by 100. After applying the solutions from the self-calibration process the task [IMAGR]{} is then used to produce the final sub-images. These images were then merged into the final image via the task [FLATN]{}, which combines all facets and performs a primary beam correction. The parameters used in [FLATN]{} to account for the contribution of the primary beam (the scaled coefficients of a polynomial in the off-axis distance) were: -3.397, 47.192, -30.931, 7.803. Cataloguing {#catadesc} ----------- The LSB and USB images that were produced by the automated imaging pipeline were subsequently run through a cataloguing routine. As well as producing source catalogues for the survey, the cataloguing routine also compared the positions and flux densities measured in each image with published values from the NVSS and FIRST surveys as a figure-of-merit for the output of the imaging pipeline. This allowed the output of the imaging pipeline to be quickly assesed; the calibration and imaging could subsequently be run with tweaked parameters if necessary. The cataloguing procedure first determined a global rms noise ($\sigma_{\rm global}$) in the input image by running [IMEAN]{} to fit the noise part of the pixel histogram in the central 50 per cent of the (non-primary-beam corrected) image. In order to mimimise any contribtion from source pixels to the calculation of the image rms, [IMEAN]{} was run iteratively using the mean and rms measured from the previous iteration until the measured noise mean changed by less than 1 per cent. The limited dynamic range of the GMRT images and errors in calibration can cause noise peaks close to bright sources to be fitted in a basic flux-limited cataloguing procedure. We therefore model background noise variation in the image as follows: 1. Isolated point sources brighter than $100\sigma_{\rm global}$ were found using [SAD]{}. An increase in local source density around these bright sources is caused by noise peaks and artefacts close to them. Therefore, to determine the area around each bright source that has increased noise and artefacts, the source density of $3\sigma_{\rm global}$ sources as a function of radius from the bright source position was determined. The radius at which the local source density is equal to the global source density of all $3\sigma_{\rm global}$ sources in the image was then taken as the radius of increased noise around bright sources. 2. To model the increased noise around bright sources a *local* dynamic range was found by determining the ratio of the flux density of each $100\sigma_{\rm global}$ bright source to the brightest $3\sigma_{\rm global}$ source within the radius determined in step (i). The median value of the local dynamic range for all $100\sigma_{\rm global}$ sources in the image was taken to be the local dynamic range. This median local dynamic range determination prevents moderately bright sources close to the $100\sigma$ source from being rejected, which would happen if *all* sources within the computed radius close to bright sources were rejected. 3. A local rms ($\sigma_{\rm local}$) map was made from the input image using the task [RMSD]{}. This calculates the rms of pixels in a box of $5$ times the major axis width of the restoring beam and was computed for each pixel in the input image. [RMSD]{} iterates its rms determination 30 times and the computed histogram is clipped at $3\sigma$ on each iteration to remove the contribution of source data to the local rms determination. 4. We then added to this local rms map a Gaussian at the position of each $100\sigma_{\rm global}$ source, with width determined from the radius of the local increased source density from step (i) and peak determined from the median local dynamic range from step (ii). 5. A local mean map is constructed in a manner similar to that described in step (iii). Once a local rms and mean model has been produced the input map was mean-subtracted and divided by the rms model. This image was then run through the [SAD]{} task to find the positions and sizes of all $5\sigma_{\rm local}$ peaks. Eliptical Gaussians were fitted to the source positions using [JMFIT]{} (with peak flux density as the only free parameter) on the original input image to determine the peak and total flux density of each source. Errors in the final fitted parameters were determined by summing the equations in @c97 (with $\sigma_{\rm local}$ as the rms), adding an estimated $5$ per cent GMRT calibration uncertanty in quadrature. Once a final $5\sigma$ catalogue had been produced from the input image, the sources were compared to positions and flux densities from known surveys that overlap with the GMRT pointing (i.e., FIRST and NVSS) as a test of the image quality and the success of the calibration. Any possible systematic position offset in the catalogue was computed by comparing the positions of $>15\sigma$ point sources to their counterparts in the FIRST survey (these are known to be accurate to better than 0.1 arcsec [@first]). For this comparison, a point source was defined as being one whose fitted size is smaller than the restoring beam plus 2.33 times the error in the fitted size (98 per cent confidence), as was done in the NVSS and SUMSS surveys [@nvss; @sumss]. The flux densities of all catalogue sources were compared to the flux densities of sources from the NVSS survey. At the position of each NVSS source in the image area, the measured flux densities of each GMRT source within the NVSS source area were summed and then converted from 325 MHz to 1.4 GHz assuming a spectral index of $\alpha=-0.7$. We chose $\alpha=-0.7$ because it is the median spectral index of radio souces between 843 MHz and 1.4 GHz found between the SUMSS and NVSS surveys [@sumss]; it should therefore serve to indicate whether any large and systematic offsets can be seen in the distribution of measured flux densities of the GMRT sources. Mosaicing --------- The images from the upper and lower sidebands of the GMRT that had been output from the imaging pipeline described in Section \[imagepipe\] were then coadded to produce uniform mosaics. In order to remove the effects of the increased noise at the edges of each pointing due to the primary beam and produce a survey as uniform as possible in sensitivity and resolution across each field, all neighbouring pointings within 80 arcmin of each pointing were co-added to produce a mosaic image of $100\times100$ arcmin. This section describes the mosaicing process in detail, including the combination of the data from the two sidebands. ![The offsets in RA and declination between $15\sigma$ point sources in the GMRT survey that are detected in the FIRST survey. Each point in the plot is the median offset for all sources in an entire field. The error bars in the bottom right of the Figure show the rms in RA and declination from Fig. \[finaloffs\].[]{data-label="posnoffsets"}](medposnoffs.pdf){width="\linewidth"} ### Combining USB+LSB data We were unable to achieve improved signal-to-noise in images produced by coadding the data from the two GMRT sidebands in the $uv$ plane, so we instead chose to image the USB and LSB data separately and then subsequently co-add the data in the image plane, which always produced output images with improved sensitivity. During the process of co-adding the USB and LSB images, we regridded all of them to a 2 arcsec pixel scale using the [aips]{} task [regrid]{}, shifted the individual images to remove any systematic position offsets, and smoothed the images to a uniform beam shape across each of the three survey fields. Fig. \[posnoffsets\] shows the distribution of the median offsets between the GMRT and FIRST positions of all $>15\sigma$ point sources in each USB pointing output from the pipeline. The offsets measured for the LSB were always within 0.5 arcsec of the corresponding USB pointing. These offsets were calculated for each pointing using the method described in Section \[catadesc\] as part of the standard pipeline cataloguing routine. As the Figure shows, there was a significant distribution of non-zero positional offsets between our images and the FIRST data, which was usually larger than the scatter in the offsets measured per pointing (shown as an error bar on the bottom right of the figure). It is likely that these offsets are caused by ionospheric phase errors, which will largely be refractive at 325 MHz for the GMRT. Neighbouring images in the survey can have significantly different FIRST-GMRT position offsets, and coadding these during the mosaicing process may result in spurious radio-source structures and flux densities in the final mosaics. Because of this, the measured offsets were all removed using the [aips]{} task [shift]{} before producing the final coadded USB+LSB images. ![The distribution of the raw clean beam major axis FWHM in each of the three H-ATLAS/GAMA fields from the USB+LSB images output from the imaging pipeline. The dotted line shows the width of the convolving beam used before the mosaicing process. Images with raw clean beam larger than our adopted cutoffs have been discarded from the final dataset.[]{data-label="beamsizes"}](BMAJ.pdf){width="\linewidth"} Next, the USB+LSB images were convolved to the same resolution before they were co-added; the convolution minimises artefacts resulting from different source structures at different resolution, and in any case is required to allow flux densities to be measured from the resulting co-added maps. Fig. \[beamsizes\] shows the distribution in restoring beam major axes in the images output from the GMRT pipeline. The beam minor axis was always better than 12 arcsec in the three surveyed fields. In the 9-h and 12-h fields, the majority of images had better than 10-arcsec resolution. However, roughly 10 per cent of them are significantly worse; this can happen for various reasons but is mainly caused by the poor $uv$ coverage produced by the $2\times7.5$-minute scans on each pointing. Often, due to scheduling constraints, the scans were observed immediately after one another rather than separated by 6 h which can limit the distribution of visibilities in the $uv$ plane. In addition, when even a few of the longer baselines are flagged due to interference or have problems during their calibration, the resulting image resolution can be degraded. The distribution of restoring beam major axes in the 14.5-h field is much broader. This is because of the problems with the phase calibrator outlined in Section \[phasecals\]. All visibilities in excess of $20$ k$\lambda$ were removed during calibration of the 14.5-h field and this resulted in degraded image resolution. The dotted lines in Fig. \[beamsizes\] show the width of the beam used to convolve the images for each of the fields before coadding USB+LSB images. We have used a resolution of 14 arcsec for the 9-h field, 15 arcsec for the 12-h field and 23.5 arcsec for the 14.5-h field. Images with lower resolution than these were discarded from the final data at this stage. Individual USB and LSB images output from the self-calibration step of the pipeline were smoothed to a circular beam using the [aips]{} task [convl]{}. After smoothing, regridding and shifting the USB+LSB images, they are combined after being weighted by their indivdual variances, which were computed from the square of the local rms image measured during the cataloguing process. The combined USB+LSB images have all pixels within 30 arcsec of their edge blanked in order to remove any residual edge effect from the regridding, position shifting and smoothing process. ### Producing the final mosaics The combined USB+LSB images were then combined with all neighbouring coadded USB+LSB images within 80 arcmin of their pointing center. This removes the effects at the edges of the individual pointings caused by the primary beam correction and improves image sensitivity in the overlap regions. The final data product consists of one combined mosaic for each original GMRT pointing, and therefore the user should note that there is significant overlap between each mosaic image. Each combined mosaic image has a width of $100\times100$ arcmin and 2 arcsec pixels. They were produced from all neighboring images with pointing centers within 80 arcmin. Each of these individual image was then regridded onto the pixels of the output mosaic. The [aips]{} task [rmsd]{} was run in the same way described during the cataloging (i.e. with a box size of 5 times the major axis of the smoothed beam) on the regridded images to produce local rms noise maps. The noise maps were smoothed with a Gaussian with a FWHM of 3 arcmin to remove any small-scale variation in them. These smoothed noise maps were then used to create variance weight maps (from the sum of the squares of the individual noise maps) which were then in turn multiplied by each regridded input image. Finally, the weighted input images were added together. The final source catalogue for each pointing was produced as described above from the fully weighted and mosaiced images. Data Products ============= The primary data products from the GMRT survey are a set of FITS images (one for each GMRT pointing that has not been discarded during the pipeline reduction process) overlapping the H-ATLAS/GAMA fields, the $5\sigma$ source catalogues and a list of the image central positions.[^3] This section briefly describes the imaging data and the format of the full catalogues. Images ------ {width="\textwidth"} An example of a uniform mosaic image output from the full pipeline is shown in Fig. \[eximage\]. In each field some of the 96 originally observed pointings had to be discarded for various reasons that have been outlined in the previous sections. The full released data set comprises 80 pointings in the 9-h field, 61 pointings in the 12-h field and 71 pointings in the 14.5-h field. In total 76 out of the 288 original pointings were rejected. In roughly 50 per cent of cases they were rejected because of the cutoff in beam size shown in Fig. \[beamsizes\], while in the other 50 per cent of cases the $2\times7.5$-minute scans of the pointing were completely flagged due to interference or other problems with the GMRT during observing. The full imaging dataset from the survey comprises a set of mosaics like the one pictured in Fig. \[eximage\], one for each of the non-rejected pointings. Catalogue --------- ----------- ---------------- ---------------- ------------- ------------ -------------- ------- ------------- ------- ------------- -------- ------ ------ ------------- ------------- ------ ---------------- ---------- (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) RA Dec. RA Dec. $\Delta$RA $\Delta$Dec. $A$ ${\Delta}A$ $S$ ${\Delta}S$ Maj Min PA $\Delta$Maj $\Delta$Min PA Local $\sigma$ Pointing $hh$ $mm$ $ss$ $dd$ $mm$ $ss$ $^\circ$ $^\circ$ mJy/bm 130.87617 -00.22886 08 43 30.28 -00 13 43.9 2.5 1.3 6.2 1.1 15.0 3.8 —- —- —– —- —- – 1.1 PNA02 130.87746 +02.11494 08 43 30.59 +02 06 53.8 2.3 1.6 12.1 1.3 41.2 5.6 —- —- —– —- —- – 1.4 PNA67 130.88025 +00.48630 08 43 31.26 +00 29 10.7 0.5 0.3 129.7 4.7 153.6 6.7 15.9 14.6 13.8 0.5 0.4 9 2.6 PNA51 130.88525 +00.49582 08 43 32.46 +00 29 45.0 0.5 0.4 122.2 4.6 152.1 7.0 —- —- —– —- —- – 2.6 PNA51 130.88671 -00.24776 08 43 32.81 -00 14 51.9 0.5 0.3 106.1 3.3 171.3 5.3 21.1 15.0 80.8 0.5 0.4 1 1.0 PNA02 130.88817 -00.89953 08 43 33.16 -00 53 58.3 0.6 0.3 59.6 2.2 118.8 5.0 26.4 14.8 87.5 0.9 0.6 1 1.2 PNA03 130.89171 -00.24660 08 43 34.01 -00 14 47.8 0.5 0.4 34.6 1.5 38.5 2.2 —- —- —– —- —- – 1.0 PNA02 130.89279 -00.12352 08 43 34.27 -00 07 24.7 1.2 1.1 4.6 0.8 4.7 1.5 —- —- —– —- —- – 0.8 PNA35 130.89971 -00.91813 08 43 35.93 -00 55 05.3 2.4 1.0 7.9 1.5 13.9 3.9 —- —- —– —- —- – 1.4 PNA03 130.90150 -00.01532 08 43 36.36 -00 00 55.1 0.9 0.8 6.6 0.8 6.6 1.4 —- —- —– —- —- – 0.8 PNA03 ----------- ---------------- ---------------- ------------- ------------ -------------- ------- ------------- ------- ------------- -------- ------ ------ ------------- ------------- ------ ---------------- ---------- Final catalogues were produced from the mosaiced images using the catalogue procedure described in Section \[catadesc\]. The catalogues from each mosaic image were then combined into 3 full catalogues covering each of the 9-h, 12-h, and 14.5-h fields. The mosaic images overlap by about 60 per cent in both RA and declination, so duplicate sources in the full list were removed by finding all matches within 15 arcsec of each other and selecting the duplicate source with the lowest local rms ($\sigma_{\rm local}$) from the full catalogue; this ensures that the catalogue is based on the best available image of each source. Removing duplicates reduced the total size of the full catalogue by about 75 per cent due to the amount of overlap between the final mosaics. The resulting full catalogues contain 5263 sources brighter than the local $5\sigma$ limit. 2628 of these are in the 9-h field, 1620 in the 12-h field and 1015 in the 14.5-h field. Table \[catexample\] shows 10 random lines of the output catalogue sorted by RA. A short description of each of the columns of the catalogue follows: Columns (1) and (2): The J2000 RA and declination of the source in decimal degrees (the examples given in Table \[catexample\] have reduced precision for layout reasons). Columns (3) and (4): The J2000 RA and declination of the source in sexagesimal coordinates. Columns (5) and (6): The errors in the quoted RA and declination in arcsec. This is calulated from the quadratic sum of the calibration uncertainty, described in Section \[positioncal\], and the fitting uncertainty, calculated using the equations given by @c97. Columns (7) and (8): The fitted peak brightness in units of mJy beam$^{-1}$ and its associated uncertainty, calculated from the quadratic sum of the fitting uncertainty from the equations given by @c97 and the estimated 5 per cent flux calibration uncertainty of the GMRT. The raw brightness measured from the image has been increased by 0.9 mJy beam$^{-1}$ to account for the effects of clean bias (see Section \[sec:flux\]). Columns (9) and (10): The total flux density of the source in mJy and its uncertainty calculated from equations given by @c97. This equals the fitted peak brightness if the source is unresolved. Columns (11), (12) and (13): The major axis FWHM (in arcsec), minor axis FWHM (in arcsec) and position angle (in degrees east of north) of the fitted elliptical Gaussian. The position angle is only meaningful for sources that are resolved (i.e. when the fitted Gaussian is larger than the restoring beam for the relevant field). As discussed in Section \[sec:sizes\], fitted sizes are only quoted for sources that are moderately resolved in their minor axis. Columns (14), (15) and (16): The fitting uncertanties in the size parameters of the fitted elliptical Gaussian calculated using equations from @c97. Column (17): The *local* rms noise ($\sigma_{\rm local}$) in mJy beam$^{-1}$ at the source position calculated as described in Section \[catadesc\]. The *local* rms is used to determine the source signal-to-noise ratio, which is used to determine fitting uncertainties. Column (18): The name of the GMRT mosaic image containing the source. These names consist of the letters PN, a letter A, B or C indicating the 9-, 12- or 14.5-h fields respectively, and a number between 01 and 96 which gives the pointing number within that field (see Fig. \[pointings\]). Data Quality ============ The quality of the data over the three fields varies considerably due in part to the different phase and flux calibration sources used for each field, and also due to the variable observing conditions over the different nights’ observing. In particular on each night’s observing, the data taken in the first half of the night seemed to be much more stable than that taken in the second half/early mornings. Some power outages at the telescope contributed to this as well as the variation in the ionosphere, particularly at sunrise. Furthermore, as described in Section \[mosaicing\], the poor phase calibrator in the 14.5-h field has resulted in degraded resolution and sensitivity. Image noise {#sec:noise} ----------- ![The rms noise measured in the central 1000 pixels of each image plotted against the square root of the number of visibilities. Outliers from the locus are produced by the increased noise in images around sources brighter than 1 Jy.[]{data-label="rmsnvis"}](rmsnvis.pdf){width="\linewidth"} Fig. \[rmsnvis\] shows the distribution of the rms noise measured within a radius of 1000 pixels in the individual GMRT images immediately after the self-calibration stage of the pipeline, plotted against the number of visibilities that have contributed to the final image (this can be seen as a proxy for the effective integration time after flagging). The rms in the individual fields varies from $\sim 1$ mJy beam$^{-1}$ in those images with the most visibilities to $\sim 7$ mJy beam$^{-1}$ in the worst case, with the expected trend toward higher rms noise with decreasing number of visibilities. The scatter to higher rms from the locus is caused by residual problems in the calibration and the presence of bright sources in the primary beam of the reduced images, which can increase the image noise in their vicinity due to the limited dynamic range of the GMRT observations ($\sim1000:1$). A bright 7 Jy source in the 12-h field and a 5 Jy source in the 14.5-h field have both contributed to the generally increased rms noise measured from some images. On average, the most visibilities have been flagged from the 14.5-h field because of the restriction we imposed on the $uv$ range of the data. This has also resulted in higher average noise in the 14.5-h fields. Fig. \[noisemaps\] shows the rms noise maps covering all of the 3 fields. These have been made by averaging the background rms images produced during the cataloguing of the the final mosaiced images and smoothing the final image with a Gaussian with a FWHM of 3 arcmin to remove edge effects between the individual backgound images. The rms in the final survey is significantly lower than that measured from the individual images output from the pipeline self-calibration process, which is a consequence of the large amount of overlap between the individual GMRT pointings in our survey strategy (see Fig. \[pointings\]). The background rms is $\sim0.6-0.8$ mJy beam$^{-1}$ in the 9-h field, $\sim0.8-1.0$ mJy beam$^{-1}$ in the 12-h field and $\sim1.5-2.0$ mJy beam$^{-1}$ in the 14.5-h field. Gaps in the coverage are caused by having discarded some pointings in the survey due to power outages at the GMRT, due to discarding scans during flagging as described in Section \[flagging\], and as a result of pointings whose restoring beam was larger than the smoothing width during the mosaicing process (Section \[mosaicing\]). Flux Densities {#sec:flux} -------------- The $2\times7.5$-min observations of the GMRT survey sample the $uv$ plane sparsely (see Fig. \[uvcoverage\]), with long radial arms which cause the dirty beam to have large radial sidelobes. These radial sidelobes can be difficult to clean properly during imaging and clean components which can be subtracted at their position when cleaning close to the noise can cause the average flux density of all point sources in the restored image to be systematically reduced. This “clean bias” is common in “snapshot” radio surveys and for example was found in the FIRST and NVSS surveys [@first; @nvss]. We have checked for the presence of clean bias in the GMRT data by inserting 500 point sources into the calibrated $uv$ data at random positions and the re-imaging the modified data with the same parameters as the original pipeline. We find an average difference between the imaged and input peak flux densities of $\Delta S_{\rm peak}=-0.9$ mJy beam$^{-1}$ with no significant difference between the 9hr, 12hr and 14hr fields. A constant offset of $0.9$ mJy beam$^{-1}$ has been added to the peak flux densities of all sources in the published catalogues. As a consistency check for the flux density scale of the survey we can compare the measured flux densities of the phase calibrator source with those listed in Table \[phasecals\]. The phase calibrator is imaged using the standard imaging pipeline and its flux density is measured using [sad]{} in [aips]{}. The scatter in the measurments of each phase calibrator over the observing period gives a measure of the accuracy of the flux calibration in the survey. In the 9-h field, the average measured flux density of the phase calibrator PHA00 is 9.5 Jy with rms scatter 0.5 Jy; in the 12-h field, the average measured flux density of PHB00 is 6.8 Jy with rms 0.4 Jy; and in the 14.5-h field the average measured flux density of PHC00 is 6.3 Jy with rms 0.5 Jy. This implies that the flux density scale of the survey is accurate to within $\sim5$ per cent; there is no evidence for any systematic offset in the flux scales. As there are no other 325-MHz data available for the region covered by the GMRT survey, it is difficult to provide any reliable external measure of the absolute quality of the flux calibration. An additional check is provided by a comparison of the spectral index distribution of sources detected in both our survey and the 1.4-GHz NVSS survey. We discuss this comparison further in Section \[sindexsec\]. Positions {#positioncal} --------- -------- --------- -------- -------- -------- Field median rms median rms 9-h $-0.04$ $0.52$ $0.01$ $0.31$ 12-h $-0.06$ $0.54$ $0.01$ $0.39$ 14.5-h $0.30$ $0.72$ $0.26$ $0.54$ -------- --------- -------- -------- -------- : Median and rms of position offsets between the GMRT and FIRST catalogues.[]{data-label="offsetdata"} ![The offsets in RA and declination between $>15\sigma$ point sources from the GMRT survey that are detected in the FIRST survey. The mean offsets in each pointing shown in Fig. \[posnoffsets\] have been removed. Different point styles are used to denote the three different H-ATLAS/GAMA fields to show the effect of the variation in the resolution of the GMRT data.[]{data-label="finaloffs"}](finaloffs.pdf){width="\linewidth"} In order to measure the poitional accuracy of the survey, we have compared the postions of $>15\sigma$ GMRT point sources with sources from the FIRST survey. Bright point sources in FIRST are known to have positional accuracy of better than 0.1 arcsec in RA and declination [@first]. We select point sources using the method outlined in Section \[catadesc\]. Postions are taken from the final GMRT source catalogue, which have had the shifts described in Section \[mosaicing\] removed; the scatter in the measured shifted positions is our means of estimating the calibration accuracy of the positions. Fig. \[finaloffs\] shows the offsets in RA and declination between the GMRT catalogue and the FIRST survey and Table \[offsetdata\] summarizes the mean offsets and their scatter in the three separate fields. As expected, the mean offset is close to zero in each case, which indicates that the initial image shifts have been correctly applied and that no additional position offsets have appeared in the final mosaicing and cataloguing process. The scatter in the offsets is smallest in the 9-h field and largest in the 14.5-h field, which is due to the increasing size of the restoring beam. The rms of the offsets listed in Table \[offsetdata\] give a measure of the positional calibration uncertainty of the GMRT data; these have been added in quadrature to the fitting error to produce the errors listed in the final catalogues. Source Sizes {#sec:sizes} ------------ The strong sidelobes in the dirty beam shown in Fig. \[uvcoverage\] extend radially at position angles (PAs) of $40^{\circ}$, $70^{\circ}$ and $140^{\circ}$ and can be as high as 15 per cent of the central peak up to 1 arcmin from it. Improper cleaning of these sidelobes can leave residual radial patterns with a similar structure to the dirty beam in the resulting images. Residual peaks in the dirty beam pattern can also be cleaned (see the discussion of “clean bias” in Section \[sec:flux\]) and this has the effect of enhancing positive and negative peaks in the dirty beam sidelobes, and leaving an imprint of the dirty beam structure in the cleaned images. This effect, coupled with the alternating pattern of positive and negative peaks in the dirty beam structure (see Fig. \[uvcoverage\]), causes sources to appear on ridges of positive flux squeezed between two negative valleys. Therefore, when fitting elliptical Gaussians to even moderately strong sources in the survey these can appear spuriously extended in the direction of the ridge and narrow in the direction of the valleys. These effects are noticeable in our GMRT images (see, for example, Fig. \[eximage\]) and in the distribution of fitted position angles of sources that appear unresolved in their minor axes (ie. $\phi_{\rm min}-\theta_{\rm min} < \sigma_{\rm min}$; where $\phi_{\rm min}$ is the fitted minor axis size, $\theta_{\rm min}$ is the beam minor axis size and $\sigma_{\rm min}$ is the rms fitting error in the fitted minor axis size) and are moderately resolved in their major axes (ie. $\phi_{\rm maj}-\theta_{\rm maj} > 2\sigma_{\rm maj}$; defined by analogy with above) from the catalogue. These PAs are clustered on average at $65^\circ$ in the 9-hr field, $140^\circ$ in the 12-hr field and at $130^\circ$ in the 14.5-hr field, coincident with the PAs of the radial sidelobes in the dirty beam shown in Fig. \[uvcoverage\]. The fitted PAs of sources that show some resolution in their minor axes (ie. $\phi_{\rm min}-\theta_{\rm min} > \sigma_{\rm min}$) are randomly distributed between $0^\circ$ and $180^\circ$ as is expected of the radio source population. We therefore only quote fitted source sizes and position angles for sources with $\phi_{\rm min}-\theta_{\rm min} > \sigma_{\rm min}$ in the published catalogue. 325-MHz Source Counts {#sec:scounts} ===================== We have made the widest and deepest survey yet carried out at 325 MHz. It is therefore interesting to see if the behaviour of the source counts at this frequency and flux-density limit differ from extrapolations from other frequencies. We measure the source counts from our GMRT observations using both the catalogues and the rms noise map described in Section \[sec:noise\], such that the area available to a source of a given flux-density and signal-to-noise ratio is calculated on an individual basis. We did not attempt to merge individual, separate components of double or multiple sources into single sources in generating the source counts. However, we note that such sources are expected to contribute very little to the overall source counts. Fig. \[fig:scounts\] shows the source counts from our GMRT survey compared to the source count prediction from the Square Kilometre Array Design Study (SKADS) Semi-Empirical Extragalactic (SEX) Simulated Sky [@Wilman08; @Wilman10] and the deep 325 MHz survey of the ELAIS-N1 field by [@Sirothia2009]. Our source counts agree, within the uncertainties, with those measured by [@Sirothia2009], given the expected uncertainties associated with cosmic variance over their relatively small field ($\sim 3$ degree$^{2}$), particularly at the bright end of the source counts. The simulation provides flux densities down to nJy levels at frequencies of 151 MHz, 610 MHz, 1400 MHz, 4860 MHz and 18 GHz. In order to generate the 325-MHz source counts from this simulation we therefore calculate the power-law spectral index between 151 MHz and 610 MHz and thus determine the 325-MHz flux density. We see that the observed source counts agree very well with the simulated source counts from SKADS, although the observed source counts tend to lie slightly above the simulated curve over the 10-200 mJy flux-density range. This could be a sign that the spectral curvature prescription implemented in the simulation may be reducing the flux density at low radio frequencies in moderate redshift sources, where there are very few constraints. In particular, the SKADS simulations do not contain any steep-spectrum ($\alpha_{325}^{1400}<-0.8$) sources, but there is clear evidence for such sources in the current sample (see the following subsection). A full investigation of this is beyond the scope of the current paper, but future observations with LOFAR should be able to confirm or rebut this explanation: we might expect the SKADS source count predictions for LOFAR to be slightly underestimated. ![The 325-MHz source counts measured from our GMRT survey (filled squares) and from the survey of the ELAIS-N1 field by [@Sirothia2009] (open circles). The solid line shows the predicted source counts from the SKADS simulation [@Wilman08; @Wilman10].[]{data-label="fig:scounts"}](325_scounts.pdf){width="\linewidth"} Spectral index distribution {#sindexsec} =========================== In this section we discuss the spectral index distribution of sources in the survey by comparison with the 1.4-GHz NVSS. We do this both as a check of the flux density scale of our GMRT survey (the flux density scale of the NVSS is known to be better than 2 per cent: @nvss) and as an initial investigation into the properties of the faint 325-MHz radio source population. In all three fields the GMRT data have a smaller beam than the 45 arcsec resolution of the NVSS. We therefore crossmatched the two surveys by taking all NVSS sources in the three H-ATLAS/GAMA fields and summing the flux densities of the catalogued GMRT radio sources that have positions within the area of the catalogued NVSS source (fitted NVSS source sizes are provided in the ‘fitted’ version of the catalogue [@nvss]). 3951 NVSS radio sources in the fields had at least one GMRT identification; of these, 3349 (85 per cent) of them had a single GMRT match, and the remainder had multiple GMRT matches. Of the 5263 GMRT radio sources in the survey 4746 (90 per cent) are identified with NVSS radio sources. (Some of the remainder may be spurious sources, but we expect there to be a population of genuine steep-spectrum objects which are seen in our survey but not in NVSS, particularly in the most sensitive areas of the survey, where the catalogue flux limit approaches 3 mJy.) ![The spectral index distribution between 1.4-GHz sources from the NVSS and 325-MHz GMRT sources.[]{data-label="sindex"}](si.pdf){width="\linewidth"} Fig. \[sindex\] shows the measured spectral index distribution ($\alpha$ between 325 MHz and 1.4 GHz) of radio sources from the GMRT survey that are also detected in the NVSS. The distribution has median $\alpha=-0.71$ with an rms scatter of 0.38, which is in good agreement with previously published values of spectral index at frequncies below 1.4 GHz [@sumss; @debreuck2000; @randall12]. ([@Sirothia2009] find a steeper 325-MHz/1.4-GHz spectral index, with a mean value of 0.83, in their survey of the ELAIS-N1 field, but their low-frequency flux limit is much deeper than ours, so that they probe a different source population, and it is also possible that their use of FIRST rather than NVSS biases their results towards steeper spectral indices.) The rms of the spectral index distributions we obtain increases with decreasing 325-MHz flux density; it increases from 0.36 at $S_{325}>50$ mJy to 0.4 at $S_{325}<15$ mJy. This reflects the increasing uncertainty in flux density for fainter radio sources in both the GMRT and NVSS data. ![The distribution of the spectral index measured between 325 MHz and 1.4 GHz as a function of 1.4-GHz flux density. The solid line indicates the spectral index traced by the nominal 5 mJy limit of the 325-MHz data.[]{data-label="sindexflux"}](allsi_14.pdf){width="\linewidth"} There has been some discussion about the spectral index distribution of low-frequency radio sources, with some authors detecting a flattening of the spectral index distribution below $S_{1.4}=10$ mJy [@prandoni06; @prandoni08; @om08] and others not [@randall12; @ibar09]. It is well established that the 1.4-GHz radio source population mix changes at around 1 mJy, with classical radio-loud AGN dominating above this flux density and star-forming galaxies and fainter radio-AGN dominating below it [@condon+84; @Windhorst+85]. In particular, the AGN population below 10 mJy is known to be more flat-spectrum-core dominated [e.g. @nagar00] and it is therefore expected that some change in the spectral-index distribution should be evident. Fig. \[sindexflux\] shows the variation in 325-MHz to 1.4-GHz spectral index as a function of 1.4-GHz flux density. Our data show little to no variation in median spectral index below 10 mJy, in agreement with the results of [@randall12]. The distribution shows significant populations of steep ($\alpha < -1.3$) and flat ($\alpha > 0$) spectrum radio sources over the entire flux density range, which are potentially interesting populations of radio sources for further study (e.g. in searches for high-$z$ radio galaxies [@hzrg] or flat-spectrum quasars). Summary ======= In this paper we have described a 325-MHz radio survey made with the GMRT covering the 3 equatorial fields centered at 9, 12 and 14.5-h which form part of the sky coverage of [*Herschel*]{}-ATLAS. The data were taken over the period Jan 2009 – Jul 2010 and we have described the pipeline process by which they were flagged, calibrated and imaged. The final data products comprise 212 images and a source catalogue containing 5263 325-MHz radio sources. These data will be made available via the H-ATLAS (http://www.h-atlas.org/) and GAMA (http://www.gama-survey.org/) online databases. The basic data products are also available at http://gmrt-gama.extragalactic.info/ . The quality of the data varies significantly over the three surveyed fields. The 9-h field data has 14 arcsec resolution and reaches a depth of better than 1 mJy beam$^{-1}$ over most of the survey area, the 12-h field data has 15 arcsec resolution and reaches a depth of $\sim 1$ mJy beam$^{-1}$ and the 14.5-h data has 23.5 arcsec resolution and reaches a depth of $\sim 1.5$ mJy beam$^{-1}$. Positions in the survey are usually better than 0.75 arcsec for brighter point sources, and the flux scale is believed to be better than 5 per cent. We show that the source counts are in good agreement with the prediction from the SKADS Simulated Skies [@Wilman08; @Wilman10] although there is a tendency for the observed source counts to slightly exceed the predicted counts between 10–100 mJy. This could be a result of excessive curvature in the spectra of radio sources implemented within the SKADS simulation. We have investigated the spectral index distribution of the 325-MHz radio sources by comparison with the 1.4-GHz NVSS survey. We find that the measured spectral index distribution is in broad agreement with previous determinations at frequencies below 1.4 GHz and find no variation of median spectral index as a function of 1.4-GHz flux density. The data presented in this paper will complement the already extant multi-wavelength data over the H-ATLAS/GAMA regions and will be made publicly available. These data will thus facilitate detailed study of the properties of sub-mm galaxies dectected at sub-GHz radio frequencies in preparation for surveys by LOFAR and, in future, the SKA. Acknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered} ================ We thank the staff of the GMRT, which made these observations possible. We also thank the referee Jim Condon, whose comments have helped to improve the final version of this paper. GMRT is run by the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. The [*Herschel*]{}-ATLAS is a project with [*Herschel*]{}, which is an ESA space observatory with science instruments provided by European-led Principal Investigator consortia and with important participation from NASA. The H-ATLAS website is http://www.h-atlas.org/. This work has made use of the University of Hertfordshire Science and Technology Research Institute high-performance computing facility (http://stri-cluster.herts.ac.uk/). \[lastpage\] [^1]: E-mail: [email protected] [^2]: $S \propto \nu^\alpha$ [^3]: Data products are available on line at http://gmrt-gama.extragalactic.info .

Q: Azure Javascript - Wait for Function Completion I'm using Azure Mobile Services and am running a javascript backend. However, since the backend is in node.js, everything is executed asynchronously and I don't know how to halt the execution of a function. I'm trying to delete a club if there hasn't been a comment in it within the past 24 hours, and here's my code: var clubs = tables.getTable('Club'); clubs.read( { success: function(club){ var now = new Date().getTime(); for(var i=0;i<club.length;i++){ var deleteClub = true; comments.where({ClubId: club[i].id}).read( { success:function(comment){ var timeDiff = (now-comment[i].Time.getTime())/(1000*60*60); console.log("Comment in table: "+timeDiff); if(timeDiff<24){ deleteClub=false; } } } ); if(deleteClub){ console.log("deleting club: "+club[i].Title); //clubs.del(club[i]); }else{ console.log("saving club: "+club[i].Title); } } } } ); The if statement executes before the delete club variable is updated, so it's always true, but I need the if statement's execution to be delayed until after all of the comments have been looped through. A: Since the callback you get is asynchronous, you can't use any information you're getting in that callback in synchronous code after the where call. Since we want to handle things on a club-by-club basis, first we'll move the handling of clubs into its own function. This avoids the problem that by the time we get our callback from read, i will have been incremented. Your code seems to assume success is called repeatedly, once for each comment. I don't think that's likely to be the case, more likely it's called once, with a list/array of the matching comments. If so, then splitting off club handling to its own function and then looping the found comments should do it: var clubs = tables.getTable('Club'); clubs.read( { success: function(allClubs){ // <== Note plural var now = new Date().getTime(); for (var i = 0; i < allClubs.length; i++) { handler(now, allClubs[i]); // <== Move handling off to a handler } } } ); function handler(now, club) { // <== Unlike `i` above, `club` won't change because it's // a function argument that we never assign to comments.where({ClubId: club.id}).read( { success: function(comments){ // <== Note the plural var deleteClub = true; for (var i = 0; i < comments.length; ++i) { var timeDiff = (now-comments[index].Time.getTime())/(1000*60*60); console.log("Comment in table: "+timeDiff); if(timeDiff<24){ deleteClub=false; } } if (deleteClub){ console.log("deleting club: "+club.Title); //clubs.del(club); }else{ console.log("saving club: "+club.Title); } } } ); }

Q: Get vocabulary list in Galago I am using Galago retrieval toolkit (a part of the Lemur project) and I need to have a list of all vocabulary terms in the collection (all unique terms). Actually I need a List <String> or Set <String> I really appreciate to let me know how can I obtain such a list? A: The `DumpKeysFn' class seems to give all the keys (unique terms) of the collection. The code should be like this: public static Set <String> getAllVocabularyTerms (String fileName) throws IOException{ Set <String> result = new HashSet<> (); IndexPartReader reader = DiskIndex.openIndexPart(fileName); if (reader.getManifest().get("emptyIndexFile", false)) { // do something! } KeyIterator iterator = reader.getIterator(); while (!iterator.isDone()) { result.add(iterator.getKeyString()); iterator.nextKey(); } reader.close(); return result; }

E-selectin, which has also been called ELAM-1 for endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 and LECAM-2 for lectin cell adhesion molecule, is a glycoprotein that is found on the surface of endothelial cells, the cells that line the interior wall of capillaries. E-selectin recognizes and binds to the carbohydrate sialyl-Lewis.sup.x (sLe.sup.x), which is present on the surface of certain white blood cells. E-selectin helps white blood cells recognize and adhere to the capillary wall in areas where the tissue surrounding the capillary has been infected or damaged. E-selectin is actually one of three selectins now known. The other two are L-selectin and P-selectin. P-selectin is expressed on inflamed endothelium and platelets, and has much structural similarity to E-selectin and can also recognize sialyl-Lewis.sup.x. The structure of sialyl-Lewis.sup.x and sialyl-Lewis.sup.a (sLe.sup.a) are shown in formulas I.sub.a and I.sub.b below: ##STR2## When a tissue has been invaded by a microorganism or has been damaged, white blood cells, also called leukocytes, play a major role in the inflammatory response. One of the most important aspects of the inflammatory response involves the cell adhesion event. Generally, white blood cells are found circulating through the bloodstream. However, when a tissue is infected or becomes damaged, the white blood cells must be able to recognize the invaded or damaged tissue and be able to bind to the wall of the capillary near the affected tissue and diffuse through the capillary into the affected tissue. E-selectin helps two particular types of white blood cells recognize the affected sites and bind to the capillary wall so that these white blood cells may diffuse into the affected tissue. There are three main types of white blood cells: granulocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes. Of these categories, E-selectin recognizes sLe.sup.x presented as a glycoprotein or glycolipid on the surface of monocytes and neutrophils. Neutrophils are a subclass of granulocytes that phagocytose and destroy small organisms, especially bacteria. Monocytes, after leaving the bloodstream through the wall of a capillary, mature into macrophages that phagocytose and digest invading microorganisms, foreign bodies and senescent cells. Monocytes and neutrophils are able to recognize the site where tissue has been damaged by binding to E-selectin, which is produced on the surface of the endothelial cells lining capillaries when the tissue surrounding a capillary has been infected or damaged. Typically, the production of E- and P-selectins are increased when the tissue adjacent a capillary is affected. P-selectin is present constitutively in storage granules from which it can be rapidly mobilized to the cell surface after the endothelium has been activated. In contrast, E-selectin requires de novo RNA and protein synthesis, and peak expression does not occur until about 4-6 hours after activation, and declines to basal levels after about 24-48 hours. White blood cells recognize affected areas because sLe.sup.x moieties present on the surface of the white blood cells bind to E- and P-selectin. This binding slows the flow of white blood cells through the bloodstream, since it mediates the rolling of leukocytes along the activated endothelium prior to integrin mediated attachment and migration, and helps to localize white blood cells in areas of injury or infection. While white blood cell migration to the site of injury helps fight infection and destroy foreign material, in many instances this migration can get out of control, with white blood cells flooding to the scene, causing widespread tissue damage. Compounds capable of blocking this process, therefore, may be beneficial as therapeutic agents. Thus, it would be useful to develop inhibitors that would prevent the binding of white blood cells to E- or P-selectin. For example, some of the diseases that might be treated by the inhibition of selectin binding to sLe.sup.x include, but are not limited to, ARDS, Crohn's disease, septic shock, traumatic shock, multi-organ failure, autoimmune diseases, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and reperfusion injury that occurs following heart attacks, strokes and organ transplants. In addition to being found on some white blood cells, sLe.sup.a, a closely related regiochemical isomer of sLe.sup.x, is found on various cancer cells, including lung and colon cancer cells. It has been suggested that cell adhesion involving sLe.sup.a may be involved in the metastasis of certain cancers and that inhibitors of sLe.sup.a binding may be useful in the treatment of some forms of cancer.

Agronomic importance of first development of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under semi-arid conditions: II. Seed imbibition. Due to the slowness growth and weakness of the first developments of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), it could not combated with weeds and easily caught up by Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta rabiei (Pass) Labr.) disease. Additionally, due to biotic and abiotic stress factors, esp. at the late sowing, important seed yield losses could be happened. To be able to avoid from them is only possible to accelerate of its first development as possible as. So, one of the best solutions to is to use chemical compounds such as Humic Acid (HA) known soil regulator under the semi-arid conditions. With this aim this research was performed in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications under semi-arid field conditions during (2008/2009) and (2009/2010) in Turkiye. Two cultivars (V1 = Gokce and V2 = Ispanyol) and four seed imbibition methods (A0 = 0, A1 = Tap Water, A2 = 1/2 Tap Water + 1/2 Humic acid (HA), A3 = Full HA, as w/w) and seven yield components Plant Height (PH), Number of Branches per Plant (NBP), Number of Pods per Plant (NPP), First Pod Height (NFP), Number of Seeds per Pod (NSP), Seed Weight per Plant (SWP) and 100-Seed weight (HSW) were investigated. The PH and FPH were affected the A0, the NBP, NPP and NSP were affected the A2 and the SWP and HSW were given the varied but not clear responses according to varieties for all the parameters in A1. The A0 and A1 were encouraged the germination and top soil of the plant but, the A2 to A3 were encouraged root system's development. It was concluded that the A2 is a promising method which makes the maximum and positive effect to the first development of the chickpea agronomy under the semi-arid conditions.

Fourth Court of Appeals San Antonio, Texas June 10, 2016 No. 04-16-00336-CV IN THE INTEREST OF M.S.M., A CHILD, From the 57th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas Trial Court No. 2014PA02012 Honorable Richard Garcia, Judge Presiding ORDER The trial court signed a final judgment on April 28, 2016. Because appellant did not file a motion for new trial, motion to modify the judgment, motion for reinstatement, or request for findings of fact and conclusions of law, the notice of appeal was due to be filed on May 18, 2016. See TEX. R. APP. P. 26.1(a). A motion for extension of time to file the notice of appeal was due on June 2, 2016. See TEX. R. APP. P. 26.3. Although appellant filed a notice of appeal within the fifteen-day grace period allowed by Rule 26.3, he did not file a motion for extension of time. A motion for extension of time is necessarily implied when an appellant, acting in good faith, files a notice of appeal beyond the time allowed by Rule 26.1 but within the fifteen-day grace period provided by Rule 26.3 for filing a motion for extension of time. See Verburgt v. Dorner, 959 S.W.2d 615, 617 (Tex. 1997) (construing the predecessor to Rule 26). However, the appellant must offer a reasonable explanation for failing to file the notice of appeal in a timely manner. See id.; TEX. R. APP. P. 26.3, 10.5(b)(1)(C). It is therefore ORDERED that appellant file, within fifteen days from the date of this order, a response presenting a reasonable explanation for failing to file the notice of appeal in a timely manner. If appellant fails to respond within the time provided, the appeal will be dismissed. See TEX. R. APP. P. 42.3(c). All other appellate deadlines are suspended until further order of this court. _________________________________ Jason Pulliam, Justice IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed the seal of the said court on this 10th day of June, 2016. ___________________________________ Keith E. Hottle Clerk of Court 

List of Turkish place names Some well-known place names in modern Turkey are derived from the Greek or Latin languages. In Turkey Outside Turkey See also List of Greek place names Category:Lists of place names

Scene 1: The Douchbag Country Club. Very little activity ... no one golfing. A few employees scattered around. Jeff of the EIS is addressing six temporary EIS employees ... all have jackets with the EIS logo in huge letters ... all with official looking faux CSI kits. Jeff: "OK, listen up people. This is a training exercise." Jeff pauses to shoo away one of Conrad's flies which lands upon his shoulder and attaches. "In a little while a small group of real reporters will be allowed on the premises. They're here to add realism to this exercise. You have mock cameras ... take pictures of anything that looks reasonable. No screwing around ... the whole exercise is being filmed." A lie but who cares. "Remember ... you do not speak to the media. If anyone asks you a question, say that all information on this case is classified and direct them to me, Agent Piccard. If any reporter gets pushy, call over one of the police ... they will warn the reporter not to bother you or they will be led off the premises." One of the faux agents: "Are there any phrases that sound really scienterrific that we could use with each other to sound impressive?" "The following phrase can be used if you ... say ... collect a soil sample ... or take a closeup photo of anything ... or even do a dust for fingerprints bit ... just say to your fellow agent, "Do you think this is amenable to the fragistan carcoblans?" ... and you both peer into each other's eyes like you said something meaningful. The reporter will be so busy trying to write down fragistan carcoblans and google it that that person will be out of action for ten minutes. It's fun to watch. One final thing. You have your list of red tape items. For example, all unopened alcoholic beverages and all materials from the kitchen walkin cooler will be red-tagged and moved into the red-tag van or the refrigerated red-tag truck. All other items will be loaded into the other vehicles for transport to the central office. That's it ... get to work ... try to enjoy yourself and always ... always ... look official." The faux agents scatter ... some taking pictures ... other putting soil samples in test tubes and adding phony reagents. Two agents head for the storage areas to box up red-tag items for transport to Lenny's estate. Three reporters enter ... they've already been instructed to take all the pictures they wish but under no circumstances should they disturb the agents in any way ... treat this like a murder scene ... your cooperation is appreciated ... there will be a Q&A session with Head Agent Piccard at the end of the day. Scene 2: Rory and Conrad at The Pot Shop, listening over the fly on Jeff's shoulder. Rory: "This is great. Can you believe these clowns ... it's all bullshit. But why are they doing it?" Conrad: "My guess ... one ... the EIS needs a write up for appropriations time. This phony shit looks great on paper. Second ... we need to figure out what the red-tag items are all about. Third ... the EIS has lost a huge chunk of the funding it had in the last administration ... it can't afford science anymore. We're witnessing the devolution of our society. Pretty soon science will be stone knives, bear skins, and leeches. California might escape if it can break away from the rest of the continent but that's iffy ... they're human and most humans only react, not act." "Keep that fly on the EIS spokesman ... what's his name ... Agent Piccard ... keep that up. Let's see if we can get info if he makes a phone call." Scene 3: Golf Course. All the goods in the walkin cooler are being boxed, labeled with red tape, moved to the refrigerated van. Jeff is overseeing. Jeff calls Lenny: "Lenny ... Jeff. I'm on site at the Golf Course ... we're boxing up the cold items for your house right now. They've got a huge collection of booze ... that's going to take some time to box up but I'm on it. Someone is also in the Pro Shop ... golf balls, tees, golf clubs ... I could use a few of those ... we'll take everything without a traceable logo. We can always pawn it on the side for pocket money. (pause) Yeah, don't worry ... this is going like all the other jobs ... I'll give the press the standard line of of nonsense so they have something to publish while saying absolutely nothing. I've already visited three of the local hospitals ... this whole black dick thing has me puzzled. Wish we still had the science guys to back us up ... damn cutbacks. By the way, do you think that there's any connection between the deaths in the Krupt family, the deaths of the protesters, and this outbreak? All these things happened in the same geographic area ... I smell something funny. (pause) Fine, I won't bother you. Is it OK if I take some time to visit my girlfriend Julie? Yeah, I'll button up here before I head out. I'll be at the Ingraham Motor Lodge in Lloyd if you need me. OK, out. Enjoy your loot." Scene 4: The Pot Shop. Rory and Conrad are staring at each other. Conrad; "They're looting the place. The investigation is a huge scam! They're Making America Great Again!" Rory: "Yeah, but this Agent Piccard seems to have a brain ... he suspects that there's a connection to the Krupts. I want to meet this guy ... the Ingraham Motor Lodge ... I'll go visit. Scene 5: Ingraham Motor Lodge parking lot. Rory is waiting in his car ... knows what Agent Piccard looks like ... waiting for the classic black government-mobile. There's a bar off the main motor lodge. And here comes the Fed. Agent Piccard exits his parked vehicle ... traveling case in hand ... enters the check-in. Rory exits his vehicle ... assumes that Jeff will be tired ... thirsty ... so he goes into the bar ... sits at a table ... orders a tonic water with a twist ... no alcohol. Fifteen minutes later Jeff enters ... goes straight to the bar ... sits ... orders a scotch on the rocks. Jeff downs his drink ... orders another. Rory waits 10 minutes ... lets Jeff's drink sink in ... walks up to the bar next to Jeff ... orders another tonic. Rory, to Jeff: "You look beat ... tough day?" "God, don't ask ... I hate my job." "I hear that a lot ... that's why I have my own consulting firm. I choose my clients ... choose the problems to solve ... ignore everything else." "Ain't you lucky ... I work in hell ... the Federal Government." "What brings you to Anal-Noise?" "There's a potential public health problem ... a bunch of rich boys are turning up in hospitals with ... peculiar problems. I work for the EIS ... it used to be the FBI of science but with budget cuts we're more of a PR organization ... keep the public pacified while they think the government gives a fuck about them ... which it doesn't." Rory: "Hey, I haven't had dinner ... want to grab a bite ... I'm Rory." "Love to Rory ... I'm Jeff ... let's make it really expensive ... I've got a government credit card ... let's make the sucker public pay for it. Scene 6: Expensive Restaurant. Rory sitting across from Jeff. Jeff continues to whine about his horrible life ... what he has to do to earn a paycheck. Jeff: "I got a Masters in microbiology ... and for what? ... to work for some asshole. So what do you do in this consulting firm you own?" "I solve problems ... all sorts of problems ... in the field of food science, agriculture, product development, food processing, adhesives, ... you name it. I'll take on any problem as long as it's not pure physics." "I don't get it ... how can you be an expert in all those areas?" "I'm not. A new problem comes along and I'm the new kid on the block. My philosophy ... read everything ... listen to everyone ... BELIEVE NOTHING! Start from scratch. Let me give you an example. I was doing some work for a tomato processor in northern California and I heard of this problem they had with one of their processing lines ... intermittent temperature spikes ... been happening for 15 years ... causing all sorts of hell ... cost them a small fortune. I asked the Plant Manager if it was OK if I looked into it ... he thought I was crazy but he humored me ... told me not to hurt myself ... I was just a "bean counter". It took me and the head of maintenance less than 1 week to find the problem ... and the problem never recurred in the following three years. Done! I've got dozen of similar stories ... all the same. Ordinary scientists can't do shit ... they're there for the paycheck ... that's it." "Hell, tell me about it. (pause) Let me tell you my situation ... maybe you can help me. There's been the weirdest set of occurrences in this area ... have you heard of the death of Rep. Krupt and his family ... and the death of a whole bunch of protesters and their Pastor ... and now this golf course shit ... God, when it rains, it pours." Rory's cell phone buzzes ... he sees it's Conrad. "I've got to take this ... back in a minute." Rory walks out of earshot. "Yeeeees?" "I've been listening to your conversation with that agent ... this is a hoot. Question: Do we want to bug this idiot's office or do I recall my fly?" "Recall the fly ... have it land on me ... this guy's a whiny idiot ... totally useless." "OK ... will do ... when my fly lands on your shoulder, don't swat it." "Gotcha. Let me get back to the whiner." "So, what do you think ... could we hire you to solve this problem ... find if there is any connection between the deaths and weird shit?" "I avoid contact with the general public ... I would hate to be associated with anything which could put a person at risk. Like pure physics ... not my specialty." A group of four gentlemen enter the room ... take a table next to Rory and Jeff. They're already drunk ... really loud ... don't care. "God, I love this work ... giving shit to A-rabs ... pushing them around ... threatening to have them deported if they don't shut-up. What a great business to be in. When's the next meeting?" "Next week ... a combination KKK and White Nationalist shindig ... should be fun." Jeff: "I hate these white nationalist assholes ... think they own the country with their Emperor in the White House. I wish someone would do something about these obnoxious fuckheads." Rory: "Do you now .... (trails off ... Rory in thought). Scene 7: The Pot Shop: Rory to Jeff: "I've got my next project ... white nationalists. You want in?" "I've been waiting to deal a blow to those assholes ... I'm VERY in"

Role of hepatic and intestinal cytochrome P450 3A and 2B6 in the metabolism, disposition, and miotic effects of methadone. The disposition of the long-acting opioid methadone, used to prevent opiate withdrawal and treat short- and long-lasting pain, is highly variable. Methadone undergoes N -demethylation to the primary metabolite 2-ethyl-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolinium (EDDP), catalyzed in vitro by intestinal, hepatic, and expressed cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4. However, the role of CYP3A4 in human methadone disposition in vivo is unclear. This investigation tested the hypothesis that CYP3A induction (or inhibition) would increase (or decrease) methadone metabolism and clearance in humans. Healthy volunteers were studied in a randomized, balanced, 4-way crossover study. They received intravenous (IV) midazolam (to assess CYP3A4 activity) and then simultaneous oral deuterium-labeled and IV unlabeled methadone after pretreatment with rifampin (INN, rifampicin) (hepatic/intestinal CYP3A induction), troleandomycin (hepatic/intestinal CYP3A inhibition), grapefruit juice (selective intestinal CYP3A inhibition), or nothing. Methadone effects were measured by dark-adapted pupil diameter. CYP isoforms catalyzing methadone metabolism by human liver microsomes and expressed CYPs in vitro were also evaluated. Methadone had high oral bioavailability (70%) and low intestinal (22%) and hepatic (9%) extraction, and there was a significant correlation ( r = 0.94, P <.001) between oral bioavailability and intestinal (but not hepatic) availability. Rifampin decreased bioavailability and oral and IV methadone plasma concentrations and increased IV clearance (4.42 +/- 1.00 mL. kg -1. min -1 versus 1.61 +/- 0.67 mL. kg -1. min -1, P <.05) and oral clearance (8.50 +/- 3.68 mL. kg -1. min -1 versus 2.05 +/- 0.92 mL. kg -1. min -1, P <.05), EDDP/methadone area under the curve (AUC) ratios, EDDP formation clearances, and hepatic extraction (0.27 +/- 0.06 versus 0.09 +/- 0.04, P <.05). Troleandomycin and grapefruit juice decreased the EDDP/methadone AUC ratio after oral methadone (0.17 +/- 0.10 and 0.14 +/- 0.06 versus 0.27 +/- 0.20, P <.05) but not IV methadone and had no effect on methadone plasma concentrations, IV clearance (1.29 +/- 0.41 mL. kg -1. min -1 and 1.48 +/- 0.55 mL. kg -1. min -1 ) or oral clearance (2.05 +/- 1.52 mL. kg -1. min -1 and 1.89 +/- 1.07 mL. kg -1. min -1 ), or other kinetic parameters. There was no correlation between methadone clearance and hepatic CYP3A4 activity. Pupil diameter changes reflected plasma methadone concentrations. In vitro experiments showed a predominant role for both CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 in liver microsomal methadone N -demethylation. First-pass intestinal metabolism is a determinant of methadone bioavailability. Intestinal and hepatic CYP3A activity only slightly affects human methadone N -demethylation but has no significant effect on methadone concentrations, clearance, or clinical effects. Greater rifampin effects, compared with troleandomycin and grapefruit juice, on methadone disposition suggest a major role for intestinal transporters and for other CYPs, such as CYP2B6. Interindividual variability and drug interactions affecting intestinal transporter and hepatic CYP3A and CYP2B6 activity may alter methadone disposition.

Health Information All health information obtained by the Doctors and staff at the medical centre during your care is confidential. Sometimes relevant information may be shared with other health professionals to whom you are referred for health care. The privacy code means we are unable to disclose any health information to other family members without permission of the patient. Under the provisions of the Health Information Privacy Code 1994 you have the right to access health information about you collected and held at the medical centre and the right to request correction of that information.

Built to Last. Reliable Irrigation Valves Built toLAST Reliable Irrigation Valves From Residential to Commercial, low or high flow, low pressure or high pressure, Hunter valves keep any system running smoothly and boast a very low warranty return rate, well below the industry standard. The Hunter family of irrigation valves offers durability and long-lasting performance engineered to stand the test of time, no matter the conditions. Hunter's line of reliable irrigation valves consists of an array of models to fit any need, from 1” (25 mm) residential to 3” (80 mm) commercial applications. The models include PGV, ICV, IBV and Drip Zone Kits. Built and Engineered to Stand the Test of Time 100% Water Tested at Factory Every Hunter valve is water tested after final assembly. This ensures that all Hunter valves will perform right out of the box. Common Solenoid Hunter uses a common solenoid in every valve; stocking or finding replacement solenoids is easy. Captive Bonnet Bolts Servicing Hunter valves is a breeze thanks to captive bonnet bolts that stay in place during service. The bolts are compatible with a nut driver, flat head, or Philips screwdriver so you can easily service your valve with the tool you have on hand.

Property Tax Bombshell Exposed – Fleming 9th May 2013 Fianna Fáil Spokesperson on Public Expenditure and Reform Seán Fleming has said householders will be stunned to hear they face a hike in property tax after the local elections next year. This was confirmed to Deputy Fleming by the Revenue Commissioners at the Public Accounts Committee this morning. Deputy Fleming said: “It was confirmed today that Local Authorities will be able to apply at 15% increase in the property tax at the end of next year, despite assurances that the property tax would not change for three years. This is a deeply cynical move by the two Government parties. As soon as Fine Gael and Labour get the local elections out of the way they intend to hit families again. “The Revenue’s own information booklet on the property tax says “The market value of your property on the 1 May 2013 will form the basis of the calculation of the tax for 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016.” The clear impression in the minds of the public is that the tax would not change for three years, but buried in the legislation that Fine Gael and Labour insisted on forcing through the Dáil with no debate, is a clause which would allow local authorities to inform Revenue, by September 2014, of their intention to apply an increase of up to 15% from January 2015. “Fine Gael and Labour forced through this property tax legislation, blaming the Troika, and they encouraged the impression that people would not get hit with a higher tax next year. By holding back the increase until after the local elections, they obviously thought that the wool could be pulled over voters’ eyes. “This is the wrong tax at the wrong time, placing unacceptable numbers of people across the country under unacceptable pressure. At the very least, the Government needs to repeal this underhand section of the legislation and insist that there will be no increases for at least three years.” Hey Micheal Martin, whats this rubbish about you defending 180 Garda statements that didn't hold up in Court.. What strokes you trying to pulling in saving this broken institutions face. A) Disband it, its too steeped in civil war politics. B) Establish a new force with a separate investigative wing. C) As the Police are a seperate institution to politics then make the new Commissioner an electable position to ensure public confidence instead of 'political' confidence (other countries do it)

See the daily schedule Kurt Benjamin’s film juxtaposes 16mm footage of Cobain’s hometown, Aberdeen, Washington, with surreal scenes of Hopper as Cobain. Appropriately given the Gusman Center’s history as a former silent movie palace, the short was wordless, with the exception of a reading of the lyrics to Nirvana’s “Smells Like Teen Spirit” by Hopper.

Consumersphere® FAQ's What Do We Do? We use the most state-of-the-art and powerful technologies to strategically mine for target-generated insights. We deliver intelligence from the organic and unbiased Collective Voice™. What Is The "Collective Voice™"? We source our data from everywhere and anywhere people express themselves digitally, the Collective Voice™. This allows us to discover "organic truths", that would otherwise be impossible using other research methodologies. How Are We Different? We apply the principles and disciplines of market research to Collective Voice™ data. We do this utilizing innovative artificial intelligence, machine learning and text analytic capabilities that mine for strategic insights. What Are Our Advantages? Unadulterated Authenticity: Organic target-generated insights Absolute Objectivity: Collective Voice™ assures no researcher bias Extremely Cost Effective: Less than half as much as other alternatives Speed of Results. Our work is commonly completed in less than half the time of other methodologies Discovery: Uncovering what you don't know Topical Discovery Explore at a deep and granular level the influencing dynamics of topics from a Collective Voice™ perspective. Zero in on what they view as important, motivating and influential. Instead of hypothesizing, let your target tell you in a completely unbiased and organic manner. User Discovery Uncover your organic user groups and the driving dynamics that makes each unique. This includes distinguishing personas, mindsets, want/needs and drivers/barriers. Segmentation Discovery Discover the naturally occurring segments for your area of interest. They may be demographic, psychographic, ethnic, generational, lifestage or a hybrid combination. Generational Discovery Reveal the generational wants/needs for your topic. Determine topical "universal truths" as well as the wildly varying influences that differentiate them. Lifestage Discovery Find out the driving dynamics of your topical area by stage of life. From young & singles to empty nesters, we can tell you what makes them tick. Psychographic Discovery Go beneath the surface to understand the various mindsets that comprise your target. Understand how the wide array of "need states" and "want states" interact and influence each other in a wide variety of ways. Insight: Deep Dive into what you need to know Cultural Insights In our increasingly diverse and multicultural society, it's important to understand the unique differentiators, motivations and needs. True cultural insight comes from an understanding of the blend of ethnic-specific and universal truths. Vertical Insights Verticals can be a deep reservoir of organic target-generated insights. Delving deep into what these specific audiences discuss, share and ask gives you an extensive lens of insight into your topic.

Q: Both replication masters stop by themselves I did a master/master replication with MySQL on a Gentoo OVH Release 2, all work fine in my test phase. I put it in production, the replication works fine for 1 or 2 days, but this morning, I don't know why, my slave stops running! So now the log position is bad. I can't just restart slave and my replication doesn't work. I want a master/master replication to make a backup server with an IP failover, so only one server is writing/reading in the database at same time. When I go to MySQL and click on Show slave status, I see an error like: Error 'Duplicate entry '411465' for key 1' on query. Default database .... etc. Did this error stop my replication? If yes, why do I get this error? The second server does nothing on the database, so normally, there is no problem with the autoincrement, right? A: The provided error Error 'Duplicate entry '411465' for key 1' on query means that the slave read and attempted to execute a binary log event to insert a row that already existed, ie. the same value 411465 for your primary key. The most likely cause of this is the the insert was executed on the slave. To diagnose the query, you would use mysqlbinlog and use the binary log coordinates from SHOW SLAVE STATUS. This will give you the server-id that the query originated from, which will match either your main master or 'passive' master. Once you determine the query, you can identify the row on the server that is throwing the slave error to determine next steps. You can choose to : skip the entry using SET GLOBAL sql_slave_skip_counter=1 to proceed to the next binary log statement Delete the specific row on the server and start slave to have the statement run from replication. However, you need to take steps to understand how the mismatch occurred, or you're going to run into this again. This will require some more detective work from your end using mysqlbinlog. If, as you say, only one master is writeable at a time, you should ensure the following: passive master is read_only=1 and your failover solution is able to modify read_only. the user that your application runs as (or any other non-trusted user) does not have the SUPER privilege. Any user with SUPER privilege can execute statements even on read_only=1 servers. setup pt-table-checksum to ensure the data is in sync on both servers.

Brødrene Hansen Brødrene Hansen ("Hansen Brothers") is a real estate company and former retailer in Oslo, Norway. It was established by the brothers August, Jørgen, and Hans O. Hansen on 17 October 1864. It was located at the address Kongens gade 29, then Nedre slotsgade 15 from 1899. August Hansen was both the first to retire from the company, and the first founder to die (in 1913). The company was passed down to Jørgen's sons August and Thomas Walle-Hansen. The third generation, with Tom and Hans Jørgen Walle-Hansen, later entered the company. The company contained retailing and wholesaling of dry goods as well as a readymade clothing factory. In 1969 the retail outlet in Nedre slottsgate 15 was sold to Adelsten Jensen. Brødrene Hansen is now a real estate company. It still owns Nedre slottsgate 15, and in the last half of the 1990s they expanded and bought Konowsgate 80 in Oslo, Astridsgate 26, Astridsgate 34 and Oskarsgate 2 in Sarpsborg and Madam Arnesens vei 43 and Kongens gate 24 in Moss. References Category:Companies established in 1864 Category:1864 establishments in Norway Category:Real estate companies of Norway Category:Defunct retail companies of Norway Category:Companies based in Oslo Category:Retail companies established in 1864

Entries for 'freight rate risk management' If your answer to the above question is anything less than ‘very,’ your company’s future may be at risk. In the turbulent seas of the shipping industry, understanding the true market value of your fleet is the difference between sinking and swimming. Performing frequent mark-to-market (MTM) valuations is an integral part of doing business. However, due to the volatile nature of the industry, the complexity of calculating freight rates, and flaws inherent in popular valuation methods and tools, companies often end up with inaccurate numbers. This provides an erroneous picture of financial standing that can result in lost profits, faulty decision-making, and ultimately the demise of an entire business. To understand the challenges associated with calculating accurate MTM valuations and how to address them, I encourage you to read a new article in The Baltic by Javier Navarro, Triple Point’s Freight Risk Solutions Manager. It offers a detailed look into this subject that is intended to help companies gain a competitive edge and stay afloat in the rough waters of the cutthroat shipping industry. Read it now

Shindigs, brunches, and rodeos: the neural basis of event words. Events (e.g., "running" or "eating") constitute a basic type within human cognition and human language. We asked whether thinking about events, as compared to other conceptual categories, depends on partially independent neural circuits. Indirect evidence for this hypothesis comes from previous studies showing elevated posterior temporal responses to verbs, which typically label events. Neural responses to verbs could, however, be driven either by their grammatical or by their semantic properties. In the present experiment, we separated the effects of grammatical class (verb vs. noun) and semantic category (event vs. object) by measuring neural responses to event nouns (e.g., "the hurricane"). Participants rated the semantic relatedness of event nouns, as well as of two categories of object nouns-animals (e.g., "the alligator") and plants (e.g., "the acorn")-and three categories of verbs-manner of motion (e.g., "to roll"), emission (e.g., "to sparkle"), and perception (e.g., "to gaze"). As has previously been observed, we found larger responses to verbs than to object nouns in the left posterior middle (LMTG) and superior (LSTG) temporal gyri. Crucially, we also found that the LMTG responds more to event than to object nouns. These data suggest that part of the posterior lateral temporal response to verbs is driven by their semantic properties. By contrast, a more superior region, at the junction of the temporal and parietal cortices, responded more to verbs than to all nouns, irrespective of their semantic category. We concluded that the neural mechanisms engaged when thinking about event and object categories are partially dissociable.

Attitudes towards carrier testing in minors: a systematic review. The objective of this article is to review the attitudes of the different stakeholders (minors, healthcare professionals, parents and relatives of affected individuals) towards carrier testing in minors. The databases Pubmed, Google Scholar, Psychinfo, Biological Abstracts, Francis, Anthropological Index online, Web of Science, and Sociological Abstracts were searched using key words for the period 1990-2004. Studies were included if they were published in a peer reviewed journal in English and described the attitudes of minors, parents or healthcare professionals towards carrier testing in minors in a family context. The results were presented in a summary form. In total 20 relevant studies were retrieved (2 studies reported the attitudes of two stakeholders). Only one study reported the attitudes of adolescents, two studies reported the attitudes of adults who had undergone carrier testing in childhood. In total six studies have been retrieved discussing the parental attitudes towards carrier testing in their children. Over all studies, most parents showed interest in detecting their children's carrier status and responded they wanted their child tested before the age of majority: some parents even before 12 years. Eight studies were retrieved that reported the attitudes of relatives of affected individuals. Most were in favor of carrier testing before 18 years. The studies retrieved suggest that most parents are interested in the carrier status of their children and want their children to be tested before they reach legal majority (and some even in childhood). This can lead to tensions between parents and healthcare professionals regarding carrier testing in minors. Guidelines of healthcare professionals advise to defer carrier testing on the grounds that children should be able to decide for themselves later in life to request a carrier test or not.

Q: Python/sqlite3: is there a way to make database schema figure? Very new to sql and thus new to sqlite3. I'm setting up a relational database and need a visual for peer review prior to populating with actual data. (That is, I am setting up all the tables and fields, with primary and foreign keys, but there are no records for now.) Is there a way to make a figure that visually shows the relationships between the tables? (Example internet grab below--or maybe linked because I am new user.) Using sqlite3 and python. Bonus points if it looks better than the crummy Access visual! schema plot figure A: one possible solution to making relational diagrams in Python is ERAlchemy. As of the time of this posting, I did not see any other pure Python solution. https://pypi.org/project/ERAlchemy/

Located in the urbanization of Cala’n Bosch in the town of Ciutadella about 200 meters from the sea and 500 meters from the beach. The plot is 500m2 and the house has 135 m2. It is a complex Xalets and we have two. On the ground floor we find the living room with direct access to the outside and piscna terrace with access to both the kitchen. The kitchen has access to the rear garden. Of the 4 bedrooms of the house, we have a bedroom with double bed downstairs and a bathroom with shower. Going up to the first floor we find another bedroom with a bathroom en suite. The bedroom is spacious and comfortable and can accommodate either placed in a cot or extra bed for children. On the same floor there are 2 double bedrooms with twin beds in each. On this floor there is another bathroom.

With the release of their newest album, Sing Noël, Point of Grace wanted to spend a few minutes – through music and devotions – reminding us to remember WHO the Christmas season is all about. We hope you love their devotional words as you begin to get into the Christmas spirit. Heavenly Father, For many […] With the release of their newest album, Sing Noël, Point of Grace wanted to spend a few minutes – through music and devotions – reminding us to remember WHO the Christmas season is all about. We hope you love their devotional words as you begin to get into the Christmas spirit. During the holidays, it […] Listen as Leigh, Shelley, and Denise talk about why they chose Hark! The Herald Angels Sing to be on their new Christmas album, Sing Noël. A fun song, you’ll discover Point of Grace’s own spin on this Christmas classic. If you love this song, we think you’ll love the new album, Sing Noël. Visit your […] With the release of their newest album, Sing Noël, Point of Grace wanted to spend a few minutes – through music and devotions – reminding us to remember WHO the Christmas season is all about. We hope you love their devotional words as you begin to get into the Christmas spirit. “See Amid the Winter’s […] Fear Not… Hallelujah! God Is With Us! Listen as Denise, Leigh, and Shelley share with us why they chose this song to be on their new album, Sing Noël. With all that is going on in the world, fear is within all us, but God tells us DO NOT FEAR. If you love this song, […] With the release of their newest album, Sing Noël, Point of Grace wanted to spend a few minutes – through music and devotions – reminding us to remember WHO the Christmas season is all about. We hope you love their devotional words as you begin to get into the Christmas spirit. “Let Us Be” Our […] Listen as Shelley, Leigh, and Denise talk about the song, “I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day.” They’ll share what they love about the song, where it came from (the real story behind the song), and what “I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day” really means. If you love this song, we think you’ll love […] Today’s LifeWay Worship Christmas feature is The Virgin Mary Had a Baby Boy arranged by Cliff Duren The Virgin Mary Had a Baby Boy This West Indian carol with an island feel was arranged for SATB a cappella choir with percussion and children’s choir by Cliff Duren. Product […] Miracle in a Manger Created by Tim Lovelace Orchestrated and Arranged by Cliff Duran, Camp Kirkland, and Phil Nitz A miracle moment comes like none in history with the birth that would give life to the world. A manger that had been used to nourish animals now held the Bread of Life for all mankind. […]

---------------------- Forwarded by Mike Grigsby/HOU/ECT on 01/30/2001 07:10 AM --------------------------- Anne Bike@ENRON 01/29/2001 10:23 PM To: Phillip K Allen/HOU/ECT@ECT, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], Phillip K Allen/HOU/ECT@ECT, Mike Grigsby/HOU/ECT@ECT, Darron C Giron/HOU/ECT@ECT, Carey M Metz/HOU/ECT@ECT cc: Subject: Enron's February Baseload Physical Fixed Price Transactions as of 1/29/01

The latest neurobiology for professional problem-solving Menu “Video games sharpen math, science and reading skills among 15-year-olds, but social media reduces test results” Teenagers who regularly play online video games tend to improve their school results…But school students who visit Facebook or chat sites every day are more likely to fall behind in maths, reading and science. “Students who play online games almost every day score 15 points above the average in maths and 17 points above the average in science. “When you play online games you’re solving puzzles to move to the next level and that involves using some of the general knowledge and skills in maths, reading and science that you’ve been taught during the day,”

Set in the 247 acre Teifi Marshes Nature Reserve. It’s easy to immerse yourself in the peace & tranquility during breaks….with a 150 yard stroll either down to the River Teifi, along secluded paths or up to a meadow with its giant wildlife sculpture and panoramic views. You can even incorporate the Nature Reserve into the more structured elements of your time here….whether its learning about naturalphenomena, team building or just connecting with the natural world. There is ample free parking just outside the Harlow Room with good disabled access& facilities both in & around all buildings, including toilets very close by. The Harlow Room (8.9m x 5.2m) can seat up to 40 people with its tables and comfortable chairs configured as a Boardroom 16 Horse-shoe 20 Classroom 20 Theatre 40 Social gatherings can accommodate up to 40. Window blinds provide give good projection capability as well as privacy. The basic Room Hire price includes a Whiteboard, Flip Chart, Pens, Lectern and Internet Access; as well as Tea and Coffee making facilities in the room. Daytime Room Hire Rates (Half Day is 3 hours, Full day is 8 hours) Community Groups – £30 half day, £50 full day Voluntary Orgs – £40 half day, £70 full day Public/Statutory Orgs – £45 half day, £80 full day Business – £50 half day, £90 full day Discounts available for multiple bookings. The Harlow Room can be hired at £15 per hour. Evening bookings by arrangement. Equipment Charges Digital Projector and Screen £20 Traditional Overhead Projector (acetates) £10 TV and DVD player £10 Our on-site Catering service can be tailored entirely to your needs; whether it’s a regular supply of hot and cold drinks with homemade cake, cold buffet or a 3 course hot meal. We can organise a special lunch for you in advance or just bring you the day’s Cafe menu on arrival, so everyone can book what you want on the day. Then enjoy your lunch high up in the Glasshouse Café overlooking the River Teifi and the Nature Reserve or outside the Cafe in the meadow (where there’s a large covered area too if it rains) We use locally sourced seasonal produce whenever possible, catering for vegetarian, vegan and gluten-free diets within all of the menus. We’re fully licensed, keeping a small range of wines and beers in stock Stunning home made food The setting of this venue makes it particularly appealing, with the Teifi Marshes Nature Reserve this makes it a unique venue for any business or social event.

Chilean-American cinematographer Claudio Miranda is pictured at the 18th Annual Critics’ Choice Movie Awards. Miranda has been nominated for an Oscar for Best Cinematography for Ang Lee’s film Life of Pi.Feb 21, 2013

Clarence E. Walker Clarence Earl Walker is an American historian and Distinguished Professor (Emeritus) in the Department of History at the University of California, Davis. He earned bachelor's and master's degrees from San Francisco State University and a doctorate from the University of California, Berkeley. Walker works on Black American studies. In 2001, his book We Can't Go Home Again: An Argument About Afrocentrism was selected as an International Book of the Year by The Times Literary Supplement. In 2015, he was awarded the US$45000 UC Davis Prize for Undergraduate Teaching and Scholarly Achievement. He planned to retire in June 2015. His publications include: Mongrel Nation: The America Begotten by Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings, University of Virginia Press, 2009 We Can't Go Home Again: An Argument About Afrocentrism, Oxford University Press, 2001 Deromanticizing Black History: Critical Essays and Reappraisals, University of Tennessee Press, 1991 References Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:21st-century American historians Category:University of California, Davis faculty Category:San Francisco State University alumni Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni

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“Everyone Can” Obey and Teach Others“But when they believed Philip, as he proclaimed the good news about the kingdom of God and the name of Jesus Christ, both men and women were baptized.” Acts 8:12 (HCSB)

Cathedral of St Mary and St Anne The Cathedral of Saint Mary and Saint Anne (), also known as Saint Mary's Cathedral, The North Cathedral or The North Chapel, is a Roman Catholic cathedral located at the top of Shandon Street in Cork, Ireland. It is the seat of the Bishop of Cork and Ross, and the mother church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cork and Ross. Its name derived from the fact that it encompassed the ecclesiastical parish of St. Mary and the civil parish of St. Anne. History The cathedral is both the seat of the Bishop of Cork and Ross, and the parish church for the Cathedral parish which includes the areas of Blarney Street, Shandon and Blackpool. Baptismal records date back to 1731. The parish boundary had also included the areas of Blackpool, Sunday’s Well, Shanakiel, Clogheen, Kerry Pike and Curraghkippane until 1981. (Both chapels of ease to the Cathedral, The Church of the Most Precious Blood, became the parish church of Clogheen/Kerry Pike & The Church of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary became the parish church of Blackpool) The cathedral was built during the tenure of Bishop Francis Moylan. Construction began in 1799 on the site of a former church built in the 1730s. The cathedral was dedicated on 22 August 1808 by Archbishop Thomas Bray of Cashel. In his sermon, coadjutor bishop Florence McCarthy D.D. spoke of the "necessity of social worship, arguing the point from reason, scripture, and tradition." McCarthy died of typhoid in 1810, contracted while visiting a sick parishioner. The building was extensively damaged by an act of arson in 1820. George Richard Pain undertook the restoration of the cathedral, enlarging the sanctuary and creating a Chancel Arch. The cathedral re-opened in 1828. In 1964, at the request of Bishop Cornelius Lucey who wished to fulfil the dream of Bishop Francis Moylan concerning the completion of the cathedral, the sanctuary was extended, a sanctuary tower added, and the internal layout reorganised. These works were completed in 1968. The architects employed were Boyd Barrett and Associates. Ideas and plans for the extension and renovation of the cathedral were discussed as far back as 1931 in an annual blotter book published by the Cathedral parish office during the reign of Bishop Daniel Cohalan. The most recent large-scale works were completed at the cathedral between 1994 and 1996. The tower and sanctuary were renovated and refurbished, and the high altar, altar rails and side altars were removed. The roof was re-slated and the gothic ceiling was repaired. External stonework of the cathedral was also repointed. The cathedral closed for the duration of the works. It was re-dedicated by Bishop Michael Murphy on 29 September 1996 (shortly before his death in October 1996). The cathedral celebrated its bicentenary in September 2008. In 2017 a visitor centre was established underneath the sanctuary of the cathedral, with tours of the Cork Folklore Project's exhibition and work. Architecture Designed in early Neo-Gothic Revivalist style, the building combines sandstone with limestone dressings. The tower over the main door was added in 1869, designed by John Benson. The original altar was fashioned in wood by Italian craftsmen in Lisbon. The bells were cast in 1870 by John Murphy of Dublin, and were originally hung for change-ringing, however they are now considered 'unringable'. The modern sanctuary of 1996 was designed by architect Richard Hurley, and is finished in white limestone. References External links Corkcathedral.ie - Cathedral of St Mary and St Anne homepage Category:Roman Catholic cathedrals in the Republic of Ireland Category:Roman Catholic Diocese of Cork and Ross Category:Roman Catholic churches in Cork (city) Category:Tourist attractions in County Cork

Premier League Week 24 Fixtures: Full Picks and Predictions for Matchday 24 What does the Premier League have to follow up what were such lively midweek fixtures? More football, of course. Matchday 23 featured quite a few surprising results, between Liverpool's 4-0 drubbing of Everton, West Ham's 0-0 draw against Chelsea in Stamford Bridge and Tottenham Hotspur's 5-1 home defeat at the hands of Manchester City. Arsenal's 2-2 draw with Southampton meant that City leapfrogged them into first place. Matchday 24 lacks the same volume of compelling matchups, but it has plenty of mouth-watering fixtures, with everything culminating with City's clash with Chelsea on Monday. It should be a thrilling weekend. Premier League Predictions Premier League Matchday 24 Predictions Date Time Home Prediction Away 2/1 7:45 a.m. ET; 12:45 p.m. GMT West Ham 2-1 Swansea 2/1 7:45 a.m. ET; 12:45 p.m. GMT Newcastle 0-0 Sunderland 2/1 10 a.m. ET; 3 p.m. GMT Stoke 0-0 Man. United 2/1 10 a.m. ET; 3 p.m. GMT Hull 1-1 Tottenham 2/1 10 a.m. ET; 3 p.m. GMT Fulham 2-0 Southampton 2/1 10 a.m. ET; 3 p.m. GMT Everton 0-1 Aston Villa 2/1 10 a.m. ET; 3 p.m. GMT Cardiff 0-2 Norwich 2/2 8:30 a.m. ET; 1:30 GMT West Brom 1-2 Liverpool 2/2 11 a.m. ET; 6 p.m. GMT Arsenal 4-1 Crystal Palace 2/3 3 p.m. ET; 8 p.m. GMT Man. City 2-1 Chelsea Matchups via WhoScored.com Newcastle vs. Sunderland Scott Heppell/Associated Press Crazy things always happen in the Tyne-Wear Derby. The fact that Sunderland have clawed their way out from the relegation places makes this match all the more exciting. The Magpies will be without Loic Remy after he picked up a red card against Norwich City. At time of writing, it hasn't been overturned, but Newcastle may choose to appeal the suspension as it was a rather innocuous coming together with Bradley Johnson that led to the sending-off. If Newcastle are without Remy, it's hard to see where the goals would come from. Don't forget that they'll also be without YohanCabaye, after he moved to Paris Saint-Germain: Sunderland have had their own problems scoring, with Jozy Altidore failing to make any impact whatsoever since his arrival in the summer, and few others coming to the Black Cats' rescue. This is normally a lively fixture, but the fireworks will be lacking in a match that has a dull draw written all over it. Prediction: Newcastle 0, Sunderland 0 Everton vs. Aston Villa Laurence Griffiths/Getty Images For whatever reason, Aston Villa are a demonstrably better team away from home. At Villa Park, they have the 18th-worst record in the league. On the road, they're eighth. Perhaps Paul Lambert feels a little more willing to play on the counterattack rather than try to dominate possession and control the game when his club is away from home. Villa are a great counterattacking team, and they'll try to use that strength against Everton. The Toffees won 2-0 when these two met earlier in the season, but with the match in Goodison Park, this could be a much more competitive fixture. Villa demonstrated a lot of heart in their 4-3 win over West Brom. Couple that with Christian Benteke's strong run of form, and you've got a side capable of pulling off the road victory. The Belgian has scored three goals in each of his last three games after going 11 matches scoreless, per OptaJoe: 3 - Christian Benteke has now scored in three consecutive Premier League appearances after going 11 without one. Rampant. Everton looked really shaky defensively against Liverpool, and they aren't on a great run of matches. That will continue on Saturday. Prediction: Aston Villa 1, Everton 0 Manchester City vs. Chelsea Matt Dunham/Associated Press When these two clubs met, Chelsea won, 2-1. Fernando Torres scored in the 90th to give the Blues all three points. There are two things different this time around. The first is that Vincent Kompany has returned to the first team and brought some defensive solidarity to the City back line. The second is that this game is being played at the Etihad Stadium. Manchester City have the best home record in the league, winning all 11 of their matches. They've scored an ungodly 42 goals at the Etihad, while holding opponents to eight. Sergio Aguero could be a big miss for City, as he was injured in the win over Tottenham Hotspur.

Echoes From The Ashes by Christa Hedrick, a tale about reincarnation and the Holocaust Meet Christa The Author Christa is retired and living in Rector, a small town in Northeast Arkansas. Although Rector is the town of her birth, she grew up on the Texas Gulf Coast and spent 15 years as a military wife, which afforded her the opportunity to live in many different places, including Germany. Living abroad was an experience she loved, crediting it with broadening her mind and awakening a sense of living in a world community. A few years ago she and her friend, Lana Swearingen, co-authored a book about their lives as military wives and the two other women who met and became friends while their husbands were stationed at Ramstein AFB in Germany in the mid 70s. The four women, who still get together once a year, have remained friends as their lives have taken them on different journeys and to different parts of the country. "We Were Army Wives" is available on Amazon.com She currently writes a column/blog for the Clay County Times Democrat keeping everyone abreast of the “goings on” around her small town. She has also creates and maintains websites including the Rector website: www.rectorarkansas.com The Inspiration At nineteen years of age, Christa was living in Nuremberg, Germany as a young military wife. It was her first time to be out in the world as an adult and she hadn't known what to expect when she arrived. All she knew of Germany was from books and movies of WWII. She expected to meet anger and resentment. Instead, she found people to be friendly and welcoming, grateful for the help the Americans gave in rebuilding their country. Conversations with those who had lived and fought in the war taught her that these people were no different from the people back home. These weary, worn out soldiers had been young patriotic men during the war, much like her own father. Years later when she was again living in Germany she visited the Dachau Memorial and knew she had to tell the stories of the people who had passed through the horror of the Holocaust. The Book "Echoes From The Ashes" is fiction, but all the stories about the things that happened in the camps and to the citizens of Germany at the hands of the Nazis are rooted in actual events that happened many times over. It was a time of incredible cruelty against innocent people. She wanted to make them real for her readers to lift them up, those who survived the unimaginable and those who now soar free. Events Book Club I am thrilled to announce that "Echoes From The Ashes" has been selected as the February book to read by the Like Minds Book Club in Rector. I will be making a presentation to the group at the February meeting on the 26th. I am looking forward to talking about the story and how I came to to write it. I am looking forward to them having a lot of questions. Piggott Meet the Author Book signing/ Sale and Presentation Madpies Tea Room and Shoppes On the Square in Piggott Saturday, November 4 11:00 - 2:00. Rector Meet the Author Book Signing/Sale Presentation Rector Welcome Center Main Street, Rector Saturday, December 2 Noon- 2:00 KAIT8 Midday Christa was a guest on KAIT8 Midday at 11:00 on Thursday, November 30. Diana Davis interviewed her about "Echoes From the Ashes." Christa told Diana that the seed for writing this book was planted in 1977 when she took a trip to the Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial.

/* * stree.c * * Copyright 2010 Alexander Petukhov <devel(at)apetukhov.ru> * * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or * (at your option) any later version. * * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * GNU General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, * MA 02110-1301, USA. */ /* * Contains function to manipulate stack trace tree view. */ #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H #include "config.h" #endif #include <geanyplugin.h> #include "stree.h" #include "breakpoints.h" #include "utils.h" #include "debug_module.h" #include "pixbuf.h" #include "cell_renderers/cellrendererframeicon.h" /* Tree view columns */ enum { S_FRAME, /* the frame if it's a frame, or NULL if it's a thread */ S_THREAD_ID, S_ACTIVE, S_N_COLUMNS }; /* active thread and frame */ static glong active_thread_id = 0; static int active_frame_index = 0; /* callbacks */ static select_frame_cb select_frame = NULL; static select_thread_cb select_thread = NULL; static move_to_line_cb move_to_line = NULL; /* tree view, model and store handles */ static GtkWidget *tree = NULL; static GtkTreeModel *model = NULL; static GtkTreeStore *store = NULL; static GtkTreeViewColumn *column_filepath = NULL; static GtkTreeViewColumn *column_address = NULL; /* cell renderer for a frame arrow */ static GtkCellRenderer *renderer_arrow = NULL; static GType frame_get_type (void); G_DEFINE_BOXED_TYPE(frame, frame, frame_ref, frame_unref) #define STREE_TYPE_FRAME (frame_get_type ()) /* finds the iter for thread @thread_id */ static gboolean find_thread_iter (gint thread_id, GtkTreeIter *iter) { gboolean found = FALSE; if (gtk_tree_model_get_iter_first(model, iter)) { do { gint existing_thread_id; gtk_tree_model_get(model, iter, S_THREAD_ID, &existing_thread_id, -1); if (existing_thread_id == thread_id) found = TRUE; } while (! found && gtk_tree_model_iter_next(model, iter)); } return found; } /* * frame arrow clicked callback */ static void on_frame_arrow_clicked(CellRendererFrameIcon *cell_renderer, gchar *path, gpointer user_data) { GtkTreePath *new_active_frame = gtk_tree_path_new_from_string (path); if (gtk_tree_path_get_indices(new_active_frame)[1] != active_frame_index) { GtkTreeIter thread_iter; GtkTreeIter iter; GtkTreePath *old_active_frame; find_thread_iter (active_thread_id, &thread_iter); old_active_frame = gtk_tree_model_get_path (model, &thread_iter); gtk_tree_path_append_index(old_active_frame, active_frame_index); gtk_tree_model_get_iter(model, &iter, old_active_frame); gtk_tree_store_set (store, &iter, S_ACTIVE, FALSE, -1); active_frame_index = gtk_tree_path_get_indices(new_active_frame)[1]; select_frame(active_frame_index); gtk_tree_model_get_iter(model, &iter, new_active_frame); gtk_tree_store_set (store, &iter, S_ACTIVE, TRUE, -1); gtk_tree_path_free(old_active_frame); } gtk_tree_path_free(new_active_frame); } /* * shows a tooltip for a file name */ static gboolean on_query_tooltip(GtkWidget *widget, gint x, gint y, gboolean keyboard_mode, GtkTooltip *tooltip, gpointer user_data) { GtkTreePath *tpath = NULL; GtkTreeViewColumn *column = NULL; gboolean show = FALSE; int bx, by; gtk_tree_view_convert_widget_to_bin_window_coords(GTK_TREE_VIEW(widget), x, y, &bx, &by); if (gtk_tree_view_get_path_at_pos(GTK_TREE_VIEW(widget), bx, by, &tpath, &column, NULL, NULL)) { if (2 == gtk_tree_path_get_depth(tpath)) { gint start_pos, width; gtk_tree_view_column_cell_get_position(column, renderer_arrow, &start_pos, &width); if (column == column_filepath) { frame *f; GtkTreeIter iter; gtk_tree_model_get_iter(model, &iter, tpath); gtk_tree_model_get(model, &iter, S_FRAME, &f, -1); gtk_tooltip_set_text(tooltip, f->file); gtk_tree_view_set_tooltip_row(GTK_TREE_VIEW(widget), tooltip, tpath); show = TRUE; frame_unref(f); } else if (column == column_address && bx >= start_pos && bx < start_pos + width) { gtk_tooltip_set_text(tooltip, gtk_tree_path_get_indices(tpath)[1] == active_frame_index ? _("Active frame") : _("Click an arrow to switch to a frame")); gtk_tree_view_set_tooltip_row(GTK_TREE_VIEW(widget), tooltip, tpath); show = TRUE; } } gtk_tree_path_free(tpath); } return show; } /* * shows arrow icon for the frame rows, hides renderer for a thread ones */ static void on_render_arrow(GtkTreeViewColumn *tree_column, GtkCellRenderer *cell, GtkTreeModel *tree_model, GtkTreeIter *iter, gpointer data) { GtkTreePath *tpath = gtk_tree_model_get_path(model, iter); g_object_set(cell, "visible", 1 != gtk_tree_path_get_depth(tpath), NULL); gtk_tree_path_free(tpath); } /* * empty line renderer text for thread row */ static void on_render_line(GtkTreeViewColumn *tree_column, GtkCellRenderer *cell, GtkTreeModel *tree_model, GtkTreeIter *iter, gpointer data) { frame *f; gtk_tree_model_get (model, iter, S_FRAME, &f, -1); if (! f) g_object_set(cell, "text", "", NULL); else { GValue value = G_VALUE_INIT; g_value_init(&value, G_TYPE_INT); g_value_set_int (&value, f->line); g_object_set_property (G_OBJECT (cell), "text", &value); g_value_unset (&value); frame_unref (f); } } /* * shows only the file name instead of a full path */ static void on_render_filename(GtkTreeViewColumn *tree_column, GtkCellRenderer *cell, GtkTreeModel *tree_model, GtkTreeIter *iter, gpointer data) { frame *f; gtk_tree_model_get(model, iter, S_FRAME, &f, -1); if (! f) g_object_set(cell, "text", "", NULL); else { gchar *name; name = f->file ? g_path_get_basename(f->file) : NULL; g_object_set(cell, "text", name ? name : f->file, NULL); g_free(name); frame_unref (f); } } /* * Handles same tree row click to open frame position */ static gboolean on_msgwin_button_press(GtkWidget *widget, GdkEventButton *event, gpointer user_data) { if (event->type == GDK_BUTTON_PRESS) { GtkTreePath *pressed_path = NULL; GtkTreeViewColumn *column = NULL; if (gtk_tree_view_get_path_at_pos(GTK_TREE_VIEW(tree), (int)event->x, (int)event->y, &pressed_path, &column, NULL, NULL)) { if (2 == gtk_tree_path_get_depth(pressed_path)) { GtkTreePath *selected_path; gtk_tree_view_get_cursor(GTK_TREE_VIEW(tree), &selected_path, NULL); if (selected_path && !gtk_tree_path_compare(pressed_path, selected_path)) { frame *f; GtkTreeIter iter; gtk_tree_model_get_iter ( model, &iter, pressed_path); gtk_tree_model_get (model, &iter, S_FRAME, &f, -1); /* check if file name is not empty and we have source files for the frame */ if (f->have_source) { move_to_line(f->file, f->line); } frame_unref(f); } if (selected_path) gtk_tree_path_free(selected_path); } gtk_tree_path_free(pressed_path); } } return FALSE; } /* * Tree view cursor changed callback */ static void on_cursor_changed(GtkTreeView *treeview, gpointer user_data) { GtkTreePath *path; GtkTreeIter iter; frame *f; int thread_id; gtk_tree_view_get_cursor(treeview, &path, NULL); if (! path) return; gtk_tree_model_get_iter (model, &iter, path); gtk_tree_model_get (model, &iter, S_FRAME, &f, S_THREAD_ID, &thread_id, -1); if (f) /* frame */ { /* check if file name is not empty and we have source files for the frame */ if (f->have_source) { move_to_line(f->file, f->line); } frame_unref(f); } else /* thread */ { if (thread_id != active_thread_id) select_thread(thread_id); } gtk_tree_path_free(path); } static void on_render_function (GtkTreeViewColumn *tree_column, GtkCellRenderer *cell, GtkTreeModel *tree_model, GtkTreeIter *iter, gpointer data) { frame *f; gtk_tree_model_get (tree_model, iter, S_FRAME, &f, -1); if (! f) g_object_set (cell, "text", "", NULL); else { g_object_set (cell, "text", f->function, NULL); frame_unref (f); } } static void on_render_address (GtkTreeViewColumn *tree_column, GtkCellRenderer *cell, GtkTreeModel *tree_model, GtkTreeIter *iter, gpointer data) { frame *f; gtk_tree_model_get (tree_model, iter, S_FRAME, &f, -1); if (f) { g_object_set (cell, "text", f->address, NULL); frame_unref (f); } else { gint thread_id; gchar *thread_label; gtk_tree_model_get (model, iter, S_THREAD_ID, &thread_id, -1); thread_label = g_strdup_printf(_("Thread %i"), thread_id); g_object_set (cell, "text", thread_label, NULL); g_free(thread_label); } } /* * inits stack trace tree */ GtkWidget* stree_init(move_to_line_cb ml, select_thread_cb st, select_frame_cb sf) { GtkTreeViewColumn *column; GtkCellRenderer *renderer; move_to_line = ml; select_thread = st; select_frame = sf; /* create tree view */ store = gtk_tree_store_new ( S_N_COLUMNS, STREE_TYPE_FRAME, /* frame */ G_TYPE_INT /* thread ID */, G_TYPE_BOOLEAN /* active */); model = GTK_TREE_MODEL(store); tree = gtk_tree_view_new_with_model (GTK_TREE_MODEL(store)); g_object_unref(store); /* set tree view properties */ gtk_tree_view_set_headers_visible(GTK_TREE_VIEW(tree), 1); gtk_widget_set_has_tooltip(tree, TRUE); gtk_tree_view_set_show_expanders(GTK_TREE_VIEW(tree), FALSE); /* connect signals */ g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(tree), "cursor-changed", G_CALLBACK (on_cursor_changed), NULL); /* for clicking on already selected frame */ g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(tree), "button-press-event", G_CALLBACK(on_msgwin_button_press), NULL); g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(tree), "query-tooltip", G_CALLBACK (on_query_tooltip), NULL); /* creating columns */ /* address */ column_address = column = gtk_tree_view_column_new(); gtk_tree_view_column_set_title(column, _("Address")); renderer_arrow = cell_renderer_frame_icon_new (); g_object_set(renderer_arrow, "pixbuf_active", (gpointer)frame_current_pixbuf, NULL); g_object_set(renderer_arrow, "pixbuf_highlighted", (gpointer)frame_pixbuf, NULL); gtk_tree_view_column_pack_start(column, renderer_arrow, TRUE); gtk_tree_view_column_set_attributes(column, renderer_arrow, "active_frame", S_ACTIVE, NULL); gtk_tree_view_column_set_cell_data_func(column, renderer_arrow, on_render_arrow, NULL, NULL); g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT(renderer_arrow), "clicked", G_CALLBACK(on_frame_arrow_clicked), NULL); renderer = gtk_cell_renderer_text_new (); gtk_tree_view_column_pack_start(column, renderer, TRUE); gtk_tree_view_column_set_cell_data_func(column, renderer, on_render_address, NULL, NULL); gtk_tree_view_append_column (GTK_TREE_VIEW (tree), column); /* function */ renderer = gtk_cell_renderer_text_new (); column = gtk_tree_view_column_new_with_attributes (_("Function"), renderer, NULL); gtk_tree_view_column_set_cell_data_func(column, renderer, on_render_function, NULL, NULL); gtk_tree_view_column_set_resizable (column, TRUE); gtk_tree_view_append_column (GTK_TREE_VIEW (tree), column); /* file */ renderer = gtk_cell_renderer_text_new (); column_filepath = column = gtk_tree_view_column_new_with_attributes (_("File"), renderer, NULL); gtk_tree_view_column_set_resizable (column, TRUE); gtk_tree_view_append_column (GTK_TREE_VIEW (tree), column); gtk_tree_view_column_set_cell_data_func(column, renderer, on_render_filename, NULL, NULL); /* line */ renderer = gtk_cell_renderer_text_new (); column = gtk_tree_view_column_new_with_attributes (_("Line"), renderer, NULL); gtk_tree_view_column_set_cell_data_func(column, renderer, on_render_line, NULL, NULL); gtk_tree_view_column_set_resizable (column, TRUE); gtk_tree_view_append_column (GTK_TREE_VIEW (tree), column); /* Last invisible column */ column = gtk_tree_view_column_new (); gtk_tree_view_append_column (GTK_TREE_VIEW (tree), column); return tree; } /* * add frames to the tree view */ void stree_add(GList *frames) { GtkTreeIter thread_iter; GList *item; g_object_ref (model); gtk_tree_view_set_model (GTK_TREE_VIEW (tree), NULL); find_thread_iter (active_thread_id, &thread_iter); /* prepending is a *lot* faster than appending, so prepend with a reversed data set */ for (item = g_list_last (frames); item; item = item->prev) { gtk_tree_store_insert_with_values (store, NULL, &thread_iter, 0, S_FRAME, item->data, -1); } gtk_tree_view_set_model (GTK_TREE_VIEW (tree), model); g_object_unref (model); } /* * clear tree view completely */ void stree_clear(void) { gtk_tree_store_clear(store); } /* * select first frame in the stack */ void stree_select_first_frame(gboolean make_active) { GtkTreeIter thread_iter, frame_iter; gtk_tree_view_expand_all(GTK_TREE_VIEW(tree)); if (find_thread_iter (active_thread_id, &thread_iter) && gtk_tree_model_iter_children(model, &frame_iter, &thread_iter)) { GtkTreePath* path; if (make_active) { gtk_tree_store_set (store, &frame_iter, S_ACTIVE, TRUE, -1); active_frame_index = 0; } path = gtk_tree_model_get_path(model, &frame_iter); gtk_tree_view_set_cursor(GTK_TREE_VIEW(tree), path, NULL, FALSE); gtk_tree_path_free(path); } } /* * called on plugin exit to free module data */ void stree_destroy(void) { } /* * add new thread to the tree view */ void stree_add_thread(int thread_id) { GtkTreeIter thread_iter, new_thread_iter; if (gtk_tree_model_get_iter_first(model, &thread_iter)) { GtkTreeIter *consecutive = NULL; do { int existing_thread_id; gtk_tree_model_get(model, &thread_iter, S_THREAD_ID, &existing_thread_id, -1); if (existing_thread_id > thread_id) { consecutive = &thread_iter; break; } } while(gtk_tree_model_iter_next(model, &thread_iter)); if(consecutive) { gtk_tree_store_prepend(store, &new_thread_iter, consecutive); } else { gtk_tree_store_append(store, &new_thread_iter, NULL); } } else { gtk_tree_store_append (store, &new_thread_iter, NULL); } gtk_tree_store_set (store, &new_thread_iter, S_FRAME, NULL, S_THREAD_ID, thread_id, -1); } /* * remove a thread from the tree view */ void stree_remove_thread(int thread_id) { GtkTreeIter iter; if (find_thread_iter (thread_id, &iter)) gtk_tree_store_remove(store, &iter); } /* * remove all frames */ void stree_remove_frames(void) { GtkTreeIter child; GtkTreeIter thread_iter; if (find_thread_iter (active_thread_id, &thread_iter) && gtk_tree_model_iter_children(model, &child, &thread_iter)) { while(gtk_tree_store_remove(GTK_TREE_STORE(model), &child)) ; } } /* * set current thread id */ void stree_set_active_thread_id(int thread_id) { active_thread_id = thread_id; }

Cedell[@bib1] described talus fracture in 4 young active sportsmen in 1974. These injuries are rare, and from then until now, only a few cases have been reported. The patient may arrive in the emergency department with pain and tenderness in the posteromedial region of the talus. However, most of the time, the injury\'s similarity to an ankle sprain on normal anteroposterior and lateral ankle radiographic views may contribute to misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis.[@bib2] Different treatments of this injury are supported in the literature: conservative treatment of nondisplaced or minimally displaced fractures, open reduction--internal fixation for displaced fractures, or fracture excision for malunion of displaced fractures that cause posteromedial ankle impingement.[@bib2], [@bib3] Technique {#sec1} ========= The diagnosis can be made using anteroposterior and lateral ankle radiographs ([Fig 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}) and computed tomography ([Fig 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}).Fig 1Preoperative anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of a right ankle showing a posteromedial talus fracture (arrow).Fig 2Preoperative 3-dimensional right ankle reconstruction showing a displaced posteromedial talus fracture with malunion (arrow). Preoperative Setup {#sec1.1} ------------------ The patient is placed in the prone position with application of a thigh tourniquet to provide a bloodless surgical field. All bony prominences are padded. A small support is situated under the lower leg, making it possible to move the ankle freely. The ankle should be kept in a plantar-flexed position to relax the neurovascular bundle. The operative leg is prepared and draped in standard fashion. No traction is required. Portal Placement {#sec1.2} ---------------- According to the recommendations of Van Dijk et al,[@bib4] the posterolateral portal is created through an incision at the level of or slightly above the tip of the lateral malleolus, just lateral to the Achilles tendon. Careful palpation of the Achilles tendon before portal insertion reduces the risk of damaging the tendon. Blunt dissection to the level of the joint is carried out with a small mosquito clamp directed anteriorly, pointing in the direction of the interdigital web space between the first and second toes. It is exchanged with a 4.5-mm arthroscope shaft (Arthrex, Naples, FL) with a blunt trocar. The posteromedial portal is made just medial to the Achilles tendon, at the same level as the posterolateral portal. A mosquito clamp is introduced and directed toward the arthroscope shaft at 90° to touch this shaft; it should pass the neurovascular bundle without a problem. A 4.0-mm 30° arthroscope (Arthrex) is used through the posterolateral portal. The posterolateral portal is used as the viewing portal, and the posteromedial portal serves as the working portal ([Fig 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}). If there is any difficulty in determining whether the arthroscope is inserted correctly, confirmation of its position by fluoroscopy is recommended.Fig 3The patient is in the prone position. Portal placement is shown for the right ankle. Placement of the posterolateral portal is performed just lateral to the Achilles tendon at the level of the tip of the malleolus. A 4-mm 30° arthroscope is in position. The posteromedial portal is made just medial to the Achilles tendon, at the same level as the posterolateral portal. A shaver is introduced and directed toward the arthroscope shaft. Surgical Correction of Posterior Ankle Impingement {#sec1.3} -------------------------------------------------- Before the surgeon addresses the pathology, it is paramount to identify the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) and confirm that it moves with passive motion of the hallux. A base loop is passed around the tendon. The FHL is used as the medial border of the working area, which helps prevent injury to the neurovascular bundle. Then, debridement starts with an arthroscopic shaver (Arthrex) and radiofrequency device (Arthrex) inserted through the posteromedial portal.[@bib4] When soft-tissue debridement is complete, the fracture malunion is clearly defined ([Fig 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}). Then, it is time to perform resection. This may include partial or total resection to correct the impingement ([Fig 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}). We perform partial resection of the fragment with a motorized 4.0-mm burr (Arthrex) to restore the normal shape of the posterior talus. We check, under arthroscopic control, that range of ankle motion is completely restored and posterior ankle impingement is corrected ([Fig 6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}).Fig 4Arthroscopic view of the posteromedial aspect of the right ankle from the posterolateral portal. The fracture malunion (yellow arrow) and posterior ankle impingement are visualized. A shaver is introduced through the posteromedial portal. The flexor hallucis longus is on the medial side with a base loop around it (green arrow).Fig 5Arthroscopic view of the posteromedial aspect of the right ankle from the posterolateral portal. Partial resection of the fracture malunion (arrow) is performed. A burr is introduced through the posteromedial portal.Fig 6Arthroscopic view of the posteromedial aspect of the right ankle from the posterolateral portal. Final reshaping of the posterior talus is performed, and posterior ankle impingement (red arrow) is corrected. The flexor hallucis longus is on the medial side with a base loop around it (green arrow). Complications {#sec1.4} ------------- Although we have not encountered any complications with this procedure, the major complication is injury to the tibial neurovascular bundle. It is recommended to keep the ankle in plantar flexion during the procedure and keep the instruments lateral to the FHL. Postoperative Rehabilitation Protocol {#sec1.5} ------------------------------------- The patient is discharged on the day after surgery using crutches. Weight bearing is allowed. A rehabilitation program to gain full mobility and strength is followed. A control computed tomography scan is ordered 1 month after surgery ([Fig 7](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}). Return to sports is gradually permitted, based on functional demands, with the most demanding activities being avoided until 3 months after ankle arthroscopy.Fig 7Three-dimensional reconstruction 1 month after arthroscopic resection of a malunion of a posteromedial talus fracture showing correction of posterior ankle impingement (arrow). A step-by-step summary of our technique is provided in [Table 1](#tbl1){ref-type="table"}. Pearls and pitfalls are presented in [Table 2](#tbl2){ref-type="table"}, and advantages and disadvantages are listed in [Table 3](#tbl3){ref-type="table"}. Key steps of the procedure are shown in [Video 1](#appsec1){ref-type="sec"}.Table 1Step-by-Step Summary of Arthroscopic Treatment of Malunion of Posteromedial Talus Fracture1.Position the patient in the prone position with application of a thigh tourniquet to provide a bloodless surgical field.2.Keep the ankle in a plantar-flexed position to relax the neurovascular bundle.3.Establish the posterolateral and posteromedial portals.4.Use a 4-mm 30° arthroscope inserted through the posterolateral portal.5.Identify the FHL and confirm that it moves with passive motion of the hallux.6.Start debridement with an arthroscopic shaver and radiofrequency device inserted through the posteromedial portal.7.Identify the fracture malunion.8.Perform partial resection of the fragment with a motorized 4.0-mm burr.9.Check, under arthroscopic control, that range of ankle motion is completely restored and posterior ankle impingement is corrected.[^1]Table 2Pearls and PitfallsPearlsPitfallsUse the prone position; pad all bony prominences.Pressure sores and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve neuropathyNote that no traction is required.No free movement of ankleKeep the ankle in a plantar-flexed position.Neurovascular bundle injuryPerform careful palpation of the Achilles tendon.Achilles tendon injuryIdentify the tip of the lateral malleolus for correct portal placement.Incorrect portal placementUse the arthroscope shaft as a guide to place the posteromedial portal.Neurovascular bundle injuryUse fluoroscopy to confirm the position and direction of the arthroscope if necessary.Incorrect portal placementIdentify the FHL by passive motion of the great toe and pass a base loop around the tendon.Neurovascular bundle injuryPerform a detailed examination of posterior ankle impingement.Incorrect portal placementIdentify the fracture malunion.No identification of fracture malunionReshape the posterior talus.No impingement correctionAvoid excessive bone resection.Excessive bone resection leading to ankle instabilityCheck complete ankle motion and correction of posterior ankle impingement.No improvement in clinical resultsTable 3Advantages and DisadvantagesAdvantages The procedure allows excellent access to the posterior ankle compartment. The procedure is minimally invasive. The procedure allows posterior ankle impingement to be corrected. The recovery time is shorter.Disadvantages The technique is challenging. Neurovascular bundle injury can occur. An experienced arthroscopist is required. The operative time is longer. Discussion {#sec2} ========== Posteromedial talus fracture has a potential for delayed diagnosis.[@bib2], [@bib3], [@bib5] First, it is a rare injury. Second, it shows similarity to an ankle sprain on standard ankle radiographs. To avoid future morbidity, it is important to diagnose this fracture at the time of the initial presentation. Careful clinical and radiographic evaluation is required to obtain a prompt diagnosis. Tenderness over the deltoid ligament on physical examination should raise suspicion. If no abnormal findings are observed on routine trauma views of the ankle, a more precise examination should be scheduled. Ebraheim et al.[@bib6] described, in a cadaveric study, the utility of a 30° external rotation view of the ankle as a radiologic method to diagnose a posteromedial tubercle fracture of the talus. They recommended its use with the 3 routine trauma views of the ankle. A computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging should be requested if radiographic evaluation findings are normal. Malunion of a posteromedial fracture might be the cause of posteromedial ankle impingement and persistent posteromedial ankle pain. Bone excision is recommended in these cases.[@bib2], [@bib3], [@bib7] Open surgical treatment through a posteromedial approach has the risk of damaging the neurovascular structures. If it is necessary to improve visualization of the ankle and subtalar joints, an external fixator should be placed intraoperatively. Often, open surgical treatment is followed by a short period of immobilization. The arthroscopic approach has many advantages. It is a surgical procedure with less morbidity. It offers good access to the posterior ankle compartment. Malunion of a posteromedial fracture can be visualized and treated, and no immobilization is required.[@bib2], [@bib4] We recommend this surgical procedure to perform a partial resection of a malunion of a posteromedial fracture to correct posterior ankle impingement. Supplementary Data {#appsec1} ================== Video 1Arthroscopic treatment in the right ankle of a 23-year-old male patient with a posteromedial fracture malunion causing posteromedial ankle impingement. Radiographs and computed tomography show the fracture malunion. The patient is placed in the prone position. The procedure is carried out using the 2 standard posterior portals. The posterolateral portal is used as the viewing portal, and the posteromedial portal serves as the working portal. The flexor hallucis longus (FHL) is identified on passive motion of the great toe, and a base loop is passed around it. Debridement is performed. The fracture malunion is identified. The dynamic impingement is identified with passive motion of the ankle. Partial resection of the fragment is performed. Full ankle motion is checked under arthroscopic control. Posterior ankle impingement correction is checked under arthroscopic control.ICMJE author disclosure forms The authors report that they have no conflicts of interest in the authorship and publication of this article. Full ICMJE author disclosure forms are available for this article online, as [supplementary material](#appsec1){ref-type="sec"}. [^1]: FHL, flexor hallucis longus.

Danny Overbea Daniel Dorsey "Danny" Overbea (January 3, 1926 – May 11, 1994) was an American rhythm and blues singer, guitarist and songwriter, best known for his songs "Train, Train, Train" and "Forty Cups of Coffee", which he wrote and recorded in the early 1950s. Life and career He was born in Philadelphia, but grew up on the South Side of Chicago where he learned guitar while at DuSable High School. After serving with the military, he started a professional career as a musician in 1946, initially with the Three Earls in Cleveland, Ohio, before launching a solo career. After returning to Chicago he made his first recording in 1950, as guest vocalist on saxophonist Eddie Chamblee's "Every Shut Eye Ain't Sleep". He signed as a solo artist to Premium Records, and released his first single, "Contrary Mary", in early 1951. He became a popular club performer, noted for his guitar skills while performing splits, playing behind his back, and with his teeth, many such moves emulating T-Bone Walker (and later adopted by Jimi Hendrix). In 1952, he was spotted by radio DJ Al Benson, who arranged for him to be signed by Chess Records. His first and most successful record for the company, "Train, Train, Train", his own composition, was issued on the Checker subsidiary label in early 1953 and reached number 7 on the Billboard R&B chart. The song was covered by Buddy Morrow, whose version on RCA Victor reached number 28 on the pop chart. Overbea became a favorite of leading DJ Alan Freed and appeared on some of Freed's shows as well as maintaining a performing schedule in Chicago clubs. On his second Checker single, "Forty Cups of Coffee", he was backed by the King Kolax Orchestra. A cover version by Ella Mae Morse reached number 26 on the pop chart, and the song was recorded by Bill Haley in 1956. According to Allmusic, Overbea's first two Checker records were "essentially rock ‘n’ roll songs before the concept of ‘rock ‘n’ roll’ had even emerged." His later records for Checker were less successful, and he interspersed his rockier recordings with ballads in the style of Billy Eckstine, such as "Sorrento", which he sang in Italian, "You're Mine" (also recorded by The Flamingos), and "A Toast to Lovers". He continued to tour, with Dinah Washington and others, and performed on Alan Freed's shows including the week-long Easter Jubilee of Stars in Brooklyn in April 1955. After several singles on Checker, Overbea moved in 1956 to the Argo label, another Chess subsidiary specifically established to market pop music. However, his Argo recordings were not commercially successful, and he left in 1957. He then recorded for Federal Records in Cincinnati, until 1959, but again with little success. His last known recordings were for the Apex label in Chicago. Overbea continued to perform occasionally in Chicago clubs until the 1970s. He died in Chicago in 1994, aged 68. References Category:1926 births Category:1994 deaths Category:Chicago blues musicians Category:American blues guitarists Category:American blues singers Category:American male singers Category:Chess Records artists Category:Guitarists from Illinois Category:Guitarists from Philadelphia Category:American male guitarists Category:20th-century American guitarists Category:20th-century American singers Category:20th-century male singers

Q: lua meta-object protocol model: lua-coat vs loose There is someone who uses lua-coat or loose routinely? Which is more mature, stable, bugfree -> "better"? Is one of them enough mature for the production environment? lua-coat - activity none - last updated Nov.2010 - marked as beta loose - activity none - last updated in Dec.2008 - ??? Any experience? (looking for an answer from someone who has real experience with them :) A: Disclaimer: I have no direct experience with any of those libraries, but I've got some experience creating my own OOP lib. Of the two libraries you have proposed, lua-coat seems better. My two main reasons: It's got some fairly recent commits It's got automated tests. IMHO Any serious lib should have them(*), but it's specially important in OOP libs; keeping track of all the things that can go wrong in a refactoring is just impossible without automated testing. (*) My lib also has tests, mind you. They are just on a different repo, for now.

Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada magnetic resonance imaging index for assessment of spinal inflammation in ankylosing spondylitis. To develop a feasible magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based scoring system for spinal inflammation in patients with spondylarthropathy that requires minimal scan time, does not require contrast enhancement, evaluates the extent of lesions in 3 dimensional planes, and limits the number of vertebral levels that are scored because MRI demonstrates characteristic inflammatory lesions in the spine of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) prior to the development of typical features on plain radiographic. Our scoring method was based entirely on the assessment of increased signal denoting bone marrow edema on T2-weighted STIR sequences. Blinded MRI films were assessed in random order at 2 sites by 3 blinded readers at each of the 2 sites (the Universities of Alberta and Toronto). Intra- and interreader reliability was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient. The 24-week response of patients with AS randomized to infliximab:placebo (8:3) was assessed by effect size and standardized response mean. An initial analysis of all discovertebral units (DVUs) in the spine of 11 patients demonstrated a mean of 3.2 (95% confidence interval 3.2, 5.2) affected units, while limiting the scoring to a maximum of 6 units captured most of the affected units. We scanned 11 patients with AS with clinically active disease and 20 additional patients randomized to a 24-week trial of either infliximab or placebo. Intraobserver reproducibility for the 6-DVU STIR score ranged from 0.93 to 0.98 (P < 0.0001). Interobserver reproducibility of scores by readers from both sites was 0.79 (P < 0.0001) for status score and 0.82 (P < 0.0001) for change score. Analysis of pretreatment and posttreatment scores for all 20 patients randomized to infliximab/placebo showed a large degree of responsiveness (standardized response mean = 0.87). Reproducibility and responsiveness were only slightly improved by using contrast enhancement with gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid. The Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada MRI index is a feasible, reproducible, and responsive index for measuring spinal inflammation in AS.

Q: Cannot access server running in container from host I have a simple Dockerfile FROM golang:latest RUN mkdir -p /app WORKDIR /app COPY . . ENV GOPATH /app RUN go install huru EXPOSE 3000 ENTRYPOINT /app/bin/huru I build like so: docker build -t huru . and run like so: docker run -it -p 3000:3000 huru for some reason when I go to localhost:3000 with the browser, I get I have exposed servers running in containers to the host machine before so not sure what's going on. A: From the information provided in the question if you see logs of the application (docker logs <container_id>) than the docker application starts successfully and it looks like port exposure is done correctly. In any case in order to see ports mappings when the container is up and running you can use: docker ps and check the "PORTS" section If you see there something like 0.0.0.0:3000->3000/tcp Then I can think about some firewall rules that prevent the application from being accessed... Another possible reason (although probably you've checked this already) is that the application starts and finishes before you actually try to access it in the browser. In this case, docker ps won't show the exited container, but docker ps -a will. The last thing I can think of is that in the docker container itself the application doesn't really answer the port 3000 (I mean, maybe the startup script starts the web server on some other port, so exposing port 3000 doesn't really do anything useful). In order to check this you can enter the docker container itself with something like docker exec -it <container_id> bash and check for the opened ports with lsof -i or just wget localhost:3000 from within the container itelf

Prognostic significance of serum lactate dehydrogenase level in osteosarcoma: a meta-analysis. A number of studies have investigated the role of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level in patients with osteosarcoma but have yielded inconsistent and inconclusive results. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess its prognostic value more precisely. Systematic computerized searches of PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases were performed. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) with 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI) of overall survival was used to assess the prognostic role of serum LDH level. Ten studies published between 1997 and 2013 with a total of 943 osteosarcoma patients were included. Overall, the pooled HR for all ten eligible studies evaluating high LDH level on overall survival was 1.92(95 % CI 1.53-2.40). Sensitivity analysis suggested that the pooled HR was stable and omitting a single study did not change the significance of the pooled HR. Funnel plots and Egger's tests revealed there was some possibility of publication bias risk in the meta-analysis. This meta-analysis shows that high serum LDH level is obviously associated with lower overall survival rate in patients with osteosarcoma, and it is an effective biomarker of prognosis.

Bertolotti Bertolotti is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include: Alessandro Bertolotti (born 1960), Italian writer and photographer Andrés Bertolotti (born 1943), Argentine footballer Bernardino Bertolotti, 16th-century Italian composer and musician Cesare Bertolotti (1854–1932), Italian painter Gianni Bertolotti (born 1950), Italian basketball player Giovanni Lorenzo Bertolotti (1640–1721), Italian Baroque painter Mariano Bertolotti (born 1982), Argentine judoka See also Bertolotti's syndrome, back pain Category:Italian-language surnames

Introduction {#Sec1} ============ Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are being widely applied in displays for mobiles and televisions owing to their self-emitting characteristics, excellent colour gamut, high-speed operation, and applicability in flexible or stretchable devices^[@CR1]^. Practical OLEDs function based on phosphorescence owing to their nearly 100% internal phosphorescence efficiency^[@CR2],[@CR3]^. However, the external quantum efficiency of OLEDs is \~20% because the surface plasmon polariton modes at the metal-organic interface, the waveguide mode in the indium tin oxide (ITO)/organic layer, and the substrate mode in the glass substrate produce light loss^[@CR4]--[@CR8]^. Generally, light loss in the substrate mode is larger than that in the waveguide mode due to small differences in refractive index between the ITO/glass interface and the glass/air interface^[@CR9]^. In addition, microcavity top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes (TEOLED) without the loss of the substrate mode and having the advantage of improved colour purity and aperture ratio have been applied to mobile displays. However, microcavity TEOLED originally had a problem associated with viewing angles due to the blue shift that occurred with the variation of the sight angle, even though the light efficiency along the normal direction was amplified. Therefore, researchers have attempted to find solutions for improving the light extraction and viewing angle of OLEDs^[@CR10]^. Different approaches have been adopted with the aim of optimizing light extraction and viewing angle, including micro lens array (MLA)^[@CR5],[@CR11]--[@CR16]^, dielectric Bragg gratings^[@CR17]--[@CR19]^, surface plasmons^[@CR20]^, buckling patterns^[@CR21]^, periodic corrugation^[@CR8]^, low-index grids^[@CR22]^, and photonic crystals^[@CR23]^. Methods that modify the internal or external surfaces of the substrate of OLEDs minimize the total internal reflection. Such surface shapes are produced by different technologies which traditionally involve photo-lithography or printing, moulding, and embossing methods^[@CR24]--[@CR28]^. Therefore, these technologies employ at least the photo-lithographic step or utilize lithographic templates once. They generally end up being considerably complex or expensive for mass production. On the other hand, other researchers have reported a simple scattering layer synthesized by competitive and scalable methods. In these methods, particles or voids having different refractive indices were embedded in a polymer matrix and utilized for the scattering layer^[@CR29]--[@CR36]^. However, because the particles or voids are micro-sized or the pitch between the nearest particles or voids is micro-sized, these techniques reveal a small effect of diffraction that is difficult to control. In addition, to prevent the loss of the substrate mode, the most representative MLA has larger visibility than a nano-sized array because of its size. Alignment is a problem in the case of high-resolution displays with very small pixels. In this paper, we propose a simple method to fabricate random nanoscale rods (RNRs) as scattering layers for enhancement of light extraction and improvement of viewing angle characteristics in OLEDs. In our device, there is virtually no spectral distortion or shift, which are issues observed in 2D photonic crystal-based OLEDs, and the spectral shift according to the change in viewing angle is reduced. This layer is fabricated by a cost-effective and scalable procedure that consists of coating and etching the polymer at low temperatures (below 100 °C) without photomasks or templates. Additionally, the RNRs can control the diffraction as well as scattering effects in the visible wavelength range owing to the distance between closest rods and are compatible with high-resolution displays for virtual reality because the process of alignment between the individual pixels in the panel and the scattering layer is unnecessary. The RNRs can also be applied in flexible displays and lighting owing to the use of etched polymers. OLEDs equipped with RNRs exhibit superior optical properties such as high external quantum efficiency (EQE), high luminance efficiency (LE), and colour variation with changes in viewing angle, to control OLEDs. Results and Discussion {#Sec2} ====================== To investigate the optical effect of RNRs on glass, the electrical field distribution was simulated by the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method. The boundary conditions for the simulation were set for a perfect optically matched layer to avoid the reflection of electromagnetic waves at the edges of the structure on all the sides, except for the metal cathode layer. The simulated structure consisted of an aluminium cathode, *N*,*N*'-bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-*N*,*N*'-bis(phenyl)-benzidine (NPB; refractive index n = 1.81), tris(8-hydroxy-quinolinato)aluminium (Alq~**3**~; n = 1.72), ITO (n = 1.9), glass (n = 1.52), SU-8 polymer, and RNRs (n = 1.59). A dipole source of visible wavelength was generated in the Alq~**3**~ layer, and one transverse electric (TE) and two transverse magnetic (TM) modes were used^[@CR37]^. To reflect the randomness of RNRs in the simulation, their height was varied from 1000 nm to 1200 nm and width from 50 nm to 150 nm (Supplementary Information Fig. [S1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). In the reference structure, most of the light incident at an angle above the critical angle became a waveguide because of the difference in refractive index between glass and air (Fig. [1a](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). In order to confirm the optical effect of the SU-8 polymer, a simulation using SU-8 without the pattern was performed (Fig. [1b](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). As a result, the optical path was almost unchanged, and the difference between the refractive indices of glass and air slightly increased; this difference seemed to be slightly adversely affected for external light extraction. In contrast, in the RNRs present on the glass structure, some portions of the waveguide light were allowed to escape from the glass substrate, and light extraction increased below the critical angle (Fig. [1c](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). Optical phenomena such as refraction, diffraction, and interference were produced by the RNRs because the differences in refractive index at the interface between glass and air changed and the random periodic rods revealed distances between each other that were similar to the visible wavelength. Figure [2e](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"} illustrates the light path in OLEDs. The photons trapped (rays 2 and 3) within the glass are scattered by the RNRs, increasing the probability of them being emitted from the structure. Furthermore, as a result of simulation, in which scattering occurs several times in one rod, it can be inferred that scattering occurs more frequently when the height of the rod is greater.Figure 1FDTD simulation of E-field distribution induced by transverse magnetic and electric dipoles: (**a**) Reference (w/o RNRs), (**b**) unpatterned SU-8 on a glass structure, and (**c**) RNRs on the glass structure.Figure 2Cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy images of random nanoscale rods (RNRs) obtained under different plasma etching conditions: (**a**) RNRs 1, (**b**) RNRs 2, (**c**) RNRs 3, and (**d**) RNRs 4, and (**e**) schematic illustration of OLED outcoupling enhancement by the RNR scattering layer. It is desirable to fabricate a nanostructure of proper height and periodicity that is comparable to the wavelength of the visible range in order to enhance light extraction. For manufacturing RNRs, SU-8 polymer was chosen because it is highly transparent to visible light and has a higher refractive index than glass. Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"} shows the cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy images of the RNRs obtained under different plasma etching conditions. Obtained by using only an oxygen plasma for a duration of 9 min (denoted as RNRs 1), the structure was random columnar-like with high aspect ratio and density^[@CR38]^. The height and density of RNRs 1 were about 1200 nm and 9.7 ea/µm^2^, respectively (Fig. [2a](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}, Supplementary Information Fig. [S2a](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). The width of the individual rods was observed to be approximately 50 nm. To control the height and density, we applied an additional argon plasma treatment at higher powers and lower process pressures than the oxygen plasma. The low pressure led to an increase in the mean free path of argon ions and reduced the energy loss of these ions as they approached the RNRs. In general, the etching process using argon plasma carried out in a reactive ion etcher resulted in anisotropic and directional features due to the utilization of the physical bombardment energy^[@CR38]^. As a result of these features, the height and density were adjusted as much as a target to the little changed width of the RNRs. The three treated RNRs shown in Fig. [2b--d](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"} corresponded to argon plasma treatment durations of 3, 6, and 9 min (denoted as RNRs 2, RNRs 3, and RNRs 4, respectively), while the conditions of the oxygen plasma process remained unchanged. As the duration of the argon plasma treatment increased, the height decreased to 950, 580, and 440 nm, respectively, and the density of the RNRs reduced (Supplementary Information Fig. [S2](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). Figure [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"} shows the total transmittance and haze as functions of wavelength for the different RNRs. According to the material data sheet provided by Micro-Chem., SU-8 is highly transparent with little absorption in the visible range. The optical properties of unpatterned SU-8 fabricated by spin coating showed that the total transmittance was over 95% while the haze was less than 1%. All the RNRs exhibited total transmittance values above 90%. Therefore, the RNRs were thought to be appropriate films for light extraction, with minimal light loss through absorption and back scattering. The haze slightly increased from 30.1% (RNRs 1) to 31.5% (RNRs 2) at 520 nm for an additional argon plasma time of 3 min and decreased to 19.4% (RNRs 3) and 17.8% (RNRs 4) for treatment times of 6 min and 9 min. Haze was calculated using equation ([1](#Equ1){ref-type=""}).$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$Haze=\frac{Total\,transmittance-specular\,transmittance}{Total\,transmittance}$$\end{document}$$Figure 3Total transmittance and haze as functions of visible wavelength of different RNRs and unpatterned SU-8. In the case of RNRs 1, haze was affected by the reduced total transmittance, which was attributed to increases in back scattering and the amount of trapped light in RNRs when the height of the rod was greater than a specific thickness. Besides, as the shapes of rods were longer, it was not perfectly straight, and therefore, back-scattering and light trapping seemed to occur more than in the cases of the other RNRs. The density of the rods also had an effect on the total transmittance, and RNRs 1, with the highest density, seemed to be one of the reasons for the decrease in the total transmittance. In the cases of RNRs 3 and RNRs 4, the lower heights and densities led to decreases in haze due to lower scattering probabilities. Considering the total transmittance and haze, the treatment condition of RNRs 2 was expected to produce the optimal height and density of rods for enhanced light extraction of OLEDs. The electrical characteristics of the device with and without the RNRs were almost identical since they were placed, where they do not affect the devices (Fig. [4a](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}). The OLED with unpatterned SU-8 showed the identical electrical properties and a slightly lower external quantum efficiency (EQE; Supplementary Information Fig. [S3](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). The lower EQE is attributed to the fact that the refractive index of the SU-8 film is higher than that of the glass and that weak interfacial reflections occur between the glass and the SU-8 film. However, the OLEDs with the RNRs exhibited higher efficiencies than those without the RNRs in terms of overall current density. The OLED treated with oxygen plasma for 9 min and argon plasma for 3 min (RNRs 2) showed the maximum EQE of 1.42%, while the reference device exhibited an EQE of 1.26%. The enhancement in the maximum EQE was 13% in the normal direction. Considering the scattering characteristics, the films with RNRs 1 and RNRs 2 were similar, but it was estimated that the difference in total transmittance caused a gap in the EQE. The maximum EQEs of RNRs 1, 3, and 4 were 1.4%, 1.32%, and 1.34%, respectively, which increased relative to the reference device. The current and power efficiencies of RNRs 2 were improved by 3.89 cd/A and 1.63 lm/W, respectively, relative to the values of 3.39 cd/A and 1.42 lm/W of the reference device. RNRs 1, 3, and 4 showed values of 3.81 cd/A, 3.58 cd/A, 3.64 cd/A and 1.71 lm/W, 1.50 lm/W, 1.52 lm/W, respectively.Figure 4EL characteristics of OLEDs with different RNRs: (**a**) J-V and L-V characteristics, (**b**) external quantum efficiencies as functions of current density, and (**c**) current and power efficiencies as functions of luminance. Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"} shows the densities and average pitches of the RNRs calculated using image processing software (Image-Pro Plus 4.5, Media Cybernetics, Inc.). The densities of RNRs 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 9.7 ea/μm^2^, 7.1 ea/μm^2^, 5.1 ea/μm^2^, and 3.5 ea/μm^2^, respectively, and decreased with the increase in argon plasma time. The reduction in density from RNRs 1 to RNRs 2 was 2.6 ea/μm^2^, whereas that from RNRs 3 to RNRs 4 was 1.6 ea/μm^2^. It was presumed that this was due to the initial removal of RNRs that were not straight-shaped among the RNRs etched by the oxygen plasma. The average pitch was derived from the density and calculated using the distance between the centre of a certain rod and the centre of the nearest rod, assuming that the rod was circular in shape. Though the distances between the RNRs were not always identical due to random periods, the calculated average distance between closest rods suggested that RNRs 2 more likely produced diffraction than the other rods^[@CR21]^.Table 1Density, calculated average pitch, total transmittance, haze, and the enhancement in EQE for different RNRs.RNRs 1RNRs 2RNRs 3RNRs 4Density (ea/μm^2^)9.77.15.13.5Calculated Average Pitch (nm)361423500603Total Transmittance (%)92.294.594.895.8Haze (%)30.131.519.417.8Enhancement in EQE (%)21.023.49.212.5 Figure [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"} shows that the OLEDs with RNRs exhibited improved luminance intensities with changes in viewing angle from 0° to 70° due to scattering effect. The luminance was measured with a constant current of 7 mA, and the reference device had a luminance of 578 cd/m^**2**^ in the normal direction. Since the luminance in the normal direction differed according to the RNR condition, it was normalized based on luminance in the normal direction. Under the conditions of RNRs 1 and RNRs 2, the normalized luminance intensity increased by 13.6% and 14.1%, respectively, with respect to the reference device at the angle of 40°, and these two conditions revealed nearly similar viewing angle characteristics from 0° to 70°. The devices with RNRs 3 and RNRs 4 also exhibited enhanced luminances of 9.0% and 7.5%, respectively, compared to the reference device at 40°. It was observed that this viewing angle characteristic showed a similar tendency to the haze values of the RNRs. For the best conditions (RNRs 2), the improvement in the EQE was 23.4% relative to the reference device. The viewing angles of RNRs 1, RNRs 3, and RNRs 4 also increased by 21.0%, 9.2%, and 12.5%, respectively. Therefore, it was confirmed that the efficiency and viewing angle improved by reducing the loss of the substrate mode based on the scattering characteristics of the RNRs. As with the haze properties, the unpatterned SU-8 exhibited almost identical viewing angle characteristics as the reference device (Supplementary Information Fig. [S4](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}).Figure 5Normalized angular luminance distributions of OLEDs operating at 7 mA between 0° and 70°. We also investigated the light extraction efficiency of green phosphorescent OLEDs to re-verify the effect of RNRs due to the low EQE of fluorescent OLEDs with NPB/Alq~3~. The green phosphorescent OLEDs without RNRs, with unpatterned SU-8, and with RNRs 2 (optimal condition) were fabricated. The electrical characteristics of the devices were almost identical (Fig. [6a](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}). However, the OLED with RNRs 2 exhibited higher efficiencies than that without the RNRs or with unpatterned SU-8 in terms of overall current density. The maximum EQE of the OLED with RNRs 2 was 20.92%, while those of the reference and the OLED with unpatterned SU-8 were 17.62% and 17.94%, respectively. The enhancement in the maximum EQE was 18.7% relative to that of the reference device in the normal direction. In addition, the EQEs of the OLEDs with RNRs 2, without RNRs and with unpatterned SU-8 were evaluated as 12.5%, 11%, and 10.8%, respectively, at 20 mA/cm^2^. The enhancement in the EQE was 13.6%, which was similar to the 13% enhancement observed in the case of fluorescent OLEDs. Moreover, the EQE of the OLED with unpatterned SU-8 was similar to that of the reference device, indicating that the SU-8 film did not contribute to the light extraction effect.Figure 6EL characteristics of green phosphorescent OLEDs with RNRs 2, without RNRs (reference), and with unpatterned SU-8: (**a**) J-V and L-V characteristics, (**b**) external quantum efficiencies as functions of current density, and (**c**) current and power efficiencies as functions of luminance. Figure [7](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"} shows the variations in the luminance intensities of the green phosphorescent OLEDs for three different conditions according to the changes in viewing angle from 0° to 70°. As with fluorescent OLEDs, the different intensities were normalized to the luminance in the normal direction, and the reference device displayed a luminance of 906 cd/m^2^ at the constant current of 0.9 mA. In the case of the green phosphorescent OLED with RNRs 2, the luminance improved relative to that of the reference at all viewing angles due to the scattering effect of RNRs 2. However, in the case of unpatterned SU-8, the change in luminance characteristics according to viewing angle was almost the same as that of the reference. These results show that the scattering effect of the unpatterned SU-8 film is almost non-existent. Considering the viewing angle, the improvement in the EQE of the green phosphorescent OLED with RNRs 2 was 31% relative to that of the reference device. The difference between the EQE improvements of the fluorescence (23.4%) and phosphorescence (31%) OLEDs is presumed to be due to a deviation in the low EQE of the fluorescence device. Furthermore, as a result of the maximum difference in the colour coordinates in CIE 1931 for viewing angles varying from 0° to 70°, the reference device exhibited a variation of Δ(x, y) = (0.020, 0.034), whereas the RNRs 2 device revealed a variation of Δ(x, y) = (0.007, 0.014) (Supplementary Information Fig. [S5](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). This result also proved that the RNRs played appropriate roles as scattering layers.Figure 7Normalized angular luminance distributions of green phosphorescent OLEDs operating at 0.9 mA. We demonstrated a simple method for fabricating RNRs as a scattering layer at low temperatures without any mask. In particular, the height and density could be controlled without changing the width of the rods by utilizing the anisotropic etching characteristics of argon plasma. The optimal RNRs showed a haze of 31.5% despite the total transmittance being 94.5%. As a result, a 31% enhancement in the EQE of the OLED was achieved. FDTD simulation and efficiency improvement results indicated that the RNRs were suitable scattering layers that reduced the loss of the substrate mode. Moreover, the variations in light intensity and colour coordinates with viewing angle could be alleviated by using these RNRs. We thus believe that this study will open a new and practical approach to improving the performance of high-resolution displays and flexible lightings. Methods {#Sec3} ======= Numerical simulation {#Sec4} -------------------- The optical effects of OLEDs with RNRs were simulated using a FDTD software (Lumerical Solutions, Inc.). Each layer had a different refractive index that was measured by a thin-film analyser (F-20, Filmetrics, Inc.). The simulation domain condition involved a perfectly matched layer on all sides, except for the metal cathode layer, where the metal boundary condition was used. The three dipoles (x-, y-, and z-polarized) were placed inside the emitting layer. The optical enhancement image of the OLEDs with RNRs relative to the reference structure was calculated as the ratio of the integrated electric field intensities of the two devices that were measured by a fixed far-field monitor. Fabrication {#Sec5} ----------- The fabrication process of the RNRs as the scattering layer is shown in Fig. [8](#Fig8){ref-type="fig"}. The polymer SU-8 (SU-8 2010, Micro-Chem.) was mixed with a thinner in the ratio 1:1 by weight to achieve the target thickness. The mixed material was spin-coated, baked at 95 °C using a hot plate, and exposed at 130 mJ/cm^2^ to conventional UV radiation (350 nm--400 nm). As a result, the thin film was highly transparent to visible light^[@CR39]^. The film was etched in a reactive ion etcher (RIE) by using oxygen plasma at the RF power of 150 W, process pressure of 70 mtorr, and gas flow of 50 sccm. After the first etching of the polymer, the structures were random columnar-like, with high aspect ratios and densities^[@CR40]^. A second plasma treatment with argon gas at the high RF power of 200 W and process pressure of 25 mtorr was applied to the structure to reduce the aspect ratio and density. To investigate the properties of the RNRs, organic light-emitting devices were fabricated. To obtain devices with different properties, the duration of argon plasma treatment was altered while the other conditions were unchanged. After the RNRs were formed on glass substrate, ITO was deposited on the opposite side by radio frequency sputtering. The following layers were then thermally evaporated onto the ITO under vacuum conditions (2 × 10^−6^ Torr): a 60 nm thick NPB layer for hole transport, an 80 nm thick Alq~**3**~ layer for light emission, a 0.7 nm thick lithium fluoride layer for electron injection, and a 100 nm thick aluminium layer that acted as the cathode. In the case of green phosphorescent OLEDs, the following layers were utilized: a 40 nm thick NPB(N,N'- bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N'-bis(phenyl)-benzidine) layer and a 10 nm thick TCTA (4,4′,4′′-Tris(carbazol-9-yl)triphenylamine) layer for hole transport, a 30 nm thick CBP(4,4′-bis(carbazol-9-yl)biphenyl) doped with 10 wt% Ir(ppy)3(Tris(2-phenylpyridine)iridium(III)) served as the phosphorescent green emitting layer; and 55-nm-thick B3PyMPM(bis-4,6-(3,5-di-3-pyridylphenyl)-2-methylpyrimidine) as used as the electron-transport layer, a 0.4 nm thick lithium fluoride layer for electron injection, and a 100 nm thick aluminium layer that acted as the cathode.Figure 8Schematic of the process flow for fabricating OLEDs with RNRs. Measurements {#Sec6} ------------ The surface morphologies and cross-sections of the RNRs were measured by scanning electron microscopy (S-4800, HITACHI High Technology Inc.). The haze and total transmittance were evaluated by UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy (Cary 5000, Agilent Technologies Inc.). The current--voltage characteristics were measured using a Keithley 237 High Voltage Source-Measure Unit (Keithley Instruments, Inc.) and the electroluminescence intensity was measured in a dark box using a spectroradiometer (PR-670 Spectra Scan, Photo Research, Inc.). Electronic supplementary material ================================= {#Sec7} Supplementary Information **Publisher\'s note:** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Electronic supplementary material ================================= **Supplementary information** accompanies this paper at 10.1038/s41598-018-32538-4. This research was supported by a grant (No. 2016R1A2B4014073) from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Korean Government (MSIP), the Ministry of Education (No. NRF-2017R1D1A1B03036520), and the Industry Technology R&D program (10048317, Development of red and blue OLEDs with external quantum efficiency over 20% using delayed fluorescent materials) funded by MOTIE/KEIT. J.H.K. conceived the idea and performed the fabrication, measurements, and data analysis. J.C. performed the optical simulations. C.P. and H.H. measured the optical properties of the RNR films and analysed the data. B.K.J. and Y.W.P. directed the research project. All the authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript. Competing Interests {#FPar1} =================== The authors declare no competing interests.

Managed care organizations publicly reporting three years of HEDIS measures. The author compares the results of MCOs that have publicly reported their Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS) rates for 1997 through 1999 with health plans that did not report publicly. Managed care plans that publicly reported for three consecutive years performed better on preventive health measures than those that did not. Newer measures, such as beta-blocker treatment after a heart attack, showed the greatest improvement over time. Health care plans rated high in consumer experience also had higher clinical performance rates. Finally, plans that sought accreditation by the National Committee for Quality Assurance had better performance on their HEDIS measures, although the differences narrowed for those reporting HEDIS rates for three consecutive years.

The invention relates to a top for a convertible vehicle, comprising a rigid, moveable roof part with an outer surface and an inner surface, a linkage, it being possible for the linkage to be moved in relation to the roof part during an opening movement of the convertible top, and a cover which is designed as a flexible, sheet-like element. A basic problem with the construction of such modern tops for convertible is vehicles, which usually comprise a plurality of roof parts designed as rigid shell parts, is that the linkage parts which pivot the roof parts are moved relative to the roof parts during an opening movement of the convertible top, with the result that it is not possible to provide a continuous inside roof lining to cover over the linkage parts in the closed state of the convertible top. It is therefore generally the case that the linkage parts, which in the closed state of the convertible top are usually arranged parallel, and along the border beneath the solid shell parts, in link channels, remain visible to the passengers in the vehicle. Already known solutions for covering the linkage parts by means of brush strips or rigid flaps are either inadequate from an aesthetic point of view or complex and costly to produce. German Patent Document DE 40 31 270 C1 describes means for attaching an inside roof lining of a convertible top with a linkage and a flexible outer covering, pulling means which are guided on moveable linkage parts being used to tension the inside roof lining during a closing movement of the convertible top and, conversely, to release the same at the beginning of an opening movement of the convertible top. Such an arrangement does not provide any solution for the problems which arise specifically in the case of hard-shell tops, and are brought about by linkage parts pivoting to a large extent relative to the hard roof-shell parts.

Race Factors Affecting Performance Times in Elite Long-Track Speed Skating. Analysis of sport performance can provide effects of environmental and other venue-specific factors in addition to estimates of within-athlete variability between competitions, which determines smallest worthwhile effects. To analyze elite long-track speed-skating events. Log-transformed performance times were analyzed with a mixed linear model that estimated percentage mean effects for altitude, barometric pressure, type of rink, and competition importance. In addition, coefficients of variation representing residual venue-related differences and within-athlete variability between races within clusters spanning ~8 d were determined. Effects and variability were assessed with magnitude-based inference. A 1000-m increase in altitude resulted in very large mean performance improvements of 2.8% in juniors and 2.1% in seniors. An increase in barometric pressure of 100 hPa resulted in a moderate reduction in performance of 1.1% for juniors but an unclear effect for seniors. Only juniors competed at open rinks, resulting in a very large reduction in performance of 3.4%. Juniors and seniors showed small performance improvements (0.4% and 0.3%) at the more important competitions. After accounting for these effects, residual venue-related variability was still moderate to large. The within-athlete within-cluster race-to-race variability was 0.3-1.3%, with a small difference in variability between male (0.8%) and female juniors (1.0%) and no difference between male and female seniors (both 0.6%). The variability in performance times of skaters is similar to that of athletes in other sports in which air or water resistance limits speed. A performance enhancement of 0.1-0.4% by top-10 athletes is necessary to increase medal-winning chances by 10%.

Compulsory briefing for NVFR approaches to EDFE with Jets and Turboprops for the season 2017/2018 To activate the briefing you first have to watch all 4 videos (approx. 12 min.) Then you will automatically be directed to the a PDF-document with your personal briefing ID. Please complete the document and forward it to the below mentioned address.

The IWC Pilot’s Watch Double Chronograph is a timepiece of extraordinary technical and stylistic achievement. Calling upon their own original and groundbreaking usage of zirconium oxide (ceramic) dating from 1986, IWC has introduced a new and limited production chronograph which showcases the exceptionally difficult split-seconds complication in a stealthy and exciting rendition. The Pilot’s Watch Double Chronograph features a case manufactured from zirconium oxide, a material harder, more scratch resistant and many times more expensive than stainless steel. In addition to these attributes, this ceramic material is also completely non-reflective, as suits a watch which may have tactical applications. Subtle contrasts to the black ceramic are provided by the pushpieces and screw-in winding crown, which are made from titanium. The dial’s date wheel, which is shown in an unconventional three-day presentation, effectively evokes the altimeter gauge in an aircraft’s cockpit. The automatic-winding 79230 movement which is hidden beneath the caseback of the IWC Pilot’s Watch Double Chronograph is a complex mechanism boasting 29 jewels and a 44-hour power reserve. It allows for the usual chronograph operation, as well as an intermediate time measurement which can be activated via the pushpiece at 10 o’clock. This type of chronograph, called a rattrapante, is the most technically demanding of chronograph mechanisms, as well as the most functional. Protected by a soft iron shield, IWC’s caliber 79230 can resist strong magnetic fields. As further testament to the serious nature of this chronograph’s design, the sapphire crystal is painstakingly secured to ensure that drastic changes in air pressure will not cause displacement. Strictly limited to 1000 pieces for the world, the subtle beauty of IWC’s Pilot’s Watch Double Chronograph will be the privilege of only a few connoisseurs and collectors.

I read an article recently that said our concept of time speeds up as we get older because our daily routines aren’t interrupted by new experiences the same way they are when we’re children, when everything, every day brings something new. The key, the authors advised, was to do more things that create memories strong enough to jolt through the quotidian litany of our existence. I am fortunate to have a job that in so many ways lends itself to this practice. But as I’ve settled into the flight attendant life, I’ve found myself sinking once again into the habit of thinking of time as something that is rushing by me - an endless series of venti vanilla lattes bought at 5 a.m., heels clicking under too-bright fluorescent lights in yet another airport, “welcome aboards” and “thanks for flying with us.” And while it’s all too easy to fall into the trap of thinking about life this way, it’s a narrative that ignores the many moments, both big and small, that have made my life richer. To that end, I’ve taken some time to reflect on my favorite travel moments from 2018, the moments I pause at when I’m replaying the movie of this past year in my head. Taking some time to remember them has worked like magic, if you will, slowing down time and transforming it from a succession of takeoffs and touchdowns to a humbling reminder of how many things I got to see and do this past year that made my heart leap. From a cold night in Brussels to the summer solstice in Spain, here are the moments in 2018 that made time stand still. Foregoing French Fries for Pommes Frites in Belgium I kicked off last year with a 48 hour layover in Brussels. It was absolutely freezing in that bone-chilling way Europe is after Christmas, which meant my sightseeing around Brussels and nearby medieval Bruges was punctuated every hour or so by a jaunt inside a cozy restaurant or bar to warm up. I ate until I couldn’t eat any more: Belgian waffles drizzled in Nutella, Flemish stew sopped up with warm homemade bread, delicate chocolates in the shape of swans, and mussels in big black pots. But my favorite meal, by far, was a thing of pommes frites and pommes sauce ordered on a street corner of the main platz. They were so hot that steam drifted off of them into the dark night and we devoured them with frozen fingers while we watched the lights dance off the gold that gilds the platz. Making Layovers Great Again in Costa Rica At my seniority, landing yourself a long layover at an all-inclusive resort is a bit like being Indiana Jones and finding the Lost Ark. But landing yourself a long layover at an all-inclusive resort and then finding out you’re going with three other flight attendants around your same seniority and age is like the real-life version of those Hallmark Christmas movies, where you find out the handsome man you’ve been dating is actually a prince and you’re going to be the new Princess of Moldovia. Maybe even better. That’s what happened with my Liberia, Costa Rica layover, when a trip normally reserved for the most senior ended up having four baby flight attendants working it. We became fast friends and spent most of the day in the pool where we out drank even the Canadian fire fighters. We also fed some monkeys, dipped our toes in the ocean, and took a walk in our bikinis through the jungle. It was a perfect day filled with mojitos and laughter and, despite the fact that my liver wouldn’t make it, I wish all layovers were this fun! Keeping Up with the Joneses in Gramercy Park In April, I had the privilege of staying at the Gramercy Park Hotel in New York City, a hotel so sexy it barely turns any lights on and has its own Le Labo Candle to capture its signature smoke and sex scent. As a guest, I got to spend the night drinking cocktails in the shadowy Rose Bar, the glitzy lounge in the hotel lobby hidden behind thick red velvet curtains. I also received a golden key to the exclusive Gramercy Park. The park is one of two private parks in the city and its impeccably manicured acres are only accessible to those who live on it (the names of which read like some of history’s and Hollywood’s finest and include everyone from Julia Roberts and Karl Lagerfield to John Steinbeck and a handful of Astors). I felt like a character in a Wharton novel the morning I strolled through it, stopping among the splashy tulips to sit on a park bench and drink up the cold spring sunshine. Arroz con Pollo in ViÑales The couple that ran my casa particular in Viñales spoke no English and my Spanish is conversational, at best. But we spent all day together under the sun, clip clopping on horseback through the fertile red mud and tobacco fields that make this region a UNESCO protected area. And through broken Spanish and many repeated sentences, we learned a great deal about each other: that we shared a love of yucca, that he had granddaughters he adored, that being able to open an AirBnB had changed his family’s life, that we would both rather spend a day on horseback than anywhere else in the world. Afterwards, back at his farm, we took shots of Havana Club rum with his neighbor, both of them donning machetes and looking like an ad for la revolucion, as the sun sank behind cavernous limestone cliffs and his wife clambered about in the kitchen. And as I sat at the dining room table proudly displayed in his living room, eating one of the most delicious meals of my life, I thought about how this dinner wasn’t even a possibility ten years ago. Cuba and the U.S. have lived in fear of one another for so long, and now here we were, laughing until we had tears in our eyes. Our host cracked open another bottle of rum, spilling the first few drops on the ground as per tradition. “Por los santos!” he shouted. “For the saints.” Sailing Mallorca Sailing Mallorca with In Adventures Travel was my very first press trip. And man, was I nervous! So nervous, in fact, that I as I boarded my flight to Barcelona I confess I stopped in the jet bridge and thought about just spinning around and heading back home. I’m an introvert at heart, so spending four days on a sailboat with a dozen or so other people I’d never met before made me anxious. And they were all such talented writers and photographers - people who had probably done dozens of press trips! - that I worried they would take one look at me and my little travel blog and Instagram and wonder what on earth I had done to get myself invited on this trip. But saying yes to this press trip turned out to be one of the best things I’ve ever done and one of the things I’m most proud of in 2018. Because not only did I get to sail around the stunningly clear blue waters of Mallorca, but I met and became friends with a group of amazingly talented people who inspire me every damn day. But stepping onto that plane turned out not to be the scariest thing about this trip! That honor is reserved for the day we rappelled down a cliff into the ocean, which is by far one of the most adventurous things I’ve done to date. I came so close to saying forget it and just walking down to the beach. But I knew if I didn’t do it that I would always wonder what it would have been like to say yes. So I suited up, took a big breath, reminded the man helping me with my harness that I would prefer not to die, and stepped over the edge. I think about that moment often, the moment that I didn’t let fear win, that I did the thing that terrified me. It’s the most powerful lesson I’ll take with me from 2018: when you have the choice to stick with what’s comfortable or do the thing that scares you, always always step over the edge. Mornings on the Lanai in Honolulu I tend to fall in love with every destination I visit, but there’s a handful of places, like Oahu, that make me feel like my soul is at home there; like the land and I were created from the same primordial stardust and are delighted at being together again. I spent a morning there on the famed Waikiki Beach, curled up on my lanai with coffee and a book while I watched the ocean change from a misty gray blue to a sparkling turquoise as the sun peeked over the lush mountains. And then, suddenly, there was a rainbow right in front of me, plunging its colors into the ocean. It was a simple moment but it was one of my absolute favorites and a perfect reminder that there’s magic and beauty all around us every day - you just have to look. vino verde and pastel de nata in Lisbon One of the hardest parts of my job is that you have no work community. With 24,000 flight attendants and 14,000 pilots, you fly with a new group of people every trip. Sometimes that can feel overwhelming, isolating, and exhausting (so much small talk!), and sometimes it’s amazing because you meet so many new friends that way. Case in point: Jules! We’d known each other less than five minutes when the rest of the crew kept asking us how long we’d known each other for and if we picked up this trip to fly together. And they must have been on to something because by the time we landed in Lisbon we were BFF. We spent the day exploring Lisbon’s pretty streets in inadvertently matching outfits, drank champagne on a sailboat excursion with the rest of the crew, wandered around pink street until the wee hours of the morning, and spent basically 24 hours straight talking about everything under the sun. Swimming with Manta Rays in Kona One of the things I am most afraid of in the world is the ocean, especially the ocean at night. Sometimes, I peer down at it on transoceanic flights and imagine being swallowed up by that cold blackness. Or, you know, being eaten alive by sharks and other creatures of the deep. So when I saw that swimming with manta rays at night was rated not only one of the best experiences in Kona, but in the world, my first thought was that there was no way in hell I’d be checking that one off my list. But I was still high off the adrenaline from pushing past my fears and rappelling down cliffs in Mallorca (see above!) so I went ahead and signed myself up. I had a moment of total panic right before I slid off the side of the boat into the pitch black water, imagining some sort of JAWS remake starring yours truly, but in the end I was neither abandoned at sea or eaten alive by sharks. Getting up close and personal with those graceful manta rays (one came so close it almost swallowed my GoPro) was truly the experience of a lifetime and I’m so glad I didn’t let my fears get in the way of checking it off my list! prost to Oktoberfest I might be biased because my family is of German descent, but I don’t think there’s anything better than a national holiday where everyone gets together to drink beer and eat pretzels while dressed in costumes that make you feel like a Bavarian princess. Except for maybe a work trip that pays you to drink beer, eat pretzels, and dress up like a Bavarian princess with your friend. And that’s exactly what happened when Jules (of the Lisbon story above) and I picked up a Munich during Oktoberfest! Working with friends makes even an international service go by in a flash and we had so much fun in our dirndls and braids, joining our entire crew to celebrate this festival of fall. sunrise at the Taj Mahal When I went on my first press trip, I secretly hoped I’d make some new friends that I might be able to travel with in the future. So when Laura and I rendezvoused in India a few months later, it felt like we had manifested not just a friendship but something bigger. And nowhere was that feeling more present than our sunrise at the Taj Mahal. We walked there in the blue black dark just before dawn, as bats the size of eagles soared overhead, and I still remember the audible gasp we both let out as we turned a corner and saw this monument to love for the first time. We slipped our shoes off and shared the quiet peacefulness of a mosque with some monkeys and only a handful of other travelers while we watched the tomb turn from pink to gold to a dazzling white with the sunrise. We leaned against each other and just took it in, overcome by the singular emotion of seeing a place that you’ve always wanted to see, of realizing that from this point on you’re forever a part of its story and its forever a part of yours. Charleston with momma Years ago, before travel blogging was even really a thing, my momma told me I should start one as a creative outlet. She’s believed in my writing since I scribbled my first story and she would laugh about how maybe it would land me a free hotel stay or two and we could use it to go on a few trips together. So when I was invited for a weekend stay at a posh hotel in Charleston, South Carolina, I immediately invited her along for a girl’s trip. Our schedules are both usually so busy that we rarely get the chance to travel together, so we had a blast exploring the quaint cobblestone streets, taking in some architecture tours, and eating too many platters of shrimp and grits. But the best moment, by far, was when the hotel surprised us by sending up some champagne and as we sat out on our balcony drinking our bubbly she looked over at me and said, “You really did it baby girl!” Cheers to an amazing 2018 and to all the great that awaits in 2019!What were your favorite travel moments of 2018? Some links on this site contain affiliate referrals, which means thatif you make a purchase through them I may make a small commission.I only link to products I personally love or use - the same ones I'd recommend to my family and closest friends!

Scorpion ARMS primers for SNP real-time PCR detection and quantification of Pyrenophora teres. summary We have developed a quantitative PCR detection method that can be used to determine the seed infection levels of Pyrenophora teres, a seed-borne fungal pathogen of barley. This method uses Scorpion Amplified Refractory Mutation System (ARMS) technology with real-time PCR detection. Scorpion ARMS primers were designed and optimized such that a single nucleotide base mismatch in the primer sequence could distinguish P. teres from P. graminea, a closely related seed-borne pathogen of barley. It is necessary to distinguish between these two agriculturally important pathogens since different disease management decisions are made, based on the presence and level of infection measured for each. The advance in development of sensitive and specific fluorescent probes has enabled the current PCR test to detect Pyrenophora spp. pathogenic on barley to be enhanced with the advantage that it can now specifically detect P. teres in a single reaction, whilst previously, two reactions were required to discriminate P. teres from P. graminea.

Image taken on 2011 Oct. 01.49471UT and 2011 Oct. 02.47207UT by L. Elenin (ISON-NM Observatory, Mayhill) does not detect the object (limiting mag 20.0R), because this area of the sky is very bright. These are not real following pre-discovery magnitude limits. Images URL: http://www.astroalert.su/files/m32_2011-10-01_pnv_elenin_summ3.png ; http://www.astroalert.su/files/m32_2011-10-02_pnv_elenin_summ3.png The real following pre-discovery magnitude limits: image taken on 2011 Sep. 19.92656UT and 2011 Sep. 28.72678UT by S. Korotkiy, V. Gerke (Ka-Dar Observatory, TAU Station, Nizhny Arkhyz, Russia) does not detect the object (limiting mag 20.0R). Images URL: http://www.astroalert.su/files/2011-09-19_m32.png ; http://www.astroalert.su/files/2011-09-28_m32_summ3.png 2011 10 2.502 This possible nova in M32 was just seen with 1 x 300 sec images using a clear filter. Astrometry: RA 00 42 42.75 Dec 40 52 00.6 Photometry: not done These data were collected by Joseph Brimacombe, Cairns, Australia. Link to image and further information: http://www.flickr.com/photos/43846774@N02/6205506791/ 2011 10 01.7029 Offset on discovery images: 10E 7N. Stanislav Korotkiy 2011 10 02.758 Detected at R-band mag 16.9 +/- 0.2 on co-added 1350-s R-band CCD frame taken by P. Kusnirak with the 0.65-m telescope at Ondrejov. The position of the nova candidate is R.A. = 0h42m42s.83, Decl. = +40o52'01".4 (equinox 2000.0), which is 10.9" east and 4.2" north of the center of M32. K. Hornoch, Ondrejov observatory

Connector Type N/A45° Type N/ACompact Nickel Plated Brass Electrical Trade Size N/A1/2 in Thread Type N/ANPT Dimension A N/A0.984 in Dimension B N/A0.551 in Dimension C N/A1.244 in Dimension D N/A1.181 in Dimension E N/A1.063 in HIGH QUALITY CONDUIT FOR A WIDE RANGE APPLICATIONSAnamet Electrical, Inc. is the leading worldwide supplier of SEALTITE® flexible wiring conduit. We are known for our high quality wiring conduits used in applications ranging from machine tools, computer wiring, office furniture, nuclear power plants, mass-transit vehicles, military shielding and industrial construction.

Estimating six-cycle efficacy of the Dot app for pregnancy prevention. To assess six-cycle perfect and typical use efficacy of Dynamic Optimal Timing (Dot), an algorithm-based fertility app that identifies the fertile window of the menstrual cycle using a woman's period start date and provides guidance on when to avoid unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy. We are conducting a prospective efficacy study following a cohort of women using Dot for up to 13 cycles. Study enrollment and data collection are being conducted digitally within the app and include a daily coital diary, prospective pregnancy intentions and sociodemographic information. We used data from the first six cycles to calculate life-table failure rates. We enrolled 718 women age 18-39 years. Of the 629 women 18-35 years old, 15 women became pregnant during the first six cycles for a typical use failure rate of 3.5% [95% CI 1.7-5.2]. All pregnancies occurred with incorrect use, so we did not calculate a perfect use failure rate. These findings are promising and suggest that the 13-cycle results will demonstrate high efficacy of Dot. While final 13-cycle efficacy results are forthcoming, 6-cycle results suggest that Dot's guidance provides women with useful information for preventing pregnancy.

Featured Post Saturday, October 6, 2012 Your Daily Leonard As I've been chronicling, I am continuing to read the fine new Leonard Cohen bio and have finally reached just past the halfway point. He's survived his encounter with gun-toting Phil Spector, taken some time off, busted up with the mother of his two kids, and returned with a fine late-1970s that included two of his greatest songs: "Hallelujah" and "If It Be Your Will." Surprise: It was dropped by his record company and not even released at the time in the USA! Figuring you've heard enough of "Hallelujah" for awhile (or for a lifetime), here is one of my favorite gems from that lp, which Leonard wrote about his wife, who now had a boyfriend. And below that, one of the greatest hymns--and please forhumanity--ever written, "If It Be Your Will." is author of a dozen books (click on covers at right), including the new "THE TUNNELS: Escapes Under the Berlin Wall and the Historic Films the JFK White House Tried to Kill." He was the longtime editor of Editor & Publisher. Email: [email protected]. Twitter: @GregMitch No comments: ORDER MY NEW BOOK Just published in October by Crown. Click on cover (above) to order at nice discount. It's a thrilling history of escape tunnels--under the Berlin Wall--and JFK's attempt to suppress NBC and CBS films about them. Hailed by Bill Moyers, Alan Furst, and Frederick Forsyth, others. Paul Greengrass attached to direct movie. "A fascinating and complex picture of the interplay between politics and media in the Cold War era.” -- Washington Post. "A gripping, blow-by-blow account."--Publishers Weekly (starred review). Award-Winning 'Campaign of the Century'' "Upton Sinclair's Race for Governor of California--and the Birth of Media Politics": Amazingly influential and wild 1934 race with great relevance for today. "Atomic Cover-up": Shocking suppression of U.S. film How U.S. buried for decades the key footage from Hiroshima shot by the U.S. military. Click on cover above for my popular book and e-book. New Edition of my book on Bush, and Media, Failures on Iraq Preface by Bruce Springsteen. "Read this book--twice." -- Bill Moyers New Edition of Our Beethoven Book! G.M.'s book w/ Kerry Candaele, a tie-in to our new acclaimed film. E-book and print. New Edition of my "Tricky Dick and The Pink Lady" The notorious Nixon-Douglas race in 1950, a New York Times Notable Book, now in new print and e-book versions. My Book on the Bomb with Robert Jay Lifton Acclaimed book on nuclear culture, and political and psychological fallout in the USA. Written with Robert Jay Lifton. Click on cover to read more or order. Hollywood and The Bomb My book on MGM's 1947 epic on Hiroshima and creating the first bomb--and the White House censorship that wrecked it. E-book just $2.99. "Vonnegut and Me" E-book Conversations and close encounters with the novelist. Click cover for more. $2.99. How the President and the Military Censored MGM's Anti-Nuke Epic! The truly wild and important story on the unmaking of 'Most Important Movie Ever Made.' Just $3.29. Click cover to order. My Latest Book: On Hollywood Politics! Why and when did the movie biz turn "liberal"? The full and fun story, and the left-wing election campaign that sparked it. Click on cover for more. $3.99. Unique E-Book on the Obama-Romney Race Probes campaign 2012 and the aftermath--plus 500 clickable links to key stories and videos! Just $2.99. Click on image above to read more or order. Search This Blog! New Edition of U.S. vs. Pvt. Manning Book Updated: The saga of the whistleblowing soldier, written with Kevin Gosztola. Hailed by Glenn Greenwald, Daniel Ellsberg. Click cover for more. About Me is author of a dozen books (click on covers at right), including the new "THE TUNNELS: Escapes Under the Berlin Wall and the Historic Films the JFK White House Tried to Kill." He was the longtime editor of Editor & Publisher. Email: [email protected]. Twitter: @GregMitch

Automotive vehicles are typically equipped with various user actuatable switches, such as switches for operating devices including powered windows, headlights, windshield wipers, moonroofs or sunroofs, interior lighting, radio and infotainment devices, and various other devices. Generally, these types of switches need to be actuated by a user in order to activate or deactivate a device or perform some type of control function. Proximity switches, such as capacitive switches, employ one or more proximity sensors to generate a sense activation field and sense changes to the activation field indicative of user actuation of the switch, typically caused by a user's finger in close proximity or contact with the sensor. Capacitive switches are typically configured to detect user actuation of the switch based on comparison of the sense activation field to a threshold. Switch assemblies often employ a plurality of capacitive switches in close proximity to one another and generally require that a user select a single desired capacitive switch to perform the intended operation. In some applications, such as use in an automobile, the driver of the vehicle has limited ability to view the switches due to driver distraction. In such applications, it is desirable to allow the user to explore the switch assembly for a specific button while avoiding a premature determination of switch activation. Thus, it is desirable to discriminate whether the user intends to activate a switch, or is simply exploring for a specific switch button while focusing on a higher priority task, such as driving, or has no intent to activate a switch. Capacitive switches may be manufactured using thin film technology in which a conductive ink mixed with a solvent is printed and cured to achieve an electrical circuit layout. Capacitive switches can be adversely affected by condensation. For example, as humidity changes, changes in condensation may change the capacitive signal. The change in condensation may be sufficient to trigger a faulty activation. Accordingly, it is desirable to provide for a proximity switch arrangement which enhances the use of proximity switches by a person, such as a driver of a vehicle. It is further desirable to provide for a proximity switch arrangement that reduces or prevents false activations due to condensation events.

Q: Balance between "right tool for the job" and familiarity So when choosing what language to use for a project, in an ideal world the language is chosen because it's the right tool for the job. However, I often prefer to use a language that I am fluent in rather than one I would have to learn or that I am only conversational in. Of course language fluency also entails knowledge of the applicable libraries in the language. Just because I really like a fairly general-purpose language like Java doesn't mean I should always use it, but at the same time it doesn't mean I should break out something like Perl every time there's some text processing to be done. How does one find the balance here? A: Wow that is a VERY hard question when taken out of the world of theory and into the world of production. In Theory Simple. Always use the best tool for the job, and just learn what you need to. In Practice Not only is there the question of your fluency there are a host of other business questions that need to be asked before you can answer this : Cost of purchasing the "correct tooling" Cost of supporting this - people need to be trained Cost of learning curve Integration cost with other products ( now and into the future ) ... etc Outside of the theory there are serious ramifications for your technology choice. Now I am not saying don't pick the correct tool - just make sure the correct tool will be able to break even on its cost implication. If this is a personal project - always use the "correct" tool - so when you are faced with this decision in the business context you can make a better informed call. A: I think familiarity is not given enough credit. Your familiarity very well influences what the right tool is. You have to use the tool to complete your project. Furthermore, using something you enjoy can without a doubt exceed any shortcomings in it's fitness because you'll be more excited to get work done and you'll have better results. http://headrush.typepad.com/creating_passionate_users/2006/08/when_the_best_t.html A: This isn't really resolvable except as a business question. However, a lot of business questions are made only looking at short-term numbers, which is a mistake with things like this. My general approach: If it's a small or short-term thing, always write it in the familiar tools. If it's a big, long-term thing, look at the cost-benefit tradeoff of learning a new tool. If you aren't sure, treat it as a short term thing until you have evidence that it's a long-term thing. Then go and look at the decision again. Three things to keep in mind as you think about cost and benefit: One, people in a hurry tend to short-change the future. Two, maintenance costs are the lion's share of the costs for any successful system. Three, good developers like learning things, and keeping your developers happy is a good long-term investment.

Q: html inside php mail I have the following html codes for my email. $headers = "From: [email protected] \r\n" . "MIME-Version: 1.0\r\n" . "Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1 \r\n"; $message = <<<EOD <!DOCTYPE html> <head> <meta http-equiv=Content-Type content=text/html; charset=utf-8 /> <link rel=stylesheet type=text/css href=logo.jpg/> </head> <body> <img src=../../img/logo.jpg style=left: 0;position: absolute; width: 75px;/> <body style=padding: 0 0 0 100px;position: relative;> {date(F d, Y )} <br><br> <b> {$row_Recordset1['First Name']}&nbsp{$row_Recordset1['Middle Initial']}&nbsp{$row_Recordset1['Last Name']}</b><br> {$row_Recordset1['Position']}<br>{$row_Recordset1['Company Name']}<br>{$row_Recordset1['Corporate Address']}<br><br> <p>Dear {$row_Recordset1['Last Name']}:</p> // the rest of the letters </body> </html> EOD; I've had a few test runs and all that displays is {date(F d, Y )} Dear : I don't think the codes are being recognized. Any suggestions? EDIT: The html is working. it's just the php codes which are not working I guess A: Yes, you cannot insert function calls like that. To insert the date, create a variable before this snippet of code that says $date = date(). Then you can use that variable in the string. Apparently $row_Recordset1['Last Name'] is empty, doesn't exist, contains an empty string or whitespace or a piece of HTML. Hard to tell what exactly, since we don't have your data, nor the piece of code that assigns a value to $row_Recordset1. Nevertheless, the e-mail is interpreted as HTML, or otherwise you would see chunks of HTML instead of merely this text. So that part is working well.

Q: "Sneaked off" vs "sneaked into" vs "sneaked away." I often get confused about which one to use. Example: He sneaked [...] to the rear of the ship. Or maybe all of them have a different connotation? A: Sneak denotes stealthy movement: verb (past and past participle sneaked or informal , chiefly North American snuck) 1 [NO OBJECT, WITH ADVERBIAL OF DIRECTION] Move or go in a furtive or stealthy way: Various directional adverbs can refine the sense of stealthy movement: In He sneaked away to the rear of the ship, away suggests motion from the point of reference--a literal or metaphorical distance: adverb 1.0 To or at a distance from a particular place or person: she landed badly, and crawled away... 1.1 At a specified distance: when he was ten or twelve feet away he stopped 1.2 At a specified future distance in time: the wedding is only weeks away 1.3 Towards a lower level; downwards: in front of them the land fell away to the river 1.4 Conceptually to one side, so as no longer to be the focus of attention: the Museum has shifted its emphasis away from research towards exhibitions In He sneaked off to the rear of the ship, off also suggests motion from the point of reference: 1.0 away from the place in question; to or at a distance: the man ran off 1.1 Away from the main route: turning off for Ripon 3.0 Starting a journey or race; leaving: we’re off on holiday tomorrow In He sneaked into the rear of the ship, into expresses motion to enclosure--literal or metaphorical: preposition 1.0 Expressing movement or action with the result that someone or something becomes enclosed or surrounded by something else: cover the bowl and put it into the fridge 2.0 Expressing movement or action with the result that someone or something makes physical contact with something else: he crashed into a parked car 3.0 Indicating a route by which someone or something may arrive at a particular destination: the narrow road which led down into the village Oxford Dictionaries Online

Introduction {#ss1} ============ Throughout Europe birth-rates have declined over the last decades, and in most countries they are well below the replacement level ([@CIT0001]). In Sweden, the number of children being born per woman has fluctuated greatly since the mid-1970s but has now been predicted to stabilize at a level around 1.8 ([@CIT0002]). The declining birth-rate can partly be explained by an increasing age at first birth ([@CIT0003]); furthermore, today there is clear empirical evidence of the postponement of the first child in several countries ([@CIT0004; @CIT0005; @CIT0006]). Higher education has been associated with delayed childbearing ([@CIT0007]), and the association between female education and the age of becoming a first-time parent has been well documented ([@CIT0008; @CIT0009]), showing that highly educated women are more likely to pursue careers and postpone having children ([@CIT0005]). Women\'s labour force participation has been associated with postponement largely due to the incompatibility of caring for children and participation in the paid labour force. However, it has been possible to combine female employment and childbearing when the reduction in work--family conflict was facilitated by state or policy interventions, such as in some Scandinavian countries ([@CIT0010; @CIT0011]). It seems, however, that postponed childbearing is a result of several different reasons. For example, efficient and reliable oral contraception has had an impact on family planning in many modern societies ([@CIT0012; @CIT0013]). A US study found that multiple partnerships before marriage, higher levels of non-marital cohabiting, and difficulty in finding a suitable partner might contribute to later births ([@CIT0014]). It has also been reported that young adults delay childbearing until they are financially secure, so they can afford to support children ([@CIT0015]). In addition, the emergence and development of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have been suggested to promote perceptions that childbearing can be resumed at a later and more convenient phase of life ([@CIT0016]). Surveys concerning attitudes towards future parenthood and awareness about fertility among undergraduate and postgraduate students in Sweden have shown that these young women and men had largely positive attitudes towards having children, but they were not sufficiently aware of the limitations associated with ageing ([@CIT0017; @CIT0018; @CIT0019]). Similar results have been reported in a recent study among Finnish university students, in which one-third of the women and more than half of the men believed that a marked decline in female fertility begins after the age of 45 ([@CIT0020]). In a Canadian survey among female undergraduate students, it was found that women were aware that fertility declines with age, but they overestimated the chances of pregnancy at any age and were not aware of the steep rate of fertility decline with age ([@CIT0021]). However, knowledge about the influence of female age on childbearing success was not predictive of their childbearing intentions. The adverse effects of ageing on reproduction are complex and multifactorial. It is known that women\'s ability to conceive starts to decline in their late 20s and rapidly falls by the mid-30s, mainly due to reduced quantity and quality of ovarian follicles ([@CIT0003; @CIT0022]). In addition, after the age of 35 an increase in pregnancy complications and prenatal maternal morbidity, as well as impaired prenatal and postnatal outcome of the child has been reported ([@CIT0023; @CIT0024; @CIT0025]). There is also increasing evidence that paternal age, at least over the age of 40, is associated with lower fertility-related outcome and anomalies in the offspring ([@CIT0026; @CIT0027]). Societal attitude towards family and children also forms the context in which the subjective preferences and assessments regarding family formation are made. The tendency towards individualism, the endeavour for self-fulfilment, increasing freedom of choice, and greater tolerance towards new lifestyles and reproductive behaviours have also been suggested to influence the decline in births and the postponement of childbearing ([@CIT0028]). Most research concerning postponed childbearing has focused on women and has mostly been based on standardized questionnaires or register data ([@CIT0029]); however, the information gathered from the viewpoint of highly educated young people themselves is more random. Thus, the aim of the present study was to gain a more comprehensive understanding of how young, highly educated women and men without children, who had started their professional career, reflect on fertility and postponed parenthood. Materials and methods {#ss2} ===================== We performed individual interviews with 22 women and 18 men between 24 and 38 years of age. The criteria for inclusion were 4 years or more of university education, having started a professional career, and not yet having children. The participants were recruited using advertisements placed in different work-places where the majority of staff had a higher education. Those who were interested in participating were requested to phone or send an e-mail to the project leaders for further information and arrangement of a suitable time for the interview. The interviews took place in a convenient room offered by the work-place, or outside the office. The interviews were audiotaped and lasted for about half an hour. The interview guide covered two main areas: 1) personal attitudes towards having children in the future and 2) reflections on fertility and postponement of parenthood. The findings related to personal attitudes towards future parenthood have previously been published ([@CIT0030]). All interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed according to qualitative content analysis ([@CIT0031]). The transcripts were read several times to gain a sense of the whole. Constellations of words, sentences, or paragraphs related to the study aim were identified and condensed. Thereafter, codes were created, and finally the codes were sorted into seven subcategories and two categories according to their content and meaning. The process of developing categories is illustrated in [Tables I](#T1){ref-type="table"} and [II](#T2){ref-type="table"}. ###### Examples of condensed meaning units, codes, subcategories, and categories. Meaning units Codes Subcategory Category ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------ 'In a larger city one has so many other things to keep you busy anyway, so children come significantly later. Yes, but yeah, maybe it\'s time, I thought a little like that, that it\'s about time\' City life offers many alternatives to family formation A consequence of contemporary lifestyles Postponed parenthood---a rational adaptation to societal changes 'To delay having children is probably due to the increased fear of growing up, to seriously be an adult because it\'s so nice to have to worry only about yourself\' A sign of extended immaturity, or egocentricity 'Today it is expected to not only get an education but also to travel, learn a new language, live overseas and much more, and parenthood doesn\'t fit so well in the story\' Expectations of further learning and striving for experiences and adventures A consequence of competing priorities 'There are more women who study at universities, more women than men that graduate, and maybe the birth of a child is viewed as an obstacle to one\'s career, that must be the explanation\' Women\'s increased investment in higher education 'To have a child before 25 is not exactly something that is encouraged and maybe also not having children after 40 either\' Socially mediated perceptions about the timing of childbearing A consequence of prevailing discourses about parenthood 'There is such an incredibly negative view about having a child when you are young, and among my friends there are many that see it as completely abnormal to have a child before 30\' Early parenthood is unfavourable ###### Women\'s and men\'s reflections on fertility and postponed parenthood. Subcategories Categories --------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------ Unconsidered and taken for granted Fertility---an imperceptive and retrievable capacity Unpredictable and different for women and men Restorable by medical technology Replaceable by alternatives to a biological child A consequence of contemporary lifestyles Postponed parenthood---a rational adaptation to societal changes A consequence of competing priorities A consequence of prevailing discourses about parenthood Results {#ss3} ======= In the following section, the two categories 'Fertility---an imperceptible and retrievable capacity\' and 'Postponed childbearing---a rational adaptation to societal changes\' are presented. Quotations from the interviews are used for illustration. Fertility---an imperceptible and retrievable capacity {#ss4} ----------------------------------------------------- The category 'Fertility---an imperceptible and retrievable capacity\' consisted of four subcategories: 'Unconsidered and taken for granted\', 'Unpredictable and different for women and men\', 'Restorable by medical technology\', and 'Replaceable by alternatives to a biological child\'. ### Unconsidered and taken for granted {#ss5} This subcategory consisted of statements showing that even though most informants wanted to have children in the future, some had never reflected on their own reproductive capacity. It also included comments that revealed perceptions about fertility as something natural. Some referred to a healthy body, while others put confidence in their genetic heritage. In addition, some held the opinion that there is no point in reflecting too much about one\'s fertility as it might cause unfounded worries. > My own fertility, nah, I have not thought about that; actually, I have never done that. (w12) > I presume that I can deliver what\'s required when it comes to that. (m17) > I have never had any diseases, and my body has always functioned as expected, so, I have no reason to doubt my fertility. (w1) > I don\'t think that you should plan and think about it so much, and maybe start worrying about it unnecessarily. (m5). ### Unpredictable and different for women and men {#ss6} The second subcategory involved expressions describing fertility as a capacity that could not be taken for granted. It also included comments revealing an awareness that difficulties could arise. For some, this was based on their own experiences, while others referred to relatives or friends. Difficulties related to fertility were foremost described as being associated with age and sex, and especially the reproductive ageing process in women. In relation to this, some mentioned miscarriage, preterm delivery, and having an unhealthy child as risks associated with advanced maternal age, while others had vague ideas about increased risks. On the other hand, some men accentuated that the perception of an insignificant role of paternal age might be more based on myth rather than on scientific evidence. In addition, the subcategory also included expressions of emotional distress, primarily related to the fear of finally being proved infertile. > When I was young, I took it for granted that everyone who wanted to could have a child, but now I realize that it isn\'t so easy to have all that work as it should, and when and how you want it to. (m18) > It is mostly my own age that I think about because the older you get, the harder it becomes to get pregnant, and that is the risk one takes when one waits. (w17) > Before one thought that maybe it was just women who bore the risk of having sick children or not having children at all; but in recent times, it has become known that even men\'s ability to reproduce declines with age, the quality of sperm deteriorates. (m4) > I have thought about my own fertility a lot, and I sometimes think that maybe I have 'missed the boat\', in that case, it would be an enormous disappointment. (w19) ### Restorable by medical technology {#ss7} The third subcategory included comments on the perception that most of the difficulties related to reproduction could be solved with medical interventions. Some informants emphasized that even though the process of investigation and treatment of involuntary childlessness might be an expensive, time-consuming, and draining procedure, the possibility to have a biological child was important. Even though many of the informants expressed that all accessible interventions or technologies to 'treat\' involuntary childlessness are justified, some of the men said that donor insemination was an exception. In addition, the subcategory also included statements indicating that most of the informants would make use of prenatal diagnosis in case of a future pregnancy. > Anyway, one can do an investigation first and then it depends on what the problem is, but I know that there is good medical help available, even if you end up being a little older. (w3) > All methods that are available to have a biological child are worth a try, I think, then all the assisted ways makes no difference. (m16) > If it should be me that is the missing link and for some reason can\'t get my partner pregnant, it would still feel very strange if she were to be fertilized with sperm from some other man because then it\'s not my child. (m6) > It, maybe, sounds cold but as I feel now, I would have an abortion if I found out that the foetus was not fully healthy, and then try again. (w1) ### Replaceable by alternatives to a biological child {#ss8} The last subcategory consisted of statements revealing that even though many of the women and men initially trusted and would use reproductive technologies, some considered adoption to be the most ethical and gender-equal choice in case of involuntary childlessness. It also included comments indicating that childlessness did not necessarily have to be a tragedy and could be compensated by other qualities in life. Moreover, some expressed that a rewarding professional career, or having an animal, could replace having children. > There are so many children that have no parents, so adoption is the most ethical choice. (w8) > I think right away about adoption, maybe because it would anyway feel more, yes, more equal in some way; and in addition, there is already a child there who can have a better life. (m9) > If it ended up that I couldn\'t have children, it would be bad but not some huge catastrophe, I can be happy with being a great uncle instead. (m2) > I feel like I have my child substitute in my horse, of course, it doesn\'t work to compare them, and I know that, but I feel completely satisfied with it. (w21) Postponed parenthood---a rational adaptation to societal changes {#ss9} ---------------------------------------------------------------- The category 'Postponed parenthood---a rational adaptation to societal changes\' consisted of three subcategories: 'A consequence of contemporary lifestyle\', 'A consequence of competing priorities\', and 'A consequence of prevailing discourses about parenthood\'. ### A consequence of contemporary lifestyle {#ss10} The first subcategory consisted of statements describing postponed parenthood as a city phenomenon in that living in a city offers many alternatives to family life. The postponement of childbearing was also perceived as a consequence of postponing the establishment of a stable relationship. In addition, 'a consequence of contemporary lifestyle\' also included comments revealing reflections on postponed parenthood as a result of increased individualization in society. Some viewed it as a sign of extended immaturity, others as a sign of increased egocentricity. Still, others expressed the opposite view, and perceived postponed parenthood as a sign of extended responsibility: > In small towns, you find your place much faster than in larger towns because it is, one can say, just two alternatives: start a family or move. (m15) > Today, you wait longer to have children, but it is really that you also wait longer, for the most part, to find a good partner and many live this life of 'Sex and the City\' for a very long time. (w4) > I think that we have become more comfortable and more selfish; there is so much more focus on what I, myself, must do, what I should be and what I should achieve. (w6) > I think, if anything, that one is more caring towards one\'s child and takes parenthood more seriously; you don\'t have children only because you want to, but also to be able to have something to offer a child. (m7) ### A consequence of competing priorities {#ss11} The second subcategory included expressions describing postponed parenthood as a result of the wide range of possibilities that young women and men have during early adulthood. A commonly described reason concerned education and the fact that more people today move on to higher education. In particular, women\'s investment in higher education was perceived as weighty with regard to the timing of parenthood. It also involved comments describing expectations of further learning and striving for experiences and adventures. > You are expected to have so much more than, for example, when my parents started their family in the 70s, if you then had housing and like some sort of security, it was quite enough. (w20) > There are, of course, more women than men that study at universities, more women that graduate, and maybe they feel that childbearing would be an obstacle to their career. (m12) > Today it is expected to not only get an education but also have time to travel, learn a new language, live overseas and much more, and parenthood and the family don\'t fit so well in the story, that is anyway what I think. (w10) ### A consequence of prevailing discourses about parenthood {#ss12} The third subcategory included comments describing postponed childbearing as a corollary of socially mediated perceptions about the timing of parenthood. In relation to this, the feature of 'early\' parenthood was perceived as unfavourable. It also involved expressions exposing perceptions about 'early\' parenthood as a sign of low ambitions. On the other hand, the subcategory also contained statements revealing that changed attitudes related to the timing of parenthood might be on the way. > To have a child before 25 is not exactly something that is encouraged and maybe also not having children after 40 either. (w13) > There is such an incredibly negative view about having a child when you are young, and among my friends there are many that see it as completely abnormal to have a child before 30. (m9) > People have children for many different reasons, but sometimes it feels like that some do it because they cannot think of anything else to do in life. (w8) > Before, I had thought that you had children around age 30, but now, I have so many friends in my age group that have children, so this trend to postpone having children is maybe going to change and that feels kind of good. (m6) Discussion {#ss13} ========== This study shows that highly educated, young women and men in contemporary Sweden have many competing priorities when planning and setting goals for their lives; whether and when to have children is only one of them. They describe that societal changes and expectations related to lifestyle and parenthood influence decisions relating to the timing of childbearing. The participants were fairly aware that there are limitations on human reproduction; however, they also believed that fertility problems could be restored or replaced by medical technology or by other alternatives to a biological child. The finding that fertility may be unconsidered and taken for granted has also been shown in other studies ([@CIT0017; @CIT0032; @CIT0033]); furthermore, previous research has found that women and men highly value the capability of reproduction ([@CIT0017; @CIT0018; @CIT0019; @CIT0020; @CIT0029; @CIT0034]). However, with efficient and successful contraception together with voluntary postponement of childbearing, this ability may remain 'unused\' until ages when the reproductive capacity has started to decline. This can, at least, have two consequences: the link between sexuality and reproduction becomes more vague, and relationships do not necessarily include becoming parents. Family planning services have so far been equal with contraceptive services, with the main focus of helping women to avoid unwanted pregnancies. Not much focus is placed on male responsibility for reproduction and on concrete planning for a future family with regard to both women and men. Women\'s and men\'s consultations with health care providers (for example, for family planning, testing for sexually transmitted infection, or cervical cancer screening) could be used to convey important pre-conception messages, for example, the age-related decline in human fertility. A potentially useful tool in this respect is a reproductive life plan (RLP), which is a set of goals related to having or not having children. The aim with an RLP is that women and men should reflect upon their reproductive intentions within the overall context of personal life goals and values ([@CIT0035]). Preliminary tests of the RLP have shown positive attitudes among patients ([@CIT0036]). Options for enhancing fertility have grown with the development of sophisticated techniques of assisted reproduction. However, conventional *in vitro* fertilization treatments (IVF) are not a guarantee for getting pregnant at advanced ages. The success rate for both natural fertility and assisted reproductive technologies is lower for women in their late 30s and 40s ([@CIT0037]). For most couples, third-party conception becomes an option once treatment with their own gametes has failed or if the couple possesses a genetic disorder they do not wish to pass on to their children. Thus far, oocyte donation is the only technique that has had a high success rate in women at advanced ages, which makes the treatment attractive for those who desire to bear a child even if the genetic link between the mother and child is lacking ([@CIT0038]). Internationally, assisted reproductive treatments differ between countries due to tradition and legislation. Additional treatments such as oocyte cryopreservation for storage and use later in life has become a more successful alternative in case of, for example, cancer during a woman\'s younger years; however, at the moment it is not a common option for the public. In Sweden surrogacy, embryo donation, and assisted reproductive treatment for single women are not yet permitted. The participants described the postponement of parenthood as a rational adaptation to societal changes. The socially accepted window for having children seems to have narrowed. Before becoming parents, certain life events, such as education, experiences and adventures, and the start of a professional career, should ideally have been accomplished. Early parenthood was considered unfavourable and a sign of low ambition, a finding consistent with an earlier Swedish study ([@CIT0039]). This is also in line with recent research showing that Swedish women in their mid-20s regard childbearing as a future project, as it would impede their free and active life since it demands structure, stability, and space ([@CIT0040]). Even if Sweden has generous parental allowances and a well-established child-care system, young women and men seem to consider parenthood as a major personal undertaking, and the responsibility of providing emotional as well as practical/economic support for the child is heavily dependent on the parents. To postpone parenthood until one\'s educational goals are fulfilled and a reasonable economy is secured, therefore, becomes crucial, especially since the parental allowance in Sweden is based on the level of income before pregnancy. Strengths and limitations {#ss14} ------------------------- We were able to recruit as many as 40 participants, which resulted in rich data. However, since the participants knew the topic for discussion beforehand, it is possible that those who were not planning to have children were less motivated to participate. The interviewers were midwives with a clear pre-understanding of reproductive health issues, which could represent a limitation but also a strength. It was obvious that the participants appreciated the midwifery expertise and took the opportunity to discuss reproductive health issues with the interviewers after finalization of the formal interview. The purpose with qualitative studies is to gain a deeper understanding of people\'s lived experiences, so striving for generalization is neither desirable nor possible. However, we believe that our findings could be transferred to similar populations and contexts, bearing in mind that only highly educated women and men were invited to participate. To ensure credibility, we described the entire process in detail and inserted quotations to make it possible to judge the credibility of our findings. Dependability was created by recruiting women and men of different ages, with different occupations and civil status, and by using the same interview guide. To establish confirmability, the researchers continuously discussed the interpretation of the data, until consensus was reached. Conclusion {#ss15} ========== This study indicates that highly educated young women and men in contemporary Sweden have many competing priorities when planning and setting goals for their lives, and whether or not to have children as well as when to have them is an example of this. They describe fertility as an imperceptible and retrievable capacity, and, in case of problems, they believe fertility could be restored or replaced by medical technology or by alternatives to a biological child. They also describe postponed parenthood as a rational adaptation to societal changes, including socially mediated perceptions about 'early\' childbearing as unfavourable. These findings suggest that increased information about the limitations of human reproduction is needed, but also that societal arrangements making it possible to have children at younger ages are of utmost importance. We would like to thank all informants. ***Declaration of interest:*** The study was funded by the Medical Faculty at Uppsala University, Sweden. The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper. T.T. had the idea for the study. T.T. and C.E. conducted the interviews. C.E. carried out the analysis in collaboration with M.L., T.T., and A.S.S. All authors contributed to the final manuscript.

Results of balloon valvuloplasty in 40 dogs with pulmonic stenosis. The records of 43 dogs presenting with severe pulmonic stenosis in which balloon valvuloplasty was attempted were reviewed. Thirty-four dogs (79 per cent) were symptomatic at initial presentation. All patients were selected for balloon valvuloplasty on the basis of a Doppler-derived trans-stenotic pressure gradient of over 80 mmHg and concurrent evidence of mild to severe right ventricular hypertrophy. Forty dogs underwent balloon valvuloplasty; the procedure was not performed in three dogs because of an aberrant coronary artery in two cases and because catheterisation of the pulmonary artery was not possible in the third. Overall, 37 out of the 40 dogs (93 per cent) were successfully ballooned, resulting in a mean reduction in the pressure gradient of 46 per cent, with a mean pressure gradient of 124 mmHg on presentation and 67 mmHg six months after the procedure. Three dogs died during balloon valvuloplasty (all of which had a concurrent defect) and three dogs showed a poor clinical response to the procedure. Thus balloon valvuloplasty was successful and resulted in a sustained clinical improvement in 80 per cent of previously symptomatic cases. This study was undertaken to document the results of balloon valvuloplasty in a larger population of dogs than has previously been published.

Q: C++ and Lua - Unprotected Error (bad callback)? How is this possible I'm working with LuaJIT's FFI and I'm getting very strange results. This returns a PANIC: Unprotected Error (bad callback): function idle(ms) myDLL.myDLL_idle(session, ms) end But this simple print has fixed the problem. function idle(ms) print("anything") myDLL.myDLL_idle(session, ms) end Another extremely odd solution is to use myDLL.myDLL_idle() inside the main function. How can this even be possible? It's not like I can just do any arbitrary function either if I put the call in a function, the only ones guaranteed to work are a print and sleep. function idle(ms) myDLL.myDLL_idle(session, ms) end myDLL.myDLL_idle(session, ms) -- works idle(ms) -- doesn't work (unless first line of idle() is a print statement) It's doing the same thing but just in another function. And the print fixing it if I try putting it in a function method just add to the complete weirdness of this. This is a huge problem. A: According to the documentation, LuaJIT doesn't allow an FFI-call to be JIT-compiled if the FFI-code calls a C function that calls back into Lua via a stored callback. In most cases LuaJIT will detect those calls and avoid compilation, but if it doesn't, it aborts with the "bad callback" error message. The extra print helped, because it prevented JIT-compilation (print is not compiled atm.). The proposed solution (instead of calling print) is to explicitly stop the FFI-call from being JIT-compiled using the jit.off function.

Q: AVAssetImageGenerator provides images rotated When obtaining a UIImage of a video via AVAssetImageGenerator, I'm getting back images rotated (well, technically they're not) when the video is shot in portrait orientation. How can I tell what orientation the video was shot and then rotate the image properly? AVURLAsset *asset = [[AVURLAsset alloc] initWithURL:url options:nil]; AVAssetImageGenerator *generate = [[AVAssetImageGenerator alloc] initWithAsset:asset]; NSError *err = NULL; CMTime time = CMTimeMake(0, 60); CGImageRef imgRef = [generate copyCGImageAtTime:time actualTime:NULL error:&err]; [generate release]; UIImage *currentImg = [[UIImage alloc] initWithCGImage:imgRef]; A: The easiest way is to just set the appliesPreferredTrackTransform property on the image generator to YES, then it should automatically do the transformation for you. A: The copy and paste solution to create image with the recording orientation using the previous answer. AVURLAsset* asset = [AVURLAsset URLAssetWithURL:url options:nil]; AVAssetImageGenerator* imageGenerator = [AVAssetImageGenerator assetImageGeneratorWithAsset:asset]; imageGenerator.appliesPreferredTrackTransform = YES; CGImageRef cgImage = [imageGenerator copyCGImageAtTime:CMTimeMake(0, 1) actualTime:nil error:nil]; UIImage* image = [UIImage imageWithCGImage:cgImage]; CGImageRelease(cgImage); A: Here is the solution in swift version 4: func thumbnailImageForFileUrl(_ fileUrl: URL) -> UIImage? { let asset = AVAsset(url: fileUrl) let imageGenerator = AVAssetImageGenerator(asset: asset) imageGenerator.appliesPreferredTrackTransform = true do { let thumbnailCGImage = try imageGenerator.copyCGImage(at: CMTimeMake(1, 60), actualTime: nil) return UIImage(cgImage: thumbnailCGImage) } catch let err { print(err) } return nil }

Discussion Seeking serious property investor relations in and around the North Louisiana cities of Shreveport and Bossier City. Please message me for more details. This includes Commercial, Residential and Multi-Family properties. Investors!! Message me for available property in and around the north Louisiana region. Looking for partnership deals or more? I'm your guy and want to serve you. Residential, multi-family, commercial I have access to them all. Let's get started now! I'm looking to connect with you if you're looking for property within the state of Louisiana. I have access to plenty in and around the area of Shreveport, LA and surrounding cities. Let's connect and allow me to provide you with some great opportunities available here to help grow both of our business... More ideas! Less When signing a contract for wholesaling, I assume you will have to have a deposit that will be held until closing. On average how much should this deposit be? Also, I notice that there is a $97.00 per month charge for Deal-Insite. Is this charge for each web site created or would it cover both a buy... More web site and a for sale web site? Less Does anyone have a technique or method to select workable properties from a Deal Dog list? I have noticed that many times there is large spread of the price listed on Deal Dog and the analysis sites. I am trying to find good properties to wholesale, but I am at a loss as to price to trust and it appears... More that I have to do the very time consuming analysis on every one the hundreds of properties on the list. Less

// Boost.Units - A C++ library for zero-overhead dimensional analysis and // unit/quantity manipulation and conversion // // Copyright (C) 2003-2008 Matthias Christian Schabel // Copyright (C) 2008 Steven Watanabe // // Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See // accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at // http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) #ifndef BOOST_UNITS_ACCELERATION_DERIVED_DIMENSION_HPP #define BOOST_UNITS_ACCELERATION_DERIVED_DIMENSION_HPP #include <boost/units/derived_dimension.hpp> #include <boost/units/physical_dimensions/length.hpp> #include <boost/units/physical_dimensions/time.hpp> namespace boost { namespace units { /// derived dimension for acceleration : L T^-2 typedef derived_dimension<length_base_dimension,1, time_base_dimension,-2>::type acceleration_dimension; } // namespace units } // namespace boost #endif // BOOST_UNITS_ACCELERATION_DERIVED_DIMENSION_HPP

2018 ADAC GT Masters The 2018 ADAC GT Masters was the twelfth season of the ADAC GT Masters, the grand tourer-style sports car racing founded by the German automobile club ADAC. The season began on 14 April at Oschersleben and ended on 23 September at Hockenheim after seven double-header meetings. Entry list Race calendar and results On 29 November 2017, the ADAC announced the 2018 calendar. Championship standings Scoring system Championship points were awarded for the first ten positions in each race. Entries were required to complete 75% of the winning car's race distance in order to be classified and earn points. Individual drivers were required to participate for a minimum of 25 minutes in order to earn championship points in any race. Drivers' championships Overall Junior Cup Trophy Cup Teams' championship Notes References External links Category:ADAC GT Masters seasons ADAC GT Masters

Effect of zinc supplementation on ethanol-mediated bone alterations. Ethanol consumption leads to bone alterations, mainly osteoporosis. Ethanol itself may directly alter bone synthesis, but other factors, such as accompanying protein malnutrition--frequently observed in alcoholics, chronic alcoholic myopathy with muscle atrophy, alcohol induced hypogonadism or hypercortisolism, or liver damage, may all contribute to altered bone metabolism. Some data suggest that zinc may exert beneficial effects on bone growth. Based on these facts, we analyzed the relative and combined effects of ethanol, protein malnutrition and treatment with zinc, 227 mg/l in the form of zinc sulphate, on bone histology, biochemical markers of bone formation (osteocalcin) and resorption (urinary hydroxyproline excretion), and hormones involved in bone homeostasis (insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1), vitamin D, parathormone (PTH), free testosterone and corticosterone), as well as the association between these parameters and muscle fiber area and liver fibrosis, in eight groups of adult Sprague Dawley rats fed following the Lieber de Carli model during 5 weeks. Ethanol showed an independent effect on TBV (F=14.5, p<0.001), causing it to decrease, whereas a low protein diet caused a reduction in osteoid area (F=8.9, p<0.001). Treatment with zinc increased osteoid area (F=11.2, p<0.001) and serum vitamin D levels (F=3.74, p=0.057). Both ethanol (F=45, p<0.001) and low protein diet (F=46.8, p<0.01) decreased serum osteocalcin levels. Ethanol was the only factor independently related with serum IGF-1 (F=130.24, p<0.001), and also showed a synergistic interaction with protein deficiency (p=0.027). In contrast, no change was observed in hydroxyproline excretion and serum PTH levels. No correlation was found between TBM and muscle atrophy, liver fibrosis, corticosterone, or free testosterone levels, but a significant relationship was observed between type II-b muscle fiber area and osteoid area (rho=0.34, p<0.01). Osteoporosis is, therefore, present in alcohol treated rats. Both alcohol and protein deficiency lead to reduced bone formation. Muscle atrophy is related to osteoid area, suggesting a role for chronic alcoholic myopathy in decreased bone mass. Treatment with zinc increases osteoid area, but has no effect on TBV.

Q: Cygwin permissions on Windows 7 I suppose this question is related to a previous answer on Cygwin permissions, but I have failed to work out how the answer can be applied to my situation. I am finding that when I edit a file (~/.screenrc in this case), I can make one change and then the permissions and ownership are reset. This is what I am doing after I make a single change to reset permissions again: Chi Site - ~/wd Sun Jul 30 - 03:12 PM > ls -la ~/.screenrc ; chown -R RobertMarkBram:Users ~/.screenrc ; chmod 777 ~/.screenrc ; ls -la ~/.screenrc ----rwxrwx+ 1 Administrators None 1921 Jul 30 15:12 /home/RobertMarkBram/.screenrc -rwxrwxrwx+ 1 RobertMarkBram Users 1921 Jul 30 15:12 /home/RobertMarkBram/.screenrc I read in the previous answer on Cygwin permissions about changing the set up of paths in /etc/fstab. This is what I have there, but it has not made a difference: none /cygdrive cygdrive binary,posix=0,user 0 0 none / cygdrive binary,posix=0,user 0 0 These are my mount points: Chi Site - ~/wd Sun Jul 30 - 03:20 PM > mount C:/cygwin/bin on /usr/bin type ntfs (binary,auto) C:/cygwin/lib on /usr/lib type ntfs (binary,auto) C:/cygwin on / type ntfs (binary,auto) C: on /c type ntfs (binary,posix=0,user,noumount,auto) D: on /d type ntfs (binary,posix=0,user,noumount,auto) A: This is a case of PEBKAC.. I had done too much messing around with permissions and didn't know how to get back. Firstly, under Windows Explorer > that folder > properties > security I noticed there was a NULL SID there that I removed.. my own user didn't have all rights anymore but the the EVERYONE group did. Then I followed advice on this social.technet.microsoft.com post: Permissions all messed up on folders within my profile on Windows 8 cd /d c:\[folders or files you would like to reset permission] icacls * /T /Q /C /RESET It took awhile but restored permissions.

Q: Book stacking brain teaser I've been given a puzzle, and I just can't work out an answer. Can you help? I'd also like to know your thought process for solving, as this matters more than the correct answer. Does it belong to a pattern of puzzles? The scenario is this: There are six books by six different authors - J,K,L,M,N and O - which are to be placed on a bookcase with six shelves. The shelves are numbered from one, the highest, to six, the lowest, and exactly one book will be placed on each shelf. The book K must be on the second shelf below the book J The book O must be placed on either the first or sixth shelf. The book L cannot be placed on either the shelf immediately above or the shelf immediately below the book by M. Which one of the following is TRUE? K and L CANNOT be placed on shelves three and four respectively M and N CANNOT be placed on shelves three and four respectively J and M CANNOT be placed on shelves three and four respectively L and K CANNOT be placed on shelves three and four respectively N and J CANNOT be placed on shelves three and four respectively Thanks! A: I think that the answer is: $2$ and is only constrained by the first rule (about J and K). J and K have exactly 1 shelf between them. That means that they span 3 shelves. So, no matter the arrangement, either J or K must be one of the shelves 3 or 4. So, any solution that fills both 3 and 4 with neither J nor K can't happen. A: The true statement is: 2. M and N CANNOT be placed on shelves three and four respectively. Why? Book J can only occupy shelves 1, 2, 3, 4. Book K can only occupy shelves 3, 4, 5, 6. No matter where you place J and K, shelves 3 and 4 will always be occupied by one or the other. Proof: J on shelf 1, K on shelf 3. J on shelf 2, K on shelf 4. K on shelf 5, J on shelf 3. K on shelf 6, J on shelf 4.

Elzbieta Szmytka & Levente Kende Chopin’s name is indissociable from the virtuoso literature for piano which he composed. However, he also wrote melodies often inspired by the popular poetry of his compatriot Stefan Witwicki. In his melodies, Chopin opted for a simple musical language, interspersed with Polish dances. Szymanowski’s melodies are clearly rooted in 19th century tradition, but are also influenced by the exoticism and orientalism which were so characteristic of the European art scene at the turn of the century. His melodies based on Polish texts are little gems of refinement, interspersed with unexpected rhythmic and harmonic changes. The art of Polish melody will also be highlighted via the neo-romantic musical language of Mieczysław Karłowicz. Elżbieta Szmytka and Levente Kende – who have performed on stage at La Monnaie in the past – have more than deserved their international success.

# Copyright(c) 2017 Google Inc. # # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not # use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of # the License at # # http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 # # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT # WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the # License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under # the License. Import-Module -DisableNameChecking ..\..\..\BuildTools.psm1 try { Push-Location Set-Location IO.Swagger $url = "http://localhost:7412" $job = Run-Kestrel $url Set-Location ../IO.SwaggerTest $env:ASPNETCORE_URLS = $url dotnet test --test-adapter-path:. --logger:junit 2>&1 | %{ "$_" } } finally { Stop-Job $job Receive-Job $job Remove-Job $job Pop-Location }

Q: How to programatically add/remove nodes from main graph in Tensorboard? Tensorboard seems to arbitrarily select which nodes belong to the main graph and which do not. During graph visualization I can manually add/remove the nodes but it is tedious to do it every run. Is there a way to programmatically embed this information (which nodes belong on the main graph) during writing the graph summary? A: According to this github issue , it's not feasible at the moment. And according to this quote : Thanks @lightcatcher for the suggestion. @danmane, please take a look at this issue. If it is something we will not do in the short-term maybe mark it contributions welcome. If it is something you are planning to include in your plugin API anyways, please close the issue to keep the backlog clear. , and the status of the issue (contributions:welcomed), it's not something that is to be expected in the short term.

Confined hydrogen atom by the Lagrange-mesh method: energies, mean radii, and dynamic polarizabilities. The Lagrange-mesh method is an approximate variational calculation which resembles a mesh calculation because of the use of a Gauss quadrature. The hydrogen atom confined in a sphere is studied with Lagrange-Legendre basis functions vanishing at the center and surface of the sphere. For various confinement radii, accurate energies and mean radii are obtained with small numbers of mesh points, as well as dynamic dipole polarizabilities. The wave functions satisfy the cusp condition with 11-digit accuracy.

/* * Copyright 2006-2009, 2017, 2020 United States Government, as represented by the * Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. * All rights reserved. * * The NASA World Wind Java (WWJ) platform is licensed under the Apache License, * Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance * with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed * under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR * CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the * specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. * * NASA World Wind Java (WWJ) also contains the following 3rd party Open Source * software: * * Jackson Parser – Licensed under Apache 2.0 * GDAL – Licensed under MIT * JOGL – Licensed under Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) * Gluegen – Licensed under Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) * * A complete listing of 3rd Party software notices and licenses included in * NASA World Wind Java (WWJ) can be found in the WorldWindJava-v2.2 3rd-party * notices and licenses PDF found in code directory. */ package gov.nasa.worldwindx.examples; import gov.nasa.worldwind.avlist.AVKey; import gov.nasa.worldwind.geom.*; import gov.nasa.worldwind.globes.Globe; import gov.nasa.worldwind.layers.RenderableLayer; import gov.nasa.worldwind.render.*; import gov.nasa.worldwind.util.ContourList; import gov.nasa.worldwind.util.combine.ShapeCombiner; /** * Shows how to use the {@link gov.nasa.worldwind.util.combine.Combinable} interface and the {@link * gov.nasa.worldwind.util.combine.ShapeCombiner} class to combine WorldWind surface shapes into a complex set of * contours by using boolean operations. * <p> * This example creates two static SurfaceCircle instances that partially overlap and displays them in a layer named * "Original". A ShapeCombiner is used to combine the two surface circles into a potentially complex set of contours * using boolean operations. Three examples of such operations are given: union, intersection and difference. The result * of each operation is displayed in a separate layer beneath the original shapes. * * @author dcollins * @version $Id: ShapeCombining.java 2411 2014-10-30 21:27:00Z dcollins $ */ public class ShapeCombining extends ApplicationTemplate { public static class AppFrame extends ApplicationTemplate.AppFrame { public AppFrame() { ShapeAttributes attrs = new BasicShapeAttributes(); attrs.setInteriorOpacity(0.5); attrs.setOutlineWidth(2); // Create two surface circles that partially overlap, and add them to a layer named "Original". SurfaceCircle shape1 = new SurfaceCircle(attrs, LatLon.fromDegrees(50, -105), 500000); SurfaceCircle shape2 = new SurfaceCircle(attrs, LatLon.fromDegrees(50, -100), 500000); shape1.setValue(AVKey.DISPLAY_NAME, "Original"); shape2.setValue(AVKey.DISPLAY_NAME, "Original"); RenderableLayer originalLayer = new RenderableLayer(); originalLayer.setName("Original"); originalLayer.addRenderable(shape1); originalLayer.addRenderable(shape2); this.getWwd().getModel().getLayers().add(originalLayer); // Set up a ShapeCombiner to combine the two surface circles into a potentially complex set of contours // using boolean operations: union, intersection and difference. Globe globe = this.getWwd().getModel().getGlobe(); double resolutionRadians = 10000 / globe.getRadius(); // 10km resolution ShapeCombiner shapeCombiner = new ShapeCombiner(globe, resolutionRadians); // Compute the union of the two surface circles. Display the result 10 degrees beneath the original. ContourList union = shapeCombiner.union(shape1, shape2); this.displayContours(union, "Union", Position.fromDegrees(-10, 0, 0)); // Compute the intersection of the two surface circles. Display the result 20 degrees beneath the original. ContourList intersection = shapeCombiner.intersection(shape1, shape2); this.displayContours(intersection, "Intersection", Position.fromDegrees(-20, 0, 0)); // Compute the difference of the two surface circles. Display the result 30 degrees beneath the original. ContourList difference = shapeCombiner.difference(shape1, shape2); this.displayContours(difference, "Difference", Position.fromDegrees(-30, 0, 0)); } protected void displayContours(ContourList contours, String displayName, Position offset) { ShapeAttributes attrs = new BasicShapeAttributes(); attrs.setInteriorMaterial(Material.CYAN); attrs.setInteriorOpacity(0.5); attrs.setOutlineMaterial(Material.WHITE); attrs.setOutlineWidth(2); SurfaceMultiPolygon shape = new SurfaceMultiPolygon(attrs, contours); shape.setValue(AVKey.DISPLAY_NAME, displayName); shape.setPathType(AVKey.LINEAR); shape.move(offset); RenderableLayer layer = new RenderableLayer(); layer.setName(displayName); layer.addRenderable(shape); this.getWwd().getModel().getLayers().add(layer); } } public static void main(String[] args) { start("WorldWind Shape Combining", AppFrame.class); } }

Isotype-specific activation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator-chloride channels by cGMP-dependent protein kinase II. Type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGKII) isolated from pig intestinal brush borders and type I alpha cGK (cGKI) purified from bovine lung were compared for their ability to activate the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-Cl- channel in excised, inside-out membrane patches from NIH-3T3 fibroblasts and from a rat intestinal cell line (IEC-CF7) stably expressing recombinant CFTR. In both cell models, in the presence of cGMP and ATP, cGKII was found to mimic the effect of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAK) on opening CFTR-Cl-channels, albeit with different kinetics (2-3-min lag time, reduced rate of activation). By contrast, cGKI or a monomeric cGKI catalytic fragment was incapable of opening CFTR-Cl- channels and also failed to potentiate cGKII activation of the channels. The cAK activation but not the cGKII activation was blocked by a cAK inhibitor peptide. The slow activation by cGKII could not be ascribed to counteracting protein phosphatases, since neither calyculin A, a potent inhibitor of phosphatase 1 and 2A, nor ATP gamma S (adenosine 5'-O-(thiotriphosphate)), producing stable thiophosphorylation, was able to enhance the activation kinetics. Channels preactivated by cGKII closed instantaneously upon removal of ATP and kinase but reopened in the presence of ATP alone. Paradoxically, immunoprecipitated CFTR or CF-2, a cloned R domain fragment of CFTR (amino acids 645-835) could be phosphorylated to a similar extent with only minor kinetic differences by both isotypes of cGK. Phosphopeptide maps of CF-2 and CFTR, however, revealed very subtle differences in site-specificity between the cGK isoforms. These results indicate that cGKII, in contrast to cGKI alpha, is a potential activator of chloride transport in CFTR-expressing cell types.

Aging alters visual processing of objects and shapes in inferotemporal cortex in monkeys. Visual perception declines with age. Perceptual deficits may originate not only in the optical system serving vision but also in the neural machinery processing visual information. Since homologies between monkey and human vision permit extrapolation from monkeys to humans, data from young, middle aged and old monkeys were analyzed to show age-related changes in the neuronal activity in the inferotemporal cortex, which is critical for object and shape vision. We found an increased neuronal response latency, and a decrease in the stimulus selectivity in the older animals and suggest that these changes may underlie the perceptual uncertainties found frequently in the elderly.

206 Okla. 199 (1952) 242 P.2d 448 RYAN v. ANDREWSKI et al. No. 34583. Supreme Court of Oklahoma. March 25, 1952. Champion, Champion & Wallace, Ardmore, and Pierce, Rucker, Mock, Tabor & Duncan, Oklahoma City, for plaintiffs in error. Champion, Fischl & Champion, Ardmore, for defendants in error. GIBSON, J. The parties appeared in the trial court in the same order as they appear in this court and will generally be referred to as plaintiffs and defendants. On August 20, 1947, Dan Ryan filed his petition in this action naming as defendants H.C. Andrewski, L.L. Robinson and the Prudential Insurance Company of America. He alleged a partnership between himself and the personal defendants and the issuance by the Prudential of ten separate insurance policies on his life, all payable to the partnership. He further alleged a dissolution of the partnership on February 29, 1944, and that due to an oversight no mention was made of the policies; that the insurable interest held by the partnership had terminated and although he had requested defendants to make a change, naming his wife as beneficiary, they had failed and refused so to do. He tendered the cash or loan value of the policies and prayed that the defendants be canceled as beneficiaries and that the Insurance Company be required to change the beneficiary as designated by him. On motion the petition was amended, naming the wives of the plaintiff and personal defendants as parties, it appearing that the wives were included as partners in the partnership agreement. Dan Ryan died October 14, 1948, and the action was revived with his widow, as executrix of his estate, named as a party plaintiff. Issue was joined and the case tried to the court. The Insurance Company pleaded that it was a stakeholder and *200 paid the proceeds of the policies into court, and is not a party to this appeal. Judgment was rendered for defendants, and plaintiffs appeal. On June 1, 1943, Dan Ryan, Jesse Willis Ryan, his wife, and the named defendants entered into a written partnership agreement to operate under the trade name "Oklahoma Distributing Company" to engage in the manufacture, sale and distribution of beer and other beverages, each partner acquiring an undivided one-sixth interest in all assets. The three husbands were named as managing partners. It was agreed that insurance on the life of each managing partner, in the sum of $50,000, should at all times be maintained and kept in force during the existence of such partnership, the premiums to be charged against the partnership. It was provided that a partner could terminate the partnership on specified notice, with the nonterminating partners having an option of purchase, for cash, and upon payment the partnership and assets should belong to those partners making the purchase, and further: "Upon any sale as herein provided the nonpurchasers shall thereupon cease to have any interest in the partnership property or its assets, and shall not be liable for any of its unsatisfied obligations or liabilities." Policies totaling $50,000 were purchased on the life of each of the three managing partners. In the application for Mr. Ryan's policies (ten in number, each for $5,000), Dan I. Ryan was named as "Proposed Insured", Oklahoma Distributing Company was "Applicant", and the beneficiary was named "Oklahoma Distributing Company of Ardmore, Oklahoma, a partnership, as such partnership now exists or may hereafter be constituted." Attached to each policy was the following endorsement: "Provisions as to Ownership and Control of the Policy "Subject to such limitations, if any, as may be hereinafter set forth, all legal incidents of ownership and control of the Policy, including any and all benefits, values, rights and options conferred upon the Insured by the Policy or allowed by the Company and any ultimate interest as beneficiary conferred upon the Insured or the Insured's estate by the Policy, shall belong to the following Owner: Oklahoma Distributing Co. of Ardmore, Okla., a partnership, as such partnership now exists or may hereafter be constituted." Thereafter the Company assigned all of the policies to Schlitz Brewing Company as collateral security for a loan of $100,000 payable in monthly payments. About nine months after its organization and on February 29, 1944, Ryan and wife withdrew from the partnership and elected to sell their interests to the other partners for cash, as provided in the partnership agreement. A new agreement on dissolution was executed by all partners. Among other things, it provided that the partnership was dissolved by mutual agreement; that each of the four remaining partners was to receive an undivided 1/4th interest "in and to all of the business assets and properties, real, personal and/or mixed, including accounts receivable and cash on hand remaining after the distribution of cash herein distributed to Dan Ryan and Jesse Willis Ryan"; that each of the Ryans was to receive in cash out of partnership assets an amount equal to 1/6th of the total net worth of the partnership at the time of its dissolution. Further, that the distributions so made were in full liquidation of said partnership, and the remaining four partners agreed to hold the Ryans harmless from any and all damage and liability occasioned on account of any partnership obligations. The books were audited by a certified public accountant and on his determination of the total net worth of the partnership Ryan and his wife were paid the sum of $65,118.04 for their 2/6ths interest in the enterprise. *201 The insurance policies were not specifically mentioned in the dissolution agreement. Some time later Mr. Ryan became ill. He began a series of requests or demands upon the Insurance Company and his former partners, contending that the Distributing Company as it then existed did not own the policy and requesting that the policies be returned and that his wife be named beneficiary. These negotiations were fruitless, and more than three years after dissolution of the partnership Mr. Ryan filed this action. Plaintiffs contend that the judgment is not supported by the evidence and is contrary to law. It is said that the policies were not disposed of in the written agreement of dissolution and that each partner was entitled to his pro-rata share of the undisposed assets, and that after the dissolution the resultant partnership had no insurable interest. The argument overlooks the provision of the dissolution agreement wherein there was distributed to the four remaining partners "all of the business assets and properties, real, personal and/or mixed ... after the distribution of the cash herein distributed to Dan Ryan and Jesse Willis Ryan etc.", and it overlooks the designated beneficiary which was the Distributing Company "as such partnership now exists or may hereafter be constituted." The accountant who made the audit, upon which the distribution of assets was based, did not list the policies as assets because, at that time, they had no cash value, but throughout the existence of the partnership the partners treated all policies as a business asset and property, and they had used the same to obtain a large loan for partnership use, which loan had not been repaid at the time of the dissolution. As a part of the agreement that obligation was assumed by the remaining partners and plaintiffs were held harmless from liability thereon. The premiums had been paid by the partnership and the sole beneficiary was the partnership. Miller v. Hall, 65 Cal. A.2d 200, 150 P.2d 287, cited by defendants, is not in point, by reason of the difference in facts from those of the instant case, including the designation of beneficiary. The case does hold that since the premiums were paid by the partnership the interest of the parties in the policies became partnership assets. Defendants say that a beneficiary irrevocably designated as such in a life policy has a vested right not subject to change at the insured's hand. In making this contention defendant is supported by the great weight of authority. "It is held by the great weight of authority that the interest of a designated beneficiary in an ordinary life policy vests upon the execution and delivery thereof, and, unless the same contains a provision authorizing a change of beneficiary without the consent thereof, the insured cannot make such change." Condon v. New York Life Ins. Co. of New York, 188 Iowa 658, 166 N.W. 452. The opinion cites many cases from various jurisdictions in support of the rule announced. See, also, Page v. Detroit Life Ins. Co., 11 Tenn. App. 417; Ruckenstein v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 263 N.Y. 204, 188 N.E. 650. At the time of the dissolution agreement all policies were pledged with Schlitz Brewing Company to secure the partnership loan, and there was an unpaid balance of $70,000 on that debt. "Where partner contracted with his copartner that he should be beneficiary of partner's life policy, partner's attempt to change beneficiary after dissolution of partnership when partner owed money to copartner held ineffective (Rev. St. 1925, art. 5048)." Smith v. Schoellkopf (Tex. Civ. App.) 68 S.W.2d 346. While admitting that the partnership had an insurable interest in the life of Mr. Ryan, at the time the policies were written, plaintiffs say that there is no insurable interest possessed by *202 the partnership which continued after the dissolution. "An insurer is the only party who can raise question of insurable interest, and if insurer waives question of interest and pays money to named beneficiary, or into court, neither personal representative nor creditors can claim proceeds on grounds of beneficiary's lack of insurable interest. St. 1935, p. 636, sec. 10110." Jenkins v. Hill, 35 Cal. A.2d 521, 96 P.2d 168. Defendants say that a valid designation of a beneficiary remains so after the latter's insurable interest or relationship ceases, or, otherwise stated, insurable interest of the beneficiary of a life policy at the time of the death of the insured is immaterial, if it existed when the policy was issued. In support of this contention defendants cite Sinclair Refining Co. v. Long, 139 Kan. 632, 32 P.2d 464, which was a case in many respects similar to the present one. In the opinion the Kansas Supreme Court said: "... As applied to the situation here presented, the authorities generally are, and the recent ones practically ananimous, that the policy is not a mere contract of indemnity, but is a contract to pay to the beneficiary a certain sum in the event of the death of the insured. The authorities are practically unanimous also in support of the rule that where the insurable interest exists when the policy is issued, and a valid contract of insurance is then effected, it is not defeated by the cessation of the insurable interest unless the terms of the policy so provide. We quote from some of the leading authorities on this question: "In Grigsby v. Russell, 222 U.S. 149, 32 S.Ct. 58, 59, 56 L. Ed. 133, 36 L.R.A. (N.S.) 642, Ann. Cas. 1913B, 863, it was held: `A valid policy (of insurance) is not avoided by the cessation of the insurable interest, even as against the insurer, unless so provided by the policy itself.' "In Conn. Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Schaefer, 94 U.S. 457, 24 L. Ed. 251, it was held: `A policy of life insurance originally valid does not cease to be so by the cessation of the assured's party's interest in the life insured, unless such be the necessary effect of the provisions of the instrument itself.' "In Wurzburg v. N.Y. Life Ins. Co., 140 Tenn. 59, 203 S.W. 332, L.R.A. 1918E, 566, it was held: `A manufacturing company has an insurable interest in the life of its manager, who is its guiding spirit and is largely carrying on its business. Where a manufacturing company took out a valid policy on the life of its general manager, who later severed his connection with the company, and it paid all premiums until his death, it was entitled to the whole of the insurance.'" We need not lengthen this opinion with the many additional citations, but we observe that defendants' above proposition is sustained by the great weight of authority. These involved insurance policies were business policies purchased for the protection of the partnership, and were designed to enchance the growth and success of the partnership undertaking. The designation of the beneficiary was an irrevocable designation. All partners then intended, just as set out in the provision of the policies, that all legal incidents of ownership and control of their respective policies and all benefits and rights conferred on the insured by the policies should belong to the Oklahoma Distributing Company as it then existed or as it might thereafter be constituted. The use of the policies for partnership purposes was intended from the day the partnership agreement was executed. Their continued use as collateral for the Schlitz Company loan until that debt was paid was contemplated by all parties when the dissolution agreement was signed, — an obligation which the remaining partners assumed while the plaintiffs were to be released therefrom. At that time the obligation was in excess of the total amount of Mr. Ryan's policies. It was then contemplated by the parties that the continuing partnership, of the four remaining partners, would meet that obligation. There is nothing in the record to indicate that the parties intended that as soon as the four remaining *203 partners used their own money to pay off the Schlitz indebtedness they would turn the policies over to Mr. Ryan or that he was to receive any further benefit from them. In all these transactions the insurance policies were treated as partnership property. Under the dissolution agreement Ryan and wife were paid cash for their interests in the partnership as specified in the partnership agreement in the event of a withdrawal of any partner. After use of the cash needed to pay them, "all of the business assets and properties, real personal and mixed" were assigned to the four remaining partners. Ryan and wife joined in this assignment. None of the assets were itemized or given specific mention. The insurance policies of all partners were and had been treated as business assets. In the audit upon which the amounts due to Ryan and wife were computed, the prepaid premiums were listed as assets. Thus Ryan and wife were reimbursed for their pro-rata share of premiums theretofore paid and withheld from all partners during the operation of the business. It cannot be said that the failure to mention the policies in the agreement was due to an oversight since the same thing could be said of any other assets. None was given specific mention. The parties intended the assignment to cover all assets remaining after the cash payment, and so said. Plaintiffs contend that the court erred in refusing to permit Mrs. Ryan to testify as to her understanding as to the taking out of the insurance policies. Following the court's ruling the plaintiffs tendered the following written offer of proof: "Plaintiff's Tender in Connection with Testimony of Jesse Willis Ryan, Wife of Deceased. "2. That Mrs. Ryan, wife of deceased, if permitted to testify would testify that it was her understanding as a partner that the insurance was only to be carried on Dan Ryan's life during the existence of the Partnership." To avoid the rule against use of parol evidence to vary the terms of a written agreement, plaintiffs contend that parol evidence was admissible to show that the written agreement was not intended to cover the subject of the policies, and cite 32 C.J.S. 1027, and numerous cases dealing with the admission of evidence to show the intent of the parties where the written instrument is ambiguous. We do not find ambiguity in the contract. As heretofore stated the parties were disposing of business assets and they had treated the policies as business assets. The offer was in conflict with the rule against admission of parol evidence to vary the terms of a written contract. Defendants also contend that there was error in the refusal of evidence that the omission of provision for disposition of the insurance policies was because of a mutual mistake of the parties. Mrs. Ryan was permitted to testify that the insurance policies were not mentioned or considered in the negotiations of settlement. There was no evidence of a mutual mistake of fact and no offer of evidence to establish a mutuality of mistake. There was no plea for reformation of the settlement contract because of a mutual mistake. The trial court did not err in refusing to admit the suggested testimony. Affirmed.

Q: How to Read data from generic repository in ASP.NET controller class? I am using ASP.NET mvc 5 in visual studio 2013 and tending to read data from function table (SQL Server) in the controller class via generic repository. I have IGenericRepository which has IQueryable one function, I have GenericRepository class where i am implementing this interface. I got FunctionContext which is inherited from baseContext. The reason i have baseContext so all the dbcontexts can use one path to hit database but same time keep number of table limited to business need. I have manage to implement genericRepository but seems getting null data against _dbSet while debugging in GenericRepository and I cant read data in controller class either there plus getting error on "var query" An exception of type 'System.InvalidOperationException' occurred in EntityFramework.dll but was not handled in user code many thanks in advanced.... Generic Repository Interface public interface IGenericRepository<TEntity> : IDisposable { IQueryable<TEntity> GetAll(); } Generic Repository public class GenericRepository<TEntity> : IGenericRepository<TEntity> where TEntity : class { protected DbSet<TEntity> _DbSet; private readonly DbContext _dbContext; public GenericRepository() { } public GenericRepository(DbContext dbContext) { this._dbContext = dbContext; _DbSet = _dbContext.Set<TEntity>(); } public IQueryable<TEntity> GetAll() { return _DbSet; } public void Dispose() { } } BaseContext public class BaseContext<TContext> : DbContext where TContext : DbContext { static BaseContext() { Database.SetInitializer<TContext>(null); } protected BaseContext() : base("name = ApplicationDbConnection") { } } FunctionContext public class FunctionsContext : BaseContext<FunctionsContext> { public DbSet<App_Functions> Functions { get; set; } } Function Mapping class [Table("Functions")] public class App_Functions { public App_Functions() { } [Key] public int Function_ID { get; set; } [StringLength(50)] [Required] public string Title { get; set; } public int Hierarchy_level { get; set; } } Function Domain class public class Functions { public Functions() { } public int Function_ID { get; set; } public string Title { get; set; } public int Hierarchy_level { get; set; } } Controller class public class HomeController : Controller { public ActionResult Index() { using (var repository = new GenericRepository<Functions>(new FunctionsContext())) { ????????????????????????????????? var query = repository.GetAll().Select(x => new Functions { Function_ID = x.Function_ID, Title = x.Title, Hierarchy_level = x.Hierarchy_level }); foreach(var item in query) { var a2 = item.Title; } } return View(); } } A: The type parameter on your repository constructor is incorrect. It should be new GenericRepository<App_Functions>(new FunctionsContext())) Because App_Functions is the type of the entity.