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Wireless mobile communication technology uses various standards and protocols to transmit data between a transmission station and a wireless mobile device. Some wireless devices communicate using orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) combined with a desired digital modulation scheme via a physical layer. Standards and protocols that use OFDM include the third generation partnership project (3GPP) long term evolution (LTE), the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.16 standard (e.g., 802.16e, 802.16m), which is commonly known to industry groups as WiMAX (Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access), and the IEEE 802.11 standard, which is commonly known to industry groups as WiFi. In 3GPP LTE the Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) include of transmission stations (also commonly denoted as evolved Node Bs, enhanced Node Bs, E-UTRAN NodeBs, eNodeBs, or eNBs), which communicates with the wireless mobile device, known as a user equipment (UE). A downlink (DL) transmission can be a communication from the transmission station (or eNodeB) to the wireless mobile device (or UE), and an uplink (UL) transmission can be a communication from the wireless mobile device to the transmission station. Furthermore, the transmission station can be connected to the Mobility Management Entity (MME) located in the core network by means of the S1 interface. Another technology for mobile communication is a universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), which is a 3GPP mobile cellular technology for networks using code division multiple access (CDMA). In UMTS, the transmission station can be a combination of Node Bs (also commonly denoted as NodeBs or NBs) and radio network controllers (RNCs), which communicates with the wireless mobile device, known as the UE. UMTS can specify a network system, covering the UMTS terrestrial radio access network (UTRAN), a core network (including a mobile application part (MAP)), and an authentication of users via subscriber identity module (SIM) cards. The RNCs can be connected to the core network by means of the Iu interface. Under certain circumstances, known as access barring, a transmission station can prevent or restrict mobile device users from making access attempts, which can include emergency call attempts, or responding to pages in specified areas of a public land mobile network (PLMN). Such situations can include states of emergency or failure of one or more co-located PLMNs. Access class barring (ACB) can be used to prevent mobile devices from making access attempts to the transmission station in LTE systems and UMTS. Reference will now be made to the exemplary embodiments illustrated, and specific language will be used herein to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended.

1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an apparatus for and a method of estimating a steam turbine output in a single shaft combined plant of a dual fuel type, an apparatus for estimating a gas turbine output, and an apparatus for controlling a single shaft combined plant of a dual fuel type. 2. Description of the Related Art A control method for controlling a single shaft combined plant according to related art is explained with reference to FIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 1, a single shaft combined plant is a plant in which a gas turbine 201 and a steam turbine 202 are connected by a single shaft. In the single shaft combined plant, the pilot ratio (a ratio between a main fuel flow rate and a pilot fuel flow rate) is controlled on the basis of the difference between a measured shaft output (on the MW basis) 211 of a generator G and a target generator output 211a. That is, for controlling the pilot ratio, it is enough to know the shaft output 211 of the generator G, which is the total of the output of the steam turbine 202 and the output of the gas turbine 201 (a gas turbine output 213). It is not necessary to know the output of the steam turbine 202 and the gas turbine output 213 separately. On the contrary, an amount of air provided into a compressor C′ and an amount of air provided into a burner 314 are controlled on the basis of the gas turbine output 213 (on the MW basis). However, the gas turbine output 213 can not be directly measured. So, an operating unit 210 calculates an estimated output 212 (MW conversion) of the steam turbine, which is estimated to be outputted from the steam turbine 202. Then, a subtractor calculates the gas turbine output 213 by subtracting the estimated output 212 of the steam turbine from the measured shaft output (on the MW basis) of the generator G′. A combustor bypass valve opening instruction 216 and an IGV opening instruction 217 are calculated so that a stable combustion situation can be obtained in a gas turbine combustor 214 on the basis of the calculated gas turbine output 213. A combustor bypass valve 220 and an IGV 221 are driven to thereby control the amounts of air introduced into the compressor C′ and the combustor 214. That is, a first function generator 204 receives a signal indicating the gas turbine output 213 and outputs a signal 216 indicative of an optimal combustor bypass valve opening. A second function generator 205 receives a signal indicating the gas turbine output 213 and outputs a signal 217 indicating an optimal IGV opening. In a conventional single fuel type (a natural gas combustion type) single shaft combined plant using a premix burner in the gas turbine combustor 214 as shown in FIG. 2, the steam turbine output 212 is estimated on the basis of an intermediate turbine inlet steam pressure 231 by multiplying the correction values of steam temperatures 232, 233 and a steam condenser vacuum degree (steam turbine exhaust pressure) 234, in order to make efficiency high and reduce an exhaust amount of harmful substances (NOx and the like). Hereafter, the steam turbine output 212 estimated by the method in FIG. 2 is referred to as a steam turbine output 230. The calculating section 210 in FIG. 1 calculating the steam turbine output 212 corresponds to the part indicated by a symbol A′ in FIG. 2. That is, in the conventional art, the steam turbine output 230 shown in FIG. 2 is inputted to the subtractor 203 as the steam turbine output 212. Here, the reason why the steam turbine output 230 can be calculated on the basis of only the intermediate pressure turbine inlet steam pressure 231 as shown in FIG. 2 is explained with reference to FIG. 3. The flows of water and steam in the single fuel type (natural gas combustion type) combined plant is shown in FIG. 3. The flows of the water and the steam shown in FIG. 3 are basically equal to those in the single shaft combined plant and a multi-shaft combined plant. The steam turbine output 230 is calculated by multiplying an efficiency of the steam turbine 202 by a thermal energy of the steam flowing into the steam turbine 202. The thermal energy of the steam is calculated by multiplying the steam flow rate by the steam enthalpy. Thus, the total thermal energy of the steam flowing into the steam turbine 202 is represented by the following formula: (Flow Rate of High Pressure Steam 251)×(Enthalpy of High Pressure Steam 251)+(Flow Rate of Intermediate pressure Steam 258)×(Enthalpy of Intermediate pressure Steam 258)+(FlowRate of Low Pressure Steam 251)×(Enthalpy of Low Pressure Steam 261) The flow rate of intermediate pressure steam 258 is represented by a function of a difference between the intermediate pressure turbine inlet steam pressure 231 and the steam condenser vacuum degree 234. Also, the enthalpy of intermediate pressure steam 258 is represented by a function of the intermediate pressure turbine inlet steam pressure 231 with correction of the intermediate pressure steam temperature 233 as a multiplier. In the combined plant, as shown in FIG. 3, the high pressure steam 251 generated in a high pressure drum 250, after carrying out a work in a high pressure steam turbine 252, passes through a low temperature reheating steam tube 253, and joins steam 256 generated in an intermediate pressure drum 255 prior to a reheating unit 254, and then flows into an intermediate pressure steam turbine 257 as an intermediate pressure steam 258. That is, there is a relation represented by the following formula: (Flow Rate of High Pressure Steam 251)=(Flow Rate of Intermediate pressure Steam 258)−(Amount of Steam 256 Generated in Intermediate pressure Drum 255). Also, an amount of the steam 256 generated in the intermediate pressure drum 255 is represented by a function of a pressure of the intermediate pressure drum 255, and the pressure of the intermediate pressure drum 255 is represented by the addition of a piping pressure loss and the inlet steam pressure 231 of the intermediate pressure steam turbine 257. Thus, a flow rate of the high pressure steam 251 is represented by a function of the inlet steam pressure 231 of the intermediate pressure steam turbine 257 Also, the low pressure steam 261 is mixed with the intermediate pressure steam 258 after carrying out the work inside the steam turbine 202. Thus, the inlet steam pressure of the low pressure steam turbine 262, which serves as the function of the flow rate of the low pressure steam 261, becomes the function of the inlet steam pressure 231 of the intermediate pressure steam turbine 257. In this way, by considering heat balance, the inlet steam pressure 231 of the intermediate pressure steam turbine 257 is related to all factors. Thus, by calculating the steam turbine output 230 as a function of the inlet steam turbine pressure 231 of the intermediate pressure steam turbine 257, the steam turbine output 230 is approximately calculated. A combined turbine plant including a gas turbine and an exhaust gas boiler generating steam by utilizing the exhaust heat from the gas turbine and a steam turbine driven by the steam from the exhaust gas boiler and connected with the gas turbine by a single shaft is disclosed, for example, in Japanese Laid Open Patent Application (JP-A-Heisei 9-32508).

Low local mill levy ‘embarrassing,’ Diepenbrock says By RACHEL COLEMAN • Leader & Times A public hearing to amend the 2012-13 budget ended moments after it opened, due to lack of comment at last night’s USD No. 480 school board meeting. Later in the meeting, the board approved the amended budget with a 6-0 vote, with Tammy Sutherland Abbott absent. District finance director Jerry Clay said that while the amended budget reflected a $1.76 million increase, it was not a matter of adding new money to the pot. “This is more like taking money out of your left pocket and putting it in the right pocket,” he explained. The additional funds required transfer because the cost of food has increased, the number of students enrolled in the district has gone up, “and things just cost more now, compared to when we wrote the budget.” Board member Steve Helm asked if the budget amendment would increase taxes. “No,” Clay said. “The mill levy doesn’t change at all.” Even so, the two-hour session ended with a focus on funding and discussion of the possibility of a mill levy increase, as Central Office administrators brought a strategic planning presentation to the board. No action was requested, but the presenters asked the board to think over the information — and the need to leverage more local funding sources — before the next meeting on April 22. “This is somewhat challenging, but we have to have this discussion,” explained Superintendent of Schools Lance Stout. He described strategic planning as “an arduous process,” which requires input from the board “so, collectively, we can begin to address the needs of the district.” Directors brought a variety of statistics and facts to the board: • USD 480 currently adds 100 students per year, with numbers expected to increase steadily in the coming years. • Though teacher salaries have yet to be negotiated with the Liberal chapter of National Educators Association, it is likely costs will increase if good instructors are to be retained. • Teacher-student ratios have crept higher than the district’s ideal threshold of 25 students per classroom, especially in grades 3, 4 and 5. • With local preschool options dwindling, more kindergarten students arrive in the district without a basic foundation in learning. Currently, the waiting list for preschool programs tops 300 students in all. • District facilities continue to lag in terms of long-term upkeep and improvement, said Director of Auxiliary Services Robert Burkey: “When I took this job, I was handed a plan with [to-do] items more than five years old, but no funds,” he said. “These are ‘budget busters’ that, if we tackle them, other things are affected. We need to set aside money for them, or we will start running into major problems.” Finance Director Jerry Clay told the board that funding these items and related issues might require an increase of the Local Option Budget. At this time, USD 480’s LOB is the lowest of all 5A and 6A schools in the state, and overall ranks 282 out of 294 districts. School board member Dan Diepenbrock responded to the presentation with the comment that the situation is “frankly pretty embarrassing. We are welfare recipients from the rest of the state,” he said. “Our local dollar contributions to the district are smaller than 90 percent of everyone else.” Helm pointed out that “as far as I know, most people in Liberal pay income taxes.” State money that funds the school district is, essentially, funds returning to the community, he said. “Everyone else in the state pays income taxes, but we’re getting more back than everyone else,” Diepenbrock replied. “We need to step up and shoulder a larger share.” Recently re-elected board member Nick Hatcher added that more local funding is likely to be matched by other sources. “We’re still leaving money on the table,” Hatcher said, “and that bothers me. I would take advantage of those situations, rather than walk away with money still on the table.” Based on administrative recommendations, a mill levy increase would result in modest property tax increases for homeowners, noted board member Delvin Kinser. “I’m figuring it out and it’s, what, $13 a year for a $100,000 home, for a one-mill increase,” he said. “If we raised the mill to fund these recommendations, that would be $61.85 a year.” “That’s like one dinner for four at Applebee’s, once a year,” Diepenbrock said. “Business owners and farmers will pay more,” Clay added. “It’s important to recognize that the rates are not the same for them as for homeowners.” Discussion of the issue will continue at the April 22 meeting, where, Stout said, “we’d like feedback about proceeding with our staffing issues. If given the green light, we can go out and get good teachers on board. The time to hire staff is now.” Facebook No Iframes About The High Plains Daily Leader The High Plains Daily Leader and Southwest Daily Times are published Sunday through Friday and reaches homes throughout the Liberal, Kansas retail trade zone. The Leader & Times is the official newspaper of Seward County, USD No. 480, USD No. 483 and the cities of Liberal and Kismet. The Leader & Times is a member of the Liberal Chamber of Commerce, the Kansas Press Association and the Associated Press. Subscribe Get the Daily Leader delivered to your home for $101.45 per year in Liberal, or $140 outside Liberal. Call 620-626-0840 for a subscription today. You can receive the print edition or an electronic edition! To subscribe today, email [email protected].

Q: Subtract aggregate of only certain rows from only other certain rows in the same table? product saletype qty ----------------------------- product1 regular 10 product1 sale 1 product1 feature 2 I have a sales table as seen above, and products can be sold 1 of 3 different ways (regular price, sale price, or feature price). All sales regardless of type accumulate into regular, but sale and feature also accumulate into their own "saletype" also. So in the above example, I've sold 10 products total (7 regular, 1 sale, 2 feature). I want to return the regular quantity minus the other two columns as efficiently as possible, and also the other saletypes too. Here is how I am currently doing it: create table query_test (product varchar(20), saletype varchar(20), qty int); insert into query_test values ('product1','regular',10), ('product1','sale',1), ('product1','feature',2) select qt.product, qt.saletype, CASE WHEN qt.saletype = 'regular' THEN sum(qt.qty)-sum(lj.qty) ELSE sum(qt.qty) END as [qty] from query_test qt left join ( select product, sum(qty) as [qty] from query_test where saletype in ('sale','feature') group by product ) lj on lj.product=qt.product group by qt.product, qt.saletype; ...which yields what I am after: product saletype qty ----------------------------- product1 feature 2 product1 regular 7 product1 sale 1 But I feel like there has to be a better way than essentially querying the same information twice. A: You can use the window function sum and some arithmetic to do this. select product, saletype, case when saletype='regular' then 2*qty-sum(qty) over(partition by product) else qty end as qty from query_test This assumes there is atmost one row for saletype 'regular'.

Changing trends in maternal mortality over a decade. To study the change in trend in maternal mortality over the last decade and to find out specific causes of death. A retrospective study was carried out at Lady Harding Medical College, New Delhi, to analyze the causes of maternal deaths. The admission ledgers of patients admitted over two 3-year periods (1979-1981 and 1989-1991) were studied to ascertain the total number of maternal deaths and the specific causes of death. One hundred fifty-eight deaths occurred during 1979-1981 and 149 deaths during 1989-1991. During the same period there were 23,098 and 37,763 total births, respectively, the overall maternal mortality rate thus significantly declining from 684/100,000 total births in 1979-1981 to 394/100,000 total births in 1989-1991. Sepsis followed by hemorrhage and hepatitis were the leading causes of maternal deaths over the decade. Health education and availability of health services, largely at a community level, would contribute to reducing the incidence of preventable causes of maternal deaths such as sepsis and hemorrhage.

Q: Cannot read the next data row for the dataset 'Dataset3',Conversion Failed when converting varchar value to datatype int I am running a report with 3 parameters. The second parameter gets populated according to the value selected in the First parameter and the third parameter gets populated according to the second. I can select multiple values in 2nd and 3rd parameter. When I select 2 values in the second parameter the third one get populated and when I do SELECT ALL even then it works . But when I select 3 or more values it throws an error. An error has during local reporting Cannot read the next data row for the dataset 'Dataset3', Conversion Failed when converting the varchar value '430.2' to datatype int Can you please tell me what my approach should be. A: Can you please tell me what my approach should be. The problem is with the data and the dataset queries. You should run the query behind dataset 2 and determine what the 3 values are that start giving you trouble. Inspect if those values are in fact of the correct data type (the type of your parameter). Quite possibly one of the values is "430.2" whereas the type of your parameter is INT. If that doesn't work, then you should execute your query behind dataset 3 so that the parameter in the WHERE myval IN (@Param3) bit is replaced by a comma-seperated list of the values you retrieved with the earlier query. If those both turn up nothing then the next step may be to run the SQL Profiler and pick up the actual queries SSRS is sending to the server. Pick out those queries, and try to run them manually to debug the problem. One additional thing you may want to check is if the field mapping settings for your datasets matches the types that are actually returned by the dataset queries.

Youth risk behavior surveillance--United States, 2005. In the United States, 71% of all deaths among persons aged 10-24 years result from 4 causes: motorvehicle crashes, other unintentional injuries, homicide, and suicide. Results from the 2005 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) indicated that during the 30 days preceding the survey, many high school students engaged in behaviors that increased their likelihood of death from these 4 causes: 9.9% had driven a car or other vehicle when they had been drinking alcohol, 18.5% had carried a weapon, 43.3% had drunk alcohol, and 20.2% had used marijuana. In addition, during the 12 months preceding the survey, 35.9% of high school students had been in a physical fight and 8.4% had attempted suicide. Substantial morbidity and social problems among youth also result from unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus infection. During 2005, a total of 46.8% of high school students had ever had sexual intercourse, 37.2% of sexually active high school students had not used a condom at last sexual intercourse, and 2.1% had ever injected an illegal drug. Among adults aged > or =25 years, 61% of all deaths result from 2 causes: cardiovascular disease and cancer. Results from the 2005 national YRBS indicated that risk behaviors associated with these 2 causes of death were initiated during adolescence. During 2005, a total of 23.0% of high school students had smoked cigarettes during the 30 days preceding the survey, 79.9% had not eaten > or =5 times/day of fruits and vegetables during the 7 days preceding the survey, 67.0% did not attend physical education classes daily, and 13.1% were overweight.

Q: Understanding Deadlocks in MySQL I am new to MySQL, I used to work in Oracle database. I am having some problem in resolving Deadlocks in my application. Please help me to understand the issue. Table Definition: CREATE TABLE `APPLICATION` ( `ID` varchar(60) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL, `APPLICATION_NUMBER` varchar(35) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL, `STATUS` varchar(100) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL, `SUB_STATUS` varchar(200) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL, `SOURCE_TYPE` varchar(30) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL, `SOURCE_ID` varchar(30) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL, `SOURCE_CHANNEL` varchar(60) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL, `PRODUCT_PROGRAM` varchar(30) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL, `LOAN_TYPE` varchar(30) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL, `ASSIGNED_TO` varchar(60) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL, `CREATED_BY` varchar(60) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL, `CREATION_DATE` datetime DEFAULT NULL, `LAST_UPDATE_DT` datetime DEFAULT NULL, `LAST_UPDATE_BY` varchar(60) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL, `LOAN_AMOUNT` decimal(38,0) DEFAULT NULL, `INSURANCE_OPT_IN` varchar(20) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL, `RCU_STATUS` varchar(30) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL, `TVR_COMMENTS` varchar(500) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL, `TVR_DECISION` varchar(60) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL, `MM_PAID_TO` varchar(60) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL, `PURPOSE_OF_LOAN` varchar(60) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL, `MARGIN_MONEY` double DEFAULT NULL, `PAYMENT_MODE` varchar(60) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL, `IS_ELIGIBLE` decimal(1,0) DEFAULT NULL, `CRM_STATUS` varchar(20) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL, `CRM_REASON` varchar(150) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL, `IS_INTERESTED_CLI` varchar(1) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL, `IS_INTERESTED_CI` varchar(1) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL, `CRITICAL_ILLNESS` varchar(30) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL, `CREDIT_LIFE_INSURANCE` varchar(30) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL, `CREATE_USER` varchar(50) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL, `CREATE_DATE` datetime DEFAULT NULL, `LAST_UPDATE_USER` varchar(50) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL, `LAST_UPDATE_DATE` datetime DEFAULT NULL, `STATUS_ID` bigint(35) DEFAULT NULL, `SUBSTATUS_ID` bigint(35) DEFAULT NULL, `DOCUMEMNTUPLOAD_COMMENTS` varchar(2000) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL, `DOCUMEMNTUPLOAD_ACK` decimal(1,0) DEFAULT NULL, `NO_OF_FINANCIERS_FOR_ALL_ASSET` decimal(3,0) DEFAULT NULL, `DUPLICATED_FROM` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`ID`) USING BTREE, UNIQUE KEY `UK_APPLICATION` (`APPLICATION_NUMBER`), KEY `FK_APL_STATID` (`STATUS_ID`) USING BTREE, KEY `FK_APL_SUBSTATID` (`SUBSTATUS_ID`) USING BTREE, CONSTRAINT `FK_APL_STATID` FOREIGN KEY (`STATUS_ID`) REFERENCES `STATUS` (`ID`) ON DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE RESTRICT, CONSTRAINT `FK_APL_SUBSTATID` FOREIGN KEY (`SUBSTATUS_ID`) REFERENCES `SUB_STATUS` (`ID`) ON DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE RESTRICT ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci My Deadlock Details from the SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS: ------------------------ LATEST DETECTED DEADLOCK ------------------------ 2019-11-22 04:48:06 0x2ad75cf91700 *** (1) TRANSACTION: TRANSACTION 291327, ACTIVE 37 sec fetching rows mysql tables in use 1, locked 1 LOCK WAIT 48 lock struct(s), heap size 8400, 1540 row lock(s), undo log entries 5 MySQL thread id 14042, OS thread handle 47099630130944, query id 4174847 172.29.24.227 bpapi updating UPDATE APPLICATION SET NO_OF_FINANCIERS_FOR_ALL_ASSET = 7 WHERE id >'' AND APPLICATION_NUMBER = '001601' *** (1) WAITING FOR THIS LOCK TO BE GRANTED: RECORD LOCKS space id 3803 page no 21 n bits 144 index PRIMARY of table `BAPIDB`.`APPLICATION` trx id 291327 lock_mode X waiting Record lock, heap no 72 PHYSICAL RECORD: n_fields 42; compact format; info bits 128 0: len 30; hex 65646466383861382d633733342d346561332d393665302d396366343234; asc eddf88a8-c734-4ea3-96e0-9cf424; (total 36 bytes); 1: len 6; hex 000000046e42; asc nB;; 2: len 7; hex 02000000fa0518; asc ;; 3: len 6; hex 303031353930; asc 001590;; 4: len 4; hex 31303033; asc 1003;; 5: len 4; hex 31303033; asc 1003;; 6: SQL NULL; 7: SQL NULL; 8: len 6; hex 506f7274616c; asc Portal;; 9: SQL NULL; 10: SQL NULL; 11: SQL NULL; 12: len 30; hex 35633131613436612d303963302d313165612d396533372d396165613961; asc 5c11a46a-09c0-11ea-9e37-9aea9a; (total 36 bytes); 13: SQL NULL; 14: len 5; hex 99a4ac4b92; asc K ;; 15: len 11; hex 427573696e657373415049; asc BusinessAPI;; 16: SQL NULL; 17: SQL NULL; 18: SQL NULL; 19: SQL NULL; 20: SQL NULL; 21: SQL NULL; 22: SQL NULL; 23: SQL NULL; 24: SQL NULL; 25: SQL NULL; 26: len 7; hex 53554343455353; asc SUCCESS;; 27: len 27; hex 5265636f72642055706461746564205375636365737366756c6c79; asc Record Updated Successfully;; 28: SQL NULL; 29: SQL NULL; 30: SQL NULL; 31: SQL NULL; 32: SQL NULL; 33: SQL NULL; 34: SQL NULL; 35: SQL NULL; 36: SQL NULL; 37: SQL NULL; 38: SQL NULL; 39: SQL NULL; 40: SQL NULL; 41: SQL NULL; *** (2) TRANSACTION: TRANSACTION 291891, ACTIVE 4 sec starting index read mysql tables in use 1, locked 1 22 lock struct(s), heap size 1136, 10 row lock(s), undo log entries 8 MySQL thread id 13972, OS thread handle 47104466163456, query id 4178089 172.29.25.88 bpapi updating UPDATE APPLICATION SET APPLICATION_NUMBER=IFNULL('001590', APPLICATION_NUMBER), STATUS=IFNULL('1003', STATUS), SUB_STATUS=IFNULL('1003', SUB_STATUS), CRM_STATUS=IFNULL('SUCCESS', CRM_STATUS), CRM_REASON=IFNULL('Record Created Successfully', CRM_REASON) WHERE ID='eddf88a8-c734-4ea3-96e0-9cf424ced71e' *** (2) HOLDS THE LOCK(S): RECORD LOCKS space id 3803 page no 21 n bits 144 index PRIMARY of table `BAPIDB`.`APPLICATION` trx id 291891 lock mode S locks rec but not gap Record lock, heap no 72 PHYSICAL RECORD: n_fields 42; compact format; info bits 128 0: len 30; hex 65646466383861382d633733342d346561332d393665302d396366343234; asc eddf88a8-c734-4ea3-96e0-9cf424; (total 36 bytes); 1: len 6; hex 000000046e42; asc nB;; 2: len 7; hex 02000000fa0518; asc ;; 3: len 6; hex 303031353930; asc 001590;; 4: len 4; hex 31303033; asc 1003;; 5: len 4; hex 31303033; asc 1003;; 6: SQL NULL; 7: SQL NULL; 8: len 6; hex 506f7274616c; asc Portal;; 9: SQL NULL; 10: SQL NULL; 11: SQL NULL; 12: len 30; hex 35633131613436612d303963302d313165612d396533372d396165613961; asc 5c11a46a-09c0-11ea-9e37-9aea9a; (total 36 bytes); 13: SQL NULL; 14: len 5; hex 99a4ac4b92; asc K ;; 15: len 11; hex 427573696e657373415049; asc BusinessAPI;; 16: SQL NULL; 17: SQL NULL; 18: SQL NULL; 19: SQL NULL; 20: SQL NULL; 21: SQL NULL; 22: SQL NULL; 23: SQL NULL; 24: SQL NULL; 25: SQL NULL; 26: len 7; hex 53554343455353; asc SUCCESS;; 27: len 27; hex 5265636f72642055706461746564205375636365737366756c6c79; asc Record Updated Successfully;; 28: SQL NULL; 29: SQL NULL; 30: SQL NULL; 31: SQL NULL; 32: SQL NULL; 33: SQL NULL; 34: SQL NULL; 35: SQL NULL; 36: SQL NULL; 37: SQL NULL; 38: SQL NULL; 39: SQL NULL; 40: SQL NULL; 41: SQL NULL; *** (2) WAITING FOR THIS LOCK TO BE GRANTED: RECORD LOCKS space id 3803 page no 21 n bits 144 index PRIMARY of table `BAPIDB`.`APPLICATION` trx id 291891 lock_mode X locks rec but not gap waiting Record lock, heap no 72 PHYSICAL RECORD: n_fields 42; compact format; info bits 128 0: len 30; hex 65646466383861382d633733342d346561332d393665302d396366343234; asc eddf88a8-c734-4ea3-96e0-9cf424; (total 36 bytes); 1: len 6; hex 000000046e42; asc nB;; 2: len 7; hex 02000000fa0518; asc ;; 3: len 6; hex 303031353930; asc 001590;; 4: len 4; hex 31303033; asc 1003;; 5: len 4; hex 31303033; asc 1003;; 6: SQL NULL; 7: SQL NULL; 8: len 6; hex 506f7274616c; asc Portal;; 9: SQL NULL; 10: SQL NULL; 11: SQL NULL; 12: len 30; hex 35633131613436612d303963302d313165612d396533372d396165613961; asc 5c11a46a-09c0-11ea-9e37-9aea9a; (total 36 bytes); 13: SQL NULL; 14: len 5; hex 99a4ac4b92; asc K ;; 15: len 11; hex 427573696e657373415049; asc BusinessAPI;; 16: SQL NULL; 17: SQL NULL; 18: SQL NULL; 19: SQL NULL; 20: SQL NULL; 21: SQL NULL; 22: SQL NULL; 23: SQL NULL; 24: SQL NULL; 25: SQL NULL; 26: len 7; hex 53554343455353; asc SUCCESS;; 27: len 27; hex 5265636f72642055706461746564205375636365737366756c6c79; asc Record Updated Successfully;; 28: SQL NULL; 29: SQL NULL; 30: SQL NULL; 31: SQL NULL; 32: SQL NULL; 33: SQL NULL; 34: SQL NULL; 35: SQL NULL; 36: SQL NULL; 37: SQL NULL; 38: SQL NULL; 39: SQL NULL; 40: SQL NULL; 41: SQL NULL; *** WE ROLL BACK TRANSACTION (2) My Understanding: UPDATE APPLICATION SET NO_OF_FINANCIERS_FOR_ALL_ASSET = 7 WHERE id >'' AND APPLICATION_NUMBER = '001601'; This transaction is Causing the dead lock, This is waiting to get lock_mode X. UPDATE APPLICATION SET APPLICATION_NUMBER=IFNULL('001590', APPLICATION_NUMBER), STATUS=IFNULL('1003', STATUS), SUB_STATUS=IFNULL('1003', SUB_STATUS), CRM_STATUS=IFNULL('SUCCESS', CRM_STATUS), CRM_REASON=IFNULL('Record Created Successfully', CRM_REASON) WHERE ID='eddf88a8-c734-4ea3-96e0-9cf424ced71e'; holds the lock mode S and also trying to hold a lock_mode X which is waiting The second update is rolled back. My Questions are: Why the second update is holding and lock_mode S ? Shouldn't be lock_mode X is sufficient? These are updating two different rows, and I think that lock_mode S is the main culprit. Am I correct? How to avoid this dead lock. A: Update statements may set shared locks on secondary indexes or there are other statements within the 2nd transactions that set the shared lock before the update. As mysql manual says: The UPDATE operation also takes shared locks on affected secondary index records when performing duplicate check scans prior to inserting new secondary index records, and when inserting new secondary index records. However, in InnoDB all secondary indexes also include the primary key, so a secondary key lock does affect the primary key as well. But to be honest, if it had an exclusive lock only, that would not change the outcome. No, you are not correct. In the 1st link mysql manual also says: A locking read, an UPDATE, or a DELETE generally set record locks on every index record that is scanned in the processing of the SQL statement. It does not matter whether there are WHERE conditions in the statement that would exclude the row. InnoDB does not remember the exact WHERE condition, but only knows which index ranges were scanned. You wrote in a comment that you added the unique index on application_number column after posting your question. This means that your 1st sql statement locks the entire table because id >'' matches all records and application_number field was not indexed. So, regardless of the fact that your 1st sql statement updates a single record only, you managed to lock the entire table. Which brings us to your last question. You cannot and must not avoid deadlocks: these are an essential feature of resolving certain race conditions. There are two things you can do: a) handle the deadlock error (restart transaction, error message, etc). b) minimize the chances of a deadlock occuring. How can you minimize the chances of a deadlock occuring? Use appropriate indexes and where criteria to minimize the number of records locked by a statement; avoid using long running transactions; minimize the use of explicit locking (for update, for share). Your adding the unique index on application_number is a really good start, but you must verify using explain that it is used by mysql.

package ftp // A scanner for fields delimited by one or more whitespace characters type scanner struct { bytes []byte position int } // newScanner creates a new scanner func newScanner(str string) *scanner { return &scanner{ bytes: []byte(str), } } // NextFields returns the next `count` fields func (s *scanner) NextFields(count int) []string { fields := make([]string, 0, count) for i := 0; i < count; i++ { if field := s.Next(); field != "" { fields = append(fields, field) } else { break } } return fields } // Next returns the next field func (s *scanner) Next() string { sLen := len(s.bytes) // skip trailing whitespace for s.position < sLen { if s.bytes[s.position] != ' ' { break } s.position++ } start := s.position // skip non-whitespace for s.position < sLen { if s.bytes[s.position] == ' ' { s.position++ return string(s.bytes[start : s.position-1]) } s.position++ } return string(s.bytes[start:s.position]) } // Remaining returns the remaining string func (s *scanner) Remaining() string { return string(s.bytes[s.position:len(s.bytes)]) }

Clinical evaluation and computed tomography scan analysis of screw tracts after percutaneous insertion of pedicle screws in the lumbar spine. An examination of the accuracy of percutaneous pedicle screw placement in the lumbar spine. Using computed tomography scan analysis after implant removal, the screw tracts could be analyzed regarding the degree and direction of screw dislocation. To investigate the misplacement rate and related clinical complications of percutaneous pedicle screw insertion in the lumbar spine. The feasibility of the external fixation test has been investigated in several studies. Although pedicle screw misplacement has been reported as one of the main complications, there are no reliable data on the misplacement rate for this difficult surgical procedure. In this study, 51 consecutive patients with suspected segmental instability were investigated after external transpedicular screw insertion for the external fixation test. Computed tomography scans of all instrumented pedicles from L2 to S1 were performed after screw removal. The screw tracts were analyzed, and the direction and degree of the pedicle violations were noted. In addition, the screw and pedicle angles were measured. Of 408 percutaneously inserted pedicle screws, only 27 screws (6.6%) were misplaced. There were 19 medial pedicle violations, 6 lateral cortical defects, and only 1 cranial and 1 caudal displacement. With respect to the spinal level, S1 showed the highest misplacement rate, with 11 screw dislocations (12%). After surgery, found two nerve root injuries were found. Only one of the injuries (L4) was related to the malposition of a screw. This study has shown that percutaneous insertion of pedicle screws in the lumbar spine is a safe and reliable technique. Despite the low misplacement rate of only 6.6%, it should be kept in mind that the surgical procedure is technically demanding and should be performed only by experienced spine surgeons.

Liptenara Liptenara is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The three species of this genus are endemic to the Afrotropical realm. Species Liptenara batesi Bethune-Baker, 1915 Liptenara hiendlmayri (Dewitz, 1887) Liptenara schoutedeni (Hawker-Smith, 1926) References Seitz, A. Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 13: Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter. Plate XIII 61 Category:Poritiinae Category:Lycaenidae genera Category:Taxa named by George Thomas Bethune-Baker

In The Court of Appeals Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana ______________________________ No. 06-04-00124-CR ______________________________ SHAWN MARCUS CUMMINGS, Appellant   V.   THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee                                                On Appeal from the 124th Judicial District Court Gregg County, Texas Trial Court No. 30959-B                                                   Before Morriss, C.J., Ross and Carter, JJ. Opinion by Justice Carter O P I N I O N             After pleading guilty without the benefit of a negotiated plea agreement, the trial court found Shawn Marcus Cummings guilty of stealing over $20,000.00 worth of compact disks and other merchandise from the Lifeway Christian Store in Longview, Texas, and the court sentenced Cummings to seven years' imprisonment. Cummings now appeals the trial court's judgment, arguing that the trial court erred in failing to admonish Cummings concerning deferred adjudication community supervision and thereby precluded consideration of all available sentencing options. We affirm. I. Factual and Procedural Background             On May 21, 2004, Cummings waived a jury trial and pled guilty to the offense of theft of property valued at greater than $20,000.00 but less than $100,000.00. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 31.03 (Vernon Supp. 2004–2005). That offense is a third-degree felony. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 31.03(e)(5). The punishment range for a third-degree felony is imprisonment for not less than two years nor more than ten years. Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 12.34 (Vernon 2003). The applicable punishment also includes a fine of up to $10,000.00. Id.             In connection with his guilty plea, Cummings signed several documents, including an application for probation and a series of written admonishments regarding his guilty plea. The admonishments included an explanation that, by pleading guilty, Cummings would be waiving his right for ten days' trial preparation time, waiving his right to a reading of the indictment, and waiving his right to confront and cross-examine the State's witnesses. The group of documents signed by Cummings also include a stipulation of evidence that appears to track the indictment. Among these documents, however, there is no written admonishment concerning the possibility of the trial court deferring a finding of guilt and placing Cummings on community supervision. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 42.12, § 5 (Vernon Supp. 2004–2005).             Before accepting Cummings' guilty plea, the trial court orally reviewed its standard admonishments concerning the guilty plea by advising Cummings of the specific charge, and determining that he understood the indictment. The court then further advised Cummings: THE COURT: Are you telling me that you fully understand, you fully comprehend the exact nature of the accusation brought against you by the indictment?   [Cummings]: Yes, I do, your Honor.   THE COURT: How do you plead to this indictment?   [Cummings]: I'm pleading guilty, your Honor.   THE COURT: Upon your plea of guilty I must find you guilty. I cannot find you not guilty if you plead guilty; do you understand that?   [Cummings]: Yes, I do, your Honor.   THE COURT: Once I make a finding of guilt, the law requires that I assess your punishment to confinement in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, that's the state penitentiary, for a period of not less than two years, no more than ten years. In addition to any period of confinement, I may impose a fine up to $10,000. You understand that is the range of punishment fixed by law for this type of offense?   [Cummings]: Yes, I do.   . . . .   THE COURT: Okay. You have the right to file an application for a probated sentence. I note that you've done that. I tell you that you having filed that application, the law requires, and I will, in fact, consider it, but I'm under no duty, no obligation, no commitment to anyone to grant probation in this matter; do you understand that?   [Cummings]: Yes, I do, your Honor.   THE COURT: If probation is granted, I get to set its terms and conditions, including its length, which may be as little as two years, may be as many as ten years. Also, if I grant probation, and I don't know whether I am or not, I could impose a special condition that you serve what we call some up-front time in the county jail, up to 90 days -- well, up to 180 days in the county jail. Do you understand the Court sets the terms and conditions of probation if probation is granted?   [Cummings]: Yes, I do, your Honor. The court then explained the procedure in the event Cummings was charged with a violation of community supervision conditions, accepted a judicial confession of guilt, and determined that the plea was freely and voluntarily entered. Cummings reiterated his plea of guilty. II.       Failure To Consider the Full Range of Punishment             In his only point of error, Cummings contends that the trial court erred by failing to admonish him regarding the possibility of receiving deferred adjudication and that this omission ostensibly caused the trial court to fail to consider the full range of punishment. Cummings then contends he suffered harm because the trial court found him guilty without first giving both the State and Cummings the opportunity to recommend deferring a finding of guilt.             Article 26.13 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure requires the trial court to advise a defendant of the range of punishment attached to the offense, but does not specifically require the court to admonish the defendant concerning the possibility of deferred adjudication. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 26.13 (Vernon Supp. 2004–2005). An admonishment concerning the possible consequences of deferred adjudication is required only "[a]fter placing the defendant on community supervision . . . ." Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 42.12, § 5(a). Deferred adjudication is a form of community supervision, and it is not necessary for a trial court to explain all possible forms or conditions or community supervision in order to properly admonish a defendant in accordance with Article 26.13.             Here, the trial court clearly admonished Cummings as to the range of punishment, acknowledged Cummings had filed an application for community supervision, stated it would consider the application, informed Cummings that, if community supervision was granted, then the court would set the conditions, and informed Cummings of the consequences of violation of community supervision conditions. However, in this case, Cummings' complaint is that the trial court effectively refused to consider deferred adjudication probation, as evidenced by its comments.             As can be read from the text of the trial court's admonishments, the trial court did not discuss the possibility of deferring a finding of guilt and placing Cummings on community supervision. Even if that omission was erroneous, Cummings did not object nor raise the issue in his motion for new trial, which was overruled by operation of law seventy-five days after the trial court imposed Cummings' sentence. See Tex. R. App. P. 21.8(a), (c). As a prerequisite to presenting a complaint for appellate review, the record must show that: (1)the complaint was made to the trial court by a timely request, objection, or motion that: (A)stated the grounds for the ruling that the complaining party sought from the trial court with sufficient specificity to make the trial court aware of the complaint, unless the specific grounds were apparent from the context; and (B)complied with the requirements of the Texas Rules of Civil or Criminal Evidence or the Texas Rules of Civil or Appellate Procedure; and (2)the trial court: (A)ruled on the request, objection, or motion, either expressly or implicitly; or (B)refused to rule on the request, objection or motion, and the complaining party objected to the refusal. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a).             In Teixeira v. State, 89 S.W.3d 190, 192 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2002, pet. ref'd), this Court explained that a trial court "denies due process and due course of law if it arbitrarily refuses to consider the entire range of punishment for an offense or refuses to consider the evidence and imposes a predetermined punishment." (citing Granados v. State, 85 S.W.3d 217 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Johnson v. State, 982 S.W.2d 403, 405 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998)). However, in Teixeira, we also emphasized for one to preserve a complaint for appeal that the trial court failed to consider the full range of punishment, the error, if any, must be raised to the trial court. Id. In Teixeira, the appellant failed to raise the alleged error at the trial court level and thereby waived the error for purposes of appellate review. Similarly, in this case, Cummings did not object during the trial court's admonishment colloquy with Cummings, nor did he object at the time the trial court stated, "Based upon your plea of guilty, and based upon the evidence offered in connection with that plea and beyond a reasonable doubt, I find you [Cummings] guilty of theft of property of the value of $20,000 or more but less than $100,000 as charged in the indictment." And, again, when the trial court asked whether there was "[a]ny reason in law [why] this sentence should not now be formally pronounced," Cummings' counsel responded, "Not at this time, your Honor." The objection raised on appeal was not, therefore, raised before the trial court and was thereby waived. Cf. Teixeira, 89 S.W.3d at 192; Washington v. State, 71 S.W.3d 498, 499 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2002, no pet.).             Moreover, as is clear from the plea colloquy between Cummings and the trial court, the trial court did give consideration to the possibility of granting community supervision in this case. Ultimately, though, the trial court decided that the facts of the case did not merit such leniency. After discussing the facts presented in this case, the court stated, "But I'm not granting probation under these facts and for the person that stands before this bench." Accordingly, even had Cummings' point of error been preserved for appellate review, the record before us refutes the contention that the trial court arbitrarily failed to consider the full range of punishment. Cf. Davis v. State, 125 S.W.3d 734, 736 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, no pet.) (trial court acknowledged on record it would consider accused's application for community supervision).             For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court's judgment.                                                                         Jack Carter                                                                         Justice Date Submitted:          February 22, 2005 Date Decided:             March 23, 2005 Publish

/** * Copyright Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0. */ #pragma once #include <aws/cloudtrail/CloudTrail_EXPORTS.h> #include <aws/cloudtrail/CloudTrailRequest.h> #include <aws/core/utils/memory/stl/AWSString.h> #include <aws/core/utils/memory/stl/AWSVector.h> #include <aws/cloudtrail/model/EventSelector.h> #include <utility> namespace Aws { namespace CloudTrail { namespace Model { /** */ class AWS_CLOUDTRAIL_API PutEventSelectorsRequest : public CloudTrailRequest { public: PutEventSelectorsRequest(); // Service request name is the Operation name which will send this request out, // each operation should has unique request name, so that we can get operation's name from this request. // Note: this is not true for response, multiple operations may have the same response name, // so we can not get operation's name from response. inline virtual const char* GetServiceRequestName() const override { return "PutEventSelectors"; } Aws::String SerializePayload() const override; Aws::Http::HeaderValueCollection GetRequestSpecificHeaders() const override; /** * <p>Specifies the name of the trail or trail ARN. If you specify a trail name, * the string must meet the following requirements:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Contain only * ASCII letters (a-z, A-Z), numbers (0-9), periods (.), underscores (_), or dashes * (-)</p> </li> <li> <p>Start with a letter or number, and end with a letter or * number</p> </li> <li> <p>Be between 3 and 128 characters</p> </li> <li> <p>Have * no adjacent periods, underscores or dashes. Names like * <code>my-_namespace</code> and <code>my--namespace</code> are invalid.</p> </li> * <li> <p>Not be in IP address format (for example, 192.168.5.4)</p> </li> </ul> * <p>If you specify a trail ARN, it must be in the format:</p> <p> * <code>arn:aws:cloudtrail:us-east-2:123456789012:trail/MyTrail</code> </p> */ inline const Aws::String& GetTrailName() const{ return m_trailName; } /** * <p>Specifies the name of the trail or trail ARN. If you specify a trail name, * the string must meet the following requirements:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Contain only * ASCII letters (a-z, A-Z), numbers (0-9), periods (.), underscores (_), or dashes * (-)</p> </li> <li> <p>Start with a letter or number, and end with a letter or * number</p> </li> <li> <p>Be between 3 and 128 characters</p> </li> <li> <p>Have * no adjacent periods, underscores or dashes. Names like * <code>my-_namespace</code> and <code>my--namespace</code> are invalid.</p> </li> * <li> <p>Not be in IP address format (for example, 192.168.5.4)</p> </li> </ul> * <p>If you specify a trail ARN, it must be in the format:</p> <p> * <code>arn:aws:cloudtrail:us-east-2:123456789012:trail/MyTrail</code> </p> */ inline bool TrailNameHasBeenSet() const { return m_trailNameHasBeenSet; } /** * <p>Specifies the name of the trail or trail ARN. If you specify a trail name, * the string must meet the following requirements:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Contain only * ASCII letters (a-z, A-Z), numbers (0-9), periods (.), underscores (_), or dashes * (-)</p> </li> <li> <p>Start with a letter or number, and end with a letter or * number</p> </li> <li> <p>Be between 3 and 128 characters</p> </li> <li> <p>Have * no adjacent periods, underscores or dashes. Names like * <code>my-_namespace</code> and <code>my--namespace</code> are invalid.</p> </li> * <li> <p>Not be in IP address format (for example, 192.168.5.4)</p> </li> </ul> * <p>If you specify a trail ARN, it must be in the format:</p> <p> * <code>arn:aws:cloudtrail:us-east-2:123456789012:trail/MyTrail</code> </p> */ inline void SetTrailName(const Aws::String& value) { m_trailNameHasBeenSet = true; m_trailName = value; } /** * <p>Specifies the name of the trail or trail ARN. If you specify a trail name, * the string must meet the following requirements:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Contain only * ASCII letters (a-z, A-Z), numbers (0-9), periods (.), underscores (_), or dashes * (-)</p> </li> <li> <p>Start with a letter or number, and end with a letter or * number</p> </li> <li> <p>Be between 3 and 128 characters</p> </li> <li> <p>Have * no adjacent periods, underscores or dashes. Names like * <code>my-_namespace</code> and <code>my--namespace</code> are invalid.</p> </li> * <li> <p>Not be in IP address format (for example, 192.168.5.4)</p> </li> </ul> * <p>If you specify a trail ARN, it must be in the format:</p> <p> * <code>arn:aws:cloudtrail:us-east-2:123456789012:trail/MyTrail</code> </p> */ inline void SetTrailName(Aws::String&& value) { m_trailNameHasBeenSet = true; m_trailName = std::move(value); } /** * <p>Specifies the name of the trail or trail ARN. If you specify a trail name, * the string must meet the following requirements:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Contain only * ASCII letters (a-z, A-Z), numbers (0-9), periods (.), underscores (_), or dashes * (-)</p> </li> <li> <p>Start with a letter or number, and end with a letter or * number</p> </li> <li> <p>Be between 3 and 128 characters</p> </li> <li> <p>Have * no adjacent periods, underscores or dashes. Names like * <code>my-_namespace</code> and <code>my--namespace</code> are invalid.</p> </li> * <li> <p>Not be in IP address format (for example, 192.168.5.4)</p> </li> </ul> * <p>If you specify a trail ARN, it must be in the format:</p> <p> * <code>arn:aws:cloudtrail:us-east-2:123456789012:trail/MyTrail</code> </p> */ inline void SetTrailName(const char* value) { m_trailNameHasBeenSet = true; m_trailName.assign(value); } /** * <p>Specifies the name of the trail or trail ARN. If you specify a trail name, * the string must meet the following requirements:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Contain only * ASCII letters (a-z, A-Z), numbers (0-9), periods (.), underscores (_), or dashes * (-)</p> </li> <li> <p>Start with a letter or number, and end with a letter or * number</p> </li> <li> <p>Be between 3 and 128 characters</p> </li> <li> <p>Have * no adjacent periods, underscores or dashes. Names like * <code>my-_namespace</code> and <code>my--namespace</code> are invalid.</p> </li> * <li> <p>Not be in IP address format (for example, 192.168.5.4)</p> </li> </ul> * <p>If you specify a trail ARN, it must be in the format:</p> <p> * <code>arn:aws:cloudtrail:us-east-2:123456789012:trail/MyTrail</code> </p> */ inline PutEventSelectorsRequest& WithTrailName(const Aws::String& value) { SetTrailName(value); return *this;} /** * <p>Specifies the name of the trail or trail ARN. If you specify a trail name, * the string must meet the following requirements:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Contain only * ASCII letters (a-z, A-Z), numbers (0-9), periods (.), underscores (_), or dashes * (-)</p> </li> <li> <p>Start with a letter or number, and end with a letter or * number</p> </li> <li> <p>Be between 3 and 128 characters</p> </li> <li> <p>Have * no adjacent periods, underscores or dashes. Names like * <code>my-_namespace</code> and <code>my--namespace</code> are invalid.</p> </li> * <li> <p>Not be in IP address format (for example, 192.168.5.4)</p> </li> </ul> * <p>If you specify a trail ARN, it must be in the format:</p> <p> * <code>arn:aws:cloudtrail:us-east-2:123456789012:trail/MyTrail</code> </p> */ inline PutEventSelectorsRequest& WithTrailName(Aws::String&& value) { SetTrailName(std::move(value)); return *this;} /** * <p>Specifies the name of the trail or trail ARN. If you specify a trail name, * the string must meet the following requirements:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Contain only * ASCII letters (a-z, A-Z), numbers (0-9), periods (.), underscores (_), or dashes * (-)</p> </li> <li> <p>Start with a letter or number, and end with a letter or * number</p> </li> <li> <p>Be between 3 and 128 characters</p> </li> <li> <p>Have * no adjacent periods, underscores or dashes. Names like * <code>my-_namespace</code> and <code>my--namespace</code> are invalid.</p> </li> * <li> <p>Not be in IP address format (for example, 192.168.5.4)</p> </li> </ul> * <p>If you specify a trail ARN, it must be in the format:</p> <p> * <code>arn:aws:cloudtrail:us-east-2:123456789012:trail/MyTrail</code> </p> */ inline PutEventSelectorsRequest& WithTrailName(const char* value) { SetTrailName(value); return *this;} /** * <p>Specifies the settings for your event selectors. You can configure up to five * event selectors for a trail.</p> */ inline const Aws::Vector<EventSelector>& GetEventSelectors() const{ return m_eventSelectors; } /** * <p>Specifies the settings for your event selectors. You can configure up to five * event selectors for a trail.</p> */ inline bool EventSelectorsHasBeenSet() const { return m_eventSelectorsHasBeenSet; } /** * <p>Specifies the settings for your event selectors. You can configure up to five * event selectors for a trail.</p> */ inline void SetEventSelectors(const Aws::Vector<EventSelector>& value) { m_eventSelectorsHasBeenSet = true; m_eventSelectors = value; } /** * <p>Specifies the settings for your event selectors. You can configure up to five * event selectors for a trail.</p> */ inline void SetEventSelectors(Aws::Vector<EventSelector>&& value) { m_eventSelectorsHasBeenSet = true; m_eventSelectors = std::move(value); } /** * <p>Specifies the settings for your event selectors. You can configure up to five * event selectors for a trail.</p> */ inline PutEventSelectorsRequest& WithEventSelectors(const Aws::Vector<EventSelector>& value) { SetEventSelectors(value); return *this;} /** * <p>Specifies the settings for your event selectors. You can configure up to five * event selectors for a trail.</p> */ inline PutEventSelectorsRequest& WithEventSelectors(Aws::Vector<EventSelector>&& value) { SetEventSelectors(std::move(value)); return *this;} /** * <p>Specifies the settings for your event selectors. You can configure up to five * event selectors for a trail.</p> */ inline PutEventSelectorsRequest& AddEventSelectors(const EventSelector& value) { m_eventSelectorsHasBeenSet = true; m_eventSelectors.push_back(value); return *this; } /** * <p>Specifies the settings for your event selectors. You can configure up to five * event selectors for a trail.</p> */ inline PutEventSelectorsRequest& AddEventSelectors(EventSelector&& value) { m_eventSelectorsHasBeenSet = true; m_eventSelectors.push_back(std::move(value)); return *this; } private: Aws::String m_trailName; bool m_trailNameHasBeenSet; Aws::Vector<EventSelector> m_eventSelectors; bool m_eventSelectorsHasBeenSet; }; } // namespace Model } // namespace CloudTrail } // namespace Aws

Picture No. AX 25x25cm Deckled Edge Cotton Rag ArtBook Cotton Rag is the most popular paper chosen by photographers to create high-quality fine art prints. The fine, slightly textured surface and feel of this paper are ideal for printing both black and white and color photographs and art reproductions with impressive pictorial depth. IMPORTANT: Please keep your designs clean and simple with white backgrounds preferably. The images need to be around 1” from the edge of the spread. While designing album avoid images with heavy use of deep blacks. Please keep images off the crease as with time the ink on the crease might be prone to cracking. We recommend that you avoid full bleed spreads.

Evaluating warning sound urgency with reaction times. It is well-established that subjective judgments of perceived urgency of alarm sounds can be affected by acoustic parameters. In this study, the authors investigated an objective measurement, the reaction time (RT), to test the effectiveness of temporal parameters of sounds in the context of warning sounds. Three experiments were performed using a RT paradigm, with two different concurrent visuomotor tracking tasks simulating driving conditions. Experiments 1 and 2 show that RT decreases as interonset interval (IOI) decreases, where IOI is defined as the time elapsed from the onset of one sound pulse to the onset of the next. Experiment 3 shows that temporal irregularity between pulses can capture a listener's attention. These findings lead to concrete recommendations: IOI can be used to modulate warning sound urgency; and temporal irregularity can provoke an arousal effect in listeners. The authors also argue that the RT paradigm provides a useful tool for clarifying some of the factors involved in alarm processing.

Q: sbt: finding correct path to files/folders under resources directory I've a simple project structure: WordCount | |------------ project |----------------|---assembly.sbt | |------------ resources |------------------|------ Message.txt | |------------ src |--------------|---main |--------------------|---scala |--------------------------|---org |-------------------------------|---apache |----------------------------------------|---spark |----------------------------------------------|---Counter.scala | |------------ build.sbt here's how Counter.scala looks: package org.apache.spark object Counter { def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = { val sc = new SparkContext(new SparkConf()) val path: String = getClass.getClassLoader.getResource("Message.txt").getPath println(s"path = $path") // val lines = sc.textFile(path) // val wordsCount = lines // .flatMap(line => line.split("\\s", 2)) // .map(word => (word, 1)) // .reduceByKey(_ + _) // // wordsCount.foreach(println) } } notice that the commented lines are actually correct, but the path variable is not. After building the fat jar with sbt assembly and running it with spark-submit, to see the value of path, I get: path = file:/home/me/WordCount/target/scala-2.11/Counter-assembly-0.1.jar!/Message.txt you can see that path is assigned to the jar location and, mysteriously, followed by !/ and then the file name Message.txt!! on the other hand when I'm inside the WordCount folder, and I run the repl sbt console and then write scala> getClass.getClassLoader.getResource("Message.txt").getPath I get the correct path (without the file:/ prefix) res1: String = /home/me/WordCount/target/scala-2.11/classes/Message.txt Question: 1 - why is there two different outputs from the same command? (i.e. getClass.getClassLoader.getResource("...").getPath) 2 - how can I use the correct path, which appears in the console, inside my source file Counter.scala? for anyone who wants to try it, here's my build.sbt: name := "Counter" version := "0.1" scalaVersion := "2.11.8" resourceDirectory in Compile := baseDirectory.value / "resources" // allows us to include spark packages resolvers += "bintray-spark-packages" at "https://dl.bintray.com/spark-packages/maven/" resolvers += "Typesafe Simple Repository" at "http://repo.typesafe.com/typesafe/simple/maven-releases/" resolvers += "MavenRepository" at "https://mvnrepository.com/" libraryDependencies += "org.apache.spark" %% "spark-core" % "2.4.0" % "provided" and the spark-submit command is: spark-submit --master local --deploy-mode client --class org.apache.spark.Counter /home/me/WordCount/target/scala-2.11/Counter-assembly-0.1.jar A: 1 - why is there two different outputs from the same command? By command, I am assuming you mean getClass.getClassLoader.getResource("Message.txt").getPath. So I would rephrase the question as why does the same method call to classloader getResource(...) return two different result depending on sbt console vs spark-submit. The answer is because they use different classloader with each having different classpath. console uses your directories as classpath while spark-submit uses the fat JAR, which includes resources. When a resource is found in a JAR, the classloader returns a JAR URL, which looks like jar:file:/home/me/WordCount/target/scala-2.11/Counter-assembly-0.1.jar!/Message.txt. The whole point of using Apache Spark is to distribute some work across multiple computers, so I don't think you want to see your machine's local path in production.

Ozark Air Lines Flight 809 Ozark Air Lines Flight 809 was a regularly scheduled flight from Nashville, Tennessee, to St. Louis, Missouri, with four intermediate stops. On July 23, 1973, while landing at St. Louis International Airport, it crashed, killing 38 of the 44 persons aboard. A severe downdraft, associated with a nearby thunderstorm, was cited as the cause. Synopsis On July 23, 1973, Ozark Air Lines Flight 809 was operated by one of the companys Fairchild-Hiller FH-227s, registration N4215. The flight was scheduled to go from Nashville, Tennessee, to St. Louis, Missouri, with four intermediate stops at Clarksville, Tennessee; Paducah, Kentucky; Cape Girardeau, Missouri; and Marion, Illinois. The segments to Clarksville, Paducah, Cape Girardeau, and Marion proceeded normally. While the weather was clear at the flights stops, several persons who boarded family or friends on the flight at Marion reported that the sky "didnt look good". The flight departed Marion at 1705 en route to St. Louis. At 1726 the flight arrived in the vicinity of St. Louis. Visibility in the area was reported as hazy. The flight continued on, and soon after reported an inoperative fuel pump to company maintenance. At 1732 the flight entered an area of thunderstorm cells around St. Louis International Airport. The pilot told the passengers they were approaching turbulence. At 1742 the controller at St. Louis reported to Flight 809 that thunderstorms were passing south of the runway, directly in Flight 809's path. This was the last transmission to the flight. The aircraft crashed 2 miles (3.2 km) short of the runway, in a wooded ravine next to a residential area in Normandy, Missouri, near the University of Missouri-St. Louis. There were reports of a tornado near Ladue, Missouri near the time of the accident but the Weather Service did not confirm it. Investigation The flight had crashed directly in the approach path to St. Louis International Airport. It had descended below the glide slope, crashing short of the runway. Witnesses in the area saw the flight "suddenly ascend to 400 or 500 feet" (between 122 and 152 m), "and then rapidly descend to 200 feet" (61 m), following which it was struck by lightning. The aircraft was reported to have performed several "evasive maneuvers", and then crashed into the trees. All witnesses reported heavy rain at the time of the accident. A Trans World Airlines flight landing just before Flight 809 reported getting caught in a strong updraft, and was forced to execute a missed approach, rather than land. The captain and first officer both survived the accident. While the first officer could not remember anything about the incident, the captain did report hail hitting the airplane, pulling the control stick, and seeing fire after impact. The aircraft was broken in several pieces after impact; the cockpit area was clear of the main wreckage. Four passengers were thrown clear at impact; all survived. The remainder of the fuselage was broken open; all in this area were killed upon impact. No mechanical defects, other than the inoperative fuel pump, were reported. The aircraft was found to be in a high nose-up attitude at impact. The approach controller vectored Flight 809 into Runway 30L at St. Louis. Although the flight crew knew thunderstorms were in the vicinity of the airport, the controllers lack of urgency seemed to lead the flight crew to believe they could land ahead of the storms. In coming through the storm, the high winds in the storm cell lead investigators to believe that a strong downdraft pushed the plane below the glide slope. The crew's evasive actions were not sufficient to prevent the plane from striking the ground. The investigators main questions were why the controller had not indicated the severity of the storm to the flight, and, when the flight knew of the storms, why they had not requested a different path to the airport to avoid the storm. Cause The National Transportation Safety Board concluded that the crash was caused by the aircraft encountering a severe downdraft on approach, and the captains decision to continue the flight into a known severe storm area. The captains decision was influenced by the lack of a timely warning about the storm by the weather service and the improper assessment of conditions by the dispatcher. See also References Category:Airliner accidents and incidents in Missouri Category:Airliner accidents and incidents caused by microbursts Category:Ozark Air Lines accidents and incidents Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1973 Category:Disasters in Missouri Category:1973 in Missouri Category:1973 meteorology Category:Accidents and incidents involving the Fairchild F-27 Category:History of St. Louis County, Missouri Category:July 1973 events in the United States Category:St. Louis Lambert International Airport

Simultaneous endocardial mapping in the human left ventricle using a noncontact catheter: comparison of contact and reconstructed electrograms during sinus rhythm. Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia is limited in part by difficulty in identifying suitable sites for ablation. A noncontact multielectrode array (MEA) has been developed that allows reconstruction of 3360 electrograms, using inverse-solution mathematics, that are superimposed onto a computer-simulated model of the endocardium. This study assesses the accuracy of timing and morphology of reconstructed unipolar electrograms compared with contact unipolar electrograms from the same endocardial site. The MEA was deployed in the left ventricles of 13 patients (end-diastolic diameters, 61.7+/-8.4 mm [mean+/-SD]). We recorded contact electrograms at 76 points equatorial and 32 points nonequatorial to the MEA during sinus rhythm using a catheter-locator signal to record direction and distance from the MEA. Morphology (cross-correlation) and timing of maximum -dV/dt of contact and reconstructed electrograms were compared at different distances from the MEA center to endocardium (M-E) and from the MEA equatorial plane. For equatorial data, the M-E was 32.12+/-12.12 mm. The timing of reconstructed with respect to contact electrograms was -1.94+/-7.12 ms for M-E <34 mm and -14.16+/-19.29 ms at M-E >34 mm (P<0.001). Cross-correlation of electrograms was 0.87+/-0.12 (95% CI, 0.84 to 0.91) and 0.76+/-0.18 (95% CI, 0.69 to 0.83) for M-E <34 mm and >34 mm, respectively. Nonequatorial points were 32.33+/-10.81 mm (range, 16.9 to 55.6 mm) from the MEA equatorial plane; electrogram timing difference was -8.97+/-15.75 ms and was unrelated to this distance from the equator. This noncontact mapping system accurately reconstructs endocardial unipolar electrograms from the human left ventricle. At M-E distances >34 mm, timing accuracy of reconstruction decreases.

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Results of coronary stenting for unstable versus stable angina pectoris. Coronary artery stenting has been shown to improve the short- and long-term results of coronary angioplasty in mainly stable patients with 1-vessel disease, but it is uncertain whether its use in an unstable clinical setting may be safe and useful. To evaluate the stenting efficacy in patients with unstable angina, we retrospectively examined our experience with the Palmaz-Schatz balloon expandable stent in 231 consecutive patients. Patients were divided into 2 groups on the basis of symptoms at the time of stent implantation: group U (132 patients) had unstable angina, and group S (99 patients) had stable angina. After stent insertion, patients were treated with anticoagulant or combined antiplatelet therapy. Baseline characteristics of the 2 groups were comparable with the exception of age (higher in the unstable group) and angiographic characteristics of the target lesions (more unfavorable in unstable patients). In both groups, coronary stenting presented a high procedural success rate. Major in-hospital complications occurred in 9 unstable (6.8%) and in 2 stable (2%) patients (p = NS) and were mainly related to subacute stent thrombosis. In both groups, subacute stent thrombosis mostly occurred in patients treated with anticoagulant therapy (7 of 9 unstable patients, 2 of 2 stable patients). At 6-month follow-up, unstable and stable patients had a similar incidence of death (0%), Q-wave myocardial infarction (0%), and need of coronary artery bypass graft (3.2% vs 4%, p = NS), but coronary angioplasty repetition (4.8% vs 14%, p = 0.027) and target vessel revascularization (6.3% vs 17%, p = 0.019) rates were lower in the unstable group. In conclusion, stent insertion increases the short- and midterm coronary angioplasty effectiveness in unstable angina, making it possible to achieve outcomes quite comparable to stable angina. Compared with conventional anticoagulant regimen, combined antiplatelet therapy after placement of coronary stents seems to reduce the incidence of subacute thrombosis also in this clinical setting.

Q: getting data from nested span tags I'm trying to get weather data using this website http://openweathermap.org/find?q= and the info i need lies in the following code: <p> <span class="badge badge-info">6.2°С </span> " temperature from 5 to 7.8°С, wind 1.17m/s. clouds 0%, 1031 hpa" </p> I am using the following mechanism to do that: import urllib url = 'http://openweathermap.org/find?q=' + str(b) htmlfile = urllib.urlopen(url) htmltext = htmlfile.read() regex = '<span class="badge badge-info">(.+?)</span>' pattern = re.compile(regex) temp = re.findall(pattern,htmltext) print temp But the result i get is this: ["'+temp +'\xc2\xb0\xd0\xa1 "] and it's the same for every keyword i search (the b seen above) What am i doing wrong? Also how can i get the rest of the info included in the paragraph tag? Thanks in advance A: In fact, you can't get this temperature data from the site in question, it's not being included as static html. Your original regex worked, but it was finding the text temp +'°С or thereabouts, which is in a javascript function. You could use Selenium, but it's much easier to get the data from the same place the Javascript function gets it from, the OpenWeatherMap API: import urllib import json place = "Santa Monica" apiurl = "http://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q={}&appid=2de143494c0b295cca9337e1e96b00e0".format(urllib.quote(place)) jsonfile = urllib.urlopen(apiurl) jsontext = jsonfile.read() result = json.loads(jsontext) temp_K = result['main']['temp'] temp = (temp_K - 273.15)*(9/5) + 32 print(temp) Note that temperature comes back in Kelvin. This gives you: 49.51 It's chilly in Santa Monica today :) [removed original answer based on BeautifulSoup, which would not work because the DOM element was generated by Javascript, so it doesn't exist in the static HTML] A: Why not use their JSON API instead of parsing the HTML? It would be much easier. You'll have all the data available to you, and you can reconstruct the paragraph using that data. import json import urllib url = 'http://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?units=metric&q=' + str(b) request = urllib.urlopen(url) text = request.read() data = json.loads(text) print u"{}\xb0C from {} to {}\xb0C, wind {}m/s, clouds {}%, {} hpa".format( data['main']['temp'], data['main']['temp_min'], data['main']['temp_max'], data['wind']['speed'], data['clouds']['all'], data['main']['pressure']) You can read more about their API here: http://openweathermap.org/api EDIT: Added °C in the string :)

[Influence of hydrocortisone on Schistosoma mansoni development in Biomphalaria glabrata]. The effect of hydrocortisone on the development of BH strain of S. mansoni in B. glabrata snails is evaluated. Snails in a randomly chosen group were submitted to hydrocortisone during four days. In the second day of hydrocortisone exposure, the snails were exposed, each, to ten S. mansoni miracidia. Another group, not treated with hydrocortisone, was exposed to miracidia and observed in the same manner. Various items of data were observed: the infection rate, survival time, prepatent period and total number of cercariae released. It was found that the snails in the group treated with hydrocortisone had a higher infection rate, shorter prepatent periods, produced more cercariae and also had longer survival times. This suggests that the hydrocortisone in snails induces a decrease in resistance to schistosome infection and facilitates the development of the trematode, while also reducing adverse infection effects, thereby leading to longer snail survival.

defmodule Companies.Schema.CompanyTest do @moduledoc """ This module holds the unit tests to the company changeset """ use Companies.DataCase alias Companies.Schema.Company @valid_company_params %{ blog: "Company blog", description: "Description of the company", github: "github account of the company", location: "Amsterdam", name: "Company name", url: "link of the company", industry_id: 12_346 } describe "changeset/2" do test "returns a valid changeset for correct parameters" do changeset = Company.changeset(%Company{}, @valid_company_params) assert changeset.valid? end test "returns an invalid changeset for incorrect parameteres" do changeset = Company.changeset(%Company{}, %{}) refute changeset.valid? end end end

Effects of different parameters on supercritical fluid extraction of steroid drugs, from spiked matrices and tablets. Feasibility of supercritical CO(2) extractions of two steroid drugs, medroxyprogesterone acetate (med) and cyproterone acetate (cyp), were evaluated. The effects of temperature (308-348 K), pressure (100-300 bar), static extraction time (5-15 min), dynamic extraction time (10-30 min) and percent methanol modifier (1-10% v/v) on the SFE recoveries of these drugs from spiked matrices (glass) and pharmaceutical dosages (tablets) were investigated. The results showed that minor structural differences between related compounds might lead to dramatically differences in extraction behaviors under the same conditions. The optimum SFE conditions to extract the drugs from spiked glass were 10 min static, 30 min dynamic, 300 bar, 348 K and 5% modifier in the case of med acetate and 10 min static, 30 min dynamic, 100 bar, 308 K, and 10% modifier in the case of cyp. Under these conditions above 90% of the total recovery was obtained for both drugs. Extractions from pharmaceutical dosages were less efficient compared to glass beads under the same conditions. Quantitative recovery of solutes from tablets were obtained upon changing extraction conditions to: 15 min static, 45 min dynamic, P=300 bar, 20% modifier (for med) and 10% (for cyp).

White Oak Township, Wake County, North Carolina White Oak Township (also designated Township 20) is one of twenty townships within Wake County, North Carolina, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, White Oak Township had a population of 72,894, an 88.3% increase over 2000. White Oak Township, occupying in western Wake County, includes the bulk of the town of Apex and portions of the town of Cary. References Category:Populated places in Wake County, North Carolina Category:Townships in Wake County, North Carolina

Limburg Süd station Limburg Süd () is a station in the town of Limburg an der Lahn, in the German state of Hesse. It is located in the Eschhöfer Feld ("Eschhofen field") in the district of Eschhofen at the 110.5 kilometre point of the Cologne–Frankfurt high-speed railway. Limburg Süd is the only station in Germany that is served solely by Intercity-Express (ICE) services. Infrastructure The entrance building, which has 300 square metres of usable space, is located on platform 1 (used by trains to Frankfurt) and houses the Deutsche Bahn travel centre, waiting benches and vending machines for beverages and confectioneries. There are no public toilets in the station itself, but there are some in the adjacent parking garage. Alternatively, there is a coin-operated toilet cubicle in the forecourt. The 180 square m area on the second floor has been largely empty since the opening of the station. However, it is now planned to establish a control room of DB Energie there. Railway tracks The station has four tracks. The two middle tracks serve as through tracks and are built as slab tracks. ICE trains can pass through the station without decelerating at up to 300 km/h, while stopping trains running to the two outer platforms can pass over the turnouts at 100 km/h. Platform 4 (serving trains to Cologne) is reached over a bridge spanning the track, which has a staircase and a lift at each end. The and 3.4 m wide platforms have canopies over a length of 300 m. An and roof spans all four tracks. North of the platform a crossover allows a track change from the western to the eastern track. Two km towards Frankfurt (113.0 km point), at the Lindenholzhausen crossover, it is possible to change tracks from the east to the west track. The crossovers are passable at 100 km/h while changing tracks. A sub-centre of the electronic interlocking system and an electric sub-station (which is also linked to the public network) have also been established in the area of the station. Operations The majority of trains travelling between Frankfurt (Main) Airport Long-Distance Station and Köln Messe/Deutz Station run past Limburg Süd and Montabaur stations without stopping. The trains that pass through Cologne Central Station stop in both Limburg Süd and Montabaur stations before reaching Frankfurt (Main) Airport Long-Distance Station and vice versa. Most parts of Cologne–Frankfurt high-speed rail line have steeper ascending and descending grades of 4%. This unique feature requires the higher power-to-weight ratio: ICE 3 with its power linear eddy current brakes is only train type licensed to operate on this railway: no other service, namely slower regional trains, is permitted. This makes Limburg Süd station only one in Germany to be served by high speed train service. Public transport Limburg (Lahn) station in central Limburg is connected to Limburg Süd by bus and taxi service. In the beginning, the shuttle bus service between both stations was provided, and its timetable was co-ordinated with the arrivals and departures of ICE service. However, the low demand caused the service to be eliminated and replaced with several local bus lines, which offer the passengers more options than the shuttle bus service. Several long distance bus operators also stop at Limburg Süd. DeinBus, Flixbus, and OneBus offer the connections to Aachen, Bonn, Cologne-Bonn Airport, Frankfurt am Main, Heidelberg, Heilbronn, Stuttgart Airport, and Tübingen. Despite its proximity in the district of Eschhofen, no direct road link to Eschhofen is ever built. Parking On the west side of the station is 306-space car park for short-term parking. Adjacent to the station in the east is a six-storey parking garage with 573 spaces for vehicles, 24 for bicycles, charging station (for electric vehicles), and public toilet facilities. It was opened in 2011 after 19 months of construction. Because of the parking fees, many commuters prefer to park on the streets rather than pay to use the parking garage. History The planning of a Cologne–Gross-Gerau high-speed railway in the 1970s envisaged a station between Limburg and Diez on its right bank (east of the Rhine) route option. The station would have been located south of the Lahn and west of the existing station and above the Lahn Valley Railway. Trains on the existing line from Wetzlar would have connected to services to Cologne and trains from Niederlahnstein would have connected to services towards Frankfurt. The four-track infrastructure would have had, in addition to the two central through tracks, two external platform tracks connected by scissors crossovers (with four sets of points) at each end of the station. The proposed station was assessed as having "predominantly regional importance", which justified "only a limited number of train stops". After the completion of the route selection process, Federal Cabinet decided on 20 December 1989 that the line would be built on the route of the high-speed line along the A3, as built. It also agreed to the building of a station at Limburg. An option running through the Rhine Valley was now finally off the table. In the same way that the state of Rhineland-Palatinate demanded a station at Montabaur, the state of Hesse demanded a station on its territory. In an agreement of March 1990 the premiers of the two states as well as the federal transport minister noted that there was consensus that "a stop was required in the Limburg area". Discussion of options As part of the coordination between the federal government and the two states three options were tested in Limburg: The establishment of a station in Limburg, along with a station in Montabaur. The additional station in Montabaur would compensate for the lack of a connection to the Lahn Valley Railway, which would not be possible in this option and was mainly required by the state of Hesse and corporations in the Limburg/Gießen area. Instead, the area of Koblenz would access Montabaur station by car (Dernbach interchange and Montabaur exit). Montabaur station also offered the possibility of a connection to the Lower Westerwald Railway to Siershahn. The cost of this option in 1991 was estimated to be 30 million Deutschmark (DM). The establishment of a station in Limburg-Eschhofen was also discussed. Passengers would have to overcome a height difference of about 40 m between the Lahn Valley Railway and the new line to change trains. The town of Limburg saw this option as the best ways to link to the town's road network as well as to promote urban development. The costs were estimated at DM 90 million (1991 prices). The establishment of a station between Diez and Limburg, west of the above two options, which pass on the east city of Limburg, was also examined. A link between the Lahn Valley Railway and the new line would have been short. The then Deutsche Bundesbahn saw disadvantages in the necessary construction of a viaduct over the Lahn and greater landscape fragmentation as a result of separation from the route of Autobahn 3 (A3). The cost of this option was estimated at about DM 65 million. This option was discarded not least due to the resulting fragmentation of the Diersteiner Aue (Dierstein floodplain) and the need to cross large deposits of limestone would have made it difficult to prevent the contamination of potable water. The board of Deutsche Bundesbahn selected the first option for the high-speed line on 8 March 1991. The selection of the current location meant a comparatively small expenditure at the cost of a missing link to the transport network and a secluded position; it also necessitated the construction of the Limburg tunnel through a water protection zone. The station would be built at a green-field location about 2.5 km southeast of the city centre and close to the A 3. The traffic forecast assumed that 90 percent of rail passengers would use cars to reach or leave the station, connecting with ICEs. Prior to a decision of the Rhine route in the Federal Cabinet, the then premier of Rhineland-Palatinate, Carl-Ludwig Wagner 1989 called for a so-called option S in an interview in July. This envisaged a right bank route taking a sharp curve from Dernbach through a tunnel and a bridge over the Rhine to Koblenz before taking another a sharp curve back over another Rhine crossing to a purely right bank route to Frankfurt. The estimated additional costs of this option were DM 1.3 to 2.8 billion (about €0.7 to 1.4 billion). The Federal Transport Minister, Friedrich Zimmermann spoke of a "provincial farce" and suggested, as a compromise, the establishment of a high-speed station in Limburg to provide a connection with Koblenz. In addition to the establishment of the station, the compromise proposal provided for a package of other railway infrastructure in Rhineland-Palatinate. The then Deutsche Bundesbahn initially accepted the route via Limburg and Vilich in order to prevent further delays to the project. Planning The regional planning approval process of the Giessen region was commenced for the section in January 1991 and completed in July 1994. Thus the position of the station in Limburg was established. The Eschhofen variation, which provided for an eastern curve around the city, was introduced into the planning approval process. The station was part of zoning section 31.3, which stretched from the Limburg tunnel to the town limits. At the end of 1994, the facility was designed with five tracks. The planning approval was issued on 25 June 1997. It was based on a design by the Berlin architects Weinkamm. As planned in 1995, Limburg Süd and Montabaur would be among five stations on the new Cologne–Rhine/Main line. Deutsche Bahn, the town of Limburg and the State of Hesse ran a competition for the design of the station and its environment in 1997. In early 1997, the jury chose from 35 proposals received a "flying carpet" design from the Düsseldorf architecture office of Schuster. The name "flying carpet" referred to a bridge that would be built over the tracks, appearing from the distance to float. The jury praised the design as creative and economically convincing. The design was modified in some respects before the start of construction. On 13 July 1998, Limburg council agreed to fund DM 1.5 million of the planned construction costs of DM 36 million (€18 million). This was linked to two conditions: the future of the station must be guaranteed in the long term and Limburg would become part of the Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund (Rhine-Main Transport Association, RMV). The actual design of the station and its associated costs had still not been finalised, but it was expected to cost DM 36 million. The construction and financing agreement for Limburg Süd station was signed in mid-2000 by representatives of Deutsche Bahn, the state of Hesse and the city of Limburg. It was planned that one train per hour in each direction would stop at the station; at other times trains would stop every two-hours. In addition, it was intended to allow the tickets of the RMV to be used on the trains. On 31 January 2001, representatives of Deutsche Bahn and the mayor of the town of Limburg, Martin Richard, signed a contract for the development of the area surrounding the station. It regulated the exchange of land and changes to land use planning in this area. The more elaborate scheme that was initially planned at a cost of DM 42 million was reduced to half that cost. As estimated in 2000 and 2001, the scheme should have cost DM 28.5 million (€14.6 million), with DM 12.5 million to be funded by the federal government, DM 8.5 million by the state, 6.0 million DM by Deutsche Bahn and DM 1.5 million by the town of Limburg. In 2002, construction costs were given as €14.6 million. Construction and commissioning In mid-1999, the first pre-construction activities were carried out at the station site. The start of construction was expected in the same year. In the course of preliminary archaeological explorations more than fifty archaeological monuments were discovered in the area of the future station. The discoveries, which were up to 7,000 years old, showed that significant trade had been carried out for centuries in the area of today's station. The construction of the station began with a groundbreaking ceremony on 24 September 2001. The station building was completed on 12 July 2002. 9000 sq m of earth was excavated for the station building and 2,000 cubic metres of concrete or reinforced concrete were poured. On 1 August 2002, the station was opened for operations along with the new line. More than 2,000 people, including the premier of Hesse, Roland Koch, watched the arrival of the first ICE 3, which arrived six minutes ahead of schedule in Limburg in the early morning of 1 August 2002. From the commissioning of the new line, two class 218 locomotives were stationed at the station, ready to tow broken-down trains on the new line. These were removed in 2010/2011. South Limburg was one of three intermediate stations between Cologne and Frankfurt Airport that was served by every third train. The station building was completed in November 2003. Passenger Traffic and Economic Benefit The passenger traffic had gradually increased since its opening in 2002. The robust increase of 32 per cent from 2003 to 2005 assured that Limburg Süd would remain utilised after an operational review in 2007. The daily passenger count has remained stable between 2,500 and 2,700 ever since. A survey done in 2004 showed 96 per cent of passengers boarding the trains between 5 and 9 o'clock in the morning were commuters. The majority of passengers are commuting to Frankfurt am Main (about 1,000 each way). A 2010 study by the University of Hamburg and the London School of Economics and Political Science showed the small economic growth of 2.7 per cent from 2002 to 2006 in the surrounding area of Limburg Süd and Montabaur stations. Criticism Limburg Süd and Montabaur stations were subjected to heavy criticism from the beginning. The criticism is due to: high construction cost; smaller population served (34,000 and 12,500 respectively); potential insufficient number of passengers to support the operational cost; close proximity of both stations (20 kilometres apart); lack of commercial sites nearby. Montabaur station is the result of political blackmail by Rhineland-Palainate who demanded a station be built in Montabaur before approving the process of building a new high speed railway. Notes External links Category:Railway stations in Hesse Category:Railway stations opened in 2002 Category:2002 establishments in Germany Category:Buildings and structures in Limburg-Weilburg

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1. Introduction {#sec1} =============== Snacks play a vital role in curbing hunger of both young and adult consumers in between meals. The most consumed and popular dry snacks are made from cereal grain (flour) [@bib1], they are crunchy and predominantly made from white maize [@bib2]. White maize lacks pro-vitamin A carotenoids, has poor quality storage proteins (lack tryptophan and lysine) and other essential nutrients such as minerals \[[@bib3], [@bib4]\]. Such essential nutrients could be obtained from other cheap locally-available sources such as baobab fruit (*Adansonia digitata*). Baobab fruit is known to be a substantially high source of carotenoids, vitamin C (almost ten folds that of an orange) [@bib5] and an outstanding source of calcium \[[@bib6], [@bib7]\]. In addition to high content of these essential nutrients and carotenoids, baobab fruit is rich in other compounds such as polyphenols, vitamin C and dietary fibre \[[@bib5], [@bib8], [@bib9]\]. Therefore, the incorporation of baobab powders in snacks formulation could not only improve nutritional content, but could also impart health-promoting properties of snacks. The major component of interest in maize kernel used in the production of snacks is the endosperm, which contains high content of starch packed in protein matrix in the form of granule [@bib10]. Each starch granule comprises amylose (25%) and amylopectin (75%) [@bib11]. These starch molecules (amylose and amylopectin) play a significant role in microstructural formation of crunchy snacks. When starch is heated at high temperatures it undergoes structural arrangement of chains within amorphous and crystalline domain and becomes modified [@bib12]. Amylose is responsible for hard and less expanded texture whilst amylopectin is responsible for light, elastic and homogenous expanded textures [@bib13]. Physical quality of snacks such as expansion, texture and density are significant parameters that influence functional quality and acceptability of the final snack product [@bib14]. However, the dilution of maize starch with non-endosperm materials (baobab fruit powder) may have an effect on the microstructure of the snacks. Crunchy snacks are mainly manufactured using highly sophisticated and expensive equipment. As a result, they are unaffordable to most households in low-income populations of developing countries. Thus, the aim of this study was to (i) optimise the formulation and processing of crunchy snacks made with instant maize meal, and baking using household kitchen microwave oven and pilot plant-scale baking oven (ii) to determine the influence of baobab fruit powder on textural properties and consumer acceptability of maize-baobab composite snacks. 2. Materials and methods {#sec2} ======================== 2.1. Source of materials {#sec2.1} ------------------------ White maize meal and minor ingredients were purchased at Shoprite supermarket, Thohoyandou, South Africa. Dry baobab fruit samples were obtained from *Thengwe* village, Thohoyandou, South Africa. Maize (*Zea mays* L) commercial starch (stygel^®^ W) was generously supplied by Tongaat Hullet (Germiston, South Africa). 2.2. Experimental design {#sec2.2} ------------------------ Experiments were conducted using a central composite rotatable design comprising of three independent variables (commercial starch and baobab compositions). [Table 1](#tbl1){ref-type="table"} shows the independent variables used to generate the experimental runs using Design-Expert software version 8.0.1.0. The quality parameters of the products were taken as response variables. Instant maize meal was used as the main ingredient in the snacks formulations.Table 1Range of independent factors used to design the experimental runs.Table 1VariablesLow rangeCentre rangeHigh rangeStarch5.005.710.00Baobab5.0011.520Instant Maize-meal65.682.894.15 2.3. Processing of instant maize meal and snacks {#sec2.3} ------------------------------------------------ ### 2.3.1. Instant maize meal {#sec2.3.1} Maize meal was added in boiling water and it was stirred until it a porridge was formed. The porridge was then spread on trays which were subsequently transferred into hot air drying oven and allowed to dry overnight at 50 °C. The dry porridge samples were milled into powder using an ultracentrifugal miller (Retsch ZM 200, Haan Germany). The powder was sieved through a 0.8 mm screen using a vibratory sieve shaker (Fritsch Analysette 3 SPARTAN, Idar-Oberstein Germany). ### 2.3.2. Maize-baobab snacks {#sec2.3.2} The resultant instant maize meal was then mixed with baobab fruit powder and other minor ingredient (depending on optimized formulations of baobab powder and starch) until a homogeneous composite was obtained. The composite was added in the 175 ml of boiling water and 15 ml of sunflower oil, and then stirred for 6--10 min to avoid formation of lamps. The cooked mixture was removed, allowed to cool and kneaded for 4--6 min. The mixture was moulded into a flat sheet and cut into uniform triangular shaped dough pieces. The triangular shaped dough pieces were divided into set of samples. One set was baked in microwave oven at 300 W for 2 min while the second set was baked in the pilot-scale baking oven at 200 °C for 6 min. The snacks were removed and cooled to room temperature (25 °C), packaged in high-density polyethylene bags and stored in a cool dry place. 2.4. Physical and sensory quality {#sec2.4} --------------------------------- ### 2.4.1. Colour measurement {#sec2.4.1} The snacks were fried, cooled and the colour was measured using a Hunter Lab colorflex spectrophotometer (Hunter Associates Laboratory, Inc., Reston, VA) following a method described by Mohamed et al. [@bib15]. Snack samples were placed in a glass sample jar, the jar was placed into the sample port and three replicate readings were recorded in L, a, b colour system. The *L* denotes lightness from black (0) to white (100), *a* redness (+) to greenness (-), *b* yellowness (+) to blueness (-). ### 2.4.2. Instrumental analyses of texture {#sec2.4.2} The textural profile of snacks was analysed using texture analyser TA.XTplus (Stable Microsystems, Surey, UK) attached with a 50 kg load cell with different probes and settings as described by Paula and Conti-Silva [@bib16]. ### 2.4.3. Consumer acceptability {#sec2.4.3} The optimised formulation obtained was used to produce snacks for consumer acceptance test. Ethical approval was granted by the University of Venda Ethics Committee. A panel of fifty judges was recruited from the University students. The composite snacks from the optimised formulation were presented to each panellist in a central location. The panellists were seated far from each other to avoid them from influencing each other. About five pieces of baobab composite snacks were served to each panellist in a randomized order, which was determined from a table of random permutations of nine. The consumer panel rated the sensory acceptability of snack samples in terms of appearance, aroma, texture, taste and overall acceptability on a 5-point hedonic scale, whereby 5 represented the highest score (like extremely) and 1 the lowest score (dislike extremely). Panellists were also provided with tap water to rinse their palates before and between testing. 2.5. Statistical analysis {#sec2.5} ------------------------- The data for colour and texture profile of snacks were analysed with the aid of a commercial statistical package, Design-Expert Version 8.0.1.0 (Statease Inc. Minneapolis USA, version). Analysis of variance (ANOVA), mathematical modeling, regression analysis, response surface plot and optimization were obtained using the software. The optimised snack was subjected to consumer acceptability and instrumental texture analysis. The resultant data was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 for Windows (SPSS IBM, New York, USA). Comparison of multiple means was performed using Duncan\'s multiple range test at 5% levels of significance. Pearson\'s correlation was used to determine the relationship between consumer acceptability attributes and instrumental textural parameters of optimised snacks. 3. Results and discussion {#sec3} ========================= 3.1. Physical appearance of maize-baobab composite snacks {#sec3.1} --------------------------------------------------------- ### 3.1.1. Colour {#sec3.1.1} [Fig. 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"} shows representative sample of maize-baobab composite snacks before and after seasoning. The snacks were pale and dull before frying and seasoning but became yellowish in colour after frying.Fig. 1Representative samples of maize-baobab fruit composite snacks.Fig. 1 The instrumental results for colour of both the microwave oven-baked and oven-baked seasoned snacks are presented in [Table 2](#tbl2){ref-type="table"}. The mean colour values of both snacks varied widely across experimental runs with no clear trend. This variation was mainly due to un-proportionally composited experimental runs. Generally, the decrease or increase of either the concentration of IMM or BFP or CS had a significant effect on the colour of snacks. The lightness (high L-values) and yellowness (high b-values) of oven-baked snacks tended to increase with high concentration of IMM and CS. It was also observed that in the case where the concentration of IMM was reduced with an increase in BFP and CS, the snacks became light yellow as shown by high L\*-values and b\*-values (experimental run 7, [Table 2](#tbl2){ref-type="table"}). Increasing the concentration of IMM and CS resulted in a significant decrease in lightness and yellowness while increasing the redness (high a\* values) of oven-baked snacks. This implies that varying the concentrations of independent factors had a significant influence on the colour of snacks.Table 2Experimental values of colour parameters for seasoned microwave and oven baked snacks.Table 2SNIndependent factorsResponse variablesIMM^∞^BFP^α^CS^α^Microwave baked snacksOven baked snacksL\*a\*b\*L\*a\*b\*1807.5012.5032.510.617.746.17.021.92807.5012.5029.910.315.440.57.921.83755.020.0038.99.720.844.69.122.848510.005.0041.87.720.037.36.114.9590.617.501.8940.411.722.238.19.020.86807.5012.5036.911.719.138.48.419.677010.0020.0047.910.926.242.77.221.7876.4611.0412.5040.76.217.737.210.320.4983.543.9612.5039.910.221.534.910.719.81069.397.5023.1133.78.818.033.08.516.311807.5012.5037.66.517.339.67.719.012905.005.0041.39.622.538.28.119.013807.5012.5039.06.113.537.210.520.1[^1] Maize contains reducing sugars and amino acids. Therefore, the colour changes were probably due to Maillard reactions and caramelization [@bib17]. Moreover, colour changes of the seasoned snacks maybe closely related to degradation of pigments and formation of brown pigments by non-enzymatic and enzymatic reaction [@bib18]. Chevalier et al. [@bib19] reported that Maillard reaction play an important role in the colour formation in food products during processing. Maillard reaction and caramelization of sugar are considered to produce brown pigments during baking as reported by Laguna et al. [@bib20]. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) results for colour attributes (L\*, a\* and b\*) is shown in [Table 3](#tbl3){ref-type="table"}. ANOVA of the effect of model parameters on colour characteristics of both snacks showed that linear effect of starch, quadratic effect of baobab and interaction effects of starch and baobab had significant (P ≤ 0.05) effect on a\*-values (redness) of microwave baked snacks whereas all the model parameters had no significant effect on L\* and b\*-values of microwave baked snacks. In the case of oven baked snacks, linear effect of baobab, quadratic effect of baobab and interaction effect of starch and baobab had significant effect (P ≤ 0.05) on yellowness of the snacks while all the model parameters had no significant effect on lightness and redness of the snacks.Table 3ANOVA results of regression models obtained for colour parameters for microwave and oven baked snacks.Table 3FactorsResponse variables p -- valuesMicrowave baked snacksoven baked snacksL\*a\*b\*L\*a\*b\*A-Starch0.69380.0379^Λ^0.43690.91590.60480.8976B-Baobab0.57750.08670.34140.25970.25660.0168^Λ^A^2^0.57070.62010.86010.47330.23730.6915B^2^0.48460.0004^Λ^0.51470.36760.72790.0400^Λ^AB0.97220.0003^Λ^0.11350.12020.81920.0481^Λ^[^2] Regression equations relating the colour parameters L\*, a\*, and b\* of microwave and oven-baked snacks to the model parameters are shown in [Table 4](#tbl4){ref-type="table"}. The Table shows that the predictive models had insignificant (P \> 0.05) lack of fit values. An insignificant lack of fit value implies a good fitness of the models when applied. This is in agreement and consistent with the observation of Myers and Montgomery [@bib21]. The 3D plots showing the effects of baobab fruit powder and commercial starch on the colour of microwave-baked and oven baked snacks are shown in Figs. [2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"} and [3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}, respectively. In the case of microwave baked snacks, lightness (L\*-values) reduced with an increase in baobab powder and commercial starch while redness (a\*-values) increased with increase in both baobab powder and commercial starch. Consequently, yellowness (b\*-values) of the microwave baked snacks increased with increase in baobab powder and commercial starch contents. This trend was equally evident for oven baked snacks.Table 4Regression models obtained of colour parameters for microwave and oven baked snacks.Table 4Baking methodsResponse variablesModelsLack of fit p valueL\*57.12--3.38A-0.88B+0.19A^2^+0.028B^2^+5.33E-003AB0.9893\*Microwavea\*-5.62+1.44A+1.58B+0.02A^2^-0.03B^2^-0.12AB0.8314\*b\*9.50+1.04A+1.40B+0.04A^2^-0.02B^2^-0.015AB0.9736\*L\*9.17+4.57A+2.03B-0.16A^2^-0.02B^2^-0.17AB0.8474\*Ovena\*14.77--1.96A+0.11B+0.12A^2^-3.60B^2^+9.33AB0.4870\*b\*3.49+1.72A+1.51B+0.04A^2^-0.02B^2^-0.09AB0.3782\*[^3]Fig. 2Response surface plot for the effects of baobab powder and commercial starch on L (i), a (ii) and b (iii) values of microwave baked composite snacks.Fig. 2Fig. 3Response surface plot for the effects of baobab powder and commercial starch on L\* (i), a\* (ii) and b\* (iii) values of oven baked composite snacks.Fig. 3 ### 3.1.2. Textural profile of oven and microwave baked snacks {#sec3.1.2} The textural properties of both oven-baked and microwave-baked snacks as measured using different probes are shown presented in [Table 5](#tbl5){ref-type="table"}. The compression force (hardness) ranged from 16.1 to 58.9 N for oven-baked snacks while that of microwave baked snacks ranged from 5.9 to 58.6 N. The maximum hardness of both oven and microwave baked snacks were obtained at 7.50 g of commercial starch and 12.50 g of baobab powder. This implies that the snacks were getting harder with increased concentration of baobab powder and commercial starch \[3D plot in Figs. [4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}(i) and [5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}(i)\]. The maximum force (crispness) for oven-baked snacks as measured using a v-shaped probe ranged from 8.6 to 46.4 N. The maximum force (46.4 N) was recorded for snacks composited with 11.04 g of baobab powder and 12.50 g of commercial starch. The crispness of microwave baked snacks ranged from 8.9 to 56.8 N.Table 5Experimental values of textural properties for microwave and oven baked snacks.Table 5SNIndependent variablesResponse variablesIMM^∞^BFP^α^CS^α^Microwave baked snacksBaking oven snacksCFGTVRPCFGTVRP1807.5012.5058.626.228.84.655.38.210.45.62807.5012.5057.636.431.816.658.99.914.919.53755.020.0053.520.656.835.352.76.520.010.148510.005.0059.015.515.016.026.715.78.62.5590.617.501.8916.616.312.919.416.113.116.94.46807.5012.5022.148.456.47.855.219.626.454.677010.0020.0018.115.916.218.150.314.437.323.4876.4611.0412.5045.926.527.64.7950.715.746.411.6983.543.9612.5041.319.826.114.355.719.338.57.81069.397.5023.1127.121.020.96.254.814.417.87.811807.5012.5045.74.98.95.452.944.423.612.712905.005.0054.751.437.123.925.732.724.814.013807.5012.5052.240.155.649.356.426.824.57.8[^4]Fig. 4Response surface plot for the effects of baobab powder on (i) compression force of composite snacks, (ii) peak cut of composite snacks, (iii) puncture force of composite snacks, (iv) peak cut force (guillotine probe) of oven baked composite snacks.Fig. 4Fig. 5Response surface plot for the effects of baobab powder on (i) compression force of composite snacks, (ii) peak cut of composite snacks, (iii) puncture force of composite snacks, (iv) peak cut force (guillotine probe) of microwave oven baked composite snacks.Fig. 5 The maximum crispness was obtained in snacks composited with 5.00 g of baobab powder and 20.00 g of commercial starch. As the concentrations of baobab powder and commercial starch increased in the formulation, there was an increase in the maximum force required to cut the snacks \[3D plots in Figs. [4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"} (ii) and [5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"} (ii)\]. Firmness as measured with a puncture probe [@bib16] ranged from 4.4 to 54.6 N for oven baked snacks and 4.6--49.3 N for microwave baked snacks, however the maximum thickness of both oven and microwave baked snacks was obtained in snacks composited with 7.50 g of starch and 12.50 g of baobab. The 3D plot in [Fig. 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"} (iii) shows that firmness of oven baked snacks increased with increase in baobab powder and starch contents whereas [Fig. 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"} (iii) reveal that firmness of microwave baked snacks increased with increase in baobab powder of the snacks but decreased with increase in starch content. Low starch-maize formulation resulted in reduction of texture since starch is responsible for structural stability food products [@bib22]. In oven baked snacks, the fracturability force which was measured using a guillotine probe ranged from 8.2 to 44.4 N. The maximum fracturability was obtained in snacks composited with 7.50 g of starch and 12.50 g of baobab whereas the fracturability of microwave baked snacks ranged from 4.9 to 51.4 N. In microwave baked snacks, the maximum fracturability was obtained in snacks composited with 5 g starch and 5 g baobab powder. The interaction of baobab powder and commercial starch as shown in Figs. [4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}(iv) and [5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}(iv) reveal that fracturability of oven and microwave baked snacks increased as the concentration of baobab powder and commercial starch increased in the formulation. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) result for textural properties show that the model factors (A, B, A^2,^ B^2^, and AB) had no significant (P \> 0.05) effect on the textural properties of microwave baked snacks ([Table 6](#tbl6){ref-type="table"}). Consequently it can be observed in [Table 6](#tbl6){ref-type="table"} that linear effect of baobab and interaction effect of starch and baobab had significant (P \< 0.05) effects on the hardness (CF) of oven baked snacks while quadratic effect of baobab had significant (P \< 0.05) effect on crispness (VR) of oven baked snacks. The regression models relating the factors and textural properties for microwave and oven-baked snacks are shown in [Table 7](#tbl7){ref-type="table"}. The Table show that lack of fit p values for the models is not significant. This guarantees good fittness of the models when applied as stated by Omolola et al. [@bib23].Table 6ANOVA results of regression models obtained for textural properties of microwave and oven baked snacks.Table 6FactorsResponse variables p -- valuesMicrowave baked snacksBaking oven snacksCFGTVRPCFGTVRPA-Starch0.60910.49710.27760.43040.41870.68460.57120.8742B-Baobab0.57180.60170.55120.9139\<0.0001^Λ^0.46880.26250.6329A^2^0.26130.34380.62680.78360.64070.32820.05550.4484B^2^0.80490.64690.74070.93040.08610.71390.0113^Λ^0.5144AB0.17500.41590.32200.8676\<0.0001^Λ^0.45040.29830.3533[^5]Table 7Regression models obtained of colour parameters for microwave and oven baked snacks.Table 7Baking methodsResponse variablesModelsLack of fit p valueCF47.24--3.07A-3.41B-9.92AB+1.58A^2^-9.29B^2^0.3611\*MicrowaveGT31.20--3.89A-2.97B+7.80AB-2.79A^2^-5.04B^2^0.6299\*VR36.30--7.57A+4.03B-4.62AB-2.37A^2^-7.35B^2^0.6518\*P16.74-4.82-0.6460B-2.32AB-0.5594A^2^+1.07B^2^0.7515\*CF55.74--1.06+13.17B-0.8500AB-2.64A^2^-11.51B^2^0.0860\*OvenGT21.78--1.77A-3.21B+6.23AB-1.71A^2^-3.59B^2^0.9065\*VR19.96+1.53A+3.15B+8.38AB+9.44A^2^-3.11B^2^0.4014\*P20.04+0.8968A+2.73B+6.20AB-4.02A^2^-5.82B^2^0.9823\*[^6] 3.2. Consumer acceptance of maize baobab snacks {#sec3.2} ----------------------------------------------- The formulation with 84.75 g of IMM, 5.25 g BFP and 10 g CS was identified as the optimum formulation. The optimisation was based on maximising IMM, BFP, and CS using design expert software. The snacks from the formulation were subjected to consumer acceptance using untrained regular consumers of snacks. Generally, consumer quality is a major important parameter for selecting a product and among the main characteristics related to quality are texture, taste, and surface colour of the snacks [@bib24]. The mean acceptance scores of oven-baked snacks were slightly more than that of the microwave-baked snacks in terms of appearance, aroma, and overall acceptance ([Fig. 6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}). However, both snacks were rated (3.2) the same in terms of taste. It is obvious from the figure that both oven and microwave baked snacks were not significantly different in terms of sensorial attributes and consumer acceptance.Fig. 6Consumer acceptance of snacks made from the optimum formulation. AP-Appearance, AR-Aroma, TE-Texture, TA-Taste, OA-Overall acceptability.Fig. 6 3.3. Correlation between consumer acceptability attributes and instrumental texture parameters of microwave and oven-baked optimised snacks {#sec3.3} ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Correlation analysis was carried out to determine the correlation between instrumental and consumer acceptability of microwave and oven baked snacks as shown in [Table 8](#tbl8){ref-type="table"}. These results revealed a mixture of positive and negative correlations amongst the variables/properties. Generally, negative correlation is a relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other decreases, and *vice versa* whereas a positive correlation exists when one variable decreases as the other variable decreases, or one variable increases while the other increases.Table 8Correlation matrix of textural parameters (instrumental) and consumer acceptability properties of microwave-baked and oven-baked snacks.Table 8Sensory attributeMicrowave-baked snackOven-baked snackCompressionCut-guilotineCut-"V" shapePunctureCompressionCut-guilotineCut- "V" shapePunctureAppearance-0,1810,095−0,113−0,1270,0940,007−0,0980,112Aroma0,0490,1580,007−0,0540,2490,191−0,112−0,298^Λ^Texture−0,217−0,0360,101−0,1570,0850,0070,107−0,073Taste−0,1100,097−0,111−0,0810,1210,102−0,223−0,097Overall acceptability−0,0670,044−0,0390,0040,1180,049−0,083−0,179[^7] It is conspicuous from [Table 8](#tbl8){ref-type="table"} that in microwave baked snack, there was no significant correlation between the instrumental textural properties (compression, cut-guilotine, cut-"V" shape, puncture) and sensory properties (appearance, aroma, texture, taste, overall acceptability). However, a significant (P ≤ 0.05) negative correlation between aroma and puncture of oven-baked snack was observed. This correlation implies that as the snack required less biting force (using incisor teeth), the more the aroma of the snack became acceptable to the consumers. Probably, the cracking sound stimulated some form of relaxation and enjoyment of the snack while the consumers were experiencing the release of volatile compounds. A non-existence of correlation between some textural parameters of the snacks and sensory attributes was also observed. 4. Conclusion {#sec4} ============= The snacks from experimental runs exhibited high resistance to fracturability and compression. The maximum force required to fracture the oven-baked snacks was 44.4 N while microwave-baked snacks fractured at a maximum force of 51.4 N. These snacks were compressible at a maximum force of 58.9 N for oven-baked and 58.6 N for microwave baked snacks. This implies that the snacks from both baking methods were the same in terms of hardness. The hardness of these snacks was due to high concentrations of baobab powder and commercial starch. Baobab powder and commercial starch also had a significant effect on the colour of snacks as shown by Hunter Lab colour system. The optimised snacks were highly acceptable by consumers in terms of appearance and aroma as these sensory attributes were scored higher than texture, taste and overall acceptability. Both snacks (oven-baked and microwave-baked) were rated the same for texture. A significant decrease in mean values of textural parameters was observed for the optimised snacks. However, no correlation was found between textural parameters (instrumental) and sensory attributes for both snacks except for aroma and puncture of the oven-baked snacks. Though the force values of textural parameters of the optimised snacks decreased drastically, the snacks were still hard. Therefore, there is a need for use of tenderising ingredients. Furthermore, a detailed microstructural profile and sensory profile could give a better understanding of the quality of these snacks. Declarations {#sec5} ============ Author contribution statement {#sec5.1} ----------------------------- Miranda Netshishivhe, Daniso Beswa: Conceived and designed the experiments; Performed the experiments; Analyzed and interpreted the data; Wrote the paper. Adewale Olusegun Omolola: Conceived and designed the experiments; Analyzed and interpreted the data; Wrote the paper. Mpho Edward Mashau: Analyzed and interpreted the data; Wrote the paper. Funding statement {#sec5.2} ----------------- This work was supported by the University of Venda Research and Publication Committee, Thohoyandou, South Africa. Competing interest statement {#sec5.3} ---------------------------- The authors declare no conflict of interest. Additional information {#sec5.4} ---------------------- No additional information is available for this paper. [^1]: Hunter values: *L* = black (0) to white (100); *a* = red (+) to green (-); *b* = yellow (-) to blue (+). IMM = Instant maize meal (g), BFP = Baobab fruit powder (g), CS = Commercial starch (g), ^α^were generated using the design expert, ^∞^were generated using the formula: 100 g instant maize meal -- (starch + baobab) powder. [^2]: ^Λ^Significant at P ≤ 0.05*; A-* linear effect of starch*; B-* linear effect of baobab*; AB --* interaction effect of starch and baobab*; A*^*2*^*--* quadratic effect of starch*; B*^*2*^*--* quadratic effect of baobab; L\* (lightness/darkness); a\* (redness/greenness) and b\* (yellowness/blueness). [^3]: \*Not significant at P \> 0.05*; A-* linear effect of starch*; B-* linear effect of baobab*; AB --* interaction effect of starch and baobab*; A*^*2*^*--* quadratic effect of starch*; B*^*2*^*--* quadratic effect of baobab; L\* (lightness/darkness); a\* (redness/greenness) and b\* (yellowness/blueness). [^4]: IMM = Instant maize meal, BFP -- Baobab fruit powder, CS = Commercial starch. CF = compression force, GT = guillotine, P = puncture, VR = v-shaped rig, ^α^were generated using design expert package, ^∞^were generated using the formula: 100 g instant maize meal -- (starch + baobab) powder. [^5]: ^Λ^Significant at P ≤ 0.05*; A-* linear effect of starch*; B-* linear effect of baobab*; AB --* interaction effect of starch and baobab*; A*^*2*^*--* quadratic effect of starch*; B*^*2*^*--* quadratic effect of baobab; CF-compression force; GT-guillotine; P-puncture; VR- v-shaped rig. [^6]: \*Not significant at P \> 0.05*; A-* linear effect of starch*; B-* linear effect of baobab*; AB --* interaction effect of starch and baobab*; A*^*2*^*--* quadratic effect of starch*; B*^*2*^*--* quadratic effect of baobab; CF-compression force; GT-guillotine; P-puncture; VR- v-shaped rig. [^7]: ^Λ^Significant at P ≤ 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Move Forward Move Forward is the debut album by British electronic rock band KLOQ, released 26 June 2008. The album was released via Out of Line Music. The album reached No. 1 on the Deutsche Alternative Charts, spending 7 weeks there and was No. 7 also on that chart's album of the year chart. Due to the success of the album, the album also finished the year at No. 2 on the International Album Charts only behind Nine Inch Nails. Track listing Personnel Oz Morsley – synths, programming Douglas McCarthy - guest vocals ("You Never Know" and "We're Just Physical") Greg Cumbers - guest vocals ("I Never Said", "Move Forward" and "Connecting") Lucia Holm - guest vocals ("Kloq Film 1") Paolo Morena - guest vocals ("My Safe Place") References Category:2008 debut albums Category:KLOQ (band) albums

Q: How to handle the if-else in promise then? In some case, when I get a return value from a promise object, I need to start two different then() precesses depend on the value's condition, like: promise().then(function(value){ if(//true) { // do something } else { // do something } }) I'm thinking maybe I can write it like: promise().then(function(value){ if(//true) { // call a new function which will return a new promise object ifTruePromise().then(); } else { ifFalsePromise().then(); } }) but with this, I have two questions: I'm not sure if it's a good idea to start a new promise-then process in a promise; what if I need the two process to call one function in the last? It means they have the same "terminal" I tried to return the new promise to keep the original chain like: promise().then(function(value){ if(//true) { // call a new function which will return a new promise object // and return it return ifTruePromise(); } else { // do something, no new promise // hope to stop the then chain } }).then(// I can handle the result of ifTruePromise here now); but in this case, whether it's true or false, the next then will work. SO, what's the best practice to handle it? A: As long as your functions return a promise, you can use the first method that you suggest. The fiddle below shows how you can take different chaining paths depending on what the first resolved value will be. function myPromiseFunction() { //Change the resolved value to take a different path return Promise.resolve(true); } function conditionalChaining(value) { if (value) { //do something return doSomething().then(doSomethingMore).then(doEvenSomethingMore); } else { //do something else return doSomeOtherThing().then(doSomethingMore).then(doEvenSomethingMore); } } function doSomething() { console.log("Inside doSomething function"); return Promise.resolve("This message comes from doSomeThing function"); } function doSomeOtherThing() { console.log("Inside doSomeOtherthing function"); return Promise.resolve("This message comes from doSomeOtherThing function"); } function doSomethingMore(message) { console.log(message); return Promise.resolve("Leaving doSomethingMore"); } function doEvenSomethingMore(message) { console.log("Inside doEvenSomethingMore function"); return Promise.resolve(); } myPromiseFunction().then(conditionalChaining).then(function () { console.log("All done!"); }). catch (function (e) { }); You can also just make one conditional chaining, assign the return promise to a variable and then keep executing the functions that should be run either way. function conditionalChaining(value){ if (value) { //do something return doSomething(); } else{ //do something else return doSomeOtherThing(); } } var promise = myPromiseFunction().then(conditionalChaining); promise.then(function(value){ //keep executing functions that should be called either way }); A: I have written a simple package for conditional promise usage. If you want to check it out: npm page: https://www.npmjs.com/package/promise-tree and github: https://github.com/shizongli94/promise-tree In response of comments asking for how the package solves the problem: 1, It has two objects. 2, Branch object in this package is a temporary storage place for the functions such as onFulfilled and onRejected that you want to use in then() or catch(). It has methods such as then() and catch() which take the same arguments as the counterparts in Promise. When you pass in a callback in Branch.then() or Branch.catch(), use the same syntax as Promise.then() and Promise.catch(). Then do nothing but storing the callbacks in an array. 3, Condition is a JSON object that stores the conditions and other information for checking and branching. 4, You specify conditions (boolean expression) using condition object in promise callbacks. Condition then stores the information you pass in. After all necessary information is provided by user, condition object uses a method to construct completely new Promise object that takes promise chain and callback information previously stored in Branch object. A little tricky part here is that you (as the implementer, not user) have to resolve/reject the Promise you first constructed manually before chaining the stored callbacks. This is because otherwise, the new promise chain won't start. 5, Thanks to event loop, Branch objects can be instantiated either before or after you have a stem Promise object and they won't interfere with each other. I use the terms "branch" and "stem" here because the structure resembles a tree. Example code can be found on both npm and github pages. By the way, this implementation also enables you have branches within a branch. And branches do not have to be at the same place you check conditions.

Q: profile 2 module with services module i am creating a web service for user registration. I just add some fields in user registration form using profile2 module. How can i integrate this with services module. i just want to make a services with the new fields A: I'm assuming you're familiar with Services. In your endpoint, Copy the pattern here: array( 'name' => 'username', 'type' => 'string', 'description' => 'A valid username', 'source' => array('data' => 'username'), 'optional' => FALSE, ), array( 'name' => 'password', 'type' => 'string', 'description' => 'A valid password', 'source' => array('data' => 'password'), 'optional' => FALSE, ), For your arguments, and add your field machine names. Inside your callback, you can set $form_state['values'][...] with the passed values, and then use drupal_form_submit('user_register_form', $form_state); To register the user.

Attached is the i2 Board of Directors list. (See attached file: i2 Board of Directors.xls) Barbette Joy Watts Executive Assistant to David Becker One i2 Place, 3rd Floor 469-357-3460 (Direct) 469-357-6769 (Fax) [email protected] - i2 Board of Directors.xls

Q: How to change speed of a wav file while retaining the sampling frequency in Python I wish to change the speed of an audio file (in the .wav format) by small amounts(±25%). The catch is that I need to retain the previous sample rate of the file. Both solutions involving a change of speed and pitch, and change of speed only (tempo change) are welcome, as ideally I would like to do both separately. A: You can use ffmpeg for that purpose: ffmpeg -i in.wav -filter:a "atempo=0.5" out.wav If you want to call it from Python, you can use ffmpy. import ffmpy ff = ffmpy.FFmpeg(inputs={"in.wav": None}, outputs={"out.wav": ["-filter:a", "atempo=0.5"]}) ff.run()

Q: What key sizes are allowed within TLS if the DHE_RSA is the only key exchange allowed? Can I make assumptions about minimum and maximum key sizes if all I know about a TLS server is the fact that it uses DHE_RSA for key exchange? Can the server be configured to use weak key sizes for RSA and/or DH (e.g. 512-bit public key size) and still have a sucessful TLS connection? A: The cipher suites in SSL/TLS do not specify minimum or maximum sizes for the asymmetric keys involved in the key exchange or the certificates (the old "export" cipher suites specified maximum sizes, but these have been deprecated). Annex F.1.1.3 contains this text: Because TLS allows the server to provide arbitrary DH groups, the client should verify that the DH group is of suitable size as defined by local policy. which means that it is up to the implementations to enforce the size constraints that they wish to see enforced. In practice, RSA and DH keys which are way too small (smaller than 512 bits) will be rejected by many implementations (and when using RSA key exchange without DHE, there is an absolute minimum of 465 bits for the RSA modulus, otherwise the key exchange cannot take place at all). Many implementations will also reject keys beyond a rather large size (e.g. more than 4096 bits), because of internal constraints in the implementation. If you want to make sure that short keys will make the handshake fail, then you have to configure or implement it yourself on the system you control (client or server). Microsoft has pushed an update which deactivates support for RSA and DSA keys shorter than 1024 bits -- which implies that prior to this update, they were supported. However, the Diffie-Hellman group used with DHE is not from the certificates layer, but chosen by the SSL server code itself.

Stockholm Town Housemaid School The Stockholm Town Housemaid School () was a vocational school started in 1938 at Scheelegatan 8 on the island of Kungsholmen in Stockholm, Sweden. The school educated housemaids. It was established during a shortage of housemaids, and the idea was well received. The students were graded, and the classes where photographed wearing housemaid uniforms. Harald Norbelie has depicted the school in a chapter of the 1993 book . References Category:1938 establishments in Sweden Category:20th century in Stockholm Category:Defunct schools in Sweden Category:Domestic work Category:Educational institutions established in 1938 Category:Vocational education

1 comment kundra shkaterrimit te Piramides We want to stop the Pyramid demolition. It's part of Albanian History and World history. It's a dictature product but dictatures does not produce only ugly things.... See More

BW Technologies gas detector IR connectivity kit The BW Technologies infra-red (IR) connectivity kit allows the GasAlertMicroClip and the GasAlertQuattro gas detectors to be connected to a PC for data download and instrument set-up (software included).

Q: Vue async components are loading without delay regardless of the the 'delay' parameter I am using Advanced-Async-Components to load async component after loading of the app. So I have tried the following code: Index.vue <template> <div class=""> <Async></Async> </div> </template> <script> // async component import LoadComp from '@/components/Loading' import ErrorComp from '@/components/Error' const Async = () => ({ // The component to load. Should be a Promise component: import('@/components/Async'), // A component to use while the async component is loading loading: Load, // A component to use if the load fails error: ErrorComp, // Delay before showing the loading component. Default: 200ms. delay: 4000, // <--- this is not effecting the loading of component // The error component will be displayed if a timeout is // provided and exceeded. Default: Infinity. timeout: 3000 }) export default { components: { Async } } </script> Async.vue <template lang="html"> <div class=""> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, con .... very larger string/data </div> </template> <script> export default { } </script> <style lang="css"> </style> The above code works fine but it has no effect of delay parameter (Index.vue). According to official docs delay is Delay before showing the loading component. It should load the component after 4000ms but it loads instantly. Why is this happening? Is there any other way to achieve this apart from using setTimeout? Additional Info I used webpack template to build the project using vue-cli Vue version : ^2.4.2 A: This is happening because the delay option sets the amount of delay in milliseconds before showing the loading component, which is the component you have specified via the loading option to display while the async component is loading (the documentation is poorly-worded on this one). In the below example, two async components are loaded after one second. The first has no delay and the its loading component (LoadingComponent) will display immediately. The second has a delay of 500, meaning that after half a second, it will display its loading component. const LoadingComponent = { template: `<h1>Loading...</h1>` } const NumberBoxComponent = { template: `<h1>123123</h1>` } const AsyncComponent1 = () => ({ component: new Promise((resolve) => { setTimeout(() => { resolve(NumberBoxComponent) }, 1000) }), loading: LoadingComponent, }) const AsyncComponent2 = () => ({ component: new Promise((resolve) => { setTimeout(() => { resolve(NumberBoxComponent) }, 1000) }), loading: LoadingComponent, delay: 500 }) new Vue({ el: '#app', components: { 'async-component1': AsyncComponent1, 'async-component2': AsyncComponent2 } }) <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/vue/2.4.4/vue.min.js"></script> <div id="app"> <async-component1></async-component1> <async-component2></async-component2> </div> If you want to delay the actual loading of the async component, you should use setTimeout.

Total hemolytic complement values in normal and diseased dog populations. The optimum conditions for handling and storage of canine sera for total hemolytic complement assays were assessed. Sera from 113 normal dogs and 217 clinical admissions to the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary Hospital were assayed for total hemolytic complement levels. Normal sera had a mean value of 185 CH50 units. Sera from animals with systemic lupus erythematosus and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, had significantly lower mean levels of complement than the normal group. Sera from dogs with generalized demodectic mange, tumors, various inflammatory diseases, hypothyroidism, seborrhea, and rheumatoid arthritis had values significantly higher than the normal population.

Another solo set TOMORROW at the 54/10 Music Marathon @ Ars Nova w/ Miracles of Modern Science & Thunder & Lightning. Watch out – ARMS will be Thunder & Lightning’s backing band for the evening! For tickets go HERE

--- abstract: 'We report on the successful science verification phase of a new observing mode at the Keck interferometer, which provides a line-spread function width and sampling of 150 km/s at $K''$-band, at a current limiting magnitude of $K''\,\sim\,7$ mag with spatial resolution of $\lambda\,/\,2\,B\,\approx\,2.7\,{\rm mas}$ and a measured differential phase stability of unprecedented precision (3 mrad at $K\,=\,5\,{\rm mag}$, which represents 3 $\mu$as on sky or a centroiding precision of $10^{-3}$). The scientific potential of this mode is demonstrated by the presented observations of the circumstellar disk of the evolved Be-star 48 Lib. In addition to indirect methods such as multi-wavelength spectroscopy and polaritmetry, the here described spectro-interferometric astrometry provides a new tool to directly constrain the radial density structure in the disk. We resolve for the first time several Pfund emission lines, in addition to [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}, in a single interferometric spectrum, and with adequate spatial and spectral resolution and precision to analyze the radial disk structure in 48 Lib. The data suggest that the continuum and $Pf$-emission originates in significantly more compact regions, inside of the [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}emission zone. Thus, spectro-interferometric astrometry opens the opportunity to directly connect the different observed line profiles of [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}and Pfund in the total and correlated flux to different disk radii. The gravitational potential of a rotationally flattened Be star is expected to induce a one-armed density perturbation in the circumstellar disk. Such a slowly rotating disk oscillation has been used to explain the well known periodic V/R spectral profile variability in these stars, as well as the observed V/R cycle phase shifts between different disk emission lines. The differential line properties and linear constraints set by our data are consistent with theoretical models and lend direct support to the existence of a radius-dependent disk density perturbation. The data also shows decreasing gas rotation velocities at increasing stello-centric radii as expected for Keplerian disk rotation, assumed by those models.' author: - 'J.-U. Pott, J. Woillez, S. Ragland, P. L. Wizinowich, J. A. Eisner, J. D. Monnier, R. L. Akeson, A. M. Ghez, J. R. Graham, L. A. Hillenbrand, R. Millan-Gabet, E. Appleby, B. Berkey, M. M. Colavita, A. Cooper, C. Felizardo, J. Herstein, M. Hrynevych, D. Medeiros, D. Morrison, T. Panteleeva, B. Smith, K. Summers, K. Tsubota, C. Tyau, E. Wetherell' title: 'Probing local density inhomogeneities in the circumstellar disk of a Be star using the new spectro-astrometry mode at the Keck interferometer' --- Introduction {#sec:1} ============ The ASTRA (ASTrometric and phase-Referencing Astronomy) upgrade program, funded by the NSF Major Research Instrumentation program, aims at extending the sensitivity and spectral resolution of the Keck interferometer (KI) through phase referencing and to implement a narrow-angle astrometry mode to enable a much broader scientific use of the KI . In this paper we report on results of the successful implementation of the first ASTRA mode, the self phase referencing (SPR) mode. In the SPR mode, 55 % of the light from the on-axis science target is used to provide fringe tracking (i.e., phase referencing) information while 20 % is used to make the science measurement. Due to the stabilized fringes, $>$100x longer integrations can be taken on the second camera. Therefore, it is possible in SPR to increase the spectral resolution of the interferometric measurement by at least an order of magnitude. SPR as currently implemented and provided to the general user, offers a spectral resolution $R\,(\,=\,\lambda/\Delta \lambda)$ of 2000, which is Nyquist sampled at R = 1000 (330 pixels across the K’-band) at K $\lesssim\,7\,{\rm mag}$. Further technical aspects and results from the commissioning are discussed by @2010Woi. Besides simple amplitude spectro-interferometry at this resolution, the here presented data demonstrate that the differential visibility phase can be retrieved at a precision of at least 3 mrad for a bright star. Non-linear phase changes in the source spectrum can be measured, and typically indicate translations of the photo-center over the respective spectral channels on the sky . The operational readiness of KI-SPR was successfully demonstrated with the here discussed observations of on the night of April 25, 2008 (UT). In addition, several young stellar objects were observed successfully [@2010Eis]. We show at the example of 48 Lib the wealth of spatial and spectral information that can be provided by SPR data. 48 Lib is a well studied classical Be-star with circumstellar shell-emission lines. Previous optical-nearinfrared long-baseline interferometric (OLBI) measurements of Be-star-shells demonstrated that 3d-models for H-line and continuum emission often overpredict the true size, which demonstrates the need for direct OLBI measurements . Narrow-band observations with the Mark III interferometer , resulted in Be-star disk diameter estimates ranging in 2.6 to 4.5 mas [@1997ApJ...479..477Q], well suited for the angular resolution of the 85 m baseline of the KI ($\lambda/2B\,=\,2.7~{\rm mas}$). We chose 48 Lib as science demonstration target because recent detection of very narrow satellite absorption features in Fe II shell lines reliably indicate very high inclination angles . This ensures strong features in the differential visibility and phase signals across the emission lines. A large fraction of Be stars show cyclic variations in the ratio between the violet and red flux of the HI emission lines (V/R), an enigmatic phenomenon studied since almost a century [@1925PA.....33..537C]. Early measurements with the GI2T interferometer spatially and timely resolved the $H\,\alpha$ emission of $\gamma$-Cas, showing spatial variation of the line emission region with time @1989Natur.342..520M. The fast rotation of Be-stars [near-critical rotational velocities for cooler stars like 48 Lib, @2005ApJ...634..585C] results in a flattening of the stellar shape, which can be observationally confirmed by OLBI . While the rapid rotation might play a role in the ejection of the circumstellar envelope, the quadrupole moment of the gravitational potential of a flattened Be star is expected to create a prograde one-armed spiral density pattern, slowly precessing in the disk and creating the V/R cycles . The latter authors calculate that the radial extension of such a disk oscillation mode should be confined to a few stellar radii, which can be probed by interferometry. Central properties of this theory have been observed indirectly by the continuous observation of individual line profiles , and the detection of phase-shifts between different emission line cycles pointing towards a spiral density perturbation [@2007ApJ...656L..21W]. Spectro-interferometric observations of the photocenter shift in hydrogen lines of $\zeta$ Tau appear to directly confirm a one-armed density mode in the disk . After summarizing the observation and data reduction (Sect. \[sec:2\]), we will discuss in Sect. \[sec:3\] that our data show that the radial dependence of the hydrogen emission regions can be observed [*directly*]{} with KI-SPR, thanks to resolving several emission lines of the Pfund series together with [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}at unprecedented differential precision in the $K$-band. Concluding remarks are given in Sect. \[sec:5\]. Observations {#sec:2} ============ [ccccc]{} Name & $V/H/K$$\,^{(a)}$ & UT & BL$_{\rm proj}$& Stellar diam\ & & & & \[mas\] $\,^{(b)}$\ (Tar, B4III$\,^{(c)}$) & 4.9/4.8/4.6 & 13:20:49 & 66.6 m, 39$^\circ$ EoN & $0.23\,\pm\,0.1$\ (Cal, A4V) & 5.4/5.3/5.1 & 13:28:17 & & $0.25\,\pm\,0.04$\ Details of the observations are given in Table \[tab:11\]. Each dataset consists of 155 frames of 0.5 sec integration time, taken on the second fringe camera. The frames were selected to have an absolute group delay of less then 4.5 $\mu$m to ensure high SNR and limited impact of the dispersion introduced by the air-filled delay lines [see Appendix C in @1999ApJ...510..505C]. The remaining 137 (151) frames of target (calibrator) were corrected for group delay (linear) and dispersion (quadratic) wavenumber slopes. The resulting pre-processed frames were stacked by calculating the mean in each wavelength bin, and the standard deviation of this mean is used throughout the paper as error. This statistical error is adequately describing the differential uncertainty of the data. The total flux data were flux normalized before the averaging. This is necessary to avoid that the larger absolute flux variation due to the spatial filtering of the single-mode fibre fed fringe camera dominates the here interesting differential flux variation between adjacent lambda bins. The resulting measurables of the SPR observation (flux, $V^2$, and [$d\phi$ ]{}) are shown in Fig. \[fig:1\]. To achieve the rest wavelength calibration shown in the figure, two steps were performed. First, the observed wavelength calibration needs to be rectified. The slope is measured internally by a Fourier transform based technique. In standard KI observing setup, this slope is applied automatically to the data provided through the NExScI archive. Furthermore, we used telluric absorption lines in the raw spectra to estimate an offset in the wavelength calibration (typically of order of a few tenths of one spectral pixel), and to verify the archived rectification. The fact that our data do not show the full $K'$ band is due to an alignment problem of the early instrument setup used. For current performance, we refer to the KI support webpage [^1]. In a second step, the corrections for barycentric motion of the earth (-13 [${\rm km\,s}^{-1}$ ]{}) and peculiar motion of the star [-6 [${\rm km\,s}^{-1}$ ]{}, @1967IAUS...30...57E] have been applied. Note for [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}, that the offset between zero [$d\phi$ ]{}and rest wavelength is significantly larger than the accuracy of our wavelength calibration. It is attributed to observing a profile which is significantly asymmetric at the level of the used spectral resolution. The quality of the resulting wavelength calibration is shown by overplotting the HI-recombination line centers in Fig. \[fig:1\] (dotted lines). It is reassuring, that (1) the flux line profiles are centered, that (2) the various Pfund lines show the same line profile, and most importantly, that (3) the [$d\phi$ ]{}of both [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}and Pfund lines crosses zero close to the transition wavelengths, and with the [*same*]{} sign of the slope. (3) is expected for an inclined Keplerian disk. The target data were calibrated with a subsequently measured unresolved star, observed only 8 min later under equal atmospheric conditions. We applied simple calibration strategies: the raw target flux was divided by the calibrator, and multiplied by a measured spectral template from the IRTF spectral library (A3V, Vacca, personal comm.) containing the HI absorption features of the calibrator of similar spectral type. The spectral template provides a relative flux precision of 1 %, and was folded to $R\,=\,1000$, and divided by a black body continuum fit to the line free regions before application to our data. The resultant spectrum (upper panel in Fig. \[fig:1\]) thus shows in each spectral bin the flux with respect to the calibrator. The $V^2$ was corrected for the system visibility, estimated by observing an unresolved calibrator. We did not apply any flux bias correction in our data calibration. Although the primary fringe tracker at KI has a flux bias of a few percent per magnitude [^2] internal tests have demonstrated that the detector used for these science observations does not display such a bias. The differential phase is calibrated by subtraction of the calibrator [$d\phi$ ]{}. To show the impressive differential stability of the data over the used band, we overplotted in red linear continua, fitted to the line-free regions ($\lambda\,\le\,2.15\,\mu$m and $2.18\,\le\,\lambda\,\le\,2.315\,\mu$m), over flux ratio and $V^2$. The slightly red slope of the linear flux ratio continuum probably originates in the shell-induced NIR excess of 48 Lib, which photosphere is hotter than the calibrator of spectral type A4V. The continuum trend in the visibility is due to resolving the innermost circumstellar gas, and is discussed in Sect. \[sec:31\]. The red line in the [$d\phi$ ]{}panel marks zero phase, and is not a fit. The resulting pixel-to-pixel errors are $\Delta {\rm flux ratio}\,=\,0.003$, $\Delta\,V^2\,=\,0.007$, and $\Delta\,d\phi\,=\,3\,{\rm mrad}$. The higher relative precision of the [$d\phi$ ]{}signal with respect to the precision of the visibility is expected for such spectro-interferometric measurements [@2006dies.conf..291M]. This differential stability at the level of a few $10^{-3}$ is unprecedented for spectrally dispersed OLBI data at the spectral resolution and sensitivity offered by KI-SPR. It is the key to derive the scientific results presented in the next section. A more comprehensive description of the SPR mode and its sensitivity, performance, and technology will be given elsewhere [@2010Woi]. Results {#sec:3} ======= ![[*Top:*]{} Mean calibrated flux ratio between the 48 Lib and the continuum divided calibrator. The red solid line marks a linear continuum fit. The different line profiles of [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}and $Pf$-emission lines are clearly visible [*Center:*]{} Mean calibrated $V^2$ of 48 Lib showing that both the NIR continuum and the recombination line emission are spatially resolved by the interferometer. A linear continuum (red line) was fitted to the line free regions. [*Bottom:*]{} The calibrated differential phase data. The red line marks zero phase. All plots show the rest wavelength of the target. The vertical dotted lines indicate the rest wavelength of the recombination lines. It is apparent that all lines show the same slope at the line center, as expected for disk emission. \[fig:1\]](plot_48lib_v2_frcont_lin.eps) [lccc]{} $K'_{\rm cont}$ (Gauss-disk only): &$\theta_{\rm cont}^{\rm FWHM}$& 0.94$\pm$0.03 mas&\ $K'_{\rm cont}$ (Gauss-disk + star): &$\theta_{\rm cont,disk}^{\rm FWHM}$& 1.65$\pm$0.05 mas&\ $Br\,\gamma$ & $V_{(-250\,,\,-100\,{\rm km\,s^{-1})}}$ & $R_{(100\,,\,250\,{\rm km\,s^{-1})}}$& $V\,/\,R$\ $F_{\rm line}$ (norm.) & $0.29 \pm 0.01$ & $0.16 \pm 0.01$ & $1.80 \pm 0.2$\ $F_{\rm line}^{\rm corr}$ (norm.) & $0.23 \pm 0.01$ & $0.14 \pm 0.01$ & $1.66 \pm 0.2$\ $\theta_{\rm line}^{\rm FWHM}$ (mas) & $1.7 \pm 0.2$ & $1.4 \pm 0.2$ & $1.2 \pm 0.2$\ [[*PC* ]{}$_{\rm line}^{\rm shift}$ ]{}(mas) & $2.2 \pm 0.2$ & $1.9 \pm 0.2$ & $1.2 \pm 0.2$\ [$Pf_{\rm avg}$ ]{}$\,(5:24..28)$ & $V_{(-325\,,\,-175\,{\rm km\,s^{-1})}}$ & $R_{(175\,,\,325\,{\rm km\,s^{-1})}}$& $V\,/\,R$\ $F_{\rm line}$ (norm.) & $0.029 \pm 0.01$ & $0.028 \pm 0.01$ & $1.0\pm0.1$\ $F_{\rm line}^{\rm corr}$ (norm.) & $0.024 \pm 0.01$ & $0.024 \pm 0.01$ & $1.0\pm0.1$\ $\theta_{\rm line}^{\rm FWHM}$ (mas) & $1.9 \pm 0.3$ & $1.5 \pm 0.2$ & $1.2\pm0.3$\ [[*PC* ]{}$_{\rm line}^{\rm shift}$ ]{}(mas) & $0.9 \pm 0.3$ & $0.9 \pm 0.3$ & $1.1\pm0.3$\ Fig. \[fig:1\] shows that different components have been detected in the spectra of : a clearly resolved continuum emission, and HI recombination line emission of [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}and various Pfund lines. The visibility data suggest that the continuum and the line emission stem from spatially separated, distinct regions in the circumstellar disk. Also, they derive from different emission processes. Therefore, we discuss in the following the two components separately. Continuum emission {#sec:31} ------------------ The disk continuum emission, emitted by bound-free and free-free thermal emission in the disk, is clearly resolved. To facilitate the comparison of our results with other published disk diameters, we give the size of a disk-only fit to the continuum visibilities ($\theta_{\rm cont}^{\rm FWHM}\,=\,0.95\,\pm\,0.03~\,{\rm mas}$) in Table \[tab:2\]. We model the disk continuum by a maximally inclined Gaussian profile, with a position angle of 50$^\circ$ which is orthogonal to the axis of polarization [@1999PASP..111..494M]. However the measured continuum emission consists of both stellar and disk contributions. Taking into account, that the disk continuum of 48 Lib contributes one third of the $K$-band emission , the resulting disk size scale ($\theta_{\rm cont, disk}^{\rm FWHM}\,=\,1.65\,\pm\,0.05~\,{\rm mas}$) is seven times larger than the stellar photospheric diameter. Source variability may compromise this estimation of $\theta_{\rm cont, disk}^{\rm FWHM}$. But a flux calibration of the KI photometry of 48 Lib, based on HD 145607 is consistent with the [2Mass]{} point source flux of our target [@2006AJ....131.1163S] to better than 10%, which is the precision level of our absolute flux calibration. report an irregular variability in the Hipparcos band at the 5 % level. Therefore, we can expect that variability of the star-disk flux ratio has no strong effect on the $\theta_{\rm cont, disk}^{\rm FWHM}$ value reported above. Note that although important for the estimation of the disk size, we cannot derive the NIR disk excess from the visibility data due to our small $u,v$-coverage. Similarly, two-dimensional physical or phenomenological disk models of the continuum emission are not well constraint by a single baseline measurement. @2007ApJ...654..527G showed for several Be stars, that, even for significantly two-dimensional $u,v$-coverages, physical models, using radiative transfer calculations, and phenomenological models, using Gaussian intensity profiles are difficult to distinguish by the visibility data alone. Physical and phenomenological FWHM estimates of the average disk compactness may differ by 50-100 % [@2007ApJ...654..527G]. This may be used as an accuracy estimate for a physical interpretation of the here derived $\theta_{\rm cont, disk}^{\rm FWHM}$. Since near-infrared disk excess and $\theta_{\rm cont, disk}^{\rm FWHM}$ of 48 Lib are within the typical range of Be star disks, we can expect that a physical modeling of the disk continuum, as done by @2007ApJ...654..527G, would lead to similar densities as described therein. The estimated disk continuum-to-stellar radii ratio matches other interferometrically observed edge-on systems with comparable properties [e.g. $\zeta$ Tau in @2007ApJ...654..527G]. The typically found moderate extent of the $K$-band emission size (5-10 times the stellar radius) is significantly smaller than recently modeled , confirming the need for interferometric constraints to understand the physical conditions in the stellar outflows of Be-stars. There is several indications in our data, that the disk continuum emission zone is inside the [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}and smaller or equal to the $Pf-$ recombination line emission zones. All fitted linear characteristics of the violet and red part of the [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}([$Pf_{\rm avg}$ ]{}) line emission zones (that is $\theta_{\rm line}^{\rm FWHM}$ and the photocenter shifts [[*PC* ]{}$_{\rm line}^{\rm shift}$ ]{}, for details see the next section; violet and red labels negative and positve Doppler shifts, following standard Be-star terminology) indicate that the majority of the line emission is created at stellocentric radii larger than (comparable to) the radii dominating the continuum emission. Furthermore, the [$Pf_{\rm avg}$ ]{}line center in total and correlated flux drops below the continuum level (Fig. \[fig:3\]). This points to a significant absorption of the continuum flux by gas [*in front*]{} of the continuum source, that is the continuum emission is embedded and surrounded by the zone dominating the line emission. Therefore, we confirm the findings of @2007ApJ...654..527G [studied $H\,\alpha$ versus continuum size] and that the observed [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{} (and [$Pf_{\rm avg}$ ]{}) hydrogen line emission in Be stellar shells appears to occur at larger (or equal) stellocentric radii than the disk continuum emission. HI recombination lines {#sec:32} ---------------------- ![Zoom into the [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}line. The flux ratio ([*top*]{}) is normalized to the linear continuum shown in Fig. \[fig:1\]. The [*central*]{} panel shows the correlated flux, normalized to the linear continuum fit. Note that the linear flux ratio continuum fit may overestimate the actually observed continuum emission due to absorption by gas [*in front*]{} of the continuum emission, which would result in underestimated fluxes at the line center. The measured differential phase is plotted in the [*bottom*]{} panel. At the top right of each figure, the integrated violet and red line profile is given. The red area marks the region of integration (100-250 km/s), which excludes the uncertain central continuum absorption. The wavelength-differential precision is indicated by the red errorbar in the left of each panel. \[fig:2\] ](plot_48lib_BrGam_zoom.eps) ![The three panels show the [$Pf_{\rm avg}$ ]{}profile at the flux levels of Pf-(5-24) in the same way as in Fig. \[fig:2\]. The smoother line profile with respect to [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}derives from the line averaging over the linearly interpolated individual Pfund lines. The hatched area indicates the beginning of the velocity region where the shape of the mean line profile is significantly compromised by the neighboring lines due to the averaging. The profile at large velocities ($\ge\,330\,{\rm km\,s^{-1}}$) are a result of our data processing, and unreal. We show this part here to demonstrate that the central, real line profile is more significant than these relatively large profile changes in the outer velocity-space compromised from the averaging. The statistical error of the mean shapes shown is indicate by the red errorbar in the left of each figure. \[fig:3\]](plot_pfund_avg_frcont_lin.eps) The emission line widths of Be-stars are dominated by large-scale kinematic Doppler broadening (due to the fact that the ionized gas is located in a rotating disk around the star), without significant contributions of non-kinematic scattering processes . The disk of 48 Lib is known to be edge on, which simplifies the geometric and kinematic interpretation of the line profiles . The spectrometer does not fully Nyquist-sample the double peak of the [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}and Pfund lines, but the central dip in the flux and the shape of the [$d\phi$ ]{} signal show that the violet (V) and red (R) part of the disk are clearly separated by the spectrometer, and that meaningful V/R ratios can be derived. $Pf$-24..34 have been detected for the first time in an interferometric spectrum. The five strongest individual $Pf$-lines are clear detections ($\sim\,5-8\,\sigma$) above the differential precision level of flux ratio, visibility, and [$d\phi$ ]{}. To improve on the SNR for the $Pf-$lines, and to minimize the effects of the limited sampling of the line-profile, we average over the five strongest, detected $Pf-$lines (24..28). To do so, the $Pf-$25..28 lines were scaled to match flux levels of $Pf-$24. This avoids that the final average profile ([$Pf_{\rm avg}$ ]{}) is affected by the individual line fluxes. We checked that none of the features of [$Pf_{\rm avg}$ ]{}discussed below is significantly altered or vanishes when averaging over all 11 detected Pfund lines. However, our choice of averaging over the five strongest lines to create [$Pf_{\rm avg}$ ]{}leads to the highest SNR. In addition, the omitted higher-order Pfund lines are closer in rest wavelength, and therefore, overlapping of adjacent line profiles would become apparent and compromise the profile of [$Pf_{\rm avg}$ ]{}. Similarly, at velocities $\ge 330~$[${\rm km\,s}^{-1}$ ]{}(indicated by the dashed region in Fig. \[fig:3\]), the average profile is affected by adjacent lines. We purposefully show in the figure a large velocity space including these artifacts to demonstrate that [$Pf_{\rm avg}$ ]{}emerges even out of these averaging artifacts. Unless indicated otherwise, we use a linear flux ratio continuum fit. Using a black body instead of a linear shape for the flux ratio continuum leads to a comparably good fit, and slightly increases the off-center line emission of [$Pf_{\rm avg}$ ]{}. We include this uncertainty in the shape of the continuum at the red end of the K’-band in the errors given in Table \[tab:2\]. The statistical precision of the averaged profiles are shown as red errorbars. We compared the individual properties (flux, visibility, and differential phase) of the $Pf-$(24..28) included in [$Pf_{\rm avg}$ ]{}to check if meaningful geometric constraints on the Pfund line emission zone can be derived from [$Pf_{\rm avg}$ ]{}. The decreasing signature in visibility and phase with increasing excitation level is consistent with the $Pf$-n/$Pf-$24 line flux ratios. This means that a similar geometry is encoded in the measured visibility and phase of each line, suggesting a common origin of the lines, and justifying the averaging. The individual line ratios used match the respective Pfund-line ratio trends measured for other Be-star envelopes, such as and [@2010AJ....139.1983G]. Furthermore, these flux ratios vary by no more than up to about 30 % ($Pf$-28/$Pf-$24), which indicates together with a similarly moderate variation of the respective Einstein coefficients that the lines included in [$Pf_{\rm avg}$ ]{}are emitted under similar conditions. Therefore, they most likely originate from similar regions in the disk. The geometric constraints, derived from [$Pf_{\rm avg}$ ]{}, cannot be more accurate than this level, which matches the numbers, given in Table \[tab:2\]. The precision of the $V/R$-estimate of the individual Pfund lines is clearly limited by our spectral resolution and the sampling of the line profile. Apparent ratios of up to 20 % above and below unity for the Pfund lines included in [$Pf_{\rm avg}$ ]{}are regarded as not significantly different from unity. Therefore, the lines show comparable $V/R$. Given the previous arguments for a common origin of the individual lines in the disk, we can expected that averaging does improve the $V/R$-signal for the Pfund emission zone. We concentrate on answering the key question qualitatively: are KI-SPR data suitable to measure directly, and efficiently in a single dataset, core parameters like radial extent and radius-dependence of the often discussed slowly rotating density inhomogeneity in the gas around Be stars? To do so, violet and red velocity bins outside of the line center were defined to derive average V-R properties of the lines, while avoiding the zone of highest absorption and uncertain continuum (see below). The velocity bins enclose the maximum line emission with a width of 150 [${\rm km\,s}^{-1}$ ]{}, which is chosen to be comparable to the spectral resolution (bins are marked as colored background in Fig. \[fig:2\]&\[fig:3\]). The profile averages for each bin are given in the figures. We derived intrinsic line emission sizes and photo-center shifts from the data (Table \[tab:2\]) by assuming the superposition of a linear continuum and additional [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}disk emission . Note that the intrinsic photocenter shifts are on the order of the fringe spacing ($\lambda /2B$), which requires the use of the exact complex relation between measured and intrinsic phase to derive the correct [[*PC* ]{}$_{\rm line}^{\rm shift}$ ]{}. Table \[tab:2\] reports the mean linear properties fitted to the linearly interpolated data for each velocity bin. For our analysis, we used a linear continuum extrapolation of the continuum flux ratio into the line center to derive the quantitative constraints in Table \[tab:2\]. However, the actual continuum at the [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}line center may deviate from this linear continuum. The stellar continuum has some photospheric [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}absorption, and since we observe an edge-on disk in emission with, at least partially, optically thick [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}emission, additional absorption and emission makes it difficult to estimate the exact continuum shape at the line center. This presents a difficulty for isolating the correlated flux, visibility and intrinsic [$d\phi$ ]{}of the line emission at the line center from the measured data, which contain a flux-weighted average of both continuum and line emission. An absorbed continuum profile (in contrast to the here assumed linear extrapolation of the off-line continuum) at the center of [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}would increase the (correlated) line flux, and therefore decrease the derived intrinsic photocenter shift. To quantify this, we also applied a B4III [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}template to the data (see also footnote $^{\rm (c)}$ in Table \[tab:11\]). This would not change the measured V/R asymmetries significantly, but it would increase the given [$\theta_{\rm line}^{\rm FWHM}$]{}by about 40 % and decrease [[*PC* ]{}$_{\rm line}^{\rm shift}$ ]{}by 20%, which gives the order of magnitude of this systematic uncertainty in our quantitative analysis. Radial disk structure\[sec:33\] ------------------------------- ![Visualization of the measured disk properties (not to scale). The shown one-armed over-density pattern would explain the measured [*V/R*]{} and correlated flux profiles of [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}and [$Pf_{\rm avg}$ ]{}, as predicted by , but the here shown pattern is not based on a model calculation. The exact shape of the pattern is not constrained by a single KI-SPR dataset. The relative location of the optical $H\alpha$ line is added for completeness, matching previous, single telescope velocity and [*V/R*]{} measurements [@2007ApJ...656L..21W]. \[fig:4\]](48lib_disk.eps) [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}and [$Pf_{\rm avg}$ ]{}profiles differ. Above all, they show different V/R ratios and central absorption levels. The total and correlated [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}line profiles are with $V/R\,\sim\,1.8$, and 1.6 respectively, significantly asymmetric. In contrast, [$\theta_{\rm line}^{\rm FWHM}$]{}and [[*PC* ]{}$_{\rm line}^{\rm shift}$ ]{}of the violet and red [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}emitting regions coincide within the uncertainties. resolved the [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}disk emission of $\zeta$ Tau with the VLTI with a spectral and spatial resolution similar to our data. They found a larger intrinsic line photocenter shift of the brighter wing, emitted, at the time of their observation, from the south-eastern, red part of the disk of $\zeta$ Tau. A non-LTE disk model can explain such a trend in the [$d\phi$ ]{}as well as an extensive multi-wavelength and multi-technique dataset with a global oscillation of a spiral density pattern . Our data might show a similar trend of a slightly larger [[*PC* ]{}$_{\rm line}^{\rm shift}$ ]{}of the brighter side of [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}. However, this trend is not significant with respect to the estimated uncertainties. We would encourage a similar, complex modeling effort of the disk of 48 Lib, including the new differential constraints from the Pfund emission and based on repeated observations to improve on the significance of the [$d\phi$ ]{}trend of [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}. Here we concentrate on the overall line emission zone properties. The bulk of the [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}emission appears to come from similar stello-centric radii, and the enhanced emission on the violet side indicates a locally enhanced density. The observed asymmetry is inline with the $\sim$9 yr periodicity of cyclic changes of V/R($H\,\alpha\,$) . The $H\,\alpha$ spectra of 48 Lib, provided by the [BeSS]{} database [^3] also report a V/R $>\,1$ in 2008. In contrast, the [$Pf_{\rm avg}$ ]{}profile appears to be symmetric in all properties within the errors. Again, [$\theta_{\rm line}^{\rm FWHM}$]{}and [[*PC* ]{}$_{\rm line}^{\rm shift}$ ]{}of [$Pf_{\rm avg}$ ]{}are comparable for both sides, but the smaller [[*PC* ]{}$_{\rm line}^{\rm shift}$ ]{}points to significantly smaller stello-centric radii of the bulk of the [$Pf_{\rm avg}$ ]{}emission, if compared to [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}. Both measured V/R([$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}) and V/R([$Pf_{\rm avg}$ ]{}) can be reconciled with a one-armed density perturbation, if a radial dependence of the perturbation is allowed, as in the case of a spiral density wave, precessing through the disk. There is several indications for that the Pfund emission emerges from inside the bulk of the [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}emission. The mean [[*PC* ]{}$_{\rm line}^{\rm shift}$ ]{}([$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}) is with 2.1 mas about twice as large as [[*PC* ]{}$_{\rm line}^{\rm shift}$ ]{}([$Pf_{\rm avg}$ ]{}). Furthermore, the bins are centered at different stello-centric radii and velocities. The peak velocities appear offset ([$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}: $150\,\pm\,50\,$[${\rm km\,s}^{-1}$ ]{}versus [$Pf_{\rm avg}$ ]{}: $230\,\pm\,30\,$[${\rm km\,s}^{-1}$ ]{}). These velocity and [[*PC* ]{}$_{\rm line}^{\rm shift}$ ]{}numbers are consistent with Keplerian gas motion, a typical assumption for Be star disk. The Keplerian rotation assumption is further supported by the measured double-peaked line profiles (in contrast to highly disordered or asymmetric profiles). Since Be-star disks are (at least partially) optically thick in the hydrogen emission lines , it is expected that the stellocentric radius of the respective line anti-correlates with the specific line absorption properties. Comparing the respective Einstein absorption coefficients, we find $B_{5,24}\,<\,B_{4,7}\,<\,B_{2,3}$, which suggests that the [$Pf_{\rm avg}$ ]{}is emitted inside of the [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}as described by our data. [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}should be emitted at smaller stellocentric radii than $H_{\alpha}$, as indirectly confirmed by the data of @2007ApJ...656L..21W . Also the smaller $H_{\alpha}$ peak velocities [the spectrum in Fig. 1 of @2007ApJ...656L..21W suggests about 110 km /s] are consistent with larger stellocentric radii compared to [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}and [$Pf_{\rm avg}$ ]{}. Another indication for the different location of the Pfund line emission are the total and correlated flux profiles. Both show a clear absorption below the continuum emission level. This, together with the symmetric line profile might indicate that the gas dominating the Pfund emission is located [*in front*]{} of the inner disk and the star (responsible for the continuum) . As discussed, we cannot estimate what fraction of this continuum absorption is due to intrinsic photospheric absorption. But a domination of the measured continuum absorption by photospheric absorption is unlikely for a Be star. Having the majority of the [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}emission at larger stellocentric radii on the violet side, but the Pfund emission at smaller radii in front of the star suggests that the over-density pattern follows a radial, one-armed spiral pattern . We depict the radial structure of the disk emission as measured by the KI in a schematic way in Fig. \[fig:4\]. However, our single dataset obviously cannot distingiush a spiral wave from other radius-dependent perturbations patterns. Our data provide a further quantitative test of Papaloizou’s density wave model. discuss that the temporal prediction of V/R cycles of about 10 yr periods fits the available spectroscopic observations. Interferometric observations directly resolve the expected linear scale of the predicted density waves, as opposed to indirect methods such as polarimetry [as discussed for instance in @2010ApJ...709.1306W]. The mean photocenter shifts result in stellocentric radii of about 18 (8) $R_*$ for [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}([$Pf_{\rm avg}$ ]{}), which is consistent with both hydrogen emission line modeling of Be stars and with density wave models predicting that the local density perturbation, induced by the rotational flattening of the Be stars, disappears outside a few stellar radii . Conclusions {#sec:5} =========== We presented the first interferometric detection of several Pfund lines at the red end of the $K'$-band. Thanks to the simultaneous detection of [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}in the spectrum of a single KI-SPR observation, we can derive stello-centric radius dependent properties the gas disk of the classical Be-star 48 Lib at high precision. The geometry and kinematics of the emission zones of [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}and of eleven higher Pfund lines are clearly detected in the differential visibility and phase signals, and the Pfund emission originates from smaller stello-centric radii than [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}. The radial separation of the various emission lines is convincingly explained by the physics of optically thick line emission in the Be circumstellar disks. In addition, the $K'$-band disk continuum emission was resolved as well, and shown to be emitted from inside the [$Br\,\gamma$ ]{}(V/R $>1$) hydrogen line zone, at radii comparable to the bulk of the $Pf$-emission (with V/R $\approx\,1$). Our findings match qualitatively and quantitatively theoretical Be-star disk model calculations, predicting a precessing one-armed over-density pattern. The spatial constraints from our interferometric data coincide with the common notion that Be-star disks have a Keplerian-like radial velocity profile. Observations similar to the here presented will shed more light on the enigmas of the creation and properties of circumstellar Be shells at all stages of evolution. In particular time-resolved monitoring of Be circumstellar environments with KI-SPR together with radiative transfer modeling of the disk emission will deliver strong constraints on the actual radial and azimuthal geometry of the disk inhomogeneities likely to be responsible for the HI line emission asymmetries. In addition to the presented scientific results on the disk of 48 Lib, we demonstrate with the detection of the Pfund lines, that even weak line emission can produce a significant signal in the differential phase. KI-SPR data of bright stars can be calibrated to a differential precision of $\Delta {\rm flux ratio}\,=\,0.003$, $\Delta\,V^2\,=\,0.007$, and $\Delta\,d\phi\,=\,3\,{\rm mrad}$. This extreme precision in the differential phase equals an on-sky centroid shift of 3 $\mu$as (a relative precision of 10$^{-3}$), which is an improvement by two orders of magnitude over state-of-the-art single-telescope spectro-astrometry. This improvement is however limited to the relatively small interferometric field of view ($\sim$30 mas) and sensitivity of the current KI-SPR mode. Dual field phase referencing, the second phase of the KI-ASTRA upgrade, is currently under construction, and will allow fainter science targets to be observed. Using a different dispersive element, even higher spectral resolution could be achieved in SPR mode. We are grateful to W. Vacca and A. Seifahrt for many useful discussions and contributions to this work. The excellent support of the KI team at WMKO and NExScI helped making these observations a success. The realization of the KI-ASTRA upgrade is supported by the NSF MRI grant, AST-0619965. The data presented herein were obtained at the W.M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W.M. Keck Foundation. The authors wish to recognize and acknowledge the very significant cultural role and reverence that the summit of Mauna Kea has always had within the indigenous Hawaiian community. We are most fortunate to have the opportunity to conduct observations from this mountain. The Keck Interferometer is funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration as part of its Exoplanet Exploration program. 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// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. // Licensed under the MIT License. const { ActivityHandler, ActivityTypes } = require('botbuilder'); class RootBot extends ActivityHandler { constructor(conversationState, skillsConfig, skillClient) { super(); if (!conversationState) throw new Error('[RootBot]: Missing parameter. conversationState is required'); if (!skillsConfig) throw new Error('[RootBot]: Missing parameter. skillsConfig is required'); if (!skillClient) throw new Error('[RootBot]: Missing parameter. skillClient is required'); this.conversationState = conversationState; this.skillsConfig = skillsConfig; this.skillClient = skillClient; this.botId = process.env.MicrosoftAppId; if (!this.botId) { throw new Error('[RootBot] MicrosoftAppId is not set in configuration'); } // We use a single skill in this example. const targetSkillId = 'EchoSkillBot'; this.targetSkill = skillsConfig.skills[targetSkillId]; if (!this.targetSkill) { throw new Error(`[RootBot] Skill with ID "${ targetSkillId }" not found in configuration`); } // Create state property to track the active skill this.activeSkillProperty = this.conversationState.createProperty(RootBot.ActiveSkillPropertyName); this.onTurn(async (turnContext, next) => { // Forward all activities except EndOfConversation to the active skill. if (turnContext.activity.type !== ActivityTypes.EndOfConversation) { // Try to get the active skill const activeSkill = await this.activeSkillProperty.get(turnContext); if (activeSkill) { // Send the activity to the skill await this.sendToSkill(turnContext, activeSkill); return; } } // Ensure next BotHandler is executed. await next(); }); // See https://aka.ms/about-bot-activity-message to learn more about the message and other activity types. this.onMessage(async (context, next) => { if (context.activity.text.toLowerCase() === 'skill') { await context.sendActivity('Got it, connecting you to the skill...'); // Set active skill await this.activeSkillProperty.set(context, this.targetSkill); // Send the activity to the skill await this.sendToSkill(context, this.targetSkill); } else { await context.sendActivity("Me no nothin'. Say 'skill' and I'll patch you through"); } // By calling next() you ensure that the next BotHandler is run. await next(); }); // Handle EndOfConversation returned by the skill. this.onEndOfConversation(async (context, next) => { // Stop forwarding activities to Skill. await this.activeSkillProperty.set(context, undefined); // Show status message, text and value returned by the skill let eocActivityMessage = `Received ${ ActivityTypes.EndOfConversation }.\n\nCode: ${ context.activity.code }`; if (context.activity.text) { eocActivityMessage += `\n\nText: ${ context.activity.text }`; } if (context.activity.value) { eocActivityMessage += `\n\nValue: ${ context.activity.value }`; } await context.sendActivity(eocActivityMessage); // We are back at the root await context.sendActivity('Back in the root bot. Say \'skill\' and I\'ll patch you through'); // Save conversation state await this.conversationState.saveChanges(context, true); // By calling next() you ensure that the next BotHandler is run. await next(); }); this.onMembersAdded(async (context, next) => { const membersAdded = context.activity.membersAdded; for (let cnt = 0; cnt < membersAdded.length; ++cnt) { if (membersAdded[cnt].id !== context.activity.recipient.id) { await context.sendActivity('Hello and welcome!'); } } // By calling next() you ensure that the next BotHandler is run. await next(); }); } /** * Override the ActivityHandler.run() method to save state changes after the bot logic completes. */ async run(context) { await super.run(context); // Save any state changes. The load happened during the execution of the Dialog. await this.conversationState.saveChanges(context, false); } async sendToSkill(context, targetSkill) { // NOTE: Always SaveChanges() before calling a skill so that any activity generated by the skill // will have access to current accurate state. await this.conversationState.saveChanges(context, true); // route the activity to the skill const response = await this.skillClient.postToSkill(this.botId, targetSkill, this.skillsConfig.skillHostEndpoint, context.activity); // Check response status if (!(response.status >= 200 && response.status <= 299)) { throw new Error(`[RootBot]: Error invoking the skill id: "${ targetSkill.id }" at "${ targetSkill.skillEndpoint }" (status is ${ response.status }). \r\n ${ response.body }`); } } } module.exports.RootBot = RootBot; RootBot.ActiveSkillPropertyName = 'activeSkillProperty';

Q: Inequality for moments of sums Suppose the random variables $X_i$ are independent and satisfy $E[X_i] = 0$. Then the following inequality holds: $$E\left[\left(\sum \limits_{i = 1}^n X_i\right)^4\right] = \sum \limits_{i = 1}^n E[X_i^4] + 3\sum \limits_{i \ne j} E[X_i^2X_j^2] \le 3\left(\sum \limits_{i = 1}^n E[X_i^4] + \sum \limits_{i \ne j} \sqrt{E[X_i^4]}\sqrt{E[X_j^4]}\right) = 3\left(\sum \limits_{i = 1}^n \sqrt{E[X_i^4]}\right)^2$$ Now I would like to generalize this inequality to moments of order 6 [or higher]. My best guess is that the inequality $$E\left[\left(\sum \limits_{i = 1}^n X_i\right)^6\right] \le C \left(\sum \limits_{i = 1}^n E[X_i^6]^{1/3}\right)^3$$ holds, where $C$ is an absolute constant. Can someone provide a proof/ source for the last inequality? Or perhaps a source for a similar inequality? The "similar inequality" should provide at least $E\left[\left(\sum \limits_{i = 1}^n X_i\right)^6\right] = O(n^3)$ in the i.i.d. case. A: The inequality is actually correct. It follows from Theorems 3 in a Rosenthal paper from 1970 (Israel J. Math. 8, 273-303). Rosenthal proves the following inequality for $p > 2$ and independent, centered Random variables $X_i \in L^p$: $$E\left[\left|\sum \limits_{i = 1}^n X_i\right|^p\right] \le C(p) \max\left\{\sum \limits_{i = 1}^n E[ \left|X_i\right|^p], \left(\sum \limits_{i = 1}^n E[X_i^2]\right)^{p/2}\right\}.$$ The inequality in my original post follows from two applications of Jensen's inequality: $$\left(\sum \limits_{i = 1}^n E[\left|X_i\right|^p]\right)^{2/p} = n^{2/p} \left(\sum \limits_{i = 1}^n \frac{1}{n}E[\left|X_i\right|^p]\right)^{2/p} \le n^{2/p - 1} \sum \limits_{i = 1}^n E[\left|X_i\right|^p]^{2/p} \le \sum \limits_{i = 1}^n E[\left|X_i\right|^p]^{2/p}$$ $$E[X_i^2] \le E[\left|X_i\right|^p]^{2/p}$$

133 F.3d 1443 76 Fair Empl.Prac.Cas. (BNA) 1, 72 Empl. Prac.Dec. P 45,214,11 Fla. L. Weekly C1017Anais A. BADIA, Plaintiff-Appellee,v.CITY OF MIAMI, a municipal corporation, Defendant,Wally Lee, individually and as Director of Department ofPublic Works, Defendant-Appellant. No. 97-4270Non-Argument Calendar. United States Court of Appeals,Eleventh Circuit. Jan. 30, 1998. Albertine B. Smith, Theresa L. Girten, Miami, FL, for Defendant-Appellant. Allan Gordon Cohen, Ralph O. Anderson, Hicks & Anderson, Miami, FL, for Plaintiff-Appellee. Before TJOFLAT and COX, Circuit Judges, and RONEY, Senior Circuit Judge. PER CURIAM: 1 In her amended complaint plaintiff Anais A. Badia ("Badia"), a former City of Miami Department of Public Works employee, claims that defendants the City of Miami and Wally Lee ("Lee"), former Director of the Department of Public Works, discriminated against her on the basis of gender, race, and national origin, in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended by the Civil Rights Act of 1991, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e to 2000e-17. Badia also asserted a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim that defendants violated her First Amendment free speech rights by terminating her employment and severance pay benefits in retaliation for filing an EEOC charge of discrimination and commencing this action. Defendant Lee, sued individually, moved for summary judgment on the ground of qualified immunity. The district court denied the motion. Lee appeals. Because qualified immunity shields Lee from Badia's § 1983 First Amendment claim but not from Badia's discrimination claims, we affirm in part and reverse in part. 2 Although the district court's decision regarding the merits of Badia's claims is not final, the court's denial of summary judgment on the basis of qualified immunity is an appealable interlocutory order. See Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 530, 105 S.Ct. 2806, 2817-18, 86 L.Ed.2d 411 (1985); Riley v. Wainwright, 810 F.2d 1006, 1007 (11th Cir.1986). We accept as true all facts the district court assumed when it denied summary judgment on qualified immunity grounds. See Walker v. Schwalbe, 112 F.3d 1127, 1131 (11th Cir.1997), petition for cert. filed, 66 U.S.L.W. 3325 (U.S. Oct. 29, 1997) (No. 97-740); Cooper v. Smith, 89 F.3d 761, 762 (11th Cir.1996). 3 In order to defeat Lee's claimed entitlement to qualified immunity, Badia was required to proffer evidence which, viewed in the light most favorable to her, demonstrates that Lee violated clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable government official would have been aware. See Tindal v. Montgomery County Comm'n, 32 F.3d 1535, 1539 (11th Cir.1994); Dartland v. Metropolitan Dade County, 866 F.2d 1321, 1322 (11th Cir.1989). Construing the evidence in the light most favorable to Badia, the district court concluded that a genuine issue exists as to whether discrimination motivated Lee's treatment of Badia and the elimination of Badia's position in 1993. Such discrimination would violate clearly established rights of which a reasonable government official would have known. See Nicholson v. Georgia Dep't of Human Resources, 918 F.2d 145, 148 (11th Cir.1990). Therefore, qualified immunity does not entitle Lee to summary judgment on Badia's discrimination claims. 4 Badia's First Amendment claim turns on whether the "speech" was a matter of public concern. If only of purely personal concern, the speech is not protected by the First Amendment. We look to the "content, form, and context ...," Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138, 147, 103 S.Ct. 1684, 1690, 75 L.Ed.2d 708 (1983), of Badia's speech to assess whether it "may be fairly characterized as constituting speech on a matter of public concern." Tindal, 32 F.3d at 1539 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted); see also id. (delineating four-part test to determine whether an employer's action constitutes illicit retaliation for protected speech); Connick, 461 U.S. at 148 n. 7, 103 S.Ct. at 1691 n. 7 ("The inquiry into the protected status of speech is one of law, not fact."). If it is unclear whether Badia's complaints were of the kind held to involve a matter of public concern, then Lee's alleged actions did not violate clearly established First Amendment rights and he is entitled to qualified immunity. See Tindal, 32 F.3d at 1539 (citing Connick, 461 U.S. at 147, 103 S.Ct. at 1690). 5 In her EEOC charge and original federal complaint, Badia discussed only harm that she personally suffered and sought damages only to remedy that personal harm. Generally, such speech which exposes personally suffered discrimination for personal benefit is not entitled to First Amendment protection. See Tindal, 32 F.3d at 1539 (citing Morgan v. Ford, 6 F.3d 750, 754-55 (11th Cir.1993), cert. denied, 512 U.S. 1221, 114 S.Ct. 2708, 129 L.Ed.2d 836 (1994)). 6 In an attempt to distinguish her speech from private grievances seeking redress for personal harm, Badia contends that her complaints deserve First Amendment protection because she filed a claim with the EEOC and a suit in federal court. Badia notes that this Court has held that an employee's federal court testimony in support of another plaintiff co-worker's discrimination suit constitutes speech on a matter of public concern and merits First Amendment protection. See Tindal, 32 F.3d at 1539-40. This Court, however, has not decided whether EEOC discrimination charges and federal court discrimination complaints which seek redress only for a plaintiff's personal injuries constitute "speech on a matter of public concern" by the plaintiff solely by virtue of the public fora in which the complaints are presented. See Mott v. Ledbetter, 806 F.Supp. 991, 992 (N.D.Ga.1992) ("Neither the Supreme Court nor the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals ha[s] directly addressed the extent to which a formal employment discrimination complaint constitutes speech on a matter of public concern."). 7 There is a split of authority among the circuit courts of appeals which have decided this issue. Compare Greenwood v. Ross, 778 F.2d 448, 457 (8th Cir.1985) ("Appellant's filing of an EEOC charge and a civil rights lawsuit are activities protected by the first amendment."), with Rice v. Ohio Dep't of Transp., 887 F.2d 716, 720-21 (6th Cir.1989) (because it related only to personal employment dispute, plaintiff's discrimination charge was not entitled to First Amendment protection), vacated on other grounds, 497 U.S. 1001, 110 S.Ct. 3232, 111 L.Ed.2d 744 (1990), and Yatvin v. Madison Metro. Sch. Dist., 840 F.2d 412, 420 (7th Cir.1988). (The Eighth Circuit's opinion in "Greenwood is ... inconsistent with our decision ...; we reject its per se rule."). See also Mott v. Ledbetter, 806 F.Supp. 991, 992 (N.D.Ga.1992) ("[T]his Court ... conclude[s] that the law in this circuit does not favor a per se rule establishing any employment discrimination complaint as protected speech.... [S]uch a complaint is protected speech only when the employee is speaking on a matter of legitimate public concern rather than merely complaining of a personal employment dispute."). 8 Therefore, it is not clearly established in this Circuit that an EEOC charge and a federal court complaint involving an otherwise purely personal matter are speech on a matter of public concern that are entitled to First Amendment protection. Lee's alleged actions did not violate clearly established First Amendment rights, and qualified immunity protects Lee from Badia's 42 U.S.C. § 1983 First Amendment claim. 9 Thus, we reverse in part and affirm in part. Defendant Wally Lee, in his individual capacity, is entitled to summary judgment on the basis of qualified immunity as to plaintiff Badia's 42 U.S.C. § 1983 First Amendment claim. As to all other claims, we affirm the denial of summary judgment on the basis of qualified immunity. This appeal does not involve any other ground for summary judgment. 10 AFFIRMED IN PART and REVERSED IN PART.

Childhood abuse and lifetime psychopathology in a community sample. The authors assessed lifetime psychopathology in a general population sample and compared the rates of five psychiatric disorder categories between those who reported a childhood history of either physical or sexual abuse and those who did not. A modified version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and a self-completed questionnaire on child abuse were administered to a probability sample (N=7,016) of Ontario residents 15 to 64 years of age. Those reporting a history of childhood physical abuse had significantly higher lifetime rates of anxiety disorders, alcohol abuse/dependence, and antisocial behavior and were more likely to have one or more disorders than were those without such a history. Women, but not men, with a history of physical abuse had significantly higher lifetime rates of major depression and illicit drug abuse/dependence than did women with no such history. A history of childhood sexual abuse was also associated with higher rates of all disorders considered in women. In men, the prevalence of disorders tended to be higher among those who reported exposure to sexual abuse, but only the associations with alcohol abuse/dependence and the category of one or more disorders reached statistical significance. The relationship between a childhood history of physical abuse and lifetime psychopathology varied significantly by gender for all categories except for anxiety disorders. Although not statistically significant, a similar relationship was seen between childhood history of sexual abuse and lifetime psychopathology. A history of abuse in childhood increases the likelihood of lifetime psychopathology; this association appears stronger for women than men.

Q: iOS/xcode/objective-c: How to instantiate view controller after signup After a successful sign up, I want users to go through a process where they provide photo etc. Similar code to that below worked to load the login page but code below is not working to load a separate view controller in storyboard "newuser". Would appreciate any suggestions on how to fix. - (void)presentNewUserInterface { UIViewController* rootController = [[UIStoryboard storyboardWithName:@"Main" bundle:[NSBundle mainBundle]] instantiateViewControllerWithIdentifier:@"newuser"]; UINavigationController* navigation = [[UINavigationController alloc] initWithRootViewController:rootController]; self.window.rootViewController = navigation; } A: Instead of: - (void)presentNewUserInterface { UIViewController* rootController = [[UIStoryboard storyboardWithName:@"Main" bundle:[NSBundle mainBundle]] instantiateViewControllerWithIdentifier:@"newuser"]; UINavigationController* navigation = [[UINavigationController alloc] initWithRootViewController:rootController]; self.window.rootViewController = navigation; } Try: - (void)presentNewUserInterface { UIViewController* rootController = [[UIStoryboard storyboardWithName:@"Main" bundle:[NSBundle mainBundle]] instantiateViewControllerWithIdentifier:@"newuser"]; UINavigationController* navigation = [[UINavigationController alloc] initWithRootViewController:rootController]; [self presentViewController:navigation animated:YES completion:nil]; } You aren't presenting your new navigation controller in your example. Is there a particular reason why you would be trying to replace your rootViewController? That shouldn't be needed. My example should be sufficient for displaying your next flow in the user sign up process.

Water Splash Photoshop Brushes via You The Designer. These are creative and unique in their own way. The fact that they are made from water is creative and interesting. These would be great logos for a water co.

Q: Force x86 CLR on an 'Any CPU' .NET assembly In .NET, the 'Platform Target: Any CPU' compiler option allows a .NET assembly to run as 64 bit on a x64 machine, and 32 bit on an x86 machine. It is also possible to force an assembly to run as x86 on an x64 machine using the 'Platform Target: x86' compiler option. Is it possible to run an assembly with the 'Any CPU' flag, but determine whether it should be run in the x86 or x64 CLR? Normally this decision is made by the CLR/OS Loader (as is my understanding) based on the bitness of the underlying system. I am trying to write a C# .NET application that can interact with (read: inject code into) other running processes. x64 processes can only inject into other x64 processes, and the same with x86. Ideally, I would like to take advantage of JIT compilation and the Any CPU option to allow a single application to be used to inject into either x64 or x86 processes (on an x64 machine). The idea is that the application would be compiled as Any CPU. On an x64 machine, it would run as x64. If the target process is x86, it should relaunch itself, forcing the CLR to run it as x86. Is this possible? A: You can find out how an application will run and change it statically using the CorFlags application. To find out how the application will run, use: corflags <PathToExe> To change how the application will run, use: corflags /32bit+ <PathToExe> This will make the EXE file run as a 32-bit process. The information about how the assembly should run is stored in the PE header. See Stack Overflow question How to find if a native DLL file is compiled as x64 or x86?. If you want to inject code at run time, you have to write a .NET profiler in C++/COM. See .NET Internals: The Profiling API and Profiling (Unmanaged API Reference) for more details. You'll need to implement the JitCompilationStarted callback and do your work there. If you go in this direction, you'll have to build the injecting DLL file both as x86 and x64. The native DLL files will be loaded by the CLR once the following environment variables will be set: Cor_Enable_Profiling=0x1 COR_PROFILER={CLSID-of-your-native-DLL-file} If you have it set correctly then the 64-bit version will 'see' the 64 bit processes and the 32-bit version will 'see' the 32-bit processes. A: It has been a while since I tried this, but I believe that the bitness of the process that calls the assembly determines whether it will be JITed as x86 or x64. So if you write a small console application and build it as x86, and another as x64, running one or the other will cause other assemblies loaded into the process to run as 32 or 64 bit. This, of course, assumes you are running on a 64 bit machine. A: I'm not sure whether I can help you with this. But this is my experience. I have a host application,A.exe ( compiled as x86), and I have a client application, B.exe ( compiled as ANY CPU), from the host application. And I launch B.exe from A.exe, using the System.Diagnostic.Process class. The issue now is if I put the two on a x64 machine, then A.exe will run as x86, whereas the B.exe will run as x64. But if A.exe calls assembly c ( c.dll, which is compiled as Any CPU), and B.exe also calls c.dll, then c.dll will follow the application that calls it. In other words, in 64 bit machine when A.exe calls it, it will behave like x86 dll, whereas when B.exe calls it, it will behave like x64.

[Laparoscopy as essential method in the diagnosis of nonpalpable testis]. To analyze the utility of laparoscopic evaluation in the diagnosis of the nonpalpable testis versus conventional imaging techniques based on our experience with 51 cases and data reported in the literature. Testicular tumors were found in both intra-abdominal testes in one patient, as well as 7 cases of evanescent testis and 39 testicular rests in the inguinal canal. Four other intra-abdominal testes showed no changes. The possibility of an existing intra-abdominal testis and its possible progression to malignancy warrant exploration of the nonpalpable testis by laparoscopy, a very simple and effective procedure.

Le Balcon Le Balcon is a chamber orchestra dedicated to the interpretation of music through the amplification of acoustic instruments. The ensemble has numerous aims: to stimulate writing for amplified acoustic instruments and to rethink the aesthetic of the concert, seeking new methods of production, interpretation, and configuration. Effective amplification gives the ensemble the ability to perform a concert in all of its guises and in every setting : concert halls, public spaces, open arenas and even passage ways... This setup allows the ensemble to go beyond the natural acoustics of the performance space and the chance to reach out to a larger audience with a repertoire that has habitually been reserved for affiliates of the contemporary scene. The ensemble offers new possibilities for musical interpretation with particular regard to the instrumental performance: the correlation between visual gestures and the actual sound which is heard can be completely transformed. Moreover, in the case of the performance of 20th and 21st Century works where the aesthetic is powered by instrumental gestures, amplification augments the technical possibilities of each instrument, modifies their timbre and transforms the sonic plane. Le Balcon was founded in 2008 by six students of the Conservatoire de Paris – Composers Juan Pablo Carreño, Mathieu Costecalde and Pedro Garcia-Velasquez, Conductor Maxime Pascal, Sound Engineer Florent Derex and Pianist Alphonse Cemin. References In French Blog External links Le Balcon official website Category:Chamber orchestras Category:French orchestras Category:Musical groups established in 2008 Category:Musical groups from Paris Category:2008 establishments in France

The neuropharmacological basis for organochlorine-induced tremor and hyperexcitability was studied in rats. Both chlordecone and p,p'-DDT increased the release of brain norepinephrine and serotonin, while having marginal effects on dopamine; p,p'-DDT, but not chlordecone, was found to increase tissue levels of excitatory amino acids such as aspartate and glutamate in the brain stem and spinal cord. Pharmacological experiments to determine the functional significance of these neurochemical changes showed that cholinergic and serotonergic receptor antagonists attenuated the tremor produced by chlordecone, but enhanced that produced by p,p'-DDT. Blockade of alpha-noradrenergic receptors attenuated tremor produced by both organochlorines. Previous studies showed that pretreatment with the anticonvulsant phenytoin attenuated the tremor produced by p,p'-DDT, but enhanced that produced by chlordecone. Recent work extended this observation to augmentation of acoustic startle response produced by p,p'-DDT and chlordecone. Permethrin, a Type I pyrethrin believed to have the same mechanism of action as p,p'-DDT, produced the same neurochemical effects as p,p'-DDT; pretreatment with phenytoin also attenuated the neurological effects of permethrin. Intraventricular administration of calcium prior to the administration of p,p'-DDT or chlordecone attenuated or enhanced the tremorigenic effects produced by these agents, respectively. These experiments demonstrate the neurological manifestations produced by many of the organochlorines, such as tremor and augmented startle responsiveness, are similar, suggesting that they may activate a final common pathway; however, the neuropharmacological basis for the effect may be different.

Clinical and pathological advances on central nervous system paraneoplastic syndromes. In the last decade, several features have improved our knowledge of CNS paraneoplastic syndromes. Patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) and breast or ovarian cancer, but not with other tumors, harbor an antibody against Purkinje cells (called anti-Yo). Clinical features of anti-Yo positive and negative PCD are similar but the latter may have a less progressive clinical course with occasional remissions. In addition to the association of opsoclonus with neuroblastoma, this syndrome has been identified in patients with breast or small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Patients with opsoclonus and breast cancer have an antineuronal antibody (called anti-Ri) not present if opsoclonus is associated with SCLC or neuroblastoma. Paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis (PEM) is almost always associated with SCLC. Most patients present with sensory neuronopathy, limbic or brainstem encephalitis but involvement of multiple levels is usual. An antibody (called anti-Hu) against neuronal nuclear antigens is present in patients with PEM and SCLC. Autopsy studies demonstrate deposits of anti-Hu specific IgG in the neurons and a predominance of T cells in the inflammatory infiltrates. Treatment of the tumor and immunosuppressors are effective in opsoclonus whereas patients with PCD or PEM with circulating antibodies do not improve.

2003 Carolina Dodge Dealers 400 The 2003 Carolina Dodge Dealers 400 was the fifth stock car race of the 2003 NASCAR Winston Cup Series. It was held on March 16, 2003, before a crowd of 55,000, in Darlington, South Carolina, at Darlington Raceway. The 293-lap race, the 100th NASCAR Cup Series event at Darlington Raceway, was won by PPI Motorsports driver Ricky Craven after he started from the thirty-second position. Kurt Busch of the Roush Racing team finished in second place and Dave Blaney third for Jasper Motorsports. Elliott Sadler won the pole position by recording the fastest lap in qualifying. He lost the lead to Ryan Newman on the first lap, and regained it with an overtake on Newman at the start of lap two. He continued to maintain the first position, until Dale Earnhardt Jr. assumed the lead on lap 17. Earnhardt went on to lead for 91 laps, more than any other driver. On lap 197, Jeff Gordon led at a rolling restart after a yellow caution flag, ahead of Sadler. His hold on first place was relinquished when Busch passed him on the 269th lap. Afterward, Busch had a power steering failure, which led to Craven gradually lowering his advantage at the front of the field. By lap 291, Craven drew close enough to challenge Busch; after two attempts at a pass failed, he overtook Busch on the final lap, and won by two-thousands of a second, the joint-closest finish in series history. It was Craven's second and final win of his career. The result advanced him from sixteenth to fifth in the Drivers' Championship, 143 points behind Matt Kenseth, who maintained the championship lead from Tony Stewart with an eighth-place result. Ford maintained its lead in the Manufacturers' Championship, five points in front of Chevrolet in second. Pontiac overtook Dodge in a battle for third with thirty-one races remaining in the season. Background The 2003 Carolina Dodge Dealers 400 was the fifth of thirty-six scheduled stock car races of the 2003 NASCAR Winston Cup Series. It was held on March 16, 2003, in Darlington, South Carolina, at Darlington Raceway, (the 100th NASCAR Cup Series race at the track), an intermediate oval track which began hosting NASCAR races in the 1950 Grand National Series. The standard track is a four-turn egg-shaped superspeedway. Its first two turns are banked at 25 degrees, while the final two turns are banked two degrees lower at 23 degrees. The front stretch (the location of the finish line) and the back stretch are banked at three and two degrees, respectively. Before the race, Matt Kenseth led the Drivers' Championship with 618 points, with Tony Stewart in second place with 569 points. Michael Waltrip and Jimmie Johnson were third and fourth with 543 and 519 points respectively, ahead of Bobby Labonte in fifth with 510 points. Johnny Benson Jr., Kevin Harvick, Jeff Gordon, Jeff Burton and Dale Earnhardt Jr. rounded out the top ten. In the Manufacturers' Championship, Ford led with a total of 30 points, three points ahead of Chevrolet in second position. Dodge, with 16 points, were one point ahead of Pontiac in the battle for the third position. Sterling Marlin was the race's defending champion. Darlington Raceway had a highly abrasive track surface, which was heavily used and altered the complex of racing there. Drivers were required to strenuously manage their tire degradation, and track position was the most important aspect due to the difficulty of on-circuit overtaking. Gordon, who arrived as a favourite to win at Darlington Raceway due to a record of six Cup Series career victories there, expressed a desire to continue his good form at the track, "We didn't win in Atlanta, but we led laps and battled hard for the win. That was our first good finish of the season – even though we've run well at each event – and I think that will give us some momentum this weekend." Practice and qualifying Three practice sessions were held before the Sunday race—one on Friday and two on Saturday. The first session lasted 120 minutes, and the second and third sessions 45 minutes. In the first practice session, which was held in cool and overcast weather conditions, Elliott Sadler was fastest with a lap of 29.125 seconds. He was followed by Labonte, Ryan Newman, Gordon, Kurt Busch, Kenny Wallace, Earnhardt, Rusty Wallace, Mark Martin and Dave Blaney. Forty-three drivers attempted to qualify on Friday afternoon; the maximum number allowed to race under NASCAR's qualifying procedure. Each driver was limited to two timed laps, with the starting order determined by the competitor's fastest times. In his 146th race start, Sadler was the 16th competitor to venture onto the track, and took the first pole position of his career with a lap of 28.902 seconds. He was joined on the grid's front row by Newman, who was 0.132 seconds slower, and stated he believed he could have bettered Sadler's effort had he not ran wide in the first and second turns. Jerry Nadeau qualified third, Jimmy Spencer fourth, and Gordon fifth. Busch had the pole position until Sadler's lap, and subsequent improvements from other competitors later in the session demoted him to sixth. Ward Burton took seventh in the final minutes of qualifying. Marlin altered the setup of his car to increase its handling stability and he took eighth. Waltrip and Todd Bodine completed the top ten starters. 37th to 43rd placed-qualifiers Jeff Burton, Joe Nemechek, Ricky Rudd, Kyle Petty, Tony Raines, Larry Foyt, and Brett Bodine used provisionals to enter the race. After qualifying Sadler said, "To get one this early and get it off our shoulders, you don't understand how big a relief this is and the weight that's been taken off my shoulders." On Saturday morning Nadeau was quickest in the second practice session with a 29.496 seconds time ahead of Johnson, Bill Elliott, Stewart and Kenseth. Positions six to ten were occupied by Greg Biffle, Nemechek, Martin, Harvick, and Gordon. During the session, Busch's engine failed on a slow lap; his team changed engines, which limited his on-track familiarisation. The car of Kenseth had smoke emitting from it due to an unsecured oil line, which was repaired by his mechanics. Later that day, Kenseth paced the final practice session with a lap of 29.379 seconds; Johnson duplicated his second-practice result in second and Gordon improved from tenth to third. Nemechek, Jeff Green, Newman, Marlin, Kenny Wallace, Martin and Stewart made up positions four to ten. Towards the conclusion of the session, the right side of Waltrip's vehicle struck an outside barrier at turn two due to a cut tire, and he switched to a back-up car. Qualifying results Race Live television coverage of the race in the United States on Fox began at 12:30 Eastern Time (UTC−05:00). Around the start of the race, weather conditions were cool and overcast, with the air temperature . Harold King, a board member of Darlington Raceway, began pre-race ceremonies with an invocation. Ann Benson, president of music at Columbia College in Columbia, South Carolina, performed the national anthem, and Mark Sanford, the Governor of South Carolina, commanded the drivers to start their engines. During the pace laps, Busch moved to the rear of the field because he changed his engine, and Waltrip did the same after his switch to a back-up car. Grip was difficult to locate and any advantage that drivers gained was minimal. When the race commenced from its rolling start, Newman moved past Sadler for the lead in the first turn, which he held until Sadler reclaimed the first position on the approach to the same corner at the beginning of lap two. On the third lap, Nadeau overtook Newman to progress to second. Three laps later, Nadeau lost control of his car heading into the first corner, and spun through 360 degrees. He avoided contact with a trackside wall and another car. Behind him, other drivers drove onto the apron to avoid a collision, as Jamie McMurray made contact with Kenseth, causing the latter to spin, and bringing out the first yellow caution flag. Some drivers who had tight handling cars elected to make pit stops for tires during the caution period. Sadler maintained the lead at the lap 10 restart, followed by Gordon. Four laps later, Jack Sprague spun through 360 degrees on the exit of turn four, prompting the second caution. Under caution conditions, those drivers who remained on the track during the first caution, including Sadler, made pit stops. Spencer did not make a pit stop, and led at the restart on lap 17, followed by Earnhardt, Nadeau, John Andretti, and Green. On the following lap, Earnhardt's new tires enabled him pass Spencer for the race lead going into the third turn. Lap 23 saw the third caution: Johnson made contact with Marlin, who was sent veering into an outside barrier on the backstretch. A cut tire disabled the steering on Marlin's vehicle on the run to turn one, and he crashed against a wall. This caused a chain-reaction accident that involved Labonte, Sprague, Todd Bodine, Harvick, Robby Gordon, and Raines. The latter three drivers continued driving with aerodynamic deficiencies to their cars. Every driver, except for Jarrett and Jeff Gordon, made pit stops during the caution. Jarrett led the field back to racing speed at the lap 29 restart. On the 32nd lap, Earnhardt overtook Gordon and then Jarrett to return to the lead. The fourth caution was necessitated on lap 33 when Jeff Burton in ninth position had an engine failure, which obscured Stewart's vision, and caused the latter to ram into his car. Jarrett and Jeff Gordon made pit stops for tires under caution. Earnhardt remained the leader from Nadeau and Spencer at the restart on lap 40. Two laps later, Stewart struck a trackside barrier; he continued without major damage to his car. Earnhardt led Nadeau by five seconds by the 50th lap, as Martin and his Roush Racing teammate Busch had advanced to third and fourth places. On lap 68, the fifth caution came out after Newman and Ward Burton raced each other in turn two. Burton drifted into the side of Newman's car and both cars spun without a collision against a barrier. Track officials used dry blowers to remove debris. During the caution, some drivers made pit stops for tires. Earnhardt retained the lead from Martin and Nadeau at the restart on lap 75. Twelve laps later, a fractured oil casing forced Nadeau to enter pit road and dropped out of contention for a strong result. Earnhardt established a lengthy advantage over Martin until slower traffic impeded him and allowed Martin to execute a pass for the first position on the 117th lap. Green flag pit stops commenced on lap 121. Busch attempted to enter pit road eight laps later; he missed the entrance and completed one extra lap on the circuit as he remained on the same lap as the leader. On the same lap, Gordon passed Earnhardt for second place. Martin made his pit stop on the 132nd lap. He relinquished the lead to Gordon for a single lap. After the pit stops, Martin regained the race lead, with Gordon four seconds behind in second, and Kenseth third. By lap 169, Sadler had overtaken Kenseth and Gordon to advance to second position. The second round of green flag pit stops commenced on lap 185. Drivers who made pit stops in anticipation of an advancement in race position did not come to fruition because a sixth caution was waved on lap 191. The right front corner of Spencer's vehicle came into contact with Andretti's left-rear wheel, causing the latter to sustain a flat tire. Andretti veered towards an inside barrier on the frontstretch and sustained damage to his car. Andretti was uninjured. Some drivers, including Martin, made pit stops during the caution. Gordon led the field at the lap 197 restart. Martin made a brisk getaway to overtake Sadler and reclaim the second position. As pit stop strategy was about to factor into the final result of the race, the seventh (and final) caution was prompted on lap 237 because officials noticed debris between the third and fourth turns. Several teams called their drivers into the pit lane for their final scheduled pit stops. Gordon exited pit road in first place, as a mechanic for Martin's car dropped a left front lug nut, which required Martin to stop again. He fell to eleventh position. The race restarted on the 242nd lap, with Gordon ahead of Sadler, Busch, Craven, and Blaney. Busch, whose power steering began to cut out from lap 243, passed Sadler for second place shortly after, and he began to duel Gordon for the lead. Sadler subsequently got involved to make it three drivers competing for the race lead. Craven and Blaney used the three-car battle to draw closer to the front of the pack. On lap 269, Gordon grazed the wall at turn two, which allowed Sadler to challenge him; his momentum was disrupted as he and Gordon went onto the backstretch. Busch drew alongside the pair, and he steered to the outside lane at the bottom of the track in turn three to move into the first position. On lap 273, Gordon and Sadler made contact with a trackside wall, allowing Craven to pass the duo and move into second five laps later. Sadler and Gordon then slowed with damage to their vehicle's toes. Craven, who had conserved the wear on his tires, had his crew chief Scott Miller read him his lap times and learnt he was faster than Busch, the former slowed in turn four to avoid rear tire burnout. Afterward, Busch's spotter informed him over the radio of Craven lowering his lead of three seconds, as it appeared that he would win the race comfortably. On the 283rd lap, Gordon drifted up the track, and hit a wall. Kenny Wallace made contact with Gordon's car, prompting the latter to drive down pit road to retire from the event. With ten laps to go, Busch's power steering failed, depriving his arms and body of a physical sensation, reducing his stamina, and making his car more difficult to handle. On lap 289, Craven began to systematically close the gap to Busch, with Blaney drafting him. He caught Busch on the 291st lap; Craven steered to the inside of the track to attempt a pass on the approach to the first turn one lap later, which Busch responded to with a blocking maneuver popularised by Dale Earnhardt in that corner, something the former had anticipated. Busch maintained the lead on the backstretch, as Craven's car got loose because he could not remove his hands from the steering wheel and drive towards the barrier. Craven followed Busch in turns three and four, and went to the inside of him at the beginning of lap 292. The two made contact going into turn one; Craven slowed as Busch steered to the inside lane in turn two, after he was put towards a wall, and used his car's front bumper in a bump and run maneuver on Craven to regain the lead. Busch opened up an advantage of about four-tenths of a second as he and Craven began the final lap. Craven followed Busch through the first and second corner as part of a plan to challenge Busch at the exit of the final turn. As Busch perceived this as the ideal situation, he had no plan for taking the victory; Craven on the outside was faster than Busch through turns three and four due to the latter having to fight to regain control of his car. Between turns three and four, Busch spun his tires lightly, and could not steer to block Craven on the inside, who opted for that approach into the frontstretch. There, Craven drew alongside Busch at the exit of turn four; both drivers got loose without slowing, and clattered into each other several times in the final , with smoke emitting from their tires. Ultimately, Craven won against Busch to earn his second (and final) career win by two-thousands of a second (about ), the joint-closest finish in NASCAR Cup Series history since the introduction of electronic scoring in the 1993 season. Blaney took his best career result in third. Martin, Waltrip, Earnhardt, Sadler, Kenseth, Eliott, and Stewart completed the top ten finishers. There were seven yellow flag cautions, and fifteen lead changes amongst eleven different drivers during the race. Earnhardt's 91 laps led was the most of any driver. Craven led once for a single lap. It took 3 hours, 10 minutes, and 16 second to complete the event, and Craven's average winning speed was . Post-race After crossing the start/finish line, Craven corrected his car, and on the way back to pit road, asked his crew (who were ecstatic over his victory) who had won the race. Leaving turn two, he glanced to his left to read the scoring pylon informing drivers and spectators of the finishing positions, and learnt he had succeed. He ventured to victory lane, to celebrate his victory in front of a crowd of 55,000 spectators; the win earned him $172,150. Busch, known as "a fiery competitor", went to shake Craven's hand in an act of sportsmanship. Craven said of his achievement, "It's the most fun I've ever had in my life. This is exactly what you dream of. It will probably never happen again, but it's the perfect way to win a race at the perfect track. I have always wanted to win a race here", and, "This is exactly what you dream of. It will probably never happen again, but it's the perfect way to win a race at the perfect track." Busch was complimentary of the finish, "I can't wait to go see him. That was the coolest finish I've ever seen, and I'm glad I got to be a part of it. This is something where we'll slap high-fives and drink a couple beers to later on." Blaney spoke of the potential significance over his third-place result, "It's huge. I felt like I could race with these guys, it's just tough to get everything put together. I feel like we've got a team that's running well. Everything is flowing pretty good. We're not changing much with these cars. They're fast off the truck and Bootie [Barker, Blaney's crew chief] has the whole team energized and doing a great job." After the race, Johnson and his crew chief Chad Knaus were ordered to report to meet Cup Series director John Darby in an office in NASCAR's hauler to explain the collision with Marlin early on. Marlin said a slower car required him to reduce his pace, and did not believe neither he nor Johnson were responsible for causing the accident, "It was just racing. I've never seen so many people racing this hard so early, like there were just 10 laps left, especially at a place like this where you need to be patient." Johnson later admitted he was responsible for causing the accident, "We just had a conversation with John Darby and looked at some videos. We discussed it (and) we all agreed that it was just a racing incident.I just lost some traction off of Turn 4 and ran out of race track and pinched the No. 40 (Marlin) into the wall and crashed him and myself. It was just a racing mistake on my part." Earnhardt, who finished sixth and led more laps than any other driver (91), explained an error with the installation of a lug nut prevented him from challenging for the victory, "This [Darlington] has really been an Achilles heel for us in the past. I feel real confident about this run today. I'm pretty happy. This is a tough track and it's hard to like. You know what I mean? It's like you can't live with it and you can't live without it, I'll tell you that." After his eighth-place finish, Kenseth spoke of his relief the collision with McMurray on lap six had not damaged his car's toe-in, "Eighth was great for us today - even if we weren't as beat up as we are. As bad as we ran the last couple times here, finishing eighth is really good." Gordon admitted he was fault for the collision on lap 273 that led to a reduction of his car's performance, and Sadler said he had committed "a stupid driving mistake" by following and heavily pressuring the former, and making the same driver error simultaneously. Media reaction to the race was positive. Robin Miller of ESPN called the final two laps a sample of "what auto racing is all about. Two guys gassing, gouging and grinding to the checkered flag – damn the consequences" and the duel of Craven and Busch reminded him of a battle between Rick Mears and Gordon Johncock for the win in the last ten laps of the 1982 Indianapolis 500. Writing for the Daily Press, Al Pearce spoke of "a marvelous stock car race", The Atlanta Journal-Constitution's Rick Minter declared "the racing gods smiled on the old track" after Darlington Raceway was under threat of removal from the NASCAR Cup Series, and David Poole of The Charlotte Observer stated it was "electrifying" and the conclusion was "the kind of finish people will be talking about for years." In December 2009, the event was voted "the top NASCAR race of the decade" by the media. The race result kept Kenseth with 703 points in the lead of the Drivers' Championship, ahead of Stewart in second, who had 703. Waltrip remained in third with 698 points. Earnhardt gained six positions to progress to fourth place, and Craven's victory elevated him from sixteenth to fifth. Busch advanced to sixth position, and Blaney took over seventh place. Johnson, Nemechek and Sadler rounded out the top ten drivers. In the Manufacturers' Championship, Ford maintained the lead with 36 points. Chevrolet remained in second position with 31 points, ahead of Pontiac and Dodge with 24 and 19 points, respectively, with thirty-one races left in the season. Race results Standings after the race Drivers' Championship standings Manufacturers' Championship standings Notes References External links Race Results and Standings Carolina Dodge Dealers 400 Carolina Dodge Dealers 400 Category:NASCAR races at Darlington Raceway Category:March 2003 sports events in the United States

Fois Gras Poutine No Photo Have you made this? OMG - how to describe this decadent dish? Poutine fries are decadent enough, but when you add thick slabs of Fois Gras to the mix? Just bring on the elastic-waist pants and the portable defibrillator - cuz I've gotta have me some!

Q: Efficiency of checking for null varbinary(max) column? Using SQL Server 2008. Example table : CREATE table dbo.blobtest (id int primary key not null, name nvarchar(200) not null, data varbinary(max) null) Example query : select id, name, cast((case when data is null then 0 else 1 end) as bit) as DataExists from dbo.blobtest Now, the query needs to return a "DataExists" column, that returns 0 if the blob is null, else 1. This all works fine, but I'm wondering how efficient it is. i.e. does SQL server need to read in the whole blob to its memory, or is there some optimization so that it just does enough reads to figure out if the blob is null or not ? (FWIW, the sp_tableoption "large value types out of row" option is set to OFF for this example). A: It uses the NULL bitmap. So no.

Health information technology and implementation science: partners in progress in the VHA. The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Quality Enhancement Research Initiative (QUERI) has demonstrated how implementation science can enhance the quality of health care. During this time an increasing number of implementation research projects have developed or utilized health information technology (HIT) innovations to leverage the VA's electronic health record and information systems. To describe the HIT approaches used and to characterize the facilitators and barriers to progress within implementation research projects in the VA QUERI program. Nine case studies were selected from among 88 projects and represented 8 of 14 HIT categories identified. Each case study included key informants whose roles on the project were principal investigator, implementation science and informatics development. We conducted documentation analysis and semistructured in-person interviews with key informants for each of the 9 case studies. We used qualitative analysis software to identify and thematically code information and interview responses. : Thematic analyses revealed 3 domains or pathways critical to progression through the QUERI steps. These pathways addressed: (1) compliance and collaboration with information technology policies and procedures; (2) operating within organizational policies and building collaborations with end users, clinicians, and administrators; and (3) obtaining and maintaining research resources and approvals. Sustained efforts in HIT innovation and in implementation science in the Veterans Health Administration demonstrates the interdependencies of these initiatives and the critical pathways that can contribute to progress. Other health care quality improvement efforts that rely on HIT can learn from the Veterans Health Administration experience.

Q: How to merge two arrays in JS? I have two arrays like below. A = [{fruit: apple, number:4 }, {fruit: pear, number: 3}] B = [{qual: good}, {qual: bad}] And My goal is getting an array like below. C = [{fruit: apple, number:4, qual: good }, {fruit: pear, number: 3, qual: bad}] The length of A, B is same. I can make this using 'for loop'. But how can I make it using 'some array methods' like 'concat' or 'map'? A: You can use map and spread syntax let A = [{fruit: 'apple', number:4 }, {fruit: 'pear', number: 3}] let B = [{qual: 'good'}, {qual: 'bad'}] let C = A.map((value, index) => ({ ...value, ...B[index] })) console.log(C) Index is used to access respective value from second array, and merged into a single object using spread syntax

{% extends "appuser/base.html" %} {% load widget_tweaks %} {% block appusercontent %} <h1>Change Password</h1> {% if form.non_field_errors %} <div class="alert alert-danger"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="alert" aria-hidden="true">&times;</button> {% for error in form.non_field_errors %} <p>{{ error }}</p> {% endfor %} </div><!-- /alert alert-danger --> {% endif %} <form method="post" action="{{ request.path }}"> {% csrf_token %} {% for field in form.visible_fields %} <div class="form_group"> {% if field.errors %} <div class="alert alert-danger"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="alert" aria-hidden="true">&times;</button> {% for error in field.errors %} <p>{{ error }}</p> {% endfor %} </div> {% endif %} {{ field.label_tag }} {{ field|add_class:"form-control" }} </div> {% endfor %} <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">Change Password</button> </form> {% endblock %}

32 Md. App. 705 (1976) 363 A.2d 523 ANTHONY GRANDISON A/K/A JAMES WILLIAMS v. STATE OF MARYLAND. No. 1279, September Term, 1975. Court of Special Appeals of Maryland. Decided September 17, 1976. *706 The cause was argued before [**]GILBERT, MENCHINE and MOORE, JJ. Robert F. Freeze, Assigned Public Defender, for appellant. Deborah K. Handel, Assistant Attorney General, with whom were Francis B. Burch, Attorney General, William A. Swisher, State's Attorney for Baltimore City, and Roy Breslow, Assistant State's Attorney for Baltimore City, on the brief, for appellee. MENCHINE, J., delivered the opinion of the Court. Anthony Grandison, also known as James Williams, was convicted by a jury in the Criminal Court of Baltimore under an indictment charging that he carried a handgun in violation of Article 27, § 36B. He was acquitted on two more serious charges. Grandison had been indicted under the following six indictments: Indictment No. Date of Offense Offense Charged 57500867 November 6, 1974 Assault with intent to murder Samuel Mason 57500868 November 6, 1974 Robbery of Samuel Mason with a dangerous and deadly weapon. 57500869 November 18, 1974 Possession of a handgun in violation of Article 27, § 36B. 57500870 November 18, 1974 Obliterating serial number on handgun. 57500871 November 22, 1974 Attempted escape. 57500872 November 22, 1974 Assault. Acting pursuant to Maryland Rule 734 the trial judge ordered indictments 57500867, 8 and 9 to be tried together. Grandison's motion for a severance was granted as to indictments 57500870, 1 and 2 pursuant to Rule 735. *707 At arraignment, Grandison pleaded not guilty to all three indictments but attempted to obtain a jury trial as to indictments 57500867 and 8 and a court trial as to 57500869. The trial judge declined to permit the case to be so divided, requiring the appellant to go forward as to the three joined indictments either with a jury or a non-jury trial as to all. The case then proceeded to trial before a jury. Grandison was acquitted as to indictments 57500867 and 8. He was convicted under indictment 57500869 and sentenced to a term of eighteen months imprisonment. He thus suggests the questions presented on appeal: "I. Was the appellant denied a speedy trial? II. Was the evidence sufficient to sustain the conviction? III. Should there have been a severance as to indictments? IV. Should the pretrial motions have been granted? V. Should the court have granted a motion for mistrial?" Speedy Trial Appellant contends that he was denied his Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial. He was arrested on November 18, 1974. His trial was commenced on July 23, 1975. We reject his contention and find it necessary only to examine that period of delay. Following appellant's arrest on November 18, 1974, a preliminary hearing was scheduled for December 11, 1974. The hearing was postponed at the request of the accused to permit him to obtain private counsel. A second hearing, scheduled for January 16, 1975, was postponed at the request of private counsel for the accused. A third hearing, scheduled for February 7, 1975, was postponed when appellant's private counsel obtained permission to withdraw from the case because he had been informed by a prosecution witness that anonymous *708 telephone calls had been received threatening the latter if he appeared at the next scheduled hearing. On February 7, 1975, appellant was advised that he could speak to the public defender, but declined to do so because he did not care for representation by the office of the Public Defender. Private counsel was not thereafter engaged. When it became apparent to assignment authorities of the Supreme Bence of Baltimore City that Grandison had not arranged for private counsel, hearing was scheduled before Judge Shirley B. Jones on May 13, 1975. At that hearing the following colloquy between court and counsel occurred: "[THE COURT]: When you talk to your lawyer as I indicated, these are matters which you should discuss with him and he will assist you in handling them. They will not be heard today. As a matter of law you will have a lawyer from the Public Defender's office. This gentleman seated at the trial table here is from that office. I'm going to ask him to have the lawyer contact you promptly so you might discuss with him these various motions and he will know the mechanics for getting them set down for a hearing. When he does contact you, you can go over with him these motions that you filed. * * * [APPELLANT]: Your Honor, see, I'm serving time. I'm already serving time and that's why I'm saying you haven't given me no definite *709 answer when I'll see the Public Defender. [THE COURT]: I'm sorry I cannot give you that answer. I am simply directing the Public Defender representative here to have the lawyer come see you as soon as the appointment is made. I cannot tell you when he will be here. [APPELLANT]: Your Honor, You don't have the authority to appoint me an attorney other than the Public Defender because I don't have no confidence in the Public Defender at all. [THE COURT]: I have no authority to appoint any lawyer other than the Public Defender's office.[1] [APPELLANT]: I don't want a Public Defender. [THE COURT]: That's your choice to make. If you decide or decline their services, you have a right to do that. But he will be available to help you. *710 [APPELLANT]: In other words you're saying I can't refuse to be represented by a Public Defender. [THE COURT]: You can refuse his services, yes. You have the right to do that." Notwithstanding the continued expression of dissatisfaction by the appellant, counsel was appointed for him under the Public Defender Act. (Article 27A). The appearance of an assistant public defender was entered for the appellant on that very date. Thereafter, on June 5, 1975, an experienced panel attorney filed his appearance for the appellant. The trial, requiring eight trial days, began on July 23, 1975. If any part of the delay is attributable to the State it is miniscule. We agree fully with the trial judge that under the circumstances shown by this record the delay does not reach constitutional dimensions. Accordingly, "there is no necessity for inquiry into the other factors that go into the balance." Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530, 33 L.Ed.2d 101, 117, 92 S.Ct. 2182, 2192 (1972). There is no evidence that the State shirked "its constitutional duty to make a diligent, good faith effort to bring [Grandison] to trial." Moore v. Arizona, 414 U.S. 25, 26, 38 L.Ed.2d 185, 186, 94 S.Ct. 188, 190 (1973). Sufficiency of the Evidence. The contention that the evidence was not legally sufficient is frivolous. Two police officers observed that the appellant was carrying a handgun and removed it from his person at the time of a lawful arrest. Seizure and use of the weapon as evidence was lawful. Severance Indictments 57500867 and 8 (as to which the appellant was acquitted) charged respectively (a) assault with intent to murder and (b) the robbery with a dangerous weapon, of one Samuel Mason. *711 At the severance hearing the State made the following proffer: "MR. BRESLAW: The gun that was recovered on the 18th was missing a portion which was found at Mr. Mason's office on the 6th by the officers and they matched up to be the same gun, a portion of the same gun found on the 6th, matching the portion that was remaining portion found on the 18th and the State feels those four[[2]] charges should be tried together." At the conclusion of the appellant's motion for severance, the trial judge said: THE COURT: I'll grant the motion to sever to the following extent, i.e., that the cases 57500867, 57500868, and 57500869 will be tried jointly and separately from the remaining indictments in the case. The remaining indictments which appear on the docket will be treated as not called to trial and will be so entered at the time of the verdict. The reason from colloquy with counsel all of the evidence necessary to prove the case is in 869 would be proffered by the State to be admissible at the time of 867 and 868, the orderly and efficient administration of justice demands that the indictments be tried at the same *712 time and there's no risk of any prejudice to the Defendant. If it turns out that the State's proffer is totally incorrect and cannot be proved, that's a matter for disposition at the time of the trial. Certainly on the proffers made, the Court has no alternative but to permit those three cases to be tried together." At trial the proffer by the State was supported fully by evidence. In Sutton v. State, 25 Md. App. 309, 334 A.2d 126 (1975), we said at 313, [128-29]: "One of the factors to be considered in the trial judge's determination of whether to grant a severance is the saving of the time and the expense that unnecessary separate trials would entail. Mason v. State, 18 Md. App. 130, 305 A.2d 492 (1973); Peterson v. State, 15 Md. App. 478, 292 A.2d 714 (1972). Moreover, the decision as to whether to order separate trials is vested in the sound discretion of the trial judge. Maloney v. State, 17 Md. App. 609, 304 A.2d 260 (1973). If it appears that the facts to be proved in one case are substantially the same as those in the other or that they are so closely related that the evidence necessary to show one crime is intertwined with the other, there is no reason to order a severance unless the joinder is prejudicial." The trial court's discretion clearly was properly exercised in the subject case. In a second string to his severance bow, appellant attempted to accomplish, by election for a court trial as to indictment 57500869, the severance he was unable to achieve upon his motion for severance. The trial judge rejected his effort thus to divide the trial. *713 Maryland Rule 741 reads as follows: "Jury Trial — Election. An accused may elect to be tried by jury or by the court. Such election shall be made by the accused in open court when first called upon to plead after he is represented by counsel of record or has waived counsel. If an accused elects to be tried by the court, the State may not elect a jury trial. The court may, in its discretion and for good cause shown, at any time prior to the trial permit the accused to change his election." Standing alone, Rule 741 lends a surface appearance of validity to appellant's contention that he was denied a right conferred by rule. But Rule 741 does not stand alone. In Baltimore Transit Co. v. Mezzanotti, 227 Md. 8, 174 A.2d 768 (1961) it was said at 19-20 [774]: "... the wording of Rule 819 is general in its terms and does not, itself, place any limitation on the terms `any previous interlocutory order'; but it is equally true that statutes relating to the same subject matter will be construed, when possible, so as to harmonize with each other, and not produce unreasonable or foolish results, and the same rules of construction, we think, apply to the Maryland Rules. If the construction of Rule 819, attributed to it by the appellant, be the true one, it is difficult to discover the purpose and usefulness of Rule 422 (naming sanctions that the trial courts may direct in order to force recalcitrant parties and their officers and agents to answer designated questions, etc.), which, in effect would be rendered nugatory, if a party can flout the order of court directing him to answer certain questions and await the outcome of the appeal on a final judgment, by simply posting a bond. Moreover, such construction would take away from the trial courts their time-honored power and authority to control, and to direct, the *714 course of the proceedings in their respective courts, and place the same in the hands of the litigants. Such dire and drastic results were not contemplated in the adoption of Rule 819." Similarly, it was said in Johnson v. State, 274 Md. 29, 41, 333 A.2d 37, 43 (1975): "The meaning of a Rule `does not depend upon the niceties of definition but upon the reasonable intendment of the language used in the light of the purpose to be effectuated,' Brown v. State, 237 Md. 492, 504, 207 A.2d 103, 111 (1965), citing Shub v. Simpson, 196 Md. 177, 191, 76 A.2d 332, 337-38 (1950), and Darnall v. Connor, 161 Md. 210, 214-16, 155 A. 894, 896-97 (1931); and the Maryland Rules, like statutes, when dealing with the same subject matter will be construed so as to harmonize with each other and not produce an unreasonable result." Rule 741 must be read and considered along with Rules 716 and 734. Rule 716 reads in appropriate part as follows: "Joinder. a. Offenses. Two or more offenses may be charged in the same indictment in a separate count for each offense." In Wanzer v. State, 202 Md. 601, 608, 97 A.2d 914, 917 (1953), it was said: "The defendant cannot demand [severance] as of right where there is no basis for thinking that the joinder of the counts will embarrass him in the trial. Such was the rule at common law and it has been consistently followed in this State." Rule 734 reads as follows: "Joint Trial of Indictments. The court may order two or more indictments to *715 be tried together if the offenses and the defendants, if there be more than one, could have been joined in a single indictment." In Lewis v. State, 235 Md. 588, 202 A.2d 370 (1964), it was said at 590 [371]: "Maryland Rule 734 provides that `The court may order two or more indictments to be tried together if the offenses and the defendants, if there be more than one, could have been joined in a single indictment.' The Rule is couched in simple language and its purpose apparent: to save the time and expense of separate trials under the circumstances named in the Rule, if the trial court, in the exercise of its sound discretion deems a joint trial meet and proper." Of course, joinder may not be prejudicial to the accused. Rule 735 reads as follows: "Prejudicial Joinder. If it appears that an accused or the State will be prejudiced by a joinder of offenses or of defendants in an indictment, or by joinder for trial together, the court may order an election or separate trials of counts, grant separate trials of defendants or provide such other relief justice requires. A motion under this Rule may be made only before the jury is sworn, or, where trial by jury is waived, before any evidence is received." We said in Peterson, Deal & Hunt v. State, 15 Md. App. 478, 495, 292 A.2d 714, 724 (1972): "Underlying all considerations of the proper exercise of judicial discretion under Maryland Rule 735 as to whether to order separate trials is the fundamental concern of whether `it appears that an accused or the State will be prejudiced by a joinder of offenses or of defendants ... for trial together....'" *716 The trial courts today are struggling to keep abreast of a seemingly ever growing criminal caseload. The ability of the courts fairly to assure due process of law to all accused of crime would be lessened materially if the salutory joinder provisions of Rules 716 and 734 were susceptible to utter destruction by manipulation of Rule 741 in the manner attempted by this appellant. We are persuaded and we hold that Rule 741 must be read in conjunction with Rules 716 and 734. When so read, we think that it is apparent that Rule 741 applies to that single trial entity that consists of all joined counts of all joined indictments that have survived attack under Rule 735. Such an interpretation accords full and complete justice to the accused without production of unreasonable or foolish results. Mezzanotti and Johnson, both supra. Pretrial Motions The motion to dismiss the indictments upon the ground that erroneous information had been given to the grand jury was quite properly rejected. Everhart v. State, 274 Md. 459, 486-88, 337 A.2d 100, 116 (1975). The motion to suppress use of the handgun is without merit. The weapon was seized as an incident to lawful arrest. It was clearly admissible tangible evidence. The motion seeking disqualification of the trial judge is equally without merit. See Silbert v. State, 12 Md. App. 516, 537, 280 A.2d 55, 67 (1971). Motions for Mistrial A state witness on one occasion referred to a garment worn by the appellant as "a prison coat." On a second occasion the same witness declared that a coat worn by the accused "meant something to me." In both instances the trial judge sustained objections by counsel for appellant and ordered the answers stricken. Although denying trial counsel's motion to dismiss, the trial judge did advise trial counsel that he would specifically instruct the jury to ignore the testimony or give a general instruction at the trial's *717 conclusion. Of the two proffered courses by the trial judge, trial counsel elected a general instruction to the jury. It was given. There was testimony both by the appellant himself and by a representative of the State Work Release Program called by him as a witness, that the appellant was under sentence at the time of the offenses and was participating in the program. The third motion for mistrial occurred when the prosecutor commented upon the absence of a witness from appellant's place of employment as to his whereabouts on November 6, 1974. The short answer to a contention that this constituted grounds for a mistrial is that he was acquitted of the offense charged on that date. In Wilhelm v. State, 272 Md. 404, 326 A.2d 707 (1974), it was said at 429 [723]: "A request for a mistrial in a criminal case is addressed to the sound discretion of the trial court and the exercise of its discretion, in a case involving a question of prejudice which might infringe upon the right of the defendant to a fair trial, is reviewable on appeal to determine whether or not there has been an abuse of that discretion by the trial court in denying the mistrial. Basiliko v. State, 212 Md. 248, 260-61, 129 A.2d 375, 381 (1957). The decision by the trial court in the exercise of its discretion denying a mistrial will not be reversed on appeal unless it is clear that there has been prejudice to the defendant." We perceive no prejudice to the appellant. Judgment affirmed. NOTES [**] Reporter's Note: Gilbert, J. appointed Chief Judge of the Court of Special Appeals on June 8, 1976. [1] Article 27A in appropriate part reads as follows: "§ 4. Duty to provide legal representation. (a) It shall be the primary duty of the Public Defender to provide legal representation for any indigent defendant, eligible for services under this article. Legal representation may be provided by the Public Defender, or, subject to the supervision of the Public Defender, by his deputy, by district public defenders, by assistant public defenders, or by panel attorneys as hereinafter provided for. § 6. Panel attorneys; courts not deprived of authority to appoint counsel in certain situations. (f) Nothing in this article shall be construed to deprive any court mentioned in § 4 (b)(2) of this article of its authority to appoint an attorney to represent an indigent person where there is a conflict in legal representation in a matter involving multiple defendants and one of the defendants is represented by or through the Office of the Public Defender, or where the Office of the Public Defender declines to provide representation to an indigent person entitled to representation under this article." There was no such exception here. [2] The fourth indictment 57500870, charged obliteration of the serial number of the handgun. The trial judge granted severance as to that indictment.

" MIT License. Copyright (c) 2013-2019 Bailey Ling et al. " Plugin: https://github.com/wesQ3/vim-windowswap " vim: et ts=2 sts=2 sw=2 scriptencoding utf-8 if !exists('g:loaded_windowswap') finish endif let s:spc = g:airline_symbols.space if !exists('g:airline#extensions#windowswap#indicator_text') let g:airline#extensions#windowswap#indicator_text = 'WS' endif function! airline#extensions#windowswap#init(ext) call airline#parts#define_function('windowswap', 'airline#extensions#windowswap#get_status') endfunction function! airline#extensions#windowswap#get_status() " use new tab-aware api if WS is up to date let s:mark = exists('*WindowSwap#IsCurrentWindowMarked') ? \WindowSwap#IsCurrentWindowMarked() : \(WindowSwap#HasMarkedWindow() && WindowSwap#GetMarkedWindowNum() == winnr()) if s:mark return g:airline#extensions#windowswap#indicator_text.s:spc endif return '' endfunction

/* * Copyright (C) 2007 The Android Open Source Project * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */ package external.com.android.dx.rop.annotation; import external.com.android.dx.rop.cst.Constant; import external.com.android.dx.rop.cst.CstString; /** * A (name, value) pair. These are used as the contents of an annotation. */ public final class NameValuePair implements Comparable<NameValuePair> { /** {@code non-null;} the name */ private final CstString name; /** {@code non-null;} the value */ private final Constant value; /** * Construct an instance. * * @param name {@code non-null;} the name * @param value {@code non-null;} the value */ public NameValuePair(CstString name, Constant value) { if (name == null) { throw new NullPointerException("name == null"); } if (value == null) { throw new NullPointerException("value == null"); } this.name = name; this.value = value; } /** {@inheritDoc} */ @Override public String toString() { return name.toHuman() + ":" + value; } /** {@inheritDoc} */ @Override public int hashCode() { return name.hashCode() * 31 + value.hashCode(); } /** {@inheritDoc} */ @Override public boolean equals(Object other) { if (! (other instanceof NameValuePair)) { return false; } NameValuePair otherPair = (NameValuePair) other; return name.equals(otherPair.name) && value.equals(otherPair.value); } /** * {@inheritDoc} * * <p>Instances of this class compare in name-major and value-minor * order.</p> */ @Override public int compareTo(NameValuePair other) { int result = name.compareTo(other.name); if (result != 0) { return result; } return value.compareTo(other.value); } /** * Gets the name. * * @return {@code non-null;} the name */ public CstString getName() { return name; } /** * Gets the value. * * @return {@code non-null;} the value */ public Constant getValue() { return value; } }

Careers Click a job title below to see the full position listing: There are currently no open positions. Statement of Intent Democracy Works is committed to diversity and inclusion in everything we do and we aspire to have a team that represents those we serve. We believe it's crucial to invest in a hiring process that includes underrepresented groups, including Latinx, Black, AAPI, and Indigenous candidates. We have institutionalized practices that drive us toward this goal. Our first applicant exercise for most positions is an anonymized skill evaluation, which lets us get to know candidates by their work and reduce our implicit biases. We also work with institutions that serve and are staffed by underrepresented groups, which ensures we are building a stronger and more diverse applicant pool. And our staff prioritizes review and consideration of the latest research to inform new hiring processes across our organization. Our hope is to find the best potential employee that's the right fit for our culture, so in addition to adapting our application process, we are also remote work-friendly. This allows us to find and employ the best possible candidates and guarantees that we don’t miss out on someone great simply because of location. To make sure our remote staff doesn’t feel isolated, we foster a culture that promotes inclusivity and is sensitive to the realities of working outside of Brooklyn.

This invention relates to the packaging art, and more particularly, to an improved hermetically sealed press-formed paperboard tray. Numerous types of trays made from plastic coated paperboard have been employed in the past for a variety of purposes, including the housing of moist products, sterilized materials, and food products. Such trays have been formed from unitary, plastic coated paperboard blanks using a either a drawing process or a process wherein the tray is formed by folding side and end walls of the blank along score lines and adhesively securing flap portions in the corners of the tray. The tray includes an outwardly extending flange around the entire upper edge which provides the dual function of rigidifying the tray and providing a flat surface to which a plastic cover sheet or film may be bonded in order to enclose the top of the tray after the tray has been filled. In the case of trays formed by a drawing process, where a single sheet of paperboard is used, it is often necessary to prescore the blank of paperboard stock from which the trays are drawn at the corners thereof in order to produce evenly distributed folds in the paperboard at the corners during the drawing process. These folds or creases reduce stress concentrations in the corners while the paperboard is being formed during the drawing process and thereby eliminates potential tearing of the paperboard stock during the drawing process. The folds in the paperboard created by the prescoring thereof are present in the sidewalls of the tray and extend into the flange. The folds created in the flange result in alternating ridges and depressions forming a ribbed effect in the flange at the corners of the tray. The ribbed surface of the flange at the corners of the tray creates difficulty in bonding and complete sealing of the cover film around the entire periphery of the flange. Incomplete sealing of the cover sheet to the flange may result in some loss of a liquid product from the tray during shipping and handling and may cause degradation of a sterilized product due to exposure thereof to the surrounding environment. Similarly, trays formed by folding a blank and adhesively securing flap portions at the corners of the tray exhibit indentations or wrinkles on the surface of the flange at the corners of the tray. Such indentations or wrinkles result when the flap portions forming the tray and/or flange corners do not conform exactly to the score lines provided in the blank. A surface indentation on the flange will also occur whenever adjacent corner flaps forming the flange are adhesively joined in overlapping relation. Accordingly, the folded or deep drawn tray of the present invention is coated with a hot melt or wax on the edges thereof or along the depressions, indentations and/or wrinkles formed in the flange to seal the depressions, indentations and/or wrinkles to provide a leak-proof container. The hot melt or wax coating is applied to the tray flanges by a roller coater or patterned to the cover film shortly before sealing. When the film cover is applied to the flange of the tray, the tray will be hermetically sealed at the corners. A suitable release agent can also be precoated on the flange portions in the corner of the tray so that upon peeling of the cover film from the tray flange, the hot melt or wax will peel off the tray with the cover precluding possible contamination of the material housed within the tray.

package com.tencent.mm.d.a; import com.tencent.mm.sdk.c.b; public final class kn extends b { public static boolean arQ = false; public static boolean arR = false; public kn() { id = "ScanBankcardEnd"; jUI = arR; } } /* Location: * Qualified Name: com.tencent.mm.d.a.kn * Java Class Version: 6 (50.0) * JD-Core Version: 0.7.1 */

Q: Getting ID1s that doesn't have occurrences on group of ID2s Suppose I have two columns, ID1 and ID2. I want the query to return ID values where it doesn't have any occurrences of group of ID2s. ID1 ID2 1 3 1 4 1 5 2 1 2 3 3 1 3 6 4 4 4 7 5 1 5 8 Suppose I want ID1 to return IDs which doesn't have (3,4,5) values, the result should be 3,5 here. What should be the query in postgresql? Thanks A: You can use the following query: SELECT ID1 FROM mytable GROUP BY ID1 HAVING COUNT(CASE WHEN ID2 IN(3,4,5) THEN 1 END) = 0 Demo here This will return ID1 values that are not related to even one ID2 value contained in (3,4,5).

Prognostic value of bronchiectasis in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The prevalence of bronchiectasis is high in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and it has been associated with exacerbations and bacterial colonization. These have demonstrated some degree of prognostic value in patients with COPD but no information about the relationship between bronchiectasis and mortality in patients with COPD is currently available. To assess the prognostic value of bronchiectasis in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD. Multicenter prospective observational study in consecutive patients with moderate-to-severe COPD. Bronchiectasis was diagnosed by high-resolution computed tomography scan. A complete standardized protocol was used in all patients covering general, anthrophometric, functional, clinical, and microbiologic data. After follow-up, the vital status was recorded in all patients. Multivariate Cox analysis was used to determine the independent adjusted prognostic value of bronchiectasis. Ninety-nine patients in Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) II, 85 in GOLD III, and 17 in GOLD IV stages were included. Bronchiectasis was present in 115 (57.2%) patients. During the follow-up (median, 48 mo [interquartile range, 35-53]) there were 51 deaths (43 deaths in the bronchiectasic group). Bronchiectasis was associated with an increased risk of fully adjusted mortality (hazard ratio, 2.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-5.56; P = 0.02). Bronchiectasis was associated with an independent increased risk of all-cause mortality in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD.

Similar Jobs that are still available Not sure what types of jobs you are interested in? Explore Jobs Based on Your Education Job Description Raytheon…What We Do: ONE GLOBAL TEAM CREATING TRUSTED, INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS TO MAKE THE WORLD A SAFER PLACE. Raytheon Company is a technology and innovation leader specializing in defense, civil government and cybersecurity solutions. The company sells products and services to customers in 80 nations, and its international opportunities and pursuits are growing. Raytheon’s Leadership Development Program (LDP) is a cross functional, fast-tracked leadership program focused on early career talent, with proven potential to be future leaders for Raytheon. The Information Technology Leadership Development Program (ITLDP) allows participants accelerated development opportunities with the goal of growing world class leaders within Raytheon's Information Technology (IT) functions across the company. Program participants rotate through Raytheon, gaining exposure to cutting edge principles, products and trends, working with leaders and developing the skills and competencies needed to help shape the company's future. Over the course of the two-year program, participants will have up to two diverse assignments through different businesses, geographical locations, projects and initiatives. The Leadership Development Program (LDP) provides the participant many opportunities for long term career growth. Benefits of the program: Seven weeks of targeted leadership training sessions during the two years Meaningful assignments that accelerate development Flexibility to shape and accelerate your career Exposure to different roles and business units Increased exposure to leadership Raytheon Six Sigma Training Raytheon is looking for capable, self-confident individuals interested in a challenging and rewarding career opportunity. The ideal candidate should have a Master’s degree with a specialty in Information Technology, Computer Science, Engineering, Mathematics or other related discipline, (Note: Degree must be obtained between December 1, 2017 and June 30, 2019); as well as excellent interpersonal skills, a proactive attitude, and the desire to be an agent of positive change. Recruiting now for the class of 2021, which begins in June/July 2019. This program is open to internal and external candidates and is intended for early career professionals who are looking to create value and grow their career at Raytheon. Required Skills: Willingness to relocate for the 2 rotational assignments during a two-year period Ability to obtain a US Security Clearance* Minimum 3 years of IT experience with proven technical and leadership skills Master’s degree in Information Technology, Computer Science, Engineering, Mathematics or other related discipline with 3.3 GPA or above at time of application and maintained until start date. Degrees must be obtained by June 30, 2019 or within the last 18 months prior to start date. Transcripts are required. *This position requires the eligibility to obtain a security clearance. (Non-US citizens may not be eligible to obtain a security clearance. The Defense Industrial Security Clearance Office (DISCO), an agency of the Department of Defense, handles and adjudicates the security clearance process. Security clearance factors include, but are not limited to, allegiance to the US, foreign influence, foreign preference, criminal conduct, security violations and drug involvement. Employment is contingent on other factors, including, but not limited to, background checks and drug screens. Interested job seekers must apply online at www.raytheon.com/campus to determine if they meet qualifications for specific positions and other employment requirements). About Raytheon Company Raytheon Company is a technology and innovation leader specializing in defense, civil government and cybersecurity markets throughout the world. With a history of innovation spanning 92 years, Raytheon provides state-of-the-art electronics, mission systems integration and other capabilities in the areas of sensing; effects; and command, control, communications and intelligence systems; as well as a broad range of mission support services

Controlled longitudinal bone growth by temporary tension band plating: an experimental study. Permanent growth arrest of the longer bone is an option in the treatment of minor leg-length discrepancies. The use of a tension band plating technique to produce a temporary epiphysiodesis is appealing as it avoids the need for accurate timing of the procedure in relation to remaining growth. We performed an animal study to establish if control of growth in a long bone is possible with tension band plating. Animals (pigs) were randomised to temporary epiphysiodesis on either the right or left tibia. Implants were removed after ten weeks. Both tibiae were examined using MRI at baseline, and after ten and 15 weeks. The median interphyseal distance was significantly shorter on the treated tibiae after both ten weeks (p = 0.04) and 15 weeks (p = 0.04). On T1-weighted images the metaphyseal water content was significantly reduced after ten weeks on the treated side (p = 0.04) but returned to values comparable with the untreated side at 15 weeks (p = 0.14). Return of growth was observed in all animals after removal of implants. Temporary epiphysiodesis can be obtained using tension band plating. The technique is not yet in common clinical practice but might avoid the need for the accurate timing of epiphysiodesis.

De Leon High School (Texas) De Leon High School is a public high school located in the city of De Leon, Texas (USA) and classified as a 2A school by the UIL. It is a part of the De Leon Independent School District located in northeastern Comanche County. In 2015, the school was rated "Met Standard" by the Texas Education Agency. Athletics The De Leon Bearcats compete in the following sports: Baseball Basketball Cross Country Football Golf Softball Tennis Track & Field Volleyball State titles Football - 1975(1A) State Finalist Football - 1976(1A), 1990(1A) Notable alumni Tex Irvin - American football player Sid Miller (Class of 1974) - Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives from Erath County, 2001-2013 References External links De Leon ISD website Category:Public high schools in Texas Category:Education in Comanche County, Texas

Q: VNC in reverse Direction I am developing a Remote Desktop application Like Tight VNC But the Problem is the end that broadcasts the Screenshots doesn't have a Public IP However the recieving end have.I was planing to use TightVNC Source Code. So is it feasible to use TightVNC Source for this purpouse as I dont see any such option in Tight VNC where the Sending end doesn't have Public IP. A: VNC allows for the Viewer / Client to start in "Listen-Mode" and wait for a server to connect. This is the reverse connection you speak of. Some tools provide a VNC Server contained in a Windows Exe that connects to a definded Viewer on startup, it allows Remote Support behind a home router. See the docs for more Infos (look for "Add new client" on Server Tray Icon) Clarification: When I want to use Tight VNC to Remote your PC (See your Desktop), I would normally do: Connect my Client to your Server on your Public IP Reverse VNC: You Add my Public IP to your Server wich connects to my Client

Depletion flocculation of latex dispersion in ionic micellar systems. The flocculation behavior of anionic and cationic latex dispersions induced by addition of ionic surfactants with different polarities (SDS and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)) have been evaluated by rheological measurements. It was found that in identical polar surfactant systems with particle surfaces of SDS + anionic lattices and CTAB + cationic lattices, a weak and reversible flocculation has been observed in a limited concentration region of surfactant, which was analyzed as a repletion flocculation induced by the volume-restriction effect of the surfactant micelles. On the other hand, in oppositely charged surfactant systems (SDS + cationic lattices and CTAB + anionic lattices), the particles were flocculated strongly in a low surfactant concentration region, which will be based on the charge neutralization and hydrophobic effects from the adsorbed surfactant molecules. After the particles stabilized by the electrostatic repulsion of adsorbed surfactant layers, the system viscosity shows a weak maximum again in a limited concentration region. This weak maximum was influenced by the shear rate and has a complete reversible character, which means that this weak flocculation will be due to the depletion effect from the free micelles after saturated adsorption.

<!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --> <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>List Bookmarks from a Word Document — list_bookmarks • ReporteRs package</title> <!-- jquery --> <script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.1.0.min.js" integrity="sha384-nrOSfDHtoPMzJHjVTdCopGqIqeYETSXhZDFyniQ8ZHcVy08QesyHcnOUpMpqnmWq" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <!-- Bootstrap --> <link href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" integrity="sha384-BVYiiSIFeK1dGmJRAkycuHAHRg32OmUcww7on3RYdg4Va+PmSTsz/K68vbdEjh4u" crossorigin="anonymous"> <script src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/js/bootstrap.min.js" integrity="sha384-Tc5IQib027qvyjSMfHjOMaLkfuWVxZxUPnCJA7l2mCWNIpG9mGCD8wGNIcPD7Txa" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <!-- Font Awesome icons --> <link 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class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-expanded="false"> Formatting content <span class="caret"></span> </a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"> <li> <a href="../articles/formatting_properties.html">Formatting properties</a> </li> <li> <a href="../articles/pot.html">pot objects</a> </li> <li> <a href="../articles/evg.html">Editable vector graphics</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="../articles/faq.html">FAQ</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right"> <li> <a href="../reference/index.html">Function reference</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://github.com/davidgohel/ReporteRs"> <span class="fa fa-github fa-lg"></span> </a> </li> </ul> </div><!--/.nav-collapse --> </div><!--/.container --> </div><!--/.navbar --> </header> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 contents"> <div class="page-header"> <h1>List Bookmarks from a Word Document</h1> </div> <p>List all bookmarks available in a <code>docx</code> object.</p> <pre class="usage"><span class='fu'>list_bookmarks</span>(<span class='no'>x</span>, <span class='kw'>body</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>TRUE</span>, <span class='kw'>header</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>TRUE</span>, <span class='kw'>footer</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>TRUE</span>)</pre> <h2 class="hasAnchor" id="arguments"><a class="anchor" href="#arguments"></a> Arguments</h2> <table class="ref-arguments"> <colgroup><col class="name" /><col class="desc" /></colgroup> <tr> <th>x</th> <td><p>a <code>docx</code> object</p></td> </tr> <tr> <th>body</th> <td><p>specifies to scan document body</p></td> </tr> <tr> <th>header</th> <td><p>specifies to scan document header</p></td> </tr> <tr> <th>footer</th> <td><p>specifies to scan document footer</p></td> </tr> </table> <h2 class="hasAnchor" id="value"><a class="anchor" href="#value"></a>Value</h2> <p>a character vector</p> <h2 class="hasAnchor" id="see-also"><a class="anchor" href="#see-also"></a>See also</h2> <p><code><a href='docx.html'>docx</a></code>, <code><a href='text_extract.html'>text_extract</a></code></p> <h2 class="hasAnchor" id="examples"><a class="anchor" href="#examples"></a>Examples</h2> <pre class="examples"><div class='input'><span class='no'>doc</span> <span class='kw'>&lt;-</span> <span class='fu'><a href='docx.html'>docx</a></span>( <span class='kw'>title</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='st'>"My example"</span>, <span class='kw'>template</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fu'>file.path</span>( <span class='fu'>system.file</span>(<span class='kw'>package</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='st'>"ReporteRs"</span>), <span class='st'>"templates/bookmark_example.docx"</span>) ) <span class='fu'>list_bookmarks</span>( <span class='no'>doc</span> )</div><div class='output co'>#&gt; [1] "PLOT" "DATA" "AUTHOR" "REVIEWER"</div></pre> </div> <div class="col-md-3 hidden-xs hidden-sm" id="sidebar"> <h2>Contents</h2> <ul class="nav nav-pills nav-stacked"> <li><a href="#arguments">Arguments</a></li> <li><a href="#value">Value</a></li> <li><a href="#see-also">See also</a></li> <li><a href="#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <footer> <div class="author"> <p>Version&nbsp;0.8.9 - Developed by David Gohel - proudly brought to you by <a href="http://www.ardata.fr"><img 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' 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Q: How to get unchanged device id from ios7 device programmatically I need to get the unique device id to populate unique user id in the database. I have used the following code to get that. NSString *strApplicationUUID= [[[UIDevice currentDevice] identifierForVendor] UUIDString]; But when I am reinstalling the app, the UUID is changing all the time. But as far as I know the device id never changes. For that I used below code with the third party SSKeychain to save and retrieve the old UDID: NSString *Appname = [[[NSBundle mainBundle] infoDictionary] objectForKey:@"CFBundleName"]; NSString *strApplicationUUID = [SSKeychain passwordForService:Appname account:@"manab"]; if (strApplicationUUID == nil) { strApplicationUUID = [[[UIDevice currentDevice] identifierForVendor] UUIDString]; [SSKeychain setPassword:strApplicationUUID forService:Appname account:@"manab"]; } Now the problem is when the version of that Application is changed i.e app v2.0 form app v1.0 then again the UDID changed. So the logic is clear to me that I am not getting the unique UDID all the time, I am just getting UDID as vendor or App basis. How to get that by programatically? Is there any other way to get that, please show me the right Direction. A: I have solved this by using advertisingIdentifier. As I have seen there that advertisingIdentifier is "An alphanumeric string unique to each device, ..." For that I have used it as the unique identifier (though it is used for the serving advertisements). My code is: -(NSString*)UniqueAppId { NSString *Appname = [[[NSBundle mainBundle] infoDictionary] objectForKey:@"CFBundleName"]; NSString *strApplicationUUID = [SSKeychain passwordForService:Appname account:@"manab"]; if (strApplicationUUID == nil) { strApplicationUUID = [[[ASIdentifierManager sharedManager] advertisingIdentifier] UUIDString]; [SSKeychain setPassword:strApplicationUUID forService:Appname account:@"manab"]; } return strApplicationUUID; } and just calling it when needed as [self UniqueAppId];

Q: Question about definition for tag "dynamic-linking" Question: is the definition correct? If not, what should the correct definition be? Here is the definition: Dynamic linking is the process of resolving at runtime a program's external function calls or dependencies. It is usually performed at compile time by the linker. This definition seems to be wildly incorrect - the second sentence, itself incorrect, contradicts the first. The impression I am under regarding how things work in terms of binary creation and process creation can be summarized by the following (GCC + x86 Linux environment): preprocessing -> compilation (compile time) -> assembly -> linking (link time) then execve (user space) -> exec (kernel) -> dynamic linker -> process (user space) Since I don't know anything about dynamic linking in the context of other systems such as MS Windows and since the definition needs to be sufficiently generic, I am not in a position where I can suggest a new, correct and broadly applicable definition. For reference, this question was prompted by some documentation I read over in order to answer Could not find ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 in strace output A: Yep, seems wrong, we'll need to fix it. From Linkers and Loaders Ch.10: Dynamic linking defers much of the linking process until a program starts running. It provides a variety of benefits that are hard to get otherwise: Dynamically linked shared libraries are easier to create than static linked shared libraries. Dynamically linked shared libraries are easier to update than static linked shared libraries. The semantics of dynamically linked shared libraries can be much closer to those of unshared libraries. Dynamic linking permits a program to load and unload routines at runtime, a facility that can otherwise be very difficult to provide. This is probably too long for a tag definition so we'll need to trim it somewhat. It also refers to linking itself which is defined elsewhere.

Nature & My Rainbow Stainless Steel Straw Set Add a touch of class to your drink with these high quality rainbow stainless steel drinking straws. Our stainless steel eco straws are manufactured from high quality 18/8 stainless steel and are suitable for use with both hot or cold beverages.

Eik Eik or EIK may refer to: People Arild Eik (1943–2009), Norwegian aid worker and diplomat Places Eik, Rogaland, a village in Lund municipality in Rogaland county, Norway Eik, Vest-Agder, a village in Søgne municipality in Vest-Agder county, Norway Eik, Vestfold, a neighborhood in Tønsberg municipality in Vestfold county, Norway Sport Egersunds IK, a Norwegian football club Eik-Tønsberg, a Norwegian football club Enskede IK, a Swedish football club Esbjerg Ishockey Klub, a Danish ice hockey team Eslövs IK, a Swedish sports club Other uses Eik Banki, a Faroese bank Yeysk Airport, in Russia Erie Municipal Airport, in Colorado, United States

Q: Cannot write file '..../public/scripts/script.js' because it would overwrite input file I have a project created in Visual Studio 2017 using the TypeScript Basic Node.js Express 4 Application template. I have a file /public/scripts/script.js meant for download to the client. When I tried to build the application I get: TS5055 Cannot write file 'd:/documents/visual studio 2017/Projects/ExpressApp/ExpressApp/public/scripts/script.js' because it would overwrite input file. What does this error mean? Why would it want to write to this file? The error is there even if I exclude this file from the Project. How do I rectify this? I renamed the folder from scripts to js and the problem is still the same. The only way to build successfully was to delete the file. Where then do I place files meant for the client? Is there documentation available on the Visual Studio project folder structure for a TypeScript/Node project? A: From the tip by @unional I found my answer, ie, have an explicit exclude option in tsconfig.json. According to typescriptlang.org: the compiler defaults to including all TypeScript (.ts, .d.ts and .tsx) files in the containing directory and subdirectories except those excluded using the "exclude" property. JS files (.js and .jsx) are also included if allowJs is set to true If exclude is not specified, then only node_modules and a couple of others are excluded. The following worked for me: "exclude": [ "node_modules", "public"] Note that exclude is not a property of compilerOptions but is at the same level as compilerOptions in tsconfig.json. A: Another option that works in VSCode is to use '"outFile":"out.js"' under '"CompilerOptions"' section to have a separate output file. This way you can still check those files, but not get the writing error.

Q: Refactor Gatsby Image Query I am currently using Gatsby and gatsby-image within my IndexPage component. I am looking to refactor the code below into a single React component, as there is unnecessary duplication: ... return ( <div> <h1>Startups</h1> <p>Copy</p> <Img fluid={props.data.imageOne.childImageSharp.fluid}/> </div> <div> <h1>People</h1> <p>Copy</p> <Img fluid={props.data.imageTwo.childImageSharp.fluid}/> </div> <div> <h1>Data</h1> <p>Copy</p> <Img fluid={props.data.imageThree.childImageSharp.fluid}/> </div> </div> ) export const fluidImage = graphql` fragment fluidImage on File { childImageSharp { fluid(maxWidth: 1000) { ...GatsbyImageSharpFluid } } } ` export const pageQuery = graphql` query { imageOne: file(relativePath: { eq: "igemA.png" }) { ...fluidImage } imageTwo: file(relativePath: { eq: "inephemeraA.png" }) { ...fluidImage } imageThree: file(relativePath: { eq: "polypA.png" }) { ...fluidImage } } That resembles something like this: const NewComponent = (props) => ( <div> <h1>props.heading</h1> <p>props.body</p> <Img fluid={props.data.[props.image].childImageSharp.fluid}/> </div> ) How can I change the graphql query so that I can render an image depending on the props passed to the NewComponent? A: Unless I have misunderstood, I don't think you need to change your query to accomplish that. Just pass the result of each query to your child component as a prop. // components/newComponent.js import React from "react" import Img from "gatsby-image" const NewComponent = ({ image, heading, body }) => ( <> <h1>{ heading }</h1> <p>{ body }</p> <Img fluid={ image.childImageSharp.fluid } /> </> ) export default NewComponent // index.js import React from "react" import {graphql} from "gatsby" import NewComponent from "../components/newComponent" const IndexPage = ({ data }) => { const { imageOne, imageTwo } = data return ( <> <NewComponent image={ imageOne } heading="heading 1" body="body 1" /> <NewComponent image={ imageTwo } heading="heading 1" body="body 2" /> </> )} export default IndexPage export const fluidImage = graphql` fragment fluidImage on File { childImageSharp { fluid(maxWidth: 1000) { ...GatsbyImageSharpFluid } } } ` export const pageQuery = graphql` query { imageOne: file(relativePath: { eq: "gatsby-astronaut.png" }) { ...fluidImage } imageTwo: file(relativePath: { eq: "gatsby-icon.png" }) { ...fluidImage } } ` Here is a CodeSandbox to test the above.

Clinical trials update from the European Society of Cardiology Meeting 2010: SHIFT, PEARL-HF, STAR-heart, and HEBE-III. This article provides information and a commentary on key trials relevant to the pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of heart failure (HF) presented at the annual meeting of the European Society of Cardiology held in Stockholm in 2010. Unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary, since analyses may change in the final publication. The SHIFT study supports the use of ivabradine in patients with HF due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction and resting sinus rhythm rate ≥70 b.p.m. despite treatment with beta-blockers or where beta-blockers are contra-indicated. Results from PEARL-HF suggest that the potassium binding polymer RLY5016 may be useful for both prevention and treatment of hyperkalaemia in HF patients with or without concomitant chronic kidney disease. The STAR-heart study provides encouraging observational data about the potential for intracoronary stem cell transplantation in patients with HF. Results from HEBE-III showed no effect of erythropoietin on ejection fraction measured 6 weeks post-MI; although there were fewer cardiovascular events in patients assigned to erythropoietin, the study was too small to provide conclusive evidence of effect.

Gare d'Auterive Auterive is a railway station in Auterive, Occitanie, France. The station is located on the Portet-Saint-Simon–Puigcerdà railway. The station is served by TER (local) services and Lunéa night services operated by the SNCF. Train services The following services currently call at Auterive: night service (Lunéa) Paris - Toulouse - Pamiers - Latour-de-Carol local service (TER Occitanie) Toulouse - Foix - Latour-de-Carol-Enveitg References TER Midi-Pyrénées Service 22 Toulouse-Latour-de-Carol timetable Category:Railway stations in Haute-Garonne Category:Railway stations opened in 1861 Category:1861 establishments in France

Q: Why do my photos looked washed out when using my telephoto lens? I own an aging Nikon D40 and recently picked up a new telephoto lens: the Nikkor 55mm-300mm f/4.5-5.6. I've noticed that when I zoom in on subjects, the color in my photos often looks washed out. Here is an example: 55mm: 1/800 sec, ISO 200, f/4.5 (aperture priority) 300mm zoomed in on the brick building to the back/right: 1/640 sec, ISO 200, f/5.6 (aperture priority), and yes, that is the old Natty Boh factory in Baltimore, MD if you were interested ;) EDIT (a crop of the 55mm version was requested): The 300mm one seems like it is too bright, and the colors are not as vibrant. Is this a fault of the lens, or the body? Or do I just need to fiddle with the settings some more? Any suggestions? (more exif data from the above pictures can be supplied if requested) A: Try taking some pictures from a little closer, and see if the problem doesn't go away. It's quite normal for almost all pictures taken at a substantial distance to look somewhat washed out. The dust/haze/smog/pollution/heat waves/etc., in the air reflect and refract light enough to reduce the contrast and wash out colors. This tends to be at a minimum after a large rain fall, which tends to "wash" a lot of the dust and such out of the air. Nonetheless, you're only minimizing the tendency, not removing it completely. As for comparing to the shorter lens, it's pretty simple: with the short lens, most of what you're seeing clearly is a lot closer. As things "fade" into the distance, they also get smaller in a hurry, so the lack of detail and washed out colors aren't nearly as apparent. At the same time, if you look in the first picture, and compare the factory in the distance to the buildings at the bottom of the frame, it's still quite apparent that the closer buildings show much richer color. Edit: doing a quick look at the "levels" in the picture reveals a great deal of the problem almost immediately: This is somewhat overexposed -- the whites look a bit clipped (the spike at the far right) and there's nothing even close to a true black. Simply picking a reasonable black level makes the picture look much more "zippy" (though I may have gone a bit overboard in this case): Doing this on a JPEG inevitably loses some quality, but if you have a raw image, you probably have enough extra data to do this adjustment with less (or no) quality loss. Some of the original lack of contrast is almost certainly due to atmospheric effects -- but as you can see, a minor adjustment gets a lot closer to what you probably want. Nonetheless, I'd say the original exposure looks a bit off -- it's open to question whether you're seeing a symptom of a real problem, or just an isolated incident. A: Some lenses have more inherent contrast than others. It usually won't vary due to the zoom factor of a lens, because it's more dependent on the glass and number of elements in the lens. A UV filter or other protective filter can reduce the contrast of a lens. If you're using one, try taking it off. A polarizing filter is the only one that might be of benefit, but you should still experiment with it both ways. Atmospheric haze will degrade the contrast of an image. Waiting for the right atmospheric conditions or lighting will definitely help. Post processing can overcome much of the problem. Here's an example of what a couple of minutes can do; I did this with Paint Shop Pro, but you should be able to get similar results with your favorite image editor. A: The haze or smog in the atmosphere can't really be avoided and for that particular scene, you can see the haze around the area that you then zoomed in on. That being said, it appears you haven't looked at processing the image. Do you shoot raw? If so, you should boost the contrast, possibly the saturation, adjust the white balance and more and you should have a lot of room to work that seemingly dull photo into something more vivid and clear. As well, you might want to use lens correction to counteract the moderate vignetting in the zoomed in frame.

Noninterchangeability of specific radioimmunoassay and monoclonal antibody fluorescent polarization immunoassay in cyclosporine measurements. This study compares cyclosporine (CsA) concentrations in whole blood from patients receiving bone marrow (n = 10), renal (n = 48), heart (n = 50) or liver (n = 50) transplants, as measured by monoclonal antibody flurorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) and specific 125I-radioimmunoassay (RIA). The FPIA overestimated CsA by an average of 25%. Results were higher for all indications: FPIA/RIA ratios were 1.17 for bone marrow, 1.23 for renal and 1.27 for both heart and liver transplants, and these values were significantly different from 1.0. The percentage of overestimation was higher at low CsA concentrations (< or = 100 micrograms/L) than at high CsA concentrations (> or = 400 micrograms/L). In all indications, results by both methods correlated well (r > 0.96) but slopes and intercepts were different from 1.0 and 0.0, respectively, and these parameters varied greatly between the grafted populations. These findings obtained with the two methods could not be attributed to matrix effect because the mean FPIA/RIA ratio for spiked control samples was 1.0. The discrepancy between the FPIA and RIA could be explained by the lower specificity of the monoclonal antibody contained in the FPIA kit. These results suggest that FPIA is not as accurate as RIA and that the two methods are not interchangeable in CsA level measurement.

Q: React.JS TypeError: Cannot read property 'value' of undefined Having an issue with a react form and I can't figure it out. I am getting TypeError: Cannot read property 'value' of undefined when submitting. The issue started when I added "location" to the form. Not sure how this is causing it to break as I am just adding another item to the form. I have attempted to fix any typos, and when I take out the "location" it submits with no issue. import React from "react"; import Firebase from "firebase"; import config from "./config"; class App extends React.Component { constructor(props) { super(props); Firebase.initializeApp(config); this.state = { pallets: [] }; } componentDidMount() { this.getUserData(); } componentDidUpdate(prevProps, prevState) { if (prevState !== this.state) { this.writeUserData(); } } writeUserData = () => { Firebase.database() .ref("/") .set(this.state); console.log("DATA SAVED"); }; getUserData = () => { let ref = Firebase.database().ref("/"); ref.on("value", snapshot => { const state = snapshot.val(); this.setState(state); }); }; handleSubmit = event => { event.preventDefault(); let name = this.refs.name.value; let QTY = this.refs.QTY.value; let uid = this.refs.uid.value; let location = this.refs.location.value; if (uid && name && QTY && location) { const { pallets } = this.state; const devIndex = pallets.findIndex(data => { return data.uid === uid; }); pallets[devIndex].name = name; pallets[devIndex].QTY = QTY; pallets[devIndex].location = location; this.setState({ pallets }); } else if (name && QTY && location) { const uid = new Date().getTime().toString(); const { pallets } = this.state; pallets.push({ uid, name, QTY, location }); this.setState({ pallets }); } this.refs.name.value = ""; this.refs.QTY.value = ""; this.refs.uid.value = ""; this.refs.location.value = ""; }; removeData = pallet => { const { pallets } = this.state; const newState = pallets.filter(data => { return data.uid !== pallet.uid; }); this.setState({ pallets: newState }); }; updateData = pallet => { this.refs.uid.value = pallet.uid; this.refs.name.value = pallet.name; this.refs.QTY.value = pallet.QTY; this.refs.location.value =pallet.location; }; render() { const { pallets } = this.state; return ( <React.Fragment> <div className="container"> <div className="row"> <div className="col-xl-12"> <h1>Creating Pallet App</h1> </div> </div> <div className="row"> <div className="col-xl-12"> {pallets.map(pallet => ( <div key={pallet.uid} className="card float-left" style={{ width: "18rem", marginRight: "1rem" }} > <div className="card-body"> <h5 className="card-title">{pallet.name}</h5> <p className="card-text">{pallet.QTY}</p> <p className="card-text">{pallet.location}</p> <button onClick={() => this.removeData(pallet)} className="btn btn-link" > Delete </button> <button onClick={() => this.updateData(pallet)} className="btn btn-link" > Edit </button> </div> </div> ))} </div> </div> <div className="row"> <div className="col-xl-12"> <h1>Add new pallet here</h1> <form onSubmit={this.handleSubmit}> <div className="form-row"> <input type="hidden" ref="uid" /> <div className="form-group col-md-6"> <label>Name</label> <input type="text" ref="name" className="form-control" placeholder="Name" /> </div> <div className="form-group col-md-6"> <label>QTY</label> <input type="text" ref="QTY" className="form-control" placeholder="QTY" /> </div> <div className="form-group col-md-6"> <label>Location</label> <input type="text" ref="QTY" className="form-control" placeholder="Location" /> </div> </div> <button type="submit" className="btn btn-primary"> Save </button> </form> </div> </div> </div> </React.Fragment> ); } } export default App; A: You haven't created a ref named location Change: <input type="text" ref="QTY" className="form-control" placeholder="Location" /> to: <input type="text" ref="location" className="form-control" placeholder="Location" />

Q: Genomic Range Query in Python Recently, I worked on one of the Codility Training - Genomic Range Query (please refer to one of the evaluation report for the detail of the task. The solution in Python is based on prefix sum, and was adjust in accordance to this article. import copy def solution(S, P, Q): length_s = len(S) length_q = len(Q) char2digit_dict = {'A':1, 'C':2, 'G':3, 'T':4} str2num = [0]*length_s count_appearances = [[0, 0, 0, 0]]*(length_s+1) cur_count = [0, 0, 0, 0] for i in range(0, length_s): str2num[i] = char2digit_dict[S[i]] cur_count[str2num[i]-1] += 1 count_appearances[i+1] = copy.deepcopy(cur_count) results = [] for i in range(0, length_q): if Q[i] == P[i]: results.append(str2num[Q[i]]) elif count_appearances[Q[i]+1][0] > count_appearances[P[i]][0]: results.append(1) elif count_appearances[Q[i]+1][1] > count_appearances[P[i]][1]: results.append(2) elif count_appearances[Q[i]+1][2] > count_appearances[P[i]][2]: results.append(3) elif count_appearances[Q[i]+1][3] > count_appearances[P[i]][3]: results.append(4) return results However, the evaluation report said that it exceeds the time limit for large-scale testing case (the report link is above). The detected time complexity is \$O(M * N)\$ instead of \$O(M + N)\$. But in my view, it should be \$O(M + N)\$ since I ran a loop for \$N\$ and \$M\$ independently (\$N\$ for calculating the prefix sum and \$M\$ for getting the answer). Could anyone help me to figure out what the problem is for my solution? I get stuck for a long time. Any performance improvement trick or advice will be appreciated. A: I'm not sure that I trust Codility's detected time complexity. As far as I know, it's not possible to programmatically calculate time complexity, but it is possible to plot out a performance curve over various sized datasets and make an estimation. That being said, there are a number of unnecessary overhead in your code and so it is possible that Codility is interpreting that overhead as a larger time complexity. As for your code, Python is all about brevity and readability and generally speaking, premature optimization is the devil. Some of your variable names are not in proper snake case (str2num, char2digit_dict). List memory allocation increases by a power of 2 each time it surpasses capacity, so you really don't have to pre-allocate the memory for it, it's marginal. You convert your string into a list of digits, but then only ever use it in a way that could be fulfilled with your original dict. The list of digits is not really needed since you are already computing a list of prefix sums. In the C solution it was important to calculate the len of the P/Q list first so that it's not recalculated every time, but in Python, range (xrange in Python2) is evaluated for i exactly once. It's not necessary to deepcopy cur_count as it only contains integers, which are immutable. You can copy the list by just slicing itself, list[:] Instead of constantly making references to count_appearances (up to 4x each iteration), you could just make the reference once and store it. This will also make it easier to update your references if the structure of P and Q were to change in any way. Cleaning up your code in the ways I mentioned gives me: def solution(S, P, Q): cost_dict = {'A':1, 'C':2, 'G':3, 'T':4} curr_counts = [0,0,0,0] counts = [curr_counts[:]] for s in S: curr_counts[cost_dict[s]-1] += 1 counts.append(curr_counts[:]) results = [] for i in range(len(Q)): counts_q = counts[Q[i] + 1] counts_p = counts[P[i]] if Q[i] == P[i]: results.append(cost_dict[S[Q[i]]]) elif counts_q[0] > counts_p[0]: results.append(1) elif counts_q[1] > counts_p[1]: results.append(2) elif counts_q[2] > counts_p[2]: results.append(3) elif counts_q[3] > counts_p[3]: results.append(4) return results which gets a perfect score on Codility.

Buy Featured Book Book Summary A final graphic-novel memoir by the late author of American Splendor traces the loss of his Zionist faith against a backdrop of Jewish history, recounting how his growing disaffection with the modern state of Israel was shaped by the mythologies and realities of the Jewish homeland.

-- Phone numbers local lpeg = require "lpeg" local P = lpeg.P local R = lpeg.R local S = lpeg.S local digit = R"09" local seperator = S"- ,." local function optional_parens(patt) return P"(" * patt * P")" + patt end local _M = {} local extension = P"e" * (P"xt")^-1 * seperator^-1 * digit^1 local optional_extension = (seperator^-1 * extension)^-1 _M.Australia = ( -- Normal landlines optional_parens((P"0")^-1*S"2378") * seperator^-1 * digit*digit*digit*digit * seperator^-1 * digit*digit*digit*digit -- Mobile numbers + (optional_parens(P"0"*S"45"*digit*digit) + S"45"*digit*digit) * seperator^-1 * digit*digit*digit * seperator^-1 * digit*digit*digit -- Local rate calls + P"1300" * seperator^-1 * digit*digit*digit * seperator^-1 * digit*digit*digit -- 1345 is only used for back-to-base monitored alarm systems + P"1345" * seperator^-1 * digit*digit * seperator^-1 * digit*digit + P"13" * seperator^-1 * digit*digit * seperator^-1 * digit*digit + (P"0")^-1*P"198" * seperator^-1 * digit*digit*digit * seperator^-1 * digit*digit*digit -- data calls -- Free calls + P"1800" * seperator^-1 * digit*digit*digit * seperator^-1 * digit*digit*digit + P"180" * seperator^-1 * digit*digit*digit*digit ) * optional_extension local NPA = (digit-S"01")*digit*digit local NXX = ((digit-S"01")*(digit-P"9")-P"37"-P"96")*digit-P(1)*P"11" local USSubscriber = digit*digit*digit*digit _M.USA = ((P"1" * seperator^-1)^-1 * optional_parens(NPA) * seperator^-1)^-1 * NXX * seperator^-1 * USSubscriber * optional_extension local international = ( P"1" * seperator^-1 * #(-P"1") * _M.USA + P"61" * seperator^-1 * #(digit-P"0") * _M.Australia -- Other countries we haven't made specific patterns for yet +(P"20"+P"212"+P"213"+P"216"+P"218"+P"220"+P"221" +P"222"+P"223"+P"224"+P"225"+P"226"+P"227"+P"228"+P"229" +P"230"+P"231"+P"232"+P"233"+P"234"+P"235"+P"236"+P"237" +P"238"+P"239"+P"240"+P"241"+P"242"+P"243"+P"244"+P"245" +P"246"+P"247"+P"248"+P"249"+P"250"+P"251"+P"252"+P"253" +P"254"+P"255"+P"256"+P"257"+P"258"+P"260"+P"261"+P"262" +P"263"+P"264"+P"265"+P"266"+P"267"+P"268"+P"269"+P"27" +P"290"+P"291"+P"297"+P"298"+P"299"+P"30" +P"31" +P"32" +P"33" +P"34" +P"350"+P"351"+P"352"+P"353"+P"354"+P"355" +P"356"+P"357"+P"358"+P"359"+P"36" +P"370"+P"371"+P"372" +P"373"+P"374"+P"375"+P"376"+P"377"+P"378"+P"380"+P"381" +P"385"+P"386"+P"387"+P"389"+P"39" +P"40" +P"41" +P"420" +P"421"+P"423"+P"43" +P"44" +P"45" +P"46" +P"47" +P"48" +P"49" +P"500"+P"501"+P"502"+P"503"+P"504"+P"505"+P"506" +P"507"+P"508"+P"509"+P"51" +P"52" +P"53" +P"54" +P"55" +P"56" +P"57" +P"58" +P"590"+P"591"+P"592"+P"593"+P"594" +P"595"+P"596"+P"597"+P"598"+P"599"+P"60" +P"62" +P"63" +P"64" +P"65" +P"66" +P"670"+P"672"+P"673"+P"674" +P"675"+P"676"+P"677"+P"678"+P"679"+P"680"+P"681"+P"682" +P"683"+P"684"+P"685"+P"686"+P"687"+P"688"+P"689"+P"690" +P"691"+P"692"+P"7" +P"808"+P"81" +P"82" +P"84" +P"850" +P"852"+P"853"+P"855"+P"856"+P"86" +P"870"+P"871"+P"872" +P"873"+P"874"+P"878"+P"880"+P"881"+P"886"+P"90" +P"91" +P"92" +P"93" +P"94" +P"95" +P"960"+P"961"+P"962"+P"963" +P"964"+P"965"+P"966"+P"967"+P"968"+P"970"+P"971"+P"972" +P"973"+P"974"+P"975"+P"976"+P"977"+P"98" +P"992"+P"993" +P"994"+P"995"+P"996"+P"998" ) * (seperator^-1*digit)^6 -- At least 6 digits ) _M.phone = P"+" * seperator^-1 * international return _M

I spoke with Bonnie yesterday, and she told me that she also had a call to return from you. Just in case y'all didn't have the opportunity to discuss it, I did get names from her of those with whom she had previously worked. She was hired at Enron by Jim Hughes, and is currently working with Bruce Lundstrom. She has also worked with Anthony Duenner, who is now commercial, but who was at B&P and worked on the PGE acquisition. At Reboul, MacMurray she worked with John MacMurray and Isabelle Barzun, but all of the attorneys with whom she worked at Milbank have since left the firm. Hope this is what you needed... Molly

Cobb's tufts: a rare cause of spontaneous hyphaema. A 59-year-old hypertensive man presented to eye casualty complaining of blurring of vision in his right eye. There was no history of any trauma or coagulation defects. Examination revealed a 4 mm hyphaema in his right eye with no evidence of rubeosis or traumatic squeal. The intraocular pressure was 32 mm Hg. The patient was managed conservatively using topical steroids and antiglaucoma medication. A number of vascular tufts were identified on slit lamp biomicroscopy and confirmed on iris angiography

Interaction between calcium and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the regulation of preproparathyroid hormone and vitamin D receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in avian parathyroids. Regulation of prepro-PTH and vitamin D receptor (VDR) mRNAs in the parathyroid glands was studied in chickens in vivo. The birds were raised to 21 days of age on a vitamin D-deficient diet with 1% calcium and 0.65% phosphorous. At the end of this period, the chicks exhibited marked hypocalcemia and enlarged parathyroid glands. In three separate trials, the birds were repleted for 6 days with vitamin D and different dietary calcium and phosphate concentrations, with 2 micrograms/kg 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] and different dietary calcium concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, or 1.8%), or with 2 or 10 micrograms/kg 1,25-(OH)2D3 and 0.6% or 1.9% calcium or were kept vitamin D3 deficient and fed 0.5%, 1.0%, or 1.8% dietary calcium. Vitamin D treatment when combined with a high level of dietary calcium resulted in an increase in plasma calcium from 6 mg/dl to greater than 10 mg/dl, a decrease in PTH mRNA of 65%, and a 6- to 8-fold increase in VDR mRNA. In another experiment in which no vitamin D source was given and the diets contained increasing levels of dietary calcium, plasma calcium increased significantly (5.5 vs. 7 mg/dl), while PTH mRNA decreased by 40% and VDR mRNA increased by 60%. Neither parathyroid gland weight nor total RNA was significantly affected. When chicks were repleted with 1,25-(OH)2D3, the increase in plasma calcium and VDR mRNA and the decrease in PTH mRNA were considerably more pronounced than those in the absence of the vitamin D source. Furthermore, in the presence of the hormone, parathyroid weight and total RNA decreased significantly with increasing concentrations of dietary calcium. When the chicks were repleted, respectively, with the two levels of 1,25-(OH)2D3, a marked positive interaction was evident between the hormone and dietary calcium in affecting levels of PTH and VDR mRNA. These results suggest that both 1,25-(OH)2D3 and calcium participate in the regulation of PTH and VDR gene transcription in the avian parathyroid gland. Whereas the action of 1,25-(OH)2D3 requires a minimal level of dietary calcium, calcium affects PTH and VDR gene transcription even in the absence of any vitamin D source.

I see similarities in that both a goal and a project are outcome driven and both can be checked off when they are done. Is the only difference in the terms a matter of how long it takes to complete? If I planned to retire in January 2015, does my goal become a project in january 2014 just by virtue of the calendar or is there some other factor? If I had that as a goal, it would drive projects related to finances, health care, activity in retirement, et cetera. A 30,000 foot goal has a horizon of perhaps 1-2 years and drives projects, so it's a 30K goal. Comment Maybe that's why I have so much trouble with "goals" but have hundreds of "projects". I have projects that can span decades, maybe they are really goals but I treat them like single projects. They do often spawn multiple projects. But then I assume that my "project" was really an area of focus. 30K stuff is still a big muddle for me. I have a good handle on the runway, project and area of focus sections and also a good handle on the life purpose but not much at the middle levels makes sense in my world. Comment My definition of a project is almost purely mechanical, based on the theory that a project (1) will require more than one action to reach completion and (2) should have a single Next Action at any given time. If something requires one and only one action, it goes in a single action list somewhere. If it will require several actions but it feels "right" for those actions to be worked sequentially, rather than simultaneously, then it's a project. If it will require several different sequential streams of actions, and I want more than one of those streams to be progressing at the same time, then it's multiple projects. Those multiple projects may all point toward a single goal, though I may or may not record that relationship. So it's both about the structure of the goal/project, and how I want to work it. If my goal is, say, "Become a more expert seamstress", but that's a low-key goal right now and I don't have much time for it, then I might just create one project with one Next Action, and that project might bumble along for months and years as I work individual actions. On the other hand, if that's a really important goal to me, then it could spawn any number of projects that I eagerly work in parallel: Some of those projects might be sub-goals for bigger projects--for example, all three of the above could be prep for creating a glorious pair of tweed trousers with Hong Kong-finished seams and a partial lining made of silk georgette. Or they could just be separate skills with no immediate relationship. Comment In purely operational terms I suppose you might say that there need not be much difference, although different people are different. Personally, I like to have "all if it" summarized as 10-20 list items of comparable importance (in my left menu). In my case, those will be: - major projects - goals, visions, directions of major change - AoRs for regular ongoing stuff (regular and small projects) I find that I seldom have much use for an exhaustive mile-long list of every single "GTD micro-project" (multi-step little "task"). It is enough for me to see those in their natural "habitat". Instead, I really do appreciate - it gives me a sense of control and "a mind like water" - having the totality summarized in this balanced and more graspable list (20 items or less), regardless of whether these items are projects, goals or something else.

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[Principal results of physiological experiments with mammals aboard biosatellite "Cosmos-936"]. The program of the 18.5-day flight of the biosatellite Cosmos-936 included studies of physiological effects of prolonged weightlessness (20 rats) and artificial gravity (10 rats). The latter produced a normalizing effect on the function of the myocardium, musculo-skeletal system and excretory system. Simultaneously, artificial gravity exerted an adverse effect on the functions dependent on several sensors, primarily optic, vestibular and motor sensors. It is postulated that the adverse effects are associated with a relatively high rate of rotation and a short arm of the centrifuge.

1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a cell surface protein expressed on human cortical thymocytes and its use. More particulary, the present invention relates to a novel protein (called "JL1" hereinafter) having molecular weight of about 120,000 dalton expressed exclusively on cortical thymocytes and on malignant cells of T lymphoblastic leukemia, T lymphoblastic lymphoma originated from cortical thymocytes and about 50% of all kinds of leukemia, which are identified by immunohistochemical and flow cytometric analysis, and to its diagnostic an clinical application on leukemia and T lymphoblastic lymphoma. 2. Description of Related Art Human body shows the specific responses to foreign substances exposed after birth, and T. and B. lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells are involved in immune responses to protect human body, Lymphocytes are the major components of lymphoid organ cells and have an important role in the specific immune response during circulation through blood and lymph. The major role of B-lymphocytes is to produce antibodies against foreign substances. T lymphocytes are classified into two types, one of which has the function to help the specific immune response and the other has the function of killing cells infected by pathogens. And the role of antigen presenting cells is to engulf infecting antigens non-specifically, and to process them by cleaving into small peptides and provide their information to T lymphocytes. Intrathymic T cell development entails complex series of proliferation, differentiation, and selection stages. T cells are originated from hematopoietic stem cells produced in embryonic liver and postnatal bone marrow. They move into thymus, differentiates, become mature, and after this, move out through blood vessel and become mature T cells. After rearrangement of T cell receptor germline gene in the thymus, thymocytes express T cell receptor complexes on their cell surfaces. The gene rearrangement process requires enzymatic system including RAG-1RAG-2. As a result, extreme T cell receptor diversity can be produced in the course of this complicated process. However, all the T cell receptors produced cannot carry out their appropriated functions in the periphery. The cells which cannot recognize the antigens provided by major histocompatibilty complex (MHC) class I and class II, and cells which show strong response to self antigen are removed. These processes are called positive and negative selection, respectively. T cell receptors can accomplish their appropriate function when they recognize foreign antigen bound to their won MHC molecule on the cell surface. This educational process takes place in the thymus. T cells express not only T cell receptors but also various cell surface proteins. These proteins are also important in T cell function. Most of these T cell surface proteins are expressed in 2 broad range of T cell subsets. However, some of them are expressed only at 2 specific stage and these proteins can be used as T cell surface markers for the determination of T cell maturation stage. Generally, the classification system by Renherz et al, using T cell surface molecules as markers, has been used for determining the differentiation stages of thymocytes. According to this classification, thymocytes are classified into (a) early thymocyte, DF4.sup..multidot. /CD8.sup..multidot. double negative, (b) common thymocyte, CD4.sup.+ /CD8.sup.+ double positive, and (c) mature thymocyte, CD4.sup.+ or CD8.sup.- single positive. Early thymocytes express CD7, CD38 and CD71 proteins. They are the cells which recently arrive at the thymus from bone marrow and actively divide. The rearrangement of T cell receptor gene. -TCR.beta.- occurs at this stage. Common thymocytes occupy the largest protein of the thymus and begin to express CD1, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD8 and the like on cell surfaces, and TCR.alpha. genes are rearranged. Thereafter, mature thymocytes express T cell receptors on the cell surface. Only some of them can survive and move to the next stage, and most of them die (Nikolis-Zugic, 1991, Immunol. Today, 12, 65-70). The cell surface molecules in T cells and thymocytes can be used to determine the stage of differentiation and the classification of subsets. In addition, they can be used for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors originated form T cells. These cell surface proteins have an important role in function and development of T cell. A thymocyte should die unless its T cell receptor is appropriate. And the death is not simply passive death but an active death requiring certain proteins or the synthesis of certain metabolic produces (Rothenberg, 1990, Immunol. today, 11, 116-119). This cell death may require the specific stimulating signals from the outside. And the cell surface proteins may be involved in the signal pathway. However, identification of cell surface molecules involved has not been possible until now. If common thymocytes express the specific proteins to transmit the signals for the selection of T cell receptor and programmed cell death, these proteins would be the intrinsic proteins at that stage. Even though a few cortical thymocyte antigens such as CD1a, b and c have been known to be expressed on thymic cortex, they are also expressed on various types of cells such as dendritic cells, brain astrocytes and B lymphocytes.

Eastern West Virginia Community and Technical College Eastern West Virginia Community & Technical College is a two-year college with its main campus located at Moorefield in Hardy County, West Virginia, United States. Eastern WVCTC offers 11 degree programs as well as numerous skill sets and certificates. Academics Eastern WVCTC offers the Associate in Applied Science (A.A.S.) degree. Additionally, it also offers apprenticeships and other career development opportunities and credentials. External links Official website Category:Buildings and structures in Hardy County, West Virginia Category:Education in Hardy County, West Virginia Category:Universities and colleges in West Virginia Category:West Virginia Community and Technical College System

How do high-level specifications of the brain relate to variational approaches? High-level specification of how the brain represents and categorizes the causes of its sensory input allows to link "what is to be done" (perceptual task) with "how to do it" (neural network calculation). In this article, we describe how the variational framework, which encountered a large success in modeling computer vision tasks, has some interesting relationships, at a mesoscopic scale, with computational neuroscience. We focus on cortical map computations such that "what is to be done" can be represented as a variational approach, i.e., an optimization problem defined over a continuous functional space. In particular, generalizing some existing results, we show how a general variational approach can be solved by an analog neural network with a given architecture and conversely. Numerical experiments are provided as an illustration of this general framework, which is a promising framework for modeling macro-behaviors in computational neuroscience.

Stephan Miller Stephan K. Miller (May 6, 1968 – April 22, 2008) was an American animal trainer, wrangler, and stunt double who was killed by a bear while making a promotional video. Miller had worked as a trainer at Predators in Action, an animal training facility operated by his cousin, Randy Miller, that trains wild and exotic animals for film and television appearances. At the time of his death, Miller was not working as a trainer, but was attempting to perform a bear wrestling stunt supervised by Randy Miller. Animal training career Miller was an experienced animal trainer who had worked for Predators in Action for several years before leaving to pursue other business ventures. Although he was not the trainer for the bear that killed him, he was experienced with bears, having helped Randy Miller raise and train a previous bear named Dakota. Films in which animals trained by the facility appeared (including after Miller's departure) include The Island of Dr. Moreau, Gladiator, The Postman, The Last Samurai, and Semi-Pro. Predators in Action animals have also appeared on Discovery Channel and National Geographic Society programs in which they recreated famous animal attacks, including the mauling of Roy Horn by a white tiger. Death On April 22, 2008, while filming a promotional video at the Predators in Action facility, Miller was killed by a 4-year old grizzly bear named Rocky. Rocky was a bear actor who had been trained to wrestle humans. At that time, the bear was already in the public eye, appearing in movie theaters as "Dewey the Killer Bear" in the film Semi-Pro, which went into wide release just seven weeks earlier, in which he wrestled Will Ferrell's body double Randy Miller. Stephan Miller had asked to be filmed wrestling Rocky for an advertisement. Although Stephan Miller had not been involved in training Rocky, Randy Miller agreed to the request because Stephan Miller was an experienced trainer and had also recently been in a photoshoot with Rocky and gotten to know him slightly. The plan was to first take some shots of Stephan Miller and Rocky casually standing next to each other and then later begin the staged wrestling match. However, during the initial shots, Rocky stood up in his trained wrestling posture and began the staged attack too early, catching Miller off guard without his arm raised in the proper defensive position. Randy Miller then hit Rocky with a cane, trying to make him let go of Stephan, an action that Randy later said might have unwittingly escalated the bear attack. The 7½-foot-tall, 700-pound bear bit Stephan Miller on the neck once, piercing his jugular vein and carotid artery. An autopsy revealed that he died within minutes of the attack. Following Stephan Miller's death, the California Department of Fish and Game initiated a probe into the events of the attack with the intent to eventually decide whether Rocky would be euthanized. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) and other animal rights groups, who have long protested use of wild animals in films, called for Rocky to be spared and to be allowed to retire to a zoo or another similar facility. It was later revealed on the National Geographic Channel program Grizzly Face to Face: Hollywood Bear Tragedy that the coroner's office and the California Department of Fish and Game ruled Miller's death accidental and did not order that the bear be euthanized. However, Rocky was required to live under restrictions and was no longer able to have contact with persons other than his trainers. He could no longer be exhibited or used for film or TV work. In Grizzly Face to Face, Randy Miller stated that he planned to continue working with Rocky and try to get the restrictions lifted because he believed that Stephan would have wanted that. In 2012, the California Fish and Game Commission considered whether to lift the restrictions on Rocky's permit to allow him to again work in the state of California. According to Randy Miller and Rocky's legal team, new safety protocols had been put in place; other animal trainers and experts had supplied testimony that Rocky was not dangerous; a petition drive had shown that many persons from around the world supported his return to work; and the U.S. Department of Agriculture had cleared him to work, with the only remaining restrictions being in California, the location of most available work for Rocky. Following a hearing on October 3, 2012, the Commission decided not to remove Rocky's permit restrictions. Other ventures In addition to his work with animals, Miller was also a co-publisher for the first three print issues of Girls and Corpses magazine with publisher/editor-in-chief Robert Steven Rhine, as well as being actively involved in the launch of the ShareNow social networking website. See also Bear attack Bear danger References External links Category:1968 births Category:2008 deaths Category:Deaths due to bear attacks Category:American stunt performers Category:Animal trainers Category:Filmed deaths of entertainers

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Lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells are required for the formation of lymph nodes during embryogenesis ([@bib14]). LTi cells interact with stromal cells and, via production of the cytokines lymphotoxin β and TNF, induce stromal cell production of chemokines and expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM1 and VCAM1 ([@bib14]). This, in turn, attracts and retains other lymphocytes, thereby initiating the formation of a lymph node primordium. In the mouse fetus, LTi cells express c-kit (CD117) and lymphotoxin α and β but lack CD3 and other lineage markers, and most of these cells express CD4 although CD4^−^ LTi cells have also been described ([@bib15], [@bib14]; [@bib23]). The human counterpart of LTi was identified recently as lineage^−^ (Lin^−^; CD3^−^CD19^−^CD14^−^) CD127^+^RORC^+^ cells, which are present in fetal lymph node anlagen ([@bib5]). Functionally, these cells induce ICAM1 and VCAM1 on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in a TNF- and LT-β--dependent manner, supporting the notion that they represent the human equivalent of mouse LTi cells. Evidence suggests that LTi cells and conventional NK (cNK) cells are developmentally related cell types. Mouse fetal CD3^−^CD4^+^ LTi cells were shown to develop into NK1.1^+^ cells but not into T and B cells, suggesting that LTi cells are precursors of cNK cells ([@bib15]). More recently, it was demonstrated that development of both LTi and cNK needs the Helix loop helix protein Id2 ([@bib22]; [@bib6]), whereas E12 and/or E47, which are encoded by the E2A locus, inhibit the generation of both LTi cells and cNK cells ([@bib2]). However, differences exist in transcriptional control of development of these cells, as RORγt (RORC in the human), a nuclear hormone receptor critical for development of LTi cells, is not needed for cNK cell development ([@bib19]). Furthermore, there are differences in cytokine requirements of LTi cells and cNK because LTi cell development requires the gamma common receptor but is IL-15 independent ([@bib19]), whereas cNK cells need IL-15. Thus the current data suggests that LTi cells and cNK cells are developmentally related yet distinct lineages. Recently, we identified a novel cell type that expresses RORC and CD127, as well as NK cell--associated markers NKp46 and CD56, but were functionally different from cNK cells in that they lacked expression of granzyme B and perforin, were noncytotoxic, and failed to produce IFN-γ upon activation ([@bib5]). Rather, these CD56^+^ LTi-like cells were able to secrete IL-17 and IL-22 after activation. A cell type that is very similar to the CD56^+^CD127^+^ LTi cells was described by [@bib3] and was called NK22 because of the expression of NK cell markers NKp44 and CD56 and the production of IL-22 upon activation. Like the CD56^+^ LTi cells, NK22 cells expressed RORC, were not cytotoxic, and were present in human tonsils, the human intestinal lamina propria, and Peyer's patches ([@bib3]). In the mouse, cells with similar characteristics have been found in the gut. These cells express RORγt like LTi cells, but they also express the NK cell marker NKp46 and are able to secrete IL-22 but not IFN-γ ([@bib19]; [@bib12]; [@bib17]). An outstanding question is to which lineage CD56^+^CD127^+^ cells belong. One possibility is that these cells belong to the same lineage as LTi cells, whereas another is that NKp46^+^CD56^+^CD127^+^ and cNK cells can interconvert. The latter possibility was suggested by the finding that human LTi cells are very similar to immature stage 3 NK cells, which were described to be precursors of cNK cells ([@bib8]). We show in this paper that Lin^−^CD127^+^RORC^+^ LTi-like cells, although sharing some characteristics with cNK cells, represent a functionally and developmentally distinct lineage. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ====================== Human CD127^+^ LTi-like cells are precursors of CD56^+^CD127^+^ cells, and have similar phenotype to NK22 cells --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- We have previously demonstrated that fetal LTi cells are capable of interacting with MSCs and inducing the expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM1 and VCAM1. We also found cells with a similar phenotype to that of the CD127^+^ fetal lymph node cells in postnatal tonsil, but we did not test the LTi activity of those cells in that study ([@bib5]). [Fig. 1 A](#fig1){ref-type="fig"} shows that both Lin^−^ (CD14^−^CD19^−^CD3^−^TCR-αβ^−^TCR-γδ^−^) CD127^+^CD56^+^ and Lin^−^CD56^−^CD127^+^ LTi-like cells (referred to as CD127^+^ LTi-like cells), isolated from human tonsil, induced ICAM1 and VCAM1 on MSCs, whereas cNK cells had some ICAM-inducing capacity which was much lower than of CD127^+^ LTi-like cells and did not induce VCAM1 expression. The observation that tonsil CD56^+^CD127^+^ cells have functional LTi activity underlines the functional differences between these cells and cNK cells. {#fig1} It has been suggested that expression of NKp44 identifies a population of RORC^+^IL-22--producing NK cells ([@bib3]). [Fig. 1 B](#fig1){ref-type="fig"} shows that Lin^−^CD56^+^CD127^+^ and CD127^+^ LTi-like cells in human tonsils expressed high levels of NKp44 and were positive for CD161, whereas cNK cells expressed NKp44 on only a small subset in the tonsil and were negative for CD161. The CD127^+^ populations expressed CD117, which was not present on cNK cells, but were negative for CD34 (unpublished data). Furthermore, cNK cells expressed higher levels of NKp46 and NKG2D than the CD127^+^ populations. Tonsil LTi cells, but not cNK, also expressed CD25, the IL-2 receptor α chain, whereas the IL-15Rα chain on tonsil CD127^+^ LTi-like cells was expressed at levels equivalent to those on cNK cells (unpublished data). Our data show that the phenotype of CD56^+^CD127^+^ cells is very similar to that of NK22 cells, suggesting that these represent two highly overlapping if not identical cell types. Recently, we found that fetal CD56^−^ LTi-like cells developed into CD56^+^CD127^+^ cells after 2 wk of culture with IL-15. Although these data suggested a precursor progeny relationship of LTi and CD56^+^CD127^+^ cells, we could not exclude the possibility that the CD56^+^ cells were derived from a small number of highly proliferating CD56^+^ cells contaminating the starting CD56^−^CD127^+^ population. To test whether tonsil CD56^−^ LTi cells also develop into CD56^+^ cells and to exclude the possibility that the appearance of CD56^+^ cells in cultures with IL-15 is the result of outgrowth of contaminating cells, we labeled highly purified tonsil CD56^−^CD127^+^ cells with CFSE and stimulated with IL-2, IL-7, or IL-15. These cytokines were all capable of maintaining LTi viability and proliferation ex vivo, although less proliferation was observed when stimulated with IL-7 alone. In the absence of these cytokines the cells did not survive. After 6 d of culture, the great majority of the LTi cells up-regulated CD56 ([Fig. 1 C](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}). Most importantly, CD56 was also up-regulated on CSFE-bright nondividing cells, which proves that the appearance of CD56^+^ cells is not the result of outgrowth. Additional kinetics experiments showed that this up-regulation is underway by day 4 of culture (unpublished data). We cannot completely exclude the fact that cells that did not up-regulate CD56 were more prone to cell death and that, therefore, these cells were underrepresented in our cultures. However, the observations that the cell viability was high (10--15% dead cells) in all conditions and that the cell numbers remained the same or increased during the cultures argue against selective death of CD56^−^ cells. Our data indicate that CD56^+^ cells did not arise from a small contaminating population of rapidly dividing CD56^+^ cells and, thus, this data supports a direct developmental relationship between CD127^+^ LTi-like cells and CD56^+^CD127^+^ cells. Cultured CD56^+^CD127^+^ and CD127^+^LTi-like cells maintain high RORC expression --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Immature stage 3 NK cells have been shown to develop into cNK cells ([@bib8]). Because considerable phenotypic similarities exist between LTi-like cells and stage 3 iNK cells, we examined whether CD127^+^ LTi-like cells can convert into cNK cells. Using a rigorous sorting strategy, we isolated CD56^+^CD117^−^ cNK cells, Lin^−^CD56^+^CD117^+^CD127^+^ cells, and Lin^−^CD56^−^CD117^+^CD127^+^ LTi-like cells from human tonsils. The use of CD117, in conjunction with CD127 as selecting markers, combined with the rigorous exclusion of Lin^+^ and/or TCR^+^ cells, was crucial for preventing contamination with T cells. These sorted populations were expanded ex vivo using a feeder mixture consisting of irradiated allogeneic PBMCs, JY EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cells, PHA, and IL-2, which was previously used to expand cNK cells ([@bib16]). Under these conditions, CD127^+^ LTi-like cells expanded 30--200-fold, and after resting they could be successfully restimulated and further expanded. Importantly, expanded LTi-like cell lines maintained expression of RORC messenger RNA (mRNA), as did CD56^+^CD127^+^ cells, whereas CD56^+^ cNK cells remained negative ([Fig. 2 A](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}). At the end of the first feeder cycle, LTi-like cell lines were ∼30--60% CD56^+^ ([Fig. 2 B](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}). After subsequent feeder cycles, CD56 expression increased until ∼80--100% of the cells were CD56^+^. After expansion, all populations expressed similar levels of NKp46. CD127 was no longer detectable by flow cytometry; however, LTi-like cell lines continued to express CD127 message ([Fig. S1](http://www.jem.org/cgi/content/full/jem.20091509/DC1)) and to respond to IL-7 (unpublished data). The down-regulation of CD127 is not unexpected, as it is well known that T cells lose CD127 expression after activation and expansion ([@bib21]). Expanded cNK cells expressed CD56, but in contrast to cell lines derived from CD127^+^CD56^−^ and CD127^+^CD56^+^ cells, they lacked CD117. {#fig2} To exclude potential uncertainties regarding the use of bulk populations, we performed a clonal analysis of CD127^+^ LTi-like cells from two donors. Lin^−^CD117^+^CD127^+^ LTi-like cells were purified and cloned by limiting dilution at one and three cells per well of a 96-well round-bottomed plate. Approximately 8--10% of the wells seeded with one cell per well showed robust expansion and 10--20 clones from each donor were characterized further. All clones expressed high amounts of transcripts of RORC and AHR ([Fig. 2 C](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}), a transcription factor which is associated with Th17 cells and IL-22 production ([@bib20]), and a positive correlation existed between RORC and AHR expression levels ([Fig. 2 D](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}). Furthermore, all clones maintained expression of CD117 and NKp46 and most expressed CD56, which is consistent with observations of expanded CD127^+^ LTi-like cell lines ([Fig. 2 E](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}). In contrast, parallel cNK cell lines were negative for CD117 and did not express RORC. LTi cell lines and clones maintained their ability to interact with MSCs and induce the expression of adhesion molecules, whereas cNK cell lines failed to mediate this activity ([Fig. S2](http://www.jem.org/cgi/content/full/jem.20091509/DC1)). Up-regulation of adhesion molecules could be mimicked by addition of exogenous TNF and lymphotoxin, and blocking TNF signaling through addition of TNFRII-Ig inhibited the up-regulation of adhesion molecules on MSCs induced by CD127^+^ LTi-like cell lines (Fig. S2). Collectively, our data demonstrate that LTi-like cells and their CD56^+^ descendants can be expanded ex vivo and retain their phenotypic and functional characteristics. Most importantly, neither the lines nor the clones convert into cNK cells in vitro. Heterogeneous cytokine production from expanded and clonal CD127^+^ LTi-like cells ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In vitro expanded LTi-like cells have a similar cytokine profile after stimulation as ex vivo cells ([Fig. 3 A](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}). Stimulation with PMA/ionomycin was used to reveal the intrinsic capacity of cells to produce cytokines. IL-22 was produced in much higher amounts than IL-17, suggesting that the preferential production of IL-22 that was noted in freshly isolated cells was maintained through in vitro activation and expansion. After expansion, LTi-like cell lines produced amounts of IL-22 that were similar to those of the CD56^+^CD127^+^ cell lines upon activation, which is in contrast to the lower amounts produced by freshly isolated CD127^+^ LTi-like cells ([Fig. 3 A](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}; [@bib5]). However, in contrast to fresh LTi cells, both CD56^+^CD127^+^ and LTi-like cell lines produced IFN-γ after expansion ([Fig. 3 A](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}). The IFN-γ--producing cells within the LTi cell lines may represent differentiated cNK cells that had lost the capacity to produce IL-22. However, the observation that activated IFN-γ--producing LTi cell lines were also positive for IL-22, TNF, and IL-17 ([Fig. 3 B](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}) argues against this possibility. {#fig3} The cytokine production profile of LTi-like cell clones was similar to that of LTi cell lines ([Fig. 3 C](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}). Like the LTi lines, the clones acquired the capacity to produce IFN-γ. There was no inverse correlation between IFN-γ production and RORC mRNA in the clones (unpublished data), indicating that IFN-γ production was not associated with a decrease of expression of RORC. Clones derived from donor 1 had higher IL-17 production after stimulation than did clones derived from donor 2. Although most clones produced both IL-17 and IL-22 after stimulation, some clones produced IL-22 but not IL-17, whereas other clones produced IL-17 but not IL-22 ([Fig. 3 D](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}). These data indicate that some heterogeneity, with respect to IL-22 and IL-17 production, exists within RORC^+^ LTi cell clones. There was no correlation between CD56 expression and cytokine production profile. Over time, clones largely maintained their phenotype, although with in vitro culture an increase in IL-17 production was sometimes observed ([Fig. S3](http://www.jem.org/cgi/content/full/jem.20091509/DC1)). It has been suggested that the capacity to produce IL-17 distinguishes LTi cells from NK22 cells ([@bib4]). However, our analysis suggests the presence of cells that can produce both IL-17 and IL-22, and even IL-17 only, within the CD127^+^RORC^+^ population which are also NKp44^+^ ex vivo. After expansion, LTi-like cell lines have low cytotoxic activity ---------------------------------------------------------------- We, and others, have documented that freshly isolated LTi-like cells from the tonsil, like their fetal counterparts, are negative for granzyme and perforin ([@bib3]; [@bib5]; [@bib17]). Because CD56^+^ LTi-like cell lines were capable of producing IFN-γ ([Fig. 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}), we assessed whether they acquired cytotoxic activity. After expansion, LTi-like cell lines and clones expressed perforin, but at much lower levels compared with cNK cell lines, and did not acquire expression of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs; [Fig. 4, A and B](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}; and not depicted). In contrast to LTi-like cell clones, LTi-like cell lines did express some granzyme B but at much lower than cNK cell lines ([Fig. 4, A and B](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}). In a cytotoxic assay with K562 cells as targets, cultured LTi-like cells achieved 50% lysis at an effector/target ratio of 19:1, which is ∼13-fold higher than that required for cNK cell lines ([Fig. 4 C](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}), suggesting that in vitro--cultured LTi-like cells acquired a moderate cytolytic activity. However, this activity was much lower than that of cNK cells. The clones derived from LTi-like cells did not display any cytotoxicity in this assay. Collectively, our data support the notion that LTi and their CD127^+^CD56^+^ progeny represent a lineage whose developmental pathway is distinct from cNK cells. {#fig4} CD117^+^CD161^+^CD127^−^ iNK cells contain cNK precursors --------------------------------------------------------- It has been reported that circulating CD34^+^CD45RA^+^ cells that are also resident in the lymph node can differentiate into NK cells ([@bib7]). Close inspection of those in vitro--generated NK cells reveals some similarities with LTi-like cells, in that they expressed CD117 and CD161, and part of the cells expressed CD25 ([@bib7], [@bib8]), raising the possibility that some of those in vitro--generated "NK" cells are in fact LTi-like cells. Indeed, recently the same group reported that the stage 3 iNK cells, which were hypothesized to be downstream of CD34^dim^CD45RA^+^ precursor cells, produced IL-22, suggesting that at least part of these iNK are identical to LTi-like cells ([@bib9]). Given that CD127^+^CD117^+^ cells cannot differentiate into cNK, the cNK precursor within the CD161^+^CD117^+^ iNK population described by [@bib8] should be negative for CD127. To test this hypothesis, we purified CD127 positive and negative cells from the Lin^−^CD161^+^CD117^+^ population and expanded them in vitro ([Fig. 5 A](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}). [Fig. 5 B](#fig5){ref-type="fig"} shows that, as expected, CD127^+^CD117^+^ cells maintain the expression of CD117 and had low levels of perforin and granzyme B. In contrast, the expanded CD127^−^CD117^+^ cells lost CD117, were positive for granzyme B and perforin, and had some KIR expression ([Fig. 5 B](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}). Both populations expressed NKp46, NKG2D, and CD56. Consistent with the cell surface phenotype, RORC and IL-22 mRNAs were highly expressed in expanded CD117^+^CD127^+^ cells, expressed at low levels in CD117^+^CD127^−^ cells, and not expressed in cNK cell lines ([Fig. 5 C](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}). In contrast, IFN-γ mRNA was expressed in all populations but most highly expressed in expanded cNK cells, whereas CD117^+^CD127^−^ cells had an intermediate expression ([Fig. 5 C](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}). These data indicate that CD127^−^ cNK precursors are found within the iNK cell population. Our data strongly suggest that iNK cells, as defined by [@bib8] and [@bib9], may contain a mixture of LTi cells and immature cNK cells and do not necessarily contain common NK/LTi cell precursors. If such a precursor exists, it might be present in the CD34^+^CD45RA^±^ population ([@bib7], [@bib8]). {#fig5} The conclusion that cNK and RORC^+^ CD127^+^ LTi-like cells belong to different lineages is consistent with an accompanying paper (see Satoh-Takayama et al. in this issue). These researchers found that development of NKp46^+^RORC^+^ IL-22--producing cells, like that of LTi cells, requires IL-7 and is IL-15 independent. By using cell fate mapping, these researchers also observed that cNK cells never express RORC during their development. Because it is very likely that mouse NKp46^+^RORC^+^ cells, which also express CD127, are the mouse homologue of the human CD56^+^CD127^+^RORC^+^ cells described in this paper, the data of this group are in agreement with our conclusion that human CD127^+^RORC^+^ cells are unable to differentiate into cNK cells. Nonetheless, CD127^+^ LTi-like cells and their CD56^+^ descendants seem to be related to cNK cells because apart from the fact that these cell types share expression of certain markers, development of both lineages in the mouse can be blocked by E2A proteins ([@bib2]) and consequently requires the E protein inhibiting factor Id2. These two lineages may serve comparable functions in the immune response. It is well established that cNK cells are necessary for the initial defense against viruses ([@bib11]). It is possible that LTi-like cells and their RORC^+^ progeny are involved in the innate immune response against extracellular bacteria, much like the IL-22 and IL-17--producing T cells, which also express RORC and are instrumental in the adaptive immune response against bacteria ([@bib1]; [@bib10]; [@bib13]). Indeed, we have observed that LTi cells express toll-like receptors and are capable of responding to TLR stimulation (unpublished data). Non--T cell--derived IL-22 is required for protection from *Citrobacter Rodentium* infection in the intestine ([@bib24]), and IL-22--producing RORC^+^ cells contribute to this response ([@bib19]; [@bib3]). The RORC^+^ innate lymphocytes may constitute a heterogeneous group of cells, as indicated by our clonal analysis. In the intestinal lamina propria only IL-22--producing cells may be present, but is very well possible that similar cells producing IL-17 rather than IL-22 are prevalent in other mucosal sites such as the lung. We have also found that LTi cells and CD56^+^RORC^+^ cells are able to produce IL-5 and IL-13 (unpublished data) and RORC^+^ cells might exist in certain tissues that are dedicated to producing these cytokines rather than IL-17 and/or IL-22. Such cells may function in the innate immune response against parasites. MATERIALS AND METHODS ===================== ### Cell purification and sorting. Human tonsils were digested for 30 min in 0.5 mg/ml collagenase IV (Invitrogen) at 37°C and processed to form a single cell suspension. CD3^+^ and CD19^+^ cells were depleted using kits (STEMCELL Technologies Inc.). For flow cytometry sorting, cells were labeled with PE-conjugated anti-CD127 (BD), PE-Cy7--conjugated anti-CD56 (BD), APC-conjugated anti-CD117 (eBioscience), Pacific blue--conjugated anti-CD19 (eBioscience), and FITC-conjugated anti-CD3, TCR-αβ, TCR-γδ, and CD14 (eBioscience) antibodies. In some conditions, PE-Cy5--conjugated anti-CD161 (BD) was also used. Cells were sorted on a FACSAria (BD) to \>95% purity. Tonsils were obtained from Bio Options, and blood samples were obtained from the Genentech blood donors program after written informed consent. Ethical approval for the use of this material was obtained from the Western Institutional Review Board. ### MSC assay. Human MSCs (Thermo Fisher Scientific) were cultured according to the supplier's instructions. MSCs were plated in a 48-well plate at a density of 5 × 10^4^ cells per well. LTi-like or cNK cells were added at a 1:1 ratio and co-cultured for 4 d in the presence of 10 ng/ml IL-7. ICAM1 and VCAM1 expression on MSC was determined by flow cytometry. Where indicated, 10 ng/ml TNF or 100 ng/ml LTα1β2 were added at the start of culture. 100 ng/ml TNFRII-Ig was used to block TNF signaling and was added on days 0 and 2. ### Expansion of LTi cell lines and LTi-like cell clones. Flow cytometry--sorted cells were stimulated with irradiated allogeneic PBMCs (5,000 rad) and irradiated JY EBV-transformed B cells (7,500 rad) in the presence of 1 µg/ml PHA (Roche) and 100 U/ml IL-2 (Novartis). IL-2 was replenished every 3 d. LTi-like cell clones were generated using limited cell dilution and expanded using the same method. ### Cell culture. Cells were cultured in Yssel's medium (Gemini Bio-Products; or in house prepared) plus 1% human AB serum (Gemini Bio-Products). Recombinant human IL-7 and IL-15 were used at 10 ng/ml (R&D Systems). For cytokine production, 5 × 10^5^ cells per well were plated in a 200-µl volume in 96-well round-bottom plates. ### Cytotoxic activity assay. K562 cells were labeled with a fluorescent dye using the Live/Dead cell--mediated cytotoxicity kit (Invitrogen) and co-cultured with effector cell lines at the ratios indicated for 5 h. Cytotoxicity was determined by propidium iodide staining using flow cytometry. ### Quantitative real-time PCR. Total RNA was extracted using either the RNeasy mini or micro kit (QIAGEN) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Complementary DNA was reverse transcribed using the high-capacity complementary DNA archive kit (Applied Biosystems). Primers and probes were all predesigned Taqman Gene Expression Assays from Applied Biosystems. Real-time PCR was performed on the 7500 Real Time System (Applied Biosystems) machine. The following assays were used: RORC (Hs01076112), AHR (Hs00169233), 18S (Hs99999901), and IL-22 (Hs00220924). All samples were normalized using 18S expression level and expressed in arbitrary units. ### Flow cytometry and intracellular cytokine staining. Cell surface staining was performed using Alexa Fluor 647--conjugated anti-NKp46 or -NKp44, Pe-Cy7--conjugated anti-CD25, and FITC-conjugated anti-CD62L (all obtained from BD). KIRs were detected using FITC-conjugated anti-KIR2DL2 or -KIR3DL1 (BioLegend). Cells were fixed and permeabilized as described later in this section and stained with PE-conjugated anti--granzyme B and FITC-conjugated anti-perforin (eBioscience). Intracellular staining was performed on ex vivo expanded cell lines and clones stimulated for 6 h with 10 ng/ml PMA and 500 nM ionomycin (EMD) in the presence of 5 µg/ml BFA (BD) for the final 4 h of culture. Cells were stained with LIVE/DEAD (violet) viability assay (Invitrogen) and then fixed in 3% paraformaldehyde in PBS. Cell permeabilization, staining, and subsequent washings were performed using the Fix/perm wash buffer (eBioscience). The following antibodies were used (BD): PECY7-conjugated anti--IFN-γ, and PE-Cy7--conjugated anti-TNF. PE-conjugated anti--IL-17A (eBioscience) and Alexa Fluor 647--conjugated anti--IL-22 (prepared in house) were also used. Data were acquired on an LSRII (BD) and analyzed with FlowJo software (Tree Star, Inc.). Monoclonal mouse anti--human IL-22 antibodies were generated in house by immunizing mice with human IL-22Fc fusion protein. Clone 3F11 was chosen based on its ability to detect intracellular human IL-22 ([@bib20]). The antibody was then conjugated with Alexa Fluor 647 fluorochrome using a Labeling kit (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. During analysis, dead cells were eliminated using the live/dead violet dye and doublets were eliminated based on light scattering parameters. ### Luminex and ELISA. Supernatants were collected, and IL-17A, IFN-γ, and TNF were measured by Bioplex bead-based assays (Bio-Rad Laboratories) and read by a Luminex System (Luminex). IL-22 was measured by ELISA (R&D Systems) according to the manufacturer's protocol. ### Online supplemental material. Fig. S1 shows CD127 mRNA expression on expanded cell lines. Fig. S2 shows up-regulation of adhesion molecules on MSCs induced by expanded LTi-like cell lines and clones. Fig. S3 follows cytokine production of individual clones over successive expansions in vitro. Online supplemental material is available at <http://www.jem.org/cgi/content/full/jem.20091509/DC1>. We would like to thank Lewis Lanier for critical discussion of this manuscript. We greatly appreciate the excellent work done by Jim Cupp and the members of the Genentech flow cytometry laboratory on cell sorting and by Andres Paler Martinez on Luminex analysis. T. Cupedo was supported by VENI grant 916.66.018 from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (ZON-MW). The authors declare that potential financial conflicts of interest may exist in that N.K. Crellin, S. Trifari, C.D. Kaplan, and H. Spits are or were employees of Genentech, a company that develops and markets drugs. The authors have no additional financial interests. Abbreviations used:cNKconventional NKKIRkiller cell immunoglobulin-like receptorLTilymphoid tissue inducermRNAmessenger RNAMSCmesenchymal stem cell [^1]: H. Spits' present address is Academic Medical Centre, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands

Q: JSP and Servlet NullPointer - display class attribute in text field I am creating a project with JSP & Servlet (and entity beans) and I am trying to create a form where a user registers as a customer and is then redirected to a reservation page. I want to keep the Id for the Customer that just registered and fill it into a disabled text field and then create a reservation on the next page. But whenever I try to load the customer class through jsp the whole application crashes with a NullPointerException. It seems like the program crashes when it reaches the jsp-tags to fetch my customer, since it does print out the c.cPnr to the console as well as the test in the JSP-file. <%@ page import = "g24.isp.ejb.Customer" %> <%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%> <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title>Welcome to Ski Village!</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="new/css/normalize.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="new/css/stylesheet.css"> <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Fjalla+One|Poppins:400,500,600' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'> <script src="javascript/script.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </head> <body> <% System.out.println("test"); %> <% Customer c = (Customer) session.getAttribute("customer"); %> <div id="container"> <!-- HEADER + MENU --> <header> <div class="logo"><!-- Ski Village Logo --></div> <div class="menu"> <ul> <li> <a href="index.html"> Home </a></li> <li class="left-menu"> <a href="about.html"> About </a></li> <li class="right-menu"> <a href="booking.html" id="selected"> Book </a></li> <li> <a href="index.html" > Test</a></li> </ul> </div> </header> <!-- PAGE CONTENT --> <div id="wrapper"> <div class="center-form"> <form action="/HotelClient/HotelServlet" name="resForm" method="post"> <input type="text" name="cPnr" value="<%= c.getcPnr() %>" > <input type="number" name="week" min="1" max="52" placeholder="Select week" > <select name="cno"> <option value="1">Adventure Cabin </option> <option value="2">Cozy Cabin </option> <option value="3">Snowy Cabin </option> <option value="4">Hacker Cabin </option> </select> <input type="submit" name="checkres" value="Check availability"> <input type="submit" name="submitresform" value="Create reservation" type="hidden"> <input name="operation" value="bajskorv" type="hidden"> </form> </div> <!-- FOOTER + SOCIAL ICONS --> <footer> <a href="http://facebook.com/"><img src="img/facebook-logo.png" class="social-icon" alt="facebook logo"></a> <a href="http://instagram.com/"><img src="img/instagram-logo.png" class="social-icon" alt="instagram logo"></a> <a href="http://twitter.com/"><img src="img/twitter-logo.png" class="social-icon" alt="twitter logo"></a> <p>&copy; 2016 | Ski Village</p> </footer> </div> </div> </body> </html> Servlet code: package g24.isp.servlets; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.PrintWriter; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; import javax.ejb.EJB; import javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher; import javax.servlet.ServletException; import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession; import g24.isp.ejb.Cabin; import g24.isp.ejb.Customer; import g24.isp.ejb.Hotel; import g24.isp.ejb.Reservation; import g24.isp.facade.Facade; import g24.isp.facade.FacadeLocal; import g24.isp.ejb.MethodClass; /** * Servlet implementation class HotelServlet */ @WebServlet("/HotelServlet") public class HotelServlet extends HttpServlet { private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; @EJB private FacadeLocal facade; /** * @see HttpServlet#HttpServlet() */ public HotelServlet() { super(); // TODO Auto-generated constructor stub } /** * @see HttpServlet#doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse * response) */ protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); out.println("MainServlet-doGet"); out.close(); } /** * @see HttpServlet#doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse * response) */ protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { // TODO Auto-generated method stub String url = "did not get an url"; // Get hidden field String operation = request.getParameter("operation"); MethodClass mc = new MethodClass(); if (operation.equals("createcustomer")) { String cPnr = request.getParameter("txtcPnr"); String cAddress = request.getParameter("txtcAddress"); String cPhone = request.getParameter("txtcPhone"); String cName = request.getParameter("txtcName"); if (facade.findByCpnr(cPnr) == null) { Customer customer = new Customer(); customer.setcPnr(cPnr); customer.setcAddress(cAddress); customer.setcPhone(cPhone); customer.setcName(cName); facade.createCustomer(customer); url = "/new/reservation.jsp"; } else { url = "new/newcust.jsp"; } } else if (operation.equals("createreservation")) { String cpnr = request.getParameter("txtcPnr"); int week = mc.ParseStringToInt(request.getParameter("week")); int cno = mc.ParseStringToInt(request.getParameter("cno")); Customer cs = facade.findByCpnr(cpnr); Cabin cb = facade.findByCabinNo(cno); if (cb != null && cs != null) { Reservation res = new Reservation(); res.setCabin(cb); res.setCustomer(cs); res.setrDate(week); facade.createReservation(res); url = "/Index.jsp"; } else { System.out.println("Did not enter if statement"); url = "/Index.jsp"; } } else if (operation.equals("newcustomer")) { url = "/new/newcust.jsp"; } else if (operation.equals("setcustomer")) { System.out.println("Servlet - Create reservation"); String cpnr = request.getParameter("txtcPnr"); System.out.println(cpnr); url = "/new/reservation.jsp"; Customer customer = facade.findByCpnr(cpnr); if (customer != null) { System.out.println(customer.getcName()); session.setAttribute("customer", customer); url = "/reservation.jsp"; } else { System.out.println("Customer value is null"); } } System.out.println(url); RequestDispatcher dispatcher = getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher(url); dispatcher.forward(request, response); } } A: I solved the problem - i was trying to find the customer by accessing the facade.findBycPnr() method. The solution was to session.setAttribute(customer, cust) when creating the customer.

Q: Do I need glib (OSX)? One of the options when installing emacs in OSX (through homebrew) is support for glib. It's not included by default. What does it buy me to install? Any downsides? Thanks! A: No, I don't think you need glib. According to brew cat emacs, the --glib option actually means --with-file-notification=gfile, and run ./configure --help inside Emacs source root directory tells: --with-file-notification=LIB use a file notification library (LIB one of: yes, inotify, kqueue, gfile, w32, no) In my experience, kqueue is used on OSX by default (as long as you don't set the option by yourself).