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[ "Lincoln Tomb Lincoln Tomb is the final resting place of the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, and three of their four sons. It is located in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield, Illinois. At the close of the events marking Lincoln's death, his body was placed in a nearby receiving tomb and later in the state tomb. The mausoleum is owned and administered by the State of Illinois as Lincoln Tomb State Historic Site.", "List of First Ladies of the United States The First Lady of the United States is the hostess of the White House. The position is traditionally filled by the wife of the President of the United States, but, on occasion, the title has been applied to women who were not presidents’ wives, such as when the president was a bachelor or widower, or when the wife of the president was unable to fulfill the duties of the First Lady herself. The First Lady is not an elected position; it carries no official duties and receives no salary.", "List of Presidents of the United States Under the United States Constitution, the President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. As chief of the executive branch and face of the federal government as a whole, the presidency is the highest political office in the United States by influence and recognition. The president is also the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.", "Mary Todd Lincoln Mary Ann Todd Lincoln (December 13, 1818 – July 16, 1882) was the wife of the sixteenth President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, and was First Lady of the United States from 1861 to 1865.A member of a large, wealthy Kentucky family, Mary was well educated. After living in the Todd House and a finishing school during her teens, she moved to Springfield, Illinois where she lived for a time with her married sister Elizabeth Edwards." ]

[ "Abraham Lincoln's Clemency Abraham Lincoln's Clemency was a 1910 American film directed by Theodore Wharton and produced by Pathé Films. The plot revolves around US President Abraham Lincoln pardoning a hapless sentry who had fallen asleep while on duty during the height of the Civil War. Due to the soldier's incompetence he is due to face the firing squad. However, his mother pleads with the President to save her son, which, as the title suggests, he does. The film was a single reel in length.", "Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address For the text of Lincoln's first Inaugural Address, see Abraham Lincoln's First Inaugural Address at Wikisource.Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address was delivered by President Abraham Lincoln, on Monday, March 4, 1861, as part of his taking of the oath of office for his first term as the sixteenth President of the United States.", "Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln /ˈeɪbrəhæm ˈlɪŋkən/ (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis.", "Abraham Lincoln (1920 statue) Abraham Lincoln (1920) is a colossal seated figure of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865) sculpted by Daniel Chester French (1850–1931) and carved by the Piccirilli Brothers. It is situated in the Lincoln Memorial (constructed 1914–22), on the National Mall, Washington, D.C., USA, and was unveiled in 1922. Stylistically, the work follows in the Beaux Arts and American Renaissance traditions.", "Abraham Lincoln (Flannery) Abraham Lincoln is a marble sculpture of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln by Irish artist Lot Flannery, located in front of the old District of Columbia City Hall in Washington, D.C., United States. It was installed several blocks from Ford's Theatre, where Lincoln was assassinated. Dedicated in 1868 on the third anniversary of Lincoln's death, dignitaries at the unveiling ceremony included President Andrew Johnson and Generals Ulysses S.", "Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park preserves two separate farm sites in LaRue County, Kentucky where Abraham Lincoln was born and lived until the age of seven. He was born at the Sinking Spring site south of Hodgenville and remained there until the family moved to the Knob Creek Farm northeast of Hodgenville when he was two years old, living there until he was seven years old. The Sinking Spring site is the location of the park visitors center.", "Abraham Lincoln II Abraham \"Jack\" Lincoln II (August 14, 1873 – March 5, 1890), was the middle of three children of Robert Todd Lincoln and Mary Eunice Harlan, and the only grandson of Abraham Lincoln. Jack and his sisters were described as \"bright, natural, unpretentious children, well liked by the people of the town\". It was claimed that Jack was much like President Lincoln.", "Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum documents the life of the 16th U.S. President, Abraham Lincoln, and the course of the American Civil War. Combining traditional scholarship with 21st-century showmanship techniques, the museum ranks as one of the most visited presidential libraries. Its library, in addition to housing an extensive collection on Lincoln, also houses the collection of the Illinois State Historical Library, founded by the state in 1889.", "Abraham Lincoln cultural depictions Since his death in 1865, Abraham Lincoln has been an iconic American figure depicted—usually favorably or heroically—in many forms. Lincoln has often been portrayed by Hollywood, almost always in a flattering light.", "African American African American, also referred to as Black American or Afro-American, is an ethnic group of Americans (citizens or residents of the United States) with total or partial ancestry from any of the native populations of Sub-Saharan Africa. On average, African Americans are of 78 percent West African, 19 percent European and 3 percent Native American heritage, with very large variation between individuals.", "Amusia (album) Amusia is the first album by punk rock band Katastrophy Wife, released in 2001.", "Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) was the seventh President of the United States (1829–1837). He was born near the end of the colonial era, somewhere near the then-unmarked border between North and South Carolina, into a recently immigrated Scots-Irish farming family of relatively modest means. During the American Revolutionary War Jackson, whose family supported the revolutionary cause, acted as a courier. He was captured, at age 13, and mistreated by his British captors.", "Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875) was the 17th President of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. Johnson became president as he was vice president at the time of President Abraham Lincoln's assassination. A Democrat who ran with Lincoln on the National Union ticket, Johnson came to office as the Civil War concluded. The new president favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union.", "Assassination of Abraham Lincoln United States President Abraham Lincoln was shot on Good Friday, April 14, 1865, while attending the play Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre as the American Civil War was drawing to a close. The assassination occurred five days after the commander of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, General Robert E. Lee, surrendered to Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant and the Union Army of the Potomac.Lincoln was the first American president to be assassinated.", "Assassination of John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was assassinated at 12:30 p.m. Central Standard Time (18:30 UTC) on Friday, November 22, 1963, in Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas. Kennedy was fatally shot by Lee Harvey Oswald while traveling with his wife Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, and Connally's wife Nellie, in a presidential motorcade.", "Baltimore Plot The Baltimore Plot was an alleged conspiracy in late February 1861 to assassinate President-elect Abraham Lincoln en route to his inauguration. Allan Pinkerton, founder of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, played a key role by managing Lincoln's security throughout the journey.", "Bang (The Good Wife) \"Bang\" is the fifteenth episode of the first season of the American legal drama television series The Good Wife. It originally aired on CBS in the United States on March 2, 2010. In the episode, ex States Attorney Peter Florrick (Chris Noth) is released from prison to his home. He is confined by house arrest and starts working on restarting his legal career.", "Born to Laugh at Tornadoes Born To Laugh At Tornadoes is a 1983 album by the progressive pop band Was (Not Was). Rolling Stone declared it \"conceptually, the best album of the year\" shortly after its release.", "Clement Claiborne Clay Clement Claiborne Clay (December 13, 1816 – January 3, 1882) was a United States Senator (Democrat) from the state of Alabama from 1853 to 1861, and a Confederate States Senator from Alabama from 1861 to 1863. His portrait appears on the Confederate one-dollar note (4th issue and later). After the war he and his wife Virginia were imprisoned for a time by the United States government at Fort Monroe, on the suspicion of having been involved in the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln.", "Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, in a one-room log cabin at Sinking Spring farm, south of Hodgenville, in Hardin County, Kentucky. After a land title dispute forced the family to leave, they relocated to Knob Creek farm, eight miles to the north. By 1814 Thomas Lincoln, Abraham's father, had lost most of his land in Kentucky in legal disputes over land titles.", "Edwin Stanton Edwin McMasters Stanton (December 19, 1814 – December 24, 1869) was an American lawyer and politician who served as Secretary of War under the Lincoln Administration during most of the American Civil War. Stanton's effective management helped organize the massive military resources of the North and guide the Union to victory.", "Eliza McCardle Johnson Eliza McCardle Johnson (October 4, 1810 – January 15, 1876) was the First Lady of the United States and the wife of Andrew Johnson, the 17th President of the United States.", "Ellen Hamlin Ellen Vesta Emery Hamlin (September 14, 1835 – February 1, 1925) was the second wife of Vice President Hannibal Hamlin who served in the first term of the administration of President Abraham Lincoln. They were married a year after the death of his first wife Sarah Jane Emery in 1855 who was also her half-sister. She had two children with Hannibal Hamlin: Hannibal Emery, who later became the attorney general of Maine, and Frank.", "First Family of the United States The First Family of the United States is the unofficial title for the family of the President of the United States, who is both head of state and head of government of the United States. Members of the First Family consist of the President, the First Lady of the United States, and any of their children.", "First Lady of the United States The First Lady of the United States (FLOTUS) is an unofficial title and position traditionally held by the wife of the president, concurrent with his term of office. Historically, if a president is not married, or if the president's wife is unable to act as First Lady, the president usually asks a female relative or friend to act as White House hostess.", "First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln The first inauguration of Abraham Lincoln as the 16th President of the United States took place on March 4, 1861 on the eve of American Civil War. The inauguration marked the commencement of the first four-year term of Abraham Lincoln as President and Hannibal Hamlin as Vice President.", "Fleas (The Good Wife) \"Fleas\" is the sixteenth episode of the first season of the American legal drama television series The Good Wife. It originally aired on CBS in the United States on March 9, 2010. In the episode, the firm defends an attorney charged with murder for allegedly providing a witness list to his drug dealer client, which resulted in the death of a federal witness.", "Fleetwood Lindley Fleetwood Herndon Lindley (April 4, 1887 – February 1, 1963) was the last surviving person to have looked upon the face of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln before his final burial at his tomb in Oak Ridge Cemetery on September 26, 1901; Lindley was fourteen years old at the time.Lindley was born in Illinois, the son of Joseph Perry Lindley and Julia Herndon.", "Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln The funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln included a series of events held to mourn his death and memorialize him. Following Abraham Lincoln's death by assassination, funeral services were held in Washington, D.C., and then at additional locations as he was transported to his burial. The President was brought from the capital to the burial site in Lincoln's hometown of Springfield, Illinois, by funeral train, accompanied by dignitaries.", "George Atzerodt George Andreas Atzerodt (June 12, 1835 – July 7, 1865) was a conspirator, with John Wilkes Booth, in the assassination of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln. Assigned to assassinate U.S. Vice President Andrew Johnson, he lost his nerve and did not make an attempt. He was executed along with three other conspirators by hanging.", "Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln is a stage show featuring an Audio-Animatronic version of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, best known for being presented at Disneyland since 1965. It was originally showcased as the prime feature of the State of Illinois Pavilion at the 1964 New York World's Fair. One year after its debut at the World's Fair, the show opened at Disneyland, where it has undergone several changes and periods of hiatus over the years. Today Great Moments with Mr.", "Hannibal Hamlin Hannibal Hamlin (August 27, 1809 – July 4, 1891) was the 15th Vice President of the United States (1861–1865), serving under President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. He was the first Vice President from the Republican Party.Prior to his election in 1860, Hamlin served in the United States Senate, the House of Representatives, and, briefly, as the 26th Governor of Maine.", "Heights of presidents and presidential candidates of the United States A record of the heights of the Presidents of the United States and presidential candidates is useful for evaluating what role, if any, height plays in presidential elections. Some observers have noted that the taller of the two major-party candidates tends to prevail, and argue this is due to the public's preference for taller candidates.The tallest U.S. President was Abraham Lincoln at 6 ft 4 in (193 cm), while the shortest was James Madison at 5 ft 4 in (163 cm).", "Henry Rathbone Henry Reed Rathbone (July 1, 1837 – August 14, 1911) was a United States military officer and diplomat who was present at the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. Rathbone was sitting with his fiancée, Clara Harris, next to the President and his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, when John Wilkes Booth entered the president's box at Ford's Theatre and fatally shot Lincoln in the head. When Rathbone attempted to prevent Booth from fleeing the scene, Booth stabbed and seriously wounded him.", "Hildene Hildene, the Lincoln Family Home was the summer home of Robert Todd Lincoln and his wife Mary Harlan Lincoln, located in Manchester, Vermont.Robert Todd Lincoln was the eldest of the four sons of President Abraham Lincoln and his wife Mary Todd Lincoln, and the only one of them to survive into adulthood. He first visited Manchester, Vermont at age 20 in the summer of 1863 when he, his brother Tad, and their mother stayed at the nearby Equinox House to escape the heat of Washington.", "Hillary Clinton Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (born October 26, 1947) is an American politician who served as the 67th United States Secretary of State under President Barack Obama from 2009 to 2013. The wife of the 42nd President of the United States Bill Clinton, she was First Lady of the United States during his tenure from 1993 to 2001.", "Historical rankings of Presidents of the United States In political science, historical rankings of Presidents of the United States are surveys conducted in order to construct rankings of the success of individuals who have served as President of the United States. Ranking systems are usually based on surveys of academic historians and political scientists or popular opinion. The rankings focus on the presidential achievements, leadership qualities, failures and faults.", "Hitting the Fan \"Hitting the Fan\" is the fifth episode of the fifth season of the American legal drama television series The Good Wife. It originally aired on CBS in the United States on October 27, 2013. The episode deals with Alicia and Cary forming their own firm and the conflicts this causes.The episode was written by Robert King and Michelle King, and directed by James Whitmore, Jr.", "Honey Lingers Honey Lingers is the second album from alternative rock band Voice of the Beehive. Released in 1991 on London Records, the album earned positive reviews from music critics and was a success on U.S. college radio stations.The first single, \"Monsters and Angels\", became the band's first entry on the U.S.", "Hugh McCulloch Hugh McCulloch (December 7, 1808 – May 24, 1895) was an American statesman who served two non-consecutive terms as U.S. Treasury Secretary under three presidents. He was opposed to the National Banking Act of 1864, and attempted to bring the United States back to the gold standard throughout his career.", "Inauguration of Andrew Johnson The inauguration of Andrew Johnson as the 17th President of the United States took place on April 15, 1865 after the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. The inauguration marked the commencement of the only term of Andrew Johnson as President. Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase administered the Oath of office.As President Lincoln lay dying, Vice President Johnson visited the room where he lay, and when Mrs. Lincoln saw him, it was reported, she screamed and demanded he be removed.", "Jefferson Davis Jefferson Finis Davis (June 3, 1808 – December 6, 1889) was an American politician who was U.S. Representative and Senator from Mississippi, U.S. Secretary of War, and the President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. He took personal charge of the Confederate war plans but was unable to find a strategy to defeat the more populous and industrialized Union.", "John Adams John Adams, Jr. (October 30 [O.S. October 19] 1735 – July 4, 1826) was an American lawyer, author, statesman, and diplomat. He served as the second President of the United States (1797–1801), the first Vice President (1789–1797), and as a Founding Father was a leader of American independence from Great Britain. Adams was a political theorist in the Age of Enlightenment who promoted republicanism and a strong central government. His innovative ideas were frequently published.", "John Carroll Power John Carroll Power (September 19, 1819–January 11, 1894) was an American historian who served as the first custodian of the tomb of Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield, Illinois from its opening in 1874 to his death in 1894.", "John Miller Dickey Rev. John Miller Dickey, (December 15, 1806 — March 2, 1878) a Presbyterian minister, and his wife, Sarah Emlen Cresson, a Quaker, founded Ashmun Institute in 1854, later named Lincoln University (Pennsylvania) after the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. They named it after Jehudi Ashmun, a religious leader and social reformer. They founded the school for the education of African Americans, who had few opportunities. Dr.", "John Wilkes Booth John Wilkes Booth (May 10, 1838 – April 26, 1865) was an American stage actor who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre, in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865. Booth was a member of the prominent 19th-century Booth theatrical family from Maryland and, by the 1860s, was a well-known actor.", "Kentucky in the American Civil War Kentucky was a border state of key importance in the American Civil War. President Abraham Lincoln recognized the importance of the Commonwealth when he declared \"I hope to have God on my side, but I must have Kentucky.\" In a September 1861 letter to Orville Browning, Lincoln wrote:I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game. Kentucky gone, we cannot hold Missouri, nor Maryland. These all against us, and the job on our hands is too large for us.", "Lafayette S. Foster Lafayette Sabine Foster (November 22, 1806 – September 19, 1880) was a nineteenth-century American politician and lawyer from Connecticut. He served in the United States Senate from 1855 to 1867 and was a judge in the Connecticut Supreme Court from 1870 to 1876.Born in Franklin, Connecticut, Foster attended common schools as a child and graduated from Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1828. He taught school in Providence for some time and studied law back in Norwich, Connecticut.", "Lew Bloom Lew Bloom (August 8, 1859 – December 12, 1929) was an American vaudeville performer and stage actor who popularized the the comical tramp character. After retiring from the stage in the 1910s, he became a prolific art collector and dealer and also painted his own original works.Decades after his death, art conservators discovered thay Bloom was the perpetrator of an art forgery involving an oil portrait that he claimed depicted the wife of President Abraham Lincoln, First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln.", "Lexington, Kentucky, in the American Civil War Lexington, Kentucky was a city of importance during the American Civil War, with notable residents participating on both sides of the conflict. These included John C. Breckinridge, Confederate generals John Hunt Morgan and Basil W. Duke, and the Todd family, who mostly served the Confederacy although one, Mary Todd Lincoln, was the first lady of the United States, wife of President Abraham Lincoln.", "Lincoln County, Arkansas Lincoln County is a county located in the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 14,134. The county seat is Star City. Lincoln County is Arkansas's 65th county, formed on March 28, 1871, and named for Abraham Lincoln, the sixteenth President of the United States.", "Lincoln County, Idaho Lincoln County is a county located in the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2010 census, the population was 5,208. The county seat and largest city is Shoshone. The county is named after President Abraham Lincoln.", "Lincoln Home National Historic Site Lincoln Home National Historic Site preserves the Springfield, Illinois home and a historic district where Abraham Lincoln lived from 1844 to 1861, before becoming the 16th President of the United States. The presidential memorial includes the four blocks surrounding the home and a visitor center.", "Lincoln Homestead State Park Lincoln Homestead State Park is a state park located just north of Springfield, Kentucky in Washington County. The park encompasses 120 acres (49 ha), and features both historic buildings and reconstructions associated with Thomas Lincoln, father of President Abraham Lincoln.The two-story Francis Berry House is the only original structure; it was where Nancy Hanks, Abraham's mother, was working as a seamstress and living while being courted by Thomas Lincoln.", "Lincoln MKZ The Lincoln MKZ, initially named the Lincoln Zephyr, is a mid-size luxury car from Lincoln. The MKZ was the first of the \"MK\"-series of Lincoln luxury vehicles, and has since been followed by the MKX crossover, MKS full-size sedan, MKT full-size crossover and MKC compact crossover.A hybrid version was launched in the U.S. market in September 2010.", "Lincoln assassination flags The Lincoln assassination flags were the five flags which decorated the presidential box of Ford's Theatre, and which were present during John Wilkes Booth's assassination of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865. Lincoln and his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, were in this box watching a production of Our American Cousin. Booth's spur was allegedly caught by one of the flags when he began his escape from the theatre and broke his leg; this part of the story, however, is disputed.", "List of Presidents of the United States who died in office During the history of the United States, eight presidents have died in office. Of those eight, four were assassinated and four died of natural causes. In all eight cases, the Vice President of the United States took over the office of presidency as part of the United States presidential line of succession.William Henry Harrison holds the record for shortest term served, holding the office of presidency for 31 days before dying.", "List of The Good Wife episodes The Good Wife is a legal drama television series created by Robert King and Michelle King, which premiered on CBS on September 22, 2009. The show tells the story of Alicia Florrick (Julianna Margulies), whose husband Peter (Chris Noth) has been jailed following a very public sex and corruption scandal.", "List of U.S. counties named after U.S. Presidents This is a list of U.S. counties which are named for Presidents of the United States.", "List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots Assassination attempts and plots on Presidents of the United States have been numerous: more than 20 attempts to kill sitting and former presidents, as well as the Presidents-elect, are known. Four sitting presidents have been killed, all of them by gunshot: Abraham Lincoln (the 16th President), James A. Garfield (the 20th President), William McKinley (the 25th President) and John F. Kennedy (the 35th President).", "List of federal judges appointed by Abraham Lincoln Following is a list of all United States federal judges appointed by President Abraham Lincoln during his presidency. In total Lincoln appointed 32 federal judges, including four Associate Justices and one Chief Justice to the Supreme Court of the United States, and 27 judges to the United States district courts. Lincoln appointed no judges to the United States circuit courts during his time in office.", "List of photographs of Abraham Lincoln \"Lincoln's features were the despair of every artist who undertook his portrait. The writer saw nearly a dozen, one after another, soon after the first nomination to the presidency, attempt the task. They put into their pictures the large, rugged features, and strong, prominent lines; they made measurements to obtain exact proportions; they \"petrified\" some single look, but the picture remained hard and cold.", "Martha Ellen Young Truman Martha Ellen Young Truman (November 25, 1852 – July 26, 1947) was the mother of U.S. president Harry Truman. Martha Ellen Young was born in Jackson County, Missouri, on November 25, 1852, to Solomon Young, a successful farmer who also had a business running Conestoga wagon trains along the Overland Trail, and his wife Harriet Louisa Gregg. The family were southern sympathizers in the U. S. Civil War and several relatives served in the Confederate Army.", "Mary Eunice Harlan Mary Eunice Harlan (September 25, 1846 – March 31, 1937) was the daughter of United States Senator James Harlan and the wife of Robert T. Lincoln.", "Out Come the Freaks \"Out Come the Freaks\" is the name of a trilogy of songs by art-funk ensemble Was (Not Was).", "Penny (United States coin) The United States one-cent coin, commonly known as a penny, is a unit of currency equaling one-hundredth of a United States dollar. The cent's symbol is ¢. Its obverse has featured the profile of President Abraham Lincoln since 1909, the centennial of his birth. From 1959 (the sesquicentennial of Lincoln's birth) to 2008, the reverse featured the Lincoln Memorial.", "Petersen House The Petersen House is a 19th-century federal style rowhouse located at 516 10th Street NW in Washington, D.C. On April 15, 1865, United States President Abraham Lincoln died there after being shot the previous evening at Ford's Theatre located across the street. The house was built in 1849 by William A. Petersen, a German tailor.", "Presidency of Abraham Lincoln The presidency of Abraham Lincoln began on March 4, 1861, and ended with Lincoln's death by assassination on April 15, 1865, one month into his second term. This article details President Lincoln's actions during the American Civil War. Lincoln, despite being little prepared for it by prior military experience, was first and foremost a war president.", "President of the United States The President of the United States of America (POTUS) is the elected head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.The President of the United States is often considered one of the world's most powerful people.", "Presidential memorials in the United States The Presidential memorials in the United States honor the various Presidents of the United States and seek to perpetuate their legacies.", "Pritzker Military Presents Pritzker Military Presents is an original programming series produced by the Pritzker Military Museum & Library. It airs on PBS channel WYCC weekly and there are currently over 400 episodes. Weekly topics cover various parts of military history.", "Reportedly haunted locations in Washington, D.C. There are a number of reportedly haunted locations in Washington, D.C. The city is the capital of the United States, and was founded (pursuant to an Act of Congress) on July 16, 1790. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the Territory of Columbia until an act of Congress in 1871 effectively merged George Town, the City of Washington, and the Territory of Columbia into a single entity called the District of Columbia.", "Robert King Stone Robert King Stone (December 11, 1822 – April 23, 1872) was a 19th-century professor at Columbian College Medical School ( predecessor to today's George Washington University School of Medicine) and was considered “the dean of the Washington medical community.” Stone served U.S. President Abraham Lincoln during the years of the American Civil War and was present at Lincoln's deathbed and at his autopsy in 1865.The son of engraver William J. Stone, Robert King Stone was born in Washington, DC.", "Robert Todd Lincoln Robert Todd Lincoln (August 1, 1843 – July 26, 1926) was an American politician, lawyer, and businessman. He was the first son of President Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd Lincoln.", "Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893) was the 19th President of the United States (1877–1881). As president, he oversaw the end of Reconstruction, began the efforts that led to civil service reform, and attempted to reconcile the divisions left over from the Civil War and Reconstruction.Hayes, an attorney in Ohio, became city solicitor of Cincinnati from 1858 to 1861. When the Civil War began, he left a fledgling political career to join the Union Army as an officer.", "Sarah Bush Lincoln Sarah Bush Lincoln (December 13, 1788 - April 12, 1869) was the second wife of Thomas Lincoln and stepmother of President of the United States Abraham Lincoln. She was born in Kentucky, to Christopher and Hannah Bush. She married her first husband, Daniel Johnston, in 1806, and they had three children. Daniel Johnston died in 1816, and in 1819, she married Thomas Lincoln, joining his family with her three children.", "Sarah Lincoln Grigsby Sarah Lincoln Grigsby (February 10, 1807 – January 20, 1828) was the older sister of the sixteenth president Abraham Lincoln and cared for him when they were young.", "Selma Mansion Selma Mansion is one of the oldest and most historic structures in Norristown, Pennsylvania. Located on the western edge of the town, Selma was built by General Andrew Porter in 1794. Porter was a soldier during the American Revolutionary War and helped found the Continental Marines, forerunner of the U.S. Marine Corps.", "Shake Your Head \"Shake Your Head\" is a song by the band Was (Not Was). It was originally released in 1983 on the album Born to Laugh at Tornadoes. In 1992, it was re-recorded and remixed by house music producer Steve \"Silk\" Hurley, and features actress Kim Basinger alongside a re-recorded Ozzy Osbourne on vocals. It appeared on the group's compilation album, Hello Dad... I'm in Jail.", "Spy in the House of Love (song) \"Spy in the House of Love\" is a song by art-funk ensemble Was (Not Was). It was released in 1987, but became a large hit for the group in the U.S. and the UK in 1988.", "Tad Lincoln Thomas \"Tad\" Lincoln III (April 4, 1853 – July 15, 1871) was the fourth and youngest son of Abraham and Mary Lincoln. The nickname \"Tad\" was given to him by his father, who found him \"as wiggly as a tadpole\" when he was a baby. Lincoln was known to be impulsive and unrestrained, and he did not attend school during his father's lifetime.", "Team of Rivals Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln is a 2005 book by Pulitzer Prize-winning American historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, published by Simon & Schuster. The book is a biographical portrait of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln and some of the men who served with him in his cabinet from 1861 to 1865. Three of his Cabinet members had previously run against Lincoln in the 1860 election: Attorney General Edward Bates, Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P.", "Teresa Bagioli Sickles Teresa Bagioli Sickles (1836–1867) was the wife of Democratic New York State Assemblyman, U.S. Representative, and later U.S. Army Major General Daniel E. Sickles. She gained notoriety in 1859, when her husband stood trial for the murder of her lover, Philip Barton Key, son of Francis Scott Key. This trial was the first known use of the temporary insanity defense in American jurisprudence.", "The Last Call (The Good Wife) \"The Last Call\" is the sixteenth episode of the fifth season of the American legal drama television series The Good Wife. It originally aired on CBS in the United States on March 30, 2014. The episode deals with the aftermath of Will Gardner being killed in the previous episode. It also concerns his former client, and killer, Jeffrey Grant and what motivated his behavior. The episode was written by Robert King and Michelle King, and directed by Jim McKay.", "The Reprieve: An Episode in the Life of Abraham Lincoln The Reprieve: An Episode in the Life of Abraham Lincoln was a 1908 film that included US President Abraham Lincoln pardoning a sleeping sentry. It is possibly the first motion picture based on his life.", "Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt (/ˈroʊzəvɛlt/ ROH-zə-velt; October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), often referred to as Teddy or TR, was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th President of the United States, from 1901 to 1909. A leader of the Republican Party, he was a leading force of the Progressive Era. Born a sickly child with debilitating asthma, Roosevelt embraced a strenuous lifestyle and successfully regained his health.", "Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson (April 13 [O.S. April 2] 1743 – July 4, 1826) was an American Founding Father, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and the third President of the United States (1801–1809). He was an ardent proponent of democracy and embraced the principles of republicanism and the rights of the individual. At the beginning of the American Revolution, he represented Virginia in the Continental Congress, and then served as a wartime Governor of Virginia (1779–1781).", "Thomas Lincoln Thomas Lincoln (January 6, 1778 – January 17, 1851) was an American farmer, carpenter and father of President Abraham Lincoln. Although Thomas descended from colonial Puritans and Quakers, he was a staunch church of Christ member. Unlike some of his ancestors, Thomas could not write, but he was a well-respected community and church member known for his honesty.", "U.S. presidents on U.S. postage stamps For more than 160 years the one subject that has appeared most frequently on the face of U.S. Postage stamps is that of American Presidents. When the U.S. Post Office released its first two postage stamps in 1847, George Washington, along with Benjamin Franklin, were the two subjects depicted on these premier issues. The advent of Presidents on postage stamps has been definitive to U.S. Postage stamp design since the first issues were released and set the premise that U.S.", "Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant; April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was the 18th President of the United States (1869–77). As Commanding General, Grant worked closely with President Abraham Lincoln to lead the Union Army to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War. He implemented Congressional Reconstruction, often at odds with Lincoln's successor, Andrew Johnson.", "United States five-dollar bill The United States five-dollar bill ($5) is a denomination of United States currency. The current $5 bill features the 16th U.S. President (1861–65), Abraham Lincoln's portrait on the front and the Lincoln Memorial on the back. All $5 bills issued today are Federal Reserve Notes. Five dollar bills are delivered by Federal Reserve Banks in red straps of 100 bills each.The $5 bill is sometimes nicknamed a \\fin\\\".\"", "United States presidential election, 1860 The United States presidential election of 1860 was the 19th quadrennial presidential election. The election was held on Tuesday, November 6, 1860, and served as the immediate impetus for the outbreak of the American Civil War. The United States had been divided during the 1850s on questions surrounding the expansion of slavery and the rights of slave owners. In 1860, these issues broke the Democratic Party into Northern and Southern factions, and a new Constitutional Union Party appeared.", "United States presidential election, 1864 The United States presidential election of 1864 was the 20th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8, 1864. Incumbent president, Republican Abraham Lincoln, was running for re-election against Democratic candidate George B. McClellan, who ran as the \"peace candidate\" without personally believing in his party's platform.Lincoln was re-elected president by a landslide in the Electoral College.", "Walk the Dinosaur \"Walk the Dinosaur\" is a hit single recorded and released by the band Was (Not Was) in 1987, later featured on their hit 1988 album, What Up, Dog?.", "William H. Crook William H. Crook (October 15, 1839 – March 13, 1915) was one of President Abraham Lincoln's bodyguards in 1865. After Lincoln's assassination (while Crook was off duty), he continued to work in the White House, for a total of over 50 years, serving 12 presidents.Presidential security had been lax, even during the height of the American Civil War. Throngs of people entered the White House every day.", "William Jennings Bryan William Jennings Bryan (March 19, 1860 – July 26, 1925) was an American orator and politician from Nebraska, and a dominant force in the populist wing of the Democratic Party, standing three times as the Party's candidate for President of the United States (1896, 1900 and 1908). He served two terms as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Nebraska and was United States Secretary of State under President Woodrow Wilson (1913–1915)." ]

[ "Alice Munro Alice Ann Munro (/ˈælɨs ˌæn mʌnˈroʊ/, née Laidlaw /ˈleɪdlɔː/; born 10 July 1931) is a Canadian author. Munro's work has been described as having revolutionized the architecture of short stories, especially in its tendency to move forward and backward in time. Her stories have been said to \"embed more than announce, reveal more than parade.\"Munro's fiction is most often set in her native Huron County in southwestern Ontario. Her stories explore human complexities in an uncomplicated prose style.", "Friend of My Youth Friend of My Youth is a book of short stories by Alice Munro, published by McClelland and Stewart in 1990. It won the 1990 Trillium Book Award.", "List of short stories by Alice Munro This is a list of short stories written by Alice Munro. It includes stories that were published in single-author collections (books), the first story ever published, \"The Dimensions of a Shadow\" (1950), and other stories having appeared elsewhere.", "Open Secrets Open Secrets (ISBN 0-099-45971-X) is a book of short stories by Alice Munro published by McClelland and Stewart in 1994. It was nominated for the 1994 Governor General's Award for English Fiction.The Edmonton Journal called it \"the best Canadian book of 1994.\"", "Too Much Happiness Too Much Happiness is a short story collection by Canadian writer Alice Munro, published on August 25, 2009 by McClelland and Stewart's Douglas Gibson Books imprint." ]

[ "Balanak Bonihar O Pallavi Balanak Bonihar O Pallavi (The peasants on the banks of river Balan and Pallavi) is a Short Story collection, written by Dr Binod Bihari Verma, on the village life of Mithila on the banks of the Kosi River and its tributaries.", "Boys and Girls (short story) \"Boys and Girls\" (1964 / 1968) is a short story by Alice Munro, the Canadian winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2013 which deals with the making of gender roles.", "Crown of Stars Crown of Stars is a posthumous collection of Alice Sheldon (aka James Tiptree, Jr.)‘s unpublished short stories and those published in the final years of her career. All but one of the stories \"\\Come Live With Me\") had previously been published elsewhere, in Science fiction magazines or anthologies. It is copyrighted to “the Estate of Alice B. Sheldon” and was first published in 1988 by Tom Doherty Associates. Crown of Stars is 340 pages in length.", "Dance of the Happy Shades Dance of the Happy Shades (ISBN 0-099-27377-2) is a book of short stories by Alice Munro, published by Ryerson Press in 1968. It was her first collection of stories and won the 1968 Governor General's Award for English Fiction. The title of the main story is the English translation provided for the ballet in Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice when it was first presented in London.", "Dear Life Dear Life is a short story collection by Canadian writer Alice Munro, published in 2012 by McClelland and Stewart.The book was to have been promoted in part by a reading at Toronto's International Festival of Authors, although the appearance was cancelled due to health concerns.", "Enough Is Too Much Already Enough Is Too Much Already is a short story collection for teenagers by Jan Mark, published in 1988.The short stories are unusual, because they are written entirely in dialogue. They revolve around the exploits of Nazzer, Nina, and Maurice, three sixth form students who are re-sitting their GCSE examinations at school. Other characters include Lisa Pestall, a girl who is yearned after by Nazzer and Maurice, and Nidsworth, an aspiring sixth form eccentric.", "Free Radicals (short story) “Free Radicals” is from the short story collection Too Much Happiness by Alice Munro, published by Alfred A. Knopf in the New Yorker 2009. Alice Munro’s writing style on this book is combining the moments of reality and creativity together.", "Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage is a book of short stories by Alice Munro, published by McClelland and Stewart in 2001.In 2006, the story \"The Bear Came over the Mountain\" was adapted into a film, Away from Her, directed by Sarah Polley and produced by Atom Egoyan.", "How I Met My Husband \"How I Met My Husband\" is a short story written by Alice Munro, first published in 1974 as a part of her collection Something I've Been Meaning to Tell You.", "Jhumpa Lahiri Jhumpa Lahiri (Bengali: ঝুম্পা লাহিড়ী; born on July 11, 1967) is an Indian Bengali American author. Lahiri's debut short story collection, Interpreter of Maladies (1999), won the 2000 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and her first novel, The Namesake (2003), was adapted into the popular film of the same name. She was born Nilanjana Sudeshna but goes by her nickname (or in Bengali, her \"Daak naam\") Jhumpa. Lahiri is a member of the President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities, appointed by U.S.", "Lives of Girls and Women Lives of Girls and Women is a short story cycle by Nobel Prize–winning author Alice Munro, published by McGraw-Hill Ryerson in 1971. All of the stories chronicle the life of a single character, Del Jordan, and the book has been characterized as a novel by some critics as a result.The cycle serves as a coming of age story for Del Jordan growing up first on the outskirts, and later in the centre, of the small, southern Ontario town of Jubilee.", "Madeleine Thien Madeleine Thien (born 1974) is a Canadian short story writer and novelist.Born in Vancouver, British Columbia, she was educated at Simon Fraser University and the University of British Columbia.", "No Love Lost (book) No Love Lost is a 2003 collection of short stories by Alice Munro. Part of the New Canadian Library, it collects ten stories published in her earlier books, and features an afterword by Jane Urquhart.", "O. Henry Award The O. Henry Award is an annual American award given to short stories of exceptional merit. The award is named after the American short story writer, O. Henry.The PEN/O. Henry Prize Stories is an annual collection of the year's twenty best stories published in U.S. and Canadian magazines, written in English.The award itself is called The O. Henry Award, not the O. Henry Prize, though until recently there were first, second and third prize winners; the collection is called The PEN/O.", "Runaway (book) Runaway is a book of short stories by Alice Munro. First published in 2004 by McClelland and Stewart, it was awarded that year's Giller Prize and Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize.", "Saki Hector Hugh Munro (18 December 1870 – 14 November 1916), better known by the pen name Saki, and also frequently as H. H. Munro, was a British writer whose witty, mischievous and sometimes macabre stories satirize Edwardian society and culture. He is considered a master of the short story, and often compared to O. Henry and Dorothy Parker. Influenced by Oscar Wilde, Lewis Carroll and Rudyard Kipling, he himself influenced A. A. Milne, Noël Coward and P. G.", "Selected Stories Selected Stories is a volume of short stories by Alice Munro, published by McClelland and Stewart in 1996. It collects stories previously published in her eight previous books.", "Short story A short story is a brief work of literature, usually written in narrative prose. Emerging from earlier oral storytelling traditions in the 17th century, the short story has grown to encompass a body of work so diverse as to defy easy characterization. At its most prototypical the short story features a small cast of named characters, and focuses on a self-contained incident with the intent of evoking a \"single effect\" or mood.", "Short story collection A short story collection is a book of short stories by a single author, as distinguished from an anthology of fiction by more than one author (e.g., Les Soirées de Médan). The stories in a collection can share a theme, setting, or characters and sometimes can also include work of poetry. See short story cycle for further details.", "Something I've Been Meaning to Tell You Something I've Been Meaning to Tell You is a book of short stories by Alice Munro, published by McGraw-Hill (Canada) in 1974.", "The Ascent of Wonder: The Evolution of Hard SF The Ascent of Wonder: The Evolution of Hard SF is a definitive 1994 anthology of hard science fiction (sf) short stories compiled by the award-winning editing team of David G. Hartwell and Kathryn Cramer. This 990-page book includes 68 stories, each prefaced by a brief note to describe facts about the author, related works, or the logic of the story's inclusion in the genre. In addition, the book opens with three essays that meditate on the meaning and the boundaries of hard science fiction.", "The Early Fears The Early Fears is a collection of fantasy and horror short stories by author Robert Bloch. It was released in 1994 by Fedogan & Bremer in an edition of 2,400 copies, of which 100 were signed by the author. The collection reprints the stories from Bloch's two earlier collections published by Arkham House, The Opener of the Way and Pleasant Dreams: Nightmares with three additional stories.", "The Love of a Good Woman The Love of a Good Woman is a collection of short stories by Canadian writer Alice Munro, published by McClelland and Stewart in 1998.The eight stories of this collection (one of which was originally published in Saturday Night; five others were originally published in The New Yorker) deal with Munro's typical themes: secrets, love, betrayal, and the stuff of ordinary lives.", "The Moons of Jupiter The Moons of Jupiter is a book of short stories by Alice Munro, published by Macmillan of Canada in 1982. It was nominated for the 1982 Governor General's Award for English Fiction. The title of the collection follows from the last short story in the collection \"The Moons of Jupiter\".", "The Moons of Jupiter (short story) \"The Moons of Jupiter\" (1978 / 1982) is a short story by Alice Munro, the Canadian winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2013. It deals with how facts may change over time. The story is 17 pages in length and made up of 7 sections with the shortest section being the final one.", "The Penguin Anthology of Stories by Canadian Women The Peguin Anthology of Stories by Canadian Women is a compilation of 32 short stories by Canadian women selected and edited by the Chinese-Canadian author Denise Chong. It was published in 1997 by Penguin Books in Toronto.In her Introduction to this compilation, Chong notes that she \"wasn't looking so much for a feminine voice in the short story form, but rather stories in which women figure as central characters, where their points of view dominate\".", "The Portrait (Gogol short story) The Portrait (Russian: Портрет) is a short story by Nikolai Gogol, originally published in the short story collection Arabesques in 1835 and is one of Gogols’ most demonic of tales, hinting at some of his earlier works such as \"St. John's Eve\".It is the story of a young and penniless artist, Andrey Petrovich Chartkov, who stumbles upon a terrifyingly lifelike portrait in an art shop and is compelled to buy it.", "The Progress of Love The Progress of Love is a book of short stories by Alice Munro, published by McClelland and Stewart in 1986. It won the 1986 Governor General's Award for English Fiction, her third win of that award.The book was originally contracted to Macmillan of Canada, the publisher of Munro's previous two books.", "The View from Castle Rock The View from Castle Rock is a book of short stories by Canadian author Alice Munro, recipient of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature, which was published in 2006 by McClelland and Stewart.It is a collection of historical and autobiographical stories. The first part of the book narrates the lives of members of the Laidlaw branch of the family tree of the author, starting from their Scottish origins in the 18th century.", "Vintage Munro Vintage Munro is a 2004 book of short stories by Alice Munro published by Vintage Books. It collects five stories published previously in earlier books.", "Year's Best Fantasy and Horror Year's Best Fantasy and Horror was a reprint anthology published annually by St. Martin's Press from 1987 to 2008. In addition to the short stories, supplemented by a list of honorable mentions, each edition included a number of retrospective essays by the editors and others.", "Alice (Hermann book) Alice is a 2009 short story collection by the German writer Judith Hermann. It was shortlisted for the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize." ]

[ "Ackermann set theory Ackermann set theory is a version of axiomatic set theory proposed by Wilhelm Ackermann in 1956.", "Alternative set theory Generically, an alternative set theory is an alternative mathematical approach to the concept of set. It is a proposed alternative to the standard set theory. Some of the alternative set theories are:the theory of semisetsthe set theory New FoundationsPositive set theoryInternal set theorySpecifically, Alternative Set Theory (or AST) refers to a particular set theory developed in the 1970s and 1980s by Petr Vopěnka and his students.", "Axiom An axiom or postulate is a premise or starting point of reasoning. As classically conceived, an axiom is a premise so evident as to be accepted as true without controversy.The word comes from the Greek axíōma (ἀξίωμα) 'that which is thought worthy or fit' or 'that which commends itself as evident.' As used in modern logic, an axiom is simply a premise or starting point for reasoning.", "Axiom of countable choice The axiom of countable choice or axiom of denumerable choice, denoted ACω, is an axiom of set theory that states that any countable collection of non-empty sets must have a choice function.", "Axiom of determinacy In mathematics, the axiom of determinacy (abbreviated as AD) is a possible axiom for set theory introduced by Jan Mycielski and Hugo Steinhaus in 1962. It refers to certain two-person games of length ω with perfect information.", "Axiom of empty set In axiomatic set theory, the axiom of empty set is an axiom of Kripke–Platek set theory and the variant of general set theory that Burgess (2005) calls \"ST,\" and a demonstrable truth in Zermelo set theory and Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, with or without the axiom of choice.", "Axiom of extensionality In axiomatic set theory and the branches of logic, mathematics, and computer science that use it, the axiom of extensionality, or axiom of extension, is one of the axioms of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory.", "Axiom of global choice In mathematics, specifically in class theories, the axiom of global choice is a stronger variant of the axiom of choice that applies to proper classes of sets as well as sets of sets. Informally it states that one can simultaneously choose an element from every non-empty set.", "Axiom of infinity In axiomatic set theory and the branches of mathematics and philosophy that use it, the axiom of infinity is one of the axioms of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory. It guarantees the existence of at least one infinite set, namely a set containing the natural numbers.", "Axiom of pairing In axiomatic set theory and the branches of logic, mathematics, and computer science that use it, the axiom of pairing is one of the axioms of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory.", "Axiom of real determinacy In mathematics, the axiom of real determinacy (abbreviated as ADR) is an axiom in set theory. It states the following:Consider infinite two-person games with perfect information.", "Axiom of union In axiomatic set theory and the branches of logic, mathematics, and computer science that use it, the axiom of union is one of the axioms of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, stating that, for any set x there is a set y whose elements are precisely the elements of the elements of x. Together with the axiom of pairing this implies that for any two sets, there is a set that contains exactly the elements of both.", "Axiom schema In mathematical logic, an axiom schema (plural: axiom schemata) generalizes the notion of axiom.", "Axiom schema of replacement In set theory, the axiom schema of replacement is a schema of axioms in Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZFC) that asserts that the image of any set under any definable mapping is also a set. It is necessary for the construction of certain infinite sets in ZFC.The axiom schema is motivated by the idea that whether a class is a set depends only on the cardinality of the class, not on the rank of its elements.", "Axiom schema of specification In many popular versions of axiomatic set theory the axiom schema of specification, also known as the axiom schema of separation, subset axiom scheme or axiom schema of restricted comprehension is an axiom schema.", "Constructive set theory Constructive set theory is an approach to mathematical constructivism following the program of axiomatic set theory. That is, it uses the usual first-order language of classical set theory, and although of course the logic is constructive, there is no explicit use of constructive types. Rather, there are just sets, thus it can look very much like classical mathematics done on the most common foundations, namely the Zermelo–Fraenkel axioms (ZFC).", "Countable set In mathematics, a countable set is a set with the same cardinality (number of elements) as some subset of the set of natural numbers. A countable set is either a finite set or a countably infinite set. Whether finite or infinite, the elements of a countable set can always be counted one at a time and, although the counting may never finish, every element of the set is associated with a natural number.Some authors use countable set to mean countably infinite alone.", "General set theory General set theory (GST) is George Boolos's (1998) name for a fragment of the axiomatic set theory Z. GST is sufficient for all mathematics not requiring infinite sets, and is the weakest known set theory whose theorems include the Peano axioms.", "Gluing axiom In mathematics, the gluing axiom is introduced to define what a sheaf F on a topological space X must satisfy, given that it is a presheaf, which is by definition a contravariant functorF: O(X) → Cto a category C which initially one takes to be the category of sets.", "Ground axiom In set theory, the ground axiom was introduced by Hamkins (2005) and Reitz (2007). It states that the universe is not a nontrivial set forcing extension of an inner model.", "Internal set theory Internal set theory (IST) is a mathematical theory of sets developed by Edward Nelson that provides an axiomatic basis for a portion of the non-standard analysis introduced by Abraham Robinson. Instead of adding new elements to the real numbers, Nelson's approach modifies the axiomatic foundations through syntactic enrichment. Thus, the axioms introduce a new term, \"standard\", which can be used to make discriminations not possible under the conventional axioms for sets.", "Kripke–Platek set theory The Kripke–Platek axioms of set theory (KP), pronounced /ˈkrɪpki ˈplɑːtɛk/, are a system of axiomatic set theory based on the ideas of Saul Kripke (1964) and Richard Platek (1966).KP is considerably weaker than Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZFC), and can be thought of as roughly the predicative part of ZFC. The consistency strength of KP with an axiom of infinity is given by the Bachmann–Howard ordinal.", "List of axioms This is a list of axioms as that term is understood in mathematics, by Wikipedia page. In epistemology, the word axiom is understood differently; see axiom and self-evidence. Individual axioms are almost always part of a larger axiomatic system.", "List of first-order theories In mathematical logic, a first-order theory is given by a set of axioms in somelanguage. This entry lists some of the more common examples used in model theory and some of their properties.", "Morse–Kelley set theory In the foundation of mathematics, Morse–Kelley set theory (MK) or Kelley–Morse set theory (KM) or Quine–Morse set theory (QM) or the system of Quine and Morse is a first order axiomatic set theory that is closely related to von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory (NBG).", "Non-well-founded set theory Non-well-founded set theories are variants of axiomatic set theory that allow sets to contain themselves and otherwise violate the rule of well-foundedness.", "Semiset In set theory, a semiset is a proper class that is contained in a set.The theory of semisets was proposed and developed by Czech mathematicians Petr Vopěnka and Petr Hájek (1972). It is based on a modification of the von Neumann-Bernays-Gödel set theory; in standard NBG, the existence of semisets is precluded by the axiom of separation. The concept of semisets opens the way for a formulation of an alternative set theory.Semisets can be used to represent sets with imprecise boundaries.", "Set Theory: An Introduction to Independence Proofs Set Theory: An Introduction to Independence Proofs is a textbook and reference work in set theory by Kenneth Kunen. It starts from basic notions, including the ZFC axioms, and quickly develops combinatorial notions such as trees, Suslin's problem, ◊, and Martin's axiom. It develops some basic model theory (rather specifically aimed at models of set theory) and the theory of Gödel's constructible universe L.The book then proceeds to describe the method of forcing.", "Set theory Set theory is the branch of mathematical logic that studies sets, which informally are collections of objects. Although any type of object can be collected into a set, set theory is applied most often to objects that are relevant to mathematics. The language of set theory can be used in the definitions of nearly all mathematical objects.The modern study of set theory was initiated by Georg Cantor and Richard Dedekind in the 1870s.", "Tarski–Grothendieck set theory Tarski–Grothendieck set theory (TG, named after mathematicians Alfred Tarski and Alexander Grothendieck) is an axiomatic set theory. It is a non-conservative extension of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZFC) and is distinguished from other axiomatic set theories by the inclusion of Tarski's axiom which states that for each set there is a Grothendieck universe it belongs to (see below).", "Timeline of category theory and related mathematics This is a timeline of category theory and related mathematics.", "Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory In the foundations of mathematics, von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory (NBG) is an axiomatic set theory that is a conservative extension of the canonical Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZFC). A statement in the language of ZFC is provable in NBG if and only if it is provable in ZFC. The ontology of NBG includes proper classes, objects having members but that cannot be members of other entities.", "Wightman axioms In physics the Wightman axioms (also called Gårding–Wightman axioms) are an attempt at a mathematically rigorous formulation of quantum field theory." ]

[ "AD+ In set theory, AD+ is an extension, proposed by W. Hugh Woodin, to the axiom of determinacy. The axiom, which is to be understood in the context of ZF plus DCR (the axiom of dependent choice for real numbers), states two things: Every set of reals is ∞-Borel. For any ordinal λ less than Θ, any subset A of ωω, and any continuous function π:λω→ωω, the preimage π−1[A] is determined.", "Aczel's anti-foundation axiom In the foundations of mathematics, Aczel's anti-foundation axiom is an axiom set forth by Peter Aczel (1988), as an alternative to the axiom of foundation in Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory. It states that every accessible pointed directed graph corresponds to a unique set. In particular, according to this axiom, the graph consisting of a single vertex with a loop corresponds to a set that contains only itself as element, i.e. a Quine atom.", "Axiom of constructibility The axiom of constructibility is a possible axiom for set theory in mathematics that asserts that every set is constructible. The axiom is usually written as V = L, where V and L denote the von Neumann universe and the constructible universe, respectively. The axiom, first investigated by Kurt Gödel, is inconsistent with the proposition that zero sharp exists and stronger large cardinal axioms (see List of large cardinal properties).", "Axiom of projective determinacy In mathematical logic, projective determinacy is the special case of the axiom of determinacy applying only to projective sets.The axiom of projective determinacy, abbreviated PD, states that for any two-player game of perfect information of length ω in which the players play natural numbers, if the victory set (for either player, since the projective sets are closed under complementation) is projective, then one player or the other has a winning strategy.The axiom is not a theorem of ZFC (assuming ZFC is consistent), but unlike the full axiom of determinacy (AD), which contradicts the axiom of choice, it is not known to be inconsistent with ZFC.", "Axiomatic system In mathematics, an axiomatic system is any set of axioms from which some or all axioms can be used in conjunction to logically derive theorems. A mathematical theory consists of an axiomatic system and all its derived theorems. An axiomatic system that is completely described is a special kind of formal system; usually though, the effort towards complete formalisation brings diminishing returns in certainty, and a lack of readability for humans.", "Boolean prime ideal theorem In mathematics, a prime ideal theorem guarantees the existence of certain types of subsets in a given algebra. A common example is the Boolean prime ideal theorem, which states that ideals in a Boolean algebra can be extended to prime ideals. A variation of this statement for filters on sets is known as the ultrafilter lemma.", "Borel set In mathematics, a Borel set is any set in a topological space that can be formed from open sets (or, equivalently, from closed sets) through the operations of countable union, countable intersection, and relative complement. Borel sets are named after Émile Borel.For a topological space X, the collection of all Borel sets on X forms a σ-algebra, known as the Borel algebra or Borel σ-algebra.", "Choice function A choice function (selector, selection) is a mathematical function f that is defined on some collection X of nonempty sets and assigns to each set S in that collection some element f(S) of S. In other words, f is a choice function for X if and only if it belongs to the direct product of X.", "Frege's propositional calculus In mathematical logic Frege's propositional calculus was the first axiomatization of propositional calculus. It was invented by Gottlob Frege, who also invented predicate calculus, in 1879 as part of his second-order predicate calculus (although Charles Peirce was the first to use the term \"second-order\" and developed his own version of the predicate calculus independently of Frege).", "Glossary of set theory This is a glossary of set theory.", "Group (mathematics) In mathematics, a group is an algebraic structure consisting of a set of elements together with an operation that combines any two elements to form a third element. The operation satisfies four conditions called the group axioms, namely closure, associativity, identity and invertibility. One of the most familiar examples of a group is the set of integers together with the addition operation; the addition of any two integers forms another integer.", "Group structure and the axiom of choice In mathematics a group is a set together with a binary operation on the set called multiplication that obeys the group axioms. The axiom of choice is an axiom of ZFC set theory which in one form states that every set can be wellordered.In ZF set theory, i.e. ZFC without the axiom of choice, the following statements are equivalent: For every nonempty set X there exists a binary operation • such that (X, •) is a group. The axiom of choice is true.↑", "Lebesgue measure In measure theory, the Lebesgue measure, named after French mathematician Henri Lebesgue, is the standard way of assigning a measure to subsets of n-dimensional Euclidean space. For n = 1, 2, or 3, it coincides with the standard measure of length, area, or volume. In general, it is also called n-dimensional volume, n-volume, or simply volume. It is used throughout real analysis, in particular to define Lebesgue integration.", "List of mathematical logic topics This is a list of mathematical logic topics, by Wikipedia page.For traditional syllogistic logic, see the list of topics in logic. See also the list of computability and complexity topics for more theory of algorithms.", "List of mathematics categories This list contains categories related to mathematics.", "Mathematical logic Mathematical logic is a subfield of mathematics exploring the applications of formal logic to mathematics. It bears close connections to metamathematics, the foundations of mathematics, and theoretical computer science. The unifying themes in mathematical logic include the study of the expressive power of formal systems and the deductive power of formal proof systems.Mathematical logic is often divided into the fields of set theory, model theory, recursion theory, and proof theory.", "Model theory In mathematics, model theory is the study of classes of mathematical structures (e.g. groups, fields, graphs, universes of set theory) from the perspective of mathematical logic. The objects of study are models of theories in a formal language. We call a set of sentences in a formal language a theory; a model of a theory is a structure (e.g.", "Naive set theory Naive set theory is one of several theories of sets used in the discussion of the foundations of mathematics. Unlike axiomatic set theories, which are defined using a formal logic, naive set theory is defined informally, in natural language.", "Natural number In mathematics, the natural numbers (sometimes called the whole numbers) are those used for counting (as in \"there are six coins on the table\") and ordering (as in \"this is the third largest city in the country\").", "New Foundations In mathematical logic, New Foundations (NF) is an axiomatic set theory, conceived by Willard Van Orman Quine as a simplification of the theory of types of Principia Mathematica. Quine first proposed NF in a 1937 article titled \"New Foundations for Mathematical Logic\"; hence the name. Much of this entry discusses NFU, an important variant of NF due to Jensen (1969) and exposited in Holmes (1998).", "Non-measurable set This page gives a general overview of the concept of non-measurable sets. For a precise definition of measure, see Measure (mathematics). For various constructions of non-measurable sets, see Vitali set, Hausdorff paradox, and Banach–Tarski paradox.In mathematics, a non-measurable set is a set which cannot be assigned a meaningful \\size\\\".\"", "Peano axioms In mathematical logic, the Peano axioms, also known as the Dedekind–Peano axioms or the Peano postulates, are a set of axioms for the natural numbers presented by the 19th century Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano.", "Power set In mathematics, the power set (or powerset) of any set S, written P(S), ℘(S), P(S), ℙ(S) or 2S, is the set of all subsets of S, including the empty set and S itself. In axiomatic set theory (as developed, for example, in the ZFC axioms), the existence of the power set of any set is postulated by the axiom of power set.Any subset of P(S) is called a family of sets over S.", "Proper forcing axiom In the mathematical field of set theory, the proper forcing axiom (PFA) is a significant strengthening of Martin's axiom, where forcings with the countable chain condition (ccc) are replaced by proper forcings.", "Robinson arithmetic In mathematics, Robinson arithmetic, or Q, is a finitely axiomatized fragment of Peano arithmetic (PA), first set out in R. M. Robinson (1950). Q is essentially PA without the axiom schema of induction. Since Q is weaker than PA but it has the same language, it is incomplete. Q is important and interesting because it is a finitely axiomatized fragment of PA that is recursively incompletable and essentially undecidable.", "Set-theoretic definition of natural numbers Several ways have been proposed to define the natural numbers using set theory.", "Universal set In set theory, a universal set is a set which contains all objects, including itself. In set theory as usually formulated, the conception of a universal set leads to a paradox (Russell's paradox) and is consequently not allowed. However, some non-standard variants of set theory include a universal set.It is often symbolized by the Greek letter xi.", "Universe (mathematics) In mathematics, and particularly in set theory and the foundations of mathematics, a universe is a class that contains (as elements) all the entities one wishes to consider in a given situation. There are several versions of this general idea, described in the following sections.", "Zermelo set theory Zermelo set theory, as set out in an important paper in 1908 by Ernst Zermelo, is the ancestor of modern set theory. It bears certain differences from its descendants, which are not always understood, and are frequently misquoted. This article sets out the original axioms, with the original text (translated into English) and original numbering.", "Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory In mathematics, Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, named after mathematicians Ernst Zermelo and Abraham Fraenkel, is one of several axiomatic systems that were proposed in the early twentieth century to formulate a theory of sets free of paradoxes such as Russell's paradox. Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the historically controversial axiom of choice included is commonly abbreviated ZFC, where C stands for choice (Ciesielski 1997).", "Elementary theory In mathematical logic, an elementary theory is one that involves axioms using only finitary first-order logic, without reference to set theory or using any axioms which have consistency strength equal to set theory.Saying that a theory is elementary is a weaker condition than saying it is algebraic.", "Scott's trick In set theory, Scott's trick is a method for giving a definition of equivalence classes for equivalence relations on a proper class (Jech 2003:65). The method relies on the axiom of regularity but not on the axiom of choice. It can be used to define representatives for ordinal numbers in ZF, Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory without the axiom of choice (Forster 2003:182)." ]

[ "Fitzgerald Auto Malls Fitzgerald Auto Malls is a family owned and operated auto dealership that was founded in 1966, with its first location opening in Bethesda, Maryland. As of 2014, Fitzgerald Auto Malls ranked number 59 on the list of the \"Top 125 Dealership Groups\" in the U.S., which is published annually by Automotive News Fitzgerald dealer locations appear five times on the 2013 WardsAuto e-Dealer 100, at No.8, No.25, No.30, No.43 and No.98." ]

[ "Adams County, Pennsylvania Adams County is a county in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 101,407. Its county seat is Gettysburg. The county was created on January 22, 1800, from part of York County and named in honor of the second President of the United States, John Adams.Adams County comprises the Gettysburg, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Harrisburg-York-Lebanon, PA Combined Statistical Area.", "American International Automobile Dealers Association The American International Automobile Dealers Association (sometimes abbreviated as AIADA) is a United States lobbying force dedicated to the economic and political interests of America's international nameplate automobile dealers. Headquartered in Alexandria, Virginia, its primary focus is on promoting free trade and opposing tax increases.", "Auto row An auto row or auto mall is a business cluster with multiple car dealerships in a single neighborhood or road. Auto rows are distinct from car supermarkets which are a single, large dealership.", "Automobile Dealer Economic Rights Restoration Act The Automobile Dealer Economic Rights Restoration Act (ADERRA), House Bill HR2743 and Senate Bill S1304, were introduced in the 111th United States Congress to restore the economic rights of car dealers.Congressman Frank Kratovil (D-MD) and Congressman Dan Maffei (D-NY) introduced HR2743 with Majority Leader Steny Hoyer (D-MD).", "Baltimore Pike The Baltimore Pike was an auto trail in the United States, connecting Baltimore, Maryland, with Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Today, parts of the road are signed as U.S. Route 1, U.S. Route 13, and a small portion of Pennsylvania Route 41. A section of the road within the city limits of Philadelphia and surrounding boroughs is known as Baltimore Avenue, although locals are known to call the Delaware County portion \"Baltimore Pike\".", "Bergner's Bergner's is a department store chain in central and northern Illinois, established in 1889 in Peoria, Illinois, and offers mid-line to higher-end merchandise in its largest stores. The current flagship store is located in Peoria at The Shoppes at Grande Prairie.", "Cerritos Auto Square The Cerritos Auto Square is an automobile retail center located in the city of Cerritos, California. Cerritos Auto Square states that it is the largest auto mall in the world with 29 import and domestic marques.", "Chambersburg, Greencastle and Waynesboro Street Railway The Chambersburg, Greencastle & Waynesboro Street Railway, now defunct, was an American railroad of south central Pennsylvania built in the 19th and 20th centuries.", "Chambersburg, Illinois Chambersburg is an unincorporated community in Pike County, Illinois, United States.", "Chambersburg, Pennsylvania Chambersburg is a borough in the South Central region of Pennsylvania, United States. It is 13 miles (21 km) miles north of Maryland and the Mason-Dixon line and 52 miles (84 km) southwest of Harrisburg in the Cumberland Valley, which is part of the Great Appalachian Valley. Chambersburg is the county seat of Franklin County. According to the United States Census Bureau the 2010 population was 20,268.", "Chambersburg, Trenton, New Jersey Chambersburg is an unincorporated community and neighborhood located within the city of Trenton in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. It is considered part of South Trenton. Chambersburg was an independent municipality from 1872 to 1888. Chambersburg was named for Robert Chambers, a founder of the area, whose family is memorialized by the local Chambers Street.", "Chambersburg Area School District The Chambersburg Area School District is a public school district located in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. The district encompasses approximately 250 square miles, including the borough of Chambersburg, plus the townships of Hamilton, Greene, Lurgan, and Letterkenny, and a portion of Guilford Township.", "Chambersburg Area Senior High School Chambersburg Area Senior High School (CASHS) is a public high school located in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. The school serves grades 9, 10, 11, and 12. Students come from Chambersburg and surrounding townships of Hamilton, Greene, Lurgan, Letterkenny and Guilford.", "Chambersburg Cardinals The Chambersburg Cardinals are an American football team based in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. The team plays in the Gridiron Developmental Football League.", "Chambersburg Historic District Chambersburg Historic District is a national historic district centered on the Memorial Fountain and Square of Chambersburg in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. The district includes 159 contributing buildings in the central business district and immediately surrounding residential area of Chambersburg. The district has a number of notable examples of Georgian and Italianate style architecture. Notable buildings include the St. Paul United Methodist Church (1896), Professional Arts Building (c.", "Chambersburg Mall Chambersburg Mall is a regional shopping mall located near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania in the unincorporated community of Scotland. Located at exit 20 off Interstate 81, the mall has 56 stores and a capacity of 64 as of December 2008.", "Chambersburg Maroons The Chambersburg Maroons were a baseball team located in Chambersburg, PA. They called historic Henninger Field their home, and have done so since the club's creation in 1895. They played their last season in 2010, ending 116 years of existence.", "Chambersburg Raid The Chambersburg Raid, often identified as J.E.B. Stuart's Chambersburg Raid, was a Confederate States Army cavalry raid into Maryland and Pennsylvania on October 10–12, 1862 during the American Civil War (Civil War). It became known as Stuart's \"second ride around McClellan\" because it duplicated Stuart's reconnaissance ride completely around the Union Army of the Potomac under Major General George B.", "Chambersburg Township, Pike County, Illinois Chambersburg Township is located in Pike County, Illinois. As of the 2010 census, its population was 200 and it contained 89 housing units.Chambersburg Township was named for a family of first settlers.", "Chambersburg and Gettysburg Electric Railway The Chambersburg and Gettysburg Electric Railway was an interurban trolley system of the early 20th century in south central Pennsylvania. Built in 1903, the line ran from Chambersburg eastward to Caledonia State Park. The line was to be extended to Gettysburg, but the cost of dealing with the steep grades on that section prevented completion. Due to disputes over line crossings with the Pennsylvania Railroad, the line did not open until 1905.", "Chambersburg and Shippensburg Railway The Chambersburg and Shippensburg Railway was an interurban trolley system of the early 20th century in south central Pennsylvania. Built in 1914, the line ran from Chambersburg to Shippensburg.", "Cherryvale Mall Cherryvale Mall is a shopping mall in Cherry Valley, Illinois, serving nearby Rockford, Illinois. Its four anchor stores are Bergner's, J. C. Penney, Macy's and Sears. CBL & Associates Properties, Inc. acquired the shopping center in 2002. Cherryvale mall has 134 stores consisting of a gross leasing area of 783,167 sq ft (72,758.6 m2). Cherryvale has 3,892 parking spaces. Outlot stores include Bachrodt Auto Mall, DQ Grill & Chill, T.G.I. Friday's, Schnucks and Petland.", "Crown American Crown American is a privately held American company that manages and develops commercial real estate. The corporate headquarters is in downtown Johnstown, Pennsylvania, in a building designed by architect Michael Graves.[1]The company was founded in 1950 as Crown Construction. Frank J. Pasquerilla, who joined less than a year later, became president in 1956 and sole owner in 1961. In 1993, the company split into two entities.", "Fayetteville, Pennsylvania Fayetteville is a census-designated place (CDP) in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 3,128 at the 2010 census.", "Franklin County, Pennsylvania Separate and distinct from Franklin, PennsylvaniaFranklin County is a county located in South Central Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 149,618. Its county seat is Chambersburg.Franklin County comprises the Chambersburg-Waynesboro, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Washington-Baltimore-Arlington, DC-MD-VA-WV-PA Combined Statistical Area. It lies to a large extent within the Cumberland Valley.", "Franklin County Jail (Chambersburg, Pennsylvania) The Old Franklin County Jail is a historic jail located at Chambersburg in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1818, and is a two-story, brick building with a slate covered hipped roof topped by a cupola. The original building measures 84 feet wide by 48 feet deep. In 1880, a cell block was added.", "Fulton County, Pennsylvania Fulton County is a county located in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 14,845, making it the fourth-least populous county in Pennsylvania. Its county seat is McConnellsburg. The county was created on April 19, 1850, from part of Bedford County and named for inventor Robert Fulton.", "Graefenburg, Pennsylvania Graefenburg is an unincorporated community in Adams County, Pennsylvania, United States. Graefenburg is located on U.S. Route 30 in the westernmost side of the county and in the Michaux State Forest. (11 miles east of Chambersburg)", "Guilford, Pennsylvania Guilford is a census-designated place (CDP) in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 2,138 at the 2010 census.", "Henninger Field Henninger Field is a little-known, historic ballpark located in historic Chambersburg, Pennsylvania.Erected in 1895, Henninger Field, (originally known as Wolf Park), is the home of the Chambersburg Maroons. Wolf Park was renamed in 1920 in honor of Clay Henninger, a very influential person in baseball in Chambersburg.", "Hess's Hess's was a department store chain based in Allentown, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania in the United States. The company started in 1897 with one store, originally known as Hess Brothers, and had grown to nearly 80 stores at its peak in the late 1980s. The chain's stores were eventually closed or sold off in a series of deals in the early to mid-1990s.", "Interstate 81 in Pennsylvania Interstate 81 is an 854.89-mile-long (1,375.81 km) north–south Interstate Highway, stretching from Dandridge, Tennessee to Fisher's Landing, New York at the United States/Canadian border. In the state of Pennsylvania, I-81 runs for 232.63 miles (374.38 km) from the Maryland state line near Greencastle to the New York state line near Hallstead and is called the American Legion Memorial Highway.", "James Finley House (Chambersburg, Pennsylvania) James Finley House, also known as the Commanding Officer's Residence, is a historic home located at Letterkenny Army Depot in Greene Township in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. It was built about 1778, and is a 2 1/2-story, limestone farmhouse. It is five bays wide and has a medium pitched gable roof. The house was obtained for use as the Commanding Officer's Residence in 1942.", "John Brown House (Chambersburg, Pennsylvania) John Brown House, also known as the Ritner Boarding House, is a historic home located at Chambersburg in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. It is a two-story, three-bay wide, hewn-log building covered in clapboard. Abolitionist John Brown (1800–1859) stayed here from June until mid-October 1859, while receiving supplies and recruits for his raid on Harpers Ferry. Following the raid, four of Brown's followers returned to the house to be concealed.", "King of Prussia, Pennsylvania King of Prussia is a census-designated place in Upper Merion Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 19,936. The community took its name in the 18th century from a local tavern named the King of Prussia Inn, which was named after King Frederick II of Prussia. Like the rest of Montgomery County, King of Prussia continues to experience rapid development.", "List of Pennsylvania state historical markers in Franklin County This is a list of the Pennsylvania state historical markers in Franklin County.This is intended to be a complete list of the official state historical markers placed in Franklin County, Pennsylvania by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission (PHMC). The locations of the historical markers, as well as the latitude and longitude coordinates as provided by the PHMC's database, are included below when available. There are 70 historical markers located in Franklin County.", "List of county seats in Pennsylvania (by population) The following is a list of the sixty-seven county seats of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The list includes forty-one boroughs, twenty-four cities, one municipality and one town. The ranking is based on the populations of each county seat during the 2010 census.", "List of shopping malls in Pennsylvania This is a list of shopping malls in Pennsylvania:", "Masonic Temple (Chambersburg, Pennsylvania) The Masonic Temple is a historic Masonic Temple located at Chambersburg in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1823-1824, and is a two-story, brick building with a stucco veneer applied in 1905. An addition was built in 1966.It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. It is included in the Chambersburg Historic District.", "McConnellsburg, Pennsylvania McConnellsburg is a borough in Fulton County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,220 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Fulton County.", "National Automobile Dealers Association The National Automobile Dealers Association, founded in 1917 and commonly referred to as NADA, represents nearly 16,000 new-car and truck dealerships, both domestic and international, with about 32,000 separate franchises. It is headquartered in McLean, Virginia.", "Pennsylvania Real Estate Investment Trust The Pennsylvania Real Estate Investment Trust (NYSE: PEI) is one of the first publicly traded real estate investment trusts, established in 1960 by Sylvan M. Cohen (died September 8, 2001). The PREIT corporate offices are located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It focuses on shopping centers in the eastern United States, particularly in the mid-Atlantic states of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Maryland. As of June 7, 2012, Joseph F. Coradino is the chief executive officer.", "Pennsylvania Route 316 Pennsylvania Route 316 (PA 316) is a 16.6-mile-long (26.7 km) state highway located in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at the Maryland state line near Waynesboro. The northern terminus is at US 11 in Chambersburg.", "Pennsylvania Route 97 (Adams County) Pennsylvania Route 97 (PA 97) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. Known for most of its length as Baltimore Pike, the highway runs 9.363 miles (15.068 km) from the Maryland state line near Littlestown, where the highway continues as Maryland Route 97 (MD 97), northwest to U.S. Route 15 (US 15) near Gettysburg. PA 97 connects Gettysburg and Littlestown in southeastern Adams County. The highway also links those communities with Westminster and Baltimore.", "Pennsylvania Route 995 Pennsylvania Route 995 (PA 995) is a 19-mile-long (31 km) north–south state route in south central Pennsylvania. The southern terminus of the route is at Pennsylvania Route 75 four miles (6 km) south of Mercersburg and three miles (5 km) north of the Mason–Dixon line with Maryland. The northern terminus is at U.S. Route 30 one mile (1.6 km) west of Chambersburg. The road carries the names Welsh Run Road, Lemar Road, and Warm Spring Road.", "Pennsylvania Route 997 Pennsylvania Route 997 (PA 997) is a 49-mile (79 km) route in Franklin and Cumberland Counties. The route begins at the Maryland state line south of Waynesboro and ends at Pennsylvania Route 233 in McCrea. The route was originally signed in 1928 from Waynesboro to Pennsylvania Route 433. Both termini, however, have been adjusted northward and southward. The route is concurrent with two state routes, 16 and 641, and one U.S. Route, Route 30. The route was assigned in 1928 up to U.S.", "Piggy Ward Frank Gray \"Piggy\" Ward (April 16, 1867 in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania – October 24, 1912 in Altoona, Pennsylvania and was buried in Cedar Grove Cemetery, Chambersburg, PA), was a professional baseball player who played as an outfielder in the Major Leagues from 1883 to 1894. He played for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Baltimore Orioles, Cincinnati Reds, Washington Senators, and Philadelphia Phillies.Ward shares with Earl D.", "Public Opinion (Chambersburg) Public Opinion (Chambersburg) isa morning newspaper published seven days a week in the Greater Chambersburg area, including Franklin, Cumberland and Fulton counties PA.The newspaper also publishes a weekly total market coverage product, The Advertiser, and a monthly Faith magazine.", "Scotland, PA Scotland, PA is a 2001 film directed and written by William Morrissette. It is a modernized version of William Shakespeare's Macbeth. The film stars James LeGros, Maura Tierney, and Christopher Walken. Shakespeare's tragedy, originally set in Dunsinane Castle in 11th century Scotland, is reworked into a dark comedy set in 1975, centered on \"Duncan's Cafe\", a fast-food restaurant in the small town of Scotland, Pennsylvania.", "Scotland, Pennsylvania Scotland is a small unincorporated community and census-designated place in Greene Township, Franklin County, Pennsylvania, about 5 miles north of Chambersburg. The Chambersburg Mall is located in the area, next to the Scotland exit of I-81. The Scotland School for Veterans' Children was long part of the community. The 2001 film Scotland, PA based on William Shakespeare's Macbeth was set, but not filmed, in the area. As of the 2010 census the population of Scotland was 1,395 residents.", "The Bon-Ton Bon-Ton Stores, Inc., is a regional department store company based in York, Pennsylvania, chiefly operating 275 stores, including 11 furniture galleries, in 26 states throughout the northern United States. Stores carrying its namesake nameplate serve the Mid-Atlantic and New England regions of the United States, extending to upstate New York and throughout Pennsylvania. Other chains operated by The Bon-Ton include Bergner's, Boston Store, Carson's, Elder-Beerman, Herberger's, and Younkers.", "U.S. Route 11 in Pennsylvania U.S. Route 11 roughly parallels Interstate 81 in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It serves Harrisburg and Scranton. Between those two cities, US 11 follows the Susquehanna River, while I-81 follows a shorter route over the mountains.", "U.S. Route 30 in Pennsylvania In the U.S. state of Pennsylvania, U.S. Route 30 (US 30) runs east–west across the southern part of the state, passing through Pittsburgh and Philadelphia on its way from the West Virginia state line east to the Benjamin Franklin Bridge over the Delaware River into New Jersey. In Pennsylvania, US 30 runs along or near the transcontinental Lincoln Highway, which ran from San Francisco, California to New York City before the U.S. Routes were designated.", "Wayne Heights, Pennsylvania Wayne Heights is a census-designated place (CDP) in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 2,545 at the 2010 census.", "Waynesboro, Pennsylvania Waynesboro is a borough in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. Waynesboro is in the Cumberland Valley between Hagerstown, Maryland, and Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. It is part of Chambersburg, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is part of the Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area. It is 2 miles north of the Mason–Dixon line and close to Camp David and the Raven Rock Mountain Complex. The population within the borough limits was 10,568 at the 2010 census.", "Wilson College (Pennsylvania) Wilson College, founded 1869, is a private, Presbyterian-related, liberal arts college located on a 300-acre (121.4 ha) campus in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, United States. It was founded by two Presbyterian ministers, but named for its first major donor, Sarah Wilson of nearby St. Thomas Township, Pennsylvania. For 144 years, Wilson operated as a women's college." ]

[ "Archimandrite The title archimandrite (Greek: ἀρχιμανδρίτης archimandrites), primarily used in the Eastern Orthodox and the Eastern Catholic churches, originally referred to a superior abbot whom a bishop appointed to supervise several 'ordinary' abbots (each styled hegumenos) and monasteries, or to the abbot of some especially great and important monastery.", "Basilian monks Basilian monks are monks who follow the \"Rule\" of Saint Basil the Great, bishop of Caesarea (330-379). The monastic rules and institutes of St. Basil are important because their reconstruction of monastic life remains the basis for most Eastern Orthodox and some Greek Catholic monasticism. Saint Benedict of Nursia, who fulfilled much the same function in the West, took his Regula Benedicti from the writings of St. Basil and other earlier church fathers.", "Christian monasticism Christian monasticism is the devotional practice of individuals who live ascetic and typically cloistered lives that are dedicated to Christian worship. It began to develop early in the history of the Christian Church, modeled upon scriptural examples and ideals, including those in the Old Testament, but not mandated as an institution in the scriptures. It has come to be regulated by religious rules (e.g.", "December 2 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Dec 1 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Dec 3All fixed commemorations below celebrated on December 15 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For December 2nd, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on November 19.", "Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism The degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism are the stages an Eastern Orthodox monk or nun passes through in their religious vocation.In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the process of becoming a monk or nun (female ascetics in the East are called monks, nun is a Western tradition) is intentionally slow, as the monastic vows taken are considered to entail a lifelong commitment to God, and are not to be entered into lightly.", "Eastern Christian monasticism Eastern Christian Monasticism is the life followed by monks and nuns of Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, the Church of the East and Eastern Catholicism. Some authors will use the term \"Basilian\" to describe Eastern monks; however, this is incorrect, since the Eastern Church does not have religious orders, as in the West, nor does Eastern monasticism have monastic Rules, as in the West.", "Hieromonk Hieromonk (Greek: Ἱερομόναχος, Ieromonachos; Slavonic: Ieromonakh, Romanian: Ieromonah), also called a Priestmonk, is a monk who is also a priest in the Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholicism.A hieromonk can be either a monk who has been ordained to the priesthood or a priest who has received monastic tonsure.", "Kalimavkion A Kalimavkion (Greek: καλυμμαύχιον), or kalymmavchi (καλυμαύχι), or kamilavka (Russian: камилавка), is an item of clerical clothing worn by Orthodox Christian and Eastern Catholic monks (in which case it is black) or awarded to clergy (in which case it may be red or purple).The kalimavkion is a stiff cylindrical head covering, similar to a stovepipe hat but without a brim. The kalimavkion is worn during services; at other times, the softer skufia is worn in its place.", "March 8 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Mar. 7 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Mar. 9All fixed commemorations below are observed on March 21 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For March 1st, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on February 23 (February 24 on leap years).", "Monasticism Monasticism (from Greek μοναχός, monachos, derived from μόνος, monos, \"alone\") or monkhood is a religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual work. Monastic life plays an important role in many Christian churches, especially in the Catholic and Orthodox traditions. Similar forms of religious life also exist in other faiths, most notably in Buddhism, but also in Hinduism and Jainism, although the expressions differ considerably.", "Novice A novice is a person or creature who is new to a field or activity.", "October 28 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Oct. 27 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Oct. 29All fixed commemorations below are observed on November 10 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For October 28th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on October 15." ]

[ "Abbot Abbot, meaning father, is an ecclesiastical title given to the head of a monastery in various traditions, including Christianity. The office may also be given as an honorary title to a clergyman who is not actually the head of a monastery. The female equivalent is abbess.", "Acoemetae Acoemetae (or \"Acoemeti\") was an order of monks in the 5th century, who by turns, kept up a divine service day and night. The order was founded about the year 400, by one Alexander, a man of noble birth, who fled from the court of Byzantium to the desert, both from love of solitude and fear of episcopal honours.", "Agios Neophytos Monastery Saint Neophytos Monastery (Greek:Ιερά Μονή Αγίου Νεοφύτου) lies 15 km west of Paphos, is one of the best-known monasteries in Cyprus. It was founded by monk Neophytos in the 12th century.", "Alexander Hotovitzky Saint Alexander Hotovitzky (or Hotovitsky), hieromartyr of the Bolshevik yoke, Missionary of America, was a Ukrainian who came to the United States in the 1890s as a lay missionary and was ordained to the priesthood while there. He was active as a missionary among the emigrated Uniates in the northeastern United States before being ordered back to Europe 1914. He was to become vicar of the congregation of the Russian Embassy in Berlin.", "Anchorite Anchorite or anchoret (female: anchoress; adj. anchoritic; from Ancient Greek: ἀναχωρητής, anachōrētḗs, \"one who has retired from the world\", from the verb ἀναχωρέω, anachōréō, signifying \"to withdraw\", \"to retire\") denotes someone who, for religious reasons, withdraws from secular society so as to be able to lead an intensely prayer-oriented, ascetic, and—circumstances permitting—Eucharist-focused life.", "Anthony the Great Saint Anthony or Antony (Greek: Ἀντώνιος, Antṓnios; Latin: Antonius; c. 251 – 356) was a Christian monk from Egypt, revered since his death as a saint. He is distinguished from other saints named Anthony by various epithets: Anthony the Great, Anthony of Egypt, Anthony the Abbot, Anthony of the Desert, Anthony the Anchorite, and Anthony of Thebes. For his importance among the Desert Fathers and to all later monasticism, he is also known as the Father of All Monks.", "April 1 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Mar. 31 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Apr. 2All fixed commemorations below celebrated on April 14 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For April 1, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on March 19.", "April 26 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Apr. 25 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Apr. 27All fixed commemorations below are observed on May 9 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For April 26th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on April 13.", "April 28 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Apr. 27 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Apr. 29All fixed commemorations below celebrated on May 11 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For April 28th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on April 15.", "April 4 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Apr. 3 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Apr. 5All fixed commemorations below are observed on April 17 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For April 4th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on March 22.", "April 5 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Apr. 4 – Eastern Orthodox Church calendar – Apr. 6All fixed commemorations below are observed on April 18 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For April 4th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on March 23.", "April 6 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Apr. 5 — Eastern Orthodox Church calendar — Apr. 7All fixed commemorations below are observed on April 19 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For April 6th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on March 24.", "April 7 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Apr. 6 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Apr. 8All fixed commemorations below are observed on April 20 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For April 7th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on March 25.", "Archbishop of America The Archdiocese of America, better known as the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America, is a jurisdiction of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. It was formally constituted in 1922 and has had seven incumbents.", "Athanasius of Alexandria Saint Athanasius of Alexandria (/ˌæθəˈneɪʃəs/; Greek: Ἀθανάσιος Ἀλεξανδρείας, Athanásios Alexandrías; c. 296–298 – 2 May 373), also called Athanasius the Great, Athanasius the Confessor or, primarily in the Coptic Orthodox Church, Athanasius the Apostolic, was the twentieth bishop of Alexandria (as Athanasius I). His episcopate (because of the importance of the see, considered an archbishopric by Rome, the Coptic papacy, or an Orthodox patriarchate) lasted 45 years (c.", "Athanasius the Athonite Athanasius the Athonite (Greek: Αθανάσιος ο Αθωνίτης), also called Athanasios of Trebizond (c. 920 – c. 1003), was a Byzantine monk who founded the monastic community on Mount Athos, which has since evolved into the greatest centre of Eastern Orthodox monasticism.Born in Trebizond and patronized by Michael Maleinos, he studied at Constantinople and became famous there as Abraham, a fervent preacher who held great authority with Michael's nephew, Nicephorus Phocas.", "August 13 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Aug. 12 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Aug. 14 All fixed commemorations below are observed on August 26 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For August 13, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on July 31.", "Cenobitic monasticism Cenobitic (or coenobitic) monasticism is a monastic tradition that stresses community life. Often in the West, the community belongs to a religious order and the life of the cenobitic monk is regulated by a religious rule, a collection of precepts.", "Chrysostomos II Kioussis Chrysostomos II (Greek: Χρυσόστομος Β′; October 8, 1920 – September 19, 2010), born Athanassios Kioussis (Αθανάσιος Κιούσης), was the Archbishop of Athens and of all Greece of the Church of the Genuine Orthodox Christians of Greece from 1986 until his death.", "Chrysostomos of Smyrna Chrysostomos Kalafatis (1867–1922) (Greek: Χρυσόστομος Καλαφάτης), known as Saint Chrysostomos of Smyrna, Chrysostomos of Smyrna and Metropolitan Chrysostom, was the Greek Orthodox metropolitan bishop of Smyrna (Izmir) between 1910 and 1914, and again from 1919 to his death in 1922. He was born in Triglia (today Zeytinbağı), Turkey in 1867, and was killed by a lynch mob during the sacking of Smyrna by Turkish troops at the end of the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922.", "December 11 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) December 10 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - December 12All fixed commemorations below celebrated on December 24 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For December 11th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on November 28.", "December 17 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Dec. 16 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Dec. 18All fixed commemorations below celebrated on December 30 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For December 17th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on December 4.", "Desert Fathers The Desert Fathers were early Christian hermits, ascetics, and monks who lived mainly in the Scetes desert of Egypt beginning around the third century AD. The Apophthegmata Patrum is a collection of the writings of some of the early desert monks and nuns, representing the Divine Wisdom they received, still in print as Sayings of the Desert Fathers. The most well known was Anthony the Great, who moved to the desert in 270–271 and became known as both the father and founder of desert monasticism.", "Eastern Orthodox Church The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, also referred to as the Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Orthodoxy, is the second largest Christian Church in the world, with an estimated 225–300 million adherents. It tends to be the Church identified most often with the single term \"Orthodox\", as it is the largest among the Christian groups that call themselves by this name.", "Ephraim of Pereyaslavl Saint Ephraim II of Pereyaslav, (Russian: Ефрем Переяславский) also Saint Ephraim of the Caves (Russian: Ефрем Печерский) or Saint Ephraim, Bishop of Pereslav - Eastern Orthodox saint, bishop of Pereyaslav (now Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine). Before his tonsure into monasticism, was treasurer and steward of household affairs (1054–1068) at the court of the Iziaslav Yaroslavich the Grand Prince of Kiev.", "February 8 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Feb. 7 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Feb. 9All fixed commemorations below are observed on February 21 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For February 8th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on January 26.", "George (Karslidis) of Drama Venerable Elder and New Confessor Saint George (Karslidis) of Drama (Greek: Ὁ Όσιος Γεώργιος Καρσλίδης ο Ομολογητής), 1901 – November 4, 1959, was a Greek Elder known for his gifts of spiritual discernment and clairvoyance.He is known to have been in Georgia, Armenia, and Russia before spending most of his life in the village of Taxiarches (Sipsa), in Drama, Northern Greece.", "Greek Orthodox Church The name Greek Orthodox Church (Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἑκκλησία, Ellinorthódoxi Ekklisía, IPA: [elinorˈθoðoksi ekliˈsia]) is a term referring to the body of several Churches within the larger communion of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, whose liturgy is or was traditionally conducted in Koine Greek, the original language of the New Testament, and whose history, traditions, and theology are rooted in the early Church Fathers and the Byzantine Empire.", "Gregory Palamas Gregory Palamas (Γρηγόριος Παλαμάς) (1296–1359) was a monk of Mount Athos in Greece and later the Archbishop of Thessaloniki known as a preeminent theologian of Hesychasm. The teachings embodied in his writings defending Hesychasm against the attack of Barlaam are sometimes referred to as Palamism, his followers as Palamites. Palamas is venerated as a Saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church.", "Hilarion (Kapral) Metropolitan Hilarion (born Igor Alexeyevich Kapral, Russian: Игорь Алексеевич Капрал; January 6, 1948, Spirit River, Alberta, Canada) — bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (ROCOR), Metropolitan of Eastern America and New York, First-Hierarch of ROCOR (since 18 May 2008); he is the first in its history First-Hierarch of ROCOR, approved by the Holy Synod of the Moscow Patriarchate.", "History of Eastern Orthodox Christian theology The history of Eastern Orthodox Christian theology begins with the life of Jesus and the forming of the Christian Church. Major events include the Chalcedonian schism with the Oriental Orthodox miaphysites, the Iconoclast controversy, the Photian schism, the Great Schism between East and West, and the Hesychast controversy. The period after the Second World War saw a re-engagement with the Greek, and more recently Syriac, Fathers that included a rediscovery of the theological works of St.", "History of the Orthodox Church The Orthodox Church trace its history back to the Apostles and Jesus Christ. Apostolic succession established the seats of Patriarchy (for example see the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem). Orthodoxy reached its golden age during the apogee of the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire, when it spread to the Bulgarians, Serbs, and Russians.", "Holy Resurrection Monastery Holy Resurrection Monastery is an American monastic community of men. Under the canon law of the Eastern Catholic Churches the brotherhood is a self-governing (sui juris) monastery within the Romanian Catholic Eparchy of St George's in Canton, Ohio, and located in St. Nazianz, Wisconsin.", "January 20 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Jan. 19 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Jan. 21All fixed commemorations below are observed on February 2 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For January 20th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on January 7.", "January 5 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Jan. 4 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Jan. 6All fixed commemorations below are observed on January 18 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For January 5th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on December 23.", "January 9 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Jan. 8 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Jan. 10All fixed commemorations below are observed on January 22 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For January 9th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on December 27.", "Job of Pochayiv Saint Job of Pochayiv (c. 1551 – 28 October 1651) was a Ukrainian Orthodox monk and Eastern Orthodox saint.", "John Anthony McGuckin John Anthony McGuckin (born 1952) is an Orthodox Christian scholar, priest and poet according to his curriculum vitae.McGuckin was raised Roman Catholic and at 19 became a member of the Passionist religious order. In 1989 he became Greek Orthodox and was ordained a priest for the Romanian Orthodox Church, serving at the St. Gregory the Theologian Orthodox Chaplaincy in Manhattan. He wrote books on Cyril of Alexandria, Gregory of Nazianzus, and Origen, among others.", "John Behr John Behr (born October 16, 1966) is a American Eastern Orthodox priest and theologian, and Dean of St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary, where he teaches Patristics. He was ordained to the diaconate on September 8, 2001 (the feast of the Nativity of the Theotokos) and the priesthood on September 14, 2001 (the feast of the Exaltation of the Cross). He is the editor of the Popular Patristic Series released by St. Vladimir's Press.", "Jonah Lwanga Jonah (Lwanga) is the Metropolitan of Kampala and All Uganda, in Central Africa under the Eastern Orthodox Church of Alexandria. His see is Kampala, with jurisdiction over all Uganda.", "Jonathan Wilson-Hartgrove Jonathan Wilson-Hartgrove is a Christian writer and preacher who has graduated both from Eastern University and Duke Divinity School. He associates himself with New Monasticism. Immediately prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, he and his wife, Leah, were members of a Christian peacemaking team that traveled to Iraq to communicate their message to Iraqis that not all American Christians were in favour of the coming Iraq War.", "Juvenaly of Alaska Juvenaly of Alaska (1761-1796), Protomartyr of America, was a hieromartyr and member of the first group of Orthodox missionaries who came from the monastery of Valaam to evangelize the native inhabitants of Alaska. He was martyred while evangelizing among the Yupik Eskimos on the mainland of Alaska in 1796. His feast day is celebrated on July 2, and he is also commemorated with all the saints of Alaska (September 24), and with the first martyrs of the American land (December 12).", "Klobuk A klobuk is an item of clerical clothing worn by Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic monastics and bishops, especially in the Russian tradition. It is composed of a kamilavka (stiffened black headcovering, round and flat on the top) with an epanokamelavkion (veil) which completely covers the kamilavka and hangs down over the shoulders and back.", "Koukoulion The Koukoulion (Slavonic: Kukol) is a traditional headdress worn by monks of the highest degree in the Eastern Orthodox Church. (See Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism.)From the 17th century, following the reforms of Patriarch Nikon, the upper vesture worn by monks of the Great Schema (skhimonakh) is in the form of a pointed hood with two long lappets which cover the back and breast. It is black in color, and embroidered with crosses, six-winged seraphim, and the text of the Trisagion.", "Kuksha of Odessa Saint Kuksha of Odessa, born Kosma Velichko (25 January [O.S. January 12] 1875, selo Arbuzinka, Kherson Governorate, Russian Empire – December 24, 1964, Odessa, USSR), is a modern saint canonized by the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) in 1995.Saint Kuksha was in the family of Cyrill and Kharytyna who lived in Ukraine (then part of the Russian Empire) and had many children. In her youth, his mother dreamed of becoming a nun, but married from obedience to her parents.", "Leoluca Saint Leoluca, also Leone Luca, Leo Luke of Corleone, or Luke of Sicily (c. 815 – c. 915) was the Abbot and Wonderworker of the Monastery of Mount Mula in Calabria, and a founder of Italo-Greek monasticism in southern Italy. He is venerated as a saint in the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches.Born in the Sicilian town of Corleone, he died about a hundred years later, after eighty years of monastic life, in Monteleone Calabro, now Vibo Valentia in Calabria.", "Machairas Monastery Machairas Monastery (Greek: Μαχαιράς [locally [maʃeˈɾas]]) is a historic monastery dedicated to the Virgin Mary located about 40 km from the capital of Cyprus, Nicosia. It lies at an altitude of about 900 m and was founded at the end of the 12th century close to the current village of Lazanias.", "March 7 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Mar. 6 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Mar. 8All fixed commemorations below are observed on March 20 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For March 7th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on February 22 (February 23 on leap years).", "May 10 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) May 9 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - May 11All fixed commemorations below celebrated on May 23 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For May 10th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on April 27.", "May 13 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) May 12 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - May 14All fixed commemorations below celebrated on May 26 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For May 13th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on April 30.", "May 27 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) May 26 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - May 28All fixed commemorations below celebrated on June 9 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For May 27th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on May 14.", "May 29 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) May 28 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - May 30All fixed commemorations below celebrated on June 11 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For May 29th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on May 16.", "May 6 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) May 5 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - May 7All fixed commemorations below celebrated on May 19 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For May 6th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on April 23.", "May 7 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) May 6 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - May 8All fixed commemorations below celebrated on May 20 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For May 7th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on April 24.", "May 9 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) May 8 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - May 10All fixed commemorations below celebrated on May 22 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.For May 9th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on April 26.", "Monastery of Stoudios The Monastery of Stoudios, more fully Monastery of Saint John the Forerunner \"at Stoudios\" (Greek Μονή του Αγίου Ιωάννη του Προδρόμου «εν τοις Στουδίου»Monē tou Hagiou Iōannē tou Prodromou \"en tois Stoudiou\"), often shortened to Stoudios, Studion, or Stoudion, (Latin: Studium), was historically the most important monastery of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), the capital of the Byzantine Empire. The residents of the monastery were referred to as Stoudites (or Studites).", "Monk A monk (from Greek: μοναχός, monachos, \"single, solitary\" and Latin monachus) is a person who practices religious asceticism, living either alone or with any number of other monks. A monk may be a person who decided to dedicate his life to serving all other living beings, or to be an ascetic who voluntarily chooses to leave mainstream society and live his life in prayer and contemplation.", "Mount Athos Mount Athos (/ˈæθɒs/; Greek: Όρος Άθως, Οros Αthos [ˈoros ˈaθos]) is a mountain and peninsula in Northern Greece.", "Nepsis Nepsis (or nipsis; Greek: νῆψις) is an important idea in Orthodox Christian theology, considered the hallmark of sanctity.", "New Skete New Skete is the collective term for three Orthodox Christian monastic communities in Cambridge, New York (geographically in the neighboring town of White Creek):The Monks of New Skete, a men's monastery founded in 1966 by Laurence Mancuso, their first abbot,the Nuns of New Skete, a women's monastery founded in 1969, andthe Companions of New Skete, a community of married monastics founded in 1982.All three communities are under the omophorion of the Metropolitan of the Orthodox Church in America.", "Novitiate Novitiate, alt. noviciate, is the period of training and preparation that a novice (or prospective) monastic, apostolic, or member of a religious institute undergoes prior to taking vows in order to discern whether she or he is called to vowed religious life. It often includes times of intense study, prayer, living in community, studying the vowed life, deepening one's relationship with God, and deepening one's self-awareness. It is a time of creating a new way of being in the world.", "Order of Saint Benedict (Orthodox) The Order of Saint Benedict is a loose affiliation of monastics of the Orthodox Church who strive to live according to the Rule of St Benedict. While there is no actual incorporated body known as the \"Order of Saint Benedict\", Orthodox Benedictines enjoy good relations with each other, which frequently cross jurisdictional boundaries.", "Pachomius the Great Saint Pachomius (Greek: Παχώμιος, ca. 292–348), also known as Pachome and Pakhomius (/pəˈkoʊmiəs/), is generally recognized as the founder of Christian cenobitic monasticism. Coptic churches celebrate his feast day on 9 May, and Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches mark his feast on 15 May or 28 May. In the Lutheran Church, the saint is remembered as a renewer of the church, along with his contemporary (and fellow desert saint), Anthony of Egypt on January 17.", "Peter of Mount Athos Saint Peter of Mount Athos is reputed to have been the first hermit to settle upon the 'Holy Mountain' circa the 8th century. Peter is known to history primarily through unattributable legend.It is recorded that Peter was once a soldier who, through the miraculous aid of St. Nicholas and St. Simeon the Righteous, was freed from a Muslim military prison.From prison St. Peter traveled to Rome to fulfill a promise to God that he would take the monastic habit.", "Philokalia The Philokalia (Ancient Greek: φιλοκαλία \"love of the beautiful, the good\", from φιλία philia \"love\" and κάλλος kallos \"beauty\") is \"a collection of texts written between the 4th and 15th centuries by spiritual masters\" of the Eastern Orthodox hesychast tradition. They were originally written for the guidance and instruction of monks in \"the practise of the contemplative life\". The collection was compiled in the eighteenth-century by St. Nikodemos of the Holy Mountain and St.", "Prayer rope A prayer rope (Greek: κομποσκοίνι, komboskini; Russian: чётки, chotki (most common term) or вервица, vervitsa (literal translation); Arabic: misbaha مسبحة; Romanian: metanii / metanier; Macedonian and Serbian: бројаница, broyanitsa; Bulgarian: броеница, broyenitsa) is a loop made up of complex knots, usually out of wool or silk.The prayer rope is part of the habit of Eastern Orthodox and Greek-Catholic monks and nuns and is employed by monastics (and sometimes by others) to count the number of times one has prayed the Jesus Prayer or, occasionally, other prayers.", "Raphael Morgan Robert Josias \"Raphael\" Morgan was a Jamaican-American Orthodox priest of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, designated as the \"Priest-Apostolic to America and the West Indies\" (Greek: Ιεραποστολος), later the founder and superior of the Order of the Cross of Golgotha, and thought to be the first Black Orthodox cleric in America.He spoke broken Greek and, therefore, served mostly in English.", "Religious vows Religious vows are the public vows made by the members of religious communities pertaining to their conduct, practices, and views. In the Buddhist tradition, in particular within the Mahayana and Vajrayana tradition, many different kinds of religious vows are taken by the lay community as well as by the monastic community, as they progress along the path of practice. In the monastic tradition of all schools of Buddhism the Vinaya expounds the vows of the fully ordained Nuns and Monks.", "Saint Paisios of Mount Athos Saint Paisios of Mount Athos (Greek: Ὃσιος Παΐσιος ὁ Ἁγιορείτης), born Arsenios Eznepidis (1924–1994), was a well-known Eastern Orthodox ascetic from Mount Athos, who originated from Pharasa, Cappadocia.", "Seraphim of Sarov Saint Seraphim of Sarov (Russian: Серафим Саровский) (1 August [O.S. 19 July] 1754 (or 1759) – 14 January [O.S. 2 January] 1833), born Prokhor Moshnin (Прохор Мошнин), is one of the most renowned Russian monks and mystics in the Eastern Orthodox Church. He is generally considered the greatest of the 19th century startsy (elders). Seraphim extended the monastic teachings of contemplation, theoria and self-denial to the layperson.", "Skufia A skufia (also skufiya or skoufos; Greek: σκούφια or σκούφος) is an item of clerical clothing worn by Orthodox Christian and Eastern Catholic monastics (in which case it is black) or awarded to clergy as a mark of honor (in which case it is usually red or purple). It is a soft-sided brimless cap whose top may be pointed (Russian style) flat and pleated (Greek style), or flat with raised edges (Romanian style).", "Solus Christi Brothers Solus Christi Brothers is a monastic community in the state of Wisconsin. The community is part of the Autonomous Ukrainian Orthodox Church in America.Ukrainian Orthodox monasticism and monastic spirituality can be summarized as the process of going from Gospel to life and from life to Gospel. Monastic life is particularly important in the life of the Eastern Christian Churches insofar as, according to Church discipline, Bishops are elected exclusively from among the celibate monastic clergy.", "Studite Brethren Studite Brethren (MSU Latin: Monachi e Regula Studitarum, Ukrainian: Монахи Студитського Уставу, Monakhy Studytskoho Ustavu) are a religious society of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.The Studite rule was developed at the Stoudios monastery of Constantinople, from the 5th century onward, especially by Saint Theodore the Studite (760–826). The rule was brought to Kievan Rus in the 11th century by Saint Theodosius of Kiev.", "Stylianos Harkianakis Stylianos Harkianakis (Greek: Στυλιανός Χαρκιανάκης) is the Greek Orthodox Archbishop of Australia and Primate of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia. He serves as inaugural and permanent Chairman of the Standing Conference of Canonical Orthodox Churches in Australia and Dean of Saint Andrew's Greek Orthodox Theological College. He is a theologian, specialising in ecclesiology. He is also an award-winning poet.", "Tabenna Tabenna (Tabennae, Tabennisi) is considered the first cenobitic monastery. It was a community founded by Pachomius on an island of the Nile in Upper Egypt.", "The Ladder of Divine Ascent The Ladder of Divine Ascent, or Ladder of Paradise (Κλίμαξ; Scala or Climax Paradisi), is an important ascetical treatise for monasticism in Eastern Christianity written by John Climacus in ca.", "Theodore Balsamon Theodore Balsamon (Greek: Θεόδωρος Βαλσαμῶν) was a canonist of the Eastern Orthodox Church and 12th-century Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.Born in the second half of the 12th century at Constantinople; died there, after 1195 (Petit).", "Theodore the Studite Theodore the Studite (also known as Theodorus Studita, St. Theodore of Stoudios, and St. Theodore of Studium; 759–826) was a Byzantine Greek monk and abbot of the Stoudios Monastery in Constantinople. Theodore's letter, containing suggested monastery reform rules, is the first recorded stand against slavery. He played a major role in the revivals both of Byzantine monasticism and of classical literary genres in Byzantium.", "Tonsure Tonsure is the practice of cutting or shaving some or all of the hair on the scalp, as a sign of religious devotion or humility. The term originates from the Latin word tōnsūra (meaning \"clipping\" or \"shearing\") and referred to a specific practice in medieval Catholicism, abandoned by papal order in 1972. Current usage more generally refers to cutting or shaving for monks, devotees, or mystics of any religion as a symbol of their renunciation of worldly fashion and esteem.", "Victor Sokolov The Very Reverend Archpriest Victor Sokolov (Russian: Виктор Владимирович Соколов) (February 21, 1947 – March 12, 2006) was a Russian-American former dissident Soviet journalist and an Eastern Orthodox priest. He wrote articles critical of the Soviet government that were clandestinely distributed throughout the Soviet Union and abroad." ]

[ "List of cathedrals in Texas This is a list of cathedrals in the state of Texas, United States:" ]

[ "2008 Houston Cougars football team The 2008 Houston Cougars football team, also known as the Houston Cougars, Houston, or UH, represented the University of Houston in the 2008 NCAA Division I FBS football season. It was the 63rd year of season play for Houston. The team was coached by first year head football coach, Kevin Sumlin whose previous position was as co-offensive coordinator for the Oklahoma Sooners. He replaced Art Briles.", "2009–10 Sam Houston State Bearkats men's basketball team The 2009–10 Sam Houston State Bearkats men's basketball team represented Sam Houston State University in the 2009–10 college basketball season. This was head coach Bob Marlin's twelfth season at Sam Houston State. The Bearkats competed in the Southland Conference and played their home games at Bernard Johnson Coliseum. They finished the season 25–8, 14–2 in Southland play to capture the regular season championship.", "2012 Sam Houston State Bearkats football team The 2012 Sam Houston State Bearkats football team represented Sam Houston State University in the 2012 NCAA Division I FCS football season. The Bearkats were led by third-year head coach Willie Fritz and played their home games at Bowers Stadium. They were a member of the Southland Conference. They finished the season 11–4, 6–1 in Southland play to claim a share of the regular season conference championship.", "2013 Sam Houston State Bearkats football team The 2013 Sam Houston State Bearkats football team represented Sam Houston State University in the 2013 NCAA Division I FCS football season. The Bearkats were led by fourth-year head coach Willie Fritz and played their home games at Bowers Stadium. They were a member of the Southland Conference.", "Acres Homes, Houston Acres Homes is a neighborhood located in the northwest section of the city of Houston, Texas. The 9-square mile area is loosely bounded by the city limits and West Gulf Bank Road to the north; Pinemont Drive to the south; North Shepherd Drive to the east; and Antoine Drive to the west.", "All Saints Catholic Church (Houston, Texas) All Saints Catholic Church is an historic church at 201 East 10th Street in the historic Heights area of Houston, Texas. The parish is a part of the Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston.The Romanesque Revival-style church building was constructed in 1926 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It contains beautiful Italian stained glass windows. In 2013, iconographer Br.", "Annunciation Church (Houston, Texas) The Annunciation Church is a Catholic church located at the corner of Texas and Crawford in downtown Houston, Texas. Annunciation Church sprung from the congregation at St. Vincent's, Houston's first Catholic church. In 1866, Father Joseph Querat and Galveston Bishop Claude M. Debuis believed the congregation was outgrowing the old building and started planning for a new one.", "Austonio, Texas Austonio is an unincorporated community, formerly a city, in Houston County, Texas, USA.The community, originally named Pearville, was established before 1900. In 1930 the community sponsored a contest, asking participants to select a new name for the community. Ruth Tucker submitted the name \"Austonio\", a combination of Austin and San Antonio; the name was chosen as the community's new name. Austonio has an estimated population of about 40.", "Bellaire High School (Texas) Bellaire High School is a secondary school of the Houston Independent School District, and its campus is located in Bellaire, Texas (USA) in Greater Houston.The high school serves the incorporated city of Bellaire and the Houston community of Meyerland, as well as other Houston neighborhoods. It has a racially and socioeconomically diverse student body.", "Belton, Texas Belton is a city in and the county seat of Bell County, Texas, United States. The population was 18,216 at the 2010 census.Belton is part of the Killeen – Temple – Fort Hood metropolitan area.", "Bethel Baptist Church (Houston, Texas) Bethel Baptist Church is a historic Baptist church building at 801 Andrews in Houston, Texas.The Late Gothic Revival building was constructed in 1923 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.", "Braeswood Place, Houston Braeswood Place is a group of subdivisions in Houston, Texas, United States.Braeswood Place is a mainly single-family neighborhood inside the 610 Loop, east of the city of Bellaire, south of the cities of Southside Place and West University Place, west of the Texas Medical Center and the neighborhood of Old Braeswood, and north of the neighborhoods of Linkwood and Knollwood Village.", "Briargrove, Houston Briargrove is a neighborhood in Houston, Texas, United States, near Uptown Houston.Briargrove was established in the 1950s with one-story ranch homes built in the 1950s and 1960s. Deed restrictions in the neighborhood were modified in 1986 to allow for 1 1⁄2-story and two-story homes. Afterwards some of the older ranch homes were torn down and replaced with newer 2-story homes.", "Calpine Center The Calpine Center is a 453 ft (138m) tall postmodern skyscraper in Downtown Houston, Texas. The building has 33 floors of Class A office space. It is the 30th tallest building in the city. The building has the world headquarters of Calpine Corporation. Hines and Prime Asset Management jointly developed the building. The Houston office of HOK designed the building, and Turner Construction acted as the general contractor. It is connected to the downtown tunnel system.", "Cenikor Foundation The Cenikor Foundation is a private, not-for-profit behavioral health organization based in Houston, Texas. It offers long-term residential, short-term residential, detoxification and outpatient behavioral health services for adults and adolescents.Cenikor provides evidence-based therapeutic community addiction treatment through long-term residential programs in Baton Rouge, LA, Deer Park, TX and Fort Worth, TX and detox/short-term residential treatment in Waco, TX.", "Chapel of St. Basil The Chapel of St. Basil is a chapel on the campus of the University of St. Thomas in Houston, TX, designed by Philip Johnson in 1997.", "Christ Church Cathedral (Houston) Christ Church Cathedral, Houston is the cathedral church for the Episcopal Diocese of Texas. The congregation was established in 1839, when Texas was still an independent republic. It is the oldest extant congregation in Houston and one of the oldest non-Roman Catholic churches in Texas.", "Chávez High School (Houston) César E. Chávez High School is a secondary school located at 8501 Howard Drive in Houston, Texas, United States.The school is part of the Houston Independent School District, and serves grades nine through twelve. Chavez serves several areas outside of the 610 Loop in southeast Houston, including the neighborhoods of Glenbrook Valley, Gulf Freeway Oaks, and Park Place.Chavez High School serves a mainly Hispanic and immigrant population located near Hobby Airport.", "Corinthian Pointe, Houston Corinthian Pointe is a large planned affordable subdivision located in Houston, Texas, United States. It is a part of the larger master planned community Pointe 2.3.4.Corinthian Pointe is located outside of the 610 Loop and inside Beltway 8 near Reliant Park.", "Cut, Texas Cut (also known as Paso or Paso Switch) is an unincorporated community in Houston County, Texas. Cut is located on Texas State Highway 19 6 miles (9.7 km) south of Crockett. The town was originally called Paso or Paso Switch, and was re-named in 1900. By the 1990s, Cut had been abandoned.", "Downtown Houston Downtown Houston is Houston's central business district, containing the headquarters of many prominent companies. There is an extensive network of pedestrian tunnels and skywalks connecting the buildings of the district. The tunnel system is home to many restaurants, shops and services.", "Eastwood, Houston Eastwood is a historic neighborhood in the East End area of Houston, Texas, United States. Eastwood maintains Houston’s largest intact collection of Craftsman, Arts & Crafts, Foursquare and Mission architecture.", "Eisenhower High School (Houston, Texas) Dwight D. Eisenhower High School is a Title I public secondary school located in Near Northwest and in Houston, Texas, United States.Eisenhower is a part of the Aldine Independent School District. The main campus is located at 7922 Antoine Drive, while the Eisenhower 9th Grade School is located at 3550 West Gulfbank Road.The Inwood Forest community and the western portion of the Acres Homes community are served by Eisenhower.", "Fifth Ward, Houston The Fifth Ward is a historical political district (ward) and a community of Houston, Texas, United States, northeast of Downtown.", "First Presbyterian Church (Houston, Texas) The First Presbyterian Church is a PCUSA megachurch in Houston, Texas with 3,567 members.", "Genoa, Houston Genoa is an area in Houston, Texas, United States located about 15 miles (24 km) southeast of Downtown Houston; it was formerly a distinct unincorporated area in Harris County.", "Geographic areas of Houston The geographic areas of Houston are generally classified as either being inside or outside Interstate 610, known as the \"Loop.\" Inside the loop generally encompasses the Central business district and the \"island cities\" of West University Place (West U.), Southside Place and a portion of Bellaire.", "George Bush Intercontinental Airport George Bush Intercontinental Airport, (IATA: IAH, ICAO: KIAH, FAA LID: IAH) is a the main international airport in Houston, Texas, United States, under class B airspace, serving the Greater Houston metropolitan area, the fifth-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Located about 23 miles (37 km) north of Downtown Houston, between Interstate 45 and Interstate 69/U.S.", "Greater Houston Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land is a nine-county metropolitan area defined by the Office of Management and Budget. It is located along the Gulf Coast region in the U.S. state of Texas. The metropolitan area is colloquially referred to as \"Greater Houston\" and is situated in Southeast Texas.Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land is the fifth-largest metropolitan area in the United States with a population of 6.18 million, as of U.S. Census Bureau's July 1, 2012 estimates.", "Harris County, Texas Harris County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 4,092,459, making it the most populous county in Texas and the third-most populous county in the United States. Its county seat is Houston, the largest city in Texas and fourth-largest city in the United States. The county was founded in 1836 and organized in 1837.", "Harrisburg, Houston Harrisburg is a community that is now (originally documented as Harrisburgh then shortened to Harrisburg in 1892) located within the city of Houston, Texas, United States.The community is located east of Downtown Houston, south of the Brays Bayou and Buffalo Bayou junction, and west of Brady's Island. It was founded before 1825 on the eastern stretches of the Buffalo Bayou in present-day Harris County, Texas, on land belonging to John Richardson Harris.", "Houston Houstonian redirects here. For other uses see: The Houstonian (disambiguation).Houston (/ˈhjuːstən/ HYOO-stən) is the most populous city in Texas and the American South, and the fourth most populous city in the United States. With a census-estimated 2014 population of 2.239 million people within a land area of 599.6 square miles (1,553 km2), it also is the largest city in the Southern United States, as well as the seat of Harris County.", "Houston Cougars Houston Cougars is the name given to the sports teams of the University of Houston. Informally, the Houston Cougars have also been referred to as the Coogs, UH, or simply Houston. Houston's nickname was created by early physical education instructor of the university and former head football coach of the Washington State Cougars John R. Bender, as he had grown fond of the name during his time there.", "Houston County, Texas Houston County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 23,732. Its county seat is Crockett. The county is named for Sam Houston, a president of the Republic of Texas and Governor of Texas.", "Houston Police Department The Houston Police Department (HPD) is the primary law enforcement agency serving the City of Houston, Texas, United States and some surrounding areas. Its headquarters are at 1200 Travis in Downtown Houston.HPD's jurisdiction often overlaps with several other law enforcement agencies, among them the Harris County Sheriff's Office and the Harris County Constable Precincts.", "Immanuel Lutheran Church (Houston) Immanuel Lutheran Church is a historic church at 1448 Cortlandt Street in Houston, Texas.It was built in 1932 and added to the National Register in 1983.", "In the Company of Angels In the Company of Angels is a studio album from Caedmon's Call. This more than any other previous album by this band features songs of worship.Recorded at:Sunrise Studios - Houston, TX (Engineer Bob Boyd)Second Studios - Houston, TX (Engineer Bob Boyd)additionally at:Second Baptist Church Houston, TX (Engineer Bob Boyd)Recording Arts - Nashville, TN (Engineer Ben Witch)Earful Studios - Franklin, TN (Engineer Derry Dougherty)", "Interstate 45 Interstate 45 (I-45) is an interstate highway located entirely within the U.S. state of Texas. While most interstate routes ending in five are cross-country north-south routes, I-45 is comparatively short, never leaving Texas. It connects the cities of Dallas and Houston, continuing southeast from Houston to Galveston over the Galveston Causeway to the Gulf of Mexico.", "Interstate 610 (Texas) Interstate 610 (abbreviated I-610) is a freeway that forms a 38-mile-long (61 km) loop around the downtown sector of city of Houston, Texas. Interstate 610, colloquially known as The Loop, Loop 610, The 610 Loop, or just 610, traditionally marks the border between the inner city of Houston \"\\inside the Loop\") and its surrounding areas.", "John H. Reagan High School (Houston, Texas) John H. Reagan High School is a senior high school located in the Houston Heights in Houston, Texas. Reagan serves students in grades nine through twelve and is a part of the Houston Independent School District. Reagan is HISD's Magnet School of Computer Technology and offers the International Baccalaureate Programme (IB) Middle Years Program (till 10th grade) and twenty Advanced Placement (AP) courses.", "Kennard, Texas Kennard is a city in Houston County, Texas, United States. The population was 317 at the 2000 census. The main street is Texas State Highway 7.The First Baptist Church of Kennard, established in 1903, has over the years been involved in anti-liquor and anti-gambling campaigns.", "Kingwood, Houston For Kinwood, Texas, see KinwoodKingwood is a 14,000 acre (57 km²) master-planned community located in northeast Houston, Texas, United States. The majority of the community is located in Harris County with a small portion in Montgomery County. Known as the \"Livable Forest,\" it is the largest master-planned community in Harris County and second-largest within the 10-county Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land metropolitan area.", "Lamar High School (Houston, Texas) Mirabeau B. Lamar Senior High School is a secondary school located in Houston, Texas, United States.", "Lazybrook/Timbergrove, Houston Lazybrook and Timbergrove Manor (collectively, \"Lazybrook/Timbergrove\") are two adjoining, deed-restricted neighborhoods located approximately 7 miles northwest of Downtown Houston, Texas. Located inside the 610 Loop and just west of the Houston Heights, Lazybrook and Timbergrove Manor are situated along the wooded banks of White Oak Bayou in the near northwest quadrant of the city.", "List of Houston neighborhoods This is an incomplete list of neighborhoods/subdivisions in Houston, Texas, listed in alphabetical order.", "List of former professional sports teams in Houston American Football Oilers, 1960-97 (AFL/NFL) - Now the Tennessee Titans, the team relocated to Memphis and later to Nashville, Tennessee. Texans, 1974-75 (WFL) - The team relocated to Shreveport, Louisiana.", "Livingston, Texas Livingston is a town in Polk County, Texas, United States. The population was 5,335 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Polk County. It is seventy-five miles north of Houston. This town was settled in 1835 as Springfield. Its name was changed to Livingston and became the county seat of Polk County in 1846.The Alabama-Coushatta Indian Reservation is just to the east of Livingston.", "Lufkin, Texas Lufkin is a city in Angelina County in eastern Texas, United States. Founded in 1882, the population was 35,067 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat and is situated in Deep East Texas.", "Madison High School (Houston, Texas) James Madison High School is a public High School located at 13719 White Heather Drive in the Hiram Clarke area of Houston, Texas, United States. The school serves grades 9 through 12 and is part of the Houston Independent School District. The school is named after James Madison, a former President of the United States.Madison contains HISD's magnet program for Space and Meteorological Sciences; the program is known as the High School for Meteorology & Space Science.", "Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County The Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County (often referred to as METRO) is a major public transportation agency based in Houston (Texas, USA). It operates bus, light rail, bus rapid transit, and paratransit service (under the name METROLift) in the city as well as most of Harris County. METRO also operates bus service to two cities in Fort Bend County. The METRO headquarters are in the Lee P. Brown Administration Building in Downtown Houston.", "Midtown, Houston Midtown is a district southwest of Downtown Houston, bordered by Neartown, Interstate 69/U.S. Highway 59 and Interstate 45.", "Milby High School Charles H. Milby High School is a public secondary school at 1601 Broadway in the East End, Houston, Texas, with a ZIP code of 77012. Milby, which serves grades 9 through 12, is a part of the Houston Independent School District.Milby is located inside the 610 Loop in southeast Houston. Milby contains Houston ISD's Science Institute Magnet Program. As of 2014, the school's principal administrator is Roy de la Garza.", "Missouri City, Texas Missouri City is a city in the U.S. state of Texas, within Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan area. The city is mostly in Fort Bend County, with a small portion in Harris County. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 67,358, up from 52,913 in 2000.", "Oak Forest, Houston Oak Forest is a large residential community in northwest Houston, Texas, United States. Oak Forest is the third largest group of subdivisions in Harris County (behind Kingwood and Sharpstown).", "Old Braeswood, Houston Old Braeswood is a neighborhood in Houston, Texas, United States.Old Braeswood is located inside the 610 Loop west of the Texas Medical Center and Rice University, south of Southgate and Rice Village, north of Reliant Park, and east of the city of West University Place and the neighborhood of Braeswood Place. Old Braeswood is known for having many historic homes.In 2006, the median house cost $428,850 United States dollars with some houses in the community valued over $1,000,000.", "Our Lady of Guadalupe Catholic Church (Houston) Our Lady of Guadalupe Catholic Church (Iglesia Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe) is a Roman Catholic church located in the Second Ward in the East End, Houston, Texas. It is a part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston.The church, first constructed in 1911, was the first Mexican-American church in Houston. It was the first religious institution in the City of Houston to offer religious services in the Spanish language.", "Our Lady of Guadalupe School (Houston) Our Lady of Guadalupe Catholic School (Escuela de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe) is a Roman Catholic elementary and middle school in the Second Ward in the East End, Houston, Texas. It is the parish school of the Our Lady of Guadalupe Catholic Church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston.Our Lady of Guadalupe Catholic School is the oldest continuously operating Catholic elementary school in the City of Houston.", "Pasadena, Texas Pasadena /ˌpæsəˈdiːnə/ is a city in the U.S. state of Texas, within Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan area. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, the city's population is 149,043 making it the seventeenth most populous city in the state of Texas as well as the second-largest city in Harris County. The area was founded in 1893 by John H.", "Sagemont School The Sagemont School is a private preparatory school in Weston, Florida, United States.", "Sam Houston High School (Arlington, Texas) Sam Houston High School, located in east Arlington, Texas, is a secondary school serving grades 9-12.It is one of the six high schools comprising the Arlington Independent School District in Arlington, Texas. The current principal is Fernando Benavides.The school is also known as Sam Houston HS, SHHS, and Big Sam. The mascot is the Long Tall Texan. The school colors are red, white, and blue.", "Sam Houston State Bearkats women's basketball For information on all Sam Houston State University sports, see Sam Houston State BearkatsThe Sam Houston State Bearkats women's basketball team is the women's basketball team that represents Sam Houston State University in Huntsville, Texas. The team currently competes in the Southland Conference. The Bearkats are currently coached by Brenda Welch-Nichols.", "San Marcos, Texas San Marcos is a city in the U.S. state of Texas, within the Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos metropolitan area. The city is on the Interstate 35 corridor between Austin and San Antonio and is the seat of Hays County. The city limits extend into Caldwell and Guadalupe Counties as well. Its population was 44,894 in 2010. In 2014 the U.S.", "Sanguinet & Staats Sanguinet & Staats was an architectural firm in Fort Worth, Texas which designed many buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places.Architect Wyatt C. Hedrick later joined and it became Sanguinet, Staats, and Hedrick. Other partners names appear in other variations of the firm name, too.Works (and credits) include:Agricultural Pavilion, 1925, with architects Wyatt C.", "Second Baptist Church Houston Second Baptist Church Houston is a megachurch in Houston, Texas, USA affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention that has a membership of over 63,000. Its senior pastor is Dr.", "Second Baptist School Second Baptist School is a private primary and secondary school in the Memorial area of Houston, Texas, United States.SBS serves approximately 1200 students from PK – 12. As a self-supporting agency of the Second Baptist Church of Houston, the school has access to nearly 1,000,000 square feet (100,000 m2) of educational and recreational facilities on a 56-acre (230,000 m2), Memorial area campus. The School Mascot is the Eagles.", "South Houston, Texas South Houston is a city in the U.S. state of Texas, within Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan area and Harris County. The population was 16,983 at the 2010 census. It is bordered by the cities of Houston and Pasadena.", "South Main Baptist Church South Main Baptist Church is a Baptist church in Houston, Texas. Located in Houston's midtown area, the church has a long history in the city. The church was named \"Church of the Year\" by Guideposts Magazine.", "St. Martin's Episcopal Church (Houston, Texas) Since its founding in 1952 by the Rev. J. Thomas Bagby, St. Martin’s Episcopal Church has grown to become the largest Episcopal Church in North America with nearly 9,000 members. The Parish celebrates worship at six Sunday and three Wednesday services in both traditional and contemporary liturgical styles that provide an opportunity to give thanks and praise to God in the Anglican evangelical and orthodox tradition.", "St. Paul's United Methodist Church (Houston, Texas) St. Paul's United Methodist Church is a congregation of the United Methodist Church, founded in 1906 and located in Houston, Texas, in the city's Museum District. St. Paul's is known for its traditional style of worship as embodied by its renowned choir. The church slogan is \"Traditional Worship for Contemporary People\".", "Stratford High School (Houston, Texas) Stratford High School is a secondary school in Houston, Texas, United States. The school is one of four high schools in the Spring Branch Independent School District (SBISD), the district's westernmost secondary school (serving grades 9 through 12).", "Sugar Land, Texas Sugar Land is a city in the U.S. state of Texas, within Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan area and Fort Bend County. It is one of the most affluent and fastest-growing cities in Texas, having grown more than 158 percent in the last decade. In the time period of 2000–2007, Sugar Land also enjoyed a 46.24% job growth.As of the 2010 census, its population was 78,817. In 2014, the U.S.", "Ted Poe Lloyd \"Ted\" Poe (born September 10, 1948) is a Republican politician currently representing Texas's 2nd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. The district includes many eastern and northern Houston suburbs. He is the first Republican to ever represent the Texas 2nd.", "Texas State Highway Beltway 8 Beltway 8 (BW8), the Sam Houston Parkway, along with the Sam Houston Tollway, is an 83-mile (134 km) beltway around the city of Houston, Texas, United States, lying entirely within Harris County.Beltway 8, a state highway, runs mostly along the frontage roads of the tollway, only using the main lanes where they are free between Interstate Highway 45 (North Freeway) and Interstate Highway 69/U.S. 59 (Eastex Freeway).", "Third Ward, Houston The Third Ward is one of the six historic wards of Houston, Texas, United States. It is located in the Southeast Houston management district.The Third Ward, located inside the 610 Loop is immediately southeast of Downtown Houston and to the east of the Texas Medical Center. The ward became the center of Houston's African American community. In rap circles the Third Ward is referred to as \"The Tre'.Robert D.", "Trinity Episcopal Church (Houston, Texas) Trinity Church, in Midtown Houston, Texas, is a parish church in the Episcopal Diocese of Texas.", "Washington Avenue (Houston, Texas) Washington Avenue is a road in Houston, Texas, United States. It is named for Washington County, as it is part of the original route from Houston to Brenham, the seat of Washington County.U.S.", "Wheatley High School (Houston) Phillis Wheatley High School is a secondary school located at 4801 Providence Street in Houston, Texas, United States with a ZIP code of 77020.Wheatley, which serves 6 years, is a part of the Houston Independent School District. Wheatley, named after Phillis Wheatley, is located inside the 610 Loop in the Fifth Ward. Wheatley had one of the lowest enrollments of any zoned Houston ISD high school with 836 students during the 2004-2005 school year [1].", "Will Sheehey Will Sheehey (born January 16, 1992) is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for SO Maritime Boulogne of the LNB Pro B. He played college basketball for Indiana University.", "William P. Hobby Airport William P. Hobby Airport (IATA: HOU, ICAO: KHOU, FAA LID: HOU) is a public airport in Houston, Texas, 7 miles (11 km) from downtown Houston. Hobby is Houston's oldest commercial airport and was its primary commercial airport until Houston Intercontinental Airport, now George Bush Intercontinental Airport, opened in 1969.", "Willowridge High School (Houston) Willowridge High School is a secondary school in Houston, Texas, United States and part of the Fort Bend Independent School District.", "Woodlands Church Woodlands Church (formerly known as Fellowship of The Woodlands) is a Christian non-denominational mega church located in The Woodlands, Texas about 27 miles north of downtown Houston, TX, led by Senior Pastor Kerry Shook. Shook founded the church in 1993 and it’s now the 9th largest church in the US and the 4th fastest growing church in the US with an average attendance of over 18,434 people each week. [1],The church is located on four campuses.", "Yates High School Jack Yates Senior High School is a secondary school located at 3703 Sampson, very near Texas Southern University, in the Third Ward in Houston, Texas, USA. Yates High School handles grades nine through twelve and is part of the Houston Independent School District (HISD).Yates was named after Reverend John Henry \"Jack\" Yates, a former slave and a minister. Jack Yates and other leading blacks established the Houston Baptist Academy." ]

[ "Arcade Building (Asheville, North Carolina) Arcade Building, also known as The Grove Arcade and Asheville Federal Building, is a historic commercial building located at Asheville, Buncombe County, North Carolina. It was built in 1926-1929, and is a Tudor Revival / Late Gothic Revival style building consisting of two stacked blocks. The lower block is a rectangular slab with rounded corners; it is capped by the second block, a two-tier set-back.", "Asheville, North Carolina Asheville is a city in and the county seat of Buncombe County, North Carolina, United States. It is the largest city in Western North Carolina, and the 11th largest city in North Carolina. The city's population was 83,393 according to the 2010 United States census. It is the principal city in the four-county Asheville metropolitan area, with a population of 424,858 in 2010.", "Asheville Aces The Asheville Aces were a Southern Professional Hockey League (SPHL) team in Asheville, North Carolina. The team, which suffered limited success and low attendance, lasted only one year before disbanding.", "Asheville Citizen-Times The Asheville Citizen-Times is the major daily newspaper of Asheville, North Carolina. It was formed in 1991 as a result of a merger of the morning Asheville Citizen and the afternoon Asheville Times. It is owned by Gannett.Founded in 1870 as a weekly, the Citizen became a daily newspaper in 1885. Writers Thomas Wolfe, O. Henry, both buried in Asheville, and F. Scott Fitzgerald, a common visitor of Asheville, frequently could be found in the newsroom in earlier days.", "Asheville City Hall Asheville City Hall, the center of Asheville's city government, is an historic Art Deco brick and stone office building located on City-County Plaza in Asheville, North Carolina, United States. In 1976 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It is located in the Downtown Asheville Historic District.", "Asheville High School Asheville High School (known as Lee H. Edwards High School 1935-1969) in Asheville, North Carolina, United States, is one of two secondary schools in the Asheville City Schools system. It is located at 419 McDowell Street, in a building designed by Douglas Ellington. Construction of the original building was begun in 1927 and completed in 1929. A modern addition was built in 1970, and in 2006 a new cafeteria was finished.", "Asheville Regional Airport Asheville Regional Airport (IATA: AVL, ICAO: KAVL, FAA LID: AVL) is a Class C airport near Interstate 40 and Interstate 26 near the town of Fletcher, 9 miles (14 km) south of Asheville, in the U.S. state of North Carolina. It is owned by the City of Asheville. In 2014 it served a record number of passengers, 756,425, an increase of 11.5% over 2013.It opened in 1961, replacing the airport at 35.439°N 82.481°W / 35.439; -82.481.", "Asheville metropolitan area The Asheville metropolitan area is a metropolitan area centered on the principal city of Asheville, North Carolina. The U.S. Office of Management and Budget defines the Asheville, North Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area, a metropolitan statistical area used by the United States Census Bureau and other entities, as comprising the four counties of Buncombe, Haywood, Henderson, and Madison. According to the 2010 United States Census, the area's population was 424,858.", "Basilica of St. Lawrence, Asheville The Minor Basilica of St. Lawrence the Deacon & Martyr is a minor basilica of the Roman Catholic Church located in downtown Asheville, North Carolina, United States. The basilica was designed and built in 1905 by Spanish architect Rafael Guastavino along with his fellow architect R. S. Smith and the surrounding Catholic community of Asheville. The basilica is on the National Register of Historic Places and was elevated in status to minor basilica in 1993 by Pope John Paul II.", "Biltmore Estate Biltmore Estate is a large private estate and tourist attraction in Asheville, North Carolina. Biltmore House, the main house on the estate, is a Châteauesque-styled mansion built by George Washington Vanderbilt between 1889 and 1895 and is the largest privately owned house in the United States, at 178,926 square feet (16,622.8 m2) of floor space (135,280 square feet (12,568 m2) of living area).", "Botanical Gardens at Asheville The Botanical Gardens at Asheville (10 acres), also known as the Asheville Botanical Gardens, are non-profit botanical gardens located at 151 W. T. Weaver Boulevard, Asheville, North Carolina. The gardens are open daily with free admission, though donations are welcome.The gardens were established in 1961 on eroded, abandoned timberland.", "Buncombe County, North Carolina Buncombe County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 238,318. Its county seat is Asheville.Buncombe County is part of the Asheville, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area.", "Clyde, North Carolina Clyde is a town in Haywood County, North Carolina, United States. The 2010 census recorded the population at 1,223 people. It is part of the Asheville Metropolitan Statistical Area.", "First Baptist Church (Asheville, North Carolina) First Baptist Church is a historic Baptist church located at Asheville, Buncombe County, North Carolina. It was designed by noted architect Douglas Ellington and built in 1925-1927. It is a two-story, domed, polygonal brick building with Art Deco design influences. The front facade features a colossal hectastyle portico.It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.", "Jackson Building (Asheville, North Carolina) The Jackson Building is a 140 ft (43m) 15-story building in Asheville, North Carolina which was completed in 1924 in Pack Square downtown. It was the first skyscraper in western North Carolina.", "Joe, North Carolina Joe, North Carolina, is an unincorporated community south-southwest of Hot Springs, in Madison County, North Carolina. The community is part of the Asheville Metropolitan Statistical Area.", "List of mayors of Asheville, North Carolina This is a list of mayors from Asheville, North Carolina.", "List of municipalities in North Carolina This is a list of the 552 incorporated municipalities (cities, towns, and villages) in the U.S. state of North Carolina:", "Memorial Stadium (Asheville) Memorial Stadium is a multi-use stadium located in Asheville, North Carolina. The stadium was completed in 1925 to serve as a regional athletic and special events facility. Memorial Stadium is not to be confused with the similarly named Asheville High School Memorial Stadium.Memorial Stadium's entrance was originally intended to serve as a memorial to Western North Carolina's war veterans but the memorial was never entirely completed. Recently plans have been set afoot to complete the memorial.", "Murphy Branch The historically important Murphy Branch is the westernmost part of what was the Western North Carolina Railroad, later the Richmond and Danville, Southern Railway, the Norfolk Southern Railway (NS) and today the Blue Ridge Southern Railroad. The branch runs between Asheville, North Carolina in the east and Murphy in the west.", "North Carolina North Carolina (/ˌnɔrθ kærəˈlaɪnə/) is a state in the Southeastern United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west, Virginia to the north, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. North Carolina is the 28th most extensive and the 9th most populous of the 50 United States. North Carolina is known as the Tar Heel State and the Old North State.North Carolina is composed of 100 counties.", "Petersburg, Madison County, North Carolina Petersburg is an unincorporated community on North Carolina Highway 213, in south-central Madison County, North Carolina. It lies at an elevation of 1991 feet (607 m). The community is part of the Asheville Metropolitan Statistical Area.", "Spartanburg and Asheville Railroad The Spartanburg and Asheville Railroad was a Southern United States railroad that served South Carolina and North Carolina in the years after the American Civil War.The line was chartered in 1873 and in 1874 the Spartanburg and Asheville was consolidated with the Greenville and French Broad Railroad, a North Carolina line.The line between Spartanburg, South Carolina, and Hendersonville, North Carolina, opened in 1879.", "St. Luke's Episcopal Church (Asheville, North Carolina) St. Luke's Episcopal Church is an historic Carpenter Gothic-style Episcopal church building located at 219 Chunn's Cove Road, in the Chunn's Cove neighborhood of Asheville, North Carolina. Built in 1894 at a cost of $728, St. Luke's was designed by E. J. Armstrong, a member of the congregation. The first service was held on September 17, 1894.On September 30, 1997, St, Luke's was added to the National Register of Historic Places.", "The Bon Marché Building of Asheville, North Carolina The Bon Marché Building of Asheville, North Carolina was built in 1923 by E.W. Grove for the store's owner, Solomon Lipinsky. This was several years before Grove began construction on nearby Grove Arcade, one of Asheville’s most famous architectural landmarks. The Bon Marché building was designed by W.L.", "U.S. Cellular Center (Asheville, North Carolina) U.S. Cellular Center (known as Asheville Civic Center until November 2011) is a 7,654-seat multi-purpose arena, in Asheville, North Carolina, United States. It was built in 1974.", "UNC Asheville Bulldogs The UNC Asheville Bulldogs are the athletic teams that represent the University of North Carolina at Asheville. They participate in Division I of the NCAA and are a member of the Big South Conference. UNC Asheville (UNCA) fields varsity teams in 12 sports, 6 for men and 6 for women.In 1984, the UNCA women's basketball team won the NAIA national championship.", "University of North Carolina at Asheville The University of North Carolina at Asheville (UNCA) is a co-educational, four year, public liberal arts university. The university is also known as UNC Asheville. Located in Asheville, Buncombe County, in the U.S. state of North Carolina, UNC Asheville is the only designated liberal arts institution in the University of North Carolina system. UNC Asheville is member of the Council of Public Liberal Arts Colleges.", "Western North Carolina Nature Center The Western North Carolina Nature Center is a 42 acre zoological park operated by the City of Asheville's (NC) Parks and Recreation department. Until 1973, it was known as the Asheville City Zoo and was then renamed the Children's Zoo and Nature Center. It received its current name in 1974 when formed as a non-profit charity to develop the zoo which ultimately opened in 1976." ]

[ "2008 North Carolina Tar Heels football team The 2008 North Carolina Tar Heels football team represented the University of North Carolina in the 2008 college football season. The Tar Heels played their home games at Kenan Memorial Stadium in Chapel Hill, North Carolina competed in the Atlantic Coast Conference, and was led by second year coach Butch Davis. The Tar Heels began their season on August 30 against McNeese State at Kenan Memorial Stadium.", "Area code 828 In the North American Numbering Plan, 828 is the telephone area code for most of the western third of the U.S. state of North Carolina. It includes all of the Blue Ridge Mountains, as well as most of the Foothills. The largest city in the 828 territory is Asheville. The city of Hickory is often grouped with the Charlotte metropolitan area, but uses 828 rather than Charlotte's 704 and 980. 828 was split from 704 in 1998 to free up numbers because of the popularity of pagers and cell phones.", "Asheville City Schools Asheville City Schools is the name of the government body which oversees all public schools in Asheville, North Carolina. Founded in 1887, the current superintendent is Pamela Baldwin.Schools:Asheville High SchoolSchool of Inquiry and Life Sciences at AshevilleRandolph Learning CenterAsheville Middle SchoolClaxton Elementary SchoolHall Fletcher Elementary SchoolIra B.", "Asheville Daily Planet The Asheville Daily Planet is a free independent alternative newspaper published in Asheville, North Carolina. It was named after the fictional newspaper Daily Planet in the Superman universe.In spite of its name, it is not, and never has been, a daily paper. It began publishing as a weekly on December 1, 2004. Due to economic conditions, it began publishing monthly in July 2008.", "Asheville Female College The Asheville Female College was the first institution of higher education in the western portion of North Carolina, founded as the Asheville Female Seminary in 1841 by John Dickson, M.D. and Rev. Erasmus Rowley, D.D.", "Asheville Police Department The Asheville Police Department (APD) is a nationally accredited police department and the primary law enforcement agency servicing a population of 72,789 people within 40.0 square miles (100 km2) of the municipality of Asheville, North Carolina.", "Asheville Redefines Transit Asheville Redefines Transit (art) is the municipally-owned operator of public transportation in Asheville, North Carolina. The agency provides service from 5:30 a.m. to 10:30 p.m. on Monday through Saturday; and from 8:30 a.m. to 6:30 p.m. on Sundays and Holidays. The standard fare is $1. The main and only station is located at 49 Coxe Avenue, Asheville, NC 28801.The management company for Asheville Redefines Transit is First Transit.", "Asheville Splash The Asheville Splash, now defunct, were a minor league women's soccer franchise, and members of the Atlantic Division of the W-League. They changed their name from the Blue Ridge Rapids and began in 2001. They played at Memorial Stadium in the city of Asheville, North Carolina. The team folded after the 2004 season.", "Asheville Symphony Orchestra The Asheville Symphony Orchestra is a professional orchestra in Asheville, North Carolina, USA. The symphony's current conductor and Music Director is Daniel Meyer.", "Asheville Tourists The Asheville Tourists are a minor league baseball team based in Asheville, North Carolina, USA. They play in the Class A South Atlantic League and have been a farm team of the Colorado Rockies since 1994.Asheville teams have played under the Tourists moniker in different leagues and classifications for decades, with the earliest dating to 1897. The current team has played continuously in what is now known as the South Atlantic League since 1976.", "Asheville and Spartanburg Railroad The Asheville and Spartanburg Railroad was a Southern United States railroad that served South Carolina and North Carolina in the late 19th century and early 20th century.The line was chartered as the Spartanburg and Asheville Railroad in 1873 and the following year it was consolidated with the Greenville and French Broad Railroad, a North Carolina line.The line between Spartanburg, South Carolina, and Hendersonville, North Carolina, opened in 1879.", "Asheville–Buncombe Technical Community College Asheville–Buncombe Technical Community College is a public two-year community college established in 1959 in Asheville, North Carolina. The college is one of the oldest in the North Carolina Community College System and serves primarily Buncombe and Madison counties. As of the 2012-2013 school year, the curriculum enrollment was 11,308 with an extension enrollment of 15,240 students. These figures make the school one of the largest in the North Carolina system.", "Ayden, North Carolina Ayden is a town in Pitt County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 4,932 at the 2010 Census. The town is a part of the Greenville Metropolitan Area of North Carolina's Inner Banks region.", "Bannered routes of U.S. Route 19 Several bannered routes of U.S. Route 19 exist. In order from south to north they are as follows.", "Bannered routes of U.S. Route 74 Several bannered routes of U.S. Route 74 exist. In order from west to east they are as follows.", "Chestnut Hill, Henderson County, North Carolina Chestnut Hill is an unincorporated community in Henderson County, North Carolina. It lies at an elevation of 2,667 feet (813 m). The community is part of the Asheville Metropolitan Statistical Area.", "Chestnut Hill Historic District (Asheville, North Carolina) Chestnut Hill Historic District is a national historic district located at Asheville, Buncombe County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 238 contributing buildings and 1 contributing structure in a predominantly residential section of Asheville. It was developed in the late-19th and early-20th century and includes Colonial Revival, Queen Anne-influenced, and bracketed Victorian style dwellings.", "Congregation Beth Israel (Asheville, North Carolina) Congregation Beth Israel (Hebrew: בית ישראל‎) is a Conservative synagogue located at 229 Murdock Avenue in Asheville, North Carolina. Founded in 1899 as Bikur Cholim, it was an Orthodox breakaway from Asheville's existing synagogue.", "Constitution of North Carolina The Constitution of the State of North Carolina governs the structure and function of the state government of North Carolina, one of the United States; it is the highest legal document for the state and subjugates North Carolina law.", "Dan K. Moore Daniel Killian Moore (April 2, 1906 – September 7, 1986) was the 66th Governor of the state of North Carolina from 1965 to 1969. Born in Asheville, North Carolina, Moore earned undergraduate and law degrees from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill where he was a member of the Pi Kappa Phi fraternity. He practiced law in Sylva, North Carolina and served a term in the North Carolina House of Representatives in 1941 before entering the U.S. Army in World War II.", "Downtown Asheville Historic District Downtown Asheville Historic District is a national historic district located at Asheville, Buncombe County, North Carolina. The district encompasses about 279 contributing buildings and 1 contributing objects in the central business district of Asheville.", "Episcopal Diocese of Western North Carolina The Episcopal Diocese of Western North Carolina is a diocese in the Episcopal Church. It consists of 27 counties in western North Carolina and its episcopal see is in Asheville, North Carolina, seated at Cathedral of All Souls.The Ravenscroft Associate Missions and Training School of the North Carolina Episcopal Diocese and the former residence of the Bishop was once housed at Schoenberger Hall in Asheville.", "Flood Gallery Fine Arts Center Flood Fine Arts Center is a non-profit contemporary art institution in the River Arts District in Asheville, North Carolina. It has made significant contributions to the region by cultivating a strong exhibitions program bringing in artists both national and international, and through its expansive arts in education programs.", "Government of North Carolina The government of North Carolina is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. These consist of the Council of State (led by the Governor), the bicameral legislature (called the General Assembly), and the state court system (headed by the North Carolina Supreme Court). The Constitution of North Carolina delineates the structure and function of the state government.", "Henderson County, North Carolina Henderson County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 106,740. Its county seat is Hendersonville.Henderson County is part of the Asheville, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area.", "Interstate 240 (North Carolina) Interstate 240 (I-240) is a 9.1-mile (14.6 km) long Interstate Highway loop in the U.S. state of North Carolina. It serves as an urban connector for Asheville and runs in a half-circle around the north of the city's downtown district between exits 53B and 46B of Interstate 40. Between those points, I-40 continues in an east–west direction further south of the city, roughly parallel to the Swannanoa and French Broad rivers.", "Interstate 26 in North Carolina Interstate 26 (I-26) runs between its terminus in Charleston, South Carolina, and Kingsport, Tennessee. I-26 is mostly four lanes through North Carolina with few exceptions. It goes through the Appalachian Mountains and crosses the Eastern Continental Divide and Asheville. I-26's original eastern terminus was I-40/I-240 in Asheville. Between 2003 and 2005, the road was extended further north into Tennessee.", "Justice Center The Justice Center is a 1,100-seat multi-purpose arena in Asheville, North Carolina. It is home to the University of North Carolina at Asheville Bulldogs basketball and volleyball teams and hosted the 2006 Big South Conference women's basketball tournament and 2008 men's tourney.The Justice Center was replaced by the larger Kimmel Arena for use by UNC Asheville men's and women's basketball teams.", "Kimmel Arena Kimmel Arena is the home of the UNC Asheville Bulldogs basketball and volleyball programs. It is a 3,200-seat arena located on the campus of the University of North Carolina at Asheville in Asheville, North Carolina. Kimmel Arena, named for local businessman Joe Kimmel, is part of the much larger Wilma M. Sherrill Center, which is a 133,500-square-foot (12,400 m2) facility.", "List of North Carolina railroads The following railroads operate in the U.S. state of North Carolina.", "List of United States federal courthouses in North Carolina Following is a list of current and former courthouses of the United States federal court system located in North Carolina. Each entry indicates the name of the building along with an image, if available, its location and the jurisdiction it covers, the dates during which it was used for each such jurisdiction, and, if applicable the person for whom it was named, and the date of renaming.", "List of airports in North Carolina This is a list of airports in North Carolina (a U.S. state), grouped by type and sorted by location. It contains all public-use and military airports in the state. Some private-use and former airports may be included where notable, such as airports that were previously public-use, those with commercial enplanements recorded by the FAA or airports assigned an IATA airport code.", "List of college athletic programs in North Carolina The main article is College athletics.Notes:This list is in a tabular format, with columns arranged in the following order, from left to right:Athletic team description (short school name and nickname), with a link to the school's athletic program article if it exists. When only one nickname is listed, it is used for teams of both sexes (in recent years, many schools have chosen to use the same nickname for men's and women's teams even when the nickname is distinctly masculine).", "List of counties in North Carolina The U.S. state of North Carolina is divided into 100 counties. North Carolina ranks 29th in size by area, but has the seventh-highest number of counties in the country.Following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, King Charles II rewarded eight persons on March 24, 1663, for their faithful support of his efforts to regain the throne of England. He gave the eight grantees, called Lords Proprietor, the land called Carolina, in honor of King Charles I, his father.", "List of county courthouses in North Carolina This is a list of county courthouses in North Carolina. Each county in North Carolina has a city that is the county seat where the county government resides, including typically the county courthouse. Some courthouses are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "List of high schools in North Carolina This is a list of high schools in the state of North Carolina.", "List of law enforcement agencies in North Carolina This is a list of law enforcement agencies in the state of North Carolina.According to the US Bureau of Justice Statistics' 2008 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, the state had 504 law enforcement agencies employing 23,442 sworn police officers, about 254 for each 100,000 residents.", "List of museums in North Carolina This list of museums in North Carolina is a list of museums, defined for this context as institutions (including nonprofit organizations, government entities, and private businesses) that collect and care for objects of cultural, artistic, scientific, or historical interest and make their collections or related exhibits available for public viewing.", "List of newspapers in North Carolina This is a list of newspapers in published in North Carolina, USA.", "List of unincorporated communities in North Carolina The following is a partial list of named, but unincorporated communities in the state of North Carolina. To be listed, the unincorporated community should either be a census-designated place (CDP) or a place with at least a few commercial businesses. A crossroads is not necessarily considered an unincorporated \"community\". Former incorporated towns usually qualify.", "Luck, North Carolina Luck is an unincorporated community in Madison County, North Carolina on North Carolina Highway 209, south of Trust. It lies at an elevation of 2556 feet (779 m). The community is part of the Asheville Metropolitan Statistical Area.", "McCormick Field McCormick Field is a baseball stadium in Asheville, North Carolina. It is the home field of the Asheville Tourists minor league baseball team. As befits the hilly city of Asheville, the ballpark sits on a section of level ground partway up one of the city's hills, providing a picturesque atmosphere. The park features an amusing scoreboard which reads \"Visitors\" in the guest slot and \"Tourists\" in the home slot. It is the oldest minor-league park in regular use.", "Mission Health System Mission Health, based in Asheville, North Carolina, is the state’s sixth-largest health system and the western North Carolina’s only not-for-profit, independent community hospital system governed and managed exclusively in western North Carolina.Mission Health, which traces its roots in the region back to 1885, operates six hospitals, numerous outpatient and surgery centers, home health provider CarePartners, and the region’s only dedicated Level II trauma center.", "Montford Area Historic District The Montford Area Historic District is a mainly residential neighborhood in Asheville, North Carolina that is included in the National Register of Historic Places.", "National Register of Historic Places listings in Buncombe County, North Carolina This list includes properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Buncombe County, North Carolina. Click the \"Map of all coordinates\" link to the right to view a Google map of all properties and districts with latitude and longitude coordinates in the table below.", "North Carolina Highway 191 North Carolina Highway 191 (NC 191) is a 21.62-mile (34.79 km) long south-to-north state highway in the western part of the U.S. state of North Carolina. It travels within portions of Henderson and Buncombe counties.", "North Carolina Sullivan Acts In North Carolina, United States, the Sullivan Acts are a set of statutes passed by the North Carolina General Assembly in response to the bankrupting of all sewer and water districts in the City of Asheville and Buncombe County, North Carolina. As provided in the statute (Sullivan Act I), only the City of Asheville, in the provision of water, may not charge a higher rate for consumers outside city limits.", "Pisgah National Forest Pisgah National Forest is a National Forest in the Appalachian Mountains of western North Carolina. It is administered by the United States Forest Service, part of the United States Department of Agriculture. The Pisgah National Forest is completely contained within the state of North Carolina. The forest is managed together with the other three North Carolina National Forests (Croatan, Nantahala, and Uwharrie) from common headquarters in Asheville, North Carolina.", "Sarah Addison Allen Sarah Addison Allen (also known under the penname Katie Gallagher) is an American author. She grew up in Asheville, North Carolina and attended the University of North Carolina at Asheville, where she graduated with a degree in literature. In early 2011 Allen was diagnosed with breast cancer and completed a round of chemotherapy by October of the same year.", "Sports in North Carolina Athletes and sports teams from North Carolina compete at every level of competition in the United States including NASCAR, the NBA, the NFL,the NHL, the NASL North American Soccer League, and MLL, and along with several colleges and universities in various conferences across an array of divisions. North Carolina is a state known for minor league sports. There are also a number of indoor football, indoor soccer, minor league basketball, and minor league ice hockey teams throughout the state.", "St. Mary's Episcopal Church (Asheville, North Carolina) St. Mary's Episcopal Church is an Anglo-Catholic Episcopal parish in Asheville, North Carolina in the Episcopal Diocese of Western North CarolinaIts historic redbrick Gothic Revival church was designed by Richard Sharp Smith and Chauncey Beadle and built in 1914.It was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1994. It is located in the Proximity Park Historic District.", "The Omni Grove Park Inn The Omni Grove Park Inn is historic resort hotel on the western-facing slope of Sunset Mountain within the Blue Ridge Mountains, in Asheville, North Carolina. It is a AAA Four-Diamond Hotel and has been since2001. It has been visited by many United States' presidents and many other notable personages.Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the hotel is an example of the Arts and Crafts style.", "Tom Bradley (baseball) Thomas William Bradley (born March 16, 1947) is an American baseball coach and former professional player. He pitched in Major League Baseball from 1969 to 1975.", "U.S. Route 25 in North Carolina U.S. Route 25 (US 25) is a north–south United States highway that runs for 75.4 miles (121.3 km) from the South Carolina state line, near Tuxedo, to the Tennessee state line, near Hot Springs.", "U.S. Route 321 U.S. Route 321 is a spur of U.S. Route 21. It runs for 516.9 miles (831.9 km) from South Carolina to Tennessee. With its northern terminus located in Elizabethton, Tennessee, it has two southern terminus at Hardeeville, South Carolina and Lenoir City, Tennessee. The highway serves different roles in each state: An alternate route to interstates in South Carolina, a major highway in North Carolina, and a scenic route in Tennessee.Because of its unusual \"north–south–north\" routing, U.S.", "UNC Asheville Bulldogs men's basketball The UNC Asheville Bulldogs men's basketball team is the men's basketball team that represents the University of North Carolina at Asheville in Asheville, North Carolina, United States. The school's team currently competes in the Big South Conference.", "University of North Carolina The University of North Carolina is a multi-campus public university system composed of all 16 of North Carolina's public universities, as well as the NC School of Science and Mathematics, the nation's first public residential high school for gifted students.", "WSFM-LP WSFM-LP, known as 103.3 Asheville FM, is a low-power radio station licensed to Asheville, North Carolina which began broadcasting on May 18, 2015.", "Western North Carolina Western North Carolina (often abbreviated as WNC) is the region of North Carolina which includes the Appalachian Mountains, thus it is often known geographically as the state's Mountain Region. It contains the highest mountains in the Eastern United States. Western North Carolina is sometimes included with upstate South Carolina as the \"Western Carolinas\", which is also counted as a single media market.", "William Jennings Bryan House (Asheville, North Carolina) The William Jennings Bryan House is a historic home located at 107 Evelyn Pl. in Asheville, Buncombe County, North Carolina. It was designed by architects Smith & Carrier and built in 1917. It is a two-story, gable roofed dwelling in the Colonial Revival style. This was the home of William Jennings Bryan from 1917 until he sold the house in 1920.It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983." ]

[ "Ed Wood (film) Ed Wood is a 1994 American period comedy-drama biopic directed and produced by Tim Burton, and starring Johnny Depp as cult filmmaker Ed Wood. The film concerns the period in Wood's life when he made his best-known films as well as his relationship with actor Bela Lugosi, played by Martin Landau.", "Ed Wood filmography This is a list of films starring, written, produced and directed by Ed Wood.", "Glen or Glenda Glen or Glenda is a 1953 drama film written, directed by, and starring Ed Wood, and featuring Bela Lugosi and Wood's then-girlfriend Dolores Fuller. The title was originally I Changed My Sex! and is often given as Glen or Glenda? but the question mark is not present in the film itself or on its poster. A new musical score for the film was composed in 2010 by Michael Penny.The film is a docudrama about cross-dressing and transsexuality, and is semi-autobiographical in nature.", "Gregory Walcott Gregory Walcott (January 13, 1928 – March 20, 2015) was an American television and film actor. Although he had roles in many successful Hollywood films and television series, he is perhaps best known for having appeared in the 1994 film Ed Wood and Wood's cult classic Plan 9 from Outer Space from 1959.", "Plan 9 from Outer Space Plan 9 from Outer Space (originally titled Grave Robbers from Outer Space) is a 1959 American black-and-white science fiction horror film released by Distributors Corporation of America (as Valiant Pictures).", "Plan 9 from Outer Space (video game) Plan 9 from Outer Space is a point and click adventure game developed by Konami for the Amiga and Atari ST. It was released in 1992 and published by Gremlin Graphics. A DOS version was made but only released in the USA and Europe. There were two editions of the game. The rarest one came solely packed with the Plan 9 game, while the other edition came with a VHS copy of the film." ]

[ "B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial motion picture that is not an arthouse film. In its original usage, during the Golden Age of Hollywood, the term more precisely identified a film intended for distribution as the less-publicized, bottom half of a double feature. Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s, the term B movie continued to be used in the broader sense it maintains today.", "Bela Lugosi Béla Ferenc Dezső Blaskó (20 October 1882 – 16 August 1956), better known as Bela Lugosi, was a Hungarian-American actor, famous for portraying Count Dracula in the original 1931 film and for his roles in various other horror films.He had been playing small parts on the stage in his native Hungary before making his first film in 1917, but had to leave the country after the failed Hungarian Revolution.", "Bela Lugosi filmography Bela Lugosi (1882–1956), best known for the original screen portrayal of Bram Stoker's Dracula in 1931, was in a large number of movies during the course of his career. The following list is believed complete.", "Bloodsuckers from Outer Space Bloodsuckers from Outer Space is a 1984 American horror spoof written and directed by Glen Coburn. It stars Thom Meyers, Dennis Letts, Laura Ellis, Robert Bradeen, Glen Coburn, Kris Nicolau, and Pat Paulsen as Texas residents who must battle a mist that turns people into zombies.", "Bride of Frankenstein Bride of Frankenstein (advertised as The Bride of Frankenstein) is a 1935 American horror film, the first sequel to Universal Pictures' 1931 hit Frankenstein. As with the first film, Bride of Frankenstein was directed by James Whale and stars Boris Karloff as The Monster.", "Bride of the Monster Bride of the Monster is a 1955 sci-fi horror film starring Bela Lugosi, along with Tor Johnson, Tony McCoy and Loretta King. It was produced, directed and co-written by Edward D. Wood, Jr.. Bride of the monster is considered to be Ed Wood's biggest budgeted film. Shooting started in 1953 but due to further financial problems the film wasn't finished until 1955.A sequel, entitled Night of the Ghouls, was finished in 1959, but due to last-minute financial problems, was not released until 1987.", "Chained for Life Chained for Life is a 1951 exploitation film featuring the famous conjoined \"\\Siamese\") Hilton Twins, Daisy and Violet. It features several vaudeville acts, including juggler Whitey Roberts, a man doing bicycle stunts, and a man, Tony Lovello, who plays the William Tell Overture and \"Hungarian Dance No.", "Conrad Brooks Conrad Brooks (born Conrad Biedrzycki on January 3, 1931 in Baltimore, Maryland) is an American actor. He moved to Hollywood, California in the early 1950s to pursue a career in acting. He got his start in movies appearing in Ed Wood films such as Plan 9 from Outer Space, Glen or Glenda, and Jail Bait. He took a break from acting during the 1960s and 1970s but due to the ongoing interest in the films of Ed Wood, he reemerged in the 1980s and has become a prolific actor.", "Count Dracula Count Dracula is the title character and primary antagonist of Bram Stoker's 1897 Gothic horror novel Dracula. He is considered thus to be both the prototypical and the archetypical vampire in subsequent works of fiction. Some aspects of the character are believed to have been inspired by the 15th-century Romanian general and Wallachian Prince Vlad III the Impaler, who was also known as Dracula. Other character aspects have been added or altered in subsequent popular media fictional works.", "Creature Features Creature Features was a generic title for a genre of horror TV format shows broadcast on local U.S. television stations throughout the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. The movies broadcast on the various shows were generally classic and cult horror movies of the 1930s to 1950s, the horror and science-fiction films of the 1950s, British horror films of the 1960s, and the Japanese \"giant monster\" movies of the 1960s and 1970s.", "Dad Made Dirty Movies Dad Made Dirty Movies is a 2011 Bulgarian-German documentary film by Jordan Todorov following Stephen C. Apostolof's life and career. The film premiered at Visions du Réel International Film Festival in April 2011 and consists of archive footage as well as interviews with Apostolof's family, friends and associates. The film also includes never before seen archive footage from making of Orgy of the Dead - Apostolof's most well known film.", "Dolores Fuller Dolores Agnes Fuller (née Eble; March 10, 1923 – May 9, 2011) was an American actress and songwriter best known as the one-time girlfriend of the low-budget film director Ed Wood. She played the protagonist's girlfriend in Glen or Glenda, co-starred in Wood's Jail Bait, and had a minor role in his Bride of the Monster. Later, Elvis Presley recorded a number of her songs written for his films.", "Dudley Manlove Dudley Devere Manlove (June 11, 1914 – April 17, 1996) was an American radio announcer and actor. Manlove had a deep, resonant voice and a full career as an announcer and radio actor. He is also known for his roles in the science fiction B movies The Creation of the Humanoids and Plan 9 from Outer Space. He also had multiple guest-starring roles in the television series Dragnet and Alfred Hitchcock Presents.Manlove died on April 17, 1996 at the age of 81.", "Ed Wood Edward Davis \"Ed\" Wood, Jr. (October 10, 1924 – December 10, 1978) was an American filmmaker, actor, and author.In the 1950s, Wood made a number of low-budget films in the science fiction, comedy, and horror genres, intercutting stock footage. In the 1960s and 1970s, he made sexploitation movies and wrote over 80 pulp crime, horror and sex novels. In 1980, he was posthumously awarded a Golden Turkey Award as Worst Director of All Time, renewing public interest in his work.", "Harvey B. Dunn Harvey B. Dunn (August 19, 1894 – February 21, 1968) was an American television and film actor. Dunn was best known for his appearances in several 1950s B movies including three Ed Wood films, Bride of the Monster (1955), Night of the Ghouls (1959), and The Sinister Urge (1961). He also appeared in Wood's television pilot, Crossroad Avenger: The Adventures of the Tucson Kid. Dunn additionally performed in a USO show Three Men or a Horse, singing as part of a male quartet.", "I Married a Monster from Outer Space I Married a Monster from Outer Space is a 1958 American black-and-white science fiction film from Paramount Pictures, produced and directed by Gene Fowler Jr. and starring Tom Tryon and Gloria Talbott.The plot of I Married a Monster from Outer Space revolves around a young wife realizing her new husband has become strangely transformed shortly after their honeymoon. He has seemingly lost all affection for her and for his pet dogs, even his earlier habits have now completely vanished.", "It Came from Hollywood It Came from Hollywood is a 1982 comedy film compiling clips from various B movies. Written by Dana Olsen and directed by Malcolm Leo and Andrew Solt, the film features wraparound segments and narration by several famous comedians, including Dan Aykroyd, John Candy, Gilda Radner, and Cheech and Chong. Sections of It Came from Hollywood focus on gorilla pictures, anti-marijuana films and the works of Ed Wood. The closing signature song was the doo wop hit \"What's Your Name\" by Don and Juan.", "Jose Chung's From Outer Space \"Jose Chung's From Outer Space\" is the 20th episode of the third season of the science fiction television series The X-Files. The episode first aired in the United States on April 12, 1996, on Fox. It was written by Darin Morgan and directed by Rob Bowman.", "Killer Klowns from Outer Space (album) Killer Klowns From Outer Space is an EP released by The Dickies in 1988.", "List of Courage the Cowardly Dog episodes Courage the Cowardly Dog is an American animated television series created and directed by John R. Dilworth for Cartoon Network. The series ran for 4 seasons from November 12, 1999 to November 22, 2002, with 52 episodes altogether. The pilot episode, \"The Chicken from Outer Space\", originally debuted on What a Cartoon! in 1996, and in that year was nominated for an Oscar.", "List of black-and-white films that have been colorized List of films that were originally shot in black and white, and later re-released in colorized versions.", "List of cult films A cult film, also commonly referred to as a cult classic, is a film with a cult following, obscure or unpopular with mainstream audiences, and often revolutionary or ironically enjoyed. Sometimes, the definition is expanded to exclude films that have been released by major studios or have big budgets, try specifically to become cult films, or become accepted by mainstream audiences and critics. Cult films are defined as much by audience reaction as they are content.", "List of films considered the worst The films listed below have been cited by a variety of notable critics in varying media sources as being among the worst films ever made. Examples of such sources include Metacritic, Roger Ebert's list of most-hated films, Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide, Rotten Tomatoes, Mystery Science Theater 3000, RiffTrax, and the Golden Raspberry Awards (\\Razzies\\\").\"", "List of science fiction films of the 1950s A list of science fiction films released in the 1950s. These films include core elements of science fiction, but can cross into other genres. They have been released to a cinema audience by the commercial film industry and are widely distributed with reviews by reputable critics.This period is sometimes described as the 'classic' era of science fiction theater. Much of the production was in a low-budget form targeted at a teenage audience. Many were formulaic, gimmicky, comic-book style films.", "Lyle Talbot Lyle Talbot (February 8, 1902 – March 2, 1996) was an American actor on stage and screen, best known for his long career in film from 1931 to 1960 and for his frequent appearances on television in the 1950s and 1960s. He played Joe Randolph for ten years in the ABC situation comedy, The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet.He began his movie career under contract with Warner Brothers in the early days of sound film.", "Monsters vs. Aliens: Mutant Pumpkins from Outer Space Monsters vs. Aliens: Mutant Pumpkins from Outer Space is a 2009 Halloween television special, based on the film Monsters vs. Aliens. It was produced by DreamWorks Animation and directed by Peter Ramsey. The special premiered in Ireland on RTÉ One on October 26, 2009, and aired in USA on the NBC network on October 28, 2009.", "Mystery Science Theater 3000 (season 4) The fourth season of comic science fiction TV series Mystery Science Theater 3000 ran for 24 episodes from June 6, 1992 to January 30, 1993 on the American network Comedy Central.", "Night of the Ghouls Night of the Ghouls is a 1958 horror film (released in 1959) written and directed by Ed Wood, and a sequel of sorts to the 1955 film Bride of the Monster. Tor Johnson returned to the role of Lobo, first seen in Bride, Paul Marco plays the familiar character of Kelton, while the Amazing Criswell plays himself in the frame story of the film.", "Outer Space (EP) Outer Space is an EP album by the British-Asian music producer and vocalist S-Endz, who is well known as a member of the band Swami. The song Outer Space itself also features vocals from Kazz Kumar and Rukas.", "Outer Space (video game) Outer Space is a video game made for the Sears Tele-Games Video Arcade, an Atari VCS (Atari 2600) clone. Outer Space was released in 1978, possibly in 1977. It is a copy of the game Star Ship, released in 1977 for the Atari VCS. The difference between the two are cosmetic, mostly relating to packaging, cartridge art, and manual design. This game consists of three separate games with variations; Space War, Space Race, and Lunar Lander.", "Paul Marco Paul Marco (June 10, 1927 – May 14, 2006) was an American actor who often appeared in movies made by Ed Wood, including the \"Kelton Trilogy\" of Bride of the Monster, Night of the Ghouls and Plan 9 from Outer Space, in which he played a bumbling, fearful policeman named Kelton.", "Plan 10 from Outer Space Plan 10 from Outer Space (1994) is a low budget science fiction film starring Karen Black and written and directed by Trent Harris. The film is a surreal satire of Mormon theology. The film has no connection to Plan 9 from Outer Space other than its title.This film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in 1994 in the midnight madness category. It also received the jury prize at the Raindance Film Festival in London in 1994.", "Plan 9 (band) Plan 9 is an American neo-psychedelic band from Rhode Island formed in 1979.The group was named for the 1950s science fiction film Plan 9 from Outer Space.The Calgary Herald wrote, in 1989, \"Its music has that spirited, no-holds-barred feel of rock from the '60s while managing to not sound dated.\"", "Plan 9 Records Plan 9 Records, originally known as Blank Records, was an independent record label that was founded in 1977 by Glenn Danzig of the horror punk band The Misfits. The label was discontinued in 1995.In 1977, Danzig founded Blank Records as a means to distribute music by his newly formed band, The Misfits. However, after only one release, The Misfits' first single \"Cough/Cool\" (1977), Mercury Records had wanted to use the same name for a sub-label.", "Plan 9 from Bell Labs Plan 9 from Bell Labs is a distributed operating system, originally developed by the Computing Sciences Research Center at Bell Labs between the mid-1980s and 2002. It takes some of the principles of Unix, developed in the same research group, but extends these to a networked environment with graphics terminals.In Plan 9, virtually all computing resources, including files, network connections, and peripheral devices, are represented through the file system rather than specialized interfaces.", "Plan 9 from User Space Plan 9 from User Space (also plan9port or p9p) is a port of many Plan 9 from Bell Labs libraries and applications to Unix-like operating systems. Currently it has been tested on a variety of operating systems including: Linux, Mac OS X, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Solaris and SunOS.A number of key applications have been ported, as have programs used by the system itself, and the requisite libraries from Plan 9.", "Rudolph Grey Rudolph Grey is a musician and writer.As an electric guitarist, Grey has recorded and performed with Mars, under his own name, as well as leading various ad hoc ensembles called The Blue Humans. His music draws on no wave and free jazz.Grey is also a motion picture historian and has written Nightmare of Ecstasy (1992), a biography of Ed Wood, the director of notoriously awful films.", "Sci-Fi-London Sci-Fi-London (The London International Festival of Science Fiction and Fantastic Film, SFL), is a UK-based film festival, dedicated to the science fiction and fantasy genres, which began in 2002.", "Son of Frankenstein Son of Frankenstein (1939) is a horror monster film and is the third film in Universal Studios' Frankenstein series and the last to feature Boris Karloff as the Monster as well as the first to feature Bela Lugosi as Ygor. The picture is a sequel to James Whale's Bride of Frankenstein directed by Rowland V.", "TCM Underground TCM Underground is a weekly late-night cult film showcase airing on Turner Classic Movies. Developed by former TCM marketing director Eric Weber, it was originally hosted by industrial rock/heavy metal musician and independent filmmaker Rob Zombie. TCM Underground began airing Friday the 13th of October 2006 with Plan 9 from Outer Space and Bride of the Monster.", "The Atomic Space Bug The Atomic Space Bug is a 1999 horror film directed by Jonathan M. Parisen and starring Conrad Brooks (Plan 9 from Outer Space). The Atomic Space Bug is Parisen's homage to such fifties films as Robot Monster and Plan 9 from Outer Space. The film is about a giant insect-like creature that terrorizes a small town.", "The Golden Turkey Awards The Golden Turkey Awards is a 1980 book by film critic Michael Medved and his brother Harry.", "The Violent Years The Violent Years is a 1956 American exploitation film starring Jean Moorhead as Paula Parkins, the leader of a gang of juvenile delinquent high school girls. The film is notable for the input of Ed Wood as author of its screenplay.", "The X from Outer Space The X from Outer Space (宇宙大怪獣ギララ, Uchū Daikaijū Girara, Giant Space Monster Guilala) is a 1967 kaiju film released by the Japanese film studio Shochiku. It is the first of its kind released by Shochiku, and was one of the many giant monster films made during the late '60s \"monster boom\" in Japan. 1967 saw the release of a monster film from each of the big studios.The film was directed by Kazui Nihonmatsu and starred Eiji Okada and Toshiya Wazaki.", "Tom Mason Thomas Robert \"Tom\" Mason (April 29, 1920 – December 1, 1980) was an American chiropractor, who was best known for appearing in films directed by Ed Wood, the husband of one of his patients.", "Tor Johnson Tore Johansson (19 October 1903 – 12 May 1971), better known by the stage name Tor Johnson, was a Swedish professional wrestler (billed as The Super Swedish Angel) and actor.", "Universal Monsters Universal Monsters or Universal Horror is a series of horror, suspense and science fiction films made by Universal Studios from 1923 to 1960. The series began with The Hunchback of Notre Dame and The Phantom of the Opera, both silent films starring Lon Chaney. Universal continued with talkies including monster franchises Dracula, Frankenstein, The Mummy, The Invisible Man, The Wolf Man, and Creature from the Black Lagoon. The films featured Bela Lugosi, Boris Karloff, and Lon Chaney, Jr.", "William C. Thompson William C. Thompson, (30 March 1889 in Bound Brook, New Jersey – 22 October 1963 in Los Angeles) was an American cinematographer.He started his career in the 1910s and is best remembered today as the cinematographer of many of the films of Ed Wood, including Glen or Glenda (1953) and Plan 9 from Outer Space (1959). Other films he worked on include Maniac (1934), Journey to Freedom (1957), and The Astounding She-Monster (1957). Noted for having only one eye.", "Z movie Z movies are films that are low-budget that have qualities lower than B movies.", "Zombie Zombies are undead creatures, typically depicted as mindless, reanimated human corpses with a hunger for human flesh. Zombies are most commonly found in horror and fantasy genre works. The term comes from Haitian folklore (Haitian French: zombi, Haitian Creole: zonbi) where a zombie is a dead body animated by magic." ]

[ "100 years for a million trees race The 100 years for a million trees race was a single day road cycling race held in Mali in 2007 between the cities of Fatoma and Mopti over a distance of 60 kilometres. The race was held symbolising the start of the 100 years for a million trees project supported by professional cycling team Saunier Duval-Prodir, after the 100-year existence of the main sponsor Saunier Duval.", "1903 Tour de France The 1903 Tour de France was the first cycling race set up and sponsored by the newspaper L'Auto, ancestor of the current daily, L'Équipe. It ran from 1 to 19 July in six stages over 2,428 km (1,509 mi), and was won by Maurice Garin.The race was invented to boost the circulation of L'Auto, after its circulation started to plummet from competition with the long-standing Le Vélo.", "1905 Tour de France The 1905 Tour de France was the third Tour de France, held from 9 to 30 July 1905, organized by the newspaper L'Auto. Following the disqualifications after the 1904 Tour de France, there were changes in the rules, the most important one being the general classification not made by time but by points.", "2008 Tour de Vineyards The 2008 Tour de Vineyards was a cycling tour centered on the New Zealand city of Nelson, and was held between 2 and 5 January 2008. The men's race was eventually won by New Zealander Jeremy Yates, while fellow New Zealander Serena Sheridan took out the woman's title.Full results of the race can be found on the cyclingnews.com website, here.", "2009 Paris–Tours The 2009 Paris–Tours is the 103rd edition of this single day road bicycle racing event and is organized by the Amaury Sport Organisation (ASO), which also runs the Tour de France. The 230 km event took place on October 11, 2009 and was won by Philippe Gilbert, the Belgian rider for Silence–Lotto in 5 hours, 12 minutes, 23 seconds.", "2014 Diamond Tour The 2014 Diamand Tour was a women's bicycle race in Nijlen, Belgium. It was held on 15une over a distance of 125 kilometres (77.7 miles). It was rated by the UCI as a 1.2 category race.", "3-Länder-Tour The 3-Länder-Tour der Sparkassen Versicherung was a multi-stage road bicycle race held around three Länder of Germany: Hessen, Thuringia and Baden-Württemberg. Since 2005 it is part of the UCI Europe Tour, being organised as 2.1 race.The race was previously known as Hessen-Rundfahrt, taking place in the Bundesland of Hessen, but in 2006 it expanded its territory to take place in the states of Thuringia and Baden-Württemberg.", "94.7 Cycle Challenge The Momentum 94.7 cycle challenge is the world's second-largest timed cycle race, after the Cape Argus Cycle Race. It is held annually on cycle challenge Sunday, the third Sunday of November in the city of Johannesburg. Between 20,000 and 30,000 participants complete the challenging 94.7 km (58.8 mi) course every year. The event's main sponsors are 94.7 Highveld Stereo and Momentum.The 94.7 Mountain Bike Challenge is held the weekend before the road race.", "Amaury Sport Organisation The Amaury Sport Organisation (ASO) is part of the French media group, EPA (Éditions Philippe Amaury). It organises sporting events including the Tour de France, Vuelta a España and Paris–Nice professional cycle road races, and the Dakar Rally. In 2008 it began the Central Europe Rally, a rally raid endurance race in Romania and Hungary.The Tour de France was instituted by the newspaper L'Auto in 1903.", "American Bicycle Association The American Bicycle Association (ABA) is a United States-based Bicycle Motocross (BMX) sports governing body in Gilbert, Arizona created by Merl Mennenga and Gene Roden in 1977. It is the largest sanctioning body in the United States concerning BMX. It has tracks in Canada and Mexico as well as in the USA.", "Amstel Curaçao Race The Amstel Curaçao Race is a road bicycle race held on Curaçao, an island off the Venezuelan coast. The race is generally about 80 kilometres long and is held at the end of the cycling season. Since it is not as competitive as many other races (it is not included in the UCI World Tour), the Amstel Curaçao Race is considered to be an 'after-party' to the cycling season.", "Anne-Caroline Chausson Anne-Caroline Chausson (born 8 October 1977 in Dijon) is a French professional cyclist who competes in bicycle enduro, bicycle motocross (BMX), downhill time trial and cross-country mass start, dual, and four-cross mountain bicycle racing. She is best known for having won thirteen Union Cycliste Internationale senior mountain bike world championship rainbow jerseys, fourteen European mountain bike championships, and five consecutive Mountain Bike World Cup downhill series (1998-2002).", "Auensteiner-Radsporttage Auensteiner-Radsporttage is a women's staged cycle race which takes place in Germany and is currently rated by the UCI as 2.2.", "Australia World Cup The Australia World Cup was a women's professional road bicycle racing event held annually in Australia from 1998 to 2008 as part of the UCI Women's Road World Cup. The location of the race varied: in 1998, it was held in Sydney; from 1999 to 2001, it was held in Canberra; in 2002 it was held in the Snowy Mountains and; from 2003 to 2008 it was held in Geelong, Victoria.", "BMX BMX, an abbreviation for bicycle motocross, is a cycle sport performed on BMX bikes, either in competitive BMX racing or freestyle BMX, or else in general on- or off-road recreation. BMX began when young cyclists appropriated motocross tracks for fun, racing and stunts, eventually evolving specialized BMX bikes and competitions.", "BMX racing BMX racing is a type of off-road bicycle racing. The format of BMX was derived from motocross racing. BMX bicycle races are sprint races on purpose-built off-road single-lap race tracks. The track usually consists of a starting gate for up to eight racers, a groomed, serpentine, dirt race course made of various jumps and rollers and a finish line. The course is usually flat, about 15 feet (4.6 m) wide and has large banked corners that help the riders maintain speed.", "Bobby Encinas Bobby Encinas (born 1961 in Canoga Park, California) is a former professional \"Old School\" Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years were from 1973 to 1980. He was one of the first superstars in BMX and one of its most savvy promoters. Raised in the barrio of Canoga Park, he had a juvenile criminal record for theft and was on probation for consuming alcohol and drugs before he was 12 years old. He credits BMX for saving him from a life of crime.", "Bordeaux–Paris The Bordeaux–Paris professional cycle race was one of Europe's Classic cycle races, and one of the longest in the professional calendar, covering approximately 560 km (350 mi) - more than twice most single-day races. It started in northern Bordeaux in southwest France at 2am and finished in the capital Paris 14 hours later. It was held again in 2014.", "Brazilian Cycling Confederation The Brazilian Cycling Confederation or CBC (in Portuguese: Confederação Brasileira de Ciclismo) is the national governing body of cycle racing in Brazil.The CBC is a member of the UCI and COPACI.", "British Cycling British Cycling (formerly the British Cycling Federation) is the national governing body for cycle racing in Great Britain. It administers most competitive cycling in Great Britain, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. It represents Britain at the world body, the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) and selects national teams, including the Great Britain (GB) Cycling Team for races in Britain and abroad.", "Cadel Evans Cadel Lee Evans AM (/kəˈdɛl/; born 14 February 1977) is a former Australian professional racing cyclist and winner of the 2011 Tour de France. Early in his career, Evans was a champion mountain biker, winning the World Cup in 1998 and 1999 and placing seventh in the men's cross-country mountain bike race at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. Cadel Evans is a four time Olympian.Evans turned to full-time road cycling in 2001, and gradually progressed through the ranks.", "Cadel Evans Great Ocean Road Race The Cadel Evans Great Ocean Road Race is an annual professional one-day road bicycle racing for both men and women starting and finishing in Geelong, Victoria, Australia, and routed along the picturesque Great Ocean Road. The first race was held in 2015, as the farewell race for Cadel Evans - Australia's only Tour de France winner or Road World Champion.", "Cape Town Cycle Tour The Cape Town Cycle Tour is an annual cycle race hosted in Cape Town, South Africa, usually 109 km (68 mi) long. It is the first event outside Europe to be included in the International Cycling Union's Golden Bike Series.South Africa hosts some of the largest, by number of entrants, sporting events in the world with three being the largest of their type. The Cape Town Cycle Tour, with as many as 35 000 cyclists taking part, is the world's largest individually timed cycle race.", "Chinese Cycling Association The Chinese Cycling Association (in Traditional Chinese: 中国自行车运动协会) is the national governing body of cycle racing in China..It is a member of the UCI and the Asian Cycling Confederation.", "Classic cycle races The classic cycle races are one-day professional cycling road races in the international calendar. Most of the events, all run in western Europe, have been fixtures on the professional calendar for decades and the oldest ones date back to the 19th century. They are normally held at roughly the same time each year. The five most revered races are often described as the 'Monuments'.For the 2005 to 2007 seasons, the Classics formed part of the UCI ProTour run by the Union Cycliste Internationale.", "Classica Citta di Padova Classica Citta di Padova was a women's one-day cycle race which took place in Italy and was ranked by the UCI as 1.1 in 2013 and 1.2 in 2012 having been Nationally ranked in previous seasons.", "Coors Classic The Coors International Bicycle Classic (1980–1988) was a stage race sponsored by the Coors Brewing Company. Coors was the race's second sponsor; the first, Celestial Seasonings, named the race after its premium tea Red Zinger, which began in 1975. Over the years, the event became America's national tour, listed as the fourth largest race in the world after the Tour de France, Giro d'Italia, and Vuelta a España.", "Cootamundra Annual Classic The Cootamundra Annual Classic, also known as the Coota Classic or Coota Annual is a bicycle handicap race starting and finishing in the New South Wales town of Cootamundra. First run in 1955, the race is traditionally held on the last weekend in August. Today it's one of the oldest open road races in New South Wales.", "Cuban Cycling Federation The Cuban Cycling Federation or FCC (in Spanish: Federación Cubana de Ciclismo) is the national governing body of cycle racing in Cuba.The FCC is a member of the UCI and COPACI.", "Cycle sport Cycle sport is competitive physical activity using bicycles. There are several categories of bicycle racing including road bicycle racing, time trialling, cyclo-cross, mountain bike racing, track cycling, BMX, and cycle speedway. Non-racing cycling sports include artistic cycling, cycle polo, freestyle BMX and mountain bike trials.", "Cycling South Africa Cycling South Africa or CyclingSA is the national governing body of cycle racing in South Africa.CyclingSA is a member of the Confederation Africaine de Cyclisme.", "Cycling Time Trials Cycling Time Trials is the bicycle racing organisation which supervises individual and team time trials in England and Wales. It was formed out of predecessor body the Road Time Trials Council in 2002.", "Cycling in New Zealand Cycling in New Zealand, while relatively popular as a sport, bicycle use is a very marginal commuting mode, with the share hovering around 1-3% in most major cities. This is due to a number of factors, principally safety fears.", "Cycling in San Francisco Cycling in San Francisco has grown in popularity in recent years, aided by improving cycling infrastructure and community support. San Francisco's compact urban form and mild climate enable cyclists to reach work, shopping, and recreational destinations quickly and comfortably. Though San Francisco's famed steep hills can make cycling difficult, many parts of the city are relatively flat, including some of the most densely populated.", "Cycling team A cycling team is a group of cyclists who join a team or are acquired and train together to compete in bicycle races whether amateur or professional - and the supporting personnel. Cycling teams are most important in road bicycle racing, which is a team sport, but collaboration between team members is also important in track cycling and cyclo-cross.", "Cyclo-cross Cyclo-cross (sometimes cyclocross, CX, CCX, cyclo-X or ‍ '​cross) is a form of bicycle racing. Races typically take place in the autumn and winter (the international or \"World Cup\" season is October–February), and consist of many laps of a short (2.5–3.5 km or 1.5–2 mile) course featuring pavement, wooded trails, grass, steep hills and obstacles requiring the rider to quickly dismount, carry the bike while navigating the obstruction and remount.", "Cyprus Cycling Federation The Cyprus Cycling Federation (CCF) (Greek: Κυπριακή Ομοσπονδία Ποδηλασίας, Κ.Ο.ΠΟ) is the national governing body of cycle racing in Cyprus.The CCF is a member of the UCI and the UEC.", "Dave Lloyd (cyclist) Dave Lloyd (born 12 October 1949), is an English former professional cyclist. Lloyd began racing in 1969 and came seventh in the Milk Race and rode in the 1972 Munich Olympics. In 1973 he turned professional with Raleigh, and over the next three years he won the national 5000m pursuit championship twice and set a national 50-mile road record. In 1976 a heart condition forced a three-year break from cycling. On recovery he restarted as an amateur and over six years won 125 of 133 races.", "Dominican Republic Cycling Federation The Dominican Republic Cycling Federation (in Spanish: Federación Dominicana de Ciclismo) is the national governing body of cycle racing in the Dominican Republic.It is a member of the UCI and COPACI.It covers the disciplines of road racing, track cycling, cyclo-cross, BMX, mountain biking and cycle speedway.", "Donny Robinson Donald Robinson (b. June 17, 1983, in Napa, California, U.S.) is an American professional \"New/Current School\" Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years are from 1999 to the present. His moniker is \"dR\", his initials. The use of the lowercase \"d\" for his given name is perhaps related to his relatively diminutive physical size. A past nickname, \"Scrawny\", was definitely linked to his small stature, since even when very young he was the smallest child in his age group.", "El Tour de Tucson El Tour de Tucson is one of the largest road bicycling events in the United States. The El Tour de Tucson was started in 1983 by cyclist Richard DeBernardis, current president of the Perimeter Bicycling Association of America. The ride takes place every November in Tucson, Arizona. The first El Tour attracted nearly 185 riders while in recent years between 7,000 and 10,000 cyclists will attend.", "Escalada a Montjuïc The Escalada a Montjuïc (English: Scaling of Montjuïc, Spanish: Escalada a Montjuic) was a one-day, two-stage road bicycle racing race held in Barcelona, Spain since 1965. It washeld in the middle of October, as one of the final races in the European season. Since 2005, it wasorganised as a 1.2 category race as a part of the UCI Europe Tour.", "Franck Bouyer Franck Bouyer (born March 17, 1974 in Beaupréau) is a French former professional road bicycle racer, who competed as a professional between 1995 and 2013. Bouyer competed for the Castorama, Agrigel, Française des Jeux, Bouygues Télécom and Team Europcar squads during his career.", "Freddy Maertens Freddy Maertens (born 13 February 1952 in Nieuwpoort) is a Belgian former professional racing cyclist who was twice world road race champion. His career coincided with the best years of another Belgian rider, Eddy Merckx, and supporters and reporters were split over which was the better. Maertens' career swung between winning more than 50 races in a season to winning almost none and then back again. His life has been marked by debt and alcoholism.", "Furnace Creek 508 Furnace Creek 508 is an ultramarathon bicycle race that takes place annually each October since 1989 in Southern California. Its route starts in Santa Clarita, California (25 miles north of Los Angeles), goes northeast to Towne Pass and drops into Death Valley, traverses Death Valley in the southern direction, crosses Mojave Desert and ends at Twentynine Palms, California.", "GP Ciudad de Valladolid GP Ciudad de Valladolid is a women's professional road bicycle racing event held annually in Valladolid, Spain. It was first run in 2010 and serves as a race of the UCI Women's Road World Cup.The 2012 race was cancelled for financial reasons.", "Giro d'Italia The Giro d'Italia (Italian pronunciation: [ˈdʒiːro diˈtaːlja]; English: Tour of Italy) is an annual stage race bicycle race primarily held in Italy, while also occasionally passing through nearby countries. The race was first organized in 1909 to increase sales of the newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport; however it is currently run by RCS Sport. The race has been held annually since its first edition in 1909, except when it was stopped for the two world wars.", "Giro del Piemonte The Giro del Piemonte, since 2009 known also as Gran Piemonte, is a semi classic European bicycle race held in the Apennine Mountains, Italy. The race first took place in 1906. Since 2005, the race has been organised as a 1.HC event on the UCI Europe Tour. It is usually held a few days before the more important race Giro di Lombardia.In 2007, the race was not ridden because of sponsorship problems, but in 2008 it was back again.The 2013 edition was again cancelled due to financial problems.", "Giro di Puglia The Giro di Puglia (English: Tour of Apulia) was a road bicycle racing stage race. It consisted of three or four stages. It was first held in 1972, but last took place in 1998.", "Giro di Sardegna Giro di Sardegna (Tour of Sardinia) was a stage road bicycle race held on the island of Sardinia, an Italian region. It was rated 2.1 on the UCI Europe Tour. The race returned in 2009 after 11 years, but only lasted a further three editions before being cancelled due to budgetary problems in 2012.", "Golan (cycling race) Golan was an elite series of women's professional one-day road bicycle races held in Syria. The event consisted of three one-day races (Golan I, Golan II and Golan III) and each of the events were rated by the UCI as a 1.2 races.", "Gracia-Orlová Gracia-Orlova is a women's staged cycle race which takes place in the Czech Republic and Poland, created in 1987. Since 2004, it starts in Dětmarovice, in the Moravian–Silesian Region, in the east of the Czech Republic. A mountain stage is competed in Kuźnia Raciborska, in the Silesian Voivodeship, in the south of Poland. The finish to the final stage is located in Orlová, in the Moravian–Silesian Region.", "Grand Prix Eddy Merckx Grand Prix Eddy Merckx was a cycle race around Brussels, where Eddy Merckx was born. It was held between 1980 and 2004, disappearing after the creation of the UCI ProTour in 2005. The race was initially an individual time trial, becoming a Team time trial of two riders in 1998.", "Grand Prix Elsy Jacobs The Festival Luxembourgeois du cyclisme féminin Elsy Jacobs formerly known as the Grand Prix Elsy Jacobs is an international women's road bicycle race held in Garnich, Luxembourg. Since 2008 this event is on the UCI women's elite cycle racing calendar.", "Grand Prix of Maykop The Grand Prix of Maykop is an elite women's professional one-day road bicycle race held in Maykop, Russia, and is currently rated by the UCI as a 1.2 race.", "Grande Boucle Féminine Internationale The Grande Boucle Féminine Internationale, formerly known as the Tour Cycliste Féminin, was one of the Grand Tours of women's cycle races. Grande Boucle means \"big loop\" and describes the individual stages which form a circuit around France.", "Harry Leary Harry Clarence Leary Jr. (born February 22, 1959 in Lynwood, California U.S. Later raised in West Covina, California) was a \"Old School\" professional bicycle motocross (BMX) racer.Nicknamed \"Scary Harry Leary\", and later \"Turbo\", the former for his aggressive racing style, the latter was a moniker coined by Bicycle Motocross Action magazine when he \"Turboed\" himself into finishing National No.", "History of cycling in Syracuse, New York Cycling in Syracuse, New York, has been common on the roads and paths for recreation, commuting, and as a sport since the latter part of the 19th century.During the 1890s bicycling was a new mode of transportation and a popular sport, however, overall bicycle usage declined with the advent of the automobile in the early 20th century. By mid-century, the bicycle was considered a child's toy.", "Hoosier Nationals Also see: Sports in Evansville.The Hoosier Nationals is a BMX National Series race that is a part of the National Bicycle League racing schedule. The Hoosier Nationals take place on the BMX course at Burdette Park in Evansville, Indiana. The National Series races are the highest level or racing in the USA for BMX", "Hoosier Nationals ABA Also see: American Bicycle Association.The Hoosier Nationals is a BMX National Series race that is a part of the American Bicycle Association racing schedule. The Hoosier Nationals take place on the BMX course at Steel Wheels BMX in Portage, Indiana. The National Series races are the highest level or racing in the USA for BMX", "Indonesian Cycling Federation The Indonesian Cycling Federation or ISSI (in Indonesian: Ikatan Sepeda Sport Indonesia) is the national governing body of cycle racing in Indonesia.The ISSI is a member of the UCI and the OCC.", "James Moore (cyclist) James Moore (14 January 1849 – 17 July 1935) was an English bicycle racer. He is popularly regarded as the winner of the first official cycle race in the world in 1868 at St-Cloud, Paris, although this claim seems to be erroneous. In 1869 he won the world's first road race Paris–Rouen sponsored by Le Vélocipède Illustré and the Olivier brothers' Michaux Bicycle Company. Moore covered the 113 km (70 mi) in 10 hours and 25 minutes.", "Japan Cycling Federation The Japan Cycling Federation (in Japanese: 日本自転車競技連盟), abbreviated to JCF is the national governing body of cycle racing in Japan. It was established in 1995 to cover both amateur and professional cycle racing.It is a member of the UCI and the Asian Cycling Confederation.", "Joey Bradford Joseph Bradford (born October 10, 1989 in Monterey, California USA) is an American professional \"New/Current School\" Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years are from 1999 to the present. His nickname is simply \"Joey\".", "Kermesse (cycling) A kermesse, also spelled kermess, and kermis in Flemish is a style of road bicycle race that is common in Western Europe. Typically kermesse races are found in Belgium, especially in the northern Flanders region, where they are the most popular style of amateur bicycle race. They also exist in the Netherlands.", "LOTOJA The LoToJa Bicycle Classic is a 206-mile (332 km), one-day amateur bicycle road race from Logan, UT to Jackson Hole, WY, USA. It is usually held in September the first Saturday after Labor Day, and attracts national and International participants. LoToJa is one of the longest one-day road cycling races in the U.S, and is the longest one-day race sanctioned by USA Cycling, the sport's governing body based in Colorado Springs, CO.", "La Course by Le Tour de France La Course by Le Tour de France is an elite women's professional one-day road bicycle race held in Paris, France, and is currently rated by the UCI as a 1.1 race. The race is organised by the ASO.The inaugural edition of the race was run before the 21st stage of the 2014 Tour de France on 27 July. The race consisted of 13 laps on the Champs-Élysées in Paris, making a distance of 89 kilometres.", "Laurent Fignon Laurent Patrick Fignon (French pronunciation: ​[loʁɑ̃ fiɲɔ̃]; 12 August 1960 – 31 August 2010) was a French professional road bicycle racer.He won the Tour de France in 1983 and in 1984. He won the Giro d'Italia in 1989, and nearly captured the Tour for a third time that same year before being edged by Greg LeMond by 8 seconds in the final stage time trial, the closest margin ever to decide the Tour. Fignon won many classic races, including taking Milan–San Remo back to back in 1988 and 1989.", "List of men's road bicycle races This is a list of important men's road bicycle racing events. The list only includes road races, and no track, mountain or cyclo-cross races.", "List of women's road bicycle races This is a list of women's women's road cycling races. The list only includes the most important women's road races, and no track, mountain or cyclo-cross races.", "Main Divide Cycle Race The Main Divide Cycle Race is a single day road cycling race run by Pegasus Cycling Incorporated held annually in late summer in New Zealand, starting from Darfield on the Canterbury Plains and running for 109 km to \"The Main Divide\" (908m) just north of Arthurs Pass Village. Along the way there is a King/Queen of the Mountains competition at the summit of Porters Pass (942m). Total vertical ascent for the race is 1,660m.", "Maratona dles Dolomites The Maratona dles Dolomites (Dolomites Marathon), is an annual single-day road bicycle race covering seven spectacular mountain passes in the Dolomites. Open to amateur cyclists, the Maratona—with 9,000 riders from over 40 nations—is one of the biggest Italian Granfondo bicycle races. National Geographic described it as \"one of the biggest, most passionate, and most chaotic bike races on Earth.\"", "Milad de Noor Tour Milad de Noor Tour is a men's stage race cycle race which is scheduled to take place in Iran and was rated by the UCI as 2.2 and forms part of the UCI Asia Tour.", "Milan–San Remo Milan–San Remo, otherwise called \"The Spring classic\" or \"La Classicissima\", is an annual cycling race between Milan and Sanremo, in Northwest Italy. With a distance of 298 km (~185.2 miles) it is the longest professional one-day race in modern cycling. It is the first major classic race of the season, usually held on the third Sunday of March. The first edition was held in 1907.Today it is one of the five Monuments of cycling.", "Moldova President's Cup Moldova President's Cup is an international road bicycle racing tournament in Chişinău (Moldova), it was created in 2003.", "Monegasque Cycling Federation The Monegasque Cycling Federation or FMC (in French: Fédération Monégasque de Cyclisme) is the national governing body of cycle racing in Monaco.The FMC is a member of the UCI and the UEC.", "Mount Washington Auto Road Bicycle Hillclimb Mount Washington Auto Road Bicycle Hillclimb is an annual American racing event designed to raise money for Albany, New Hampshire's Tin Mountain Conservation Center, which promotes appreciation of the environment.", "Mountain bike racing Mountain bike racing (shortened MTB or ATB racing) is a competitive cycle sport held on off-road terrain. The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) recognised the discipline relatively late in 1990, when it sanctioned the world championships in Purgatory, Colorado. The first mountain biking world cup series took place in 1991. Its nine-race circuit covered two continents—Europe and North America—and was sponsored by Grundig.", "Mountain biking Mountain biking is the sport of riding bicycles off-road, often over rough terrain, using specially designed mountain bikes. Mountain bikes share similarities with other bikes, but incorporate features designed to enhance durability and performance in rough terrain.Mountain biking can generally be broken down into multiple categories: cross country, trail riding, all mountain (also referred to as \"Enduro\"), downhill, freeride and dirt jumping.", "National Bicycle Association The National Bicycle Association (NBA), later known as the National Bicycle Motocross Association (NbmxA), was a United States-based Bicycle Motocross (BMX) sports sanctioning body originally based in Soledad, California that was created by Ernie Alexander in 1973 and ceased operations as an independent body in 1981. It was the first and for its first few years until 1980 the largest sanctioning body in the United States concerning BMX.", "National Pedal Sport Association The National Pedal Sport Association (NPSA) was a South Eastern USA regional Bicycle Motocross (BMX) sanctioning body originally based in Palm Harbor, Florida. It then soon after moved to Dunedin, Florida, for most of its existence. Then in its last years Pinellas Park, Florida, was its headquarters.", "Nelson Chanady Nelson Chanady (born November 19, 1963 in Miami, Florida U.S.) is a former American \"Old School\" professional Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years were from 1981–1987", "Nevada City Classic The Nevada City Classic (previously: Tour of Nevada City; Father's Day Bicycle Classic), one of the most historic and challenging professional cycling races in the US, is held in Nevada City, California. Established in 1960, the Nevada City Classic commonly occurs on Father's Day and brings in thousands of visitors to Nevada County. While the first race brought out approximately 1,500 spectators, the numbers have swelled to 15,000 spectators in recent years.", "North Star Bicycle Festival The North Star Bicycle Festival, is a ten-day series of cycling events that take place at sites around central Minnesota and now Wisconsin. The festival has gone by multiple names since its creation in 1999 as Tour de Wings. It was known as the Great River Energy Bicycle Festival for 2000–2008, the Minnesota Bicycle Festival in 2009, and the Nature Valley Bicycle Festival for 2010–2013.The festival takes place in mid-June.", "North Star Grand Prix The North Star Grand Prix is a men's and women's road bicycle racing stage race held each June in Minnesota, United States, as part of the North Star Bicycle Festival. An event was added in Menomonie, Wisconsin in 2010. The race ranks 2.1 on the USA Cycling National Racing Calendar of pro/élite stage races from 2.1 (highest) to 2.8 (lowest).The 2010 Grand Prix had six stages: three criteriums, two road races and a time trial.", "Omloop van Borsele Omloop van Borsele is an elite women's professional road bicycle race held annually since 2002 in Borsele, Netherlands. Since 2012, the event also contains a time trial. The time trial is together with the GP Leende part of the Dutch national time trial competition.", "Paris–Brest–Paris Paris–Brest–Paris (PBP) is a long-distance cycling event. It was originally a 1200km bicycle race from Paris to Brest and back to Paris. It is one of the oldest bicycling events still regularly run (the oldest being the Catford CC Hill Climb). The last time it was run as a race was 1951. This year's edition of PBP ran from 16th August to 20th August 2015.", "Paris–Roubaix Paris–Roubaix is a one-day professional bicycle road race in northern France, starting north of Paris and finishing on the Belgian frontier. From its beginning in 1896 until 1967 it started in Paris and ended in Roubaix; since 1968 the start has been in Compiègne (about 85 kilometres (53 mi) north-east from Paris centre). The finish is still in Roubaix.", "People's Choice Classic The People's Choice Classic, nicknamed the Down Under Classic, is a criterium around Rymill Park in Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. The race precedes the Tour Down Under.", "Peruvian Cycling Federation The Peruvian Cycling Federation (in Spanish: Federación Deportiva Peruana de Ciclismo) is the national governing body of cycle racing in Peru.It is a member of the UCI and COPACI.", "Portuguese Cycling Federation The Portuguese Cycling Federation or UVP-FPC (in Portuguese: [União Velocipédica Portuguesa] Federação Portuguesa de Ciclismo) is the national governing body of cycle racing in Portugal.The UVP-FPC is a member of the Union Cycliste Internationale and the Union Européenne de Cyclisme.", "Presidency Tour Presidency Tour is a men's one-day cycle race which is schedules to take place in Iran and was rated by the UCI as 2.2 and forms part of the UCI Asia Tour.", "Primavera Rosa The Primavera Rosa was an elite women's professional one-day road bicycle race held between 1999 and 2005 in Liguria, Italy as part of the UCI Women's Road Cycling World Cup. The race was a female version of Milan–San Remo being organised on the same day and finishing in Sanremo shortly before the men but racing over a shorter distance, hence the start was in Varazze. The 2006 edition was initially planned but cancelled before the event.", "Prova Ciclística 9 de Julho The Prova Ciclística 9 de Julho (Portuguese for July 9 Cycling Race) is a single day road bicycle racing event held in Brazil. It was created in 1933 by journalist Cásper Líbero. He worked at the Gazeta Esportiva sports newspaper and created the race to honor the Constitutionalist Revolution that occurred in the state of São Paulo in that date of the previous year. The race currently exists as both a men's and women's competition. The men's competition is part of the UCI America Tour.", "Race Across America The Race Across America, or RAAM, is an ultramarathon bicycle race across the United States that started in 1982 as the Great American Bike Race. RAAM is one of the longest annual endurance events in the world. All entrants must prove their abilities by competing in any of several qualifying events, completing a course within a specified time period. In length the RAAM is comparable to the Tour de France, but the races differ to a great extent.", "Racing bicycle A racing bicycle, also known as a road bike, is a bicycle designed for competitive road cycling, a sport governed by according to the rules of the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI). The UCI rules were altered in 1934 to exclude recumbent bicycles.The most important characteristics about a racing bicycle are its weight and stiffness which determine the efficiency at which the power from a rider's pedal strokes can be transferred to the drive-train and subsequently to its wheels.", "Red Zinger Bicycle Classic The Red Zinger Bicycle Classic (1975–1979) was a road bicycle racing stage race.", "Red Zinger Mini Classics Red Zinger Mini Classics (RZMC) is a series of youth boys and girls road bicycle races held annually across the state of Colorado from 1981–1992, and revived again in 2010. The RZMC races served as an opportunity for young cyclists to get involved in the sport, and attracted hundreds of young boys and girls age 10-15 to each racing event.", "Redlands Bicycle Classic The Redlands Bicycle Classic is a cycling stage race located in Redlands, California, United States that has been held since 1985. It consists of two road races, an Individual Time Trial and a Criterium. It is a 4-day/4-stage race that covers approximately 350 miles. The annual event is sponsored by the city of Redlands.", "Road bicycle racing Road bicycle racing is a bicycle racing sport held on paved roads. The term \"road racing\" is usually applied to events where competing riders start simultaneously (unless riding a handicap event) with the winner being the first to the line at the end of the course (individual and team time trials are another form of cycle racing on roads).", "Rock Racing Rock Racing (UCI Code: RR) was a cycling team founded in 2007 by Michael Ball. The team is affiliated with Ball's Rock & Republic clothing line. Rock Racing received media attention for hiring outcasts in the sport, including those tainted by performance enhancing drug scandals.", "Rund um Berlin The Rund um Berlin was a classic cycling race which was based around the German city of Berlin. It was the oldest cycling race in Germany until it disappeared in 2000. Although it was one of the oldest races in the world, its importance was merely restricted to Germany. It was usually only contested by Germans and only three times the winner was not German.", "Shay Elliott Memorial Race The Shay Elliott Memorial race is a one day race held in Spring in Ireland. It is run in honour of former Irish professional cyclist Seamus Shay Elliott. The race was previously known as the Route de Chill Mhantain. It became the Shay Elliott Trophy in the late sixties, then the Shay Elliott Memorial after his death in 1971. The race is the most prestigious Irish one-day event after the national championships.", "Shropshire Star Newport Nocturne The Shropshire Star Newport Nocturne is Britain's first flood lit road bicycle race and is biennial held in Newport, Shropshire. The race was first run in 1970 at a distance of 109 miles (175 km). The race was first run as a night race under flood lights in 1989 and returned in 1990 and 1991 in this format. The economic recession of the early 1990s forced the event to be cancelled in 1992.", "Sochi Cup Sochi Cup is a men's one-day cycle race which takes place in Sochi, Russia and was rated by the UCI as 1.2 and forms part of the UCI Europe Tour.", "Swedish Cycling Federation The Swedish Cycling Federation or SCF (in Swedish: Svenska Cykelförbundet) was established in 1900, and is the national governing body of cycle racing in Sweden.The SCF is a member of the UCI and the UEC.", "Tour Down Under The Tour Down Under is a cycling race in and around Adelaide, South Australia. The race attracts riders from all over the world. In 2005, the Tour Down Under was promoted by the Union Cycliste Internationale to the highest ranking outside Europe. In 2007 Premier Mike Rann and tourism minister Jane Lomax Smith launched a campaign for the Tour Down Under to become the first race outside of Europe to secure ProTour status from the UCI. ProTour status would guarantee all the world's top teams.", "Tour Languedoc Roussillon Tour Languedoc Roussillon was a women's staged cycle race which took place in France and was rated by the UCI as 2.2.", "Tour de Berne Tour de Berne is an elite professional road bicycle racing event held in Berne, Switzerland with races for men and women.", "Tour de Mumbai The Tour de Mumbai (also known as Mumbai Cyclothon) is an annual professional road bicycle racing classic one-day race held in Maharashtra, India, named after Mumbai. It is classified by the International Cycling Union (UCI) as a 1.1 category race as part of the UCI Asia Tour.", "Tour de Snowy The Tour de Snowy was an international women's road bicycle race held in the Snowy Mountains region of New South Wales, Australia from 1998 to 2002. The Tour had from five to nine stages and attracted professional women cyclists from around the world as an important event in the women's road racing calendar.Originally sponsored by the Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Authority and the NSW Department of Sport & Recreation, the Tour De Snowy was discontinued in 2003 due to lack of sponsorship.", "Tour de Vineyards The Tour de Vineyards is a road cycling race held in and around Richmond, New Zealand. The race exists of both a men's and a women's competition over four stages.", "Tour de l'Abitibi The Tour de l'Abitibi is a junior bicycle stage race taking place in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region of Quebec, Canada. The race was first held in 1969 and did not, at the time, include non-Canadian teams. It has since become an international competition part of the Junior Nation's Cup (Coupe des Nations Junior) and is currently the only junior-level race in North America sponsored by the Union Cycliste Internationale.", "Tour du Grand Montréal The Tour du Grand Montréal was an annual women's road bicycle racing stage-race in Canada, between 2002 and 2009. It was rated by the UCI as a 2.1 category race.", "Tour of Adygeya Tour of Adygeya is a women's staged cycle race which takes place in Russia and is currently rated by the UCI as 2.2.", "Tour of Chongming Island The Tour of Chongming Island, officially the Tour of Chongming Island International Cycling Race is an annual elite women's road bicycle racing stage race held in Shanghai, China, named after Chongming Island. The Tour consists of two races: a stage race and a one-day race. Between 2007 and 2009, the one-day race was a time trial; in 2010, the time trial was replaced by a one-day race, referred to as the Tour of Chongming Island World Cup, that is part of the UCI Women's Road World Cup.", "Tour of Galicia The Tour of Galicia (Spanish: Vuelta a Galicia; Galician: Volta a Galicia) is an annual cycling race held in Galicia, Spain. It was first held in 1933 and was held a further five times between 1934 and 1984. The tour did not take place from the outbreak of the Spanish civil war in 1936, until the end of the second world war in 1945.In 1986, it became a regular annual race. The most successful rider was Xoán Vázquez Del Pozo, who won the race four times between 2011 and 2014.", "Tour of Marmara The Tour of Marmara (Turkish: Uluslararası Marmara Bisiklet Turu) is an international road cycling race organized by the Turkish Cycling Federation at towns in eastern Marmara Region of Turkey. It is part of the UCI Europe Tour having a rating of 2.2.It was first held in 2010 between October 28–31, at which 70 racers of ten international teams competed in four categories.", "Tour of Oman The Tour of Oman is an annual professional road bicycle racing stage race held in Oman since 2010 as part of the UCI Asia Tour. The race is classified as a 2.HC (as of 2012). The race is organized by the Amaury Sport Organisation, and was held for the first time between 14 and 19 February 2010. The race is a men's competition consisting of six stages.", "Tour of Qatar The Tour of Qatar is an annual professional road bicycle racing stage race held in Qatar. Since its foundation in 2002, the tour has been part of the UCI Asia Tour. The tour consists of a men's competition over six stages, and a women's competition over four stages – previously three stages, between 2009 and 2012 – held a week before the men's race. Because Qatar is entirely flat, the tour is almost always won by a sprint or classics specialist.", "Tour of Somerville The Tour of Somerville is an annual series of bicycle races held in Somerset County, New Jersey. The races are held over Memorial Day weekend with the premiere race held on Monday. The series of races are called \"tours\" due to a New Jersey state law forbidding racing on highways for prizes. In 1940, Fred \"Pop\" Kugler, a local Bicycle shop owner and professional bike racer, decided to start a bicycle race in his home town of Somerville.", "Tour of South China Sea The Tour of South China Sea is an annual professional road bicycle racing classic one-day race held in Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macau since 1996 as part of the UCI Asia Tour. It has been held during Christmas holiday every year since 1996 to celebrate the handover of Hong Kong and Macau to China. The race was won four times by Wong Kam-po. The race is currently rated by the International Cycling Union (UCI) as a 1.2 category race.", "Tour of Çanakkale The Tour of Çanakkale (Turkish: Cumhurbaşkanlığı Bisiklet Turu) is a professional road bicycle racing stage race held annually in and around the Çanakkale Province in Turkey. It was first organized in 2015 and is rated as a 2.2 event. The inaugural edition was won by Ahmet Akdilek.", "Track cycling Track Cycling is a bicycle racing sport usually held on specially built banked tracks or velodromes (but many events are held at older velodromes where the track banking is relatively shallow) using track bicycles.", "Transrockies The TransRockies is an annual 7-day, 400 km mountain bicycle race from Fernie, British Columbia to Canmore, Alberta. Described in its early days as the \"toughest mountain bike race on earth\", the TransRockies had a reputation for tough climbs, long days, relentless mud and highly changeable weather.", "Trofeo Pantalica The Trofeo Pantalica was a professional road bicycle race held annually in Province of Syracuse, Italy. The last edition took place in 2003.", "UCI ProTour The UCI ProTour was a series of road bicycle races in Europe, Australia and Canada organised by the UCI (International Cycling Union). Created by Hein Verbruggen, former president of the UCI, it comprises a number of 'ProTour' cycling teams, each of whom are required to compete in every round of the series.", "USA Cycling USA Cycling or USAC, based in Colorado Springs, Colorado, is a national governing body for bicycle racing in the United States. It covers the disciplines of road, track, mountain bike, cyclo-cross, BMX, and collegiate racing. In 2009, USAC had a membership organization of nearly 66,800 membersUSA Cycling is associated with the UCI, which governs international cycling and the United States Olympic Committee (USOC).", "USA Pro Cycling Challenge The USA Pro Cycling Challenge is an annual multi-day professional road bicycle racing stage race that first took place in Colorado in 2011. Originally announced on August 4, 2010 by Colorado Governor Bill Ritter and Lance Armstrong as the Quiznos Pro Challenge, the event carries on the state's cycling legacy, which was most notably highlighted by the Coors Classic that ran from 1980 to 1988. On February 4, 2011 Richard E.", "Union Cycliste Internationale The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI; pronounced: [y.njɔ̃ si.klist ɛ̃.tɛʁ.na.sjɔ.nal], French for \"International Cycling Union\") is the world governing body for sports cycling and oversees international competitive cycling events. The UCI is based in Aigle, Switzerland.The UCI issues racing licenses to riders and enforces disciplinary rules, such as in matters of doping.", "Velothon Berlin Velothon Berlin (officially Garmin Velothon Berlin, formerly ProRace Berlin) is a single-day road bicycle race held annually in May in Berlin, Germany. It is part of the UCI Europe Tour as a 1.1 race. It is part of the UCI Velothon Majors series of races organised by Lagardère Unlimited, which also includes Velothon Wales, Velothon Stockholm and Velothon Vienna. These events are characterised by mass-participation sportives before an elite race along a lengthened route.", "Welsh Cycling Welsh Cycling (Welsh: Beicio Cymru. Formerly the Welsh Cycling Union) is \"the internationally recognised\" governing body of cycling in Wales. It has over 140 cycling clubs in Wales. It administers all six cycling disciplines—BMX; cyclo-cross; mountain biking (downhill and cross-country); road racing; time trials; and track racing.", "World Ports Classic The World Ports Classic is a European two day cycle race held between the port cities of Rotterdam and Antwerp, organized by ASO as a 2.1 event on the UCI Europe Tour.The riders start in Rotterdam and finish the first day in Antwerp before riding in the opposite direction on the second and final day. A leader's jersey is awarded to the winner of the first stage to be defended on the second stage." ]

[ "Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics is the science of the motion of bicycles and motorcycles and their components, due to the forces acting on them. Dynamics is a branch of classical mechanics, which in turn is a branch of physics. Bike motions of interest include balancing, steering, braking, accelerating, suspension activation, and vibration.", "Bicycle frame A bicycle frame is the main component of a bicycle, onto which wheels and other components are fitted. The modern and most common frame design for an upright bicycle is based on the safety bicycle, and consists of two triangles, a main triangle and a paired rear triangle. This is known as the diamond frame. Frames are required to be strong, stiff and light, which they do by combining different materials and shapes.", "Bicycle suspension Bicycle suspension is the system, or systems, used to suspend the rider and bicycle in order to insulate them from the roughness of the terrain.", "Croatian Cycling Federation The Croatian Cycling Federation or HBS (Croatian: Hrvatski biciklistički savez) is the national governing body of cycle racing in Croatia.The HBS is a member of the UCI and the UEC.", "Cycling Cycling, also called bicycling or biking, is the use of bicycles for transport, recreation, exercise or sport. Persons engaged in cycling are referred to as \"cyclists\", \"bikers\", or less commonly, as \"bicyclists\". Apart from two-wheeled bicycles, \"cycling\" also includes the riding of unicycles, tricycles, quadracycles, and similar human-powered vehicles (HPVs).Bicycles were introduced in the 19th century and now number approximately one billion worldwide.", "Cycling Federation of India The Cycling Federation of India (Hindi: भारतीय साइकिलिंग महासंघ) is the national governing body of cycle racing in India.It is a member of the UCI and the Asian Cycling Confederation.", "Cycling in Melbourne Cycling in Melbourne, Victoria is common for recreation, commuting and sport. The city has an extensive network of off-road bicycle paths, as well as designated bicycle lanes on many streets. There is an active cycling culture enhanced by a relatively flat topography, and a generally mild climate.Cycling in Melbourne was a very popular form of transport at the turn of the 19th century, however mass car-ownership saw a dramatic decline in cycling during the 20th century.", "Cycling in New York City Cycling in New York City is associated with mixed cycling conditions that include dense urban proximities, relatively flat terrain, congested roadways with \"stop-and-go\" traffic, and streets with heavy pedestrian activity.", "Drafting (aerodynamics) Drafting or slipstreaming is a technique where two vehicles or other moving objects are caused to align in a close group reducing the overall effect of drag due to exploiting the lead object's slipstream. Especially when high speeds are involved, as in motor racing and cycling, drafting can significantly reduce the paceline's average energy expenditure required to maintain a certain speed and can also slightly reduce the energy expenditure of the lead vehicle or object.", "Ecuadorian Cycling Federation The Ecuadorian Cycling Federation or FEC (in Spanish: Federación Ecuatoriana de Ciclismo) is the national governing body of cycle racing in Ecuador.The FEC is a member of the UCI and COPACI.", "Electric bicycle laws Many countries have enacted electric bicycle laws to regulate the use of electric bicycles. Countries such as the United States and Canada have federal regulations governing the safety requirements and standards of manufacture. Other countries like the signatories of the European Union have agreed to wider-ranging legislation covering use and safety of their term EPAC (electric pedal-assisted cycles).However, confusion remains regarding the various laws involving electric bicycles.", "Federación Mexicana de Ciclismo The Mexican Cycling Federation (in Spanish: Federación Mexicana de Ciclismo) is the national governing body of cycle racing in Mexico.It covers the disciplines of road racing, track cycling, cyclo-cross, BMX, mountain biking and cycle speedway.It is a member of the UCI and Confederacion Panamericana de Ciclismo.", "Gibraltar Cycling Association The Gibraltar Cycling Association is the governing body for bicycle racing in the British overseas territory of Gibraltar.The national governing body for the territory is British Cycling in the United Kingdom.", "Greg LeMond Gregory James \"Greg\" LeMond (born June 26, 1961) is an American former professional road racing cyclist. He is also an entrepreneur and anti-doping advocate. LeMond won the World Championship twice and the Tour de France three times. He was born in Lakewood, California, and raised in ranch country on the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountain range, near Reno.", "Guam Cycling Federation The Guam Cycling Federation or GCF is the national governing body of cycle racing in Guam.The GCF is a member of the UCI and the OCC.", "Honduran National Cycling Federation The Honduran National Cycling Federation (in Spanish: Federación Nacional de Ciclismo de Honduras) is the national governing body of cycle racing in Honduras.It is a member of the UCI and COPACI.", "Jan Ullrich Jan Ullrich (German pronunciation: [ˈjan ˈʊlrɪç]); born 2 December 1973) is a German former professional road bicycle racer. Ullrich won a gold and a silver in the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. He won the 1999 Vuelta a España and the HEW Cyclassics in front of a home crowd in Hamburg in 1997. He had podium finishes in the hilly classic Clásica de San Sebastián. His victorious ride in the 1997 Tour de France led to a bicycle boom in Germany.", "List of cycling topics The following is a list of cycling topics.", "Lithuanian Cycling Federation The Lithuanian Cycling Federation or LDSF (in Lithuanian: Lietuvos Dviračių Sporto Federacija) is the national governing body of cycle racing in Lithuania.The LDSF is a member of the UCI and the UEC.", "Lucas Brunelle Lucas Brunelle is an influential American videographer of bicycle stunts. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts.", "Moldavian Cycling Federation The Moldavian Cycling Federation (Romanian: Federaţia de Ciclism a Republicii Moldova), abbreviated to FCM, is the national governing body of cycle racing in Moldova.The FCMis a member of the UCI and the UEC.", "Oregon Bicycle Racing Association The Oregon Bicycle Racing Association is a bicycle racing organization based in the U.S. state of Oregon.", "Pakistan Cycling Federation The Pakistan Cycling Federation PCF is the national governing body of cycle racing in Pakistan. Pakistan Cycling Federation was established in 1947 and is based in Peshawar. PCF's main Road bicycle racing event is the Tour de Pakistan.", "Panasonic Sport Deluxe The Panasonic Sport Deluxe is a road sport bicycle by National (later, Panasonic), which was exported to the United States from 1971 to 1989. Originally built in Osaka, Japan, later bikes may be either of Japanese or Taiwanese origin. The Panasonic Sport Deluxe utilized Suntour and Shimano group parts such as derailleurs, shifters, and crankset.", "Profronde van Almelo Profronde van Almelo (English: Prof tour of Almelo) is an elite men's and women's professional road bicycle racing event held annually in Almelo, Netherlands. The first edition was in 1983 and since 2008 the event also includes a women's race. In 1987 and 1988 the race was a stage within the Ronde van Nederland, a UCI category 2.1 event.", "Qatar Cycling Federation The Qatar Cycling Federation (in Arabic: الاتحاد القطري للدراجات الهوائية) is the national governing body of cycle racing in Qatar.It is a member of the UCI and the Asian Cycling Confederation.", "Race stage In sports, a stage, or leg, or heat, is a unit of a race which has been divided in several parts for the reason such as length of the distance to be covered, as in a multi-day event. Usually, such a race consists of \"ordinary\" stages, but sometimes stages are held as an individual time trial or a team time trial.", "Road cycling Road cycling is the most widespread form of cycling. It includes recreational, racing, and utility cycling. Road cyclists are generally expected to obey the same rules and laws as other vehicle drivers or riders and may also be vehicular cyclists.Road cycling is an activity most commonly performed on a bicycle.", "Road running Road running is the sport of running on a measured course over an established road (as opposed to track and field and cross country running).These events are usually classified as long-distance according to athletics terminology, with races typically ranging from 5 kilometers to 42.2 kilometers in the marathon. They may involve large numbers of runners or wheelchair entrants. The three most common IAAF recognized distances for \"road running\" events are 10K runs, half marathons and marathons.", "Roman Kreuziger Roman Kreuziger (Czech pronunciation: [ˈroman ˈkrojtsɪɡr̩]; born 6 May 1986) is a Czech professional road bicycle racer for UCI ProTour team Tinkoff-Saxo. Kreuziger is an all-rounder, with climbing and time trial abilities, becoming a contender for the General classification of stage races. He is also considered one of the biggest talents of the sport after winning the 2004 Junior Road World Championships and the 2008 Tour de Suisse at the age of 22.", "Single-speed bicycle A single-speed bicycle is a type of bicycle with a single gear ratio.", "Strade Bianche - Eroica Pro Strade Bianche - Eroica Pro, formerly known as Eroica (2007–08), Strade Bianche - Eroica Toscana (2009) and Strade Bianche (2010–14) is a road bicycle race held annually near Siena, in the region of Tuscany, Italy.The name Strade Bianche (Italian for White Streets) comes from the historic white gravel roads that make up part of its route.", "Top Gear Races In Top Gear, a BBC motoring show, one of the show's regular features since 2002 is various forms of racing the presenters undertake, either against each other or against invited guests. The show has featured a number of epic races, where one of the presenters — Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond, James May, and occasionally The Stig — drives a car in a race against the others in another form of transport.", "Triathlon A triathlon is a multiple-stage competition involving the completion of three continuous and sequential endurance disciplines. While many variations of the sport exist, triathlon, in its most popular form, involves swimming, cycling, and running in immediate succession over various distances. Triathletes compete for fastest overall course completion time, including timed \"transitions\" between the individual swim, cycle, and run components." ]

[ "A Little Romance A Little Romance is a 1979 American Technicolor and Panavision romantic comedy film directed by George Roy Hill and starring Laurence Olivier, Thelonious Bernard, and Diane Lane in her film debut. The screenplay was written by Allan Burns and George Roy Hill, based on the novel E=mc2 Mon Amour by Patrick Cauvin. The original music score was composed by Georges Delerue.", "A Matter of Time (film) A Matter of Time is a 1976 American-Italian musical fantasy film starring Liza Minnelli and Ingrid Bergman, directed by Vincente Minnelli. The screenplay by John Gay is based on the novel The Film of Memory by Maurice Druon. The fictional story is based loosely on the real life exploits of the infamous Italian eccentric, the Marchesa Casati, whom Druon knew during her declining years in London while he was stationed there during World War II.", "A Place for Lovers A Place for Lovers (French: Le Temps des amants, Italian: Amanti) is a 1968 French-Italian romantic drama film directed by Vittorio De Sica and based on the play Gli Amanti by Brunello Rondi and Renaldo Cabieri. The film stars Faye Dunaway as a terminally ill American fashion designer in Venice, Italy who has a whirlwind affair with a race car driver (played by Marcello Mastroianni). It was released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The film was released on DVD in 2009 by Atlantic Film AB.", "Bachna Ae Haseeno Bachna Ae Haseeno (English: Watch Out, Ladies) is an Indian romantic comedy released 15 August 2008. The rom-com stars Ranbir Kapoor, Bipasha Basu, Deepika Padukone and Minissha Lamba. Its director was Siddharth Anand, whose previous projects include Salaam Namaste (2005) and Ta Ra Rum Pum (2007). It was the eighth highest grossing movie of 2008.", "Brideshead Revisited (film) Brideshead Revisited is a 2008 British drama film directed by Julian Jarrold. The screenplay by Jeremy Brock and Andrew Davies is based on the 1945 novel of the same name by Evelyn Waugh, which previously had been adapted in 1981 as an eleven-episode television serial.", "Casanova & Co. Casanova & Co. is a 1977 fictional period comedy film starring Tony Curtis. It had many titles during its international release.", "Casanova (2005 film) Casanova is a 2005 American romantic film directed by Lasse Hallström starring Heath Ledger and loosely based on the life of Giacomo Casanova.", "Casino Royale (2006 film) Casino Royale (2006) is the twenty-first film in the Eon Productions James Bond film series and the first to star Daniel Craig as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. Directed by Martin Campbell and written by Neal Purvis, Robert Wade and Paul Haggis, the film marks the third screen adaptation of Ian Fleming's 1953 novel of the same name. Casino Royale is set at the beginning of Bond's career as Agent 007, just as he is earning his licence to kill.", "Chasing Liberty Chasing Liberty is a 2004 American romantic comedy film directed by Andy Cadiff and starring Mandy Moore and Matthew Goode. Written by Derek Guiley and David Schneiderman, the film is about the eighteen-year-old daughter of the President of the United States whose rebellion against the constant presence of Secret Service agents in her life leads to a European adventure and an unexpected romance. Chasing Liberty was filmed on location in Prague, Venice, Berlin, London, and Washington, D.C.", "Children of the Century Children of the Century (French: Les Enfants du Siècle) is a 1999 French film based on the true tale of the tumultuous love affair between two French literary icons of the 19th century, novelist George Sand (Juliette Binoche) and poet Alfred de Musset (Benoît Magimel).", "Dangerous Beauty Dangerous Beauty is a 1998 American biographical drama film directed by Marshall Herskovitz and starring Catherine McCormack, Rufus Sewell, and Oliver Platt. Based on the non-fiction book The Honest Courtesan by Margaret Rosenthal, the film is about Veronica Franco, a courtesan in sixteenth-century Venice who becomes a hero to her city, but later becomes the target of an inquisition by the Church for witchcraft.", "Death in Venice (film) Death in Venice (original Italian title: Morte a Venezia) is a 1971 Italian-French drama film directed by Luchino Visconti and starring Dirk Bogarde and Björn Andrésen. It is based on the novella Death in Venice, first published in 1912 as Der Tod in Venedig by the German author Thomas Mann.", "Don't Look Now Don't Look Now is a 1973 independent British-Italian film directed by Nicolas Roeg. It is a thriller adapted from the short story by Daphne du Maurier. Julie Christie and Donald Sutherland star as a married couple who travel to Venice following the recent accidental death of their daughter, after the husband accepts a commission to restore a church.", "Everyone Says I Love You Everyone Says I Love You is a 1996 American musical comedy film written and directed by Woody Allen, who also stars in the film, alongside Julia Roberts, Alan Alda, Edward Norton, Drew Barrymore, Gaby Hoffmann, Tim Roth, Goldie Hawn, Natasha Lyonne and Natalie Portman.Set in New York City, Venice, and Paris, the film features singing by actors not usually known for their singing. It is among the more critically successful of Allen's later films, although it did not do well commercially.", "Fellini's Casanova Fellini's Casanova (Il Casanova di Federico Fellini) is a 1976 Italian film by director Federico Fellini, adapted from the autobiography of Giacomo Casanova, the 18th century adventurer and writer.Shot entirely at the Cinecittà studios in Rome, the film won an Academy Award for Best Costume Design, with the Oscar going to Danilo Donati.The film portrays Casanova's life as a freakish journey into sexual abandonment.", "From Russia with Love (film) From Russia with Love is the second James Bond film made by Eon Productions and the second to star Sean Connery as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. Released in 1963, the film was produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman, and directed by Terence Young. It is based on the 1957 novel of the same name by Ian Fleming. In the film, James Bond is sent to assist in the defection of Soviet consulate clerk Tatiana Romanova in Turkey, where SPECTRE plans to avenge Bond's killing of Dr.", "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade is a 1989 American adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg, from a story co-written by executive producer George Lucas. It is the third installment in the Indiana Jones franchise. Harrison Ford reprises the title role and Sean Connery plays Indiana's father, Henry Jones, Sr. Other cast members featured include Alison Doody, Denholm Elliott, Julian Glover, River Phoenix, and John Rhys-Davies.", "Inferno (2016 film) Inferno is an upcoming American thriller film directed by Ron Howard and written by David Koepp, based on 2013 novel of same name by Dan Brown. The film is set to star Tom Hanks, reprising his role as Robert Langdon from The Da Vinci Code and Angels & Demons, along with Felicity Jones, Omar Sy, Sidse Babett Knudsen, Ben Foster, and Irrfan Khan. Filming began on April 27, 2015 in Venice, Italy, and wrapped on July 21, 2015. The film is scheduled to be released on October 14, 2016.", "Just Married Just Married is a 2003 American romantic comedy film directed by Shawn Levy, and was written by Sam Harper, and starring Ashton Kutcher and Brittany Murphy. Produced by Robert Simonds, the film was successful at the box office despite generally negative critical reviews.", "Kambakkht Ishq Kambakkht Ishq (Hindi: कमबख़्त इश्क़; English: Damned Love) is a Bollywood romantic comedy film directed by Sabbir Khan and produced by Sajid Nadiadwala. The film is based on the 2002 Tamil film Pammal K. Sambandam, and features Akshay Kumar and Kareena Kapoor in pivotal roles along with actors Aftab Shivdasani and Amrita Arora in supporting roles. Hollywood actors Sylvester Stallone, Denise Richards, Brandon Routh and Holly Valance appear in cameos, playing themselves.", "Marching Out of Time Marching Out of Time is a 1993 comedy film directed by Anton Vassil.", "Moonraker (film) Moonraker (1979) is the eleventh spy film in the James Bond series, and the fourth to star Roger Moore as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. The third and final film in the series to be directed by Lewis Gilbert, it co-stars Lois Chiles, Michael Lonsdale, Corinne Cléry, and Richard Kiel. Bond investigates the theft of a space shuttle, leading him to Hugo Drax, the owner of the shuttle's manufacturing firm. Along with space scientist Dr.", "Novel Romance Novel Romance is an art-house romantic comedy 2006 film directed by Emily Skopov in her feature film directorial debut. It stars Traci Lords, Paul Johansson and Sherilyn Fenn. The film was shot in 2004 in Venice, Los Angeles, California, USA, and premiered on October 8, 2006, at the 2nd Annual LA Femme Film Festival.", "Number Our Days Number Our Days is a 1976 American short documentary film about a community of elderly Jews living in Venice, California. Directed by Lynne Littman, it won an Academy Award in 1977 for Documentary Short Subject.", "Only You (1994 film) Only You is a 1994 American romantic comedy film directed by Norman Jewison and starring Marisa Tomei, Robert Downey, Jr., and Bonnie Hunt. Written by Diane Drake and Malia Scotch Marmo (uncredited), the film is about a young woman whose search for the man she believes to be her soulmate leads her to Italy where she meets her destiny. Upon its release the film received mostly mixedreviews, but critics praised Tomei and Downey's performances.", "Othello (1952 film) Othello is a 1952 drama film based on the Shakespearean play, made by Mercury Productions Inc. and Les Films Marceau and distributed by United Artists when released in the United States in 1955. It was directed and produced by Orson Welles, who also played the title role. The screenplay was adapted by Welles and an uncredited Jean Sacha. The film was shot on location in Morocco, Venice, Tuscany and Rome and at the Scalera Studios in Rome.", "Pokémon Heroes Pokémon Heroes: Latios and Latias, commonly referred to as Pokémon Heroes, originally released in Japan as Pocket Monsters the Movie: The Guardians of Altomare (劇場版ポケットモンスター 水の都の護神 ラティアスとラティオス, Gekijōban Poketto Monsutā Mizu no Miyako no Mamorigami Ratiasu to Ratiosu, lit. \"The Guardian Gods of the City of Water: Latias and Latios\"), is a 2002 Japanese anime film directed by Kunihiko Yuyama.", "Robbery (1967 film) Robbery is a 1967 British crime film directed by Peter Yates and starring Stanley Baker. The story is a heavily fictionalised version of the 1963 Great Train Robbery. The film was produced by Stanley Baker and Michael Deeley, for Baker's company Oakhurst Productions.", "Roller Boogie Roller Boogie is a 1979 musical film starring Linda Blair and introducing Jim Bray, a former competitive artistic skater from California. The film also stars Beverly Garland, Mark Goddard, and Kimberly Beck, and is directed by Mark L. Lester.The film is set in the Venice, Los Angeles, California area at the height of the roller skating fad. Two characters, Bobby James (Bray) and Terry Barkley (Blair), fall in love while boogie skating to disco music.", "S.O.S. Mulheres ao Mar S.O.S. Mulheres ao Mar is a 2014 Brazilian comedy film directed by Cris D'Amato starring Giovanna Antonelli, Reynaldo Gianecchini, Fabíula Nascimento, Thalita Carauta, Marcelo Airoldi and Emanuelle Araújo.The film follows the story of Adriana, which disappointed with the end of her marriage, decides to win back her ex-husband embarking on the same cruise that he is with his new girlfriend, a soap opera star. The film was shot almost entirely on an ocean liner, but also had scenes shot in Venice.", "The Honey Pot The Honey Pot, also known as The Honeypot, is a 1967 crime comedy-drama film written for the screen and directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz. It stars Rex Harrison, Susan Hayward, Cliff Robertson, Capucine, Edie Adams, and Maggie Smith. The film was based on the play Mr. Fox of Venice by Frederick Knott, the novel The Evil of the Day by Thomas Sterling, and loosely on the 1606 play Volpone by Ben Jonson.", "The Italian Job (2003 film) The Italian Job is a 2003 heist film directed by F. Gary Gray, written by Wayne and Donna Powers and produced by Donald DeLine. The film stars Mark Wahlberg, Charlize Theron, Jason Statham, Edward Norton, Seth Green, Mos Def and Donald Sutherland. It is an American remake of the 1969 British film of the same name, and is about a team of thieves who plan to steal gold from a former associate who double-crossed them.", "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (film) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, also promoted as LXG, is a 2003 superhero film loosely based on the first volume of the comic book series The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen by Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill. It was released on July 11, 2003, in the United States, and distributed by 20th Century Fox.", "The Merchant of Venice (1969 film) The Merchant of Venice is a 1969 drama short film directed by Orson Welles based on William Shakespeare's play of the same name. While actually completed, it is frequently cited as an unfinished film, though better described as a partially lost film due to the loss of film negatives.", "The Merchant of Venice (2004 film) The Merchant of Venice is a 2004 romantic drama film based on Shakespeare's play of the same name. It is the first full-length sound film in English of Shakespeare's play — other versions are videotaped productions which were made for television, including John Sichel's 1973 version and Jack Gold's 1980 BBC production.The title character is the merchant Antonio (Jeremy Irons), not the Jewish moneylender Shylock (Al Pacino) who is the more prominent character.", "The Talented Mr. Ripley (film) The Talented Mr. Ripley is a 1999 American psychological thriller written for the screen and directed by Anthony Minghella. An adaptation of the 1955 Patricia Highsmith novel of the same name, the film stars Matt Damon as Tom Ripley, Jude Law as Dickie Greenleaf, Gwyneth Paltrow as Marge Sherwood and Cate Blanchett as Meredith Logue.The novel was previously filmed as Plein Soleil in 1960.", "The Thief Lord (film) The Thief Lord is a 2006 British-German family film directed by Richard Claus. It is a joint production of Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc., Future Films Limited, Comet Film, and Thema Production. The film is distributed by Warner Brothers.", "The Tourist (2010 film) The Tourist is a 2010 romantic comedy thriller co-written and directed by Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck, starring Angelina Jolie and Johnny Depp. It is based on the screenplay for Anthony Zimmer. GK Films financed and produced the film, with Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions releasing it in most countries through Columbia Pictures.", "The Venetian Affair (film) The Venetian Affair is a 1967 spy film directed by Jerry Thorpe. It stars Robert Vaughn and Elke Sommer and is based on a novel by Helen MacInnes. It was shot on location in Venice, Italy.", "This Is Cinerama This is Cinerama is a 1952 full-length film designed to introduce the widescreen process Cinerama, which broadens the aspect ratio so the viewer's peripheral vision is involved. This is Cinerama premiered on 30 September 1952 at the New York Broadway theatre, in New York City.", "Untitled Cullen brothers film An untitled Cullen brothers film, previously working titled as Going Under, is an upcoming American action comedy film directed and written by Mark and Robb Cullen, about a private detective whose dog is stolen by a gang and the gang's leader forces him to work for him to get his dog back. The film stars Bruce Willis, Jason Momoa, Thomas Middleditch, Famke Janssen, John Goodman and Stephanie Sigman. Principal photography began on June 29, 2015 in Venice, Los Angeles.", "Vampire in Venice Vampire in Venice (Nosferatu a Venezia), also known as Nosferatu in Venice, is an Italian horror film released in 1988 and directed by Augusto Caminito, starring Klaus Kinski, Christopher Plummer and Donald Pleasence.", "Venice, the Moon and You Venice, the Moon and You (Italian: Venezia, la luna e tu) is a 1958 Italian comedy film directed by Dino Risi.", "Venice/Venice Venice/Venice is an American film starring Henry Jaglom, Nelly Alard, Melissa Leo, Suzanne Bertish, Daphna Kastner, David Duchovny, John Landis and written and directed by Henry Jaglom." ]

[ "35 Shots of Rum 35 Shots of Rum (French: 35 Rhums) is a 2008 film, directed by Claire Denis, the French filmmaker. It made its North American premiere at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival, and was shown outside of competition at the Venice Film Festival. It was later released to limited theaters in 2009. Claire Denis was in part inspired by Yasujirō Ozu's Late Spring.", "70th Venice International Film Festival The 70th annual Venice Film Festival took place in Venice, Italy from 28 August to 7 September 2013. American film director William Friedkin was presented with a lifetime achievement award. Italian film director Bernardo Bertolucci was the President of the Jury. He was previously the President of the Jury at the 40th edition in 1983. Gravity, directed by Alfonso Cuarón, was the opening film of the festival.", "71st Venice International Film Festival The 71st annual Venice Film Festival took place in Venice, Italy between 27 August to 6 September 2014. The Swedish film A Pigeon Sat on a Branch Reflecting on Existence won the Golden Lion award.American filmmakers Thelma Schoonmaker and Frederick Wiseman were the recipients of the Lifetime Achievement award. French composer Alexandre Desplat was the head of the jury for the main competition section.Alejandro González Iñárritu's film Birdman opened the festival.", "An Angel at My Table An Angel at My Table is a 1990 New Zealand-Australian-British film directed by Jane Campion. The film is based on Janet Frame's three autobiographies, To the Is-Land (1982), An Angel at My Table (1984), and The Envoy from Mirror City (1984). The film was very well received, winning multiple awards including at the New Zealand Film and Television awards, the Toronto International Film Festival and received second prize at the Venice Film Festival.", "Bad Boy Bubby Bad Boy Bubby is a 1993 Australian-Italian black comedy/drama film written and directed by Rolf de Heer. It stars Nicholas Hope and Carmel Johnson.", "Banditi a Orgosolo Banditi a Orgosolo (Bandits of Orgosolo) is a 1960 Italian film drama directed by Vittorio De Seta. The film stars Vittorina Pisano. De Seta won an Award for the film at the Venice Film Festival.", "Before Night Falls (film) Before Night Falls is a 2000 American drama film directed by Julian Schnabel. The screenplay is based on the autobiography of the same name of Reinaldo Arenas, which was published in English in 1993. The screenplay was written by Schnabel, Cunningham O'Keefe, and Lázaro Gómez Carriles.", "Black Book (film) Black Book (Dutch: Zwartboek) is a 2006 Dutch World War II thriller film co-written and directed by Paul Verhoeven and starring Carice van Houten, Sebastian Koch, Thom Hoffman, and Halina Reijn. The film, credited as based on several true events and characters, is about a young Jewish woman in the Netherlands who becomes a spy for the resistance during World War II after tragedy befalls her in an encounter with the Nazis.", "Blood Bath This article is about the 1966 horror film produced by Roger Corman. For the 1971 Italian horror directed by Mario Bava, see Twitch of the Death Nerve. For the death metal band, see Bloodbath.Blood Bath is a 1966 horror film directed by Jack Hill and Stephanie Rothman. William Campbell stars as an artist with vampiric tendencies who kills beautiful women and dumps their bodies into a vat of boiling wax in his studio.", "Bramman Bramman is a 2014 Tamil film directed by Socrates, starring M. Sasikumar and Lavanya Tripathi in the lead roles. It has cinematography by Jomon T. John.", "Burn After Reading Burn After Reading is a 2008 black comedy film written, produced, edited and directed by Joel and Ethan Coen. The film stars George Clooney, John Malkovich, Frances McDormand, Tilda Swinton, and Brad Pitt. The film had its premiere on August 27, 2008, when it opened the 2008 Venice Film Festival. It was released in the United States on September 12, 2008, and in the United Kingdom on October 17, 2008.", "Carrington (film) Carrington is a 1995 British biographical film written and directed by Christopher Hampton about the life of the English painter Dora Carrington (1893–1932), who was known simply as \"Carrington\". The screenplay is based on biographies of writer and critic Lytton Strachey (1880–1932) by Michael Holroyd.", "Chef (film) Chef is a 2014 American comedy-drama film written, produced, directed by and starring Jon Favreau, and co-starring Sofía Vergara, John Leguizamo, Scarlett Johansson, Oliver Platt, Bobby Cannavale, Dustin Hoffman, and Robert Downey, Jr. Favreau plays a professional chef who, after a public altercation with a food critic, quits his job at a popular Los Angeles restaurant and returns to his home town of Miami to fix up a food truck.", "Contagion (film) Contagion is a 2011 American science fiction medical thriller film directed by Steven Soderbergh. The film features an ensemble cast that includes Marion Cotillard, Bryan Cranston, Matt Damon, Laurence Fishburne, Jude Law, Gwyneth Paltrow, Kate Winslet, and Jennifer Ehle.", "Cupid's Mistake Cupid’s Mistake is a 2001 comedy film directed by Young Man Kang, a Korean-born filmmaker who made his U.S. directing debut with this production. The film is notable for being produced for $980, which was recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as being the least expensive feature-length motion picture to receive a theatrical film release.", "Dead Man Dead Man is a 1995 American Western film written and directed by Jim Jarmusch. It stars Johnny Depp, Gary Farmer, Billy Bob Thornton, Iggy Pop, Crispin Glover, John Hurt, Michael Wincott, Lance Henriksen, Gabriel Byrne, and Robert Mitchum (in his final film role). The film, dubbed a \"Psychedelic Western\" by its director, includes twisted and surreal elements of the Western genre. The film is shot entirely in black-and-white.", "Der Kaiser von Kalifornien The Kaiser of California, better known as \"The Emperor of California\" (German Der Kaiser von Kalifornien), is a 1936 film that has the distinction of being the first western film made in Nazi Germany.", "Dhoom 2 Dhoom 2 ([ˈd̪ʱuːm],English: Blast 2, also abbreviated and known as D:2, D2) is a 2006 Indian action thriller film directed by Sanjay Gadhvi and produced by Aditya Chopra and Yash Chopra at an estimated budget of ₹350 million (US$5.3 million) under the Yash Raj Films banner. It is the second in the Dhoom series. Abhishek Bachchan and Uday Chopra star as buddy cops Jai Dixit and Ali, respectively. The duo attempt to capture Mr.", "Disengagement (film) Disengagement (Désengagement) is a film directed by Amos Gitai, starring Juliette Binoche, with Jeanne Moreau in a supporting role. The film is a French/Italian/Israeli co-production, and was shot in France, Germany and Israel. It is the third film of Gitai's Border Trilogy.The film premiered at the 2007 Venice Film Festival in an out-of-competition slot. Following this the picture played at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival.", "Elizabethtown (film) Elizabethtown is a 2005 American romantic tragicomedy film written and directed by Cameron Crowe starring Orlando Bloom and Kirsten Dunst. Alec Baldwin has a small role as a CEO of an athletic shoe company and Susan Sarandon appears as a grieving widow.The movie is named for being set primarily in Elizabethtown, Kentucky.", "Faust (2011 film) Faust is a 2011 Russian film directed by Alexander Sokurov. Set in the 19th century, it is a free interpretation of the Faust legend and its literary adaptations by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Thomas Mann. The dialogue is in German. The film won the Golden Lion at the 68th Venice International Film Festival.", "Fish & Cat Fish & Cat (in Persian : ماهی و گربه; transliterated as Mahi va Gorbeh) is a 2013 mystery drama slasher Iranian film directed by Shahram Mokri. The film narrated in 140 minutes tells the story of a group of university students camping at a lakeside for Kite-running competitions, all through a without-a-cut single shot. The film was first premiered in Venice Film Festival in 6 September 2013.", "I'm Not There I'm Not There is a 2007 biographical musical film directed by Todd Haynes, inspired by the life and music of American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan. Six actors depict different facets of Dylan's public personas: Christian Bale, Cate Blanchett, Marcus Carl Franklin, Richard Gere, Heath Ledger, and Ben Whishaw.", "Incendies For the play, see Incendies (play)Incendies is a 2010 Canadian mystery drama film written and directed by Denis Villeneuve. Adapted from Wajdi Mouawad's play of the same name, Incendies follows the journey of twin brother and sister as they attempt to unravel the mystery of their mother's life. The film premiered at the Venice and Toronto Film Festivals in September 2010 and was released in Quebec on 17 September 2010.", "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is a 1984 American adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg. It is the second installment in the Indiana Jones franchise and a prequel to the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark.", "Jennifer on My Mind Jennifer on My Mind is a 1971 American black comedy film based on the 1968 novel Heir by Roger L. Simon. It was directed by Noel Black from a screenplay by Erich Segal and stars Michael Brandon and Tippy Walker, as well as Robert De Niro in a minor role.This was one of the many early 1970s films that dealt with addiction following the explosion of recreational drug use in the 1960s.", "Melancholia (2008 film) Melancholia is a 2008 Philippine film directed by Lav Diaz. It won the Horizons prize at the 65th Venice International Film Festival.", "Mission: Impossible III Mission: Impossible III (marketed as M:i:III, M:I-3, or Mission: Impossible 3) is a 2006 American action spy thriller film co-written and directed by J.J. Abrams, his first film as a director, starring Tom Cruise, who also served as a producer, in the role of IMF agent Ethan Hunt. The film was first released on April 26, 2006, at the Tribeca Film Festival, and widely released in the United States on May 5, 2006.", "Moulin Rouge (1952 film) Moulin Rouge is a 1952 British drama film directed by John Huston, produced by John and James Woolf for their Romulus Films company and released by United Artists. The film is set in Paris in the late 19th century, following artist Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec in the city's bohemian sub-culture in and around the burlesque palace, the Moulin Rouge. The screenplay is by Huston, based on the novel by Pierre La Mure. The cinematography was by Oswald Morris.", "Mr. Nobody (film) Mr. Nobody is a 2009 science fiction drama film. It was written and directed by Jaco Van Dormael, produced by Philippe Godeau, and starred Jared Leto, Sarah Polley, Diane Kruger, Linh Dan Pham, Rhys Ifans, Natasha Little, Toby Regbo and Juno Temple. The film tells the life story of Nemo Nobody, a 118-year-old man who is the last mortal on Earth after the human race has achieved quasi-immortality.", "My Own Private Idaho My Own Private Idaho is a 1991 American independent adventure drama film written and directed by Gus Van Sant, loosely based on Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 1, Henry IV, Part 2, and Henry V, and starring River Phoenix and Keanu Reeves.", "Natural Born Killers Natural Born Killers is a 1994 American black comedy crime film directed by Oliver Stone and starring Woody Harrelson, Juliette Lewis, Robert Downey, Jr., Tom Sizemore, and Tommy Lee Jones. The film was released in the United States on August 26, 1994.", "Once Upon a Time in America Once Upon a Time in America is a 1984 American epic crime drama film co-written and directed by Sergio Leone and starring Robert De Niro and James Woods. Based on Harry Grey's novel The Hoods, it chronicles the lives of Jewish ghetto youths who rise to prominence in New York City's world of organized crime.", "Palindromes (film) Palindromes is a 2004 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Todd Solondz. It references Solondz's 1995 film, Welcome to the Dollhouse. It competed for the Golden Lion award at the 61st Venice International Film Festival.The protagonist, a 13-year-old girl named Aviva, is played by eight different actors of different ages, races, and genders during the course of the film and features an array of secondary characters.", "Parigi o cara Parigi o cara (also known as Paris, My Love) is a 1962 Italian comedy drama film directed by Vittorio Caprioli.It was shown as part of a retrospective Questi fantasmi: Cinema italiano ritrovato at the 65th Venice International Film Festival.", "Place Vendôme (film) Place Vendôme is a 1998 film directed by Nicole Garcia, starring Catherine Deneuve, and named after the Place Vendôme in Paris.Deneuve won the Volpi Cup for Best Actress at the 55th Venice International Film Festival for her role in the film.", "Road to Nowhere (film) Road to Nowhere is a 2010 American romance thriller independent film directed by Monte Hellman, written by Steven Gaydos, and starring Cliff De Young, Waylon Payne, Shannyn Sossamon, Tygh Runyan, and Dominique Swain. It is Hellman's first feature film in 21 years.Road to Nowhere was shot in western North Carolina from July to August 2009, before moving to Europe.", "Robinson in Ruins Robinson in Ruins is a 2010 British documentary film by Patrick Keiller and narrated by Vanessa Redgrave. It is a sequel to Keiller's previous films, London (1994) and Robinson in Space (1997). It documents the journey of the fictional titular character around the south of England. It premiered at the 67th Venice International Film Festival in September 2010.", "Romance on the Orient Express Romance on the Orient Express is a 1985 television film directed by Lawrence Gordon Clark.", "Senso (film) Senso is a 1954 melodrama film, an adaptation of Camillo Boito's Italian novella Senso by the Italian director Luchino Visconti, with Alida Valli as Livia Serpieri and Farley Granger as Lieutenant Franz Mahler.Originally, Visconti had hoped to cast Ingrid Bergman and Marlon Brando in the lead roles, but Bergman was not interested in the part, and Brando was nixed by the producers who considered Granger a bigger star, at the time.", "Shark in Venice Sharks in Venice is a 2008 American natural-horror film directed by Danny Lerner and starring Stephen Baldwin, Bashar Rahal and Vanessa Johansson.", "Spotlight (film) Spotlight is a 2015 American drama film directed by Thomas McCarthy and written by McCarthy and Josh Singer. It is about The Boston GlobeTemplate:`s \"Spotlight\" team, the oldest continuously operating newspaper investigative unit in the United States, and their coverage of the Massachusetts Catholic sex abuse scandal, for which The Globe won the 2003 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service.", "The Happy Poet The Happy Poet is a 2010 film written and directed by Paul Gordon. It was shot on-location in Austin, Texas, USA. It has appeared at a number of film festivals, including the Venice Film Festival's Giornate Degli Autori \"\\Authors' Days\") section.", "The Iceman (film) The Iceman is an American biography crime thriller film based on the true story of longtime notorious hitman Richard Kuklinski. Released in 2013 at the Venice Film Festival, the film was directed by Ariel Vromen, and stars Michael Shannon as Richard Kuklinski, Winona Ryder, Chris Evans, and Ray Liotta.The Iceman showed at the 2012 Telluride Film Festival and the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival before receiving a limited release in cinemas in the United States on May 3, 2013.", "The Reluctant Fundamentalist (film) The Reluctant Fundamentalist is a 2012 political thriller drama film based on the 2007 novel, The Reluctant Fundamentalist by Mohsin Hamid, directed by Mira Nair, starring Riz Ahmed and Kate Hudson in lead. The Reluctant Fundamentalist is a post-9/11 film, a movie about the impact on one man of the Al Qaida attacks and the American reaction to them.In 2007, Nair read the manuscript of Hamid's unpublished novel, The Reluctant Fundamentalist.", "The Sea Inside The Sea Inside (Spanish: Mar adentro) is a 2004 Spanish film written, produced, directed and scored by Alejandro Amenábar. It is based on the real-life story of Ramón Sampedro (played by Javier Bardem), who was left quadriplegic after a diving accident, and his 28-year campaign in support of euthanasia and the right to end his life.", "The Syndicate: A Death in the Family The Syndicate: A Death in the Family (Italian: Colpo rovente, also known as Red Hot Shot) is a 1970 Italian crime film directed by Piero Zuffi and written by Ennio Flaiano and the same Zuffi.In 2004 it was restored and shown as part of the retrospective \"Storia Segreta del Cinema Italiano: Italian Kings of the Bs\" at the 61st Venice International Film Festival.", "The Wings of the Dove (1997 film) The Wings of the Dove is a 1997 U.S.-British drama film directed by Iain Softley and starring Helena Bonham Carter, Linus Roache, and Alison Elliott. The screenplay by Hossein Amini is based on the 1902 novel of the same name by Henry James. The film was nominated for four Academy Awards and five BAFTAs, recognizing Bonham Carter's performance, the screenplay, costume design and the cinematography.", "Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (film) Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy is a 2011 Cold War espionage film directed by Tomas Alfredson. The screenplay was written by Bridget O'Connor and Peter Straughan, based on the 1974 novel of the same name by John le Carré.It stars Gary Oldman as George Smiley, along with Colin Firth, Tom Hardy, John Hurt, Toby Jones, Mark Strong, Benedict Cumberbatch and Ciarán Hinds.", "To Take a Wife To Take a Wife (VeLakahta Lekha Isha) (French: Prendre femme) is a 2004 drama film. It is the directorial debut of veteran actress, Ronit Elkabetz who also stars in the film. The French-Israeli production premiered at the 61st Venice International Film Festival in September 2004.", "Transformers: Dark of the Moon Transformers: Dark of the Moon (or simply Transformers 3) is a 2011 American science fiction action film based on the Transformers toy line. First released on June 23, 2011, it is the third (originally intended final) installment of the live-action Transformers film series. It is a sequel to 2009's Revenge of the Fallen taking place three years after that.", "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (simply known as Transformers 2), is a 2009 American science fiction action film directed by Michael Bay and executive produced by Steven Spielberg. It is a sequel to 2007's Transformers and the second installment in the live-action Transformers series taking place two years after Transformers. The plot revolves around Sam Witwicky, who is caught in the war between two factions of alien robots, the Autobots and the Decepticons.", "U2 3D U2 3D is a 2007 American-produced 3D concert film featuring rock band U2 performing during the Vertigo Tour in 2006. The film contains performances of 14 songs, including tracks from How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb (2004), the album supported by the tour. The concert footage includes political and social statements made during the shows. It is the band's second feature film, following their 1988 rockumentary Rattle and Hum.", "Under the Skin (2013 film) Under the Skin is a 2013 science fiction-horror art film directed by Jonathan Glazer, and written by Glazer and Walter Campbell as a loose adaptation of Michel Faber's 2000 novel of the same name. It was released in the UK on 14 March 2014 and the US on 4 April. The film stars Scarlett Johansson as an otherworldly seductress who preys on men in Scotland.", "Up in Smoke Up in Smoke, directed by Lou Adler, is Cheech & Chong's first feature-length film, released in 1978 by Paramount Pictures. It stars Cheech Marin, Tommy Chong, Edie Adams, Strother Martin, Stacy Keach, and Tom Skerritt. Cheech & Chong had been a counterculture comedy team for about ten years before they started reworking some of their material for their first film.", "Valeria Golino Valeria Golino (born 22 October 1965) is an Italian actress and director. She is best known to English-language audiences for her role in the film Rain Man (1988), and the Hot Shots! films. In addition to David di Donatello, Silver Ribbon, Golden Ciak and Italian Golden Globe awards, she is also one of the three actresses who won the Best Actress award at the Venice Film Festival multiple times.", "Venice Film Festival The Venice Film Festival or Venice International Film Festival (Italian: Mostra Internazionale d'Arte Cinematografica della Biennale di Venezia, \"International Exhibition of Cinematographic Art of the Venice Biennale\"), founded in 1932, is the oldest film festival in the world and one of the \"Big Three\" film festivals alongside the Cannes Film Festival and Berlin International Film Festival.The film festival is part of the Venice Biennale, which was founded by the Venetian City Council in 1895.", "W.E. W.E. (stylized as W./E.) is a 2011 British romantic drama film co-written and directed by Madonna. It stars Abbie Cornish, Andrea Riseborough, Oscar Isaac, Richard Coyle, and James D'Arcy. The screenplay was co-written by Alek Keshishian, who previously worked with Madonna on her 1991 documentary Truth or Dare and two of her music videos.", "X-Men Origins: Wolverine X-Men Origins: Wolverine is a 2009 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics fictional character Wolverine, distributed by 20th Century Fox. It is the fourth installment in the X-Men film series. The film was directed by Gavin Hood, written by David Benioff and Skip Woods, and produced by and starring Hugh Jackman. It co-stars Liev Schreiber, Danny Huston, Dominic Monaghan, Will.i.am and Ryan Reynolds." ]

[ "1950 British Grand Prix The 1950 British Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 13 May 1950 at the Silverstone Circuit in Silverstone, England. It was the first World Championship Formula One race in the modern era, as well as the fifth British Grand Prix, and the third to be held at Silverstone after motor racing resumed after World War II.", "1953 Formula One season The 1953 Formula One season consisted of a number of non-championship motor races for Formula One cars. As in 1952, the FIA chose to limit all Grand Prix races counting towards the World Championship of Drivers to cars complying with Formula Two regulations rather than with Formula One.The 4th FIA World Championship of Drivers, which commenced on 18 January and ended on 13 September after nine races, was won by Alberto Ascari, driving for a Scuderia Ferrari.", "1957 Pescara Grand Prix The 1957 Pescara Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race, held on 18 August 1957, at the Pescara Circuit near Pescara in Italy. The race was the seventh, and penultimate round of the 1957 World Drivers' Championship. The race, which was the only Formula One World Championship race at the track, is best remembered for being held at the longest ever circuit to stage a Formula One World Championship Grand Prix.", "1975 Race of Champions The 1975 Race of Champions was a non-championship Formula One race held at Brands Hatch on March 16, 1975. Weather conditions were unusually inhospitable, with strong winds, heavy rain and even snow showers during the weekend.", "1984 European Grand Prix The 1984 European Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Nürburgring on October 7, 1984. It was the fifteenth round of the 1984 Formula One season.", "1985 European Grand Prix The 1985 European Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Brands Hatch on October 6, 1985. It was the fourteenth round of the 1985 FIA Formula One World Championship.Ayrton Senna got pole position for the 6th time in the season, averaging 140.106 mph (225.479 km/h), the first time anyone had lapped the circuit faster than 140 mph.", "1995 European Grand Prix The 1995 European Grand Prix (formally the XL Grand Prix of Europe) was a Formula One motor race held on October 1, 1995 at the Nürburgring, Nürburg, Germany. It was the fourteenth round of the 1995 Formula One season and the first to be held there since 1985. The race, contested over 67 laps, was won by Michael Schumacher for the Benetton team after starting from third position.", "1995 Formula One season \"F1 1995\" redirects here. For the video games based on the 1995 Formula One season, see F1 95.The 1995 Formula One season was the 46th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1995 FIA Formula One World Championship, which was contested over 17 races from 26 March to 12 November 1995. For the second year in succession, the Drivers' Championship was won by Michael Schumacher, the Benetton driver defeating Damon Hill of Williams by 33 points.", "1996 European Grand Prix The 1996 European Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on April 28, 1996 at Nürburgring. Jacques Villeneuve scored his first Formula One victory in his fourth Formula One start.Both Benetton cars made extremely slow starts, due to the brakes locking on. Berger was forced to pit for fresh tyres after a flat-spot was caused, while Alesi finished lap 1 in 13th place and spun while trying to recover.", "1997 European Grand Prix The 1997 European Grand Prix (formally the XLII European Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on October 26, 1997 at the Circuito Permanente de Jerez, Spain. Originally scheduled as the Grand Prix of Portugal at the Estoril circuit, it was moved when Estoril's management had financial difficulties. It was the 17th and final race of the 1997 Formula One season. The race, contested over 69 laps, was won by Mika Häkkinen in a McLaren, his first Formula One race victory.", "2000 European Grand Prix The 2000 European Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on May 21, 2000 at the Nürburgring in Nürburg, Germany. It was the sixth race of the 2000 Formula One season. The race was the 44th race to carry the European Grand Prix name and the ninth to be held at the Nürburgring. It was the tenth time the European Grand Prix was held as a standalone event.", "2000 Formula One season The 2000 Formula One season was the 51st season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 2000 FIA Formula One World Championship which commenced on 12 March 2000, and ended on 22 October after seventeen races. Michael Schumacher became Ferrari's first World Drivers' Champion for 21 years having clinched the Drivers' title at the penultimate race of the season.", "2001 European Grand Prix The 2001 European Grand Prix (formally the XLV Warsteiner Grand Prix of Europe) was a Formula One motor race held on 24 June 2001 at the Nürburgring, Nürburg, Germany. It was the ninth race of the 2001 Formula One season. The race, contested over 67 laps, was won by Michael Schumacher driving for Ferrari after starting from pole position.", "2001 Formula One season The 2001 Formula One season was the 52nd season of FIA Formula One racing. It featured the FIA Formula One World Championship which commenced on 4 March 2001 and ended on 14 October after seventeen races. Michael Schumacher won the Drivers' title with a record margin of 58 points, after achieving nine victories and five second places and Ferrari won the Constructors' award.", "2002 European Grand Prix The 2002 European Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Nürburgring on 23 June 2002. It was won by Ferrari driver Rubens Barrichello, his first win since his victory at the 2000 German Grand Prix. His team mate Michael Schumacher finished second in another dominating performance by the team. McLaren-Mercedes driver Kimi Räikkönen finished third. This was the first race at the modified Nürburgring circuit, as the first chicane was replaced by the Mercedes Arena corners.", "2003 European Grand Prix The 2003 European Grand Prix (formally the Allianz Grand Prix of Europe) was a Formula One motor race held on 29 June 2003 at the Nürburgring, Nürburg, Germany. It was the ninth race of the 2003 Formula One season. The race, contested over 60 laps, was won Ralf Schumacher driving in a Williams car. Juan Pablo Montoya, also driving for Williams finished second, with Rubens Barrichello third in a Ferrari.", "2003 Formula One season The 2003 Formula One season was the 54th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 2003 FIA Formula One World Championship, which commenced on 9 March 2003 and ended on 12 October after sixteen races.", "2004 European Grand Prix The 2004 European Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on 30 May 2004 at the Nürburgring. The race was noticeable due to the race strategy employed by Ferrari. Michael Schumacher extended his gap over his rivals to close to 18 seconds in the first 7 laps, when the top-runners seemed to bunch up behind Kimi Räikkönen.", "2005 European Grand Prix The 2005 European Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on May 29, 2005 at the Nürburgring in Nürburg, Germany. The race, contested over 59 laps, was the seventh round of the 2005 Formula One season, the 49th running of the European Grand Prix, and the 15th European Grand Prix as a standalone event (i.e. not an honorific title awarded to an existing event).", "2006 European Grand Prix The 2006 European Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Nürburgring in Nürburg, Germany on May 7, 2006. The race, contested over 60 laps, was the fifth round of the 2006 Formula One season. It was won by Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher who took his second victory of the season. Polesitter Fernando Alonso finished in second position for the Renault team, whilst the second Ferrari of Felipe Massa achieved his first podium finish of the season with third place.", "2006 Formula One season The 2006 Formula One season was the 57th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 2006 FIA Formula One World Championship which began on 12 March and ended on 22 October after eighteen races. The Drivers' Championship was won by Fernando Alonso of Renault F1 for the second year in a row, with Alonso becoming the youngest ever double world champion at the time. Then-retiring multiple world champion Michael Schumacher of Scuderia Ferrari finished runner-up, 13 points behind.", "2007 European Grand Prix The 2007 European Grand Prix (formally the LI Grand Prix of Europe) was a Formula One motor race held at Nürburgring, Nürburg, Germany on 22 July 2007. It was the tenth race of the 2007 Formula One season. The race, contested over 60 laps, was won by Fernando Alonso driving for the McLaren team after starting from second position.", "2008 European Grand Prix The 2008 European Grand Prix (formally the LII Telefónica Grand Prix of Europe) was a Formula One motor race held on August 24, 2008 at the Valencia Street Circuit, Valencia, Spain. It was the 12th race of the 2008 Formula One season. The race, contested over 57 laps, was won by Felipe Massa for the Ferrari team after starting from pole position.", "2009 Formula BMW Europe season The 2009 Formula BMW Europe season was the second season of Formula BMW Europe championship. The championship was contested over sixteen races at eight meetings: seven of which supported Formula One Grands Prix and a meeting at the Masters of Formula 3 event at Zandvoort. Felipe Nasr won the title at Monza, having finished fourteen of the sixteen races in the top two and won the title by 104 points.", "2011 European Grand Prix The 2011 European Grand Prix (formally the LV Grand Prix of Europe) was a Formula One motor race held on 26 June 2011 at the Valencia Street Circuit in Valencia, Spain. The race, which was the eighth round of the 2011 Formula One season, was won by defending world drivers' champion and championship leader Sebastian Vettel, who was driving a Red Bull car. Vettel, who started from pole position, also recorded the fastest lap of the race on lap 53, giving him a hat-trick.", "2012 European Grand Prix The 2012 European Grand Prix (formally, the 2012 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Europe) was a Formula One motor race that was held at the Valencia Street Circuit in Valencia, Spain on 24 June 2012. It was the eighth round of the 2012 championship season, and the final time the circuit hosted the European Grand Prix. It was Fernando Alonso's second Grand Prix win in Spain after the 2006 Spanish Grand Prix held at Barcelona.", "2012 Formula One season The 2012 Formula One season was the 63rd season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 2012 FIA Formula One World Championship, a motor racing series for Formula One cars, recognised by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) — the governing body of motorsport — as the highest class of competition for open-wheel racing cars. The championship was contested over twenty rounds, which started in Australia on 18 March and ended in Brazil on 25 November.", "Austrian Grand Prix The Austrian Grand Prix (German: Großer Preis von Österreich) is a Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile sanctioned auto race which was held in 1964, 1970–1987 and 1997–2003. The Grand Prix returned to the Formula One calendar in 2014.", "Belgian Grand Prix The Belgian Grand Prix (Dutch: Grote Prijs van België; French: Grand Prix de Belgique; German: Großer Preis von Belgien) is an automobile race, part of the Formula One World Championship.The first national race of Belgium was held in 1925 at the Spa region's race course, an area of the country that had been associated with motor sport since the very early years of racing.", "British Grand Prix The British Grand Prix is a race in the calendar of the FIA Formula One World Championship. It is currently held at the Silverstone Circuit near the village of Silverstone in Northamptonshire in England. The British and Italian Grands Prix are the oldest continuously staged Formula One World Championship Grands Prix. It was designated the European Grand Prix five times between 1950 and 1977, when this title was an honorary designation given each year to one Grand Prix race in Europe.", "Coppa Acerbo The Coppa Acerbo was an automobile race held in Italy, named after Tito Acerbo, the brother of Giacomo Acerbo, a prominent fascist politician. Following Italy's defeat in World War II, and the consequent demise of fascism, the race was renamed the Circuito di Pescara, and in some years was also referred to as the Pescara Grand Prix (Gran Premio di Pescara). The race was run between 1924 and 1961 and over the years was held to a variety of vehicle class regulations and durations.", "Czechoslovakian Grand Prix The Czechoslovakian Grand Prix (Czech: Velká cena Československa; Slovak: Československá Grand Prix) was a Grand Prix motor racing event first held on September 28, 1930 at the Masaryk Circuit now referred to as the Brno Circuit. It was held in the town of Brno in Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic).From 1934 onwards, the race was dominated by the German Silver Arrows. In 1937, several spectators were killed or injured when Hermann Lang skidded off the track.", "Dutch Grand Prix The Dutch Grand Prix (Grote Prijs van Nederland) was a Formula One automobile race held at Circuit Zandvoort, near Zandvoort, the Netherlands, from 1948 to 1985. It was a part of the World Championship from 1952, and designated the European Grand Prix twice, 1962 and 1976, when this title was an honorary designation given each year to one grand prix race in Europe.", "European Championship (auto racing) The European Drivers' Championship was an annual competition in auto racing that existed prior to the establishment of the Formula One world championship in 1950.", "European Grand Prix The European Grand Prix (sometimes referred to as the Grand Prix of Europe and to be known from 2016 as the Baku European Grand Prix)is a Formula One event that was introduced during the mid-1980s and was held regularly from 1999 until 2012. The most recent host venue for this event was the Valencia Street Circuit in Valencia, Spain, hosting the race from 2008 until 2012.", "Formula One Formula One (also Formula 1 or F1) is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the premier form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950, although other Formula One races were regularly held until 1983.The \"formula\", designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, to which all participants' cars must conform.", "French Grand Prix The French Grand Prix (1906–1967: Grand Prix de l'ACF, 1968–2008: Grand Prix de France) was a race held as part of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile's annual Formula One automobile racing championships. It was one of the oldest motor races in the world. It ceased shortly after its centenary in 2008 with 86 races having been held, a victim of finances and unfavourable venues.", "German Grand Prix The German Grand Prix (Großer Preis von Deutschland) was an annual automobile race that has been held most years since 1926, with 75 races having been held. The race has had a remarkably stable history for one of the older Grands Prix, having been held at just three different venues throughout its life; the Nürburgring in Rhineland-Palatinate, Hockenheimring in Baden-Württemberg and on odd occasion AVUS near Berlin.", "Hungarian Grand Prix The Hungarian Grand Prix (Hungarian: Magyar Nagydíj) is a motor race held annually in Hungary. Since 1986, the race has been a round of the FIA Formula One World Championship.", "Italian Grand Prix The Italian Grand Prix (Gran Premio d'Italia) is one of the longest running events on the Formula One calendar. The Italian Grand Prix was also one of the inaugural Formula One championship races in 1950, and has been held every year since then.", "List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions The Formula One World Drivers' Championship (WDC) is awarded by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) to the most successful Formula One racing car driver over a season, as determined by a points system based on Grand Prix results.The Drivers' Championship was first awarded in 1950, to Giuseppe Farina. The first driver to win multiple Championships was Alberto Ascari, in 1952 and 1953.", "List of Formula One seasons Sixty-three seasons of Formula One, the highest class of open wheeled auto racing defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motorsport's world governing body, have been run. The F1 world championship season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held usually on purpose-built circuits, and in a few cases on closed city streets, the most famous of which is the Monaco Grand Prix in Monte Carlo.", "List of races at the Nürburgring Races at the Nürburgring were held with Grand Prix cars, Grand Prix motorcycles, various Formula cars, Sports cars, touring cars, trucks, and even bicycles, like the 1927, 1966 and 1978 UCI Road World Championships.", "Luxembourg Grand Prix The Luxembourg Grand Prix (Großer Preis von Luxemburg) was the name given to two races of the FIA Formula One World Championship, held in 1997 and 1998. The FIA rulings for Formula One stipulate that no country be allowed more than one race.", "Monaco Grand Prix The Monaco Grand Prix (French: Grand Prix de Monaco) is a Formula One motor race held each year on the Circuit de Monaco. Run since 1929, it is widely considered to be one of the most important and prestigious automobile races in the world and, alongside the Indianapolis 500 and the 24 Hours of Le Mans, it forms the Triple Crown of Motorsport.", "Pau Grand Prix The Pau Grand Prix (French: Grand Prix de Pau) is an auto race held in Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, southwestern France. The French Grand Prix was held at Pau in 1930, leading to the annual Pau Grand Prix being inaugurated in 1933.", "Portuguese Grand Prix The Portuguese Grand Prix (Grande Prémio de Portugal) was a motorsports event held for several years, mostly in the 1950s and then in the 1980s and 90s. It was a Formula One race between 1958 and 1960 and between 1984 and 1996.", "Russian Grand Prix The Russian Grand Prix (Russian: Гран-при России) is an annual auto race held at Sochi Autodrom—a street circuit built around Olympic Park in Sochi, Russia, as part of the Formula One World Championship.The race was first held briefly in the 1910s in St. Petersburg; while plans were made to host a Formula One event in Moscow for the 1983 season as the Grand Prix of the Soviet Union, these plans fell through.", "San Marino Grand Prix The San Marino Grand Prix (Italian: Gran Premio di San Marino) was a Formula One championship race which was run at the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari in the town of Imola, near the Apennine mountains in Italy, between 1981 and 2006. It was named after nearby San Marino because there already was an Italian Grand Prix held at Monza. In 1980, when Monza was under refurbishment, the Imola track was used for the 51st Italian Grand Prix.", "Spanish Grand Prix The Spanish Grand Prix (Spanish: Gran Premio de España, Catalan: Gran Premi d'Espanya) is a Formula One race currently held at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya in Barcelona. The race is one of the oldest in the world still contested, celebrating its centenary in 2013. The race had modest beginnings as a production car race. Interrupted by the First World War, the race waited a decade for its second running before becoming a staple of the European calendar.", "Swedish Grand Prix The Swedish Grand Prix (Swedish: Sveriges Grand Prix) was a round of the Formula One World Championship from 1973 to 1978. It took place at the Scandinavian Raceway in Anderstorp (Gislaved Municipality), about 30 km from Jönköping, in Småland, Sweden.", "Swiss Grand Prix The Swiss Grand Prix (French: Grand Prix de Suisse, German: Großer Preis der Schweiz, Italian: Gran Premio di Svizzera) was the premier auto race of Switzerland. In its later years it was a Formula One race." ]

[ "1954 II Cornwall MRC Formula 1 Race The 2nd Cornwall MRC Formula 1 Race was a motor race, run to Formula One rules, held on 2 August 1954 at the Davidstow Circuit, Cornwall. The race was to be run over 30 laps of the little circuit, but this was reduced to 20 laps due to the bad weather.", "1954 I Cornwall MRC Formula 1 Race The 1st Cornwall MRC Formula 1 Race was the first Cornwall MRC motor race, run to Formula One rules, held on 7 June 1954 at the Davidstow Circuit, Cornwall.", "1955 Cornwall MRC Formula 1 Race The 3rd Cornwall MRC Formula 1 Race was a motor race, run to Formula One rules, held on 30 May 1955 at the Davidstow Circuit, Cornwall. The race was run over 20 laps of the little circuit, and was won by British driver Leslie Marr in a Connaught Type B.This was the third and last Formula One race to be held in Cornwall.", "1967 European Formula Two season The 1967 European Formula Two season was the 1st FIA European Formula Two Championship season. It commenced on 24 March 1967 and ended on 8 October after ten races. Jacky Ickx won the Championship after winning the last race in Vallelunga, but the most successful driver of the season was Jochen Rindt, who won five Championship races but, as a graded driver, he was ineligible to earn points, so Ickx won the Championship.", "1969 European Formula Two season The 1969 European Formula Two season was contested over 7 rounds.", "1971 World Championship Victory Race The 1st World Championship Victory Race was a motor race, run to Formula One rules, held on 24 October 1971 at Brands Hatch, Kent. The race was to be run over 40 laps of the circuit, but was stopped on lap 15 following the fatal accident suffered by Swiss driver Jo Siffert. The result was taken from the race order after 14 laps, with Peter Gethin being declared the winner in his BRM P160.", "1999 European Grand Prix The 1999 European Grand Prix (formally the XLIII Warsteiner Grand Prix d'Europe) was a Formula One motor race held on 26 September 1999 at the Nürburgring in Nürburg, Germany. It was the fourteenth race of the 1999 Formula One season. The race, contested over 66 laps, was won by Johnny Herbert driving for the Stewart team.", "2003 German Formula Three season The 2003 ATS Formel 3 Cup season was a multi-event motor racing championship for single-seat open wheel formula racing cars that held across Europe. The championship featured drivers competing in two-litre Formula Three racing cars built by Dallara which conform to the technical regulations, or formula, for the championship. It was the inaugural ATS F3 Cup season.", "2005 Formula One season The 2005 Formula One season was the 56th FIA Formula One World Championship season, contested over a then record 19 Grands Prix. It commenced on 6 March 2005, and ended 16 October.Fernando Alonso and the Renault F1 team won the World Drivers' and Constructors' Championships, ending five years of dominance by Michael Schumacher and Ferrari. Alonso's success made him the youngest champion in the history of the sport, a title he held until Lewis Hamilton's 2008 title success.", "2005 Formula Renault 2.0 Germany season The 2005 Formula Renault 2.0 Germany season was the fourteenth Formula Renault 2.0 Germany season and the last before merging into Formula Renault 2.0 Northern European Cup. The season began at Oschersleben on 23 April and finished on 9 October at the same venue, after sixteen races.SL Formula Racing driver Pekka Saarinen won two races on his way to championship title.", "2005 United States Grand Prix The 2005 United States Grand Prix was one of the most controversial Formula One motor races in modern history. It was held on June 19, 2005 at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway and was the ninth race of the 2005 Formula One season. Out of the 20 cars that entered for the race, only the six cars from the teams using Bridgestone tyres (Ferrari, Jordan and Minardi) competed.", "2007 Formula Renault 2.0 NEC season The 2007 Formula Renault 2.0 NEC season was the second Formula Renault 2.0 Northern European Cup season. The season began at Zandvoort on 28 May and finished on 21 October at Hockenheim, after sixteen races.Motopark Academy driver Frank Kechele won the NEC championship title, having won eight races during the season, bringing the team their second successive drivers' championship title.", "2008 Formula Renault 2.0 NEC season The 2008 Formula Renault 2.0 NEC season was the third Formula Renault 2.0 Northern European Cup season. The season began at Hockenheim on 26 April and finished on 5 October at Spa, after sixteen races.Motopark Academy driver Valtteri Bottas won the NEC championship title, having won twelve races during the season, bringing the team their third successive drivers' championship title.", "2009 Formula Renault 2.0 NEC season The 2009 Formula Renault 2.0 NEC season was the fourth Formula Renault 2.0 Northern European Cup season. The season began at Zandvoort on 12 April and finished on 4 October at Spa, after sixteen races.Motopark Academy driver António Félix da Costa won the NEC championship title, having won nine races during the season, bringing the team their fourth successive drivers' championship title.", "2010 Formula Renault 2.0 NEC season The 2010 Formula Renault 2.0 NEC season was the fifth Formula Renault 2.0 Northern European Cup season. The season began at Hockenheim on 17 April and finished on 17 October at Nürburgring, after nineteen races. Making its début in the series in 2010 was the new-specification car, designed by Barazi-Epsilon.", "2013 Formula Renault 2.0 NEC season The 2013 Formula Renault 2.0 NEC season was the eighth Formula Renault 2.0 Northern European Cup season, an open-wheel motor racing series for emerging young racing drivers based in Europe. The season began at Hockenheimring on 7 April and ended on 14 October at Zandvoort, after sixteen races at seven events.The title was clinched by Fortec Motorsports driver Matt Parry, who won five races. His teammate Jack Aitken finished as runner-up after five podium finishes.", "2014 Florida Winter Series season The 2014 Florida Winter Series season was the inaugural season for the Florida Winter Series, a non-championship racing series organised by the Ferrari Driver Academy in Florida.", "Alex Soler-Roig Alex Soler-Roig (Catalan pronunciation: [ˈaɫəks suˈɫe ˈrɔtʃ]; born 29 October 1931) is a former racing driver from Barcelona, Spain. He participated in 10 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 19 April 1970, and scored no championship points. He also participated in several non-Championship Formula One races.Son of Dr. Soler-Roig, Alex began his career with motorcycles before entering the world car racing, participating in rallies with Fiat and Porsche.", "Andrea de Adamich Andrea Lodovico de Adamich (born 3 October 1941) is a former racing driver from Italy. He participated in 34 World Championship Formula One Grands Prix, making his début on 1 January 1968. He scored a total of 6 championship points. He also participated in numerous non-Championship Formula One races.De Adamich was born in Trieste, but the family originated from Fiume where his ancestor Andrea Lodovico de Adamich had been the wealthiest and most powerful merchant.", "Australian Grand Prix The Australian Grand Prix is a motor race held annually in Australia currently under contract to host Formula One until 2023. The Grand Prix is the oldest surviving motor racing competition held in Australia having been held 79 times since it was first run at Phillip Island in 1928. Since 1985, the race has been a round of the FIA Formula One World Championship and is currently held at the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit at Albert Park in Melbourne.", "Bob Evans (racing driver) Robert \"Bob\" Evans (born 11 June 1947 in Waddington, Lincolnshire) is a British former racing driver from England. He participated in 11 World Championship Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 1 March 1975. He scored no championship points. He also competed in numerous non-Championship Formula One races.Evans followed the usual route through to Formula One, via Formula Ford, Formula 3 and Formula 5000, winning the 1974 Rothmans 5000 European Championship.", "Brian Henton Brian Henton (born 19 September 1946 in Castle Donington, Leicestershire) is a former racing driver from England. He won both 1974 British Formula Three Championships, and the Formula Two championship in 1980. He participated in 38 Formula One grands prix, debuting on 19 July 1975, but never scored any championship points.Henton (nicknamed \"Superhen\" in the British racing press) came from a modest council house background and did not start racing until he was 23.", "Canadian Grand Prix The Canadian Grand Prix (known in French as the Grand Prix du Canada), is an annual auto race held in Canada since 1961. It has been part of the Formula One World Championship since 1967. It was first staged at Mosport Park in Bowmanville, Ontario as a sports car event, before alternating between Mosport and Circuit Mont-Tremblant, Quebec after Formula One took over the event. After 1971, safety concerns led to the Grand Prix moving permanently to Mosport.", "Chuck Daigh Chuck Daigh (November 29, 1923 – April 29, 2008) was an American racing car driver. He broke into Grand Prix racing through Lance Reventlow's Scarab team, through the virtue of being one of the resident engineers. Born in Long Beach, California, he participated in six World Championship Formula One races, debuting on May 29, 1960 and scoring no championship points.", "Cornwall MRC Formula 1 Race The Cornwall MRC Formula 1 Races were three non-championship motor races run according to Formula One rules, held at Davidstow Circuit, in Cornwall, UK. There were two events in 1954 and one the following year, before the circuit ceased to host serious motor racing events. The second of these races marked the first Formula One victory for a Lotus.", "Derek Daly Derek Daly (born 11 March 1953 in Ballinteer, Dublin) is a former racing driver from Ireland. He won the 1977 British Formula Three Championship, and competed as a professional racing driver for 17 years participating in 64 World Championship Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 2 April 1978. He scored a total of 15 championship points. He also participated in several non-Championship Formula One races.", "Eddie Cheever Edward McKay \"Eddie\" Cheever, Jr. (born January 10, 1958) is an American former racing driver who raced for almost 30 years in Formula One, sports cars, CART, and the Indy Racing League. Cheever participated in 143 World Championship Formula One races and started 132, more than any other American, driving for 9 different teams from 1978 through 1989. In 1997, he formed his own IRL team and won the 1998 Indianapolis 500 as both owner and driver. The team now competes in sports cars.", "European Formula Two Championship The European Formula Two Championship was a Formula Two motor racing series that was held between 1967–84. The races were held across Europe, and were contested both by drivers aiming to compete in Formula One in the future as well as current Formula One drivers wishing to practice.", "Felipe Massa Felipe Massa (Portuguese pronunciation: [fiˈlipi ˈmasɐ], born 25 April 1981) is a Brazilian Formula One racing driver who currently drives for Williams. Massa started his career in go-karting from the age of eight continuing in national and regional championships for seven years. He moved into Formula Chevrolet and claimed the championship. He moved in Italian Formula Renault in 2000 and won the title along with the European championship.", "Fritz Glatz Friedrich \"Fritz\" Glatz (July 21, 1943 – July 14, 2002) was an Austrian racing driver from Vienna. He raced under the pseudonyms Pierre Chauvet and Frederico Careca as well as a number of others.Glatz began his career in 1980 racing in the German Formula Three Championship. The following year he drove in that series as well as the European Formula Three Championship and made his European Formula Two Championship debut.", "Gerhard Berger Gerhard Berger (born 27 August 1959) is an Austrian former Formula One racing driver. He competed in Formula One for 14 seasons, twice finishing 3rd overall in the championship (1988 and 1994), both times driving for Ferrari. He won ten Grands Prix, achieved 48 podiums, 12 poles and 21 fastest laps. With 210 starts he is amongst the most experienced Formula One drivers of all time. He led 33 of the 210 races he competed in and retired from 95 of them.", "Grand Prix de la Marne The Grand Prix de la Marne (commonly known as the Marne Grand Prix) was a motor race organized by the Automobile Club de Champagne and staged at the circuit Reims-Gueux on public roads located 7.5 km (4.7 mi) west of the city of Reims in the Marne département of north-eastern France. It proved to be one of the fastest and most prestigious road races in Europe.", "Hideki Noda Hideki Noda (野田 英樹, Noda Hideki, born 7 March 1969) is a professional racing driver from Japan. He participated in three Formula One Grands Prix, debuting in the 1994 European Grand Prix, but did not score any championship points. He replaced Yannick Dalmas in the Larrousse car for the last three Grands Prix of the season, but failed to finish in any of the three races. In 1995, he joined Simtek as a test driver, hoping to get some races in.", "Jan Lammers Johannes \"Jan\" Lammers, (born 2 June 1956 in Zandvoort), is a racing driver and team principal from the Netherlands.In 1979, Lammers made his debut in Formula One driving for Shadow and moved to ATS for 1980. He moved to Ensign mid-way through the season but rejoined ATS for four races in 1981. He joined Theodore for 1982.", "Jenson Button Jenson Alexander Lyons Button, MBE (born 19 January 1980), known as JB, is a British Formula One driver from England currently driving for McLaren. He is the 2009 Formula One World Champion, driving for Brawn GP.Button began karting at the age of eight and achieved early success, before progressing to car racing in the British Formula Ford Championship and the British Formula Three Championship. He first drove in Formula One with Williams F1 for the 2000 season.", "Jos Verstappen Johannes Franciscus \"Jos\" Verstappen (born 4 March 1972), is a Dutch racing driver. He is the most successful Dutch Formula One driver, and has won races in A1 Grand Prix and Le Mans Series LMP2 races. Prior to his F1 début in 1994, he was also the German Formula Three champion and Masters of Formula Three winner in 1993. Verstappen's son, Max, is also a racing driver who made his debut in Formula One in 2015 for the Toro Rosso team.", "Kanonloppet Kanonloppet \"\\the cannon race\") was an annual motor race, run at the Karlskoga Motorstadion in Gelleråsen in the outskirts of Karlskoga, Sweden. The first races were run in 1950 and 1952, and then from 1954 onwards it was an annual event until the last one was held in 1984.", "List of Formula One Grand Prix winners (constructors) Formula One, abbreviated to F1, is the highest class of open wheeled auto racing defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motorsport's world governing body. The \"formula\" in the name refers to a set of rules to which all participants and cars must conform.", "List of Formula One driver records This is a list of driver records in the FIA World Championships, since 1950. Drivers who have competed in the 2015 Formula One season are highlighted in bold.This page is accurate as of the 2015 Japanese Grand Prix.", "List of Formula One drivers Formula One, abbreviated to F1, is the highest class of open-wheeled auto racing defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motorsport's world governing body. The \"formula\" in the name refers to a set of rules to which all participants and cars must conform. The F1 world championship season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held usually on purpose-built circuits, and in a few cases on closed city streets.", "Marc Gené Marc Gené i Guerrero (born 29 March 1974) is a Spanish professional racing driver. He is best known as a tester for Williams and Ferrari in Formula One, Minardi Formula One driver and factory driver for Peugeot's Le Mans team, with which he won the 2009 24 Hours of Le Mans.", "Masten Gregory Masten Gregory (February 29, 1932 − November 8, 1985) was a racing driver from the United States. He raced in Formula One between 1957 and 1965, participating in 43 World Championship races, and numerous non-Championship races.", "Masters of Formula 3 The Masters of Formula 3 is a Formula Three race held annually, usually at the Circuit Park Zandvoort in the Netherlands. Due to noise restrictions in the Zandvoort area, the 2007 and 2008 races were held in the Belgian circuit of Zolder. However, it returned to Zandvoort for the 2009 race.The Masters was first started in 1991, as an international meeting between drivers from various national championships across Europe.", "Michael Schumacher Michael Schumacher (German pronunciation: [ˈmɪçaʔɛl ˈʃuːmaxɐ]; born 3 January 1969) is a retired German racing driver. He is a seven-time Formula One World Champion and is widely regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers of all time. He was named Laureus World Sportsman of the Year twice. He won two titles with Benetton in 1994 and 1995. After his second title he moved to Ferrari for which he drove eleven years.", "Michele Alboreto Michele Alboreto (23 December 1956 – 25 April 2001) was an Italian racing driver. He is famous for finishing runner up to Alain Prost in the 1985 Formula One World Championship, as well as winning the 1997 24 Hours of Le Mans and 2001 12 Hours of Sebring sports car races.", "Mike Thackwell Michael Thackwell (born 30 March 1961 in Papakura, Auckland, New Zealand ) is a former racing driver, who participated in a number of prominent racing categories, including Formula One. The third youngest driver ever to qualify for a Grand Prix, he participated in five of them, making his first start on 28 September 1980 at the Canadian Grand Prix. He scored no championship points.", "Patrick Depailler Patrick André Eugène Joseph Depailler (9 August 1944 – 1 August 1980) was a racing driver from France. He participated in 95 World Championship Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 2 July 1972. He also participated in several non-Championship Formula One races.Depailler was born in Clermont-Ferrand, Puy-de-Dôme. As a child, he was inspired by Jean Behra.", "Peter Gethin Peter Kenneth Gethin (21 February 1940 in Ewell, Surrey, United Kingdom – 5 December 2011) was a British racing driver from England. He participated in 31 World Championship Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 21 June 1970. He won the 1971 Italian Grand Prix in the fastest average speed in Formula One history, but this was his only podium finish.", "Ricardo Zunino Ricardo Héctor Zunino (born 13 April 1949 in San Juan) is a former racing driver from Argentina who participated in Formula One from 1979 to 1981. He competed in 11 World Championship races and two non-Championship Formula One races, the 1980 Spanish Grand Prix and 1981 South African Grand Prix.At the 1979 Canadian Grand Prix, he replaced Niki Lauda at Brabham after the Austrian abruptly quit the team and Formula One.", "Rome Grand Prix The Rome Grand Prix, also known as the Premio Reale di Roma (1925–1932) and Gran Premio di Roma (1947–1991), was an automobile race held in Rome, Italy from 1925 until 1991.Through the years a number of different regulations and circuits were used, with the majority being Formula Two races at the ACI Vallelunga Circuit.", "Ronnie Peterson Bengt Ronnie Peterson (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈrɔni ˈpɛtɛˈʂon]; 14 February 1944 – 11 September 1978) was a Swedish racing driver. Known by the nickname 'SuperSwede', he was a two-time runner-up in the FIA Formula One World Drivers' Championship.Peterson began his motor racing career in kart racing, traditionally the discipline where the majority of race drivers begin their careers in open-wheel racing.", "South African Grand Prix The South African Grand Prix was first run as a Grand Prix motor racing handicap race in 1934 at the Prince George Circuit at East London, Eastern Cape Province. It drew top drivers from Europe including Bernd Rosemeyer, Richard \"Dick\" Seaman, Richard Shuttleworth and the 1939 winner Luigi Villoresi.World War II brought an end to the race, but it was revived in 1960 as part of the Formula One circuit, entering the World Championship calendar two years later.", "Speedway Grand Prix of Austria The Speedway Grand Prix of Austria was a speedway event that was a part of the Speedway Grand Prix Series.", "Tomas Kaiser Tomas Kaiser (born December 2, 1956) is a Swedish former racing driver from Saelen.Kaiser began his career racing Formula Fords. In 1979 he raced in the European Formula Three Championship and British Formula Three Championship. In 1980 he finished fourth in the Swedish Formula Three Championship and competed in 1 race each in the British, European, and German F3 series. In 1981 he finished third in Swedish F3 and maintained a similar part-time schedule in the other series.", "Wilson Fittipaldi Júnior Wilson Fittipaldi Júnior (born December 25, 1943, São Paulo, Brazil) is a Brazilian former racing driver and Formula One team owner. He participated in 38 World Championship Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on May 1, 1972, scoring a total of three championship points. He ran the Fittipaldi Formula One team between 1974 and 1982. He also participated in numerous non-Championship Formula One races." ]

[ "A Cowboy's Work Is Never Done \"A Cowboy's Work is Never Done\" is a song by pop duo Sonny and Cher from their album All I Ever Need Is You, written by Sonny Bono. It was released as a single in 1972 and peaked at #8 on the US Billboard Hot 100. Billboard ranked it at No. 70 on the 1972 year-end singles chart.", "All I Ever Need Is You (1971 Sonny & Cher album) All I Ever Need Is You is the fourth studio album by American pop duo Sonny & Cher, released in 1971 by Kapp/MCA Records. The album reached number 14 on the Billboard chart and was certified Gold for the sales of 500,000 copies.", "All I Ever Need Is You (1990 Sonny & Cher album) All I Ever Need Is You is the fifth compilation album by American pop rock duo Sonny & Cher, released in 1990 by Universal/MCA Records.", "All I Ever Need Is You (song) \"All I Ever Need Is You\" is a popular song written by Jimmy Holiday and Eddie Reeves and recorded by Ray Charles for his 1971 album The Volcanic Action of My Soul. The most well-known version of the song is the hit single from Sonny and Cher. It reached number seven on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. It is their single of greatest longevity, spending 15 weeks on that chart.\"All I Ever Need Is You\" also topped the Easy Listening chart for five weeks late in 1971.", "Baby Don't Go For the 2007 Fabolous song, see Baby Don't Go (Fabolous \"ong)\\Baby Don't Go\" is a song written by Sonny Bono and recorded by Sonny & Cher. It was first released on Reprise Records in 1964 and was a minor regional hit. Then following the duo's big success with \"I Got You Babe\" in the summer of 1965, \"Baby Don't Go\" was re-released by Reprise later that year and became another huge hit for Sonny & Cher, reaching the top ten in the U.S.", "Baby Don't Go – Sonny & Cher and Friends Baby Don't Go – Sonny & Cher and Friends is a compilation album released by Reprise Records credited to Sonny & Cher. While signed to Reprise in 1964, the duo recorded and released various unsuccessful singles under the name \"Caesar & Cleo\", before moving to Atco Records in 1965.", "But You're Mine \"But You're Mine\" is a pop song written by Sonny Bono and recorded by Sonny & Cher. The song reached its peak of popularity in 1965, when it charted in the USA and the United Kingdom.The lyrics make reference to a hippie couple who do not fit into the larger society to which they belong, but who are still happy because they have each other.", "Chaz Bono Chaz Salvatore Bono (born Chastity Sun Bono, March 4, 1969) is an American advocate, writer, musician and actor. He is the only child of American entertainers Sonny and Cher.Bono is a transgender man. In 1995, several years after being outed as lesbian by the tabloid press, he publicly self-identified as such in a cover story in a leading American gay monthly magazine, The Advocate, eventually going on to discuss the process of coming out to oneself and to others in two books.", "Cher Cher (/ˈʃɛər/; born Cherilyn Sarkisian on May 20, 1946) is an American singer, actress, and fashion icon.", "Cher albums discography American entertainer Cher has released 25 studio albums, nine compilation albums, three soundtrack albums, and one live album. In 1964 Cher signed a recording contract with Imperial Records, a label owned by Liberty Records. After the success of her first major single, Bob Dylan's \"All I Really Want to Do\" she and her then-husband Sonny Bono worked on her first album All I Really Want to Do released in 1965.", "Cher filmography Cher is an American pop singer-songwriter, actor, director and record producer. Cher has appeared mainly in comedy, drama, and romance films. She has appeared in thirteen films, including two as a cameo. She has also appeared in one starring theater role, numerous television commercials and directed a piece of the motion picture If These Walls Could Talk in 1996 and some of her music videos of the Geffen-era in late 1980s and in early 1990s.", "Chér (1966 album) Chér is the eponymous third studio album by American singer-actress Cher, released on October 1966 by Imperial. Cher collaborates again with Sonny Bono, with Harold Battiste and with Stan Ross. The album is by-and-large a covers album and contains only one song written by Bono. This album was a moderate commercial success, charted #59 on the Billboard Chart.", "Foxy Lady (Cher album) Foxy Lady is the eighth studio album by American singer-actress Cher, released in July 1972 by Kapp Records. Following the commercial success of the previous album Gypsies, Tramps & Thieves, Cher again collaborated with Snuff Garrett (producer), Al Capp (arrangements) and her then husband Sonny Bono (co-producer). Foxy Lady was also the second and last record for Kapp.", "Greatest Hits (Sonny & Cher album) Greatest Hits is the fourth compilation album by American pop rock duo Sonny & Cher, released in 1974 by MCA Records.", "I Got You Babe \"I Got You Babe\" is a 1965 song written by Sonny Bono, the first single from the first album, Look at Us, of the American pop music duo Sonny & Cher. In August of that year the single spent three weeks at #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States where it sold more than 1 million copies and was certified Gold. It also reached #1 in the United Kingdom and Canada. In 2011, the song was named as one of the greatest duets of all times by both Billboard and Rolling Stone magazine.", "In Case You're in Love In Case You're in Love is the third studio album by American pop duo Sonny & Cher, released in 1967 by Atco Records.", "Just You Just You is a song by US singing duo Sonny and Cher, first released in April 1965. It was recorded in January of that year, and was the first single which they released on the ATCO label; before that time they had been under contract to Reprise Records. The song initially did not chart but in the slipstream of the I Got You Babe success it was rereleased and reached a respectable #20 on the US singles chart.", "Laugh at Me \"Laugh At Me\" was Sonny Bono's only hit song as a solo artist under the name Sonny. The song was released in 1965 and reached #1 in Canada on the RPM national singles chart (to be knocked off the top spot the following week his own Sonny & Cher single, \"Baby Don't Go\"). It peaked at #10 in the U.S. and at #9 in the United Kingdom. Thus, Sonny hit the Top 10 in all three countries as a solo artist before Cher.", "Little Man (Sonny & Cher song) Little Man is a hit single by the pop duo Sonny and Cher released in 1966 from their third studio album In Case You're In Love. It became one of their biggest hits, reaching number #1 on the singles charts in various European countries.", "Look at Us Look at Us is the debut album by American pop duo Sonny & Cher, released in 1965 by Atco Records. The album reached #2 on the Billboard chart and was certified Gold for the sales of 500,000 copies.", "Mama Was a Rock and Roll Singer, Papa Used to Write All Her Songs Mama Was a Rock and Roll Singer, Papa Used to Write All Her Songs is the fifth and final studio album by American pop duo Sonny & Cher, released in 1974 by MCA Records.", "Sonny & Cher's Greatest Hits Sonny & Cher's Greatest Hits is the second compilation album by American pop duo Sonny & Cher, released in 1968 by Atlantic/Atco Records.", "Sonny & Cher Sonny & Cher were an American pop music duo, actors, singers and entertainers made up of husband-and-wife Sonny and Cher Bono in the 1960s and 1970s. The couple started their career in the mid-1960s as R&B backing singers for record producer Phil Spector.The pair first achieved fame with two hit songs in 1965, \"Baby Don't Go\" and \"I Got You Babe\".", "Sonny & Cher Live Sonny & Cher Live is the first live album by American pop duo Sonny & Cher, released in 1971 by Kapp/MCA Records. The album reached #35 on the Billboard chart and was certified Gold for the sales of 500,000 copies.", "Sonny & Cher discography The discography of American Pop rock duo, Sonny & Cher consists of five studio albums, four compilation albums, one soundtrack album, two live albums and twenty-one singles. Sonny and Cher had released three albums and one single which achieved Gold status in the United States, those being: Look At Us, Sonny & Cher Live, All I Ever Need Is You and I Got You babe.", "Sonny & Cher dolls The Sonny & Cher dolls were a collection of 12-¼ inch high celebrity doll likenesses of pop rock duo Sonny & Cher.The line was released by Mego Corporation in 1976. The release of these fashion dolls coincided with the popularity of The Sonny & Cher Show prime time variety TV show.", "Sonny Bono Salvatore Phillip \"Sonny\" Bono (/ˈboʊnoʊ/; February 16, 1935 – January 5, 1998) was an American recording artist and producer, who came to fame in partnership with his second wife Cher, as the popular singing duo Sonny & Cher.", "Supercouple A supercouple or super couple (also known as a power couple) is a popular or wealthy pairing that intrigues and fascinates the public in an intense or obsessive fashion.", "Take Me Home Tour Take Me Home Tour may refer to:Take Me Home Tour (Cher)Take Me Home Tour (One Direction)__DISAMBIG__", "The Beat Goes On: The Best of Sonny & Cher The Beat Goes On: The Best of Sonny & Cher is the sixth compilation album by American pop rock duo Sonny & Cher, released in 1991 by Atco/Atlantic Records.", "The Beat Goes On (Sonny & Cher song) \"The Beat Goes On\" is a Billboard Hot 100 Top 10 hit song written by Sonny Bono and recorded by Sonny & Cher. It was issued as a single and appeared on their 1967 album In Case You're In Love. It entered the Billboard Hot 100 chart on January 14, 1967, peaking at #6.", "The Best of Sonny & Chér The Best Of Sonny & Chér is the first compilation album by American pop duo Sonny & Cher, released in 1967 by Atlantic/Atco Records. It is one of their best selling albums in the US, reaching number #23 and spending 64 weeks on the Billboard albums chart.", "The Definitive Pop Collection (Sonny & Cher album) The Definitive Pop Collection is the seventh compilation album by American pop rock duo Sonny & Cher, released in 2006 by Rhino Records.", "The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour is an American variety show starring American pop-singer Cher and her husband Sonny Bono. The show ran on CBS in the United States, when it premiered in August 1971. The show was canceled May 1974, due to the couple's divorce, though the duo would reunite in 1976 for the identically-formatted The Sonny & Cher Show (a title sporadically used during the run of the Comedy Hour), which ran until 1977.", "The Sonny Side of Chér The Sonny Side of Chér is the second studio album by American singer-actress Cher, released on April, 1966 by Imperial, as her second album, Cher again collaborated with Sonny Bono and Harold Battiste. The album is by-and-large a covers album and contains two songs written by Bono. The title of the album is a pun on the name of Cher's first husband Sonny Bono. After its release, the album garnered positive reviews from critics. The album was Cher's second successful album of the sixties.", "The Two of Us (Sonny & Cher album) The Two of Us is the third compilation album by American rock duo Sonny & Cher, released in 1972 by Atco Records.", "The Very Best of Cher The Very Best of Cher is the eighth compilation album by American singer-actress Cher, released on April 1, 2003. The album includes many of Cher's most popular songs, such as \"If I Could Turn Back Time\", \"Believe\", \"Gypsies, Tramps and Thieves\" and \"Take Me Home\". It debuted at number seven on the Billboard 200 albums chart and later reached at number four on the issue date of May 17. As of November 2011, the album had sold 2.8 million copies in the United States.", "The Wondrous World of Sonny & Chér The Wondrous World Of Sonny & Chér is the second studio album by American pop duo Sonny & Cher, released in 1966 by Atco Records.", "Where Do You Go (Cher song) \"Where Do You Go\" is a song written by Sonny Bono. It was released as the first single by Cher in the later quarter of 1965 for her second album The Sonny Side of Cher. It fell short of the Billboard Hot 100's top 20, but still earned Cher a moderate success, by reaching the Top 40. It was followed by the U.S. #2 smash hit \"Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)\" which saw a release early the following year. It was a bigger hit in Canada, where it reached #5 on the singles chart." ]

[ "Cher singles discography American entertainer Cher has released seventy-nine official singles, fifteen promotional singles and appeared in eleven other songs.", "The Sonny Comedy Revue The Sonny Comedy Revue, starring Sonny Bono, was a variety show that aired on ABC in the early 1970s for one season. It was his first solo effort after the end of his marriage to Cher and the resulting cancellation of their variety show The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour.", "With Love, Chér With Love, Chér is the fourth album by American singer-actress Cher, released on November 1967 by Imperial Records. The album was a moderate commercial success and reached #48 on the Billboard Chart.", "Good Times (soundtrack) Good Times is the first soundtrack album by American pop duo Sonny & Cher, released in 1967 by Atlantic/Atco Records in conjunction with the film of the same name.", "Live in Las Vegas Vol. 2 Live In Las Vegas Vol. 2 is the second live album by American pop duo Sonny & Cher, released in 1974 by Kapp/MCA Records.", "Good Times (film) Good Times is a 1967 American musical comedy film starring Sonny & Cher. The film marks the directorial debut of William Friedkin, who later directed The French Connection and The Exorcist.", "Living in a House Divided \"Living in a House Divided\" is a song by American singer-actress Cher, released as the lead single from her album Foxy Lady. The song's lyrics discuss the separation of a couple, as a rather poignant descriptor of Cher's marriage to then-husband, Sonny. Due to Cher's feelings of resentment over Sonny's control of both her life and her career, their marriage soured.", "Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down) \"Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)\" is the second single by American singer-actress Cher from her second studio album The Sonny Side of Chér. The song was written by Cher's then-husband Sonny Bono and released in 1966. The song reached number three in the UK Singles Chart and number two on the Billboard Hot 100 for a single week (trapped behind (You're My) Soul and Inspiration by The Righteous Brothers), eventually becoming one of Cher's biggest selling singles of the 1960s.", "List of Cher concert tours This is a list of concert tours by Cher, an American singer-actress. Since 1979, Cher as solo, has embarked on six worldwide concert tours performing in North America, Europe, Australia and Asia. Cher's first live concert performance was with her ex-husband Sonny Bono in 1966 at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles.In 1979, Cher started her first solo concert tour, the Take Me Home Tour, with performances in Europa and North America in 1979.", "All I Really Want to Do (album) All I Really Want to Do is the debut solo album by American singer and actress Cher and was released on October 16, 1965 by Imperial Records. The album was produced for Cher by her husband and singing partner, Sonny Bono, with contributions from arranger Harold Battiste. The album is by-and-large a collection of cover versions but does contain three songs written by Bono. Upon its release, the album was well received by critics and garnered positive reviews.", "Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves (album) Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves (originally titled Cher) is the seventh studio album by American singer-actress Cher, released on September 1971 by Kapp Records. For this album, Cher left her husband Sonny Bono to produce the album, and for the first time she collaborated with Snuff Garrett and with Al Capps for the arrangements. The album was retitled after the success of the single of the same name. It received positive reviews from critics, and RIAA certified it Gold on July 2, 1972.", "Half-Breed (album) Half-Breed is the tenth studio album by American singer-actress Cher, released on October 27, 1973 by MCA. For the production of the album Cher returned with Snuff Garrett and Al Capps. Half-Breed was the second record for MCA and also promoted on her successful The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour show. After its release, the album faced mixed reviews from critics, and the RIAA certified it Gold on March 4, 1974. The album was her second solo album to receive a certification by RIAA.", "TV2 Stars TV2 Stars is a one-off collection of New Zealand celebrities who appeared on programmes featured in TV2 in 2000. Together they sang a rendition of Sonny & Cher's I Got You Babe, renamed I Got 2 Babe.TVNZ used the song as their adverts throughout 2000-2001, as well as releasing the single.", "Chastity (film) Chastity is a 1969 road movie drama, directed by Alessio de Paola and starring American singer-actress Cher, in her first solo film role. Written and produced by Cher's then-husband, Sonny Bono, as a star vehicle for her, it flopped badly and deterred Cher from acting in films for more than a decade.", "Bittersweet White Light Bittersweet White Light was the ninth studio album by American singer Cher. The album was released in April 1973 by MCA. It was the last solo Cher album to be produced by then-performing partner and husband Sonny Bono. While many fans consider the album to be her best vocal performance, Bittersweet White Light, composed mostly of covers of American pop standards, was Cher's first commercial failure of the 1970s. It was Cher's first record released only by MCA, both in the UK and the US.", "You Better Sit Down Kids \"You Better Sit Down Kids'\" is a major hit single release by American singer/actress Cher in 1967 from her fourth studio album With Love, Chér, released on November 1967 by Imperial Records. The song was written by her then-husband, Sonny Bono, and reached #9 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #12 in Canada.", "Cher (1987 album) Cher is the 18th studio album by American singer-actress Cher, released on November 10, 1987 by Geffen Records.", "I Feel Something in the Air \"I Feel Something in The Air\" is a song written and produced by Sonny Bono that was released as the second single from Cher's third album \"Cher\" in 1966.\"I Feel Something in The Air\" became a minor hit by peaking at number 43 on the UK Singles Chart. However, it failed to reach the U.S. charts. The songs controversial topic, which was unwanted pregnancy, may have been a factor in the songs disappointing sales. The song was also known, and released as \"Magic In The Air\" in some places.", "Steve Martin filmography The following is the filmography for actor and comedian Steve Martin. He is best known for his roles in the films The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour (1968–1969), The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour (1971–1973), Sgt.", "Sonny & Brownie Sonny & Brownie is an album by the blues musicians Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee. It was recorded at the Paramount Recording Studios (in Hollywood, California, United States) in 1973, and re-released in 1988 with digital remastering by Rudy Van Gelder at the Van Gelder Recording Studio.", "Wild on the Beach Wild on the Beach is a 1965 beach party film directed by Maury Dexter. It is notable for the musical acts showcased onscreen, being the film debut of Sonny & Cher in particular. In addition, it is distinguished as being one of the few films in the genre to be filmed in black and white.Although some sources state that the film was also released under the title Beach House Party, to date no prints or posters have surfaced with such a title.", "Cher (TV series) Cher is an American variety show that premiered on CBS in 1975. It was hosted by singer-actress, Cher. The show had many famous musical guests. It followed a TV special featuring Elton John, Bette Midler, and Flip Wilson as guests. Cher premiered at 7.30pm on Sunday, February 16, 1975 and finished the season ranked 1st among variety shows and 22nd among all programs, with a 21.3 average household share.", "Crosby & Nash In addition to solo careers and within the larger aggregate of Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, the musical team of David Crosby and Graham Nash have performed and recorded regularly as a duo, mostly during the 1970s and the 2000s.", "Sonny and his Wild Cows Rhythm and blues band from Budapest, Hungary, founded in 2002, one of the very few bands who's performing this style in Europe today.", "Charenton-du-Cher Charenton-du-Cher is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre region of France.", "Sonny Curtis Sonny Curtis (born May 9, 1937) is an American singer and songwriter. Most of his work falls into the pop and country genres. He was a teenage pal and band member with Buddy Holly in Lubbock, Texas. Sonny is his actual first name, not a nickname.", "Sonny Til Sonny Til (the stage name of Earlington Carl Tilghman) (August 18, 1928 – December 9, 1981) was an American singer. He was the lead singer of The Orioles, a vocal group from Baltimore, Maryland, inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995.By 1960 Til was the only original member left. He led the Orioles from its establishment until his death in 1981 of heart failure, complicated by diabetes.", "Sonny King (singer) Sonny King (April 1, 1922 – February 3, 2006) was an American lounge singer of Italian descent.He was born as Luigi Antonio Schiavone on April 1, 1922 in Brooklyn, New York. He was the sidekick of Jimmy Durante for 28 years until Durante's death in 1980. They appeared together on The Ed Sullivan Show five times in the 1960s.", "The Cake The Cake are a 1960s girl group made up of Jeanette Jacobs, Barbara Morillo and Eleanor Barooshian. They were managed and produced by Greene & Stone, two Sunset Strip impresarios who also managed Sonny & Cher, Buffalo Springfield and Iron Butterfly.", "Dark Lady (album) Dark Lady is the 11th studio album by American singer-actress Cher, released in May 1974 by MCA. Cher again collaborated with Snuff Garrett as a record producer, and with Al Capps for the arrangements. Dark Lady was the third and final studio album for MCA. It was also the last record promoted on her successful The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour show. After its release, the album received positive reviews from critics but, unlike her previous record produced by Garrett, was only moderately successful.", "Sonny Stitt Plays Sonny Stitt Plays (also referred to as Sonny Stitt, Sonny Stitt, Sonny Stitt, Sonny Stitt, Sonny Stitt) is an album by saxophonist Sonny Stitt recorded in 1955 and originally released on the Roost label.", "Dear Mom, Love Cher Dear Mom, Love Cher is a 2013 American television documentary about Georgia Holt, the mother of singer and actress Cher. The film recounts Cher's family history and features in-depth interviews with her, Holt, Holt's other daughter Georganne LaPiere, and Holt's grandchildren, from Cher, Chaz Bono and Elijah Blue Allman. It premiered on Lifetime on May 6, 2013. The worldwide VOD/DVD release was on September 24, 2013, the same release date as Cher's 25th studio album, Closer to the Truth. P." ]

[ "Central Iowa Power Cooperative Central Iowa Power Cooperative or CIPCO is Iowa's largest cooperative energy provider that generates and transmits power to its member owners. It includes 12 rural and one municipal electric cooperatives which are all located within the state of Iowa.", "Corn Belt Power Cooperative Corn Belt Power Cooperative is a generation and transmission electric cooperative in northern Iowa. It currently supplies to 12 of its member cooperatives in 28 counties in northern Iowa. It owns and maintains a coal-fired plant and a gas combustion turbine generator and is one of the owners of the Duane Arnold Energy Center. The Cooperative also has access to renewable energy sources such as wind and hydroelectric power.", "Crystal Lake Wind Farm Crystal Lake Wind Farm is an electricity generating wind farm facility in Winnebago and Hancock County, Iowa, United States. It is owned by a subsidiary of Florida-based Next Era and began operations in 2008. With the completion of phase 3 of the project it has a generating capacity of 416 megawatts. It is located roughly five miles from Britt, Iowa, and is on the edge of Crystal Lake, which the wind farm is named after.", "Duane Arnold Energy Center The Duane Arnold Energy Center (DAEC) is located on a 500-acre (200 ha) site on the west bank of the Cedar River, two miles (3.2 km) north-northeast of Palo, Iowa, USA, or eight miles (13 km) northwest of Cedar Rapids. It is Iowa's only nuclear power plant.DAEC entered operation in June 1974.", "Energy storage Energy storage is accomplished by devices or physical media that store energy to perform useful processes at a later time. A device that stores energy is sometimes called an accumulator.Many forms of energy produce useful work, heating or cooling to meet societal needs. These energy forms include chemical energy, gravitational potential energy, electrical potential, electricity, temperature differences, latent heat, and kinetic energy.", "Iowa Energy The Iowa Energy are an American professional basketball team based in Des Moines, Iowa. It is an affiliate of the Memphis Grizzlies. They play in the Eastern Conference in the NBA Development League (NBA D-League), a minor league basketball organization owned and run by the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Energy play their home games at the Wells Fargo Arena. They broke the D-league attendance record on their first ever home game with 8,842 fans.", "MidAmerican Energy Building Mid-American Energy Building is a high-rise office building located in the downtown Davenport, Iowa. The building was designed by Shive-Hattery Engineers & Architects and built by Iowa-Illinois Gas and Electric Company in 1995. It is a 9-story office building that stands on top of a six story parking ramp. The building stands 220 feet (67 m), and is the second tallest building in the city after the Wells Fargo Bank Building.", "Solar power in Iowa Solar power in Iowa on rooftops can provide 20% of all electricity used in Iowa. A 2012 estimate suggests that a 5 kW array will pay for itself in utility savings in 18 years, and generate a profit of $12,000 thereafter. On June 7, 2012, Sky Factory in Fairfield became the first company in the state to generate all of their electricity from solar power, with the installation of a 54 kW 3500 sq. ft. solar array.", "Story County Wind Farm The Story County Wind Farm is a 300 megawatt wind energy farm in Iowa, half of which went online in November 2008 and the other half went online in December 2009. It can be seen when driving toward Ames on Highway 30.", "Wind power in Iowa Making up more than 25% of the state's generated electricity, Iowa is a leading U.S. state in wind power generation. The development of wind power in Iowa began with a state law, enacted in 1983, requiring investor owned utilities purchase 105 MW of power from wind generation." ]

[ "2003 Iowa highway jurisdictional transfer On July 1, 2003, the Iowa Department of Transportation transferred control of more than 700 miles (1,100 km) of highway to county and local governments in order to save money and to increase operational efficiency. Most of the highways turned over were short spurs connecting small, rural communities and state parks to the highway system.", "2007 NBA Development League Expansion Draft The 2007 NBA Development League Expansion Draft was the second expansion draft of the National Basketball Association Development League (NBADL). The draft was held on September 5, 2007, so that the newly founded Rio Grande Valley Vipers, Fort Wayne Mad Ants, Utah Flash and Iowa Energy could acquire players for the upcoming 2007–08 season.", "2010–11 NBA Development League season The 2010–11 NBA Development League season is the tenth season of the NBA Development League (NBA D-League). The NBA D-League is the official minor league basketball organization owned and run by the National Basketball Association (NBA). The league was formed in 2001 as the National Basketball Development League (NBDL). The league adopted its current name in 2005 to reflect its close affiliation with the NBA.", "2011 Iowa Barnstormers season The 2011 Iowa Barnstormers season was the 11th season for the franchise, and the 7th in the Arena Football League. The team was coached by J. T. Smith, who took over as interim head coach on May 17 after John Gregory resigned. The Barnstormers played their home games at Wells Fargo Arena.", "Adam Haluska Adam Haluska (born November 16, 1983) is an American former professional basketball player.", "Alliant Energy Alliant Energy Corporation is a public utility holding company that incorporated in Madison, Wisconsin in 1981. It consists of four subsidiaries: Interstate Power and Light Company (IPL) is a public utility that generates and distributes electricity and distributes and transports natural gas in Iowa. Wisconsin Power and Light Company (WPL) provides similar services as IPL in southern and central Wisconsin.", "Ames Laboratory Ames Laboratory is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory located in Ames, Iowa and affiliated with Iowa State University. The Laboratory conducts research into various areas of national concern, including the synthesis and study of new materials, energy resources, high-speed computer design, and environmental cleanup and restoration.", "Ashford University Field Ashford University Field is a stadium in Clinton, Iowa. It is primarily used for baseball, and is the home field of the Clinton LumberKings minor league baseball team of the Midwest League. It was built in 1937 and its capacity is 4,000 fans.", "Bakken pipeline The Bakken Pipeline is a 1,134 mile long underground oil pipeline project for highly volatile and flammable crude oil from the Bakken oil fields in Northwest North Dakota, through South Dakota, Iowa and to end in Patoka, Illinois, which Dakota Access, LLC, a subsidiary of the Dallas, Texas corporation Energy Transfer Partners, L.P. is planning.", "Berkshire Hathaway Energy Berkshire Hathaway Energy (previously known as MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company until 2014) is a holding company that is 89.8% owned by Berkshire Hathaway. Berkshire has owned a controlling stake since 1999.Gregory E. Abel serves as president, chairman and CEO. David L. Sokol was CEO until 2008. Until 2014, it was known as MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company from its root as MidAmerican Energy Company; it took on the name of its parent to reflect the diversity of its portfolio.", "Bob Donewald, Jr. Bob Donewald Jr. is an American basketball coach, currently serving as head coach of the Iowa Energy. He was an NBA assistant with the New Orleans Hornets and Cleveland Cavaliers from 2001 to 2004, and an ABA (American Basketball Association) head coach from 2004-2005. He is the son of Bob Donewald, Sr., a retired American college basketball head coach.", "Bruce Wilson (basketball) Bruce Wilson (born October 19, 1954) is the Director for the West Region of Special Olympics Iowa. Previously he served as an assistant coach for Iowa Energy of the NBA Development League.", "Compressed air energy storage Compressed air energy storage is a way to store energy generated at one time for use at another time using compressed air. At utility scale, energy generated during periods of low energy demand (off-peak) can be released to meet higher demand (peak load) periods. Small scale systems have long been used in such applications as propulsion of mine locomotives.", "Conard Environmental Research Area The Henry S. Conard Environmental Research Area (CERA) is a protected environmental research facility at 41°41′00″N 92°51′52″W outside Kellogg, Iowa. The 365-acre (148 ha) facility is owned and operated by Grinnell College for class use in the study of ecology and student and faculty research. The preserve is named for Henry S. Conard, a bryologist and ecologist who long served as the chair of the college's Department of Botany.", "Conservation of energy In physics, the law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant—it is said to be conserved over time. Energy can be neither created nor be destroyed, but it transforms from one form to another, for instance chemical energy can be converted to kinetic energy in the explosion of a stick of dynamite.A consequence of the law of conservation of energy is that a perpetual motion machine of the first kind cannot exist.", "Curtis Stinson Curtis Stinson (born February 15, 1983) is an American professional basketball player. He played college basketball at Iowa State University.", "Dave Loebsack David Wayne \"Dave\" Loebsack (born December 23, 1952) is the U.S. Representative for Iowa's 2nd congressional district, serving since 2007. He is a member of the Democratic Party. The district includes such cities as Davenport, Iowa City, Clinton and Ottumwa. Prior to entering Congress, he was a professor of political science.", "Des Moines, Iowa Des Moines /dɨˈmɔɪn/ is the capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Iowa. It is also the county seat of Polk County. A small portion of the city extends into Warren County. It was incorporated on September 22, 1851, as Fort Des Moines which was shortened to \"Des Moines\" in 1857. It is named after the Des Moines River, which may have been adapted from the French Rivière des Moines, meaning \"River of the Monks\". The city's population was 203,433 as of the 2010 census.", "Diante Garrett Diante Maurice Garrett (born November 3, 1988) is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for Maccabi Ashdod of the Israeli Basketball Premier League. He played college basketball for Iowa State University.", "Doug Thomas Douglas Kim Thomas II (born September 20, 1983) is an American professional basketball player who last played for the Mississauga Power of the National Basketball League of Canada (NBL). He has played professionally in Venezuela, Mexico, Sweden, and the Philippines. In 2011, he was invited to the San Antonio Spurs training camp.Thomas was a member of the Iowa Hawkeyes where he won the Big-10 Conference Sixth Man of the Year.", "Earthpark Earthpark is a proposed best-in-class educational facility with indoor rain forest and aquarium elements, and a mission of \"inspiring generations to learn from the natural world.\" It was previously called the Environmental Project.Earthpark was to be located around Lake Red Rock, near the town of Pella, Iowa. In December 2007, federal funding from the U.S. Department of Energy for the Pella location was rescinded.", "Efficient energy use Efficient energy use, sometimes simply called energy efficiency, is the goal to reduce the amount of energy required to provide products and services. For example, insulating a home allows a building to use less heating and cooling energy to achieve and maintain a comfortable temperature. Installing fluorescent lights , LED lights or natural skylights reduces the amount of energy required to attain the same level of illumination compared with using traditional incandescent light bulbs.", "Electrical energy Electrical energy is the energy newly derived from electric potential energy. When loosely used to describe energy absorbed or delivered by an electrical circuit (for example, one provided by an electric power utility) \"electrical energy\" talks about energy which has been converted from electrical potential energy. This energy is supplied by the combination of electric current and electrical potential that is delivered by the circuit.", "Energy In physics, energy is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms, but cannot be created or destroyed. The \"ability of a system to perform work\" is a common description, but it is difficult to give one single comprehensive definition of energy because of its many forms.", "Energy (esotericism) The term energy is used by writers and practitioners of various esoteric forms of spirituality and alternative medicine to refer to a variety of phenomena. There is no scientific evidence for the existence of such energy. Therapies that purport to use, modify, or manipulate unknown energies are thus among the most contentious of all complementary and alternative medicines. Claims related to energy therapies are most often anecdotal, rather than being based on repeatable empirical evidence.", "Energy Manufacturing Co. Inc Energy Manufacturing Co., Inc. is an American manufacturing company based in Monticello, Iowa. Established in 1944, the company produces a variety of hydraulic cylinders, hydraulic pumps, valves, and power systems.", "Energy balance (energy economics) Energy balance in terms of energy economics is concerned with all processes within an organization, that have an reference to energy. It derives from the ecobalance and has the ambition to analyze and verify the emergence, transformation and use of energy resources in an organization in detail. Energy balances serve as a major statistical data base for energy policy and energy management decisions.", "Energy conservation Energy conservation refers to reducing energy consumption through using less of an energy service. Energy conservation differs from efficient energy use, which refers to using less energy for a constant service. For example, driving less is an example of energy conservation. Driving the same amount with a higher mileage vehicle is an example of energy efficiency.", "Energy development Energy development is a field of endeavor focused on making available sufficient primary energy sources and secondary energy forms to meet the needs of society. These endeavors encompass those which provide for the production of conventional, alternative and renewable sources of energy, and for the recovery and reuse of energy that would otherwise be wasted.", "Energy homeostasis In biology, energy homeostasis, or energy balance, is an aspect of bioenergetics concerning the energy flow through living systems, by the process of metabolism. Energy homeostasis involves the human body using chemical and neural signals to adjust the amount of energy flows; and to regulate caloric intake by signaling the brain to regulate the sensation of hunger. Fifty percent of the energy from glucose metabolism is immediately converted to heat.", "Energy management Energy management includes planning and operation of energy production and energy consumption units. Objectives are resource conservation, climate protection and cost savings, while the users have permanent access to the energy they need. It is connected closely to environmental management, production management, logistics and other established business functions.", "Energy policy of China The energy policy of China is a policy decided on by the Central Government with regard to energy and energy resources. Ensuring adequate energy supply to sustain economic growth has been a core concern of the Chinese government since 1949. The country is currently the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases according to a Dutch research agency. However, China's per capita emissions are still far behind some of the developed countries.", "Energy policy of the United States The energy policy of the United States is determined by federal, state and local entities in the United States, which address issues of energy production, distribution, and consumption, such as building codes and gas mileage standards.", "Harley A. Wilhelm Harley A. Wilhelm (August 5, 1900 – October 7, 1995) was an American chemist who helped to establish the United States Department of Energy's Ames Laboratory at Iowa State University. His uranium extraction process helped make it possible for the Manhattan Project to build the first atomic bombs.", "Highland Wind Energy Center The Highland Wind Project is a large wind power project in O'Brien County, Iowa. The 500 MW project is scheduled to be placed online in 2015.", "Intrepid Wind Farm The Intrepid Wind Farm consists of 107 wind turbines, located in Sac and Buena Vista counties in north-west Iowa, has a generating capacity of 160.5 megawatts of electricity.", "Iowa-class battleship The Iowa-class battleships were a class of fast battleships ordered by the United States Navy in 1939 and 1940 to escort the Fast Carrier Task Forces that would operate in the Pacific Theater of World War II. Four were completed; two more were laid down but canceled at war's end and scrapped.", "Iowa Iowa (/ˈaɪ.əwə/) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States, a region sometimes called the \"American Heartland\". Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east and the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west; it is the only U.S. state whose eastern and western borders are formed entirely by rivers.", "Iowa (album) Iowa is the second major label studio album by American heavy metal band, Slipknot. Released by Roadrunner Records on August 28, 2001, it was produced by Ross Robinson and Slipknot. The title derives from the band's home state, Iowa, which members have stated is one of their greatest sources of inspiration. With much anticipation for the band's second album following on the success of their 1999 self-titled debut, pressures on the band were high.", "Iowa City, Iowa Iowa City is a \"city\" (as defined by people from rural Illinois) in Johnson County, Iowa, United States. It is the only City of Literature in the U.S., as awarded by UNESCO in 2008. As of the 2010 Census, the city had a total population of about 67,862. The Census Bureau estimated the 2014 population at 73,415, making it the fifth-largest city in the state. Iowa City is the county seat of Johnson County and home to the University of Iowa.", "Iowa County, Iowa Iowa County is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2010 census, the population was 16,355. The county seat is Marengo.Iowa County is one of seven counties in the United States to share the same name as the state they are located in. The other six counties are Arkansas County, Hawaii County, Idaho County, New York County, Oklahoma County, and Utah County.", "Iowa Hawkeyes football The Iowa Hawkeyes football team is the college football team representing the University of Iowa in Iowa City, Iowa. The team is currently coached by Kirk Ferentz, who has begun his 17th season as the head coach and is also tied for the second longest current tenured coach in the NCAA Division I FBS (he is tied with Bob Stoops at the University of Oklahoma). The Hawkeyes compete in the West Division of the Big Ten Conference.", "Iowa Highway 105 Iowa Highway 105 (Iowa 105) was an east–west route which ran 34 miles (55 km) from Lake Mills to St. Ansgar in northern Iowa. Since January 1, 1993, Iowa 105 has been known as County Road 105 (CR 105). County Road 105 was the first county road in Iowa to not follow the standard alphanumeric route numbering system.", "Iowa Stars The Iowa Stars, later known as the Iowa Chops, were a professional ice hockey team in the American Hockey League. The club was based in Des Moines, Iowa at the Wells Fargo Arena.", "Iowa State Fairgrounds The Iowa State Fairgrounds is located on the east side of Des Moines, Iowa, United States. It annually hosts the Iowa State Fair in late summer. The state fair was begun in Iowa in 1854 and the current fairgrounds were established in 1886. The fairgrounds were listed as an historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 as the Iowa State Fair and Exposition Grounds.", "Iowa State University Iowa State University of Science and Technology, more commonly known as Iowa State University, Iowa State, or ISU, is a public land-grant and space-grant research university located in Ames, Iowa, United States. The university is a flagship university of the state of Iowa and a group member of the prestigious Association of American Universities and the Universities Research Association.", "Iowa flood of 2008 The Iowa flood of 2008 was a hydrological event involving most of the rivers in eastern Iowa beginning around June 8, 2008 and ending about July 1. Flooding continued on the Upper Mississippi River in the southeastern portion of the state for several more days.", "Iowa locations by per capita income Iowa is the thirty-first richest state in the United States of America, with a per capita income of $19,674 (2000).", "Iowa people The Iowa (also spelled Ioway), also known as the Báxoǰe, are a Native American Siouan people.", "James Hansen James Edward Hansen (born March 29, 1941) is an American adjunct professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University. Hansen is best known for his research in the field of climatology, his testimony on climate change to congressional committees in 1988 that helped raise broad awareness of global warming, and his advocacy of action to avoid dangerous climate change.", "Jason Bohannon Jason Bohannon (born 30 December 1987) is a basketball player formerly with USC Heidelberg in Germany. He is a Shooting Guard that is 6-2 198 pounds.", "Jeff Horner Jeff Horner (born August 1, 1983) is an American basketball player best known as a point guard for the University of Iowa Hawkeyes basketball team. Horner currently holds the University of Iowa career three point record at 232 shots made. Horner was born in Mason City, Iowa. His father Bob Horner was Mason City High School varsity basketball coach. Horner made a verbal commitment to the University of Iowa while in the ninth grade.", "List of Governors of Iowa The Governor of Iowa is the chief executive of the U.S. state of Iowa. The governor is the head of the executive branch of Iowa's state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Iowa State Legislature, to convene the legislature, and to grant pardons, except in cases of treason and impeachment. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces.There have been 41 governors of Iowa.", "List of Iowa state highways State highways in the U.S. state of Iowa are owned and maintained by the Iowa Department of Transportation.", "List of Iowa townships This alphabetic list of townships in Iowa is based on the U.S. Census for 2000. Iowa has 1,599 townships.See: List of townships in Iowa by county, List of counties in Iowa, List of cities in Iowa.Index:", "List of cities in Iowa As of 2010, there are 947 incorporated cities in the U.S. state of Iowa. According to the 2010 United States Census, Iowa has 3,046,355 inhabitants and 55,857.13 square miles (144,669.3 km2) of land.Iowa is divided into 99 counties and has 947 cities. Every incorporated place in Iowa is called a \"city,\" regardless of population. Incorporated cities can choose one of six forms of municipal government, but most operate as mayor–council.", "List of county courthouses in Iowa This is a list of Iowa county courthouses. Each county in Iowa has a city that is the county seat where the county government resides, including a county courthouse, except for Lee County, which has two county seats and two county courthouses.", "List of newspapers in Iowa This is a list of newspapers in Iowa.", "List of tallest buildings in Iowa This list of tallest buildings in Iowa ranks skyscrapers and monuments in the US state of Iowa by height.", "List of tallest buildings in the Quad Cities This is a list of the tallest buildings in the Quad Cities (Davenport, Rock Island, Moline, and Bettendorf).", "List of townships in Iowa by county This is a list of townships in Iowa by county based on United States Geological Survey and U.S. Census data.See: List of Iowa townships, List of counties in Iowa, List of cities in Iowa.", "List of unincorporated communities in Iowa This is a list of unincorporated communities in the U.S. state of Iowa, arranged in alphabetical order. This list contains a number of historical communities which no longer exist, and also includes a number of disincorporated cities.", "MidAmerican Energy Company MidAmerican Energy Company is an energy company based in Des Moines, Iowa. Its service area includes almost two-thirds of Iowa, as well as portions of Illinois, South Dakota, and Nebraska. Its territory is wholly encompassed by the territory of the Midcontinent Independent System Operator.", "Nick Nurse Nick Nurse (born July 24, 1967) is an American basketball coach who is an assistant coach for the Toronto Raptors.Nurse spent 12 seasons coaching in Europe, mostly in the British Basketball League (BBL). He won the BBL Coach of the Year Award in 1999–00 and 2003–04. In 2007, he accepted the head coaching job for the Energy, who were preparing for their first season in the NBA D-League. The Energy won division titles under Nurse in the 2008–09 and 2009–10 seasons.", "Nicki Gross Nicki Gross (born July 24, 1989) is an assistant coach for the Iowa Energy of the NBA Development League. The Iowa Energy are the NBA Development League affiliate of the Memphis Grizzlies. At the time of her hire, Gross was the only female assistant coach in the NBA D-League.", "Palo, Iowa Palo is a city in Linn County, Iowa, United States. The population was 1,026 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Cedar Rapids Metropolitan Statistical Area.Palo is located near the Duane Arnold Energy Center, the only nuclear power plant in Iowa, and the Pleasant Creek State Recreation Park.", "Renewable energy Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.", "Renewable energy commercialization Renewable energy commercialization involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years. First-generation technologies, which are already mature and economically competitive, include biomass, hydroelectricity, geothermal power and heat.", "Renewable energy debate There is a renewable energy debate about the constraints and opportunities associated with the use of renewable energy.Renewable electricity production, from sources such as wind power and solar power, is sometimes criticized for being variable or intermittent.", "Renewable energy in the United States Renewable energy in the United States accounted for 12.9 percent of the domestically produced electricity in 2013, and 11.2 percent of total energy generation. As of 2014, more than 143,000 people work in the solar industry and 43 states deploy net metering, where energy utilities buy back excess power generated by solar arrays.Renewable energy reached a major milestone in the first quarter of 2011, when it contributed 11.7 percent of total U.S.", "Rock Island Clean Line The Rock Island Clean Line is a proposed 500-mile high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission line. The stated purpose of the line is to transport electrical power from wind energy dense states in the midwest (Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota and Minnesota) to the energy markets in the Chicago, Illinois, and cities further east. The planned line would run from the Sanborn, Iowa area to near Morris, Illinois.", "Rolling Hills Wind Farm The Rolling Hills Wind Farm may be one of two wind farms, one in Wyoming, the other in Iowa.The Wyoming Rolling Hills Wind farm is located in Converse county and has 66 turbines with a total nameplate capacity of 99 megawatts. It is owned by PacifiCorp, a subsidiary of MidAmerican Energy Holdings.The Iowa wind farm is near Massena, Iowa.It has a nameplate capacity of 443.9 megawatts of power and was completed in December 2011.", "United States Department of Energy The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is a Cabinet-level department of the United States Government concerned with the United States' policies regarding energy and safety in handling nuclear material. Its responsibilities include the nation's nuclear weapons program, nuclear reactor production for the United States Navy, energy conservation, energy-related research, radioactive waste disposal, and domestic energy production.", "United States House of Representatives elections in Iowa, 2014 The 2014 United States House of Representatives elections in Iowa will be held on Tuesday, November 4, 2014 to elect the four U.S. Representatives from the state of Iowa, one from each of the state's four congressional districts. The elections will coincide with the elections of other federal and state offices, including Governor of Iowa and United States Senate. Primary elections were held on June 4, 2014.", "United States Senate Energy Subcommittee on Energy Senate Energy and Natural Resources Subcommittee on Energy is one of four subcommittees of the U.S. Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee.", "University of Iowa The University of Iowa (also known as the UI, or simply Iowa) is a flagship public research university in Iowa City, Iowa. Founded in 1847, Iowa is the oldest university in the state.", "Upper Iowa Peacocks The Upper Iowa Peacocks (also UIU Peacocks) are the athletic teams that represent Upper Iowa University, located in Fayette, Iowa, in NCAA Division II intercollegiate sports. The Peacocks compete as members of the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference for all 13 varsity sports except for men's soccer, which is an associate member of the Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association.", "Walnut Wind Farm The 153 megawatt (MW) capacity Walnut Wind Farm is located in Pottawattamie County, Iowa. The project, owned by MidAmerican, represents the fifth wind farm built for the group for a total of 595 MW and began operations on February 19, 2009.", "Wells Fargo Arena (Des Moines, Iowa) Wells Fargo Arena is a 16,980-seat multi-purpose arena in Des Moines, Iowa, USA. Part of the Iowa Events Center, the arena opened on July 12, 2005, at a cost of $117 million. Named for title sponsor Wells Fargo & Company, the arena replaced the aging Veteran's Memorial Auditorium as the Des Moines area's primary venue for sporting events and concerts.", "World energy consumption World energy consumption refers to the total energy used by all of human civilization. Typically measured per year, it involves all energy harnessed from every energy source applied towards humanity's endeavors across every single industrial and technological sector, across every country." ]

[ "Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery is a 1997 American spy action comedy film and the first installment of the Austin Powers series. It was directed by Jay Roach and written by Mike Myers, who also starred as both the titular character Austin Powers and main antagonist Dr. Evil, Powers' arch-enemy. The film co-stars Elizabeth Hurley, Robert Wagner, Seth Green and Michael York.", "Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me is a 1999 spy action comedy film and the second film in the Austin Powers series. It is preceded by the original film, Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery (1997) and followed by Austin Powers in Goldmember (2002). The film was directed by Jay Roach, co-written by Mike Myers and screenwriter Michael McCullers, and once again stars Myers as the title character. Myers also plays Dr.", "Austin Powers: Welcome to My Underground Lair! Austin Powers: Welcome to My Underground Lair! is a video game released for the Game Boy Color. It is a simulation of a computer of Dr. Evil, the antagonist of the Austin Powers film series. There are a few mini-games included, such as Mojo Maze, a Pac-Man clone, Domination (an Austin Powers-themed version of Reversi), a digitalized version of Rock-Paper-Scissors, and 'Kin'-Evil, which is a motor bike racing game whose name is a play on Evel Knievel.", "Austin Powers (character) Sir Augustine Danger \"Austin\" Powers, KBE, is a fictional character from the Austin Powers series of films, and is created and portrayed by Mike Myers. He is the protagonist of Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery (1997), The Spy Who Shagged Me (1999) and Austin Powers in Goldmember (2002). He is a womanizing, hard-partying British spy embodying the Swinging London mod culture and hippie culture of the 1960s who, with his nemesis Dr. Evil, was frozen in a cryogenics experiment.", "Austin Powers (film series) The Austin Powers series is a series of three American action-comedy films – Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery (1997), Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (1999) and Austin Powers in Goldmember (2002). The films were directed by Jay Roach; produced, written by and starring Mike Myers as both the title character and the main antagonist Dr. Evil; and distributed by New Line Cinema.", "Austin Powers Collectible Card Game The Austin Powers Collectible Card Game is a collectible card game based on the world of Austin Powers. The game was introduced in 1999 by Decipher, Inc., with The Spy Who Shagged Me being the only set released.", "Austin Powers Pinball Austin Powers Pinball is a pinball-based video game released in 2002 and 2003 for PlayStation and PC. The game is thematically based on the Austin Powers series of films.In this game, there are two pinball games to play. One for the original movie: Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery and one for the second movie: Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me.", "Austin Powers in Goldmember Austin Powers in Goldmember is a 2002 American spy action comedy film. It is the third installment of the Austin Powers film series starring Mike Myers in the title role. The film was directed by Jay Roach, and co-written by Mike Myers and Michael McCullers. Myers also plays the roles of Dr. Evil, Goldmember, and Fat Bastard.", "Dr. Evil Dr. Evil is a fictional character, played by Mike Myers in the Austin Powers film series. He is the antagonist of the movies, and Austin Powers' nemesis. He is a parody of James Bond villains, primarily Donald Pleasence's Ernst Stavro Blofeld (as featured in You Only Live Twice). Dr. Evil routinely hatches schemes to terrorize and take over the world, and is typically accompanied by Number-two: an eye-patch wearing goon who fronts his evil corporation Virtucon Industries, his cat Mr.", "Fat Bastard (character) Fat Bastard is a fictional character in the second and third films of the Austin Powers series. A morbidly obese henchman hailing from Scotland, Fat Bastard serves Dr. Evil in his quest to destroy Austin Powers. The character is portrayed by Mike Myers.His extreme size and weight (1 metric tonne, according to Dr. Evil) endows Fat Bastard with massive strength.", "Goldmember Johan van der Smut, better known as Goldmember, is a fictional character in the third film of the Austin Powers trilogy, Austin Powers in Goldmember. He is played by Mike Myers. The character was partially inspired by the James Bond villain Auric Goldfinger. He serves as one of two main antagonists of the film.", "List of Austin Powers characters The following is a list of fictional characters from the Austin Powers series of films.", "List of accolades received by the Austin Powers franchise The Austin Powers franchise is a series of action-comedy films consisting of International Man of Mystery (1997), The Spy Who Shagged Me (1999) and Austin Powers in Goldmember (2002). Each film starred and was written by Canadian-English actor Mike Myers, who portrayed the titular character along with several other roles, such as Dr. Evil, Fat Bastard and Goldmember.", "Mike Myers Michael John \"Mike\" Myers (born May 25, 1963) is a Canadian-American actor, comedian, screenwriter, and film producer. He is known for his run as a featured performer on Saturday Night Live from 1989 to 1995, and for playing the title roles in the Wayne's World, Austin Powers, and Shrek films. He also directed the documentary film Supermensch: The Legend of Shep Gordon, and had a small role in Quentin Tarantino's Inglourious Basterds in 2009.", "Mini-Me Mini-Me is a character played by Verne Troyer in the second and third Austin Powers movies: Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me and Austin Powers in Goldmember.", "Mrs. Kensington Mrs. Marie Kensington is a fictional character in the 1997 film Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery, played by Mimi Rogers. She was Austin Powers' original side-kick in the 1960s. Although Austin has a soft spot for her, she is married to another. She is the mother of Vanessa Kensington. The character is a spoof of Mrs. Emma Peel, one of the main characters from the television series The Avengers.", "Nigel Powers Sir Nigel Powers (played by Michael Caine) is a character who appears in the third Austin Powers movie, Austin Powers in Goldmember. He is portrayed as the father of Austin Powers, Dr. Evil and Mini-Me.", "Number 2 (Austin Powers) Number 2 is a fictional character in the Austin Powers franchise. He is played by Robert Wagner in all three movies, while his younger self is played by Rob Lowe in The Spy Who Shagged Me. He briefly appears as a teenager in a flashback in Austin Powers in Goldmember, portrayed by Evan Farmer. The character was modeled on the James Bond villain Emilio Largo who was number 2 of SPECTRE in the 1965 James Bond movie Thunderball. His name is intended as a humorous dual parody.", "Scott Evil Scott Evil is a fictional character from the Austin Powers series of films. He is played by Seth Green.Scott Evil is the biological son of Dr. Evil and Frau Farbissina. He was conceived in 1969 after Dr. Evil obtained and used some of Austin Powers' mojo and returned via time-travel to have a one-night stand with Farbissina. During childhood, Scott was told that he was artificially conceived in a laboratory.", "Vanessa Kensington Vanessa Kensington is a fictional character in Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery and, briefly, Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me. She was played by actress and model Elizabeth Hurley." ]

[ "Austin 10 hp The Austin 10 hp is a small car that was produced between 1910 and 1915 by the British car manufacturer Austin at their Longbridge, Worcestershire plant near Birmingham. 1,336 cars were made, 213 with the 1125 cc engine and 1,123 with the 1615 cc engine.", "Austin Aztex Austin Aztex is a soccer team based in Austin, Texas, United States. Founded in 2011, the team plays in the United Soccer League, the third tier of the United States soccer pyramid. They play their home games at the 6,500-seat House Park just west of the downtown Austin core. This is the second team to carry the name Austin Aztex, the first having been founded in 2008 and relocated in 2010.", "Austin College Austin College is a private liberal arts college affiliated by covenant relationship with the Presbyterian Church and located in Sherman, in the U.S.", "Austin K2/Y The Austin K2/Y is a British heavy military ambulance that was used by all Commonwealth services during World War II. Built by Austin, it was based on the civilian light truck Austin K30, differing mainly by having simple canvas closures in place of driver's cab doors.The K2/Y could take ten casualties sitting or four stretcher cases. The rear body, known as No. 2 Mk I/L was developed by the Royal Army Medical Corps and built by coachbuilder Mann Egerton.", "Austin Organs Austin Organs, Inc. is a manufacturer of pipe organs based in Hartford, Connecticut. The company is one of the oldest continuously-operating organ manufacturers in the United States. The first instruments were built in 1893 with the Austin Patent Airchest, and many remain in fine playing condition to this day.Austin Organ Company was founded in 1898 by John Turnell Austin in Boston, Massachusetts. Austin was from England and had come to the United States in 1889.", "Austin Police Department Austin Police Department (APD) is the principal law enforcement agency serving Austin, Texas, United States. As of Fiscal Year 2010, the agency had an annual budget of more than $283 million and employed around 2,300 personnel, including approximately 1,600 officers. Art Acevedo was appointed as the APD's eighth chief of police in June 2007.", "Frau Farbissina Frau Farbissina, (Frau Kaput in Spain), is a fictional character played by Mindy Sterling in the Austin Powers film series. Frau is an attack and defence specialist and the founder of \"the militant wing of the Salvation Army\", she is also Dr. Evil's Henchwoman and tries to help in his schemes to terrorize and take over the world. She has a heavy German accent, and has several catchphrases that are always shouted by her, and emphasis is often put on the last syllable.", "Michael McCullers Michael McCullers (born 1971) is an American comedy film screenwriter.", "Ming Tea Ming Tea is a faux retro-mod band consisting of:Mike Myers (as Austin Powers, lead vocals, guitar)Susanna Hoffs (as Gillian Shagwell, rhythm guitar and backing vocals)Matthew Sweet (as Sid Belvedere, bass and backing vocals)Stuart Johnson (as Manny Stixman, drums and backing vocals)Christopher Ward (as Trevor Aigburth, lead guitar and backing vocals)Myers formed the band with Sweet and Hoffs following his Saturday Night Live stint in the early 1990s.", "Soul Bossa Nova \"Soul Bossa Nova\" is a popular instrumental title, composed by and first performed by American impresario, jazz composer, arranger, and record producer Quincy Jones. It appeared on his 1962 Big Band Bossa Nova album on Mercury Records. Multi-reed player Roland Kirk played the flute solo. Incomplete personnel on the album liner notes do not specify the prominent brass players. According to Jones, he took twenty minutes to compose the piece.", "William Powers, Jr. William Charles Powers Jr. (born May 30, 1946) was the 28th president of The University of Texas at Austin, a position he held from February 1, 2006 to July 2, 2015. when he was succeeded by Gregory L. Fenves .Powers was selected in November 2005 as the sole finalist for the position of president of the University of Texas at Austin. In December 2005, he was officially named president of the University and succeeded Larry Faulkner when he left office in February 2006.", "Aaron Himelstein Aaron Himelstein (born October 10, 1985) is an American actor who is perhaps best known for playing a younger version of Austin Powers in Austin Powers in Goldmember and Friedman, Luke Girardi's best friend, in Joan of Arcadia. He also wrote, directed and edited the short film, Sugar Mountain.", "The Power Trip The Power Trip was a professional wrestling tag team and stable in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 2001 consisting of Stone Cold Steve Austin and Triple H.", "Matt Austin (actor) Matt Austin (born Matt Sadowski; 29 April 1978) is a Canadian actor, known for his role as Bridge Carson, the Green Ranger (later Blue Ranger), in the American television series Power Rangers S.P.D. He returned in 2007 as the Red Ranger in the Power Rangers Operation Overdrive. \"Once a Ranger\" 15th anniversary team-up story arc. In addition to his acting skills, he is also a writer, musician, and filmmaker.", "Lake Austin Lake Austin, formerly Lake McDonald, is a water reservoir on the Colorado River in Austin, Texas. The reservoir was formed in 1939 by the construction of Tom Miller Dam by the Lower Colorado River Authority. Lake Austin is one of the seven Highland Lakes created by the LCRA, and is used for flood control, electrical power generation, and recreation.", "Austin Energy Austin Energy is a publicly owned utility providing electrical power to the city of Austin, Texas and surrounding areas. Established in 1895, the utility is a department of the City of Austin and returns its profits to the city's general fund to finance other city services.", "KADF-LP KADF-LP is a low power affiliate of Azteca America in the Austin, Texas DMA. It is owned by Joseph W. Shaffer. Unlike many low-powered stations, it is seen on Time Warner Cable on Channel 14 in the Austin area in addition to its low-power signal.", "KVRX KVRX (91.7 FM) is the student radio station for The University of Texas at Austin. The station broadcasts in Austin on 91.7 MHz, with an effective radiated power of 3,000 watts.", "Derek Powers Derek Powers, also called Blight, is a fictional character, a supervillain who appears in the Batman Beyond (1999–2001) animated series, voiced by Sherman Howard. He served as the primary antagonist of the series' first season. Powers is the archenemy of the second Batman, Terry McGinnis.", "Austin v Commonwealth Austin v Commonwealth (2003) 215 CLR 185, is a High Court of Australia case that deals with issues of intergovernmental immunity and discrimination of states against Commonwealth power.", "Seaholm Power Plant The Seaholm Power Plant is a historic power station located on the northern shore of Lady Bird Lake in Downtown Austin, Texas. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and as a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark.", "Alec Powers Alec Powers (also performed as Alec Shields, Alex Powers) is a model and actor in gay pornography starting in 1992. He has starred in over 50 films.His roles were in films that later won at least five well known awards not counting nominations, including AVN awards, Probie awards (Men in Video) and Grabby awards.", "Powers (UK TV series) Powers is a United Kingdom television series first broadcast in 2004 on BBC One. The series was created by Jim Eldridge. It was promoted as a children's version of The X-Files, although many regarded it as a successor to The Tomorrow People. Powers ran for one 13-episode season, and was also broadcast in Australia. It has never been commercially released.", "Steve Austin (character) Steve Austin is a fictional character created by Martin Caidin for his 1972 novel, Cyborg, who later became a 1970s television icon as portrayed by Lee Majors in the 1974–1978 series The Six Million Dollar Man.", "Shane Austin Shane Austin (born June 14, 1989) is an American football quarterback for the Cleveland Gladiators of the Arena Football League (AFL). He played college football at University of Hawai'i. Austin went undrafted in the 2012 NFL Draft and signed with the Everett Raptors of the Indoor Football League (IFL) after the draft. After starting the Raptors final games of the season, Austin was able to gain the attention of the Pittsburgh Power of the AFL.", "Absolute Power (comedy) Absolute Power is a British comedy series, set in the offices of Prentiss McCabe, a fictional public relations company (or 'government-media relations consultancy') in London, run by Charles Prentiss (Stephen Fry) and Martin McCabe (John Bird).It started in 2000 on BBC Radio 4, lasting until 2004 with the fourth and final radio series.", "Verne Troyer Verne Troyer (born January 1, 1969) is an American actor and comedian. He is notable for his height of 2 ft 8 in (0.81 m), the result of cartilage–hair hypoplasia dwarfism, making him one of the shortest men in the world. He is best known for playing Mini-Me in the Austin Powers series of comedy films.Since 2014, Troyer has appeared as the Boss in adverts for Bgo.com.", "Mike Austin Swing The Mike Austin Swing is a golf swing. Golf instructor John Marshall believes that this method is a more efficient and more accurate way of hitting a golf ball. The swing was developed by Mike Austin. Based on the principle of leverage, Austin, an engineer, demonstrated the power of the swing by hitting the longest recorded drive in a professional tour event, with a 515 yard shot while playing in the U.S. National Seniors Open in 1974.", "Tom Miller Dam Tom Miller Dam is a dam located on the Colorado River within the city limits of Austin, Texas, USA. It is one of several dams constructed by the City of Austin for the purpose of flood control and for generating hydroelectric power.", "Brough Superior Austin Four The Brough Superior Austin Four was a special motorcycle designed and manufactured by Brough Superior of Nottingham, UK in 1932. The 1932 Brough Superior catalog as the Straight Four but it was commonly known as the Brough Superior Austin Four. It is unique that it was powered by a modified Austin 7 automobile engine through an Austin 7 gearbox. It is a water-cooled flathead inline four-cylinder motorcycle. It was designed and made for sidecar use.", "Derek Flint Derek Flint is a fictional world adventurer and master spy featured in a series of movies and comic books. Flint is a parody of James Bond and Doc Savage. Derek Flint is an agent for ZOWIE. ZOWIE stands for the Zonal Organization World Intelligence Espionage.", "Alex Power Alexander \"Alex\" Power (also known as Zero-G) is a fictional character in Marvel Comics." ]

[ "Chelsea Clinton Chelsea Victoria Clinton (born February 27, 1980) is the only child of former U.S. President Bill Clinton and former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton. She was a special correspondent for NBC News (2011–14) and now works with the Clinton Foundation and Clinton Global Initiative. Since 2011, she has taken on a prominent role at the Foundation, and has a seat on its board.Clinton was born in Little Rock, Arkansas, during her father's first term as Governor.", "Clinton family The Clinton family or Clinton-Rodham family is a prominent American political family related to the 42nd President of the United States, Bill Clinton, who was in office for two terms from January 20, 1993 until January 20, 2001." ]

[ "1994 State of the Union Address The 1994 State of the Union address was given by President Bill Clinton to a joint session of the 103rd United States Congress on January 25, 1994.", "1995 State of the Union Address The 1995 State of the Union address was given by President Bill Clinton to a joint session of the 104th United States Congress on January 24, 1995. This was the first speech delivered to a Republican-controlled Congress since 1954. This was also the first time a Republican Speaker sat in the chair since 1954. The Speaker was Newt Gingrich of Georgia.The president discussed his proposals of a New Covenant vision for a smaller government and proposing tax reductions.", "1996 State of the Union Address The 1996 State of the Union address was given by President Bill Clinton to a joint session of the 104th United States Congress on January 23, 1996. The speech was the last State of the Union address of President Clinton's first term.", "1997 State of the Union Address The 1997 State of the Union address was given by President Bill Clinton to a joint session of the 105th United States Congress on February 4, 1997. The speech was the first State of the Union address of President Clinton's second term.President Clinton discussed numerous topics in the address, including the environment, the International Space Station, welfare, crime and relations with NATO and China.", "1998 State of the Union Address The 1998 State of the Union address was given by President Bill Clinton to a joint session of the 105th United States Congress on January 27, 1998. The speech was the second State of the Union address of President Clinton's second term.President Clinton discussed the federal budget, taxes and focused on the budget deficit, then at $10 billion.", "1999 State of the Union Address The 1999 State of the Union address was given by President Bill Clinton to a joint session of the 106th United States Congress on January 19, 1999. The speech was the third State of the Union address of President Clinton's second term. This was the first State of the Union address with Dennis Hastert as Speaker of the House of Representatives.President Clinton discussed the economy, the federal budget, taxes and focused on the budget surplus, then at $70 billion.", "2000 State of the Union Address The 2000 State of the Union address was given by U.S. President Bill Clinton to a joint session of the United States Congress on Thursday, January 27, 2000. Clinton began the speech by saying, \"We are fortunate to be alive at this moment in history. Never before has our nation enjoyed, at once, so much prosperity and social progress with so little internal crisis or so few external threats.", "American Broadcasting Company The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) (stylized in its logo as abc since 1962) is an American commercial broadcast television network that is owned by the Disney–ABC Television Group, a subsidiary of Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company.", "Arthur J. Gajarsa Arthur Joseph Gajarsa (born 1941) is a former United States circuit judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.Judge Arthur Gajarsa was born on March 1, 1941 in Norcia, Italy. He was the top ranked student in the 1958 graduating class at Boston Technical High School in Massachusetts. He matriculated at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York, where he was admitted to the Zeta Psi fraternity, graduating in 1962 with a B.S. in electrical engineering.", "Between Hope and History Between Hope and History: Meeting America's Challenges for the 21st Century is a 1996 book by at the time United States President Bill Clinton. It was published by Random House in September 1996 in the lead up to the 1996 US presidential election, partly as a means to reach out to the electorate.The New York Times Book Review described it as \"A snapshot of President Clinton's \"New Democratic\" philosophy as he segues from his first to (he hopes) his second term.\"", "Bill Clinton William Jefferson Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. He previously served as Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and 1983 to 1992, and as the state's Attorney General from 1977 to 1979.", "Bill Clinton Boulevard Bill Clinton Boulevard is a boulevard located in Pristina, the capital and largest city of Kosovo. After the Kosovo War of 1998-1999, the Albanians in Kosovo wanted to thank the American President Bill Clinton for his help in their struggle with the government of the FR Yugoslavia. A 10-foot high statue of Clinton was unveiled on the boulevard on November 1, 2009, in a ceremony at which the former president spoke.", "Bill Clinton Boyhood Home The Bill Clinton Boyhood Home, also known as the Birnbaum-Shubetz House, is a historic house at 1011 Park Avenue in Hot Springs, Arkansas. Built about 1896 and redesigned in the Tudor Revival in 1938, it was the home of United States President Bill Clinton between 1954 and 1961, teenage years in which he first determined to enter politics. In addition to this national historic significance, it is locally notable as a fine example of Tudor Revival architecture.", "Bill Clinton presidential campaign, 1992 Bill Clinton's 1992 campaign for President of the United States was a critical turning point for the Democratic Party, which had controlled the White House for only four of the previous twenty-four years. Initially viewed as an unlikely prospect to win his party's nomination, Clinton did so and went on to defeat incumbent President George H. W. Bush, who had been viewed as politically invincible just a year earlier.", "Bill Lann Lee Bill Lann Lee (born February 5, 1949) is a Chinese American civil rights lawyer who served as Assistant United States Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division for the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division under President Bill Clinton.He is married to Carolyn Yee with whom he has two sons and a daughter. He currently resides in Berkeley, California.", "Bill Richardson William Blaine \"Bill\" Richardson III (born November 15, 1947) is an American politician who was 30th Governor of New Mexico, from 2003 to 2011. He was U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and Energy Secretary in the Clinton administration and has also served as a U.S. Congressman, chairman of the 2004 Democratic National Convention, and chairman of the Democratic Governors Association.", "Charles Hepburn-Stuart-Forbes-Trefusis, 21st Baron Clinton Charles John Robert Hepburn-Stuart-Forbes-Trefusis, 21st Baron Clinton GCVO PC (18 January 1863 – 5 July 1957) was a British peer.Trefusis was the eldest son of the 20th Baron Clinton and his wife, Harriet. Educated at Oxford he played polo with the University team and won the Varsity Match against Cambridge in 1883. On 1 June 1886, he married his third cousin Lady Jane McDonnell (15 June 1863 – 27 August 1953) (a daughter of the 5th Earl of Antrim) and they had two daughters:Hon.", "Chivery Chivery is a hamlet located in the Chiltern Hills in the present day parish of Aston Clinton, in Aylesbury Vale District in the county of Buckinghamshire, England.Chivery's southern boundary is formed by the ancient earthworks known as Grim's Ditch. To the north it is bounded by Wendover Woods. Historically Chivery was part of the manor of Aston Clinton.", "Clinton Cash Clinton Cash: The Untold Story of How and Why Foreign Governments and Businesses Helped Make Bill and Hillary Rich is a 2015 New York Times bestselling book by Peter Schweizer, in which he investigates donations made to the Clinton Foundation by foreign entities, paid speeches made by Bill and Hillary Clinton, and the Clintons' personal enrichment since leaving the White House in 2001.The New York Times, The Washington Post and Fox News were granted exclusive agreements with the book's author to pursue the story lines found in the book.", "Clinton Foundation The Clinton Foundation (originally founded in 2001 as the William J. Clinton Foundation, and called during 2013–15 the Bill, Hillary & Chelsea Clinton Foundation) is a nonprofit foundation under clause 501(c)(3) of the U.S. tax code.", "Clinton House (Fayetteville, Arkansas) The Clinton House is a historic house museum at 930 West Clinton Drive in Fayetteville, Arkansas. Built in 1931, it was the first home of Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham while they both taught at the University of Arkansas School of Law and was where they married in 1975. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.", "Clinton Presidential Center The William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park is the presidential library of Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States (1993–2001). It is located in Little Rock, Arkansas and includes the Clinton Presidential Library, the offices of the Clinton Foundation, and the University of Arkansas Clinton School of Public Service.", "Clintonian Clintonian is an ambiguous term that either refers to the political behavior of United States President Bill Clinton or his administrative style and personal group of political allies. Also it represents reform of centrist political position of Democratic Party.", "Clintonism Clintonism is the political and economic policies of Bill Clinton, as well as the era of his presidency in the United States.", "Comedy film Comedy is a genre of film in which the main emphasis is on humour. These films are designed to entertain the audience through amusement, and most often work by exaggerating characteristics of real life for humorous effect. Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending (the black comedy being an exception). One of the oldest genres in film, some of the very first silent movies were comedies, as slapstick comedy often relies on visual depictions, without requiring sound.", "Daughters (EP) Daughters is Daughters' debut EP released on City of Hell in 2002. It was released as a \"\\ vinyl and is now out of print.", "Defense of Marriage Act The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) (Pub.L. 104–199, 110 Stat. 2419, enacted September 21, 1996, 1 U.S.C. § 7 and 28 U.S.C. § 1738C) is a United States federal law that, prior to being ruled unconstitutional, defined marriage for federal purposes as the union of one man and one woman, and allowed states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages granted under the laws of other states. Until Section 3 of the Act was struck down in 2013 (United States v.", "Delano Lewis Delano Eugene Lewis (born November 12, 1938) is an American attorney, businessman and diplomat. He was the United States Ambassador to South Africa from 1999 to 2001, and previously held leadership roles with the Peace Corps, National Public Radio, and the U.S. diplomatic corps. He is the father of actor Phill Lewis, known for portraying Mr. Moseby on The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and The Suite Life on Deck.", "Deval Patrick Deval Laurdine Patrick (born July 31, 1956) is an American politician and civil rights lawyer who served as the 71st Governor of Massachusetts from 2007 to 2015. A member of the Democratic Party, Patrick served as the United States Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division under President Bill Clinton. He was first elected in 2006, succeeding Mitt Romney who chose not to run, and re-elected in 2010.", "Diana, Princess of Wales Diana, Princess of Wales (Diana Frances; née Spencer; 1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997), was the first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, who is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II.Diana was born into a family of British nobility with royal ancestry as The Honourable Diana Frances Spencer. She was the fourth child and third daughter of John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer and the Honourable Frances Shand Kydd.", "Duke of Newcastle Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne is a title which has been created three times in British history while the title of Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne has been created once. The title was created for the first time in the Peerage of England in 1665 when William Cavendish, 1st Marquess of Newcastle upon Tyne was made Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne. He was a prominent Royalist commander in the Civil War.", "Dwight family The New England Dwight family had many members who were military leaders, educators, jurists, authors, businessmen and clergy.Around 1634 John Dwight came with his wife Hannah, daughter Hannah, and sons Timothy Dwight and John Dwight, from Dedham, Essex, England to North America where the town was named Dedham, Massachusetts.", "Economic policy of Bill Clinton The Economic policies of Bill Clinton, referred to by some as Clintonomics (a portmanteau of Clinton and economics), encapsulates the economic policies of United States President Bill Clinton that were implemented during his presidency.President Clinton oversaw a period of considerable economic growth and expansion during his tenure. In particular, real GDP per capita increased from about $38,000 in 1994 to about $45,000 in 2001 (in real 2011 dollars). The U.S.", "Edward Clinton, Lord Clinton Edward Clinton, Baron Clinton (1624–1657) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1646 to 1648.Clinton was the son of Theophilus Clinton, 4th Earl of Lincoln, 12th Baron Clinton and his wife the Hon. Bridget Fiennes, daughter of William Fiennes, Viscount Say and Sele.In 1646 Clinton was elected Member of Parliament for Callington in the Long Parliament.", "Elayne Boosler Elayne Boosler (born August 18, 1952) is an American comedian and advocate for animal rescue.Boosler was born into a Jewish family and raised in Brooklyn. She was the youngest child and only daughter of her father, a Russian acrobat, and her mother, a Romanian ballerina. She attended public schools in Brooklyn, including Shellbank Junior High School and Sheepshead Bay High School.Boosler is married to Bill Siddons, music industry executive and former manager of The Doors.", "Elizabeth Clinton, Countess of Lincoln Lady Elizabeth FitzGerald, Countess of Lincoln (1527 – March 1590), also known as The Fair Geraldine, was an Irish noblewoman and a member of the celebrated FitzGerald dynasty. She became the second wife of Sir Anthony Browne and later the third wife of English admiral Edward Clinton, 1st Earl of Lincoln. She was the inspiration for The Geraldine, a sonnet written by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey.Queen Elizabeth I of England, whom Lady Elizabeth served as a lady-in-waiting, was her close friend.", "Elizabeth Fiennes Elizabeth Fiennes, Lady Clinton (b. c.1455), was the only daughter of Richard Fiennes, 7th Baron Dacre and Joan de Dacre, 7th Baroness Dacre. Her great-great-grandmother was Margaret de Stafford.She married John Clinton, 6th Baron Clinton of Marstoke, in about 1463 at Herstmonceux, Sussex, England.", "Euna Lee Euna Lee (Hangul:유나 리) is a South Korean-born American journalist who has worked for Current TV since 2005. Lee and fellow journalist Laura Ling were detained in North Korea after they crossed into the Democratic People's Republic of Korea from the People's Republic of China without a visa. The United States Government protested the sentences, and implemented diplomatic efforts in order to secure the release of both Lee and Ling.", "Executive Order 13087 Executive Order 13087 was signed by U.S. President Bill Clinton on May 28, 1998, amending Executive Order 11478 to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation in the competitive service of the federal civilian workforce. The order also applies to employees of the government of the District of Columbia, and the United States Postal Service.", "Executive Order 13166 On August 11, 2000, United States President Bill Clinton signed Executive Order 13166, \"Improving Access to Services for Persons with Limited English proficiency\". The Executive Order requires federal agencies to examine the services they provide, identify any need for services to those with limited English proficiency (LEP), and develop and implement a system to provide those services so LEP persons can have meaningful access to them.", "Family Guy (season 5) Family Guy‍‍ '​‍s fifth season first aired on the Fox network in eighteen episodes from September 10, 2006 to May 20, 2007 before being released as two DVD box sets and in syndication. It premiered with the episode \"Stewie Loves Lois\" and finished with \"Meet the Quagmires\". The series follows the dysfunctional Griffin family—father Peter, mother Lois, daughter Meg, son Chris, baby Stewie and Brian, the family pet, who reside in their hometown of Quahog.", "Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) is a United States federal law requiring covered employers to provide employees job-protected and unpaid leave for qualified medical and family reasons. Qualified medical and family reasons include: personal or family illness, family military leave, pregnancy, adoption, or the foster care placement of a child.", "First Family of the United States The First Family of the United States is the unofficial title for the family of the President of the United States, who is both head of state and head of government of the United States. Members of the First Family consist of the President, the First Lady of the United States, and any of their children.", "First Lady of the United States The First Lady of the United States (FLOTUS) is an unofficial title and position traditionally held by the wife of the president, concurrent with his term of office. Historically, if a president is not married, or if the president's wife is unable to act as First Lady, the president usually asks a female relative or friend to act as White House hostess.", "First inauguration of Bill Clinton The first inauguration of Bill Clinton as the 42nd President of the United States took place on January 20, 1993. The inauguration marked the beginning of the first four-year term of Bill Clinton as President and Al Gore as Vice President. The inauguration took place at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Clinton was the first president elected post–Cold War era, and the first Democrat elected in 16 years. Clinton and Gore took over from outgoing President George H. W.", "Gala Hollywood Farewell Salute to President Clinton The Hollywood Gala Salute to President William Jefferson Clinton took place on August 12, 2000 at the private Brentwood, California estate of businessman Ken Roberts. It was produced and hosted by Peter F. Paul and Aaron Tonken, and was the largest Hollywood tribute ever produced for a sitting President of the United States. Besides honoring President Bill Clinton, it also served as a fund raising event for the 2000 U.S.", "George A. O'Toole, Jr. George A. O'Toole, Jr. (born 1947) is a United States federal judge.Born in Worcester, Massachusetts, O'Toole received an A.B. from Boston College in 1969 and a J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1972. He was in private practice in Boston, Massachusetts from 1972 to 1982.", "George Cukor George Dewey Cukor (/ˈkjuːkər/; July 7, 1899 – January 24, 1983) was an American film director. He mainly concentrated on comedies and literary adaptations. His career flourished at RKO when David O. Selznick, the studio's Head of Production, assigned Cukor to direct several of RKO's major films, including What Price Hollywood? (1932), A Bill of Divorcement (1932), Our Betters (1933), and Little Women (1933).", "Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World is a 2007 book by former United States President Bill Clinton. It was published by Knopf in September 2007. With an initial print run of 750,000 copies, it debuted at the top of the New York Times Best Seller list in its first week. It was announced that an unspecified portion of proceeds would go to causes mentioned in the book. Clinton ultimately donated $1 million of the proceeds to charity.", "Godwin Chepkurgor Godwin Kipkemoi Chepkurgor (c. 1969 – August 1, 2014) was a Kenya freelance journalist and former Nakuru city councillor. In 2000, Chepkurgor offered then U.S. President Bill Clinton a dowry of forty goats and twenty cows in exchange for Chelsea Clinton's hand in marriage.Chepkurgor originally wrote to President Clinton offering the dowry of goats and cows during Clinton's 2000 visit to Kenya.", "Henry Clinton, 7th Earl of Lincoln Henry Clinton, 7th Earl of Lincoln, KG, PC (1684 – 7 September 1728) was the son of Francis Clinton, 6th Earl of Lincoln and his second wife Susan Penniston, daughter of Anthony Penniston.", "Hillary Clinton Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (born October 26, 1947) is an American politician who served as the 67th United States Secretary of State under President Barack Obama from 2009 to 2013. The wife of the 42nd President of the United States Bill Clinton, she was First Lady of the United States during his tenure from 1993 to 2001.", "Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2016 The 2016 presidential campaign of Hillary Clinton, the 67th United States Secretary of State, was announced by means of a YouTube video, on April 12, 2015. The wife of former President Bill Clinton, Hillary Clinton was the United States Senator from New York prior to serving as Secretary of State under President Barack Obama, an office she held from 2009 until 2013. A candidate in the 2008 Democratic primaries, her candidacy in the 2016 election is her second bid for the presidency.", "Hillaryland Hillaryland was the self-designated name of a group of core advisors to Hillary Rodham Clinton, when she was First Lady of the United States and again when, as United States Senator, she was one of the Democratic Party candidates for President in the 2008 U.S. election.", "Hugh Fortescue (1665–1719) Hugh Fortescue (2 June 1665 – December 1719) was a British politician.He married Bridget Boscawen, the daughter of Hugh Boscawen (1625–1701). Bridget's mother Margaret was the daughter of Theophilus Clinton, 4th Earl of Lincoln, and was one of the coheirs of the Barony of Clinton upon the death of the 5th Earl in 1692.", "Impeachment and acquittal of Bill Clinton Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States, was impeached by the House of Representatives on two charges, one of perjury and one of obstruction of justice, on December 19, 1998. Two other impeachment articles, a second perjury charge and a charge of abuse of power, failed in the House, and he was acquitted of them by the Senate on February 12, 1999.Independent Counsel Ken Starr turned over documentation to the House Judiciary Committee.", "James Carville Chester James Carville, Jr. (born October 25, 1944) is an American political commentator and media personality who is a prominent figure in the Democratic Party. Carville gained national attention for his work as the lead strategist of the successful presidential campaign of then-Arkansas governor Bill Clinton. Carville was a co-host of CNN's Crossfire until its final broadcast in June 2005. Since its cancellation, he has appeared on CNN's news program The Situation Room.", "James Clinton (soldier) James Clinton (d. 24 January 1718) was the son of William Clinton a royalist officer in the army of Charles I of England. After the king's death William went into exile on the Continent for a time before going to Scotland, possibly in support of the heir to the throne, Charles II. While in Scotland he married a woman by the name of Kennedy. They subsequently moved to the northern part of Ireland.", "Jeanne Hurley Simon Jeanne Hurley Simon, the first wife of Senator Paul Simon and the mother of former Illinois Lieutenant Governor Sheila Simon, was a state and national public official in her own right.A member of the Illinois General Assembly from 1957 to 1961, on April 21, 1960 she married fellow State Assemblyman Paul Simon, thus becoming the first two sitting members of that body that were married to each other.", "Jeff Dwire George Jefferson \"Jeff\" Dwire (June 6, 1923 – August, 1974) was an Arkansas small businessman and the third husband of Virginia Clinton Kelley, and a stepfather of former United States President Bill Clinton and of Roger Clinton, Jr..", "Jim Guy Tucker James Guy Tucker, Jr. (born June 13, 1943) is an Arkansas Democrat political figure. He served as the 43rd Governor of Arkansas, the 11th Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas, Arkansas Attorney General, and U.S. Representative.", "Jody Wilson-Raybould Jody Wilson-Raybould (born in Vancouver, British Columbia) is a Canadian politician and the federal Liberal Party candidate for the riding of Vancouver Granville. She is a former provincial Crown prosecutor, B.C. Treaty Commissioner and Regional Chief of the B.C. Assembly of First Nations.She is the daughter of Bill Wilson, a First Nations politician and UBC law graduate, and Sandra Wilson, a teacher by profession. She is married to Dr.", "Joe Purcell Joe Edward Purcell (July 29, 1923 – March 5, 1987) was Acting Governor of Arkansas for six days in 1979 as well as Arkansas Attorney General from 1967–1971 and the ninth Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas from 1975–1981.Purcell was born in Warren, the seat of Bradley County, in southern Arkansas. He graduated from Little Rock Junior College and the University of Arkansas School of Law at Fayetteville. From 1962 to 1967, he served as the municipal judge in Benton in Saline County.", "Jonathan Orszag Jonathan Marc Orszag is a Senior Managing Director at Compass Lexecon, LLC, an economic consulting firm. Orszag was a co-founder of Compass (or Competition Policy Associates), which was sold to FTI Consulting, Inc. (NYSE: FCN) in 2006. The Global Competition Review has stated that \"Compass Lexecon reigns supreme once more\" in GCR's annual ranking of competition economics firms. According to the Global Competition Review, Orszag is one of the leading young competition economists in the world.", "Justin Cooper (aide) Justin Cooper is a senior adviser to Bill Clinton, former President of the United States.", "Lady Susan Vane-Tempest Lady Adolphus Vane-Tempest (7 April 1839 – 6 September 1875), born Lady Susan Charlotte Catherine Pelham-Clinton, was a British noblewoman and one of the mistresses of King Edward VII of England when he was Prince of Wales. Lady Susan was a bridesmaid to Victoria, Princess Royal and two years later became the wife of Lord Adolphus Vane-Tempest. She took the Prince as her lover in about 1864 following her husband's death, and allegedly gave birth to his illegitimate child in 1871.", "Lesley B. Wells Lesley Brooks Wells (born 1937) is a United States federal judge, appointed in 1994 and since February 2006 has continued to serve as a senior judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio.Wells earned a B.A. from Chatham College (now Chatham University) in 1959 and a Juris Doctor degree from Cleveland-Marshall College of Law at Cleveland State University in 1974.", "Letter to My Daughter Letter to My Daughter (2009) is the third book of essays by African-American writer and poet Maya Angelou. By the time it was published, Angelou had written two other books of essays, several volumes of poetry, and six autobiographies. She was recognized and highly respected as a spokesperson for Blacks and women, and had become \"a major autobiographical voice of the time\".", "List of 118 episodes MediaCorp Channel 8's television series 118 is a socio-drama series produced by MediaCorp Singapore from 2014 to 2015. The story is set against the backdrop of a coffeeshop in Tiong Bahru, offering a light-hearted social commentary on current topics with relatable characters and incidents.It is currently airing on MediaCorp Channel 8 in Singapore from 20 October 2014 and will run until end October 2015.", "List of Deadly Women episodes Deadly Women is an American television series first aired in 2005 on the Discovery Channel, focusing on female killers. It was originally a mini-series consisting of three episodes: \"Obsession,\" \"Greed\" and \"Revenge\". After a three-year hiatus, the show resumed production in 2008 and began airing on the Investigation Discovery channel as a regularly scheduled series. The series is produced in Australia by Beyond International.", "List of L.A. Law episodes L.A. Law is an American television legal drama series that aired on NBC. Created by Steven Bochco and Terry Louise Fisher, it contained many of Bochco's trademark features including an ensemble cast, large number of parallel storylines, social drama, and off-the-wall humor.", "List of The Colbert Report episodes (2008) This is a list of episodes for The Colbert Report in 2008.", "List of The Love Boat episodes The following is a list of episodes of The Love Boat (Love Boat in its final season), an American television series set on a cruise ship, which aired on ABC from September 24, 1977, until May 24, 1986. Each episode has multiple titles, referencing the simultaneous storylines contained within.", "List of The Nanny episodes The Nanny is an American television sitcom that aired for six seasons on CBS from 1993 to 1999. Created and produced by Fran Drescher and Peter Marc Jacobson, the series starred Drescher as Fran Fine, a Queens native who is hired by widower Maxwell \"Max\" Sheffield (Charles Shaughnessy) to be the nanny of his three children Margaret (Nicholle Tom), Brighton (Benjamin Salisbury), and Grace (Madeline Zima). The series also starred Lauren Lane as C.C.", "List of federal judges appointed by Bill Clinton Following is a list of all United States federal judges appointed by President Bill Clinton during his presidency. In total Clinton appointed two Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States, 66 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 305 judges to the United States district courts.", "Little Bill Clinton \"Little Bill Clinton: A School Year in the Life of a New American\" is a serial, narrative journalism project undertaken by The Christian Science Monitor in 2008-2009, as part of the 100-year-old newspaper's historic decision to abandon its daily print edition and shift its reporting energies online.", "Lord George Manners-Sutton Lord George Manners-Sutton (8 March 1723 – 7 January 1783, Kelham Hall), born Lord George Manners, was a British nobleman and politician, the third son of John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland.On 5 December 1749, he married Diana Chaplin (d.", "Los Angeles Times The Los Angeles Times, commonly referred to as the Times, is a paid daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It was the largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008 and the fourth most widely distributed newspaper in the country. In 2000, the Tribune Company, parent company of the Chicago Tribune and local television station KTLA, purchased the Los Angeles Times. It is currently owned by Tribune Publishing.", "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc. (abbreviated MGM, also known as Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, or simply Metro) is an American media company, involved primarily in the production and distribution of feature films and television programs.Once the largest, most glamorous, and most revered film studio, MGM was founded in 1924 when the entertainment entrepreneur Marcus Loew gained control of Metro Pictures, Goldwyn Pictures and Louis B. Mayer Pictures.", "Mike Espy Alphonso Michael \"Mike\" Espy (born November 30, 1953) is a United States Democratic politician. From 1987 to 1993, he served in the U.S. House of Representatives from Mississippi. From 1993 to 1994 he was selected to be the Secretary of Agriculture by president Bill Clinton. He was the first African American in that position. He was indicted in 1997.", "Naked City (TV series) Naked City is a police drama series which aired from 1958 to 1963 on the ABC television network. It was inspired by the 1948 motion picture The Naked City and mimics its dramatic \"semi-documentary\" format. As in the film, each episode concluded with a narrator intoning the iconic line: \"There are eight million stories in the naked city.", "Nannygate \"Nannygate\" is a popular term for the 1993 revelations that caused two of President Bill Clinton's choices for United States Attorney General to become derailed.In January 1993, Clinton's nomination of corporate lawyer Zoë Baird for the position came under attack after it became known that she and her husband had broken the law by employing two illegal aliens from Peru as a nanny and chauffeur for their young child.", "On the Pulse of Morning \"On the Pulse of Morning\" is a poem by African-American writer and poet Maya Angelou that she read at the first inauguration of President Bill Clinton on January 20, 1993. With her public recitation, Angelou became the second poet in history to read a poem at a presidential inauguration, and the first African American and woman. (Robert Frost was the first inaugural poet, at the 1961 inauguration of John F.", "Orlando Luis Garcia Orlando Luis Garcia (born 1952) is a United States federal judge sitting on the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas and former Texas state legislator.Born in Jim Wells County, Texas, Garcia received a B.A. from the University of Texas at Austin in 1975 and a J.D. from the University of Texas School of Law in 1978. He was in private practice in San Antonio, Texas from 1978–1990, and a Texas state representative from 1983-1991.", "Pamela Harriman Pamela Beryl Harriman (née Digby; 20 March 1920 – 5 February 1997), also known as Pamela Churchill Harriman, was an English-born socialite who was married and linked to important and powerful men. In later life, she became a political activist for the United States Democratic Party and a diplomat. Her only child, Winston Churchill, was named after his famous grandfather.", "Paramount Pictures Paramount Pictures Corporation (commonly known as Paramount Studios or simply Paramount, and formerly known as Famous Players-Lasky Corporation) is a film studio, television production company and motion picture distributor, consistently ranked as one of the \"Big Six\" film studios of Hollywood. It is a subsidiary of U.S. media conglomerate Viacom.", "Patricia Fleming Patricia Fleming was the first Director of the White House Office of National AIDS Policy, (ONAP) serving in that post between 1994 and 1997. She was appointed by President Bill Clinton, and was given direct access to the President and the cabinet. Fleming helped develop policy and budget proposals regarding AIDS., as well as a national strategy.", "Political positions of Hillary Clinton Hillary Clinton, former United States Secretary of State (2009–2013), former U.S. Senator from New York (2001–2009), former First Lady of the United States (1993–2001), and former U.S. Presidential candidate in 2008, has taken positions on many political issues through her public comments and based on her voting record during her time as Senator. As per custom, during her time as Secretary of State she largely avoided taking stances on most domestic or political issues.", "Post-presidency of Bill Clinton Bill Clinton was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. After he left office, he continued to be active in the public sphere, touring the world, writing books, and campaigning for Democrats, including his wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton.", "Presidency of Bill Clinton The United States Presidency of Bill Clinton, also known as the Clinton administration, was the executive branch of the federal government of the United States from January 20, 1993 to January 20, 2001. Clinton was the first Democratic president since Franklin D. Roosevelt to win two full terms. Clinton was also the first president since FDR to have not served in the military in any capacity.", "Respect for Marriage Act The Respect for Marriage Act, or RFMA (H.R. 2523, S. 1236), is a proposed bill in the United States Congress that would repeal the Defense of Marriage Act and require the U.S. federal government to recognize the validity of same-sex marriages. It is supported by former U.S. Representative Bob Barr, original sponsor of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), and former President Bill Clinton, who signed DOMA in 1996.", "Retroactive nomenclature Retroactive nomenclature is the telling of the earlier history of a person, place or thing while referring to said person, place or thing by a name that came into use at a later date.", "Rita Braver Rita Braver is a correspondent for CBS News. Rita Lynn Braver, born April 1948, is married to Washington, D.C. lawyer Robert B. Barnett, born August 1946. They have a daughter, Meredith Jane Barnett, age 31.She graduated from the University of Wisconsin with a degree in political science, and spent a few years at WWL-TV in New Orleans as a copy girl before joining CBS in 1972 as a producer. From 1983 to 1993, Braver served as CBS News's chief law correspondent.", "Robert Reich Robert Bernard Reich (/ˈraɪʃ/; born June 24, 1946) is an American political economist, professor, author, and political commentator. He served in the administrations of Presidents Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter and was Secretary of Labor under President Bill Clinton from 1993 to 1997.Reich is currently Chancellor's Professor of Public Policy at the Goldman School of Public Policy at the University of California, Berkeley. He was formerly a professor at Harvard University's John F.", "Roger Clinton, Jr. Roger Clinton, Jr. (born July 25, 1956) is an American actor and musician. He is the younger half-brother of former US President Bill Clinton.", "Roger Clinton, Sr. Roger Clinton, Sr. (July 23, 1908 — November 8, 1967) was an American car salesman. He was the first stepfather of Bill Clinton, former President of the United States.", "Sarah L. Wilson Sarah L. Wilson (born October 2, 1959) was a judge of the United States Court of Federal Claims.Born in New York City, Wilson received a B.A., cum laude, in 1981, from Williams College in Massachusetts, where she was a member of Phi Beta Kappa. She received an M. Phil. in American Studies from Yale University in 1986, and a J.D. from Columbia University School of Law in 1990.", "Second inauguration of Bill Clinton The second inauguration of Bill Clinton as the 42nd President of the United States, as well as the last inauguration of a president in the 20th century, took place on January 20, 1997.", "Silent film A silent film is a film with no synchronized recorded sound, especially with no spoken dialogue. In silent films for entertainment the dialogue is transmitted through muted gestures, mime and title cards.", "Terence C. Kern Terence C. Kern (born 1944) is a Senior United States federal judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma.Born in Clinton, Oklahoma, Kern received a B.S. from Oklahoma State University in 1966 and a J.D. from the University of Oklahoma College of Law in 1969. He was in the United States Army Reserve from 1969 to 1975. He was a general attorney of Federal Trade Commission, Division of Compliance, Bureau of Deceptive Practices from 1969 to 1970.", "The Hunting of the President The Hunting of the President is a 2004 English language documentary film about Bill Clinton. Clinton and his wife Hillary Clinton appear in archived footage. The film is based on the book The Hunting of the President: The Ten Year Campaign to Destroy Bill and Hillary Clinton, written by investigative journalists Joe Conason and Gene Lyons, and published by Thomas Dunne Books in 2000.", "The New York Times The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18, 1851, by the New York Times Company. It has won 117 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other news organization.The paper's print version has the largest circulation of any metropolitan newspaper in the United States, and the second-largest circulation overall, behind The Wall Street Journal. It is ranked 39th in the world by circulation.", "The Washington Post The Washington Post is an American daily newspaper. It is the most widely circulated newspaper published in Washington, D.C., and was founded in 1877. The headquarter located in the capital city of the United States. The newspaper is published as broadsheet, with photographs printed both in colour and in black and white. The Newspaper owner Nash Holding LLC, published by Fred Ryan, Editor by Martin Baron and Staff writers about 740 journalists.", "Thomas Beaumont (died 1614) Sir Thomas Beaumont (1576 - 1614) was an English Member of Parliament for Leicester. His father, Nicholas Beaumont of Coleorton was also an MP and his mother, Anne was the daughter of William Saunders of Welford, Northants. Thomas' elder brother Henry Beaumont preceded him as MP for Leicester. Thomas Beaumont was knighted in 1603.Thomas Beaumont married Katherine Farnham, daughter of Thomas Farnham (MP) of Stoughton Grange.", "Thomas Burgh, 3rd Baron Burgh Thomas Burgh, 3rd Baron Burgh KG (c. 1558–14 October 1597) 3rd Baron Borough of Gainsborough, de jure 7th Baron Strabolgi and 9th Baron Cobham of Sterborough was the son of William Burgh, 2nd Baron Burgh and Lady Katherine Clinton, daughter of Edward Clinton, 1st Earl of Lincoln and Elizabeth Blount, former mistress of King Henry VIII.", "Thomas Clinton, 3rd Earl of Lincoln Thomas Clinton, 3rd Earl of Lincoln (1568 – 15 January 1619) was an English peer, styled 11th Baron Clinton from 1585 to 1616.He was educated at Oxford University, from which he had his MA in 1588, and represented the constituencies of Lincolnshire in 1601 and Great Grimsby from 1604 to 1610. In the latter year, he entered the House of Lords by a writ of acceleration as Baron Clinton de Say.", "Thomas L. Siebert Thomas Leland Siebert, born 1946, is an American lawyer and former diplomat. Siebert was appointed United States Ambassador to Sweden in 1994 by President Bill Clinton and served in this capacity until 1997. Currently Siebert holds a position at law firm Thompson Coburn LLP in Washington D.C. He lives with his wife, Debbie, and children Lauren, Teddy, and Trevor, in Annapolis, MD. Siebert's daughter Sarah is married and lives in New York, NY with her husband.Siebert received his B.A.", "Thomas Pelham-Clinton, 3rd Duke of Newcastle Major-General Thomas Pelham-Clinton, 3rd Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne (1 July 1752 – 17 May 1795), known as Lord Thomas Pelham-Clinton until 1779 and as Earl of Lincoln from 1779 to 1794, was a British soldier and politician.Pelham-Clinton was the third but eldest surviving son of Henry Pelham-Clinton, 2nd Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, and his wife Lady Catherine Pelham, daughter of Henry Pelham. His two elder brothers and his younger brother all predeceased their father.", "Troopergate (Bill Clinton) Troopergate is the popular name for an alleged scandal in which two Arkansas State Troopers claimed they had arranged sexual liaisons for then-Governor Bill Clinton. The allegations by state troopers Larry Patterson and Roger Perry were first reported by David Brock in the conservative magazine American Spectator in 1993.The story mentioned a woman named Paula, a reference to Paula Jones, who later sued Clinton for sexual harassment in Jones v. Clinton.", "Victor Pinchuk Victor Pinchuk (Ukrainian: Віктор Михáйлович Пінчýк, Viktor Mykhailovych Pinchuk; born 14 December 1960) is a Ukrainian businessman and philanthropist.", "Virginia Clinton Kelley Virginia Dell Blythe Clinton Dwire Kelley (née Cassidy; June 6, 1923 – January 6, 1994) was a nurse anesthetist and the mother of former United States President Bill Clinton.Virginia was the only child of James Eldridge Cassidy (1898–1957), the town iceman (later a grocer), and Edith (née Grisham) Cassidy (1901–1968), a nurse anesthetist. During her high school years, she worked as a waitress at a local restaurant.", "Warner Bros. Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. (commonly called Warner Bros., Warners, or simply WB) is an American entertainment company that produces film, television and music entertainment. As one of the major film studios, it is a subsidiary of Time Warner, with its headquarters in Burbank, California. Warner Bros. has several subsidiary companies, including Warner Bros. Pictures, Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, Warner Bros. Television, Warner Bros.", "White House Millennium Council The White House Millennium Council was an American organization established by Executive Order 13072 in 1998 by President Bill Clinton to commemorate the millennium. The council's theme was \"Honor the Past -- Imagine the Future.\"", "William Kerr, 6th Marquess of Lothian William Kerr, 6th Marquess of Lothian KT (4 October 1763 – 27 April 1824) was the son of William Kerr, 5th Marquess of Lothian.He married, firstly, Lady Harriet Hobart-Hampden, a younger daughter of John Hobart, 2nd Earl of Buckinghamshire (and the divorced wife of Armar Lowry-Corry, 1st Earl Belmore), on 14 April 1793.", "William Pleydell-Bouverie, 3rd Earl of Radnor William Pleydell-Bouverie, 3rd Earl of Radnor (11 May 1779 – 9 April 1869), styled Viscount Folkestone until 1828, was the son of Jacob Pleydell-Bouverie, 2nd Earl of Radnor and Hon. Anne Duncombe.He first entered the House of Commons for Downton upon reaching his majority in 1801, switching to Salisbury in 1802. He was appointed a deputy lieutenant of Berkshire on 22 November 1801.He married, firstly, Lady Catherine Pelham-Clinton (d.", "William Stourton, 7th Baron Stourton William Stourton, 7th Baron Stourton (c. 1505 – 1548) was the eldest son of Edward Stourton, 6th Baron Stourton, and his wife Agnes Fauntleroy, daughter of John Fauntleroy of Dorest.He succeeded his father as Baron Stourton in 1535. His wife was Elizabeth Dudley, daughter of Edmund Dudley. They had seven sons and two daughters, including Ursula who married Edward Clinton, 1st Earl of Lincoln.", "William de Clinton, 1st Earl of Huntingdon William de Clinton, 1st Earl of Huntingdon (1304–1354) and Lord High Admiral, was the younger son of John de Clinton, 1st Baron Clinton (d.1312/13) of Maxstoke Castle, Warwickshire, and Ida De Odingsells who was the granddaughter of Ida II Longespee. The surname Clinton came from the lordship of Clinton in Oxfordshire, given to them at the Conquest.", "Woody Freeman Elwood A. Freeman, known as Woody Freeman (born December 28, 1946), is a businessman in Jonesboro, Arkansas, who was the Republican gubernatorial nominee in 1984. He lost 63-37 percent to the incumbent Governor Bill Clinton, the Democrat who eight years later was elected President of the United States. Freeman was the third of four Republicans whom Clinton dispatched in his five successful races for governor.Freeman is the son of Elwood A." ]

[ "Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn (/ˌsoʊlʒəˈniːtsɪn, ˌsɔːl-/; Russian: Алекса́ндр Иса́евич Солжени́цын, pronounced [ɐlʲɪˈksandr ɪˈsaɪvʲɪtɕ səlʐɨˈnʲitsɨn]; 11 December 1918 – 3 August 2008) (often Romanized to Alexandr or Alexander) was a Russian novelist, historian, and outspoken critic of the Soviet Union, especially its totalitarianism, who helped to raise global awareness of its gulag forced labor camp system.", "Anatole France Anatole France (French: [anatɔl fʁɑ̃s]; born François-Anatole Thibault, [frɑ̃swa anatɔl tibo]; 16 April 1844 – 12 October 1924) was a French poet, journalist, and novelist. He was born in Paris, and died in Saint-Cyr-sur-Loire. He was a successful novelist, with several best-sellers. Ironic and skeptical, he was considered in his day the ideal French man of letters.", "André Gide André Paul Guillaume Gide (French: [ɑ̃dʁe pɔl ɡijom ʒid]; 22 November 1869 – 19 February 1951) was a French author and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1947 \"for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight\".", "Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson Bjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈbjøːɳˈstjæːɳə ˈbjøːɳˈʂɔn]; 8 December 1832 – 26 April 1910) was a Norwegian writer who received the 1903 Nobel Prize in Literature \"as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit\", becoming the first Norwegian Nobel laureate.", "Boris Pasternak Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (/ˈpæstərˌnæk/; Russian: Бори́с Леони́дович Пастерна́к; IPA: [bɐˈrʲis lʲɪɐˈnʲidəvʲɪtɕ pəstɛrˈnak]) (10 February [O.S. 29 January] 1890 – 30 May 1960) was a Russian poet, novelist, and literary translator. In his native Russian, Pasternak's first book of poems, My Sister, Life (1917), is one of the most influential collections ever published in the Russian language.", "Carl Spitteler Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler (24 April 1845 – 29 December 1924) was a Swiss poet who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1919 \"in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring\". His work includes both pessimistic and heroic poems.", "Derek Walcott Derek Alton Walcott, OBE OCC (born 23 January 1930) is a Saint Lucian poet and playwright. He received the 1992 Nobel Prize in Literature. He is currently Professor of Poetry at the University of Essex.", "Doris Lessing Doris May Lessing CH (née Tayler; 22 October 1919 – 17 November 2013) was a British novelist, poet, playwright, librettist, biographer and short story writer. Her novels include The Grass is Singing (1950), the sequence of five novels collectively called Children of Violence (1952–69), The Golden Notebook (1962), The Good Terrorist (1985), and five novels collectively known as Canopus in Argos: Archives (1979–1983).Lessing was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Literature.", "Elfriede Jelinek Elfriede Jelinek (German: [ɛlˈfʀiːdə ˈjɛlinɛk]; born 20 October 1946) is an Austrian playwright and novelist. She was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2004 for her \"musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that, with extraordinary linguistic zeal, reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power.\"", "Erik Axel Karlfeldt Erik Axel Karlfeldt (20 July 1864 – 8 April 1931) was a Swedish poet whose highly symbolist poetry masquerading as regionalism was popular and won him the Nobel Prize in Literature posthumously in 1931. It has been rumored that he had been offered, but declined, the award already in 1919.", "Ernest Hemingway Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works.", "Eugenio Montale Eugenio Montale (Italian: [euˈdʒɛnjo monˈtale]; 12 October 1896 – 12 September 1981) was an Italian poet, prose writer, editor and translator, and recipient of the 1975 Nobel Prize in Literature. He is widely considered the greatest Italian lyric poet since Giacomo Leopardi. In 1973 he was awarded the Golden Wreath of the Struga Poetry Evenings in Struga, Macedonia.", "Frédéric Mistral Frédéric Mistral (French: [mistʁal]; Occitan: Frederic Mistral, 8 September 1830 – 25 March 1914) was a French writer and lexicographer of the Occitan language. Mistral received the 1904 Nobel Prize in Literature \"in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist\".", "Gabriela Mistral Gabriela Mistral (Spanish: [ɡaˈβɾjela misˈt̪ɾal]; 7 April 1889 – 10 January 1957) was the pseudonym of Lucila Godoy Alcayaga, a Chilean poet-diplomat, educator and feminist. She was the first Latin American (and, so far, the only Ibero-American woman) to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, which she did in 1945 \"for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world\".", "Gao Xingjian Gao Xingjian (Chinese: 高行健; Mandarin: [káu ɕĭŋ tɕiɛ̂n]; born January 4, 1940) is a Chinese émigré novelist, playwright, and critic who in 2000 was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature “for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity.” He is also a noted translator (particularly of Samuel Beckett and Eugène Ionesco), screenwriter, stage director, and a celebrated painter.", "Giorgos Seferis Giorgos or George Seferis (Greek: Γιώργος Σεφέρης), the pen name of Georgios Seferiades (Γεώργιος Σεφεριάδης; March 13 [O.S. February 29] 1900 – September 20, 1971), was a Greek poet-diplomat. He was one of the most important Greek poets of the 20th century, and a Nobel laureate. He was a career diplomat in the Greek Foreign Service, culminating in his appointment as Ambassador to the UK, a post which he held from 1957 to 1962.", "Günter Grass Günter Wilhelm Grass (German: [ˈɡʏntɐ ˈɡʀas]; 16 October 1927 – 13 April 2015) was a German novelist, poet, playwright, illustrator, graphic artist, sculptor, and recipient of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Literature.Grass, who identified as Kashubian, was born in the Free City of Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland). As a teenager, he served as a drafted soldier from late 1944 in the Waffen-SS, and was taken prisoner of war by U.S. forces at the end of the war in May 1945. He was released in April 1946.", "Harold Pinter Harold Pinter, CH, CBE (/ˈpɪntər/; 10 October 1930 – 24 December 2008) was a Nobel Prize-winning English playwright, screenwriter, director and actor. One of the most influential modern British dramatists, his writing career spanned more than 50 years. His best-known plays include The Birthday Party (1957), The Homecoming (1964), and Betrayal (1978), each of which he adapted for the screen.", "Harry Martinson Harry Martinson (6 May 1904 – 11 February 1978) was a Swedish author, poet and former sailor. In 1949 he was elected into the Swedish Academy. He was awarded a joint Nobel Prize in Literature in 1974 together with fellow Swede Eyvind Johnson \"for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos\".", "Hermann Hesse Hermann Karl Hesse (German: [ˈhɛɐ̯man ˈhɛsə]; 2 July 1877 – 9 August 1962) was a German-born Swiss poet, novelist, and painter. His best-known works include Steppenwolf, Siddhartha, and The Glass Bead Game, each of which explores an individual's search for authenticity, self-knowledge and spirituality. In 1946, he received the Nobel Prize in Literature.", "Herta Müller Herta Müller (born 17 August 1953) is a German novelist, poet, essayist and recipient of the 2009 Nobel Prize in Literature. Born in Nițchidorf, Timiș County in Romania, her native language is German.", "Isaac Bashevis Singer Isaac Bashevis Singer (Yiddish: יצחק באַשעװיס זינגער‎; November 21, 1902 – July 24, 1991) was a Polish-born Jewish author in Yiddish, awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1978. The Polish form of his birth name was Icek Hersz Zynger. He used his mother's first name in an initial literary pseudonym, Izaak Baszewis, which he later expanded to the form under which he is now known. He was a leading figure in the Yiddish literary movement, writing and publishing only in Yiddish.", "Ivan Bunin Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin (/ˈbuːniːn/ or /ˈbuːnɪn/; Russian: Ива́н Алексе́евич Бу́нин; IPA: [ɪˈvan ɐlʲɪˈksʲejɪvʲɪtɕ ˈbunʲɪn]; 22 October [O.S. 10 October] 1870 – 8 November 1953) was the first Russian writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature. He was noted for the strict artistry with which he carried on the classical Russian traditions in the writing of prose and poetry.", "Jaroslav Seifert Jaroslav Seifert (Czech pronunciation: [ˈjaroslaf ˈsajfr̩t]; 23 September 1901 – 10 January 1986) was a Nobel Prize–winning Czechoslovak writer, poet and journalist.Born in Žižkov, a suburb of Prague in what was then part of Austria-Hungary, his first collection of poems was published in 1921.", "Johannes V. Jensen Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (commonly known as Johannes V. Jensen; 20 January 1873 – 25 November 1950) was a Danish author, often considered the first great Danish writer of the 20th century. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1944. One of his sisters, Thit Jensen, was also a well-known writer and a very vocal, and occasionally controversial, early feminist.", "John Galsworthy John Galsworthy OM (/ˈɡɔːlzwɜrði/; 14 August 1867 – 31 January 1933) was an English novelist and playwright. Notable works include The Forsyte Saga (1906–1921) and its sequels, A Modern Comedy and End of the Chapter. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1932.", "Joseph Brodsky Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky (/ˈbrɒdski/; Russian: Ио́сиф Алекса́ндрович Бро́дский, IPA: [ɪˈosʲɪf ɐlʲɪˈksandrəvʲɪtɕ ˈbrotskʲɪj]; 24 May 1940 – 28 January 1996) was a Russian poet and essayist.Born in Leningrad in 1940, Brodsky ran afoul of Soviet authorities and was expelled \"\\strongly advised\" to emigrate) from the Soviet Union in 1972, settling in America with the help of W. H. Auden and other supporters.", "Juan Ramón Jiménez Juan Ramón Jiménez Mantecón (24 December 1881 – 29 May 1958) was a Spanish poet, a prolific writer who received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1956 \"for his lyrical poetry, which in the Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity\". One of Jiménez's most important contributions to modern poetry was his advocacy of the French concept of \"pure poetry.\"", "Karl Adolph Gjellerup Karl Adolph Gjellerup (2 June 1857 – 13 October 1919) was a Danish poet and novelist who together with his compatriot Henrik Pontoppidan won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1917. He belonged to the Modern Break-Through. He occasionally used the pseudonym Epigonos.", "Knut Hamsun Knut Hamsun (August 4, 1859 – February 19, 1952) was a Norwegian author, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1920. Hamsun's work spans more than 70 years and shows variation with regard to the subject, perspective and environment. He published more than 20 novels, a collection of poetry, some short stories and plays, a travelogue, and some essays.The young Hamsun objected to realism and naturalism.", "List of female Nobel laureates The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of Chemistry, Physics, Literature, Peace, Physiology or Medicine and Economics. All but the economics prize were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation.", "Los versos del capitán Los versos del capitán is a book by the Chilean poet Pablo Neruda, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1971. It was published for the first time anonymously in Italy in 1952 by his friend Paolo Ricci. The book with his own name in it was first published in Chile, in 1963, with a note written by Neruda explaining why he used anonymity.", "Maurice Maeterlinck Maurice Polydore Marie Bernard Maeterlinck (also called Comte (Count) Maeterlinck from 1932; [mo.ʁis ma.tɛʁ.lɛ̃ːk] in Belgium, [mɛ.teʁ.lɛ̃ːk] in France; 29 August 1862 – 6 May 1949) was a Belgian playwright, poet, and essayist who was a Fleming, but wrote in French.", "Miguel Ángel Asturias Miguel Angel Asturias Rosales (October 19, 1899 – June 9, 1974) was a Nobel Prize-winning Guatemalan poet-diplomat, novelist, playwright and journalist. Asturias helped establish Latin American literature's contribution to mainstream Western culture, and at the same time drew attention to the importance of indigenous cultures, especially those of his native Guatemala.Asturias was born and raised in Guatemala though he lived a significant part of his adult life abroad.", "Nelly Sachs Nelly Sachs (10 December 1891 – 12 May 1970) was a Jewish German poet and playwright whose experiences resulting from the rise of the Nazis in World War II Europe transformed her into a poignant spokeswoman for the grief and yearnings of her fellow Jews.", "Octavio Paz Octavio Paz Lozano (Spanish pronunciation: [okˈtaβjo pas loˈsano] About this sound audio ; March 31, 1914 – April 19, 1998) was a Mexican poet-diplomat and writer.For his body of work, he was awarded the 1981 Miguel de Cervantes Prize, the 1982 Neustadt International Prize for Literature, and the 1990 Nobel Prize in Literature.", "Pablo Neruda Pablo Neruda (/nəˈruːdə/; Spanish: [ˈpaβ̞lo̞ ne̞ˈɾuð̞a]) was the pen name and, later, legal name of the Chilean poet-diplomat and politician Neftalí Ricardo Reyes Basoalto (July 12, 1904 – September 23, 1973). He derived his pen name from the Czech poet Jan Neruda. He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1971.Neruda became known as a poet when he was 10 years old.", "Patrick White Patrick Victor Martindale White (28 May 1912 – 30 September 1990) was an Australian writer who is widely regarded as one of the most important English-language novelists of the 20th century. From 1935 until his death, he published 12 novels, three short-story collections and eight plays.White's fiction employs humour, florid prose, shifting narrative vantage points and a stream of consciousness technique.", "Pär Lagerkvist Pär Fabian Lagerkvist (23 May 1891 – 11 July 1974) was a Swedish author who received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1951.Lagerkvist wrote poems, plays, novels, stories, and essays of considerable expressive power and influence from his early 20s to his late 70s. One of his central themes was the fundamental question of good and evil, which he examined through such figures as Barabbas, the man who was freed instead of Jesus, and Ahasuerus, the Wandering Jew.", "Rabindranath Tagore Rabindranath Tagore (/rəˈbindrəˈnɑːt ˈtɑːɡɔr/; Bengali pronunciation: [robind̪ro nat̪ʰ ʈʰakur]), also written Ravīndranātha Thākura (7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941), sobriquet Gurudev, was a Bengali polymath who reshaped Bengali literature and music, as well as Indian art with Contextual Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Author of Gitanjali and its \"profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse\", he became the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913.", "Rudyard Kipling Joseph Rudyard Kipling (/ˈrʌdjəd ˈkɪplɪŋ/ RUD-yəd KIP-ling; 30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936) was an English short-story writer, poet, and novelist. He wrote tales and poems of British soldiers in India and stories for children.", "Salvatore Quasimodo Salvatore Quasimodo (Italian: [salvaˈtoːre kwaˈziːmodo]; August 20, 1901 – June 14, 1968) was an Italian author and poet. In 1959 he won the Nobel Prize for Literature \"for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times\". Along with Giuseppe Ungaretti and Eugenio Montale, he is one of the foremost Italian poets of the 20th century.", "Samuel Beckett Samuel Barclay Beckett (/ˈbɛkɪt/; 13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish avant-garde novelist, playwright, theatre director, and poet, who lived in Paris for most of his adult life and wrote in both English and French. His work offers a bleak, tragicomic outlook on human existence, often coupled with black comedy and gallows humour.Beckett is widely regarded as among the most influential writers of the 20th century. He is considered one of the last modernists.", "Seamus Heaney Seamus Justin Heaney, MRIA (/ˈʃeɪməs ˈhiːni/; 13 April 1939 – 30 August 2013) was an Irish poet, playwright, translator and lecturer, and the recipient of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Literature. In the early 1960s, he became a lecturer in Belfast after attending university there and began to publish poetry. He lived in Sandymount, Dublin, from 1976 until his death.", "Shmuel Yosef Agnon Shmuel Yosef Agnon (Hebrew: שמואל יוסף עגנון‎) (July 17, 1888 – February 17, 1970) was a Nobel Prize laureate writer and was one of the central figures of modern Hebrew fiction. In Hebrew, he is known by the acronym Shai Agnon \"ש\\י עגנון). In English, his works are published under the name S. Y. Agnon.Agnon was born in Galicia, Austro-Hungarian Empire (today Ukraine).", "Sully Prudhomme René François Armand (Sully) Prudhomme (French: [syli pʀydɔm]; 16 March 1839 – 6 September 1907) was a French poet and essayist, and was the first ever winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, in 1901.Born in Paris, Prudhomme originally studied to be an engineer, but turned to philosophy and later to poetry; he declared it as his intent to create scientific poetry for modern times.", "T. S. Eliot Thomas Stearns Eliot OM (26 September 1888 – 4 January 1965), usually known as T. S. Eliot, was an essayist, publisher, playwright, literary and social critic, and \"one of the twentieth century's major poets\". He was born in St. Louis, Missouri, to the old Yankee Eliot family descended from Andrew Eliot, who migrated to Boston, Massachusetts from East Coker, England in the 1660s. He immigrated to England in 1914 (at age 25), settling, working and marrying there.", "Tomas Tranströmer Tomas Gösta Tranströmer (Swedish: [ˈtuːmas ˈjøsta ˈtrɑːnˌstrømːər]; 15 April 1931 – 26 March 2015) was a Swedish poet, psychologist and translator. His poems captured the long Swedish winters, the rhythm of the seasons and the palpable, atmospheric beauty of nature. Tranströmer's work is also characterized by a sense of mystery and wonder underlying the routine of everyday life, a quality which often gives his poems a religious dimension.", "Verner von Heidenstam Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam (6 July 1859 – 20 May 1940) was a Swedish poet, novelist and laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1916. He was a member of the Swedish Academy from 1912. His poems and prose work are filled with a great joy of life, sometimes imbued with a love of Swedish history and scenery, particularly its physical aspects.", "Vicente Aleixandre Vicente Pío Marcelino Cirilo Aleixandre y Merlo (April 26, 1898 – December 14, 1984) was a Spanish poet who was born in Seville. Aleixandre received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1977 \"for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars\".", "W. B. Yeats William Butler Yeats (/ˈjeɪts/; 13 June 1865 – 28 January 1939) was an Irish poet and one of the foremost figures of 20th century literature. A pillar of both the Irish and British literary establishments, in his later years he served as an Irish Senator for two terms. Yeats was a driving force behind the Irish Literary Revival and, along with Lady Gregory, Edward Martyn, and others, founded the Abbey Theatre, where he served as its chief during its early years.", "William Faulkner William Cuthbert Faulkner (/ˈfɔːlknər/, September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was an American writer and Nobel Prize laureate from Oxford, Mississippi. Faulkner wrote novels, short stories, a play, poetry, essays, and screenplays.", "William Golding Sir William Gerald Golding CBE (19 September 1911 – 19 June 1993) was an English novelist, playwright, and poet. Best known for his novel Lord of the Flies, he won a Nobel Prize in Literature, and was also awarded the Booker Prize for literature in 1980 for his novel Rites of Passage, the first book in what became his sea trilogy, To the Ends of the Earth.Golding was knighted by Elizabeth II in 1988. He was a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.", "Wisława Szymborska Maria Wisława Anna Szymborska [viˈswava ʂɨmˈbɔrska] (2 July 1923 – 1 February 2012) was a Polish poet, essayist, translator and recipient of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature. Born in Prowent, which has since become part of Kórnik, she later resided in Kraków until the end of her life. She is described as a \"Mozart of Poetry\"." ]

[ "António Correia de Oliveira António Correia de Oliveira (1879-1960) was a Portuguese poet. According to the Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Literature he was nominated 15 times without being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.", "Artur Lundkvist Artur Lundkvist (3 March 1906 in Perstorp Municipality, Skåne County – 11 December 1991 in Solna, Stockholm County) was a Swedish writer, poet and literary critic. He was a member of the Swedish Academy from 1968.Artur Lundkvist published around 80 books, including poetry, prose poems, essays, short stories, novels and travel books, and his works have been translated into some 30 languages. He is also noted for having translated many works from Spanish and French into Swedish.", "Astrid Hjertenæs Andersen Astrid Hjertenæs Andersen (5 September 1915 – 21 April 1985) was a Norwegian poet and travel-writer.", "Bo Carpelan Baron Bo Gustaf Bertelsson Carpelan (25 October 1926 – 11 February 2011) was a Finnish poet and author. He published his first book of poems in 1946, and received his Ph.D. in 1960. Carpelan, who wrote in Swedish, composed numerous books of verse, as well as several novels and short stories.In 1997, he won the Swedish Academy Nordic Prize, known as the 'little Nobel'. He is the only person yet to have received the Finlandia Prize twice. He won the 2006 European Prize for Literature.", "Czesław Miłosz Czesław Miłosz ([ˈt͡ʂɛswaf ˈmiwɔʂ]; 30 June 1911 – 14 August 2004) was a Polish poet, prose writer, translator and diplomat. His World War II-era sequence, The World, is a collection of twenty \"naïve\" poems. Following the war, he served as Polish cultural attaché in Paris and Washington, D.C., then in 1951 defected to the West. His nonfiction book, The Captive Mind (1953), became a classic of anti-Stalinism.", "Eyvind Johnson Eyvind Johnson (29 July 1900 – 25 August 1976) was a Swedish writer and author. He became a member of the Swedish Academy in 1957 and shared the Nobel Prize in Literature with Harry Martinson in 1974 with the citation: for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom.", "Faiz Ahmad Faiz Faiz Ahmad Faiz (Punjabi, Urdu: فیض احمد فیض ‎, born 13 February 1911 – 20 November 1984) MBE, NI, Lenin Peace Prize was an influential left-wing intellectual, revolutionary poet, and one of the most highly-regarded poets of the Urdu language, having been nominated four times for the Nobel Prize for literature. Faiz also wrote poetry in the Punjabi language.", "Ghassan Zaqtan Ghassan Zaqtan (Arabic: غسان زقطان‎) is a Palestinian poet, author of ten collections of poetry. He is also a novelist, editor. He was born in Beit Jala, near Bethlehem, and has lived in Jordan, Beirut, Damascus, and Tunis. His book “Like a Straw Bird it Follows me” translated by Fady Joudah was awarded the Griffin Poetry Prize, 2013.", "Giosuè Carducci Giosuè Alessandro Giuseppe Carducci (Italian: [dʒozuˈɛ karˈduttʃi]; 27 July 1835 – 16 February 1907) was an Italian poet and teacher. He was very influential and was regarded as the official national poet of modern Italy.", "Gitanjali Gitanjali (Bengali: গীতাঞ্জলি) is a collection of poems by the Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore. The original Bengali collection of 157 poems was published on August 14, 1910. The English Gitanjali or Song Offerings is a collection of 103 English poems of Tagore's own English translations of his Bengali poems first published in November 1912 by the India Society of London.", "List of Hindu Nobel laureates Nobel Prize is the most prestigious award in the world given in six fields i.e., peace, literature, physics, chemistry, physiology and economics. Since 1900, more than 850 people are awarded this honor. Hindus account for 14% of world population, but they provided only 1% Nobel laureate. 8 Hindus were awarded Nobel Prize, 7 of them were Indians and V. S. Naipaul hails from Trinidad is also a Hindu. The following is a list of these eight Hindu recipients:", "List of Muslim Nobel laureates The Nobel Prize (Swedish pronunciation: [noˈbɛl], Swedish definite form, singular: Nobelpriset, Norwegian: Nobelprisen) is a set of annual international awards bestowed in a number of categories by Scandinavian committees in recognition of cultural and scientific advances. The will of the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel established the prizes in 1895.", "List of Nobel laureates The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: Nobelpriset, Norwegian: Nobelprisen) are prizes awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.", "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Cornell University The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation.", "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Imperial College London The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation.", "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Johns Hopkins University The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation.", "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with King's College London The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation.", "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Princeton University The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation.", "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Washington University in St. Louis The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation.", "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the City University of New York The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation.", "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of California, Santa Barbara The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation.", "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Pennsylvania The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation.", "List of Nobel laureates in Literature The Nobel Prize in Literature (Swedish: Nobelpriset i litteratur) is awarded annually by the Swedish Academy to authors for outstanding contributions in the field of literature. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which are awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.", "List of poetry awards This is a list of awards that are, or have been, given out to writers of poetry, either for a specific poem, collection of poems, or body of work.This is not intended to be an all-inclusive list of poetry awards; rather, it is a list of those awards which have entries on Wikipedia.", "Literature of New England The literature of New England has had an enduring influence on American literature in general, with themes such as religion, race, the individual versus society, social repression, and nature, emblematic of the larger concerns of American letters.New England has been the birthplace of American authors and poets. Ralph Waldo Emerson was born in Boston. Henry David Thoreau was born in Concord, Massachusetts, where he famously lived, for some time, by Walden Pond, on Emerson's land.", "Luigi Pirandello Luigi Pirandello (Italian: [luˈiːdʒi piranˈdɛllo]; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet and short story writer. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature for his \"bold and brilliant renovation of the drama and the stage\".Pirandello's works include novels, hundreds of short stories, and about 40 plays, some of which are written in Sicilian. Pirandello's tragic farces are often seen as forerunners of the Theatre of the Absurd.", "Nadine Gordimer Nadine Gordimer (20 November 1923 – 13 July 2014) was a South African writer, political activist and recipient of the 1991 Nobel Prize in Literature. She was recognized as a woman \"who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity\".Gordimer's writing dealt with moral and racial issues, particularly apartheid in South Africa. Under that regime, works such as Burger's Daughter and July's People were banned.", "Nicanor Parra Nicanor Segundo Parra Sandoval (born 5 September 1914) is a Chilean poet, mathematician, and physicist. He is considered an influential poet in Chile and throughout Latin America. Some rank him among the most important poets of Spanish language literature. Parra describes himself as an \"anti-poet,\" due to his distaste for standard poetic pomp and function; after recitations he exclaims \"Me retracto de todo lo dicho\" (\"I take back everything I said\").", "Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (officially Swedish: Sveriges riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne, or the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel), commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Economics, and as a \"category of the Nobel Prize\" by the Nobel Foundation itself, which owns the name Nobel Prize, though the Foundation itself does not refer to it as such.", "Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian and Swedish: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes created by the Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature.", "Nobel Prize The Nobel Prize (Swedish pronunciation: [nʊˈbɛl], Swedish definite form, singular: Nobelpriset; Norwegian: Nobelprisen) is a set of annual international awards bestowed in a number of categories by Swedish and Norwegian committees in recognition of academic, cultural and/or scientific advances. The will of the Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel established the prizes in 1895. The prizes in Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine were first awarded in 1901.", "Nobel Prize in Chemistry The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Swedish: Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.", "Nobel Prize in Literature Since 1901, the Nobel Prize in Literature (Swedish: Nobelpriset i litteratur) has been awarded annually to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Alfred Nobel, produced \"in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction\" (original Swedish: den som inom litteraturen har producerat det mest framstående verket i en idealisk riktning).", "Nobel Prize in Physics The Nobel Prize in Physics (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysik) is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who conferred the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics.", "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) administered by the Nobel Foundation, is awarded once a year for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine. It is one of five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, in his will.", "Nobel laureates of India The Nobel Prize is a set of annual international awards bestowed on \"those who conferred the greatest benefit on mankind\" in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace and Economics. Instituted by Alfred Nobel's last will, which specified that his fortune be used to create a series of prizes, now known as the Nobel Prizes.", "Paal-Helge Haugen Paal-Helge Haugen (born 26 April 1945) is a Norwegian lyricist, novelist, dramatist and children's writer.Haugen was born in Valle, Setesdal, and studied medicine at the University of Oslo. During the period 1965-67, Haugen was a member of the editorial team of literary magazine Profile. He made his literary debut with Blad frå ein austleg hage in 1965, a translation of Japanese haiku.", "Paul Heyse Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse (15 March 1830 – 2 April 1914) was a distinguished German writer and translator. A member of two important literary societies, the Tunnel über der Spree in Berlin and Die Krokodile in Munich, he wrote novels, poetry, 177 short stories, and about sixty dramas. The sum of Heyse's many and varied productions made him a dominant figure among German men of letters.", "Song Offering Song Offerings is a volume of lyrics by Bengali poet Rabindranath Thakur (Bengali: রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর), rendered into English by the poet himself, for which he was awarded the 1913 Nobel Prize in Literature.", "Thor Vilhjálmsson Thor Vilhjálmsson (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈtʰouːr ˈvɪlçaulmˌsɔn]; August 12, 1925 – March 2, 2011) was an Icelandic writer. He was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Over the course of his life Vilhjálmsson wrote novels, plays and poetry and also did translations. In 1988 he won the Nordic Council Literature Prize for his novel Justice Undone (Icelandic: Grámosinn glóir). In 1992, he won the Swedish Academy Nordic Prize, known as the 'little Nobel'.", "Torgeir Schjerven Torgeir Schjerven (born 28 August 1954) is a Norwegian author and lyric poet. Schjerven trained as a painter and has illustrated children’s books. He has worked as a film actor in such films as Lasse & Geir (1976), directed by Svend Wam and Petter Vennerød) and Det tause flertall - The silent majority (1977, directed by Svend Wam).", "Vasyl Holoborodko Vasyl Holoborodko (*April 7, 1945, Adrianopil) - Ukrainian poet, representative of the \"Kyiv school of poetry\". His poems are characterized by their magical, naive and Ukrainian fairy-tale-like style. Holoborodko's books were translated into English, Portuguese, Polish and German, spearate poems were also translated in French, Romanian, Croaian, Serbian, Spanish, Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Swedish and Russian.", "William Heinesen Andreas William Heinesen (15 January 1900 – 12 March 1991) was a poet, novel writer, short story writer, children's book writer, composer and painter from the Faroe Islands.", "Wole Soyinka Akinwande Oluwole \"Wole\" Babatunde Soyinka (Yoruba: Akinwándé Oluwo̩lé Babátúndé S̩óyinká, pronounced [wɔlé ʃójĩká]; born 13 July 1934) is a Nigerian playwright and poet. He was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Literature, the first African to be honored in that category.Soyinka was born into a Yoruba family in Abeokuta. After study in Nigeria and the UK, he worked with the Royal Court Theatre in London. He went on to write plays that were produced in both countries, in theatres and on radio." ]

[ "A World At War A World At War is a board wargame published by GMT Games, simulating the Second World War in Europe and the Pacific. It is a descendant of Avalon Hill's games Rise and Decline of the Third Reich, Advanced Third Reich and Empire of the Rising Sun. The emphasis of the game system has shifted from novel and far-fetched strategies (pre-1992 versions of the game) to diplomacy (A3R) to studying the effect of changes in a country’s forcepool.", "Board wargame A board wargame is a wargame with a set playing surface or board, as opposed to being played on a computer or in a more free-form playing area as in miniatures games.", "Chandragupta (board game) Chandragupta is a board wargame designed by Stephen R. Welch and released in 2008 by GMT Games as part of the Great Battles of History (GBoH) series of games (designed by Richard Berg and Mark Herman) on ancient warfare. Chandragupta simulates battles fought by the Mauryan Dynasty in ancient India, and in so doing, attempts to illuminate the features, challenges, and unique attributes of the Indian military system and culture during this period.", "Civilization: The Boardgame Sid Meier's Civilization: The Boardgame is a 2002 board game created by Glenn Drover based on the Civilization series of video games, in particular, Civilization III.", "Commands & Colors: Ancients Commands & Colors: Ancients is a board wargame designed by Richard Borg, Pat Kurivial, and Roy Grider, and published by GMT Games in 2006. It is based on Borg's Command & Colors system using some elements similar to his other games such as Memoir '44 and Battle Cry designed to simulate the \"fog of war\" and uncertainty encountered on real battlefields.Commands & Colors: Ancients focuses on the historic period of 3000 BC - 400 AD.", "Fields of Fire (game) Fields of Fire is a solitaire tactical wargame published by GMT Games that is designed to simulate various historical campaigns of wars between World War II and now. The game is card based with two decks used to play, including a terrain deck and action decks. You must build maps for missions and then use turn-based strategic actions. A single game consists of several missions from a historical campaign and each of these individual missions can be played in about 3 – 5 hours.", "GMT Games GMT Games is a California-based wargaming publisher founded in 1990. The current management and creative team includes Tony Curtis, Rodger MacGowan, Mark Simonitch, and Andy Lewis. The company has become well known for graphically attractive games that range from \"monster games\", of many maps and counters, to quite simple games suitable for introducing new players to wargaming. They also produce card games and family games.", "Here I Stand (boardgame) Here I Stand is a board game first published by GMT Games in 2006.", "List of board wargames This is a list of board wargames by historical genre (and some subgenres) showing their publication history. All games can be presumed to have been published in English unless another language is noted.", "Paths of Glory (board game) Paths of Glory: The First World War, 1914-1918 is a strategy board wargame, designed in 1999 by the six-time Charles S. Roberts Awards winner Ted Raicer and published by GMT Games. It covers World War I from its outbreak to the 1918 Armistice, or based on the progress of the game a hypothetical later ending of the war in early 1919, possibly due to exhaustion of Europe. The game is played on a map of Europe and the Middle East as the game board.", "SPQR (board game) SPQR is a board wargame designed by Richard Berg and Mark Herman, and released in 1992 by GMT Games, as part of the Great Battles of History (GBoH) series of games on ancient warfare. SPQR deals with battles fought by the Roman Republic, and is designed to showcase the strengths and weaknesses of the Roman manipular legion.There are two editions of the game, the second having changes in some rules.SPQR won the 1992 Charles S.", "Sword of Rome Sword of Rome is a board game for 2-4 players, designed by Wray Ferrell and published in 2004 by GMT Games. It was awarded the 2005 Charles S. Roberts Award for best historical simulation game.", "Twilight Struggle Twilight Struggle: The Cold War, 1945 - 1989 is a card-driven strategy game for two players, with its theme taken from the Cold War. One player plays the United States (US), and the other plays the Soviet Union (USSR). The game takes its title from John F.", "Washington's War Washington's War is a card-driven board wargame from GMT Games designed by Mark Herman. The game is set in during the American Revolutionary War and the map depicts the east coast of the United States. One player controls the American forces and the other player the British. The game is designed for two players and takes between ninety minutes and two hours to play.Washington's War was published in 2010 and is a reprint and upgrade of the Avalon Hill game We the People, first published in 1994." ]

[ "Ad Astra Games Ad Astra Games produces boardgames and miniatures wargames. It was founded in 2001 by Ken Burnside and its first products were tee-shirts. From 2006 to 2014, Ad Astra Games was an imprint of Final Sword Productions, but it is now an independent company.", "Age of Mythology: The Boardgame Age of Mythology: The Boardgame is a board game created by Glenn Drover based on the video game Age of Mythology. It was released in 2003 by Eagle Games. Up to four players may play the game, but extra parts may be purchased from Eagle Games to allow eight players to play.", "Agricola (board game) Agricola is a German-style board game created by Uwe Rosenberg, and published by Lookout Games in Europe and Z-Man Games in the US. The goal of the game is to build the most well-balanced farm at the end of 14 rounds, consisting of plowed fields for crops and fenced pastures for livestock. The farm should have little fallow land and a large farmhouse built of high quality material.", "All Hits All Hits is a greatest hits album by All Saints released in 2001. It also features a song by Melanie Blatt and The Artful Dodger called \\TwentyFourSeven\\\".\"", "All Hooked Up \"All Hooked Up\" is a song by All Saints, released as the third single from their second album, Saints & Sinners. It peaked at No. 7 in the UK charts. It also was All Saints' last single to be released from the aforementioned album. \"All Hooked Up\" sold 54,699 copies in the UK alone.", "Andrea Angiolino Andrea Angiolino (born April 27, 1966 in Rome, Italy) is a game designer: among his last boardgames Dragon Ball - Alla ricerca delle sette sfere (Nexus Editrice 1998), Ulysses (Winning Moves 2001), Wings of War (Nexus Editrice 2004, then NG International, now published as Wings of Glory by Ares Games), Isla Dorada (FunForge 2010, English edition by Fantasy Flight Games), and the card game Obscura Tempora (Rose & Poison 2005).", "Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea The Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea was held in London in June 1917. The Conference established the nautical date line and adopted an ideal form of the terrestrial time zone system for use at sea. It recommended that time changes required by changes of longitude be made in one-hour steps. This recommendation was adopted between 1920 and 1925 by all major fleets, including British, French and American. The rules applied to almost all naval ships and to many non-naval ships.", "Avalon Hill Avalon Hill Games, Inc. is a game company that specializes in wargames and strategic board games. Its logo contains its initials \"AH\", and the company is often referred to by this abbreviation. It has also published the occasional miniature wargaming rules, role-playing game, and had a popular line of sports simulations.", "BBC News presentation The presentation and the identities of the BBC News Channel, the international counterpart BBC World News and the BBC Parliament coverage channel all utilise specific identities that demonstrate their remit and purpose.", "Babylon 5: A Call to Arms (game) Babylon 5: A Call to Arms (ACtA) is a tabletop miniatures boardgame released in September 2004 by Mongoose Publishing, designed initially as an expansion to their Babylon 5: The Roleplaying Game, it is a complete game in its own right. Babylon 5: A Call to Arms is based upon the sci-fi television series Babylon 5 and draws heavily on material from the television show and the boardgame Babylon 5 Wars.", "Ballyhoo (magazine) Ballyhoo was a humor magazine published by Dell, created by George T.", "Bitboard A bitboard is a data structure commonly used in computer systems that play board games.A bitboard, often used for boardgames such as chess, checkers, othello and word games, is a specialization of the bit array data structure, where each bit represents a game position or state, designed for optimization of speed and/or memory or disk use in mass calculations. Bits in the same bitboard relate to each other in the rules of the game often forming a game position when taken together.", "Board game A board game is a game that involves counters or pieces moved or placed on a pre-marked surface or \"board\", according to a set of rules. Games can be based on pure strategy, chance (e.g. rolling dice), or a mixture of the two, and usually have a goal that a player aims to achieve.", "Boardgame Players Association The Boardgame Players Association is a non-profit corporation established to support the shared interests of board game players.", "Bootie Call \"Bootie Call\" is a song performed by British-Canadian girl group All Saints from their debut album, All Saints (1998). The song was co-written by group member Shaznay Lewis in collaboration with its producer, Karl Gordon. \"Bootie Call\" was first released on 31 August 1998 by London Records as All Saints' fourth official single. It was released on cassette, CD and 12\" format accompanied by a B-side entitled \"Get Down\" as well as previous hit \"I Know Where It's At\" and a remix of \"Never Ever\".", "Buick Rainier The Buick Rainier is a mid-size luxury SUV sold by Buick. Introduced for 2004 to replace the Oldsmobile Bravada, the Rainier was the first SUV sold under the Buick marque (the unibody Rendezvous might also qualify, as it is classified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as a light truck) since the 1920s, and was the first body-on-frame V8-powered Buick since the 1996 Roadmaster. It is also the first rear-wheel drive Buick since the Roadmaster.", "CSE Games Card Sports & Entertainment Inc. (CSE Games) is a games publisher and licensed-products manufacturing company incorporated in 2004. Its first products are the award-winning boardgames Card Football and NHL Ice Breaker. Card Football and Ice Breaker use the D54 Game System which is based on a standard 54-card deck.In 2011, CSE Games released College Football Hand-Off, an updated version of Card Football which features top U.S.", "Cadillac Escalade The Cadillac Escalade is a full-size luxury SUV engineered and manufactured by Cadillac. It was Cadillac's first major entry into the popular SUV market. The Escalade was introduced for the 1999 model year in response to German and Japanese competitors and to Ford's 1998 release of the Lincoln Navigator. The Escalade project went into production only ten months after it was approved. The Escalade is built in Arlington, Texas.", "Charles S. Roberts Award The Charles S. Roberts Awards (or CSR Awards) are given annually for excellence in the historical wargaming hobby. It is named after Charles S. Roberts the \"Father of Wargaming\" who founded Avalon Hill. The award is informally called a \"Charlie\" and officially called a \"Charles S. Roberts Award\".", "Chevrolet Avalanche The Chevrolet Avalanche is a four-door, five or six passenger sport utility truck sharing GM's long-wheelbase chassis used on the Chevrolet Suburban and Cadillac Escalade EXT. Breaking with a long standing tradition, the Avalanche appearance was not available as a GMC, but only as a Chevrolet.", "Chevrolet Silverado The Chevrolet Silverado, and its mechanically identical cousin, the GMC Sierra, are a series of full-size and heavy-duty pickup trucks manufactured by General Motors and introduced in 1999 as the successor to the long-running Chevrolet C/K line. The Silverado name was taken from a trim level previously used on its predecessor, the Chevrolet C/K pickup trucks and Suburbans from 1975 through 1998.", "Chevrolet Suburban The Chevrolet Suburban is a full-size, extended-length sport utility vehicle from Chevrolet. It is the longest continuous use automobile nameplate in production, starting from 1934 for the 1935 U.S. model year, and has traditionally been one of General Motors' most profitable vehicles. The Suburban has been produced under the Chevrolet, Holden, and GMC marques until the GMC version was rebranded as the GMC Yukon XL.", "Chevrolet Tahoe The Chevrolet Tahoe (and very similar GMC Yukon) are full-size SUVs from General Motors. Chevrolet and GMC sold two different-sized SUVs under their Blazer/Jimmy model names through the early 1990s. This situation changed when GMC rebadged the full-size Jimmy as the Yukon in 1992. Chevrolet waited until 1995 to rebadge the redesigned mid-size S-10 Blazer as the Blazer, renaming the full-size Blazer as the Tahoe.", "Chiquilla \"Chiquilla\" is a song by A.B. Quintanilla Y Los Kumbia All Starz. It is the first single from their debut studio album Ayer Fue Kumbia Kings, Hoy Es Kumbia All Starz. \"Chiquilla\" reached #7 on \"Hot Latin Tracks\", #9 on \"Latin Regional Mexican Airplay\", #26 on \"Latin Pop Airplay\" and #31 on \"Latin Tropical Airplay\".", "Civil time In modern usage, civil time refers to statutory time scales designated by civilian authorities, or to local time indicated by clocks. Modern civil time is generally standard time in a time zone at a fixed offset from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) or from Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), possibly adjusted by daylight saving time during part of the year. UTC is calculated by reference to atomic clocks, and was adopted in 1972.", "Civilization: The Board Game Sid Meier's Civilization: The Board Game is a 2010 board game created by Kevin Wilson based on the Sid Meier's Civilization series of video games and published by Fantasy Flight Games. While the previous board game based on Sid Meier's Civilization, published by Eagle Games in 2002, was based on Civilization III, the 2010 version takes its primary inspiration from Civilization IV.", "Clash of Arms Clash of Arms Games is a wargaming company best known for a high level of graphics quality and moderately to highly complex games, often focusing on the Napoleonic era, but with offerings in most eras of military history.", "Curse of the Mummy's Tomb (board game) Curse of the Mummy's Tomb was a boardgame for 1-4 players, published by Games Workshop and designed by Stephen Hand.", "Days of Wonder Days of Wonder is a board game publisher based in the United States and France. Founded in 2002, Days of Wonder distributes its games to 25 countries. It specialises in German-style board games and have branched out to include some online games. Days of Wonder has published games in English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Dutch, Hungarian, Finnish, Polish, Danish, Czech, Swedish, Norwegian, Korean, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian, Greek.", "Disney's Beauty & The Beast: A Boardgame Adventure Disney's Beauty & The Beast: A Boardgame Adventure is a Disney Boardgame adventure for the Game Boy Color. IGN gave the game a rating of 6.0 out of 10.", "Don Greenwood Don Greenwood is a board game designer and was a pioneer editor among commercial board-wargaming magazines. He began his own fanzine, Panzerfaust Magazine, which he oversaw from 1967 until 1972. He then joined The Avalon Hill Game Company in 1972, and took over editorship of that company's \"house organ\", The General Magazine, which office he held until 1982. He left Avalon Hill and continued to work in the wargame industry, notably for GMT Games.", "Doom: The Boardgame Doom: The Boardgame is an adventure board game for two to four players designed by Kevin Wilson and published by Fantasy Flight Games in 2004.", "Dungeons & Dragons: The Fantasy Adventure Board Game Dungeons & Dragons: The Fantasy Adventure Board Game, released in 2002 by Parker Brothers, a division of Hasbro, is based on the role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) by Wizards of the Coast. The game is distributed in the European market only.", "Eagle Games Eagle Games, now known as Eagle-Gryphon games, is a board game publisher.", "Europe Engulfed Europe Engulfed is a block wargame designed by Rick Young and Jesse Evans for GMT Games, first published in 2003, and it simulates the European theater of war during World War II featuring a streamlined play structure and multiple well-balanced strategies for both sides, giving players the chance to either relive history or lead the Axis war machine to victory.", "FallCon FallCon is the largest and only boardgame convention in Calgary, Alberta featuring a broad range of boardgames and miniatures. Calgary has a strong boardgame community, which the Calgary Herald credits to events like Fallcon and game store The Sentry Box [1].", "Flagship magazine Flagship Magazine was an independent magazine for gamers. Published in the UK, it started in 1983 for PBM players.", "Four-wheel drive Four-wheel drive, 4×4 \"\\four by four\"), 4WD, and AWD is a form of drivetrain most commonly capable of providing power to all wheel ends of a two-axled vehicle simultaneously. It may be full-time or on-demand, and may be linked via a transfer case to provide multiple gear ranges.A four-wheeled vehicle with power supplied to both axles may be described as \"all-wheel drive\".", "Francis Tresham (game designer) Francis Tresham is an United Kingdom-based board game designer who has been producing board games since the early 1970s. Tresham founded and ran games company Hartland Trefoil (founded 1971), a company well known for its Civilization board game, until its sale to MicroProse in 1997.", "Fullrigger (boardgame) Fullrigger is the English name for the Danish board game, Fuldrigger.An exciting strategy game about sea trade and trade wars, where the goal is to make money by buying and selling goods, and using those money to buy more ships and fortresses.It was published by Dan-Spil og KE Leg in 1987.", "GMC Envoy The GMC Envoy (pronounced ON-voy) is an SUV that was produced by GMC. It was introduced as a high-end version of the Jimmy for the 1998 model year, the same year the Jimmy was restyled.", "GMT (TV series) GMT is a news programme on BBC World News which first premiered on 1 February 2010. The programme's main presenter is George Alagiah, with Stephen Sackur as a relief presenter. Each programme begins with the presenter giving the headlines, then turning to the first story, giving the time in that part of the world. But the programme does not emphasize 'headlines' from BBC World News. 'GMT' apparently refers to Greenwich Mean Time, as the programme commences at 12 noon G.M.T. in London.", "GMT K2XX The GMT K2XX platform is an assembly code production developed by General Motors for its line of full-size trucks and large SUVs that went on sale starting with the 2014 model year. The platform, which replaced the GMT900 series that had been in production from 2006 to 2013, was introduced in April 2013 for the 2014 Model Year on the trucks, followed by the December 2013 production on the 2015 large SUVs that debuted in February 2014.", "GM GMT platform GMT is the designation prefix used for all General Motors truck, sport utility vehicle, and crossover SUV automobile platform applications. This includes both traditional body-on-frame trucks and newer unibody models.", "Gaming convention A gaming convention is a gathering that centered on role-playing games, collectible card games, miniatures wargames, board games, video games, or other types of games. These conventions are typically two or three days long, and often held at either a university or in a convention center hotel.The annual gamescom in Cologne is the world's leading expo for video games.The largest gaming convention, Spiel, is a trade fair held in Essen, Germany that focuses on German-style board games and RPGs.", "Ghosts (board game) Ghosts (Finnish: Kummituspeli, Swedish: Spökspelet) is a board game designed by Alex Randolph for two players, released in 1982 by Milton Bradley.", "Granite Mountain Air Station Granite Mountain Air Station (IATA: GMT, FAA LID: GSZ) is a private airport located in Granite Mountain, Alaska, USA.", "Greg Costikyan Greg Costikyan (born July 22, 1959, in New York City), sometimes known under the pseudonym \"Designer X\", is an American game designer and science fiction writer.Costikyan's career spans nearly all extant genres of gaming, including hex-based wargames, role-playing games, boardgames, card games, computer games, online games and mobile games. Several of his games have won Origins Awards. He co-founded Manifesto Games, now out of business, with Johnny Wilson in 2005.", "High School! Kimengumi High School! Kimengumi (Japanese: ハイスクール!奇面組, Hepburn: Haisukūru! Kimengumi) is a manga series written by Motoei Shinzawa which ran in Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1982 to 1987. The title literally translates to High School! Funny-face Club or High School! Weird Face Club. An anime TV series (1985–1987) and movie (1986) based on the series were also released.", "Impact (TV programme) Impact (formerly Impact Asia), styled also as Impact with Yalda Hakim is a news programme that premiered on BBC World News on 1 February 2010 as part of a network-wide refresh. The programme is hosted by Yalda Hakim, who replaced previous presenter Mishal Husain. The programme brings audiences a mixture of breaking news, debate and analysis using the BBC's range of correspondents based in the Asia Pacific regions and across the world.", "Jama Musse Jama Jama Musse Jama (Somali: Jaamac Muuse Jaamac, Arabic: جامع موسى جامع‎) (b. 1967) is a prominent Somali ethnomathematician and author. He is notable for his research on traditional Somali boardgames such as Shax.", "Lewis Pulsipher Lewis Errol (Lew) Pulsipher (born January 22, 1951) is a teacher, game designer, and author, whose subject is role playing games, board games, card games, and video games. He was the first person in the North Carolina community college system to teach game design classes (fall 2004). He has designed half a dozen published boardgames, written more than 150 articles about games, contributed to several books about games, and presented at game conventions and conferences.", "List of All That cast members The following is a list of all the All That cast members and performers. The show ran from 1994–2005 overall, with two series runs total. The first run (known as the Golden Era) ran for six seasons from 1994-2000. However, the show was put on a hiatus for a TV season after the sixth season. While the show was on a break, Nickelodeon aired a \"Best Of\" season to fill in time; featuring the Season 4 cast of All That.", "List of games based on Conan the Barbarian The Conan the Barbarian saga has appeared in a variety of forms in the gaming community from simple boardgames to high tech multiplayer online games. The intention of all these games is to immerse the player in the sword and sorcery world of Hyboria. Robert E. Howard created the original Conan story but he had no hand in creating various games other than they were based on his works.", "List of wargame publishers List of wargame publishers is an index of commercial companies that publish wargames. A and A Game Engineering – concentrating on air and naval rules Agema.org.uk – publishers of the Game of War 18th century/Napoleonic rules, Salvo WW2 naval, and Challenge & Reply WW1 naval, among others. Amarillo Design Bureau Inc. (ADB) – publisher of Star Fleet Battles (SFB), along with the related strategic game Federation & Empire. Australian Design Group (ADG) – Publishers of World in Flames.", "Mark Simonitch Mark Simonitch (born December 30, 1957) is an award-winning wargame designer and graphic artist. His game designs include Hannibal: Rome vs. Carthage and Ardennes '44, and he has made maps for Wilderness War and Empire of the Sun among others. He has worked at Avalon Hill and GMT Games. He was inducted into the Charles Roberts Awards Hall of Fame in 2002.", "Michał Stachyra Michał Stachyra aka Puszon (born December 27, 1978 in Kraków) – polish game designer and publisher, owner of Kuźnia Gier Publishing House.He is author and publisher of RPG, boardgames and card games.", "Nautical time The establishment of nautical standard times, nautical standard time zones and the nautical date line were recommended by the Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea in 1917. The Conference recommended that the standard apply to all ships, both military and civilian.", "Oldsmobile Bravada The Oldsmobile Bravada is a mid-size luxury sport utility vehicle (SUV) from Oldsmobile. Two different vehicles bore the Bravada name: The first and second-generation models built on the GMT330 platform, and the third generation 2002 to 2004 on the GMT360. The third generation was the only version offered in Canada.Introduced for the 1991 model year, the Bravada was GM's first foray into the Luxury SUV segment, and would become the only SUV model line ever produced by Oldsmobile.", "Pandemic (board game) Pandemic is a cooperative board game designed by Matt Leacock and published by Z-Man Games in 2008. Pandemic is based on the premise that four diseases have broken out in the world, each threatening to wipe out a region. The game accommodates 2 to 4 players, each playing one of five possible specialists: (dispatcher, medic, scientist, researcher or operations expert). The game is unlike most boardgames as the gameplay is cooperative, rather than competitive.", "Powergaming Powergaming (or power gaming) is a style of interacting with games or game-like systems, particularly video games, boardgames, and role-playing games, with the aim of maximising progress towards a specific goal, to the exclusion of other considerations such as storytelling, atmosphere and camaraderie. Due to its focus on the letter of the rules over the spirit of the rules, it is often seen as unsporting, un-fun, or unsociable.", "PrezCon PrezCon \"The Winter Nationals\" is a convention held yearly since 1994 by PrezCon, Inc. It is held in Charlottesville, Virginia at the DoubleTree of Charlottesville. It was last held February 23 to March 1, 2015. It is next scheduled for February 22nd to February 28th, 2016.PrezCon averages 650+ players each year. The convention was modeled after Avaloncon, which had been run from 1991 to 1998 by Avalon Hill.", "Rolex Rolex SA and its subsidiary Montres Tudor SA design, manufacture, distribute and service wristwatches sold under the Rolex and Tudor brands. Founded by Alfred Davis and Hans Wilsdorf in London, England in 1905 as Wilsdorf and Davis, Rolex moved its base of operations to Geneva, Switzerland in 1919.Forbes ranked Rolex No.72 on its 2014 list of the world's most powerful global brands.", "Rolex GMT Master II The Rolex Oyster Perpetual Date GMT Master is part of the Rolex Professional Watch Collection. Designed in collaboration with Pan American Airways for use by their pilots and navigators, it was launched in 1954.", "Stefan Feld Stefan Feld (born in 1970) is a German-style board game designer from Gengenbach, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.Feld has a growing collection of boardgames he has designed and is considered one of the great designers of the Eurogame genre. Two of the games he has designed, Strasbourg and Bruges, have been nominated for the prestigious award Kennerspiel des Jahres in Germany.", "Story arc A story arc is an extended or continuing storyline in episodic storytelling media such as television, comic books, comic strips, boardgames, video games, and films with each episode following a narrative arc. On a television program, for example, the story would unfold over many episodes. In television, the use of the story arc is much more common in dramas than in comedies, especially in soap operas. In a traditional Hollywood film, the story arc usually follows a three-act format.", "TriBond TriBond is a board game which has sold over 3 million copies in 14 countries since its release in 1990. It requires players to determine a common bond between three subjects. It follows in the tradition of Trivial Pursuit, Outburst and other adult boardgames that require a wide range of knowledge but TriBond requires some problem solving ability as well.", "Universe of Metro 2033 The Universe of Metro 2033 (Russian: Вселенная Метро 2033) is a long-running series of short stories, novellas, and novels, spanning a variety of genres ranging from post-apocalyptic action to romance, written by several different authors.", "Vanished Planet Vanished Planet is a cooperative board game that debuted at the World Boardgaming Championships in 2003. Vanished Planet pits the players against a time limit; the players must succeed in a certain number of goals before this time limit is reached, or they all lose.In the game scenario, Earth has been replaced by a dark mass (the creature) that is growing outward toward the six planets of the remaining galactic species.", "War of Nerves This article is about the All Saints single \"War of Nerves\", not to be confused with the Mr Ronz album A War of Nerves.\"War of Nerves\" is a song by All Saints, which was released as the fifth and final single from their debut album, All Saints. In the UK it peaked at #7 in the charts.", "War on Terror (game) War on Terror, The Boardgame is a satirical, strategic board game, produced and published in 2006 by TerrorBull Games. War on Terror was originally conceived in 2003 by Andy Tompkins and Andrew Sheerin, two friends based in Cambridge, England. The initial inspiration for the game came from the imminent Invasion of Iraq but, as a whole, was intended as a reaction and challenge to the counter-productive pursuit of the wider War on Terror.", "World Boardgaming Championships The World Boardgaming Championships is a convention held yearly since 1999 by the Boardgame Players Association. It is currently held in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, but it moves to the Seven Springs Mountain Resort in 2016. It was last held Aug. 4-10, 2014. It is next scheduled for August 3-9, 2015 at the Lancaster Host Resort in Lancaster, PA, and then July 25-31, 2016, at Seven Springs Mountain Resort near Pittsburgh, PA.", "World Have Your Say World Have Your Say (WHYS) is an international BBC global discussion show, which broadcasts on BBC World Service every weekday at 1400 hours UTC and on BBC World News every Friday at 1500 hours UTC.World Have Your Say won Gold in the 2008 Sony Radio Awards, in the category Listener Participation.The show describes itself as \"the BBC News programme where you set the agenda.\" Typically each edition addresses a question, or number of questions, raised by the users of its blog and Facebook site, as well as emailers to the BBC.It encourages callers to talk to each other and directs questions asked by listeners to the guests on the programme, intervening as little as possible to keep the show more of a conversation than a talk show.The show also occasionally works as a forum for the BBC World Service's global audience to put questions to a particular guest. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Have_Your_Say?oldid=669443046> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Letty_Fox:_Her_Luck> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> The Australian-born author Christina Stead’s sixth novel, Letty Fox: Her Luck, is an energetic tribute to the drama of the urban environment and its role in socializing its occupants. Published in 1946, Stead wrote the lengthy Letty Fox after living in New York City for seven years. The cosmopolitan setting serves well as the theater in which Stead develops her characters through their adventures with numerous careers, love affairs, familial obligations, and sensitivities to reputation." ]

[ "1992–93 Arsenal F.C. season The 1992–93 season was the 95th season of competitive football played by Arsenal.", "1992–93 Aston Villa F.C. season During the 1992–93 English football season, Aston Villa competed in the inaugural season of the Premier League.", "1992–93 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season During the 1992–93 English football season, Blackburn Rovers competed in the Premier League.", "1992–93 Chelsea F.C. season During the 1992–93 English football season, Chelsea F.C. competed in the inaugural season of the FA Premier League.The season was the club's 88th year in existence since their foundation in 1905. It was their 58th season within England's highest tier of football and their fourth season of their current top-flight spell following promotion at the end of the 1988-89 season.", "1992–93 Coventry City F.C. season During the 1992–93 English football season, Coventry City competed in the inaugural season of the FA Premier League.", "1992–93 Crystal Palace F.C. season During the 1992–93 English football season, Crystal Palace F.C. competed in the inaugural season of the FA Premier League.", "1992–93 Everton F.C. season During the 1992–93 English football season, Everton competed in the inaugural season of the FA Premier League.", "1992–93 Ipswich Town F.C. season During the 1992–93 English football season, Ipswich Town competed in the inaugural season of the Premier League, following promotion from the First Division the previous season.", "1992–93 Leeds United A.F.C. season The 1992–93 season saw Leeds United A.F.C. compete in the inaugural season of the FA Premier League. As winners of the 1991–92 First Division title, United also competed in the UEFA Champions League.", "1992–93 Liverpool F.C. season The 1992–93 season was the 101st season in Liverpool F.C.'s existence, and their 30th consecutive year in the top-flight. Having won the FA Cup the previous season, Liverpool had qualified for the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup.New members of the side for the 1992-93 season included goalkeeper David James, Hungarian midfielder István Kozma, Danish defender Torben Piechnik and attacking midfielder Paul Stewart. The close season had seen the departure of defender Barry Venison and winger Ray Houghton.", "1992–93 Middlesbrough F.C. season During the 1992–93 English football season, Middlesbrough competed in the inaugural season of the Premier League. It was Middlesbrough's first season in the top flight since relegation in 1988; Middlesbrough regained promotion to England's top flight by finishing second in the old Second Division (renamed the First Division after the foundation of the Premier League).", "1992–93 Norwich City F.C. season During the 1992–93 English football season, Norwich City F.C. competed in the inaugural season of the Premier League.", "1992–93 Oldham Athletic A.F.C. season During the 1992–93 English football season, Oldham Athletic competed in the inaugural season of the FA Premier League, their second season since promotion back to the top flight of English football, and secured a third successive season at this level thanks to a three-match winning run at the end of the season which saved them from relegation on goal difference.", "1992–93 Queens Park Rangers F.C. season In the 1992–93 season, Queens Park Rangers F.C. competed in the inaugural season of the English FA Premier League. They finished the season in 5th place.", "1992–93 Sheffield United F.C. season During the 1992–93 English football season, Sheffield United competed in the inaugural season of the FA Premier League under manager Dave Bassett.", "1992–93 Sheffield Wednesday F.C. season During the 1992–93 English football season, Sheffield Wednesday competed in the inaugural season of the FA Premier League.", "1992–93 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season During the 1992–93 English football season, Tottenham Hotspur F.C. competed in the inaugural season of the FA Premier League.", "1992–93 Wimbledon F.C. season During the 1992–93 English football season, Wimbledon F.C. competed in the inaugural season of the FA Premier League, their seventh successive season of top division football and the 16th since their election to the Football League.", "1993–94 Arsenal F.C. season During the 1993–94 English football season, Arsenal F.C. competed in the FA Premier League.", "1993–94 Aston Villa F.C. season The 1993–94 season was Aston Villa's 119th professional season; their 83rd season in the top-flight and their 6th consecutive Premier League season in the top flight of English football, the Premier League.", "1993–94 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season During the 1993–94 English football season, Blackburn Rovers F.C. competed in the FA Premier League.", "1993–94 Chelsea F.C. season During the 1993–94 English football season, Chelsea F.C. competed in the second season of the FA Premier League.", "1993–94 Coventry City F.C. season During the 1993–94 English football season, Coventry City F.C. competed in the FA Premier League.", "1993–94 Everton F.C. season During the 1993–94 English football season, Everton F.C. competed in the FA Premier League.", "1993–94 Ipswich Town F.C. season During the 1993–94 English football season, Ipswich Town F.C. competed in the FA Premier League.", "1993–94 Leeds United A.F.C. season The 1993–94 season saw Leeds United A.F.C. compete in the FA Premier League.", "1993–94 Liverpool F.C. season The 1993-94 season was the 102nd season in Liverpool F.C.'s existence, and their 31st consecutive year in the top-flight.", "1993–94 Manchester City F.C. season The 1993–94 season was Manchester City's fifth consecutive season in the top tier of English football, and their second in the Premier League.", "1993–94 Norwich City F.C. season During the 1993–94 English football season, Norwich City F.C. competed in the FA Premier League.", "1993–94 Oldham Athletic A.F.C. season During the 1993–94 English football season, Oldham Athletic competed in the FA Premier League.", "1993–94 Queens Park Rangers F.C. season During the 1993–94 English football season, Queens Park Rangers F.C. competed in the FA Premier League. They finished the season in 9th place.", "1993–94 Sheffield United F.C. season The 1993-94 season was the 105th season in existence for Sheffield United, during which they played in the Premier League under manager Dave Bassett. With little money to spend to improve the side it was a season of struggle which ended in relegation.", "1993–94 Sheffield Wednesday F.C. season During the 1993–94 English football season, Sheffield Wednesday competed in the FA Premier League.", "1993–94 Swindon Town F.C. season During the 1993–94 English football season, Swindon Town F.C. competed in the FA Premier League. It was Town's first (and, to date, only) season in the top flight of English football.", "1993–94 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season During the 1993–94 English football season, Tottenham Hotspur F.C. competed in the FA Premier League.", "1993–94 West Ham United F.C. season During the 1993–94 English football season, West Ham United F.C. competed in the FA Premier League.", "1993–94 Wimbledon F.C. season During the 1993–94 English football season, Wimbledon F.C. competed in the FA Premier League and finished the season in sixth place, equalling their best ever league finish which had previously been set in 1987.", "1994–95 Arsenal F.C. season During the 1994–95 English football season, Arsenal competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1994–95 Aston Villa F.C. season During the 1994–95 English football season, Aston Villa F.C. competed in the FA Premier League.", "1994–95 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season The 1994–95 season was Blackburn Rovers F.C.'s third season in the Premier League, and their third consecutive season in the top division of English football. The season was marked by the club winning the Premier League title, ending their 81-year run without an English league title. They ended up winning the title by a one-point margin over Manchester United.", "1994–95 Chelsea F.C. season During the 1994–95 English football season, Chelsea competed in the Premier League.", "1994–95 Coventry City F.C. season During the 1994–95 English football season, Coventry City F.C. competed in the FA Premier League.", "1994–95 Crystal Palace F.C. season During the 1994–95 English football season, Crystal Palace competed in the FA Premier League.", "1994–95 Everton F.C. season During the 1994–95 English football season, Everton F.C. competed in the FA Premier League.", "1994–95 Ipswich Town F.C. season During the 1994–95 English football season, Ipswich Town competed in the FA Premier League.", "1994–95 Leeds United A.F.C. season During the 1994–95 season, Leeds United A.F.C. competed in the FA Premier League.", "1994–95 Leicester City F.C. season During the 1994–95 English football season, Leicester City F.C. competed in the FA Premier League.", "1994–95 Liverpool F.C. season The 1994-95 season was Liverpool's first full season under the management of Roy Evans, who had succeeded Graeme Souness halfway through 1993-94.The season saw Liverpool win the League Cup for a record fifth time, beating Bolton Wanderers 2-1 in the final at Wembley with two goals from Steve McManaman.", "1994–95 Manchester City F.C. season The 1994–95 season was Manchester City's sixth consecutive season in the top tier of English football, and their third in the Premier League.", "1994–95 Norwich City F.C. season During the 1994–95 English football season, Norwich City competed in the Premier League.", "1994–95 Nottingham Forest F.C. season During the 1994–95 English football season, Nottingham Forest F.C. competed in the FA Premier League.", "1994–95 Queens Park Rangers F.C. season During the 1994–95 English football season, Queens Park Rangers F.C. competed in the FA Premier League. They finished the season in 8th place.", "1994–95 Sheffield Wednesday F.C. season The 1994-95 season was Sheffield Wednesday F.C.'s 128th season. They competed in the twenty-two team Premiership, the top tier of English football, finishing thirteenth.", "1994–95 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season During the 1994–95 English football season, Tottenham Hotspur F.C. competed in the FA Premier League.", "1994–95 West Ham United F.C. season During the 1994–95 English football season, West Ham United F.C. competed in the FA Premier League.", "1994–95 Wimbledon F.C. season During the 1994–95 English football season, Wimbledon F.C. competed in the FA Premier League, their ninth successive season in the top flight, and extended their stay at this level with a ninth-place finish.", "1995–96 Arsenal F.C. season During the 1995–96 English football season, Arsenal F.C. competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1995–96 Aston Villa F.C. season During the 1995–96 English football season, Aston Villa competed in the Premier League.", "1995–96 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season During the 1995–96 English football season, Blackburn Rovers F.C. competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1995–96 Bolton Wanderers F.C. season The 1995–1996 season was the 117th season in Bolton Wanderers F.C.'s existence, and their first ever season in the Premier League following promotion from the Football League First Division.This article covers the period from 1 July 1995 to 30 June 1996.", "1995–96 Chelsea F.C. season During the 1995–96 English football season, Chelsea competed in the Premier League.", "1995–96 Coventry City F.C. season During the 1995–96 English football season, Coventry City competed in the FA Premier League.", "1995–96 Everton F.C. season During the 1995–96 English football season, Everton F.C. competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1995–96 Leeds United A.F.C. season During the 1995–96 season, Leeds United A.F.C. competed in the FA Premier League.", "1995–96 Liverpool F.C. season During the 1995–96 English football season, Liverpool F.C. competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1995–96 Manchester City F.C. season During the 1995–96 English football season, Manchester City competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1995–96 Middlesbrough F.C. season During the 1995–96 English football season, Middlesbrough F.C. competed in the FA Premier League.", "1995–96 Newcastle United F.C. season During the 1995–96 football season, English club Newcastle United participated in the Premier League, finishing in second place.An explosive start had seen Newcastle United storm to the top of the Premier League table.", "1995–96 Nottingham Forest F.C. season During the 1995–96 English football season, Nottingham Forest competed in the FA Premier League.", "1995–96 Queens Park Rangers F.C. season During the 1995–96 English football season, Queens Park Rangers competed in the FA Premier League.", "1995–96 Sheffield Wednesday F.C. season The 1995–96 season was Sheffield Wednesday F.C.'s 129th season. They competed in the twenty-team Premiership, the top tier of English football, finishing fifteenth.", "1995–96 Southampton F.C. season During the 1995–96 English football season, Southampton Football Club competed in the FA Premier League.", "1995–96 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season During the 1995–96 season, Tottenham Hotspur participated in the FA Premier League.", "1995–96 Wimbledon F.C. season During the 1995–96 English football season, Wimbledon F.C. competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons). It was their tenth successive season in the top flight of English football and although they finished 14th, lower than on any of the previous nine occasions, they finished high enough to maintain their top flight membership.", "1996–97 Arsenal F.C. season The 1996–97 season was the 99th season of competitive football played by Arsenal. The club dismissed manager Bruce Rioch in the close season, who spent a year in-charge. After much speculation, Frenchman Arsène Wenger was appointed as his replacement – the club's first manager born outside of the British Isles. At the end of the campaign, Arsenal finished third in the Premier League and missed out on UEFA Champions League qualification.", "1996–97 Aston Villa F.C. season During the 1996–97 English football season, Aston Villa F.C. competed in the FA Premier League.", "1996–97 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season During the 1996–97 English football season, Blackburn Rovers F.C. competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1996–97 Chelsea F.C. season During the 1996–97 English football season, Chelsea competed in the Premier League.", "1996–97 Coventry City F.C. season During the 1996–97 English football season, Coventry City F.C. competed in the FA Premier League.", "1996–97 Derby County F.C. season The 1996–97 season was Derby County's first in the Premier League, following their promotion from the First Division the previous season.", "1996–97 Everton F.C. season During the 1996–97 English football season, Everton F.C. competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1996–97 Leeds United A.F.C. season During the 1996–97 season, Leeds United A.F.C. competed in the FA Premier League.", "1996–97 Leicester City F.C. season During the 1996–97 English football season, Leicester City F.C. competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1996–97 Liverpool F.C. season During the 1996–97 English football season, Liverpool F.C. competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1996–97 Middlesbrough F.C. season During the 1996–97 English football season, Middlesbrough competed in the Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons). Despite reaching the finals of both domestic cup competitions, Middlesbrough were relegated from the Premier League in 19th place (although this came after a points deduction for postponing a fixture against Blackburn Rovers).", "1996–97 Newcastle United F.C. season The 1996-97 season saw English professional football club Newcastle United participate in the Premier League for the fourth consecutive season since their promotion from the Football League First Division in 1993.", "1996–97 Nottingham Forest F.C. season During the 1996–97 English football season, Nottingham Forest F.C. competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1996–97 Southampton F.C. season In the 1996–97 season, Southampton Football Club competed in the FA Premier League.", "1996–97 Sunderland A.F.C. season During the 1996–97 English football season, Sunderland competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1996–97 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season During the 1996–97 season, Tottenham Hotspur participated in the FA Premier League.", "1996–97 West Ham United F.C. season During the 1996–97 English football season, West Ham United competed in the FA Premier League.", "1996–97 Wimbledon F.C. season During the 1996–97 English football season, Wimbledon competed in the Premier League. The season marked 20 years since Wimbledon's election to the Football League and was their eleventh successive season of top division football. It was one of the most successful of the club's history as they finished eighth in the Premier League and reached the semi-finals of both domestic cups.", "1997–98 Arsenal F.C. season The 1997–98 season was the 100th season of competitive football played by Arsenal. Managed by Arsène Wenger in his first full season, the club ended the campaign winning the league championship for the first time in seven years. At Wembley Stadium, Arsenal beat Newcastle United 2–0 in the 1998 FA Cup Final to win the competition and complete a domestic double – the second in the club's history and the first since 1970–71.", "1997–98 Aston Villa F.C. season During the 1997–98 English football season, Aston Villa competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1997–98 Barnsley F.C. season During the 1997–98 English football season, Barnsley competed in the FA Premier League.", "1997–98 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season During the 1997–98 English football season, Blackburn Rovers competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1997–98 Bolton Wanderers F.C. season The 1997–1998 season was the 119th season in Bolton Wanderers F.C.'s existence, and their first season back in the Premier League after winning the Football League First Division the previous season. It covers the period from 1 July 1997 to 30 June 1998. After 102 years playing at Burnden Park, the club had moved to the new Reebok Stadium.", "1997–98 Chelsea F.C. season The 1997-98 season was Chelsea F.C.'s 83rd competitive season, their 9th consecutive season in the English top flight and 92nd year as a club.", "1997–98 Coventry City F.C. season During the 1997–98 English football season, Coventry City competed in the FA Premier League.", "1997–98 Crystal Palace F.C. season During the 1997–98 English football season, Crystal Palace competed in the FA Premier League.", "1997–98 Derby County F.C. season The 1997–98 English football season was Derby County's second consecutive season in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1997–98 Everton F.C. season During the 1997–98 English football season, Everton F.C. competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1997–98 Leeds United A.F.C. season During the 1997–98 season, Leeds United competed in the Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1997–98 Leicester City F.C. season During the 1997–98 English football season, Leicester City competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1997–98 Liverpool F.C. season During the 1997–98 English football season, Liverpool F.C. competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons). Following are the results of the 1997-98 regular season for the English football club based in Liverpool, Merseyside.", "1997–98 Newcastle United F.C. season In the 1997–98 football season, Newcastle United played in the FA Premier League. They finished 13th and reached the FA Cup final, losing to Arsenal.", "1997–98 Sheffield Wednesday F.C. season The 1997–98 season was Sheffield Wednesday F.C.'s 131st season. They competed in the twenty-team Premiership, the top tier of English football, finishing sixteenth.", "1997–98 Southampton F.C. season During the 1997–98 English football season, Southampton Football Club competed in the FA Premier League.", "1997–98 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season During the 1997–98 season, Tottenham Hotspur participated in the English Premier League.", "1997–98 West Ham United F.C. season During the 1997–98 English football season, West Ham United F.C. competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1997–98 Wimbledon F.C. season During the 1997–98 English football season, Wimbledon F.C. competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons). They finished 15th in the final table to secure a 13th successive top flight campaign, although their final position was disappointing given their performance earlier in the season.", "1998–99 Arsenal F.C. season The 1998–99 season was the 101st season of competitive football played by Arsenal. The club, managed by Arsène Wenger, entered the campaign as Premier League and FA Cup double winners. They ended this campaign as league runners-up, a point behind Manchester United, who secured the title on the final day of the season. United also eliminated Arsenal in a FA Cup semi-final replay; Ryan Giggs scored an extra time winner in the 109th minute.", "1998–99 Aston Villa F.C. season During the 1998–99 English football season, Aston Villa competed in the Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons). The season was Villa's eighth in the Premier League, and their eleventh consecutive season in the top division of English football.", "1998–99 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season The 1998–99 season was Blackburn Rovers' seventh season in the Premier League, and their seventh consecutive season in the top division of English football.", "1998–99 Charlton Athletic F.C. season During the 1998–99 English football season, Charlton Athletic competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1998–99 Chelsea F.C. season The 1998–99 season was Chelsea F.C.'s 94th competitive season, seventh consecutive season in the Premier League and 93rd year as a club.", "1998–99 Coventry City F.C. season During the 1998–99 English football season, Coventry City competed in the FA Premier League.", "1998–99 Derby County F.C. season The 1998–99 English football season was Derby County F.C.'s third consecutive season in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1998–99 Everton F.C. season During the 1998–99 English football season, Everton F.C. competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1998–99 Leeds United A.F.C. season During the '1998–99 season, Leeds United competed in the Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1998–99 Leicester City F.C. season During the 1998–99 English football season, Leicester City competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1998–99 Liverpool F.C. season During the 1998–99 English football season, Liverpool F.C. competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons). Following are the results of the 1998-99 regular season for the English football club based in Liverpool, Merseyside.", "1998–99 Middlesbrough F.C. season During the 1998–99 English football season, Middlesbrough competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1998–99 Newcastle United F.C. season In the 1998–99 season, Newcastle United competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons). Newcastle's season was an almost carbon copy of the one before. They finished 13th in the Premiership and lost in the FA Cup final to enter Europe because the winning side had already qualified for the Champions League.Just after the season started, Kenny Dalglish paid for Newcastle's sub-standard league performances with his job.", "1998–99 Nottingham Forest F.C. season During the 1998–99 English football season, Nottingham Forest F.C. competed in the FA Premier League.", "1998–99 Sheffield Wednesday F.C. season The 1998–99 season was Sheffield Wednesday F.C.'s 132nd season in existence. They competed in the twenty-team Premiership, the top tier of English football, finishing twelfth. It was the club's 100th season at their Hillsborough ground.", "1998–99 Southampton F.C. season During the 1998–99 English football season, Southampton Football Club competed in the FA Premier League.", "1998–99 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season During the 1998–99 season, Tottenham Hotspur participated in the English Premier League.", "1998–99 West Ham United F.C. season During the 1998–99 English football season, West Ham United F.C. competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1998–99 Wimbledon F.C. season During the 1998–99 English football season, Wimbledon F.C. competed in the FA Premier League.", "1999–2000 Arsenal F.C. season The 1999–2000 season was the 102nd season of competitive football played by Arsenal. The club ended the campaign second in the league, 18 points behind Manchester United. Arsenal exited both domestic cup competitions on penalties, being eliminated by Leicester City in a FA Cup fourth round replay and by Middlesbrough at the same stage of the Football League Cup.", "1999–2000 Aston Villa F.C. season During the 1999–2000 English football season, Aston Villa competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1999–2000 Bradford City A.F.C. season During the 1999–2000 English football season, Bradford City competed in the FA Premier League.", "1999–2000 Chelsea F.C. season The 1999-00 season was Chelsea F.C.'s 85th competitive season, eighth consecutive season in the FA Premier League and 94th year as a club.", "1999–2000 Coventry City F.C. season During the 1999–2000 English football season, Coventry City competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1999–2000 Derby County F.C. season The 1999–2000 English football season was Derby County F.C.'s fourth consecutive season in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1999–2000 Everton F.C. season During the 1999–2000 English football season, Everton competed in the FA Premier League.", "1999–2000 Leeds United A.F.C. season During the 1999–2000 season, Leeds United A.F.C. competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1999–2000 Leicester City F.C. season During the 1999–2000 English football season, Leicester City F.C. competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1999–2000 Liverpool F.C. season The 1999–2000 season was the 109th season in Liverpool F.C.'s existence. The club finished fourth in the Premier League, thus qualifying for the 2000–01 UEFA Cup.", "1999–2000 Middlesbrough F.C. season During the 1999–2000 season, Middlesbrough participated in the FA Premier League.", "1999–2000 Newcastle United F.C. season This article covers the squad and match results for Newcastle United's 1999-2000 season.During the season, English football (soccer) club Newcastle United competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons), finishing in 11th place. The season is notable for the resignation of Ruud Gullit early in the season, with Bobby Robson replacing him as manager.", "1999–2000 Sheffield Wednesday F.C. season The 1999–2000 season was Sheffield Wednesday's 133rd season in existence. They competed in the twenty-team Premier League, the top tier of English football. The club finished nineteenth and were relegated from the Premier League for the first time.", "1999–2000 Southampton F.C. season During the 1999–2000 English football season, Southampton Football Club competed in the FA Premier League.", "1999–2000 Sunderland A.F.C. season During the 1999–2000 season, Sunderland participated in the FA Premier League.", "1999–2000 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season During the 1999–2000 season, Tottenham Hotspur participated in the FA Premier League.", "1999–2000 Watford F.C. season During the 1999–2000 English football season, Watford F.C. competed in the FA Premier League, after being promoted from the First Division last season.", "1999–2000 West Ham United F.C. season During the 1999–2000 season, West Ham United competed in the Premier League.", "1999–2000 Wimbledon F.C. season During the 1999–2000 English football season, Wimbledon competed in the Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).The season began with a new manager, Norway's Egil Olsen, after the close season resignation of long-serving Joe Kinnear, but Olsen was ousted with two weeks of the season remaining and replaced by coach Terry Burton, who was unable to save Wimbledon from relegation after 14 successive seasons of top division football.", "2000–01 Arsenal F.C. season The 2000–01 season was the 103rd season of competitive football played by Arsenal. The club ended the campaign second in the Premier League, ten points behind reigning champions Manchester United. Arsenal reached the 2001 FA Cup Final at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff in May 2001; in spite of dominating against Liverpool, they conceded two late goals, both scored by Michael Owen.", "2000–01 Aston Villa F.C. season During the 2000–01 English football season, Aston Villa competed in the Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "2000–01 Bradford City A.F.C. season During the 2000–01 English football season, Bradford City competed in the Premier League. It was their second consecutive season in England's top flight, having retained their Premiership status on the last day of the previous season.", "2000–01 Charlton Athletic F.C. season During the 2000–01 English football season, Charlton Athletic competed in the FA Premier League.", "2000–01 Chelsea F.C. season The 2000–01 season was Chelsea F.C.'s 86th competitive season, ninth consecutive season in the FA Premier League and 95th year as a club.", "2000–01 Coventry City F.C. season During the 2000–01 English football season, Coventry City F.C. competed in the FA Premier League.", "2000–01 Derby County F.C. season During the 2000–01 English football season, Derby County competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "2000–01 Everton F.C. season During the 2000–01 English football season, Everton competed in the FA Premier League.", "2000–01 Ipswich Town F.C. season The 2000-01 season was the 122nd season of competitive association football and fourth season in the Premier League played by Ipswich Town F.C., an English football club based in Ipswich, Suffolk. Their third place finish in the Football League First Division in 1999-2000 season and victory in the playoff finals secured Ipswich Town a place in the Premier League. The season covers the period from 1 July 2000 to 30 June 2001.", "2000–01 Leeds United A.F.C. season During the 2000–01 season, Leeds United A.F.C. competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "2000–01 Leicester City F.C. season During the 2000–01 English football season, Leicester City F.C. competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "2000–01 Liverpool F.C. season The 2000-01 season was Liverpool's 110th season of football since they were established. This season proved highly successful for Liverpool, with them picking up the League Cup, UEFA Cup and FA Cup treble.", "2000–01 Middlesbrough F.C. season During the 2000-01 season, Middlesbrough participated in the FA Premier League.", "2000–01 Newcastle United F.C. season During the 2000–01 English football season, Newcastle United F.C. competed in the FA Premier League. This article covers the squad and match results for that season.", "2000–01 Southampton F.C. season During the 2000–01 English football season, Southampton Football Club competed in the FA Premier League.", "2000–01 Sunderland A.F.C. season During the 2000–01 English football season, Sunderland A.F.C. competed in the FA Premier League.", "2000–01 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season During the 2000–01 season, Tottenham Hotspur participated in the English Premier League, FA Cup, and Football League Cup.", "2000–01 West Ham United F.C. season During the 2000–01 English football season, West Ham United competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "2001–02 Arsenal F.C. season The 2001–02 season was the 104th season of competitive football played by Arsenal. Having ended the previous season as FA Cup finalists and league runners-up to Manchester United, the club went one better in this campaign, by completing the domestic double – their second in four years and third overall. Arsenal won the Premier League by a seven-point margin, were unbeaten away from home and managed the unique feat of scoring in every league game.", "2001–02 Aston Villa F.C. season During the 2001–02 English football season, Aston Villa competed in the Premier League (known as the FA Barclaycard Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "2001–02 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season During the 2001–02 English football season, Blackburn Rovers competed in the Premier League (known as the FA Barclaycard Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "2001–02 Bolton Wanderers F.C. season The 2001–02 season was the 123rd season in Bolton Wanderers F.C.'s existence, and was their first season back in the top-flight after a four-year absence. It covers the period from 1 July 2001 to 30 June 2002.", "2001–02 Charlton Athletic F.C. season During the 2001–02 English football season, Charlton Athletic competed in the FA Premier League.", "2001–02 Chelsea F.C. season The 2001-02 season was Chelsea F.C.'s 87th competitive season, 10th consecutive season in the Premier League and 96th year as a club.", "2001–02 Derby County F.C. season During the '2001–02 English football season, Derby County competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Barclaycard Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "2001–02 Everton F.C. season During the 2001–02 English football season, Everton competed in the FA Premier League.", "2001–02 Ipswich Town F.C. season During the 2001–02 English football season, Ipswich Town competed in the FA Premier League.", "2001–02 Leeds United A.F.C. season The 2001–02 season saw Leeds United A.F.C. compete in the FA Premier League (known as the Barclaycard Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "2001–02 Leicester City F.C. season During the 2001–02 English football season, Leicester City competed in the FA Premier League (known as the Barclaycard Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "2001–02 Liverpool F.C. season The 2001–02 season was the 111th season in Liverpool F.C.'s existence.", "2001–02 Middlesbrough F.C. season During the 2001-02 season, Middlesbrough participated in the FA Premier League.", "2001–02 Newcastle United F.C. season In the 2001-02 season, English professional football (soccer) club Newcastle United F.C. played in the Premier League, finishing 4th.", "2001–02 Southampton F.C. season During the 2001–02 English football season, Southampton Football Club competed in the Premier League.", "2001–02 Sunderland A.F.C. season During the 2001–02 season, Sunderland competed in the FA Premier League.", "2001–02 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season During the 2001-02 season, Tottenham Hotspur participated in the English Premier League.", "2001–02 West Ham United F.C. season During the 2001–02 English football season, West Ham United F.C. competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Barclaycard Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "2002–03 Arsenal F.C. season The 2002–03 season was the 105th season of competitive football played by Arsenal. The club retained the FA Cup, a feat last achieved by Tottenham Hotspur in 1982, but finished runners-up to Manchester United in the Premier League.", "2002–03 Aston Villa F.C. season The 2002–03 season was Aston Villa's 11th season in the Premier League, and their 15th consecutive season in the top division of English football.", "2002–03 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season During the 2002–03 English football season, Blackburn Rovers competed in the FA Premier League.", "2002–03 Bolton Wanderers F.C. season The 2002–03 season was the 124th season in Bolton Wanderers F.C.'s existence, and was their second consecutive season in the top-flight. This article covers the period from 1 July 2002 to 30 June 2003.", "2002–03 Charlton Athletic F.C. season During the 2002–03 English football season, Charlton Athletic competed in the FA Premier League.", "2002–03 Chelsea F.C. season The 2002–03 season was Chelsea F.C.'s 88th competitive season, 11th consecutive season in the Premier League and 97th year as a club. Managed by Claudio Ranieri, the club did not manage to win any silverware.In the Premier League, Chelsea finished fourth behind Manchester United, Arsenal and Newcastle United.", "2002–03 Everton F.C. season During the 2002–03 English football season, Everton competed in the Premier League (known as the Barclaycard Premiership for sponsorship reasons). They became the first club to play 100 seasons in England's top division this season.", "2002–03 Fulham F.C. season The 2002–03 season was Fulham F.C.'s 105th season in professional football and second consecutive season in the FA Premier League. It was also the first season in over 115 years where Fulham did not play at Craven Cottage. Due to pending decisions on re-vamping the cottage, all home games (apart from two early-season fixtures) were played at Loftus Road, the home of QPR. Jean Tigana remained as Fulham manager up until his sacking in April 2003.", "2002–03 Leeds United A.F.C. season The 2002–03 season saw Leeds United compete in the Premier League (known as the Barclaycard Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "2002–03 Liverpool F.C. season During the 2002–03 English football season, Liverpool F.C. competed in the FA Premier League.", "2002–03 Middlesbrough F.C. season During the 2002-03 season, Middlesbrough participated in the FA Premier League.", "2002–03 Newcastle United F.C. season During the 2002-03 English football season, Newcastle United F.C. participated in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Barclaycard Premiership for sponsorship reasons). Newcastle had mounted a surprise title challenge the previous season following four seasons in midtable, and mounted a similar challenge in the 2002–03 season. The season was also Newcastle's second ever in the Champions League.", "2002–03 Southampton F.C. season The 2002–03 season was Southampton F.C.'s 11th season in the Premier League, and their 25th consecutive season in the top division of English football.", "2002–03 Sunderland A.F.C. season During the 2002–03 season, Sunderland competed in the FA Premier League.", "2002–03 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season During the 2002–03 season, Tottenham Hotspur competed in the FA Premier League.", "2002–03 West Bromwich Albion F.C. season The 2002–03 season was West Bromwich Albion's first season in the Premier League, and their first season in the top division of English football since 1985–86.", "2002–03 West Ham United F.C. season During the 2002–03 English football season, West Ham United competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Barclaycard Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "2003–04 Arsenal F.C. season The 2003–04 season was the 106th season of competitive football played by Arsenal. It began on 1 July 2003 and concluded on 30 June 2004, with competitive matches played between August and May. Arsenal finished the previous season as FA Cup holders and second to Manchester United in the Premier League. The club ended the campaign as league champions without a single defeat – a record of 26 wins and 12 draws.", "2003–04 Aston Villa F.C. season During the 2003–04 English football season, Aston Villa competed in the Premier League.", "2003–04 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season During the 2003–04 English football season, Blackburn Rovers competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Barclaycard Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "2003–04 Bolton Wanderers F.C. season The 2003–04 season was the 126th season in Bolton Wanderers F.C.'s existence, and was their third consecutive year in the top-flight. This article covers the period from 1 July 2003 to 30 June 2004.", "2003–04 Charlton Athletic F.C. season During the 2003–04 English football season, Charlton Athletic competed in the FA Premier League.", "2003–04 Chelsea F.C. season The 2003–04 season was Chelsea F.C.'s 89th competitive season, 12th consecutive season in the Premier League and 98th year as a club. Manager Claudio Ranieri was sacked on 31 May 2004 and was replaced by José Mourinho. In July 2003, long-time chairman Ken Bates sold the club to Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich.Chelsea finished second to the unbeaten Arsenal in the Premier League.", "2003–04 Everton F.C. season During the 2003–04 English football season, Everton competed in the Premier League (known as the Barclaycard Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "2003–04 Leeds United A.F.C. season The 2003-04 season saw Leeds United relegated from the Premier League after 14 years in the top flight, in the aftermath of the club's financial crisis. This came three years after reaching the Champions League semi-finals.", "2003–04 Leicester City F.C. season During the 2003–04 English football season, Leicester City competed in the FA Premier League (known as the Barclaycard Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "2003–04 Liverpool F.C. season The 2003–04 season was the 113th season in Liverpool F.C.'s existence, and their 42nd consecutive year in the top-flight. This article covers the period from 1 July 2003 to 30 May 2004. Liverpool finished the season in 4th place.", "2003–04 Middlesbrough F.C. season During the 2003-04 season, Middlesbrough participated in the FA Premier League.", "2003–04 Newcastle United F.C. season During the 2003-04 season, Newcastle United participated in the FA Premier League. This season saw the club reach the semi-finals of the 2003–04 UEFA Cup.Newcastle finished 5th in the Premiership at the end of the season, which ensured qualification for the UEFA Cup once again for the 2004-05 season. Many fans were left disgruntled that United did not make it into the Champions League.", "2003–04 Southampton F.C. season During the 2003–04 English football season, Southampton Football Club competed in the Premier League.", "2003–04 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season During the 2003–04 season, Tottenham Hotspur participated in the English Premier League.", "2003–04 Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. season The 2003–04 season was the 105th full season of competitive league football in the history of English football club Wolverhampton Wanderers. They played the season in the Premiership, the highest level of English football. This marked their first ever appearance in the modern Premier League, and their first season in the top flight since 1983–84.", "2004–05 Aston Villa F.C. season The 2004–05 season in English football was Aston Villa F.C.'s 13th consecutive season in the FA Premier League, and their second season under the management of David O'Leary.", "2004–05 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season During the 2004–05 English football season, Blackburn Rovers competed in the FA Premier League.", "2004–05 Bolton Wanderers F.C. season The 2004–05 season was the 127th season in Bolton Wanderers F.C.'s existence, and was their fourth consecutive year in the top-flight. This article covers the period from 1 July 2004 to 30 June 2005.", "2004–05 Charlton Athletic F.C. season During the 2004–05 English football season, Charlton Athletic competed in the FA Premier League.", "2004–05 Chelsea F.C. season The 2004–05 season was Chelsea F.C.'s 90th competitive season, 13th consecutive season in the Premier League and 99th year as a club. Managed by José Mourinho during his first season at the club, Chelsea won the Premier League title (their first league title in 50 years) and the League Cup.", "2004–05 Crystal Palace F.C. season During the 2004–05 English football season, Crystal Palace competed in the FA Premier League, following promotion from the First Division (renamed the Championship) the previous season.", "2004–05 Everton F.C. season During the 2004–05 English football season, Everton competed in the Premier League.", "2004–05 Liverpool F.C. season The 2004–05 season was the 114th season in Liverpool F.C.'s existence, and their 43rd consecutive year in the top-flight. This article covers the period from 2004-07-01 to 2005-06-30.Liverpool finished the season in fifth position in the Premier League, but won their fifth European Cup by beating A.C. Milan in the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final 3-2 on penalties after a 3-3 draw.", "2004–05 Middlesbrough F.C. season During the 2004-05 season, Middlesbrough participated in the FA Premier League.", "2004–05 Newcastle United F.C. season The 2004–05 season was Newcastle United's 108th season in English football, and their 22nd in the Premier League. The season began poorly for Newcastle, with no wins in their first four matches, and manager Bobby Robson was sacked, bringing to an end his five-year tenure at the club. His assistant, John Carver took over as caretaker manager, managing one win, but was not considered for the permanent post, and left in September 2004.", "2004–05 Norwich City F.C. season The 2004–05 season was the 103rd season in the history of Norwich City. It was the club's first season in the Premier League for nine years, following promotion from the First Division in 2003–04. However, they were immediately relegated back to the second tier, notably without having won a competitive match away from home during the whole season. Despite being in pole position to stay up going into the final match of the season against Fulham, a 6–0 defeat at Craven Cottage sealed their fate.", "2004–05 Portsmouth F.C. season During the 2004–05 English football season, Portsmouth competed in the FA Premier League. It was Portsmouth's second consecutive season in English football's top-flight.", "2004–05 Southampton F.C. season During the 2004–05 English football season, Southampton Football Club competed in the Premier League.", "2004–05 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season During the 2004–05 season, Tottenham Hotspur participated in the English Premier League.", "2004–05 West Bromwich Albion F.C. season During the 2004–05 English football season, West Bromwich Albion competed in the FA Premier League.", "2005–06 Arsenal F.C. season The 2005–06 season was the 108th season of competitive football played by Arsenal. It was the final season in which home matches were played at the club's Highbury stadium after 93 years; Arsenal intended to move to its new 60,000 capacity Emirates Stadium in time for the following season. The club ended their Premier League campaign in fourth, having pipped local rivals Tottenham Hotspur to the position on the final day.", "2005–06 Aston Villa F.C. season During the 2005–06 English football season, Aston Villa competed in the FA Premier League.", "2005–06 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season During the 2005–06 English football season, Blackburn Rovers F.C. competed in the FA Premier League.", "2005–06 Charlton Athletic F.C. season During the 2005–06 English football season, Charlton Athletic competed in the FA Premier League.", "2005–06 Chelsea F.C. season The 2005–06 season was Chelsea F.C.'s 91st competitive season, 14th consecutive season in the Premier League and 100th year as a club. Managed by José Mourinho, Chelsea won the Premier League title for the second consecutive season.", "2005–06 Everton F.C. season During the 2005–06 English football season, Everton competed in the Premier League.", "2005–06 Liverpool F.C. season The 2005–06 season was the 115th season in Liverpool Football Club‍ '​s existence, and their 44th consecutive year in the top-flight, and covers the period from 1 June 2005 to 30 May 2006. Liverpool finished the season in third position, nine points behind champions Chelsea. They won the FA Cup for the seventh time by beating West Ham United in the final 3–1 on penalties after a 3–3 draw.", "2005–06 Middlesbrough F.C. season Middlesbrough participated in the Premier League during the 2005–06 English football season, where they finished in 14th place.Middlesbrough had qualified for the UEFA Cup via the league the previous season, and this season saw them make a dramatic run all the way to the final where they lost 4–0 to Sevilla.", "2005–06 Newcastle United F.C. season During the 2005-06 season, Newcastle United participated in the Premier League.", "2005–06 Portsmouth F.C. season During the 2005–06 English football season, Portsmouth competed in the FA Premier League. It was Portsmouth's third consecutive season in English football's top-flight.", "2005–06 Sunderland A.F.C. season During the 2005–06 English football season, Sunderland competed in the FA Premier League.", "2005–06 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season During the 2005–06 English football season, Tottenham Hotspur participated in the English Premier League. The club had a mixed, short season, securing what was their highest place finish in the Premier league at the time, but exiting both cup competitions at the earliest possible stage against lower league opposition, therefore playing just 40 games.In September Tottenham faced Grimsby Town in the League Cup, losing 1–0 at Blundell Park.", "2005–06 West Bromwich Albion F.C. season During the 2005–06 English football season, West Bromwich Albion competed in the FA Premier League.", "2005–06 West Ham United F.C. season During the 2005–06 English football season, West Ham United competed in the FA Premier League, following promotion from the Football League Championship the previous season.", "2005–06 Wigan Athletic F.C. season The 2005–06 Wigan Athletic F.C. season was the club's 28th season in the Football League and their inaugural season in the Premier League, following their promotion from the Championship the season before.Despite starting the season as one of the favourites for relegation, Wigan managed to exceed expectations with a nine-match unbeaten run early in the season.", "2006–07 Arsenal F.C. season The 2006–07 season was the 109th season of competitive football played by Arsenal. It was the first season in which home matches were played at the over-60,000 capacity Emirates Stadium; the club's former ground Highbury was to be redeveloped as a residential development. Arsenal ended their Premier League campaign in fourth, level on points with third-placed Liverpool but with a marginally lower goal difference.", "2006–07 Aston Villa F.C. season During the 2006–07 English football season, Aston Villa F.C. competed in the FA Premier League. It was Villa's first season under the management of Northern Irishman Martin O'Neill, who was appointed as manager following the sacking of David O'Leary at the end of the previous season.", "2006–07 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season During the 2006–07 English football season, Blackburn Rovers F.C. competed in the FA Premier League.", "2006–07 Bolton Wanderers F.C. season 2006–07 was Bolton Wanderers Football Club's eighth season in the Premier League, and their sixth consecutive season in the top division of English football and covers the period from 1 July 2006 to 30 June 2007. Their failure to win the Premier League title made it the 68th time that they have competed at the top level of English football without winning the title, the most of any club.", "2006–07 Charlton Athletic F.C. season During the 2006–07 English football season, Charlton Athletic competed in the FA Premier League.", "2006–07 Chelsea F.C. season The 2006–07 season was Chelsea F.C.'s 92nd competitive season, 15th consecutive season in the Premier League and 101st year as a club. Managed by José Mourinho, the club won both the FA Cup and the League Cup.The 2006–07 Premier League was decided on matchday 36, after Chelsea failed to win against Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium.", "2006–07 Everton F.C. season The 2006–07 English football season saw Everton compete in the FA Premier League.", "2006–07 Liverpool F.C. season The 2006–07 season was the 115th season in Liverpool Football Club‍ '​s existence and was their 44th consecutive year in the top-flight, and covers the period between 1 July 2006 to 30 June 2007. Having finished third the previous season, Liverpool had qualified for the UEFA Champions League final qualifying stage.", "2006–07 Middlesbrough F.C. season During the 2006-07 season, Middlesbrough participated in the Premier League.", "2006–07 Newcastle United F.C. season During the 2006-07 season, Newcastle United participated in the Premier League, finishing 13th, and also competed in the 2006-07 UEFA Cup.", "2006–07 Portsmouth F.C. season During the 2006–07 English football season, Portsmouth competed in the FA Premier League.", "2006–07 Reading F.C. season The 2006–07 season was Reading Football Club's first season in the Premier League, and their first season in the top flight of English football. Reading also participated in the League Cup, beating Darlington in the second round before losing 4–3 to Liverpool at Anfield. Reading entered the FA Cup at the third round stage, defeating Burnley 3-2 and then Birmingham City by the same score to meet Manchester United in the Fifth Round.", "2006–07 Sheffield United F.C. season During the 2006–07 English football season, Sheffield United competed in the FA Premier League, after being promoted from the Football League Championship the previous season.", "2006–07 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season During the 2006–07 season, Tottenham Hotspur participated in the FA Premier League.", "2006–07 Watford F.C. season During the 2006–07 English football season, Watford competed in the FA Premier League, after being promoted from the Football League Championship last season.", "2006–07 West Ham United F.C. season During the 2006–07 English football season, West Ham United competed in the FA Premier League. They finished the season in 15th place.", "2006–07 Wigan Athletic F.C. season The 2006–07 Wigan Athletic F.C. season was the club's 29th season in the Football League and their second season in the Premier League.", "2007–08 Arsenal F.C. season The 2007–08 season was the 110th season of competitive football played by Arsenal. The club ended their Premier League campaign in third position, having led the table for two-thirds of the season. Arsenal made it into the quarter-finals of the UEFA Champions League, but were eliminated on aggregate score against Liverpool.", "2007–08 Aston Villa F.C. season The 2007–08 season was Aston Villa's 20th consecutive season in the top flight of English football and 16th consecutive season in the Premier League. The season saw Martin O'Neill continue as manager as the club impressed in league competition, but struggled in both domestic cup competitions – being knocked out in the third round of both.", "2007–08 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season Blackburn Rovers F.C. finished in the top half of the Premier League for the third successive season, this time ending up in 7th place, ultimately not enough for European qualification. Manager Mark Hughes departed for Manchester City at the end of the season, while successful winger David Bentley was sold to Tottenham Hotspur for a club record fee.", "2007–08 Chelsea F.C. season The 2007–08 season was Chelsea Football Club's 93rd competitive season, 16th consecutive season in the Premier League, and 102nd year as a club.", "2007–08 Derby County F.C. season The 2007–08 season was Derby County's 109th season in the Football League, their 65th season in the top division of English football and their first season in the top flight since the 2001–02 season. They were promoted after beating West Bromwich Albion 1–0 in the 2007 Championship play-off final.After a very poor start to the season, manager Billy Davies left the club on 26 November to be replaced by former Wigan Athletic manager Paul Jewell.", "2007–08 Fulham F.C. season The 2007–08 season was Fulham F.C.'s 7th consecutive season in the Premier League. Lawrie Sanchez was in charge of the club for the first few months of the season after taking charge at the end of the previous campaign, but left the club by mutual consent in December 2007 after a string of poor results had sent Fulham sliding towards the relegation zone.", "2007–08 Liverpool F.C. season The 2007–08 season was the 116th season in Liverpool Football Club's existence, and their 45th consecutive year in the top flight, which covers the period from 1 July 2007 to 30 June 2008.Having finished third the previous season, Liverpool had qualified for the UEFA Champions League final qualifying stage.", "2007–08 Manchester City F.C. season The 2007–08 season was Manchester City Football Club's sixth consecutive season playing in the Premier League, the top division of English football, and its eleventh season since the Premier League was first created with Manchester City as one of the its original 22 founding member clubs. Overall, it was the team's 116th season playing in a division of English football, most of which have been spent in the top flight.", "2007–08 Middlesbrough F.C. season During the 2007–08 season, Middlesbrough participated in the Premier League. The season saw them play their 4000th league game, versus Reading on 1 March 2008. They reached the third round of the League Cup, where they were knocked out by eventual winners Tottenham Hotspur, while in their FA Cup campaign they were knocked out by Championship side Cardiff City.Gareth Southgate continued as manager under chairman Steve Gibson.", "2007–08 Newcastle United F.C. season During the 2007-08 season, Newcastle United participated in the Premier League. Newcastle started the season reasonably well under the management of Sam Allardyce and looked to be in the hunt for European places by the end of October, but a poor November saw the team slide down the table as fans began doubting Allardyce's ability.", "2007–08 Portsmouth F.C. season Portsmouth F.C. had its most successful season since it won the domestic league twice 1949 and 1950, thanks to an FA Cup campaign that saw them beating Cardiff City in the final.", "2007–08 Sunderland A.F.C. season The 2007–08 season was the 113th full season in Sunderland A.F.C.'s history, their 107th in the league system of English football and 7th in the Premier League. After finishing 1st in the Championship during the 2006–07 season, Sunderland were promoted to the Premier League as champions. Sunderland had been relegated in the 2005–06 season with the record low points tally at the time of 15.", "2007–08 West Ham United F.C. season This 2007–08 season saw West Ham United F.C. compete in the Premier League, where the club finished in 10th place.", "2007–08 Wigan Athletic F.C. season The 2007–08 Wigan Athletic F.C. season was the club's 30th season in the Football League and their third season in the Premier League.", "2008–09 Arsenal F.C. season The 2008–09 was Arsenal Football Club's 17th consecutive season in the Premier League. This season Arsenal participate in the Premier League, FA Cup, League Cup and the UEFA Champions League.", "2008–09 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season The 2008–09 season was Blackburn Rovers' 121st season as a professional club.The close season saw the departure of manager Mark Hughes to Manchester City. He was replaced by Paul Ince. However, after a poor start to the campaign, Ince was sacked, to be succeeded by Sam Allardyce.", "2008–09 Fulham F.C. season The 2008–09 season was Fulham's 111th professional season and their 8th consecutive season in the top flight of English football, the Premier League, since their return in 2001. They were managed by Roy Hodgson in his first full season as Fulham manager. They played in the Premier League by virtue of staying up on goal difference from Reading on the last day of the previous campaign and were hoping to improve on their placing of seventeenth.", "2008–09 Hull City A.F.C. season The 2008–09 season was Hull City's first ever season in the Premier League. Home games were played at the KC Stadium, which has a capacity of 25,404. On Friday 6 June 2008 Hull City announced they had sold out all 20,500 season tickets. Hull City's first ever top-flight fixture was a home game against Fulham, which they won 2-1. City finished the season in 17th place in the table, successfully avoiding relegation by the narrow margin of one point over Newcastle United.", "2008–09 Liverpool F.C. season The 2008–09 season was the 117th season of competitive football played by Liverpool. It began on 1 July 2008 and concluded on 20 June 2009, with competitive matches played between August and May. Liverpool finished the previous season in fourth place behind Manchester United and Chelsea and Arsenal . The club ended the campaign in second place, four points behind Manchester United, with a record of 25 wins, 11 draws and 2 losses.", "2008–09 Manchester City F.C. season The 2008–09 season was Manchester City Football Club's seventh consecutive season playing in the Premier League, the top division of English football, and its twelfth season since the Premier League was first created with Manchester City as one of the its original 22 founding member clubs. Overall, it was the team's 117th season playing in a division of English football, most of which have been spent in the top flight.", "2008–09 Middlesbrough F.C. season The 2008–09 season was Middlesbrough's eleventh consecutive season in the Premier League. They were relegated at the end of the season. They were knocked out of the League Cup in the third round and knocked out of the FA Cup in the quarter-finals (sixth round).Gareth Southgate continued as manager under chairman Steve Gibson.", "2008–09 Newcastle United F.C. season The 2008–09 season was Newcastle United's 16th consecutive season in the top division of English football. This season saw the club relegated from the Premier League to the Championship, the first time the club had been relegated since 1989.Things had looked reasonable for Newcastle at the start of the new season, but a major falling out between Kevin Keegan and the board saw Keegan resign as manager.", "2008–09 Sunderland A.F.C. season The 2008–09 season was the 112th season in Sunderland A.F.C.'s history and 104th in the league system of English football.", "2008–09 West Bromwich Albion F.C. season During the 2008–09 English football season, West Bromwich Albion competed in the Premier League, following promotion from the Football League Championship as Football League champions the previous season.", "2008–09 Wigan Athletic F.C. season This article chronicles Wigan Athletic's season in the 2008–09 Premier League.", "2009–10 Arsenal F.C. season The 2009–10 season was Arsenal Football Club's 18th season in the Premier League. Arsenal's this season began with a 1–6 victory away to Everton. Arsenal suffered back-to-back Premier League losses on four occasions this season, but finished the season third in the Premier League.", "2009–10 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season The 2009–10 season was Blackburn Rovers' 122nd season as a professional football club. The 2009–10 season was Blackburn Rovers' 16th season in the Premier League, and their 9th consecutive season in the top division of English football.", "2009–10 Bolton Wanderers F.C. season The 2009–10 season was Bolton Wanderers 11th season in the Premier League, and their ninth consecutive season in the top division of English football and covers the period from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010.", "2009–10 Burnley F.C. season The 2009-10 season marks Burnley's 127th year as a football club. This is Burnley's first ever season in the Premier League, thus bringing to an end the club's 33-year absence from the top flight of English football.", "2009–10 Liverpool F.C. season The 2009–10 Premier League was Liverpool's 118th season since their foundation, and their 47th consecutive year in the top flight. They were sponsored for an eighteenth season by Carlsberg, but this association would end at the end of the year. Rafael Benítez was the club's manager, this being his sixth season in charge.", "2009–10 Portsmouth F.C. season The 2009-10 season was Portsmouth's seventh season in the Premier League, and their seventh consecutive season in the top division of English football. It was also the club's 111th season.", "2009–10 Sunderland A.F.C. season The 2009–10 season is Sunderland's third consecutive season in the top division of English football, the Premier League.Ricky Sbragia was replaced by Steve Bruce in the close season. His aim is to improve on the club's 16th position the previous season.Darren Bent was the top scorer in the Premier League with 24 goals. Andy Reid was the top scorer in the League Cup with two goals. Fraizer Campbell was the top scorer in the FA Cup with two goals.", "2009–10 West Ham United F.C. season The 2009–10 Premier League was West Ham United's fifth consecutive season in the Premier League, following a ninth-placed finish in the 2008–09 Premier League. They were managed by Gianfranco Zola - in his second season after replacing Alan Curbishley in September 2008.", "2009–10 Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. season The 2009–10 season was the 111th season of competitive league football in the history of English football club Wolverhampton Wanderers. This season saw the club return to the Premier League after a five-year absence.", "2010–11 Arsenal F.C. season The 2010–11 season was Arsenal Football Club's 19th season in the Premier League. The team were within one point of league leaders Manchester United at the end of February, but a run of just one league win throughout the entire of March and April ended their challenge.", "2010–11 Birmingham City F.C. season The 2010–11 season was Birmingham City Football Club‍ '​s seventh season in the Premier League and their 57th in the top tier of English football. It ran from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011. Led by former Scotland national team manager Alex McLeish, the team finished in 18th place in the League, so were relegated to the Championship for the 2011–12 season.", "2010–11 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season The 2010–11 season was Blackburn Rovers' 123rd season as a professional football club. The 2010–11 season was also Blackburn Rovers' 17th season in the Premier League, and their 10th consecutive season in the top division of English football.", "2010–11 Blackpool F.C. season The 2010–11 season was Blackpool F.C.‍ '​s debut season in the Premier League, after winning the 2009–10 Championship play-off Final in what was their 99th consecutive season in the Football League. It was also their 28th overall season in English football's top tier, but their first since 1971. It was Ian Holloway's second season as manager. The club finished 19th and were relegated back to The Championship.", "2010–11 Liverpool F.C. season The 2010–11 season was the 119th season in Liverpool Football Club's existence, and their 48th consecutive year in the top flight of English football. Liverpool were sponsored by Standard Chartered Bank, after their deal with long-running sponsors Carlsberg finished after 18 years of sponsorship.", "2010–11 Sunderland A.F.C. season During the 2010–11 season, Sunderland A.F.C. (the professional association football club representing the aforementioned city) competed in the Premier League.", "2010–11 West Bromwich Albion F.C. season The 2010–11 season was West Bromwich Albion's fifth season in the Premier League. Albion return to the Premier League after being promoted from the Championship. West Brom confirmed their promotion back to the Premier League on 10 April 2010 after a 3–2 win over Doncaster Rovers, and retained their new top-flight status, finishing 11th.", "2010–11 Wigan Athletic F.C. season The 2010–11 English football season was Wigan Athletic F.C.'s 33rd season in the Football League and their sixth consecutive season in the Premier League.", "2011–12 Arsenal F.C. season The 2011–12 season was Arsenal Football Club's 20th season in the Premier League, and also marked the club's 125th anniversary. Arsenal's attempts to win silverware all proved fruitless. In the Premier League, Arsenal struggled to recover from a poor start to the season. Though they did finish the season in the final qualification berth for the next season's UEFA Champions League.", "2011–12 Chelsea F.C. season The 2011–12 season was Chelsea Football Club's 98th competitive season, 22nd consecutive season in the top flight of English football (20th in the Premier League), and 106th year in existence as a football club. While their sixth place in the league was their lowest domestic finish since 2001–02, they completed a cup double by winning their seventh FA Cup and their first UEFA Champions League.", "2011–12 Newcastle United F.C. season In the 2011–12 football season, English club Newcastle United F.C. competed in the Premier League for the second consecutive season. It was Newcastle United's 119th season of professional football.In this season Newcastle finished in 5th place, qualifying for the following season's Europa League. After going through their first 11 games unbeaten, Newcastle then failed to win in six consecutive games in November and December, mainly due to a spate of injuries among key defenders.", "2011–12 Queens Park Rangers F.C. season The 2011–12 season was Queens Park Rangers's 123rd professional season and their fifth season in the Premier League. The club competed in the Premier League for the first time in fifteen years, following their promotion as champions from The Championship in 2010–11. The club finished the season in 17th place, avoiding relegation by one point on the final day of the season.", "2011–12 Sunderland A.F.C. season The 2011–12 season, Sunderland competed in the Premier League. They finished the season in 13th place, ending with a total of 45 points.", "2011–12 Swansea City A.F.C. season The 2011–12 season was Swansea City's third season in the first tier of English football, and their first return to top-flight football since 1983. During the 2010–11 season, Swansea finished in 3rd place and beat Reading 4–2 in the Championship play-off final, to win promotion to the Premier League. In doing so, they became the first Welsh team to enter the Premier League. Swansea finished the season at 11th place after beating Liverpool 1–0 in the last game of the season on 13 May 2012.", "2011–12 West Bromwich Albion F.C. season The 2011–12 season was West Bromwich Albion's second consecutive season in the Premier League, their sixth in total. During the season, they competed in the League Cup and the FA Cup.West Bromwich Albion finished the season at 10th place after their last league game was a 2-3 loss against Arsenal.", "2011–12 Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. season The 2011–12 season was the 113th season of competitive league football in the history of English football club Wolverhampton Wanderers. The club competed in the Premier League, the highest level of English football, for a third consecutive season.", "2012–13 Arsenal F.C. season The 2012–13 season was Arsenal Football Club's 21st season in the Premier League and 93rd consecutive season in the top flight of English football. Arsenal participated in the Premier League and the UEFA Champions League, after finishing 3rd in the previous Premier League season. The League Cup however was out of their reach, and despite an entertaining cup run, which included 13 goals scored in two games, Arsenal lost to Bradford City in the quarter-finals on penalties.", "2012–13 Chelsea F.C. season The 2012–13 season was Chelsea Football Club's 99th competitive season, 23rd consecutive season in the top flight of English football, 21st consecutive season in the Premier League, and 107th year in existence as a football club.", "2012–13 Newcastle United F.C. season In the 2012–13 football season, English club Newcastle United competed in the Premier League for the third consecutive season. It was Newcastle United's 120th season of professional football.This article shows statistics and lists details of all matches played by the club during the season.", "2012–13 Reading F.C. season The 2012–13 season was Reading Football Club's third season in the Premier League, and the first since their relegation to the Championship in 2008. Reading secured automatic promotion on 17 April 2012 following a 1–0 win against Nottingham Forest and were crowned as Championship winners four days later. They began the season in August with a 1–1 draw against Stoke City but had to wait until mid-November for their first league win, a 2–1 win over Everton on 17 November 2012.", "2012–13 Sunderland A.F.C. season The 2012–13 season was Sunderland's sixth consecutive season in the top division of English football, the Premier League. They finished the season in 17th place.", "2012–13 Swansea City A.F.C. season The 2012–13 season was Swansea City's fourth season in the top tier of English football, and their second consecutive season in the Premier League. It was their 93rd season in the English football league system.The club celebrated its centenary, and to mark the occasion released a new crest.", "2012–13 West Bromwich Albion F.C. season The 2012–13 season was West Bromwich Albion's third consecutive season in the Premier League, and their seventh in total. During the season, they also competed in the League Cup and the FA Cup. The club enjoyed their best ever season in the Premier League, finishing 8th in the league with a club record 49 points and 14 wins.Their manager for the season was Steve Clarke, after former manager Roy Hodgson left to manage the England national team.", "2013–14 Arsenal F.C. season The 2013–14 season was Arsenal Football Club's 22nd season in the Premier League and 94th consecutive season in the top flight of English football. Arsenal participated in the Premier League, FA Cup, League Cup and the UEFA Champions League, after finishing fourth in the previous Premier League season.", "2013–14 Cardiff City F.C. season The 2013–14 season will be Cardiff City Football Club's first season in the Premier League, and their first in the top division in 51 years. This ends ten consecutive years in the Football League second division. Overall it will be their 16th season competing in the top division.", "2013–14 Chelsea F.C. season The 2013–14 season was Chelsea Football Club's 100th competitive season, 24th consecutive season in the top flight of English football, 22nd consecutive season in the Premier League, and 108th year in existence as a football club. Chelsea participated in the UEFA Champions League this season, qualified directly for the group stage by virtue of finishing third in the 2012–13 Premier League, and reached the Semi-finals stage, being knocked out by Atletico Madrid.", "2013–14 Crystal Palace F.C. season The 2013–14 season is Crystal Palace's first season back in the Premier League after 8 years. They clinched their place in the top tier with a 1–0 victory over Watford in the 2012–13 Championship Play Off Final. Palace spent eight seasons in the Championship after being relegated from the Premier League in the 2004–05 season. Crystal Palace also competed in the League Cup and the FA Cup.", "2013–14 Fulham F.C. season The 2013–14 season was Fulham's 116th professional season and their 13th consecutive season in the top flight of English football, the Premier League. They also competed in the League Cup and the FA Cup. Fulham were relegated from the Premier League, finishing in 19th place. They also exited the League Cup in the fourth round and the FA Cup in the fourth round.", "2013–14 Hull City A.F.C. season The 2013–14 season was Hull City's first season back in the Premier League after automatic promotion as runner-up from the Championship in the 2012–13 season. They finished in 16th place, with their highest Premier League position and points total, to secure a further season in the Premier League. They also competed in the League Cup reaching the 4th round. They also competed in the FA Cup, reaching their first ever final in the competition.", "2013–14 Liverpool F.C. season The 2013–14 season was Liverpool Football Club's 122nd season in existence, and their 51st consecutive season in the top flight of English football. It was also the club's 22nd consecutive season in the Premier League.", "2013–14 Manchester City F.C. season The 2013–14 season is Manchester City Football Club's 112th season of competitive football - its eighty-fifth season in the top division of English football and its seventeenth season in the Premier League since the league was first created with Manchester City as one of the original 22 founder-members.The season was notable for City's goal-scoring performances.", "2013–14 Newcastle United F.C. season In the 2013–14 football season, English club Newcastle United competed in the Premier League for the fourth consecutive season. It was Newcastle United's 121st season of professional football.This article shows statistics and lists details of all matches played by the club during the season.", "2013–14 Sunderland A.F.C. season The 2013–14 season is Sunderland's seventh consecutive season in the top division of English football, the Premier League.", "2013–14 Swansea City A.F.C. season The 2013–14 season was Swansea City's 94th season in the English football league system, and their third consecutive season in the Premier League.During pre-season Swansea recruited heavily, breaking the clubs' transfer record fee with the purchase of Ivorian striker Wilfried Bony from Vitesse for £12 million. They also acquired Jonjo Shelvey from Liverpool for £5 million.", "2013–14 West Bromwich Albion F.C. season The 2013–14 season is West Bromwich Albion's fourth consecutive season in the Premier League, their eighth in total. During the season, they also competed in the League Cup and the FA Cup.", "2014–15 Arsenal F.C. season The 2014–15 season was Arsenal's 23rd season in the Premier League and 95th consecutive season in the top flight of English football. This season Arsenal participated in the Premier League, FA Cup, League Cup, Community Shield and the UEFA Champions League. An inconsistent start to the league season ended any realistic hopes for the Premier League title as Arsenal only won two out of their first eight games.", "2014–15 Aston Villa F.C. season The 2014–15 season was Aston Villa's 23rd season in the Premier League and 27th consecutive season in the top flight of English football, as well as their 140th season as a professional football club. Villa participated in the FA Cup (reaching the final) and League Cup. The club was managed by Paul Lambert, until his sacking on 11 February 2015. He was replaced by Tim Sherwood on 14 February.", "2014–15 Burnley F.C. season The 2014–15 season is Burnley's first season back in the Premier League after gaining promotion in the previous season. They will also compete in the League Cup and the FA Cup.", "2014–15 Chelsea F.C. season The 2014–15 season was Chelsea Football Club's 101st competitive season, 25th consecutive season in the top flight of English football, 23rd consecutive season in the Premier League, and 109th year in existence as a football club. Chelsea also participated in the UEFA Champions League this season after qualified directly for the group stage by finishing third in the last season. The club secured its fourth Premier League title by beating Crystal Palace on 3 May 2015.", "2014–15 Crystal Palace F.C. season The 2014–15 season was Crystal Palace's second consecutive season back in the Premier League, it was also the first time they had ever been in the Premier League for two seasons in a row. Crystal Palace also competed in the League Cup and the FA Cup.", "2014–15 Everton F.C. season The 2014–15 season was Everton's 23rd season in the Premier League and 61st consecutive season in the top division of English football. It is also Everton's 115th season of league football and 118th season in all competitions. The club finished fifth in the previous campaign to qualify for the Europa League, which saw Everton play in Europe for the first time since the 2009–10 season. On 30 July 2014, the club signed Chelsea striker Romelu Lukaku for a club record £28 million.", "2014–15 Hull City A.F.C. season The 2014–15 season is Hull City's second season back in the Premier League after retaining their league status with their highest points total and highest finishing position of 16th in the 2013–14 season. They also competed in the League Cup and the FA Cup. As losing FA Cup finalists in the 2013–14 season they also took part in the UEFA Europa League and started in the Third qualifying round.", "2014–15 Leicester City F.C. season The 2014–15 season was Leicester City F.C.'s 110th season in the English football league system and their 47th (non-consecutive) season in the top tier of English football.", "2014–15 Liverpool F.C. season The 2014–15 season was Liverpool's 123rd season in existence, and their 52nd consecutive season in the top flight of English football. It was also the club's 23rd consecutive season in the Premier League. Along with the Premier League, the club also competed in the FA Cup, League Cup, and the UEFA Champions League, where they returned for the first time since the 2009–10 season.", "2014–15 Manchester City F.C. season The 2014–15 season is Manchester City Football Club's 113th season of competitive football, its eighty-sixth season in the top division of English football and eighteenth season in the Premier League since the league was first created with Manchester City as one of the original 22 founder-members.", "2014–15 Manchester United F.C. season The 2014–15 season was Manchester United's 23rd season in the Premier League, and their 40th consecutive season in the top-flight of English football.United began the season on 16 August 2014, with the opening game of their Premier League campaign. They also competed in the two domestic cups, the FA Cup and the League Cup. This was the first season since 1989–90 that Manchester United did not compete in any European competition.", "2014–15 Newcastle United F.C. season In the 2014–15 football season, English club Newcastle United competed in the Premier League for the fifth consecutive season. It was Newcastle United's 122nd season of professional football.The season saw Newcastle end in 15th place after a difficult season for the Magpies. Newcastle started the season without a win from their opening eight games, and ended it by only winning three times in 19 Premier League games.", "2014–15 Queens Park Rangers F.C. season The 2014–15 season is Queens Park Rangers's 126th professional season.", "2014–15 Southampton F.C. season The 2014–15 Southampton F.C. season was the club's 16th season in the Premier League and their 38th in the top division of English football. Having improved on their performance in the Premier League the previous season, the club looked to make progress on their long-term goal of qualifying for a European competition.", "2014–15 Sunderland A.F.C. season The 2014–15 season is Sunderland's 8th consecutive season in the top division of English football, the Premier League.", "2014–15 Swansea City A.F.C. season The 2014–15 season was Swansea City's 95th season in the English football league system, and their fourth consecutive season in the Premier League. They also competed in the FA Cup and the Football League Cup.", "2014–15 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season The 2014–15 season was Tottenham Hotspur's 23rd season in the Premier League and 37th successive season in the top division of the English football league system.The campaign represented Tottenham's 13th appearance in the UEFA Europa League, entering the Play-off round due to the result of the 2013-14 FA Cup Final, as a result of finishing sixth in the 2013–14 Premier League season.", "2014–15 West Bromwich Albion F.C. season The 2014–15 season was West Bromwich Albion's fifth consecutive season in the Premier League, their ninth in total. During the season, they also competed in the FA Cup. West Brom were knocked out of the League Cup in the fourth round, losing away to Bournemouth.", "2014–15 West Ham United F.C. season The 2014–15 season was West Ham United‍ '​s third campaign in the Premier League since being promoted in the 2011–12 season. It is West Ham's nineteenth Premier League campaign overall.As well as competing in the Premier League, West Ham took part in the FA Cup and the League Cup entering at the third and second rounds respectively.Sam Allardyce started his fourth full season as West Ham manager. Kevin Nolan captained West Ham for the fourth season running.", "2015–16 A.F.C. Bournemouth season The 2015–16 season is Bournemouth's first season in the Premier League (and their first ever season in the top-flight) after gaining promotion in the previous season in their 126th year in existence. This season Bournemouth participate in the Premier League, FA Cup and League Cup. The season covers the period from 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2016.", "2015–16 Aston Villa F.C. season The 2015–16 season will be Aston Villa's 24th season in the Premier League and 28th consecutive season in the top flight of English football, as well as their 141th season as a professional football club. Villa will also be participating in the FA Cup and League Cup. The club will be managed by Tim Sherwood, in his first full season as manager.", "2015–16 Chelsea F.C. season The 2015–16 season is Chelsea's 102nd competitive season, 26th consecutive season in the top flight of English football, 24th consecutive season in the Premier League, and 110th year in existence as a football club. They enter the this season as reigning champions after winning the league for a fifth time the previous season, and will participate in the FA Cup, League Cup, Community Shield and the UEFA Champions League. The season covers the period from 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2016.", "2015–16 Crystal Palace F.C. season The 2015–16 season is Crystal Palace's third consecutive season in the Premier League and their 110th year in existence. This season Crystal Palace participate in the Premier League, FA Cup and League Cup. The season covers the period from 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2016.", "2015–16 Everton F.C. season The 2015–16 season is Everton's 62nd consecutive season in the top flight of English football and their 138th year in existence. This season Everton participate in the Premier League, FA Cup and League Cup. The season covers the period from 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2016.", "2015–16 Leicester City F.C. season The 2015–16 season is Leicester City's 111th season in the English football league system and their 48th (non-consecutive) season in the top tier of English football. This season Leicester City participate in the Premier League for the second consecutive season as well as the FA Cup and League Cup. The season covers the period from 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2016.", "2015–16 Liverpool F.C. season The 2015–16 season is Liverpool's 124th season in existence, and their 53rd consecutive season in the top flight of English football. It's also the club's 24th consecutive season in the Premier League. Along with the Premier League, the club will also compete in the FA Cup, Football League Cup and UEFA Europa League. The season covers the period from 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2016.", "2015–16 Manchester City F.C. season The 2015–16 season is Manchester City's 114th season of competitive football and eighty-seventh season in the top division of English football and nineteenth season in the Premier League since the league was first created with Manchester City as one of the original 22 founder-members. Along with the Premier League, the club will also compete in the UEFA Champions League, FA Cup and Football League Cup.", "2015–16 Manchester United F.C. season The 2015–16 season is Manchester United's 24th season in the Premier League, and their 41st consecutive season in the top-flight of English football. Along with the Premier League, the club will also compete in the FA Cup, Football League Cup and UEFA Champions League. The season covers the period from 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2016.", "2015–16 Newcastle United F.C. season The 2015–16 season is Newcastle United's sixth consecutive season in the Premier League in their 123rd year in existence. This season Newcastle United participate in the Premier League, FA Cup and League Cup. The season covers the period from 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2016.", "2015–16 Norwich City F.C. season The 2015–16 season is Norwich City's return to the Premier League after gaining promotion via the play-offs last season in their 113th year in existence. This season Norwich City participate in the Premier League, FA Cup and League Cup. The season covers the period from 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2016.", "2015–16 Southampton F.C. season The 2015–16 Southampton F.C. season is the club's 17th season in the Premier League and their 39th in the top division of English football. It is also the club's first season in a European competition since 2003–04, after the result of the 2015 FA Cup Final meant that Southampton qualified for the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League. As of 26 September 2015, Southampton are 9th in the Premier League, having won two, drawn three and lost two of their seven matches.", "2015–16 Sunderland A.F.C. season The 2015–16 season is Sunderland's 137th season in existence, and their ninth consecutive season in the Premier League. Along with competing in the Premier League, the club will also participate in the FA Cup and League Cup. The season covers the period from 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2016.", "2015–16 Swansea City A.F.C. season The 2015–16 season is Swansea City's 96th season in the English football league system, and their fifth consecutive season in the Premier League. Along with competing in the Premier League, the club will also participate in the FA Cup and League Cup. The season covers the period from 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2016.", "2015–16 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season The 2015–16 season is Tottenham Hotspur's 24th season in the Premier League and 38th successive season in the top division of the English football league system. Along with the Premier League, the club will compete in the FA Cup, League Cup and the Europa League. The season covers the period from 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2016.", "2015–16 Watford F.C. season The 2015–16 season is Watford's 135th year in existence and first season back in the Premier League after gaining promotion the previous season. This season Watford participate in the Premier League, FA Cup and League Cup. The season covers the period from 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2016.", "2015–16 West Bromwich Albion F.C. season The 2015–16 season is West Bromwich Albion's sixth consecutive season in the Premier League and their 138th year in existence. This season West Bromwich Albion participate in the Premier League, FA Cup and League Cup. The season covers the period from 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2016.", "2015–16 West Ham United F.C. season The 2015–16 season is West Ham United‍ '​s fourth campaign in the Premier League since being promoted in the 2011–12 season. It is West Ham's twentieth Premier League campaign overall.As well as competing in the Premier League, West Ham United will take part in the FA Cup and League Cup entering at the third round in both competitions.", "A.F.C. Bournemouth AFC Bournemouth is a professional football club based in Bournemouth, Dorset who play in the Premier League, the top tier of the English football league system.", "Arsenal F.C. Arsenal Football Club is a professional football club based in Holloway, London. The club play in the Premier League, the top flight of English football. One of the most successful clubs in English football, they have won 13 First Division and Premier League titles and a record 12 FA Cups.Founded in 1886, Arsenal became the first club from the south of England to join the Football League in 1893.", "Aston Villa F.C. Aston Villa Football Club (/ˈæstən ˈvɪllə/; also known as Villa, The Villa, The Villans, The Lions) is a professional football club based in Witton, Birmingham, that plays in the Premier League, the highest level of English football. Founded in 1874, it has played at its current home ground, Villa Park, since 1897. Aston Villa was one of the originators and founder members of the Football League in 1888.", "Blackburn Rovers F.C. Blackburn Rovers Football Club /ˈblækbɜrn ˈroʊvərz/ is an English professional association football club based in the town of Blackburn, Lancashire. The team competes in the Football League Championship from the 2012–13 season. They were relegated from the Premier League, the top tier of English football, at the end of the 2011–12 season. The club are currently managed by Gary Bowyer after previous manager Michael Appleton was dismissed on 19 March 2013.", "Bolton Wanderers F.C. Bolton Wanderers Football Club /ˈboʊltən/ is an English professional football club based in Bolton. The club competes in the 2015–16 Championship.The club was formed as Christ Church Football Club in 1874, and adopted its current name in 1877. Founder members of the Football League, Bolton have spent the highest number of seasons of any club in the top flight without winning the title (the 2011–12 season was their 73rd, non-consecutive year in the top flight).", "Chelsea F.C. Chelsea Football Club /ˈtʃɛlsiː/ are a professional football club based in Fulham, London, who play in the Premier League, the highest level of English football. Founded in 1905, the club have spent most of their history in the top tier of English football.", "Crystal Palace F.C. Crystal Palace Football Club is an English professional football club based in South Norwood, London.They currently play in the highest level in English football, the Premier League. Since 1964, the club has mostly played in the top two leagues of English football. The club was founded in 1905 at the site of the famous Crystal Palace Exhibition building by the owners of the FA Cup Final stadium, who wanted their own team to play at the historic venue.", "Everton F.C. Everton Football Club /ˈɛvərtən/ are an English football club based in Liverpool, playing in the Premier League. The club has competed in the top division for a record 112 seasons (playing just four seasons in the second tier) and has won a number of major honours including the League Championship nine times and the FA Cup five times.Formed in 1878, Everton were founding members of The Football League in 1888 and won their first league championship two seasons later.", "Fulham F.C. Fulham Football Club /ˈfʊləm/ is a professional football club based in Fulham, London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. Founded in 1879, they play in the Football League Championship, having been relegated from the Premier League in 2013–14 after 13 consecutive seasons. They were the oldest established football team from London playing in the Premier League.The club has spent twenty-five seasons in English football's top division, the majority of that in two spells during the 1960s and 2000s.", "Harchester United F.C. Harchester United Football Club is a fictional Premier League football club from the former Sky TV show Dream Team, which was aired between 1997 and 2007.", "Leicester City F.C. Leicester City Football Club /ˌlɛstər ˈsɪti/, also known as the Foxes, is an English professional football club based in Leicester at the King Power Stadium. They play in the Premier League, having been promoted as champions of the Football League Championship in 2013–14, signalling a return to the top flight of English football after a decade away.The club was founded in 1884 as Leicester Fosse, playing on a field near Fosse Road.", "Liverpool F.C. Liverpool Football Club /ˈlɪvərpuːl/ are a Premier League football club based in Liverpool, England. The club have won more European trophies than any other English team with five European Cups, three UEFA Cups and three UEFA Super Cups.", "Manchester City F.C. Manchester City Football Club is a football club in Manchester, England. Founded in 1880 as St. Mark's (West Gorton), they became Ardwick Association Football Club in 1887 and Manchester City in 1894.", "Manchester United F.C. Manchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, England. They compete in the Premier League, the top flight of English football. Founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878, the club changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to Old Trafford in 1910.Manchester United have won 20 league titles, the most of any English club, 11 FA Cups, four League Cups and a record 20 FA Community Shields.", "National Premier Soccer League The National Premier Soccer League (NPSL) is an American soccer league commonly recognized as being a fourth tier league. It is the successor of the Men's Professional Soccer League, a regional league originally based out of the Western United States, which has now expanded nationwide to encompass teams from 29 states.Although the league is officially affiliated to the United States Adult Soccer Association (USASA), and qualifies for the U.S.", "Newcastle United F.C. Newcastle United Football Club (often abbreviated to NUFC) is an English professional association football club based in Newcastle upon Tyne. The club was founded in 1892 by the merger of Newcastle East End and Newcastle West End, and has played at its current home ground, St James' Park, ever since. The ground was developed into an all-seater stadium in the mid-1990s and now has a capacity of 52,405.", "Norwich City F.C. Norwich City Football Club (also known as The Canaries or City) is an English professional football club based in Norwich, Norfolk. Norwich returned to the Premier League in 2015, having first been promoted to the top flight in 1972. Norwich have won the League Cup twice, in 1962 and 1985. The club has never won the top flight, but finished third in 1993.The club was founded in 1902.", "Port Kembla FC Port Kembla Football Club are an Australian semi-professional association football club based in Port Kembla, New South Wales. It participates in the regions semi-professional competition, the Illawarra Premier League. The club is the most successful of all the Illawarra Premier League teams having won both the Premiership 7 times, and the Championship 8 times each, the last time being in 2013 when they took out both titles.", "Premier League The Premier League is an English professional league for men's association football clubs. At the top of the English football league system, it is the country's primary football competition. Contested by 20 clubs, it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Football League. Besides English clubs, the Welsh clubs that compete in the English football league system can also qualify to play.The Premier League is a corporation in which the 20 member clubs act as shareholders.", "Redlands United FC Redlands United FC is semi-professional soccer club based in Cleveland, Brisbane, Queensland. The club formed in 1918 to be the second oldest association football club in Queensland. It re-entered the top tier, Brisbane Premier League (BPL), in 2010 after merging with former Queensland State League (QSL) side Redland City Devils. In 2012, Redlands had their best ever season, winning the Brisbane Premier League.Previously their best ever result was winning the First Division Grand Final in 1977.", "Southampton F.C. Southampton Football Club /saʊθˈæmptən, -hæmptən/ is an English football club, nicknamed The Saints, based in the city of Southampton, Hampshire, who currently compete in the Premier League.The Saints' home ground since 2001 has been St Mary's Stadium, before which they were based at The Dell. The club has been nicknamed \"The Saints\" since its inception in 1885 due to its history as a church football team, founded as St Mary's Church of England Young Men's Association (or St.", "Stoke City F.C. Stoke City Football Club is an English professional football club based in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire that plays in the Premier League. Founded as Stoke Ramblers in 1863 the club changed its name to Stoke City in 1925 after Stoke-on-Trent was granted city status.", "Sunderland A.F.C. Sunderland Association Football Club (/ˈsʌndərlənd/, local /ˈsʊnᵈlən/) is an English professional football club based in the North East city of Sunderland in the larger metropolitan area of Tyne and Wear. The club currently plays in the Premier League, the top league of English football.", "Swansea City A.F.C. Swansea City Association Football Club (/ˈswɒnzi ˈsɪti/; Welsh: Clwb Pêl-droed Dinas Abertawe) is a Welsh professional association football club based in the city of Swansea, Wales, who play in the Premier League. Swansea City represent England when playing in European competitions, although they have represented Wales in the past. The club was founded in 1912 as Swansea Town and joined the Football League in 1921.", "Tottenham Hotspur F.C. Tottenham Hotspur Football Club /ˈtɒtᵊnəm/, commonly referred to as Spurs, are an English football club located in Tottenham, London, that competes in the Premier League. The club's home stadium is White Hart Lane. Their newly developed training ground is in Bulls Cross on the northern borders of the London Borough of Enfield.Founded in 1882, Tottenham won the FA Cup for the first time in 1901, making them the only non-League club to do so since the formation of the Football League.", "Watford F.C. Watford Football Club is a football club based in Hertfordshire, England, which plays in the Premier League, the highest level of English football. Founded in 1881 as Watford Rovers, the club entered the FA Cup for the first time in 1886, and the Southern League a decade later. After finishing the 1914–15 season as Southern League champions under the management of Harry Kent, Watford joined the Football League in 1920.", "West Bromwich Albion F.C. West Bromwich Albion Football Club /ˈbrɒmɪtʃ/, also known as West Brom, The Baggies, The Throstles, Albion or simply WBA, is an English professional football club based in West Bromwich in the West Midlands. The club was formed in 1878 and has played at its home ground, The Hawthorns, since 1900.Albion were one of the founding members of the Football League in 1888 and have spent the majority of their existence in the top tier of English football.", "West Ham United F.C. West Ham United Football Club is an English professional football club based in Upton Park, East London, England, currently playing in the Premier League, England's top tier of football. The club was founded in 1895 as Thames Ironworks and reformed in 1900 as West Ham United. In 1904 the club relocated to their current Boleyn Ground stadium.", "Wigan Athletic F.C. Wigan Athletic Football Club is an English professional football club based in Wigan, Greater Manchester, who compete in League One, the third tier of English football. Founded in 1932, the club is the most recently formed club in the division.They have played at the DW Stadium since 1999, sharing the stadium with rugby league club Wigan Warriors. They previously played at Springfield Park for 67 years. The club's nickname is Latics." ]

[ "1992–93 Manchester City F.C. season The 1992–93 season was Manchester City's fourth consecutive season in the top tier of English football, and their first season in the inaugural year of the breakaway Premier League.", "1992–93 Nottingham Forest F.C. season During the 1992–93 English football season, Nottingham Forest competed in the inaugural season of the FA Premier League.", "1995–96 West Ham United F.C. season During the 1995–96 English football season, West Ham United competed in the FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons).", "1996–97 Sheffield Wednesday F.C. season The 1996–97 season was Sheffield Wednesday F.C.'s 130th season in existence. They competed in the twenty-team Premiership, the top tier of English football, finishing seventh.", "2003–04 Portsmouth F.C. season During the 2003–04 English football season, Portsmouth F.C. competed in the FA Premier League. It was their first ever season in the Premiership and the first in English football's top flight since the 1987–88 season.", "2004–05 Arsenal F.C. season The 2004–05 season was the 107th season of competitive football played by Arsenal. The club ended the campaign as FA Cup winners, but failed to retain their Premier League title as they finished second to Chelsea. In the UEFA Champions League, Arsenal made an exit in the knockout stages to Bayern Munich.In the transfer window Arsenal purchased goalkeeper Manuel Almunia, who initially served a backup to Jens Lehmann, and midfielder Mathieu Flamini.", "2011–12 Liverpool F.C. season The 2011–12 season was the 120th season in Liverpool Football Club's existence, and their 49th consecutive year in the top flight of English football.Liverpool had mixed fortunes during the season; they enjoyed success in the domestic cups, winning the League Cup for a record eighth time – also their first trophy since 2006 – and reached the FA Cup Final, where they lost to Chelsea. By virtue of winning the League Cup, Liverpool qualified for the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League.", "2015–16 Arsenal F.C. season The 2015–16 season is Arsenal's 24th season in the Premier League and 96th consecutive season in the top flight of English football. The club enters the season as the FA Cup holders, and will participate in the Premier League, FA Cup, League Cup, Community Shield and the UEFA Champions League. The season covers the period from 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2016.", "A-League The A-League is a professional men's soccer league, run by Football Federation Australia (FFA). At the top of the Australian league system, it is the country's primary competition for the sport. The A-League was established in 2004 as a successor to the National Soccer League (NSL) and competition commenced in August 2005. The league is currently contested by ten teams; nine based in Australia and one based in New Zealand.", "A.F.C. Leopards Originally Abaluhya Football Club, officially abbreviated as A.F.C. Leopards and commonly known as simply A.F.C., Leopards The Republic or Ingwe (Luhya for \"Leopards\"), is an association football club based in Nairobi, Kenya and founded in 1964 at Kaloleni Social Hall Eastlands-Nairobi by soccer loving Kenyans of Luhya decent working and living in Nairobi in those times when Kenya had just gained independence.", "Adelaide City FC Adelaide City Football Club is an Australian semi-professional football (soccer) club based in Adelaide, South Australia. They are also known as The Zebras. The club competed in the National Soccer League (NSL) for 27 seasons but withdrew just prior to the final season ending in 2004. Adelaide City now compete in the National Premier Leagues South Australia. City won the inaugural Super League (former name of the NPL) with games to spare after leading for most of the season.", "Ajax Cape Town F.C. Ajax Cape Town (Afrikaans: Ajax Kaapstad) is a South African football (soccer) club based in the Parow suburb of the city of Cape Town that plays in the Premier Soccer League. Dutch Eredivisie club AFC Ajax is the parent club and acts as the majority shareholder.", "All-time Lancaster Rattlers roster This list comprises all players who have participated in at least one league match for Lancaster Rattlers since the team's first season in the USL Premier Development League in 2007. Players who were on the roster but never played a first team game are not listed; players who appeared for the team in other competitions (US Open Cup, etc.) but never actually made an USL appearance are noted at the bottom of the page where appropriate.", "All-time Spokane Spiders roster This list comprises all players who have participated in at least one league match for Spokane Spiders since the team's first season in the USL Premier Development League in 2007. Players who were on the roster but never played a first team game are not listed; players who appeared for the team in other competitions (US Open Cup, etc.) but never actually made an USL appearance are noted at the bottom of the page where appropriate.", "Alliance FC Alliance F. C. is an American Soccer team based in Brooklyn Park, Minnesota. Founded in 2000, the team plays in the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), a professional league at the fourth tier of the United States soccer pyramid, in the Midwest Division.", "AmaZulu F.C. AmaZulu is a South African football club based in the city of Durban that played in the Premier Soccer League. They were relegated in the 2014–15 season.The club's nickname, Usuthu, is a Zulu war cry.", "Asian Football Confederation The Asian Football Confederation (AFC) is the governing body of association football in Asia and Australia. It has 47 member countries, mostly located on the Asian and Australian continent but excluding all the transcontinental countries with territory in both Europe and Asia, which are members of UEFA (Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkey). Armenia, Cyprus, and Israel are also UEFA members even though they lie entirely in Asia.", "Austin Hudson (soccer) Austin Hudson is an American soccer coach and retired player. He is the head coach of Fort Worth FC of the Women's Premier Soccer League and played professionally in the Major Indoor Soccer League, American Indoor Soccer Association, second American Soccer League and the USISL. He was the 1989 Southwest Indoor Soccer League MVP.Some accounts state Hudson spent 1978 with the Seattle Sounders.", "Aztec Soccer Club The Aztec Soccer Club is a full-scale developmental soccer organization located on the North Shore of Massachusetts. The Aztec Soccer Club is structured like a pyramid, running programs for all age groups and genders. The club runs Soccer Tots and Youth Clinics for ages 18 months – 6 years, youth teams ages 7-19 and the pro-caliber Boston Aztec men’s and women’s amateur teams.Boston Aztec men’s and women’s teams play in three separate leagues.", "Bayswater City SC Bayswater City Soccer Club is a soccer club based in Bayswater, Western Australia. They currently compete in the National Premier Leagues Western Australia.", "Blacktown City FC Blacktown City Football Club is an Australian semi-professional soccer club based in Blacktown, New South Wales. Founded in 1953, the club currently competes in the National Premier Leagues NSW. Blacktown City's home ground is Lily Homes Stadium, in the suburb of Seven Hills.", "Bloemfontein Celtic F.C. Bloemfontein Celtic is a South African football club based in Bloemfontein that plays in the Premier Soccer League.Bloemfontein Celtic has a large fan base in the Free State. Siwelele, as Celtic's supporters are known, are arguably the most passionate in South Africa.", "Bobby Convey Robert Francis \"Bobby\" Convey (/ˈkɒnvi/; born May 27, 1983) is an American soccer player who most recently played for New York Red Bulls in Major League Soccer.In addition to several MLS clubs, Convey spent five years in England with Reading, whom he helped into the Premier League for the first time. He played in 46 international matches for the United States, and made their squads for the 2003 Gold Cup and 2006 World Cup.", "Botswana Defence Force XI FC Botswana Defence Force XI Football Club is a football club from Botswana based in Gaborone. It is the club of the Botswana Defence Force.", "Brad Friedel Bradley Howard Friedel /ˈfriːdəl/ (born May 18, 1971) is a retired American soccer player who played as a goalkeeper.He played 82 games for the United States national team between 1992 and 2005, and represented his country at three FIFA World Cup tournaments. He is the current holder of the Premier League record for most consecutive appearances with 310, a feat he achieved during spells at Blackburn Rovers, Aston Villa, and Tottenham Hotspur.", "Brad Guzan Bradley Edwin \"Brad\" Guzan /ɡuːˈzæn/ (born September 9, 1984) is an American soccer player who plays as a goalkeeper for English Premier League club Aston Villa and the United States national team.", "Brian McBride Brian Robert McBride (born June 19, 1972) is a retired American soccer player who played for the Columbus Crew, Fulham F.C. and the Chicago Fire and is the fourth highest all-time leading goalscorer for the United States national team.", "Brisbane Strikers FC Brisbane Strikers Football Club is an Australian semi-professional football (soccer) club based in Brisbane, Queensland. Founded in 1994, the club competed in the National Soccer League until the 2003–04 season and was one of two clubs contending for an A-League license during the establishment of the league in 2004. Brisbane Strikers currently competes in the National Premier League Queensland, with home matches played from Perry Park.", "Buffaloes F.C. Buffaloes F.C. are a Zimbabwean football club based in Mutare. They play in the top division of Zimbabwean football, the Zimbabwe Premier Soccer League.", "CONCACAF The Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF, /ˈkɒn.kəkæf/ KON-kə-kaf) is the continental governing body for association football in North America, Central America and the Caribbean.", "CONCACAF Champions League The CONCACAF Champions League is an annual continental football club competition organized by CONCACAF for the top football clubs in North America. It is the most prestigious international club competition in North American football. The winner of the CONCACAF Champions League qualifies for the FIFA Club World Cup. The tournament is officially known as the Scotiabank CONCACAF Champions League due to sponsorship reasons.The tournament consists of two stages.", "Carlos Bocanegra Carlos Manuel Bocanegra (born May 25, 1979) is a retired American professional soccer player. A two-time MLS Defender of the Year, Bocanegra also played professionally in England, Scotland, France, and Spain. He earned over 100 caps with the United States, serving as captain for six years. He currently is serving as technical director for the Atlanta MLS team that will join Major League Soccer in 2017.", "Cincinnati Kings Cincinnati Kings is a professional American soccer club based in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Founded in 2005, the team plays in the USL Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Great Lakes Division of the Central Conference.The Cincinnati Kings indoor team was founded in 2008.", "Cincinnati Saints Cincinnati Saints is a professional soccer organization based in Cincinnati, Ohio. The club fielded teams at the amateur level before fielding an indoor soccer professional team in 2013 and returning to an amateur indoor league in 2014. They also have an outdoor team that plays in the semi-professional National Premier Soccer League.", "Claudio Reyna Claudio Reyna (born July 20, 1973) is a retired American soccer player and the current director of football operations for New York City FC.He was the captain of the United States men's national team before retiring from international football following the U.S.'s exit from the 2006 FIFA World Cup. He is widely considered one of the greatest players the United States has ever produced. Reyna last played for New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer, where he was team captain.", "Cleveland Internationals Cleveland Internationals was an American soccer team based in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Founded in 2004, the team played in the USL Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Great Lakes Division of the Central Conference. The franchise folded at the end of the 2010 season and left the league thereafter. The team played its home games at the Pinnacle Sports Complex in nearby Medina, Ohio.", "Clint Dempsey Clinton Drew \"Clint\" Dempsey /ˈdɛmpsi/ (born March 9, 1983) is an American soccer player who plays for Seattle Sounders FC in Major League Soccer and has served as the captain of the United States national team. He has also played for New England Revolution, Fulham and Tottenham Hotspur.Growing up in Nacogdoches, Texas, Dempsey played for one of the top youth soccer clubs in the state, the Dallas Texans, before playing for Furman University's men's soccer team.", "Cobi Jones Cobi N'Gai Jones (born June 16, 1970) is an American former soccer player and is the analyst for the Los Angeles Galaxy on Time Warner Cable SportsNet. He can also be seen on Fox Sports, BeIN Sports, and the Pac-12 Network. As a player, he was a midfielder from 1994 until 2007, starting his career in England with Premier League club Coventry City, before playing for Brazilian side Vasco da Gama.", "Colorado Predators The Colorado Predators were an American soccer team, founded in 2007.The indoor team was a member of the Premier Arena Soccer League (PASL), the development league for the Professional Arena Soccer League (PASL-Pro), and played in the Rocky Mountain Conference against teams from Albuquerque NM, Rio Rancho NM, Colorado Springs CO, Windsor CO, Golden CO, and Fort Collins CO. In the Winter 2007/2008 season the Predators finished in 1st place in their conference.", "Confederation of African Football The Confederation of African Football (CAF, /ˈkæf/; French: Confédération Africaine de Football; Arabic: الإتحاد الأفريقي لكرة القدم‎) is the administrative and controlling body for African association football.CAF represents the national football associations of Africa, runs continental, national, and club competitions, and controls the prize money, regulations and media rights to those competitions.CAF is the biggest of six continental confederations of FIFA.", "Cory Gibbs Cory Gibbs (born January 14, 1980 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida) is a former American soccer player. He also spent time at clubs in Germany, the Netherlands and England, and played 19 international matches, including at the 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup.", "Craig Moore Craig Andrew Moore (born 12 December 1975) is an Australian former football (soccer) player who played as a defender. His 2006 FIFA World Cup profile describes him as being \"tough-tackling and uncompromising but also calm and composed under pressure.\"Moore is best known for his two spells with Scottish Premier Division / Scottish Premier League club Rangers.", "DFW Tornados DFW Tornados (also known as Dallas–Fort Worth Tornados) was an American soccer team based in Dallas, Texas, United States. Founded in 1986, the team played in the USL Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Mid South Division of the Southern Conference. The franchise folded at the end of the 2010 season and left the league thereafter.", "DaMarcus Beasley DaMarcus Lamont Beasley (/ˈbiːzli/; born May 24, 1982) is an American professional soccer player who plays for the Houston Dynamo in Major League Soccer. A versatile left-footed player, Beasley has played both as a winger and fullback throughout his career.After starring at the 1999 FIFA U-17 World Championship, Beasley emerged as a star with the Chicago Fire before making a move to Dutch club PSV Eindhoven in 2004.", "David Beckham David Robert Joseph Beckham, OBE (/ˈbɛkəm/; born 2 May 1975) is a retired English professional footballer. He played for Manchester United, Preston North End, Real Madrid, Milan, LA Galaxy, Paris Saint-Germain, and the England national team for which he holds the appearance record for an outfield player. He is the only English player to win league titles in four countries, England, Spain, the United States and France.", "DeAndre Yedlin DeAndre Roselle Yedlin (born July 9, 1993) is an American soccer player who currently plays for Sunderland on loan from Tottenham Hotspur. Primarily a right back, Yedlin has also featured as a wingback and wide midfielder. He represented the United States at the 2014 FIFA World Cup.", "Eddie Johnson (American soccer) Edward Abraham \"Eddie\" Johnson (born March 31, 1984) is an American soccer player who plays for D.C. United.", "FC Wichita F.C. Wichita is an American amateur soccer club based in Wichita, Kansas. The club is a member of the South Central Conference of the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL).", "FIFA The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA /ˈfiːfə/; English: International Federation of Association Football) is the governing body of association football, futsal and beach football.", "Football Gold Coast Gold Coast Soccer is a Football Queensland administrative zone encompassing Gold Coast, Queensland.", "Forest City London Forest City London Soccer Club usually referred to as FC London, is a Canadian soccer team based in London, in the province of Ontario. The club was founded in 2008 and plays in USL Premier Development League, the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Great Lakes Division of the Central Conference. Since 2009, the team plays home games at German-Canadian Club of London Field, which seats 900 spectators.", "Frank Lampard Frank James Lampard OBE (born 20 June 1978) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for New York City FC.", "Frank Yallop Frank Walter Yallop (born 4 April 1964) is an English-born Canadian former professional soccer player and coach.Although he grew up in Vancouver, Watford-born Yallop spent the majority of his playing career in England, spending 13 years and making over 300 appearances for Ipswich Town, including playing in the first three seasons of the Premier League.", "Fraser Valley Mariners Fraser Valley Mariners is a Canadian soccer team based in Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada. Founded in 2003, the team plays in the USL Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Northwest Division of the Western Conference. The team plays its home games at Bateman Park, where they have played since 2004.", "Fredrik Ljungberg Karl Fredrik \"Freddie\" Ljungberg (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈfreːdrɪk ˈjɵŋ.ˈbærj]) (born 16 April 1977 in Vittsjö, Sweden) is a Swedish former footballer who played as a winger.He began his career at Halmstads BK and went on to spend most of his career at Arsenal, where he won honours including two Premier League titles and two FA Cups, scoring in two finals including the victory in 2002.", "Geoff Cameron Geoffrey Scott \"Geoff\" Cameron (born July 11, 1985) is an American soccer player who plays for Premier League side Stoke City and the United States national team.Cameron began playing college soccer with the West Virginia Mountaineers and the Rhode Island Rams, as well as USL Premier Development League side Rhode Island Stingrays, before being drafted by Major League Soccer club Houston Dynamo in 2008.", "Green Gully SC Green Gully Soccer Club (nicknamed the Cavaliers) is a soccer club based in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Green Gully is one of the biggest clubs in Melbourne, it participated in the old National Soccer League between 1984-1986.The club currently competes in the National Premier League.", "Henry Ring Henry Ring (born March 16, 1977 in Franklin, Tennessee) is a soccer goalkeeper, who last played for the Chicago Fire in Major League Soccer.Ring attended the University of South Carolina where he played for the men's soccer team from 1997 to 2000. He was a third team All American both seasons. At some point during his collegiate career, he also spent at least one season with the Central Jersey Riptide in the Premier Development League.", "Hollywood United Hitmen Hollywood United Hitmen is an American soccer team based in Los Angeles, California, United States.", "Holywood F.C. Holywood Football Club is a Northern Irish football club playing in Division 1C of the Northern Amateur Football League. The club is based in Holywood, County Down, and was founded in 1983 by the amalgamation of Loughview Star (founded 1961) and Holywood Town (founded 1972).", "I-94 Cup The I-94 Cup is a season-long competition between three Twin Cities area football clubs in the National Premier Soccer League. The competition was created in 2014 when the Minnesota United FC Reserves entered the league. Long-time NPSL members Minnesota Twin Stars FC and Eau Claire Aris FC are located on opposite ends of the three clubs, all near Interstate 94.The series of matches are played throughout the season with the club with the best head-to-head record winning the competition.", "IMG Academy Bradenton The IMG Academy Bradenton are an American soccer team based in Bradenton, Florida, United States. Founded in 1998, the team plays in the Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Southeast Division of the Southern Conference.The team is associated with IMG Academy and the United States Soccer Federation's full-time residency program for the US Under 17 Men's National Team.", "Jaime Moreno Jaime Moreno Morales (born 19 January 1974 in Santa Cruz de la Sierra) is a former Bolivian footballer now serving as Youth Academy Technical Training Coach for D.C. United in Major League Soccer, and as the head coach of D.C. United's U-23 side.Moreno began his career at Club Blooming and then played for Colombia's Independiente Santa Fe before spending two seasons at the English club Middlesbrough. The rest of his career was spent at D.C.", "Jay DeMerit Jay Michael DeMerit (born December 4, 1979) is a former American soccer player who last played as captain for Vancouver Whitecaps FC in Major League Soccer. His improbable career is the subject of the independent film, Rise and Shine: The Jay DeMerit Story, based on his rise from the ninth tier of football in England to the Premier League and FIFA World Cup.", "Joe-Max Moore Joe-Max Moore (born February 23, 1971) is a former American soccer forward. He played professionally for clubs in Germany, England and the United States. He finished his career with the New England Revolution of Major League Soccer. In addition to his club career, Moore earned 100 caps, scoring 24 goals, for the U.S. national team between 1992 to 2002. During those years, he was part of U.S.", "John Harkes John Harkes (born March 8, 1967 in Kearny, New Jersey) is an American former soccer player who is currently the head coach of FC Cincinnati, a 2016 expansion team in the United Soccer League. Harkes was the first American ever to play in the English Premier League, and the second American to score at Wembley Stadium. He is a member of the National Soccer Hall of Fame. He appeared in two FIFA World Cup tournaments, and won two MLS Cup titles with D.C.", "Jomo Cosmos F.C. The Jomo Cosmos are a South African professional association football club based in Johannesburg that plays in the National First Division. The club is owned and coached by South African football legend Jomo \"Black Prince\" Sono.", "Kaizer Chiefs F.C. |||Kaizer Chiefs Football Club is a South African football club based in Johannesburg that plays in the Premier Soccer League. The team is nicknamed Amakhosi, which means \"lords\" or \"chiefs\" in Zulu, and the \"Phefeni Glamour Boys\". They currently play most of their home games at Soccer City in Nasrec, Soweto, which is commonly also referred to as the FNB Stadium.", "Kalamazoo Outrage Kalamazoo Outrage was an American soccer team based in Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States. Founded in 2007, the team played in the USL Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid. The franchise folded at the end of the 2010 season and left the league thereafter.The team played its home games in the stadium on the campus of Loy Norrix High School, where they had played since 2009.", "Kasey Keller Kasey C. Keller (born November 29, 1969) is an American former soccer player who last played for Seattle Sounders FC in Major League Soccer in 2011 as well as being the former starter goalkeeper for the United States men's national soccer team. He now works as the Sounders' color commentator in local broadcasts.He is a four-time FIFA World Cup participant and was the first American goalkeeper to become a regular in the German Bundesliga, the English Premier League, and the Spanish La Liga.", "Kei Kamara Kei Ansu Kamara (/ˈkaɪ kəˈmɑrə/; born 1 September 1984) is a Sierra Leonean footballer who currently plays for the Columbus Crew of Major League Soccer.", "Kitsap Pumas Kitsap Pumas is an American professional soccer team based in Bremerton, Washington, United States. Founded in 2009, the team plays in the USL Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Northwest Division of the Western Conference.Kitsap has won several titles including the 2011 USL PDL national championship.", "Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup The Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup, commonly known as the U.S. Open Cup, is a knock-out cup competition in American soccer. It is the oldest ongoing national soccer competition in the U.S. and the world's third-longest-running open soccer tournament.", "List of South Coast Wolves FC seasons South Coast Wolves FC is an association football club based in Wollongong, Australia. The club was formed in 1980 as has competed at the highest tier of soccer in Australia. Currently, the club participates in the National Premier Leagues NSW competition, which is the second highest tier of soccer in Australia. The club has won one continental championship, two national championships and two state championships.", "Liverpool Warriors Liverpool Warriors are an American soccer club. They play in the National Premier Soccer League. 2,000 capacity John Clark Field in Plano, Texas, is their home.", "Mark Bosnich Mark Bosnich (born 13 January 1972) is an Australian former goalkeeper and sports pundit. He played in England for Premier League clubs Aston Villa, Manchester United and Chelsea. He also played in Australia for Sydney United, Central Coast Mariners and Sydney Olympic, as well as representing Australia 17 times during his career, scoring 1 goal for his nation.", "Mark Viduka Mark Anthony Viduka (Croatian pronunciation: [ˈʋiduka]; born 9 October 1975) is an Australian retired football player who played as a centre forward. He captained the Australian national team at the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany to the last 16. He holds the record of most goals scored by an Australian in the prestigious UEFA Champions League competition with four.", "Maurice Edu Edu Maurice Edu, Jr. (born April 18, 1986) is an American soccer player who plays for the Philadelphia Union.A highly touted prospect, Edu was the first overall pick in the 2007 MLS SuperDraft and won the MLS Rookie of the Year Award with Toronto FC. His performances for Toronto earned him international call ups to the United States national team and the attention of clubs in Europe. He signed with Scottish powers Rangers, winning the Scottish Premier League three times.", "Melbourne Knights FC Melbourne Knights FC is an Australian semi-professional football club based in the suburb of Sunshine North, Melbourne, Victoria. The club currently competes in the National Premier Leagues Victoria. It is one of the most successful football clubs in Australia, being a two-time championship and four-time premiership winner in the now defunct National Soccer League (NSL). The club is based in the western suburbs of Melbourne and draws much of its support from the Croatian Australian community.", "Melchester Rovers Melchester Rovers are a fictional football team with whom Roy Race spent most of his illustrious career in the British comic strip Roy of the Rovers, which first appeared in Tiger at its inception in 1954.", "Michael Bradley (soccer) Michael Sheehan Bradley (born July 31, 1987) is an American soccer player who currently plays for and captains Toronto FC in Major League Soccer and the United States men's national soccer team.", "Michau Warriors Michau Warriors were a South African football club who played in the Premier Soccer League.They were relegated in the competition's inaugural season finishing in 17th place.The following season they finished second in the National First Division coastal stream.The club were based in Port Elizabeth.", "Michigan Bucks Michigan Bucks is an American soccer team based in Pontiac, Michigan, United States. Founded in 1995, the team plays in the Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Great Lakes Division of the Central Conference. The team plays its home games at the soccer-specific Ultimate Soccer Arenas, where they have played since 2008, and are one of the few teams to play regularly on a full-size indoor soccer field.", "Mikael McNamara Mikael McNamara (born December 4, 1987 in Mississauga, Ontario) is a Canadian soccer player currently playing for Toronto Lynx in the USL Premier Development League.", "Mississippi Brilla Mississippi Brilla is an amateur American soccer club based in Clinton, Mississippi, United States. Founded in 2006, the team plays in the Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Mid South Division of the Southern Conference. The team's colors are sky blue, navy and white.Brilla is associated with Brilla Soccer Ministries, an organization which undertakes sports ministry to share Christianity through the sport.", "Nakuru AllStars (1961) Nakuru AllStars was a Kenyan football team. They won the first ever Kenyan Premier League in 1963, when managed by English coach Ray Bachelor. They repeated the feat again in 1969.In 2010, a revived and reformed club, Nakuru AllStars, was formed.", "Nashville Metros The Nashville Metros were an American soccer team based in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. Founded in 1989, the team most recently played in the USL Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the South Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference. The Metros were the longest continuously operating soccer club in the United Soccer Leagues before their last season in 2012.In recent years, the team played its home games at Ezell Park and E. S.", "National Premier Leagues The National Premier Leagues (NPL) is a national association football (soccer) competition in Australia which acts as the second tier of the sport in the country below the A-League. The NPL consists of the highest level state league in each state-based federation within Australia. In total the NPL is contested by clubs from eight divisions; these are ACT, NSW, Northern NSW, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia.", "National Premier Leagues Queensland The National Premier League Queensland, run by Football Queensland, is the top tier state-level football (soccer) competition in Queensland. The conference is a sub division of the National Premier Leagues. The inaugural season kicked off in March 2013 and consisted of 12 teams.", "Northern Rangers FC Northern Rangers Football Club is a soccer club which represents Launceston in the Tasmanian T-League. The club also fields teams in all junior divisions, as well as women's teams. Northern Rangers play their home games at the NTCA Ground in Launceston, Tasmania.The Northern Rangers entered a junior side under the name \"Northern Tasmanian Christian Soccer League Rangers\" in the 1996 season. The club first entered the Northern Premier League in 1999.", "Obafemi Martins Obafemi Akinwunmi Martins (born 28 October 1984) is a Nigerian footballer who plays as a forward for Seattle Sounders FC and the Nigeria national team. He is known for his speed on the ball.After leaving Nigeria for Italy at age 16, he has since played for a number of top-division clubs around Europe.", "Orange County Blue Star Orange County Blue Star was an American soccer team based in Irvine, California, United States. Founded in 1997, the team played in the USL Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Southwest Division of the Western Conference until 2012. The team played its home games at Eagle Stadium on the campus of Concordia University, where they played from 2007-12. The team's colors are white and black.", "Overtime (sports) Overtime or extra time is an additional period of play specified under the rules of a sport to bring a game to a decision and avoid declaring the match a tie or draw where the scores are same. In most sports, this extra period is only played if the game is required to have a clear winner, as in single-elimination tournaments where only one team or player can advance to the next round or win the tournament.", "Parramatta FC Parramatta Football Club, commonly known as Parramatta Melita Eagles or just Parramatta FC, are an Australian soccer club based in Chester Hill, New South Wales. The club was established by Maltese migrants in 1956 and played several seasons in the National Soccer League winning the NSL Cup twice in 1990/1991 and 1993/1994 and later the New South Wales Premier League which the club has won in various forms on six occasions 1985, 1988, 1989, 1996, 1997, 2001/2002.", "Platinum Stars F.C. Platinum Stars are a South African football club based in Phokeng near Rustenburg, North West Province that plays in the Premier Soccer League. The club is fully owned by the Royal Bafokeng Nation and nicknamed Dikwena, the Tswana name for Crocodiles. The team's best finish in the Premiership came during the Return of well known Daniel \"Sailor\" Tshabalala 2006–07 season, when the club finished as league runners-up, earning them their only appearance in the CAF Champions League.", "Premier Development League The Premier Development League (commonly known as the PDL) is a development league sponsored by United Soccer Leagues in the United States and Canada, forming part of the United States soccer league system. It is currently considered the top-level men's amateur soccer competition in the United States, although it has no official designation as such from US Soccer. The league has 65 teams competing in four conferences, split into ten regional divisions.", "Premier Soccer League The Premier Soccer League (PSL) is a league competition featuring professional association football clubs from South Africa. It is the top level football league in South Africa and has been since its foundation in 1996.The PSL was created following an agreement between the National Soccer League and the remnants of the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL). The Premier Soccer League is a trading name for the National Soccer League.", "Puget Sound Gunners FC Puget Sound Gunners FC is an American soccer team based in Issaquah, Washington, United States. Founded in 2010, the team plays in the USL Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Northwest Division of the Western Conference. In 2012, the team played its home games at Edmonds Stadium, but moved to Issaquah High School Stadium for the 2014 season. The team's colors are light blue and white.", "Queens Park Rangers F.C. Queens Park Rangers Football Club (usually referred to as QPR) is a professional English football club in White City, London that play in The Championship, the 2nd tier of English football.", "Richard Gough Charles Richard Gough (born in Stockholm, Sweden, 5 April 1962) is a former Scottish football defender. He captained Rangers to nine successive Scottish league championships. He also played for Scotland 61 times and had a brief spell as manager of Livingston. He is currently a Global Ambassador for Rangers.", "Rick Titus (soccer) Rick Titus (born March 10, 1969) is a retired Trinidadian-Canadian football (soccer) defender who played the majority of his career as a journeyman in North America competing in all levels of the American and Canadian soccer pyramid system. Originally beginning in his native country in the Canadian National Soccer League, soon after to the USL A-League, and eventually reaching the highest level of soccer in North America with the Major League Soccer.", "Robbie Keane Robert David \"Robbie\" Keane (born 8 July 1980) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a striker and is captain of both Los Angeles Galaxy and the Republic of Ireland national team.Keane has scored a total of 67 goals for the Irish national team since his debut in 1998, making him the all-time record Irish scorer, while his 142 caps makes him their highest appearance-maker.", "Robert Earnshaw Robert Earnshaw (born 6 April 1981) is a Welsh international footballer who plays as a forward for Vancouver Whitecaps FC in Major League Soccer.", "Round-robin tournament A round-robin tournament (or all-play-all tournament) is a competition \"in which each contestant meets all other contestants in turn\". It contrasts with an elimination tournament.", "Roy Wegerle Roy Wegerle (born March 19, 1964 in Pretoria) is a South African-born American former professional soccer player and current professional golfer.As a player he was a striker from 1984 until 1998. He notably played in the Premier League for Queens Park Rangers, Blackburn Rovers and Coventry City, as well as also playing in the Football League for Chelsea, Swindon Town and Luton Town. He made appearances in his native United States for Tampa Bay Rowdies, Tacoma Stars, Colorado Rapids, D.C.", "San Francisco Glens San Francisco Glens is an American soccer club and soccer team founded in 1961. The team was a member of the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid.The Glens have played in the California Premier Soccer Association of the San Francisco Soccer Football League for many years, and are affiliated with the San Francisco Seals of the USL Premier Development League.The Glens currently run a youth club in the city of San Francisco.", "San Francisco Seals (soccer) San Francisco Seals began as the senior team of the San Francisco United Soccer Club founded in 1985, a 501c3. The club is based in San Francisco, California.In 1992, the SFUSC youth team started playing as the \"All Blacks\" in the top tier of the USISL when CYSA, the governing body of youth soccer closed the youth program by blocking the movement of players across boundaries. The team played its home games at Negoesco Stadium on the campus of the University of San Francisco.", "San Jose Frogs San Jose Frogs was an American soccer team based in San Jose, California, United States. Founded in 2005, the team played in the USL Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, until 2008, when the franchise folded and the team left the league.The team played its home games in PAL Stadium in San Jose in 2006 and 2007, and at James Lick Memorial Stadium on the campus of James Lick High School in 2008.", "Seacoast United Phantoms The New Hampshire Phantoms are an American soccer team based in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, United States. Founded in 1996, the team plays in the USL Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Northeast Division of the Eastern Conference.The team plays its home games in the stadium on the campus of Portsmouth High School, where they have played since 2011.", "Shasta Scorchers Shasta Scorchers were an American soccer team based in Redding, California that played in the USISL. The club moved to the USISL Premier League in 1995.", "South African Premier Division The South African Premier Division (referred to as the ABSA Premiership for sponsorship reasons) is the highest division of South African football league system. As the division is the top level of association football in South Africa, it is often referred to as the PSL – the name of the league's administrator.The Premier Soccer League, South Africa's \"administrator of professional football in the Republic of South Africa\" refer to the competition as the \"Premier Division\" in their constitution.", "South Melbourne FC South Melbourne Football Club is an Australian semi-professional soccer club based in suburb of Albert Park, in Melbourne, Victoria. The club currently competes in the National Premier Leagues Victoria, with matches played at Lakeside Stadium.Founded in 1959, South Melbourne are considered the most successful soccer club in Australia. The club has won four national championships, a string of Victorian State League titles, and represented Oceania in the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship.", "Southern California Seahorses Southern California Seahorses is an American soccer team based in La Mirada, California, United States. Founded in 2001, the team plays in the USL Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Southwest Division of the Western Conference. The team plays its home games at in the stadium on the campus of Biola University, where they have played since 2010. The team's colors are royal blue, white and orange.", "St. Louis Lions St. Louis Lions is an American soccer team based in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. Founded in 2006, the team plays in the Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Heartland Division of the Central Conference. The team plays its home games at the Tony Glavin Soccer Complex in nearby Cottleville, Missouri, where they have played since 2006. The team's colors are green and white.", "Sunshine George Cross FC Sunshine George Cross Football Club is an Australian soccer club from Sunshine, a western suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, and plays in the National Premier Leagues Victoria 1. Sunshine George Cross have played at Chaplin Reserve since 1981, when an agreement was reached with the local council to share the venue. The club was founded by Maltese immigrants.", "SuperSport United F.C. SuperSport United is a South African football club based in Pretoria that plays in the Premier Soccer League.United is known as Matsatsantsa a Pitori amongst its supporters. They usually play their home games at Lucas Moripe Stadium in Atteridgeville.", "Sydney United 58 FC Sydney United 58 Football Club is a semi-professional soccer club based in Edensor Park, Sydney, New South Wales Australia. The club was formed as Sydney Croatia in 1958, by Croatian Australians in the area, but it was renamed in 1993 as Sydney United after having the name Sydney CSC for a season.The club currently competes in the National Premier League New South Wales, hosting matches at the Sydney United Sports Centre in Edensor Park.", "Taringa Rovers SFC Taringa Rovers is an Australian soccer club based at Indooroopilly, in the west of Brisbane, Australia. The club was founded in 1949 by Jack Speare and Ernie Dixon.The club started with one junior team, playing out of Moore Park, Indooroopilly and moved to the Indooroopilly Recreation Reserve (now named Jack Speare Park) at Fairley Street Indooroopilly, in 1955.", "Texas Premier Soccer League The Texas Premier Soccer League (TPSL) is a men's outdoor soccer league that was formed in 2013 consisting of amateur soccer club sides primarily in the South section of the state.The league runs from September to March with Texas Cup games also added. An opportunity to qualify for the following season's Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup is also available to teams through its affiliation with US Club Soccer.", "Thierry Henry Thierry Daniel Henry (French pronunciation: ​[tjɛʁi ɑ̃ʁi]; born 17 August 1977) is a retired French professional footballer, who played as a forward. He played for Monaco, Juventus, Barcelona, New York Red Bulls and spent eight years at Arsenal where he is the club's all-time record goalscorer.", "Tim Howard Timothy Matthew \"Tim\" Howard (born March 6, 1979) is an American soccer player who plays as a goalkeeper for English club Everton and the United States national team.Howard started his career with the North Jersey Imperials before making a move to the MetroStars. His appearances soon attracted the attention of Manchester United, who signed him in 2003. He enjoyed relative success with them as they won the 2003 FA Community Shield, the 2003–04 FA Cup and the 2005–06 League Cup.", "Tony Vidmar Antony \"Tony\" Vidmar (born 4 July 1970 in Adelaide) is an Australian former football (soccer) player and coach. He was a member of the Australian national team, competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona for his native country, and is currently Australia's third highest capped player. His brother Aurelio Vidmar was also an Australian football player.", "Tropic All Stars Tropic All Stars is a football club of Turks and Caicos. They won the inaugural edition of the Turks and Caicos top division, then known as the MFL League, in 1999.", "United Soccer Leagues The United Soccer Leagues (USL) is the organizer of several soccer leagues with teams in the United States, Canada and the Caribbean. It includes men's and women's leagues, both professional and amateur. Leagues currently organized are the United Soccer League, the USL Premier Development League, the women's W-League and W-20 League and youth Super Y-League and Super-20 League.", "Vaal Professionals F.C. Vaal Professionals were a South African football (soccer) club based in Vereeniging which was a founder member of the Premier Soccer League in 1996. They were nicknamed Setla or Vaal Monsters.", "Ventura County Fusion Ventura County Fusion is an American soccer team based in Ventura, California, United States. Founded in 2006, the team plays in the USL Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Southwest Division of the Western Conference.The team plays its home games in the stadium on the campus of Ventura College, the VC SportsPlex, where they have played since 2011. The team's colors are blue, orange and white.", "Washington Crossfire Washington Crossfire is an American soccer team based in Seattle, Washington, United States. Founded in 2009, the team plays in the USL Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Northwest Division of the Western Conference. The team plays its home games in the stadium on the campus of Redmond High School in nearby Redmond, Washington, where they have played since 2011. The team's colors are red, black and white.", "West Adelaide SC West Adelaide Soccer Club is an Australian soccer club from Adelaide, Australia currently playing in the National Premier Leagues South Australia. It participated in the National Soccer League from the 1977 season until the end of the 1998/99 season, except for the periods 1987–89 and 1990–91. It was also known as West Adelaide Hellas and Adelaide Sharks. They played in various blue and white strips, and played most of their NSL home games at Hindmarsh Stadium.", "Wollongong Wolves FC Wollongong Wolves Football Club is an Australian semi-professional soccer club based in Wollongong, in the Illawarra region of New South Wales. The club currently competes in the National Premier Leagues NSW, the second-tier of soccer in Australia. The club plays its home games out of WIN Stadium.", "Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. Wolverhampton Wanderers Football Club /ˌwʊlvərˈhæmptən/ (commonly referred to as Wolves) is an English professional football club that represents the city of Wolverhampton in the West Midlands. The club was originally known as St. Luke's FC and was founded in 1877 and since 1889 has played at Molineux." ]

[ "Commemorative coins of the Czech Republic The Czech National Bank issues 200 / 500 Koruna (Kč) silver commemorative coins and golden commemorative coins of various denominations. The golden coins are issued in thematic sets – Bohemian crown set, Charles IV set, Ten centuries of architecture set, Industrial Heritage Sites set and Bridges in the Czech Republic set. In 2000 the special 2000 Kč silver coin with golden inlay and hologram was issued.", "Crown (currency) The crown is a monetary unit (currency) used in the countries of Czech Republic, Denmark (including the territory of Faroe Islands), Iceland, Norway and Sweden. It was formerly also used by Slovakia and Estonia until 2009 and 2011, respectively.", "Czech Republic The Czech Republic (/ˈtʃɛk rɨˈpʌblɪk/ CHEK-rə-PUB-lik; Czech: Česká republika [ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka]) is a landlocked country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast. The capital and largest city, Prague, has over 1.2 million residents.", "Czech koruna The Czech koruna or Czech crown (sign: Kč; code: CZK) has been the currency of the Czech Republic since 8 February 1993 when, together with its Slovak counterpart, it replaced the Czechoslovak koruna at par.The official name in Czech is koruna česká (plural koruny české, though the zero-grade genitive plural form korun českých is used on banknotes and coins of value 5 Kč or higher). The ISO 4217 code is CZK and the local acronym is Kč, which is placed after the numeric value (e.g., \"50 Kč\").", "Czechoslovak koruna The Czechoslovak koruna (in Czech and Slovak: Koruna československá, at times Koruna česko-slovenská; koruna means crown) was the currency of Czechoslovakia from April 10, 1919, to March 14, 1939, and from November 1, 1945, to February 7, 1993.", "List of circulating currencies This list contains the 180 currencies recognized as legal tender in United Nations (UN) member states, UN observer states, partially recognized or unrecognized states, and their dependencies. Dependencies and unrecognized states are listed here only if another currency is used in their territory that is different from the one of the state that administers them or has jurisdiction over them.", "List of currencies A list of all currencies, current and historic." ]

[ "2009 Vítkov arson attack The Vítkov arson attack of 2009 occurred during the night of 18 / 19 April 2009. Three Molotov cocktails were thrown through the windows of a house inhabited by a Roma family. Three people were injured. The most seriously injured was a three-year-old girl named Natálie, who suffered life-threatening burns on 80% of her body.", "Ahold Czech Republic Ahold Czech Republic, a. s. (a. s. standing for \"akciová společnost\" – equivalent of joint stock company) is a division of the Netherlands-based Ahold company, operating in the Czech republic. They are responsible for running the supermarket chain Albert and the hypermarket Hypernova, totalling about 300 locations. In 2005, they took over 56 outlets of the Austrian-based Julius Meinl supermarket, which left the Czech market, and subsequently remodelled them to their Albert brand.", "Bohemian and Moravian koruna The Bohemian-Moravian koruna, known as the Protectorate crown (in Czech: Protektorátní koruna), was the currency of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia between 1939 and 1945. It was subdivided into 100 haléřů.", "Central American Republic real The real was the currency of the Federal Republic of Central America from 1824 to 1838/1841. Sixteen silver reales equaled one gold escudo. The Central American Republic's real replaced the Spanish colonial real at par and continued to circulate and be issued after the constituent states left the Central American Republic. The currency was replaced by the Costa Rican real, Salvadoran peso, Guatemalan peso, Honduran real and Nicaraguan peso.", "Central bank A central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is an institution that manages a state's currency, money supply, and interest rates. Central banks also usually oversee the commercial banking system of their respective countries.", "Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean This is a list of the central banks and currencies of the Caribbean.There are a number of currencies serving multiple territories; the most widespread are the East Caribbean dollar (8 countries and territories), the United States dollar (5) and the euro (4).Surrounding countries and territories", "Chair of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic The Chair of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic (Czech: Předseda Poslanecké sněmovny parlamentu České republiky) or President of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic is an elected presiding member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic.", "Chequepoint Chequepoint is a UK-based bureau de change company which deals in money transfers, foreign currency and other related services. It has 20 branches mostly in the UK, as well as Spain, Czech republic and Hong Kong and operates in other countries through a number of agents.The company was founded in 1974 by Felix Grovit when he set up a stand alone bureau de change business in London.", "Chinese yuan The yuan (/juːˈɑːn/ or /ˈjuːən/; sign: ¥; Chinese: 元; pinyin: yuán; [ɥɛ̌n]) is the base unit of a number of former and present-day Chinese currencies, and usually refers to the primary unit of account of the renminbi, the currency of the People's Republic of China. It is also used as a synonym of that currency, especially in international contexts – the ISO 4217 standard code for renminbi is CNY, an abbreviation of “Chinese yuan”.", "Commemorative coins of Czechoslovakia The commemorative coins of Czechoslovakia were minted by State Bank of Czechoslovakia (in Czech Státní banka československá, in Slovak Štátná banka československá). They were legal tender not only in Czechoslovakia but in 1993–2000 in the Czech Republic too.", "Currencies of Puerto Rico The currencies of Puerto Rico closely follow the historic development of Puerto Rico. As a colony of Spain and the United States, Puerto Rico was granted the use of both foreign and provincial currencies. Following the Spanish colonization in 1502, Puerto Rico became an important port, with its own supply of gold. However, as the mineral reserves ran empty within the century, the archipelago's economy suffered.", "Currency A currency (from Middle English: curraunt, \"in circulation\", from Latin: currens, -entis) in the most specific use of the word refers to money in any form when in actual use or circulation as a medium of exchange, especially circulating banknotes and coins. A more general definition is that a currency is a system of money (monetary units) in common use, especially in a nation. Under this definition, British pounds, U.S. dollars, and European euros are examples of currency.", "Currency union A currency union (also known as monetary union) involves two or more states sharing the same currency, though without their necessarily having any further integration (such as an economic and monetary union, which would have, in addition, a customs union and a single market).Three types of currency unions exist: Informal – unilateral adoption of foreign currency Formal – adoption of foreign currency by virtue of bilateral or multilateral agreement with the issuing authority, sometimes supplemented by issue of local currency in currency peg regime Formal with common policy – establishment by multiple countries of a common monetary policy and issuing authority for their common currencyThe theory of the optimal currency area addresses the question of how to determine what geographical regions should share a currency in order to maximize economic efficiency.", "Cypriot pound The pound, also known as the lira (Greek: λίρα / plural λίρες and Turkish: lira, from the Latin libra through the Italian lira), was the currency of Cyprus, including the Sovereign Base Areas in Akrotiri and Dhekelia, until 31 December 2007, when the Republic of Cyprus adopted the euro.", "Czech Air Force The Czech Air Force (Czech: české letectvo), officially the Army of the Czech Republic Air Force (Czech: Vzdušné síly Armády České republiky), is the air force branch of the Army of the Czech Republic. Along with the Land Forces, the Air Force is the major Czech military force. Former Joint Forces Command and Support Forces Command HQs were disbanded by 30 June 2013.", "Czech Beer Festival Czech Beer Festival (Český pivní festival) is the biggest beer festival in the Czech Republic, held for 17 days every year in May in Prague. The festival features around 120 different beers,including 70 Czech brands and foreign brews from the United States or United Kingdom, with up to 10,000 seating capacity and service provide around 200 girls and boys dressed in Czech traditional costumes.Visitors use a special currency, the Tolar, to pay for food and beer at the festival.", "Czech National Bank The Czech National Bank, (Czech: Česká národní banka, ČNB) is the central bank and financial market supervisor in the Czech Republic with its headquarters in Prague. The Bank's governor is Miroslav Singer. In accordance with its primary objective, the CNB sets monetary policy, issues banknotes and coins and manages the circulation of currency, the payment system and settlement between banks.", "Czech Republic and the euro The Czech Republic uses the Czech koruna as its currency and does not participate in European Exchange Rate Mechanism II. It is bound by its 2003 Treaty of Accession to the European Union to join the eurozone once it has satisfied the euro convergence criteria.Although the Czech Republic is economically well positioned to adopt the euro, following the European debt crisis there has been considerable opposition among the public against the adoption of the euro currency.", "Czech Republic–United Kingdom relations British–Czech are foreign relations between the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom. The Czech Republic has an embassy in London and 3 honorary consulates (in Cardiff, Edinburgh and Newtownards). The United Kingdom has an embassy in Prague.Both states share membership of the European Union and NATO.", "Czech and Slovak Federative Republic Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (Czech/Slovak: Česká a Slovenská Federativní/Federatívna Republika, ČSFR) was the official name of Czechoslovakia from 23 April 1990 until 31 December 1992, when the country was dissolved into the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic.", "Czech language Czech (/ˈtʃɛk/; čeština Czech pronunciation: [ˈt͡ʃɛʃcɪna]), formerly known as Bohemian (/bəʊˈhiːmɪən/; lingua Bohemica in Latin), is a West Slavic language spoken by over 10 million people. It is the official language in the Czech Republic (where most of its speakers live), and has minority language status in Slovakia. Czech's closest relative is Slovak, with which it is mutually intelligible.", "Czech presidential election, 2013 The first direct presidential election in the Czech Republic was held on 11–12 January 2013. No candidate received a majority of the votes in the first round, so a second round runoff election was held on 25–26 January. Nine individuals secured enough popular signatures or support of parliamentarians to become official candidates for the office.", "Czechoslovak Socialist Republic The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (Czech/Slovak: Československá socialistická republika) was the official name of Czechoslovakia from 11 July 1960 until following the 1989 Velvet Revolution, when the name was changed on 23 April 1990.", "Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia or Czecho-Slovakia /ˌtʃɛkɵslɵˈvaːkiə/ (Czech and Slovak: Československo, Česko-Slovensko, pronounced [ˈt͡ʃɛskoslovɛnsko] in both of those languages) was a sovereign state in Central Europe that existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until its peaceful dissolution into the Czech Republic and Slovakia on 1 January 1993.From 1939 to 1945, following its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany, the state did not de facto exist but its government-in-exile continued to operate.", "D+D Real Czech Challenge The D+D Real Czech Challenge is a golf tournament on the Challenge Tour that is played at the Golf&Spa Kunětická Hora in Dříteč, Czech Republic. It was played for the first time in 2012.", "D+D Real Czech Masters The D+D Real Czech Masters is a European Tour golf tournament played annually in the Czech Republic. The inaugural tournament was played from 21–24 August 2014 at the Albatross Golf Club in Prague.", "Dawn - National Coalition Dawn - National Coalition (Czech: Úsvit - Národní koalice), short Dawn, formerly (from June 2014 to August 2015) Dawn of Direct Democracy (Czech: Úsvit přímé demokracie) or (from June 2013 to June 2014) Tomio Okamura's Dawn of Direct Democracy (Czech: Úsvit přímé demokracie Tomia Okamury), is a right-wing populist and eurosceptic political party in the Czech Republic.The party was originally founded in May 2013 by Tomio Okamura, independent senator attached to the Christian Democratic parliamentary group.", "Deutsche Mark The About this sound Deutsche Mark (German pronunciation: [ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈmaʁk], German mark, abbreviated \"DM\") was the official currency of West Germany (1948–1990) and unified Germany (1990–2002) until the adoption of the euro in 2002. It is commonly called the \"Deutschmark\" in English but not in German. Germans often say About this sound \"Mark\" or About this sound \"D-Mark\" .", "Dissolution of Czechoslovakia The Dissolution of Czechoslovakia (Czech: Zánik Československa), (Slovak: Rozdelenie Česko-Slovenska)), which took effect on 1 January 1993, was an event that saw the self-determined split of the federal state of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, entities which had arisen respectively as the Czech Socialist Republic and the Slovak Socialist Republic in 1969 within the framework of Czechoslovak federalisation.It is sometimes known as the Velvet Divorce, a reference to the bloodless Velvet Revolution of 1989 that led to the end of the rule of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and the formation of a democratic government.", "Dominican franco The franco was a currency introduced in the Dominican Republic in 1891, as the Dominican Republic Government, then headed by president Ulises Heureaux intended to join the Latin Monetary Union. It was subdivided into 100 centesimos. Five denominations of coins were issued, 5, 10 and 50 centesimos, 1 and 5 francos.", "Economy of the Czech Republic The Czech Republic has one of the most developed industrialized economic system of the countries in Central and Eastern Europe.", "Enlargement of the eurozone The enlargement of the eurozone is an ongoing process within the European Union (EU).", "Euro The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of the eurozone, which consists of 19 of the 28 member states of the European Union: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain.", "European Union The European Union (EU) is a politico-economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. The EU operates through a system of supranational institutions and intergovernmental-negotiated decisions by the member states. The institutions are: the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the European Council, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Central Bank, the European Court of Auditors, and the European Parliament.", "Eurozone The eurozone (About this sound pronunciation ), officially called the euro area, is a monetary union of 19 of the 28 European Union (EU) member states which have adopted the euro (€) as their common currency and sole legal tender.", "Exchange rate In finance, an exchange rate (also known as a foreign-exchange rate, forex rate, FX rate or Agio) between two currencies is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another. It is also regarded as the value of one country’s currency in terms of another currency. For example, an interbank exchange rate of 119 Japanese yen (JPY, ¥) to the United States dollar (US$) means that ¥119 will be exchanged for each US$1 or that US$1 will be exchanged for each ¥119.", "First Czechoslovak Republic The first Czechoslovak Republic (Czech / Slovak: Československá republika) was the Czechoslovak state that existed from 1918 to 1938. The state was commonly called Czechoslovakia (Československo). It was composed of Bohemia, Moravia, Czech Silesia, Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia.After 1933, Czechoslovakia remained the only functioning democracy in central and eastern Europe.", "Foreign relations of the Czech Republic The Czech Republic entertains diplomatic relations with 191 countries in the world, around half of which maintain a resident embassy in the Czech capital city, Prague. The Czech Republic is a full member of the United Nations (and all of its main specialized agencies and boards), of the European Union, and of NATO.Until the Velvet Revolution of 1989, the foreign policy of Czechoslovakia had followed that of the Soviet Union.", "French franc The franc (/fræŋk/; French: [fʁɑ̃]; sign: F or Fr), also commonly distinguished as the French franc (FF), was a currency of France. Between 1360 and 1641, it was the name of coins worth 1 livre tournois and it remained in common parlance as a term for this amount of money. It was reïntroduced (in decimal form) in 1795. It was revalued in 1960, with each New Franc (NF) being worth 100 old francs.", "Gold Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au (from Latin: aurum) and atomic number 79. In its purest form, it is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements, and is solid under standard conditions. The metal therefore occurs often in free elemental (native) form, as nuggets or grains, in rocks, in veins and in alluvial deposits.", "Heller (money) The Heller or About this sound Häller , originally a German coin valued at half a pfennig, took its name from the city of Hall am Kocher (today Schwäbisch Hall). Mints produced the coin from the beginning of the 13th century, based on a previously produced silver pfennig (Häller Pfennig, sometimes called Händelheller for its depiction of a hand on the front face), but its composition deteriorated with the mixing in copper little by little so that it was no longer considered to be a silver coin.", "ISO 4217 ISO 4217 is a standard published by International Organization for Standardization, which delineates currency designators, country codes (alpha and numeric), and references to minor units in three tables: Table A.1 – Current currency & funds code list Table A.2 – Current funds codes Table A.3 – List of codes for historic denominations of currencies & fundsThe tables, history and ongoing discussion are maintained by SIX Interbank Clearing on behalf of ISO and the Swiss Association for Standardization.The ISO 4217 code list is used in banking and business globally.", "International Convention for the Suppression of Counterfeiting Currency The International Convention for the Suppression of Counterfeiting Currency (French: Convention internationale pour la répression du faux monnayage) is a 1929 League of Nations treaty whereby states agree to criminalise acts of currency counterfeiting. It remains the principal international agreement on currency counterfeiting.States that ratify the Convention agree to criminalise the creation, use, and exportation or importation of counterfeit currency.", "International Monetary Fund The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization headquartered in Washington, DC, of \"188 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world\". Formed in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference, it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international payment system.", "Internet in the Czech Republic Internet in the Czech Republic and internet access are largely provided by the private sector and is available in a variety of forms, using a variety of technologies, at a wide range of speeds and costs. In 2013, 68% of Czechs were using and connected to the Internet.", "Irish pound The Irish pound (Irish: Punt Éireannach) was the currency of Ireland until 2002. Its ISO 4217 code was IEP, and the usual notation was the prefix £ (or IR£ where confusion might have arisen with the pound sterling or other pounds). The Irish pound was superseded by the euro on 1 January 1999. Euro currency did not begin circulation until the beginning of 2002.", "Jablunkov Jablunkov (Czech pronunciation: [ˈjabluŋkof]; Polish: Jabłonków , German: Jablunkau) is a town in Frýdek-Místek District, Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has a population of 5,750 (2006), 23% of the population are Poles. Jablunkov lies between the Silesian and Moravian-Silesian Beskids mountain ranges, in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia, and is the easternmost town of the country. The Lomná River flows into the Olza River in the town.", "Josef Tošovský Josef Tošovský (Czech pronunciation: [ˈjozɛf ˈtoʃofskiː]) (born 28 September 1950) is a Czech economist and former governor of Czech National Bank (from 1993 to 2000). From 16 December 1997 to 17 July 1998 he was the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic in a caretaker government. Tošovský graduated from the University of Economics, Prague. After completing his studies in 1973, he was employed by the State Bank of Czechoslovakia, where he held a number of posts.", "Jáchymov For other places called Joachimsthal, see Joachimsthal (disambiguation).Jáchymov (Czech pronunciation: [ˈjaːxɪmof]; German: Thal originally, later Sankt Joachimsthal or Joachimsthal: \"Saint Joachim's Valley\") is a spa town in north-west Bohemia in the Czech Republic belonging to the Karlovy Vary Region. It is situated at an altitude of 733 m (2,405 ft) above sea level in the eponymous St.", "Kingdom of Wallachia The \"Kingdom of Wallachia\" (Czech: Valašské Kralovství), named after the region of Moravian Wallachia, is a tongue-in-cheek micronation that was founded in 1997 by the photographer Tomáš Harabiš as an \"elaborate practical joke\". The location is in the northeast corner of the Czech Republic, 230 miles from Prague.", "Koruna Česká (party) Koruna Česká (monarchistická strana Čech, Moravy a Slezska), in English The Crown of Czechs (monarchist party of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia), is a Czech monarchist political party that wishes the restoration of Czech monarchy. The party was founded in 1991 and current leader is Petr Nohel. Koruna Česká contested the 2006 parliamentary elections and got around 0.2% of the votes.", "Kratonohy Kratonohy is a small village of about 550 people in the Czech Republic, in the Hradec Králové Region, lying on a state road from Prague to Hradec Králové, 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from Chlumec nad Cidlinou. Kratonohy is a member of the village alliance Mikroregion Urbanická brázda.", "Kutná Hora Kutná Hora (Czech pronunciation: [ˈkutnaː ˈɦora]; medieval Czech: Hory Kutné; German: Kuttenberg) is a city situated in the Central Bohemian Region of Bohemia, which is now part of the Czech Republic.", "List of Czech Republic-related topics The list should also contain various important Czech topics that are not yet covered.The list is divided into categories, ordered alphabetically (initially inspired by List of United Kingdom-related topics). Make new categories, rename or update them. Place the entries that don't fit or deserve its own category into the 'Miscellaneous' at the bottom of the list.", "List of central banks This is a list of central banks.", "List of community currencies in the United States Community currencies that have been used in the United States:", "List of fictional currencies Fictional currency is the currency used in works of fiction. It may be used in alternative worlds, eras, or realities.The use of \"credits\" is particularly common in futuristic settings, so much so that Sam Humphries has pointed it out as a cliché: \"In any science-fiction movie, anywhere in the galaxy, currency is referred to as 'credits.'\" Credits are frequently envisioned as a form of electronic money.", "Minister of Defence of the Czech Republic The Minister of Defence of the Czech Republic (Czech: Ministr obrany České republiky) is the leader of the Ministry of Defence of the Czech Republic and member of the Government of the Czech Republic, Cabinet and the National Security Council of the Czech Republic. The Minister of Defence's power over the Military of the Czech Republic is second only to that of the President.", "Mint (coin) A mint is an industrial facility which manufactures coins that can be used in currency.The history of mints correlates closely with the history of coins. In the beginning, hammered coinage or cast coinage were the chief means of coin minting, with resulting production runs numbering as little as the hundreds or thousands.", "Monetary policy Monetary policy is the process by which the monetary authority of a country controls the supply of money, often targeting an inflation rate or interest rate to ensure price stability and general trust in the currency.Further goals of a monetary policy are usually to contribute to economic growth and stability, to lower unemployment, and to maintain predictable exchange rates with other currencies.Monetary economics provides insight into how to craft optimal monetary policy.Monetary policy is referred to as either being expansionary or contractionary, where an expansionary policy increases the total supply of money in the economy more rapidly than usual, and contractionary policy expands the money supply more slowly than usual or even shrinks it.", "National Democracy (Czech Republic) No To Brussels - National Democracy or simply the National Democracy (Czech: Národní demokracie, short ND) is a national-conservative and eurosceptic political party in the Czech Republic.", "Norma (supermarket) Norma is a food discount store with more than 1,300 stores in Germany, France, the Czech Republic and Austria. The stores are appearing as Norma and Norma-Rodi, as Norma has acquired the company Rodi.", "O2 Arena (Prague) O2 Arena (formerly Sazka Arena, stylised as O2 arena) is a multi-purpose arena, in Prague, Czech Republic.", "Oldřich Kulhánek Oldřich Kulhánek (26 February 1940 – 28 January 2013) was a Czech painter, graphic designer, illustrator, stage designer and pedagogue. Kulhánek created the design for the current Czech banknotes and postage stamps.", "Ostrava Aréna Ostrava Aréna (previously ČEZ Aréna, due to sponsorship reasons) is an indoor arena used mainly for ice hockey matches, in Vítkovice, Ostrava, Czech Republic. It opened in 1986 and underwent a €23.3 million renovation in 2003–2004. The capacity of the arena is 9,568, plus 18 skyboxes, making it the fourth-largest hockey venue in the Czech Republic. The rink can be converted into seating for concerts, increasing the capacity to 12,000.It is the home of ice hockey club HC Vítkovice.", "Other World Kingdom The Other World Kingdom (frequently abbreviated OWK) was a large, commercial BDSM and femdom facility, resort, and micronation, which opened in 1996 using the buildings and grounds of a 16th-century chateau located in Černá, Žďár nad Sázavou District, Czech Republic. Although not recognized by any other country, it maintained its own currency, passports, police force, courts, state flag and state hymn.", "Outline of the Czech Republic The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the Czech Republic:Czech Republic – landlocked country in Central Europe. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully dissolved into its constituent states, the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. The Czech Republic is bordered by Poland to the north, Germany to the west, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. Its capital and largest city, with 1.3 million inhabitants, is Prague.", "PPF (company) PPF is a privately held international financial group. It operates in the area of consumer financing, retail banking and insurance. It develops its activities in many countries. Its headquarters is located in the Netherlands. The largest shareholder of PPF is Petr Kellner (98,94%).", "Piastre The piastre or piaster refers to a number of units of currency. The term originates from the Italian for \"thin metal plate\". The name was applied to Spanish and Hispanic American pieces of eight, or pesos, by Venetian traders in the Levant in the 16th century.These pesos, minted continually for centuries, were readily accepted by traders in many parts of the world.", "Pound sterling The pound sterling (symbol: £; ISO code: GBP), commonly known simply as the pound, is the official currency of the United Kingdom, Jersey, Guernsey, the Isle of Man, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, the British Antarctic Territory, and Tristan da Cunha. It is subdivided into 100 pence (singular: penny). A number of nations that do not use sterling also have currencies called the pound.", "Prague Prague (/ˈprɑːɡ/; Czech: Praha, [ˈpraɦa]) is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. It is the 15th largest city in the European Union. It is also the historical capital of Bohemia. Situated in the north-west of the country on the Vltava River, the city is home to about 1.24 million people, while its larger urban zone is estimated to have a population of nearly 2 million. The city has a temperate climate, with warm summers and chilly winters.", "Prague groschen The Prague groschen (Czech: pražský groš, Latin: grossi pragenses, German: Prager Groschen, Polish: Grosz praski) was a groschen-type silver coin that was issued by Wenceslaus II of Bohemia since 1300 in the Kingdom of Bohemia and became very common throughout Medieval Central Europe.", "President of the Czech Republic The President of the Czech Republic is the head of state of the Czech Republic and the commander-in-chief of the Military of the Czech Republic. Unlike counterparts in Austria and Hungary, who are generally considered figureheads, the Czech president has a considerable role in political affairs.", "Prime Minister of the Czech Republic The Chairman of the Government of the Czech Republic (Czech: Předseda vlády České republiky), is the head of the Government of the Czech Republic. The Prime Minister and Cabinet (consisting of all the most senior ministers, who are government ministries heads) are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic.", "Reichsmark The About this sound Reichsmark (sign: ℛℳ) was the currency in Germany from 1924 until 20 June 1948 and in Austria from 1938 to 1945. The Reichsmark was subdivided into 100 Reichspfennig. The Mark is an ancient Germanic weight measure, traditionally a half pound, later used for several coins. From 1871 to 1918 Germany was called the Kaiserreich or the Deutsches Reich. Although Germany became a republic in 1919, the term \"Reich\" remained part of the country's official name.", "Slovak koruna The Slovak koruna or Slovak crown (Slovak: slovenská koruna, literally meaning Slovak crown) was the currency of Slovakia between 8 February 1993 and 31 December 2008, and could be used for cash payment until 16 January 2009. It is no longer the official Slovak currency. The ISO 4217 code was SKK and the local abbreviation was Sk. The Slovak crown (koruna) was also the currency of the Nazi-era Slovak Republic between 1939 and 1945.", "Slovakia Slovakia (/slɵˈvaːkiə/; Slovak: Slovensko Slovak pronunciation: [ˈslovɛnsko]), officially the Slovak Republic (Slovak: Slovenská republika, About this sound listen ), is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. Slovakia's territory spans about 49,000 square kilometres (19,000 sq mi) and is mostly mountainous.", "Soviet ruble The Soviet ruble or rouble (Russian: рубль; see below for other languages of the USSR) was the currency of the Soviet Union. One ruble was divided into 100 kopeks, (also transliterated as kopecks or copecks Russian: копе́йка, pl.", "TV3 (Czech Republic) TV3 was an analogue terrestrial, cable and digital satellite television channel broadcasting in the Czech Republic. The station used to broadcast in some regions via analogue terrestrial television to 30% of the population in the Czech Republic, cable television and also via the Czechlink platform on the Eutelsat 28A satellite. TV3 was also planning to become part of the plans for digital terrestrial to increase its reach to 75% of the Czech Republic.", "Tables of historical exchange rates to the United States dollar Listed below is a table of historical exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar, at present the most widely traded currency in the world. An exchange rate represents the value of one currency in another. An exchange rate between two currencies fluctuates over time. The value of a currency relative to a third currency may be obtained by dividing one U.S. dollar rate by another.", "Tomáš Ujfaluši Tomáš Ujfaluši (Hungarian: Újfalusi Tamás, Czech pronunciation: [ˈtomaːʃ ˈʊjfaˌlʊʃɪ]; born 24 March 1978) is a Czech retired footballer. He operated as either a central defender or a right back.Other than in his country he played professionally in Germany (four years), Italy (four), Spain (three) and Turkey (two), winning six major titles between Hamburg, Atlético Madrid and Galatasaray.", "United States dollar The United States dollar (sign: $; code: USD; also abbreviated US$ and referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, US dollar or American dollar) is the official currency of the United States and its overseas territories. It is a Federal Reserve Note and consists of 100 smaller cent units.The U.S. dollar is fiat money. It is the currency most used in international transactions and is the world's most dominant reserve currency.", "Vladimír Remek Vladimír Remek (born 26 September 1948) is a Czech politician and diplomat as well as a former cosmonaut and military pilot. He flew aboard Soyuz 28 from 2 to 10 March 1978, becoming the first Czechoslovak in space and the only Czech in space. As the first cosmonaut from a country other than the Soviet Union or the United States, and with the entry of the Czech Republic into the European Union, Remek is considered to be the first astronaut from the European Union.", "Václav Havel Václav Havel (Czech pronunciation: [ˈvaːt͡slav ˈɦavɛl]; 5 October 1936 – 18 December 2011) was a Czech writer, philosopher, dissident, and statesman. From 1989 to 1992, he served as the first democratically elected president of Czechoslovakia in 41 years. He then served as the first president of the Czech Republic (1993–2003) after the Czech–Slovak split.", "Václav Klaus Václav Klaus (Czech pronunciation: [ˈvaːtslaf ˈklaus]; born 19 June 1941) is a Czech economist and politician who served as the second President of the Czech Republic from 2003 to 2013.", "Workers' Party (Czech Republic) Workers' Party of Social Justice (Czech: Dělnická strana sociální spravedlnosti) is a Czech political party, often described as the major far-right extremist party in the Czech Republic. The party is not represented in any legislative body in the Czech Republic and its biggest electoral success so far has been a gain of 1,14% in the Czech legislative election in 2010.", "Český Šternberk Castle Český Šternberk Castle (Czech: Hrad Český Šternberk) is a Bohemian castle of the mid-13th century, located within the village with the same name of the Central Bohemian Region in Czech Republic. It is an early Gothic castle which was constructed, named and still owned by members of the same family. Český Šternberk Castle is today a residence that bears a long historical and architectural heritage and represents an attractive tourist destination open to the public." ]

[ "Lake Scott State Park Lake Scott State Park is a 1,280-acre (520 ha) Kansas state park in Scott County, Kansas in the United States. The park was established in 1928 following a donation of the land by the Herbert Steele family. The park, also known as Scott State Park, surrounds Lake Scott, a spring-fed freshwater lake. Lake Scott State Park is between Oakley and Scott City, about one mile west of U.S. Route 83.", "Murphy Lake (Scott County, Minnesota) Murphy Lake is a lake in Scott County, Minnesota, United States. Murphy Lake lies at an elevation of 915 feet (279 m).", "National Register of Historic Places listings in Scott County, Indiana This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Scott County, Indiana.This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Scott County, Indiana, United States.", "National Register of Historic Places listings in Scott County, Iowa This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Scott County, Iowa, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a Google map.There are 281 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.", "National Register of Historic Places listings in Scott County, Minnesota This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Scott County, Minnesota. It is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Scott County, Minnesota, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map.There are 18 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.", "Pleasant Valley Township, Scott County, Iowa Pleasant Valley Township is a township in Scott County, Iowa, United States.", "Scott County, Arkansas Scott County is a county located in the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 11,233. The county seat is Waldron. Scott County is Arkansas' 28th county, formed on November 5, 1833, and named for Andrew Scott, a justice of the Supreme Court of the Arkansas Territory.", "Scott County, Illinois Scott County is a county located in the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2010 census, it had a population of 5,355, making it the fourth-least populous county in Illinois. Its county seat is Winchester.Scott County is part of the Jacksonville, IL Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Springfield-Jacksonville-Lincoln, IL Combined Statistical Area.", "Scott County, Indiana Scott County is a county located in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2010, the population was 24,181. The county seat is Scottsburg.", "Scott County, Iowa Scott County is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2010 census, the population was 165,224, making it the third-most populous county in Iowa. The county seat is Davenport.Scott County is included in the Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area.", "Scott County, Kansas Scott County (standard abbreviation: SC) is a county located in the U.S. state of Kansas. As of the 2010 census, the county population was 4,936. Its county seat is Scott City, the only city in the county.", "Scott County, Kentucky Scott County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 47,173. Its county seat is Georgetown.Scott County is part of the Lexington–Fayette, KY Metropolitan Statistical Area.", "Scott County, Minnesota Scott County is a county located in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2010 census, the population was 129,928. Its county seat is Shakopee. The county was organized in 1853 and named in honor of General Winfield Scott.Scott County is included in the Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area.", "Scott County, Mississippi Scott County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, the population was 28,264. Its county seat is Forest. The county is named for Abram M. Scott, the Governor of Mississippi from 1832 to 1833.", "Scott County, Missouri Scott County is a county located in the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2010 census, the population was 39,191. Its county seat is Benton. The county was organized in 1821 and named for U.S.", "Scott County, Tennessee Scott County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2010 census, the population was 22,228. Its county seat is Huntsville.Scott County is known for having seceded from the Confederacy during the Civil War and subsequently forming The Free and Independent State of Scott.", "Scott County, Virginia Scott County is a county located in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 23,177. Its county seat is Gate City.", "Scott County Central High School Scott County Central High School is a high school at 20794 US Highway 61 Sikeston, Missouri, Scott County, Missouri that has won 18 Missouri state boys basketball championships -- the most of any high school in the state. The most recent was in 2015. The girls program has won 6 Missouri State Championships.", "Scott County Courthouse (Iowa) The Scott County Courthouse in Davenport, Iowa, United States was built in 1955 and extensively renovated over a ten-year period between 1998-2009. It is the third building the county has used for court functions and county administration. It is part of a larger county complex that includes the county jail, administration building and juvenile detention facility.", "Scott County Courthouse (Kentucky) Scott County Courthouse is a building in Georgetown, Kentucky, the county seat of Scott County, Kentucky, where county government offices are located. The property was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places on September 28, 1972.", "Scott County Courthouse (Missouri) Scott County Courthouse in Benton, Missouri was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.It was completed in 1913 in the Italian Renaissance style.", "Scott County Home The Scott County Home, one mile south of Scottsburg, Indiana was built in 1872 to replace the previous County Home located in Lexington, Indiana. Also known as the \"Poor Farm\", the County Home was originally a frame house, but was replaced with the current brick structure in 1892. The County Home was used to house the poor, indigent and physically and mentally handicapped. In 1973 the Home was no longer in use, though various agencies maintained offices there.", "Scott County School District (Mississippi) The Scott County School District is a public school district based in Scott County, Mississippi (USA).The district serves the city of Morton, the town of Sebastopol, and most of Lake as well as most rural areas in Scott County.", "Scott County Transit Scott County Transit operates the Shakopee Transit Buses which runs the Route 496E East Circulator and Route 496W West Circulator in Scott County, Minnesota. These buses loop as local routes through Shakopee, Minnesota. Shakopee Transit along with the Prior Lake Laker Lines operate the BlueXpress, which is a direct express to Minneapolis. Scott County operates a Dial-A-Ride for anyone in Scott, Carver, and surrounding Counties.", "Scott Township, Adams County, North Dakota Scott Township is a township in Adams County, North Dakota, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 106.", "Scott Township, Vanderburgh County, Indiana Scott Township is one of eight townships in Vanderburgh County, Indiana, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 8,528 and it contained 3,343 housing units. In recent years, Scott Township has become one the fastest growing townships in the county.", "Spring Lake (Scott County, Minnesota) Spring Lake is a lake in Scott County, in the U.S. state of Minnesota.Spring Lake was so named from the fact it is fed by a spring.", "Tanner, Scott County, Missouri Tanner is a place in Scott County, Missouri, United States." ]

[ "Andrew Scott (judge) Andrew Horatio Scott (August 6, 1789 – March 13, 1851) was an American lawyer and politician. Scott was born in Hanover County, Virginia. He served as a Justice of the Supreme Court for the Arkansas Territory from 1819 until 1825. He died at Norristown, Pope County, Arkansas and is buried in the Oakland Cemetery in Russellville. Scott County, Arkansas was named for him.", "Arkansas House of Representatives The Arkansas House of Representatives is the lower house of the Arkansas General Assembly, the state legislature of the US state of Arkansas. The House is composed of 100 members elected from an equal amount of constituencies across the state. Each district has an average population of 29,159 according to the 2010 federal census.", "Cedar Lake (Scott County, Minnesota) Cedar Lake is a lake in Scott County, in the U.S. state of Minnesota.Cedar Lake was named for the groves of red cedar near the lake.", "Charles Scott (governor) Charles Scott (April 1739 – October 22, 1813) was an 18th-century American soldier who was elected the fourth governor of Kentucky in 1808. Orphaned at an early age, Scott enlisted in the Virginia Regiment in October 1755 and served as a scout and escort during the French and Indian War. He quickly rose through the ranks to become a captain.", "Dred Scott Dred Scott (circa 1799 – September 17, 1858) was an enslaved African American man in the United States who unsuccessfully sued for his freedom and that of his wife and their two daughters in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case of 1857, popularly known as the \"Dred Scott Decision.\" Scott claimed that he and his wife should be granted their freedom because they had lived in Illinois and the Wisconsin Territory for four years, where slavery was illegal.", "Fort Scott, Kansas Fort Scott is a city in and the county seat of Bourbon County, Kansas, 88 miles (142 km) south of Kansas City, on the Marmaton River. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 8,087. It is the home of the Fort Scott National Historic Site and the Fort Scott National Cemetery. Fort Scott is named for Gen. Winfield Scott.", "List of Iowa townships This alphabetic list of townships in Iowa is based on the U.S. Census for 2000. Iowa has 1,599 townships.See: List of townships in Iowa by county, List of counties in Iowa, List of cities in Iowa.Index:", "List of U.S. county name etymologies (S–Z) This is a list of U.S. county name etymologies, covering the letters S to Z.", "List of secondary state highways in Virginia This is a partial list of secondary state highways in the U.S. state of Virginia. The numbers begin with 600 and can go into five digits in populous counties such as Fairfax County. The same number can be, and often is, assigned to secondary roads in more than one county. Because of the sheer number of secondary routes, this list is not intended to be a complete list.For information about the creation and history of Virginia's Secondary Roads System, see article Byrd Road Act.", "List of townships in Iowa by county This is a list of townships in Iowa by county based on United States Geological Survey and U.S. Census data.See: List of Iowa townships, List of counties in Iowa, List of cities in Iowa.", "Martin Scott (Scottish footballer) Martin \"Jimmy\" Scott (born 15 February 1986) is a Scottish professional footballer currently playing for Salgaocar F.C. in I-League. Scott has previously played for Livingston, Ross County, Hibernian & Raith Rovers.", "Mike Scott (sheriff) Michael Joseph Scott (born 1963), known as Mike Scott, is the Sheriff of Lee County, Florida as of 2011, and the 12th person to head the Lee County Sheriff's Office since it began in 1887. The county makes up the entirety of the Cape Coral-Fort Myers MSA, and is the most populous county in Southwest Florida. Its county seat is Fort Myers, and its largest city is Cape Coral. Scott, a Republican, has held the office of Sheriff in Lee County since 2004.", "National Register of Historic Places listings in Scott County, Arkansas This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Scott County, Arkansas.This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Scott County, Arkansas, United States.", "National Register of Historic Places listings in Scott County, Kentucky This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Scott County, Kentucky.This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Scott County, Kentucky, United States.", "National Register of Historic Places listings in Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska.This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska, United States.", "Robert Falcon Scott Captain Robert Falcon Scott, CVO, RN (6 June 1868 – 29 March 1912) was an English Royal Navy officer and explorer who led two expeditions to the Antarctic regions: the Discovery Expedition, 1901–04, and the ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition, 1910–13. On the first expedition, he set a new southern record by marching to latitude 82°S and discovered the Polar Plateau, on which the South Pole is located.", "Scott County Jail Complex Scott County Jail Complex located in Georgetown, Kentucky served as the Scott County jail from 1892 until 1990. Currently, the building houses the Scott County Arts & Cultural Center.", "Scott Creek (Jackson County, North Carolina) Scott Creek is a stream in Jackson County, North Carolina, in the United States.Scott Creek was probably named for an early settler.", "Scott Lake (Grant County, Minnesota) Scott Lake is a lake in Grant County, in the U.S. state of Minnesota.Scott Lake was named after a local farmer.", "Scott Place, California Scott Place is an locality in Humboldt County, California. It lies at an elevation of 1,152 feet (351 m).", "Scott Taylor (footballer, born 1976) Scott James Taylor (born 5 May 1976 in Chertsey) is an English professional footballer currently playing for Staines Town. He is also their assistant manager.", "Scott Township, Adams County, Ohio Scott Township is one of the fifteen townships of Adams County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2010 census the population was 2,180.", "Scott Township, Brown County, Ohio Scott Township is one of the sixteen townships of Brown County, Ohio, United States. The 2010 census found 1,294 people in the township.", "Scott Township, Columbia County, Pennsylvania Scott Township is a township in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 5,113 at the 2010 census, up from 4,768 at the 2000 census.", "Scott Township, Johnson County, Iowa Scott Township is a township in Johnson County, Iowa, USA.", "Scott Township, Madison County, Iowa Scott Township is a township in Madison County, Iowa, in the United States.", "Scott Township, Marion County, Ohio Scott Township is one of the fifteen townships of Marion County, Ohio, United States. The 2000 census found 521 people in the township.", "Scott Township, Montgomery County, Iowa Scott Township is a township in Montgomery County, Iowa, USA.", "Scott Township, Sandusky County, Ohio Scott Township is one of the twelve townships of Sandusky County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2000 census, 1,502 people lived in the township.", "Scott Walker Scott Kevin Walker (born November 2, 1967) is the 45th Governor of Wisconsin. First elected governor in the 2010 Wisconsin general election, he survived a 2012 recall election and was reelected governor in the 2014 Wisconsin gubernatorial election. He also served in the Wisconsin State Assembly and as the Milwaukee County Executive. Born in Colorado Springs, Colorado, Walker was raised in Iowa and in Delavan, Wisconsin, before attending Marquette University.", "Scott baronets There have been twelve baronetcies created for people with the surname Scott, one in the Baronetage of England, two in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia and nine in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom.The Scott Baronetcy, of Kew Green in the County of Middlesex, was created in the Baronetage of England on 9 August 1653 for William Scott.", "Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska Scotts Bluff County is a county located on the western border of the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2010 census, the population was 36,970.", "W. Kerr Scott William Kerr Scott (April 17, 1896 – April 16, 1958) was a Democratic Party politician from North Carolina.", "Walter Scott Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet, FRSE (15 August 1771 – 21 September 1832) was a Scottish historical novelist, playwright and poet with many contemporary readers in Europe, Australia, and North America.Scott's novels and poetry are still read, and many of his works remain classics of both English-language literature and of Scottish literature.", "Winfield Scott Winfield Scott (June 13, 1786 – May 29, 1866) was a United States Army general, and unsuccessful presidential candidate of the Whig Party in 1852.Known as \"Old Fuss and Feathers\" and the \"Grand Old Man of the Army,\" he served on active duty as a general longer than any other man in American history, and many historians rate him the best American commander of his time.", "Wisconsin gubernatorial election, 2010 The 2010 Wisconsin gubernatorial election took place on November 2, 2010, to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin. The 2010 Wisconsin partisan primary on September 14 determined which candidates advanced to the general election.Incumbent Democratic Governor Jim Doyle did not seek re-election in 2010.", "Z. D. Scott Z. D. Scott was a socialist politician and activist in the Dakota Territory and later the United States state of South Dakota.In 1887, Scott was serving as the treasurer of Grant County, South Dakota. He served in the South Dakota State Senate from 1891 to 1892. Representing the 31st district, encompassing Grant County and Roberts County in the second legislative session since statehood, Scott sat in the state senate as an independent and during his term resided in Wilmot, in Roberts County." ]

[ "Borneo–Philippine languages The Borneo–Philippines languages (also known as Outer Hesperonesian or Outer Western Malayo-Polynesian languages) are a paraphyletic group of the Austronesian languages which includes the languages of the Philippines, much of Borneo, the northern peninsula of Sulawesi, and Madagascar.", "Commission on the Filipino Language The Commission on the Filipino Language (Filipino: Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino; Cebuano: Komisyon sa Pinulongang Filipino; Hiligaynon: Komisyon sa Panghambal nga Filipino; Bikolano: Komisyon sa Tataramon na Filipino; Ilokano: Komision iti Pagsasao a Filipino; Kapampangan: Komisyun king Amanung Filipinu; Pangasinan: Komisyon na Salitan Filipino; Waray: Komisyon ha Yinaknan nga Filipino) is the official regulating body of the Filipino language and the official government institution tasked with developing, preserving, and promoting the various local Philippine languages.", "Demographics of the Philippines Demographics of the Philippines are records of human population in the country, including its population density, ethnicity, education level, health, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population. The Philippines has a population growth rate of 2.04%, one of the highest in Asia. According to the 2010 Census, the population of the Philippines was 92,337,852. The population of the Philippines was first estimated in 1830 with 2.5 million people.", "Filipino alphabet The Modern Filipino alphabet (Filipino: Makabagong alpabetong Filipino), otherwise known as the Filipino alphabet (Filipino: alpabetong Filipino), is the alphabet of the Filipino language, the official national language and one of the two official languages of the Philippines. The Modern Filipino alphabet is made up of 28 letters, which includes the entire 26-letter set of the ISO basic Latin alphabet, the Spanish Ñ and the Ng digraph of Tagalog.", "Filipino language Filipino is the standard register of the Tagalog language and the national language of the Philippines, sharing official status with the English language. As of 2007, Tagalog is the first language of 28 million people, or about one-third of the Philippine population, while 45 million speak Filipino as their second language. Filipino is among the 185 languages of the Philippines identified in the Ethnologue.", "Filipinos The Filipinos or Filipino people (Spanish: Los Filipinos) (Filipino: Mga Pilipino) are people who identify with the country known as the Philippines.", "Hiligaynon language Hiligaynon, often referred to as Ilonggo, is an Austronesian language spoken in the Western Visayas and Negros Island Region of the Philippines.Hiligaynon is concentrated in the provinces of Iloilo, Negros Occidental, Guimaras and Capiz, but is also spoken in the other provinces, such as Negros Oriental, Antique, Aklan, Romblon, Masbate and Palawan, and in many parts of Mindanao such as Koronadal City, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat and in other parts of North Cotabato.", "Ilocano language Ilocano (Ilokano) /iːloʊˈkɑːnoʊ/ (Ilocano: Ti Pagsasao nga Iloko) is the third most-spoken language of the Republic of the Philippines.An Austronesian language, it is related to such languages as Indonesian, Malay, Fijian, Maori, Hawaiian, Malagasy, Samoan, Tahitian, Chamorro, Tetum, and Paiwan.", "Languages of Asia There is a wide variety of languages spoken throughout Asia, comprising a number of families and some unrelated isolates. Asian languages usually have a long tradition of writing, but not always.", "Languages of the Philippines There are some 120 to 175 languages in the Philippines, depending on the method of classification. Four others are no longer spoken. Almost all are classified as Malayo-Polynesian languages, while one, Chavacano, is a creole derived from a Romance language. Two are official, while (as of 2015) nineteen are official auxiliary languages.", "List of official languages by state This is a complete list of the official languages designated in the sovereign states of the world. It includes all languages that have official language status either statewide or in a part of the state, or that have status as a national language, regional language, or minority language.Only states, which are defined as sovereign, internationally recognised, independent political entities, are listed.", "National symbols of the Philippines The national symbols of the Philippines consist of symbols that represent Philippine traditions and ideals and convey the principles of sovereignty and national solidarity. Some of these symbols are stated in the Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines, which is also known as Republic Act 8491. The national language of the Philippines is Filipino as stated in the Constitution of the Philippines.", "Pangasinan language The Pangasinan language (Pangasinan: Salitan Pangasinan; Spanish: Idioma pangasinense) is an Austronesian language, which is one of the twelve major languages in the Philippines.Pangasinan is the name for the language, people, and province. The Pangasinan language, also called \"Pangasinense\", its hispanicized name, is spoken by more than one and a half million Pangasinan people (indigenous speakers) in the province of Pangasinan alone.", "Philippine English Philippine English is the variety of English used in the Philippines by the media and the vast majority of educated Filipinos. English is taught in schools as one of the two official languages of the country, the other being Filipino. Code-switching is prevalent in informal situations. Sub-varieties of Philippine English are emerging based on the regional location and thus linguistic influences of the speakers.", "Philippine languages In linguistics, the Philippine languages are a 1991 proposal by Robert Blust that all the languages of the Philippines and northern Sulawesi—except Sama–Bajaw (languages of the \"Sea Gypsies\") and a few languages of Palawan—form a subfamily of Austronesian languages.", "Porohanon people Porohanon are the people of Poro island, Cebu in the Philippines. They are part of the wider Visayan ethnolinguistic group, who constitute the largest Filipino ethnolinguistic group. They speak the Porohanon language, and Cebuano as their second language.", "Spanish language in the Philippines Spanish was the official language of the Philippines from the beginning of Spanish rule in the late 16th century, through the conclusion of the Spanish–American War in 1898. It remained, along with English, as a de facto official language until removed in 1973 by a constitutional change.", "Tagalog language Tagalog /təˈɡɑːlɒɡ/ (Tagalog: [tɐˈɡaːloɡ]) is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by a quarter of the population of the Philippines and as a second language by the majority.", "Waray language Waray (also Waray-Waray, Binisaya, Winaray, Samarenyo and Samar-Leyte) is the fifth-most-spoken native language of the Philippines, specific to the provinces of Samar, Northern Samar, Eastern Samar, Biliran, and in the north-east of Leyte Island (surrounding Tacloban)." ]

[ "Ang Bayan Ang Bayan (The Nation) is the official news organ of the Communist Party of the Philippines, issued by the party's Central Committee. It describes the actions of party as well as its point of view on issues and events in the Philippines. Ang Bayan is published bimonthly on the 7th and 21st of each month with additional \"special issues\" when an important event occurs. It is always originally published in Filipino but is subsequently translated into English, Cebuano, Ilokano, Waray and Hiligaynon.", "Aosta Valley The Aosta Valley (Italian: Valle d'Aosta [ˈvalle d aˈɔsta] (official) or Val d'Aosta (usual); French: Vallée d'Aoste [vale d aɔst]/[vale d ɔst] (official) or Val d'Aoste (usual); Arpitan: Val d'Outa) is a mountainous semi-autonomous region in northwestern Italy.", "Austronesian languages The Austronesian languages is a language family that is widely dispersed throughout Maritime Southeast Asia, Madagascar and the islands of the Pacific Ocean, with a few members on continental Asia. Austronesian languages are spoken by about 386 million people, making it the fifth-largest language family by number of speakers, behind only the Indo-European languages, the Sino-Tibetan languages, the Niger-Congo languages, and the Afroasiatic languages.", "Balearic Islands The Balearic Islands (English /ˌbæliˈærɨk ˈaɪləndz/; Catalan: Illes Balears [ˈiʎəz βəɫəˈas]; Spanish: Islas Baleares [ˈislas βaleˈaɾes]) are an archipelago of Spain in the western Mediterranean Sea, near the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula.The four largest islands are Majorca, Minorca, Ibiza and Formentera. There are many minor islands and islets in close proximity to the larger islands, including Cabrera, Dragonera and S'Espalmador.", "Basilan The Province of Basilan (Zamboangueño: Provincia de Basilan) is an island province of the Philippines within the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). Basilan Island is the largest and northernmost of the major islands of the Sulu Archipelago. It is located just off the southern coast of the geographic Zamboanga Peninsula.", "Cabinet of the Philippines The Cabinet of the Philippines (Filipino: Gabinete ng Pilipinas, usually referred to as the Cabinet or Filipino: Gabinete) consists of the heads of the largest part of the executive branch of the national government of the Philippines.", "Catalonia Catalonia (/kætəˈloʊniə/; Catalan: Catalunya; Occitan: Catalonha; Spanish: Cataluña) is an autonomous community of Spain and designated a \"historical nationality\" by its Statute of Autonomy. Catalonia consists of four provinces: Barcelona, Girona, Lleida, and Tarragona.", "Central Bikol language Central Bikol or commonly called as Bikol Legaspi or Bikol Naga is the most-spoken language in the Bicol region of southern Luzon, Philippines. It is spoken in the northern and western part of Camarines Sur, second congressional district of Camarines Norte, eastern part of Albay, northeastern part of Sorsogon, San Pascual town in Masbate, and southwestern part of Catanduanes. Central Bikol speakers can be found in all provinces of Bicol and it is a majority language in Camarines Sur.", "Chavacano Chavacano or Chabacano [tʃaβaˈkano] is a Spanish-based creole language spoken in the Philippines. The word Chabacano is derived from Spanish, meaning \"poor taste\", \"vulgar\", for the Chavacano language which was developed in Cavite City, Ternate, Zamboanga and Ermita. It also derived from the word chavano which was coined by the people of Zamboanga.", "Coconut Palace The Coconut Palace, also known as Tahanang Pilipino (Filipino Home), is a mansion of the Philippine Government on the campus of the Cultural Center of the Philippines, in Manila, the Philippines. It was commissioned in 1978 by former First Lady Imelda Marcos as a government guest house and offered to Pope John Paul II during the Papal visit to the Philippines in 1981 but the Pope refused to stay there because it was too opulent given the level of poverty in the Philippines.", "Comedy in the Philippines Majority of Filipinos, Comedy in the Philippines are considered as the best cinematography in the Filipino society. Contrast to American and European comedies, Pinoy Comedy is done by series of non-profane comedic languages (although they use words like tanga, sira ulo etc. they didn't use English profane words or the 7 dirty words) face shape, body type, and comedic sound effects(to excite people from the movies punches, fighting etc.).", "Commonwealth of the Philippines The Commonwealth of the Philippines (Tagalog: Komonwelt ng Pilipinas; Spanish: Mancomunidad de Filipinas) was the administrative body that governed the Philippines from 1935 to 1946, aside from a period of exile in the Second World War from 1942 to 1945 when Japan occupied the country. It replaced the Insular Government, a United States territorial government, and was established by the Tydings–McDuffie Act.", "English language English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca. It is an official language of almost 60 sovereign states, the most commonly spoken language in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, Ireland, and New Zealand, and a widely spoken language in countries in the Caribbean, Africa, and South Asia. It is the third most common native language in the world, after Mandarin and Spanish.", "Filipino orthography Filipino orthography specifies the correct use of the writing system of the Filipino language, the national and co-official language of the Philippines.", "Filipinos in Greece Filipinos in Greece consist of migrants from the Philippines to Greece and their descendants. According to official Greek statistics, there were 5,000 Filipinos in Greece in 1991, which declined to 2,000 by 1996. In reality, there were many more working in the country illegally. The Philippine community have set up a school for their children in downtown Athens.A large proportion are women (81% as of 1999), who generally find employment as domestic workers.", "Filipinos in Thailand Filipinos in Thailand are either migrants or descendants of migrants from the Philippines. They are most likely married with Thais and settle in Thailand for many years. Nowadays, more Filipinos going to Thailand to work as overseas Filipino workers. Most of them are working as English teachers. There are many Filipino community groups and associations.", "French language French (le français [lə fʁɑ̃sɛ] or la langue française [la lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛz]) is a Romance language, belonging to the Indo-European family. It descended from the spoken Latin language of the Roman Empire, as did languages such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Romanian, Catalan and others. French has evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul.", "Friesland Friesland (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈfrislɑnt]; West Frisian: Fryslân [ˈfrislɔ̃ːn]) or Frisia is a province in the northwest of the Netherlands. It is situated west of Groningen, northwest of Drenthe and Overijssel, north of Flevoland, northeast of North Holland, and south of the North Sea.", "Global News Network GNN or Global News Network is a dedicated news and public affairs cable channel based in the Philippines. It broadcasts through Sky Cable, Destiny Cable and Cable Link nationwide and broadcast also in some parts of Asia through Global Satellite TV (GSAT), and online via Ustream.tv. Among the covered countries in Asia are: Japan, North Korea, South Korea, China, Mongolia, Taiwan, Vietnam, Brunei, Malaysia and Indonesia. Its studios are located at 6th floor, First Global Building #122 Gamboa St.", "Hindi Hindi (हिन्दी hindī), or more precisely Modern Standard Hindi (मानक हिन्दी mānak hindī), is a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language. Modern Standard Hindi is one of the official languages of India.As of 2009, the best figure Ethnologue could find for speakers of actual Hindustani Hindi was 180 million in 1991. In the 2001 Indian census, 258 million (258,000,000) people in India reported Hindi to be their native language.", "Hispanidad The Hispanidad (English: Hispanicity) are the community formed by all the people and countries that share a common Hispanic heritage and cultural pattern. The 23 nations that are included are all Spanish-speaking countries as well as Philippines.The community can be classified into three geographic areas: Hispanic Europe (Spain), Hispanic America, and Hispanic Africa (Equatorial Guinea).", "Indonesians in the Philippines Indonesians in the Philippines go back during the ancient histories of both countries, where migrants from Indonesia helped form many historical dynasties in the Philippines. According to the 2000 Philippines census, there were 43,871 Indonesians in the Philippines, making them the 5th-largest group of foreigners in the Philippines. Most reside in the Muslim-dominated region of Mindanao.", "Kannada Kannada /ˈkaːnədə/ (ಕನ್ನಡ kannaḍa, IPA: [ˈkʌnːəɖɑː]) or Canarese/Kanarese /kænəˈriːz/, is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Kannada people in the South Indian state of Karnataka, and by linguistic minorities in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Kerala, and Goa. With roughly 40 million native speakers, who are called Kannadigas (Kannaḍigaru), Kannada ranks 33rd in the list of most spoken languages in the world.", "Koreans in the Philippines Koreans in the Philippines, largely consisting of expatriates from South Korea , form the largest Korean diaspora community in Southeast Asia and the ninth-largest in the world, after Koreans in Kazakhstan and before Koreans in Vietnam.", "Languages of Hong Kong The Basic Law of Hong Kong stipulates that both Chinese (de facto Cantonese) and English are official languages in Hong Kong. During the British colonial era, English was the sole official language of Hong Kong until 1974. The majority of the population in Hong Kong were migrants or descendants of migrants from the Guangdong and speak standard Cantonese of Yue dialects, Hakka or Teochew as first language, and only a minority groups were expatriates.", "Languages of India There are several languages in India belonging to different language families, the major ones being the Indo-Aryan languages spoken by 75% of Indians and the Dravidian languages spoken by most of the rest of Indians. Other languages spoken in India belong to the Austroasiatic, Tibeto-Burman, a few minor language families and isolates.", "Languages of Malaysia The indigenous languages of Malaysia belong to the Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian families. The national, or official, language is Malay which is the mother tongue of the majority Malay ethnic group. The main ethnic groups within Malaysia comprise the Malays, Chinese and Indians, with many other ethnic groups represented in smaller numbers, each with its own languages. The largest native languages spoken in East Malaysia are the Iban, Dusunic and the Kadazan languages.", "Languages of South Africa There are eleven official languages of South Africa: Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa and Zulu. Fewer than two percent of South Africans speak a first language other than an official one. Most South Africans can speak more than one language. Dutch and English were the first official languages of South Africa from 1910 to 1925.", "Languages of Switzerland The four national languages of Switzerland are German, French, Italian and Romansh.", "Languages of the European Union The languages of the European Union are languages used by people within the member states of the European Union. They include the twenty-four official languages of the European Union along with a range of others.", "Languages of the Faroe Islands The official language of the Faroe Islands is Faroese. The Faroese language is a Germanic language which is descended from Old Norse.Faroese is similar in grammar to Icelandic and Old Norse, but closer in pronunciation to Norwegian. In the twentieth century Faroese became the official language and, because the Faroe Islands are a self-governing country within the Kingdom of Denmark, Danish is taught in Faroese schools.", "Languages of the United States Many languages are used, or historically have been used in the United States. The most commonly used language is English. There are also many languages indigenous to North America or to U.S. states or holdings in the Pacific region. Languages brought to the country by colonists or immigrants from Europe, Asia, or other parts of the world make up a large portion of the languages currently used; several languages, including creoles and sign languages, have also developed in the United States.", "Languages with official status in India The Constitution of India designates a bilingual approach for official language of the Government of India employing usage of Hindi written in the Devanagari script, as well as English. Hindi and English find everyday use for important official purposes such as parliamentary proceedings, judiciary, communications between the Central Government and a State Government.", "List of Butuan barangay officials Butuan is a city in the Philippines which consists of 86 barangays, twenty seven (1-27) of which are urban and the rest (28-86), rural. The following list contains the current Barangay Captains, Barangay Kagawads (Councilors) and Sangguniang Kabataan Chairpersons.", "List of Philippine place names of English origin As a consequence of former American and, also earlier for a short period, British sovereignty over the islands that are now the republic of the Philippines, there are many places in the country with English names. English has also become one of the official languages of the country since its independence from the United States in 1946. As a result, many place names have either been translated to or given new English names.", "List of lingua francas This is a list of lingua francas. A lingua franca (English plural lingua francas, although the pseudo-Latin form linguae francae is also seen) is a language systematically used to make communication possible between people not sharing a first language, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both speakers' first languages. Examples of lingua francas are numerous, and exist on every continent.", "List of multilingual countries and regions This is an incomplete list of areas with either multilingualism at the community level or at the personal level.There is a distinction between social and personal bilingualism. Many countries, such as Belarus, Belgium, Canada, India, South Africa, Switzerland and Wales (UK), which are officially multilingual, may have many monolinguals in their population. Officially monolingual countries, on the other hand, such as France, can have sizable multilingual populations.", "List of territorial entities where English is an official language The following is a list of territories where English is an official language, that is, a language used in citizen interactions with government officials. In 2015, there were 56 sovereign states and 27 non-sovereign entities where English was an official language. Many country subdivisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level.The majority of countries where English is an official language are former territories of the British Empire.", "Malacañang Palace The Malacañan Palace (officially Malacañan Palace, colloquially \"Malacañang\" Filipino: Palasyo ng Malakanyang [malakɐˈɲaŋ]; Spanish: Palacio de Malacañan) is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the Philippines.The original structure was built in 1750 by Don Luís Rocha as a summer house along the Pasig River. It was purchased by the state in 1825 as the summer residence for the Spanish Governor-General.", "Mangyan peoples Mangyan is the generic name for the eight indigenous groups found on the island of Mindoro, southwest of island of Luzon, the Philippines, each with its own tribal name, language, and customs.", "Marathi language Marathi (English pronunciation: /məˈrɑːti/; मराठी Marāṭhī [məˈɾaʈʰi]) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken predominantly by Marathi people of Maharashtra. It is the official language and co-official language in Maharashtra and Goa states of Western India respectively, and is one of the 23 official languages of India. There were 73 million speakers in 2001; Marathi ranks 19th in the list of most spoken languages in the world. Marathi has the fourth largest number of native speakers in India.", "Minority language A minority language is a language spoken by a minority of the population of a territory. Such people are termed linguistic minorities or language minorities. With a total number of 193 sovereign states recognized internationally (as of 2008) and an estimated number of roughly 5,000 to 7,000 languages spoken worldwide, it follows that the vast majority of languages are minority languages in every country in which they are spoken.", "National Movement of Young Legislators The National Movement of Young Legislators (NMYL), is a group of elected local lawmakers in the Philippines who are aged 35 years or younger. The local lawmakers are elected officials who hold positions such as municipal/city councilor, municipal/city vice mayor, provincial board member, and provincial vice governor.", "National language A national language is a language (or language variant, e.g. dialect) which has some connection—de facto or de jure—with a people and perhaps by extension the territory they occupy. The term is used variously. A national language may for instance represent the national identity of a nation or country. National language may alternatively be a designation given to one or more languages spoken as first languages in the territory of a country.C.M.B.", "Navarre Navarre (English /nəˈvɑr/; Spanish: Navarra; Basque: Nafarroa; French: Navarre), officially the Chartered Community of Navarre (Spanish: Comunidad Foral de Navarra [komuniˈðað foˈɾal de naˈβara]; Basque: Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea [nafaroako foɾu komunitatea]), is an autonomous community in northern Spain, bordering the Basque Country, La Rioja, and Aragon in Spain and Aquitaine in France. The capital city is Pamplona (or Iruña in Basque).", "Official bilingualism in Canada The official languages of Canada are English and French, which \"have equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all institutions of the Parliament and Government of Canada,\" according to Canada's constitution.", "Official bilingualism in the public service of Canada Because Canada has, for over two centuries, contained both English- and French-speakers, the question of the language used in the administration of public affairs has always been a sensitive issue.", "Official language An official language is a language that is given a special legal status in a particular country, state, or other jurisdiction. Typically a country's official language refers to the language used within government (e.g., courts, parliament, administration).", "Official languages of the United Nations The official languages of the United Nations are the six languages that are used in UN meetings, and in which all official UN documents are written when budget allows. In alphabetical order, they are: Arabic (Literary Arabic) Chinese (Standard Chinese, Simplified Chinese characters) English (British spelling) French Russian Spanish↑ ↑ ↑", "Outline of the Philippines The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the Philippines:The Philippines – sovereign country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. The Philippines is an archipelago of 7,107 islands with a total land area, including inland bodies of water, of approximately 300,000 square kilometers (120,000 sq mi). Its 36,289 kilometers (22,549 mi) of coastline makes it the country with the 5th longest coastline in the world.", "Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language The Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language (Spanish: Academia Filipina de la Lengua Española; Tagalog: Akademyáng Pilipino ng Wikang Kastilà) is the main Spanish-language regulating body in the Philippines. A member of the Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española, the Academy is located in Makati City.Established in Manila on 25 July 1924, the academy is still considered a state institution despite the removal of Spanish as an official language of the Philippines in 1987.", "Philippine kinship Philippine kinship uses the generational system (see Kinship terminology) to define family. It is one of the more simple classificatory systems of kinship (especially compared to the complex American kinship system, i.e., Cousin).", "Philippines The Philippines (/ˈfɪlɨpiːnz/; Filipino: Pilipinas [ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs]), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (Filipino: Republika ng Pilipinas), is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of 7,107 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.", "Provincial languages of Pakistan The provincial languages of Pakistan are a set of languages that are spoken and used in the five Provinces of Pakistan (Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gilgit–Baltistan, and Balochistan). However, provincial languages have no official status in Pakistan, except Sindhi in Sindh, given the fact that Urdu and English are the official languages of the country. Shown below are the main languages of each the provinces: Punjab: The languages of the province of Punjab are Punjabi, English, and Urdu.", "Renato Corona Renato Tirso Antonio Coronado Corona (born October 15, 1948) was the 23rd Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines. He served as an Associate Justice after being appointed by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on April 9, 2002 and later as Chief Justice on May 12, 2010 upon the retirement of Chief Justice Reynato Puno.Corona was a former law professor, private law practitioner, and member of the Cabinet under two Presidents, Fidel V.", "Romance-speaking Asia Romance-speaking Asian countries are those whose official or main languages are Romance ones, namely French, Portuguese, or countries which have significant populations that speak a Romance language.During the Roman Empire Latin was used by soldiers, government officials, traders and other Romans in the Eastern Mediterranean, but the strong presence of widespread languages such as Greek and Aramaic prevented the assimilation of Latin by the local population, consequently the Latin in that area did not develop into Romance languages.", "Shake, Rattle & Roll (film series) The Shake, Rattle & Roll film series is a Filipino horror anthology film series dating back to 1984. It is currently produced by Regal Films. Most of the series are official entries for the Metro Manila Film Festival with the exception of the sixth installment which premiered in January 1997. The title is solely based on the song of the same name.This horror film franchise, which is currently owned by Regal Films, is the Philippines film series with the most movie installments.", "Sindhi language Sindhi /ˈsɪndi/ (سنڌي, सिन्धी, 28px) is an Indo-Aryan language of the historical Sindh region, spoken by the Sindhi people. It is the official language of the Pakistani province of Sindh. In India, Sindhi is one of the scheduled languages officially recognized by the federal government.", "Spanish language Spanish (/ˈspænɪʃ/, español), also called Castilian (/kæˈstɪliən/, About this sound castellano ), is a Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain and today has hundreds of millions of native-speakers. Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of common Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century.", "Standard Chinese Standard Chinese, also known as Modern Standard Mandarin and Putonghua, sometimes simply referred to as \"Mandarin\", is a standard language that is the sole official language of both China and Taiwan, and also one of the four official languages of Singapore.", "Standard language A standard language (also standard dialect or standardized dialect) is a language variety used by a group of people in their public discourse. Alternatively, varieties become standard by undergoing a process of standardization, during which it is organized for description in grammars and dictionaries and encoded in such reference works.", "Subanon people Subanon (also spelled Subanen or Subanun) is a tribe indigenous to the Zamboanga peninsula area, particularly living in the mountainous areas of Zamboanga del Sur and Misamis Occidental, Mindanao Island, Philippines. The Subanon people speak the Subanon language.", "Supreme Court of the Philippines The Supreme Court of the Philippines (Filipino: Kataás-taasang Hukuman ng Pilipinas; colloquially referred to by the Spanish: Corte Suprema), is the highest court in the Philippines. It is presided over by a Chief Justice and is composed of fifteen (15) Justices, including the Chief Justice.", "Tamil language Tamil /ˈtæmɪl/ (தமிழ், tamiḻ, [t̪ɐmɨɻ] ?) also spelt Thamizh is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka. It has official status in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the Indian Union Territory of Puducherry. Tamil is also an official and national language of Sri Lanka and one of the official languages of Singapore. It is legalised as one of the languages of medium of education in Malaysia along with English, Malay and Mandarin.", "University of the Philippines Archives and Records Depository The University of the Philippines Archives and Records Depository is the official and central repository of University records of permanent value and permanent papers of University administrators, faculty, and alumni of the University of the Philippines.", "Valencian Community The Valencian Community (Valencian: Comunitat Valenciana, Spanish: Comunidad Valenciana), or the Valencian Country (Valencian: País Valencià), is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the fourth most populated after Andalusia, Catalonia and Madrid with more than 5.1 million inhabitants. It is often homonymously identified with its capital Valencia, which is the third largest city of Spain. It is located along the Mediterranean coast in the south-east of the Iberian peninsula.", "Visayan languages The Visayan or Bisaya languages of the Philippines, along with Tagalog and Bikol, are part of the Central Philippine languages. Most Visayan languages are spoken in the Visayas region but they are also spoken in the Bicol Region (particularly in Masbate), islands south of Luzon such as those that make up Romblon, most of the areas of Mindanao, and the province of Sulu located southwest of Mindanao.", "Yakan language Yakan is the language of Basilan Island in the Philippines. It is the only Bornean language in that country.", "Yutang Tabonon Not to be confused with the Cebuano-language version of the Philippine national anthem also called \"Yutang Tabonon\"Yutang Tabonon (Beloved Land) is a Catholic hymn in the Cebuano language, praying for protection of the Filipino people.The music is Charles Gounod's Marche Pontificale (1869); which is also the music of the Pontifical Anthem, the official anthem of the Pope and of the Holy See. The lyrics were written by Monsignor Rudy Villanueva." ]

[ "Demographics of the United States As of September 12, 2015, the United States has a total resident population of 321,729,000, making it the third most populous country in the world. It is very urbanized, with 81% residing in cities and suburbs as of 2014 (the worldwide urban rate is 54%). California and Texas are the most populous states, as the mean center of U.S. population has consistently shifted westward and southward.", "List of U.S. states by population density This article includes a sortable table listing the 50 United States by population density, population rank, and land area.It also includes a sortable table of Density by states, divisions, regions and territories by population rank and land area, and a sortable table for Density by states, divisions, regions and territories in square miles and square kilometers.Population density is calculated as resident population divided by total land area.", "List of United States cities by population density The following is a list of incorporated places in the United States with a population density of over 10,000 people per square mile. As defined by the United States Census Bureau, an incorporated place is defined as a place that has a self-governing local government and as such has been \"incorporated\" by the state it is in. Each state has different laws defining how a place can be incorporated and so an \"incorporated place\" as recognized by the U.S.", "List of city districts by population density This is a list of the most densely populated city subdivisions (30,000+ inh./km²) in the world. Most are districts of large cities and may vary significantly in regional importance.", "New Jersey New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state, but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the combined statistical areas of New York City and Philadelphia." ]

[ "Aimeliik Aimeliik is an administrative division of the island country of Palau. It is one of the Republic of Palau's 16 states. It has an area of 52 km² and a population of 270 (census 2005). State capital is the village of Mongami.The island is the location to Palau's largest powerplant. The state is also a short distance from the international airport. In the village of Medorm there is the highest powered short wave radio station in Palau.", "Alma, Colorado The historic Town of Alma is a Statutory Town located in Park County, Colorado, United States. The town population was 270 at the 2010 United States Census.At an elevation of approximately 10,578 feet (3,224 m), it is the highest incorporated municipality in the United States with permanent residents. Alma, which is a town, did not take the title as highest incorporated city from Leadville, Colorado, as is commonly believed. Leadville is still the highest incorporated city in North America.", "Area and population of European countries This is a list of countries and territories in Europe by population density. Unlike the list at List of European countries in order of geographical area, this page includes all entities falling even partially under any of the various common definitions of Europe, geographic or political.The whole of Russia is referred to in the table, although they are only partly in Europe.", "Balsam, North Carolina Balsam is an unincorporated community located in the Scott Creek township of Jackson County, in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Western North Carolina, USA. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 49. There is one United States Post Office in the town. The Zip Code is 28707.Balsam is located near Balsam Gap, a mountain pass between the Great Balsam Mountains and the Plott Balsams, two of the highest ranges in the Appalachian Mountains.", "Bellevue, Washington Bellevue (/ˈbɛlvjuː/ US dict: bĕl′·vyū) is a city in the Eastside region of King County, Washington, United States, across Lake Washington from Seattle. As Seattle's largest suburb, Bellevue has variously been characterized as an edge city, a boomburb, or satellite city. The city had a population of 122,363 at the 2010 census.Prior to 2008, downtown Bellevue underwent rapid change, with many high rise projects under construction, and was relatively unaffected by the economic downturn.", "Bergen (village), New York Bergen (/ˈbɜrdʒən/ BUR-jən) is a village in Genesee County, New York, United States. The population was 1,240 at the 2000 census.The village lies on the eastern edge of the Town of Bergen. The village is north of the junction of Routes 19 and 33.", "Berkeley Lake, Georgia Berkeley Lake is a city in Gwinnett County, Georgia, United States. From its 1956 origins as a summer retreat, Berkeley Lake has grown into a thriving community centered on its 88-acre (360,000 m2) namesake lake. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 1,574.", "Briarcliff Manor, New York Briarcliff Manor /ˈbraɪərklɪf/ is a suburban village in Westchester County, New York, around 30 miles (50 km) north of New York City. It is on 5.9 square miles (15 km2) of land on the east bank of the Hudson River, geographically shared by the towns of Mount Pleasant and Ossining. Briarcliff Manor includes the communities of Scarborough and Chilmark, and is served by the Scarborough station of the Metro-North Railroad's Hudson Line.", "Catalina Foothills, Arizona Catalina Foothills is an upscale, high-income census-designated place (CDP) located north of Tucson in Pima County, Arizona, United States. Situated in the southern foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains, Catalina Foothills had a population of 50,796 at the 2010 census. Catalina Foothills is one of the most affluent communities in Arizona and the U.S., with the 6th highest per capita income in Arizona, and the 14th highest per capita income in the U.S.", "Central High School (Phoenix, Arizona) Central High School is a high school in the Phoenix Union High School District, Phoenix, Arizona, USA. The campus is located at 4525 North Central Avenue, just north of downtown. Central’s enrollment is 2,370 students. Over 60 percent of the population is Hispanic. Central also has the highest percentage of Anglo students in the district, as well as the highest percentage of Native Americans. Central also is noted for its substantial refugee population, one of the largest in the state.", "Cohocton (village), New York Cohocton is a village in Steuben County, New York, United States. The population was 854 at the 2000 census. The name is derived from an Iroquois phrase for \"log in the water.\"The Village of Cohocton is in the southeast part of the Town of Cohocton, and is northwest of Bath, New York.", "Cornwall, New York Cornwall is a town in Orange County, New York, USA. As of the 2010 census, the population was at 12,646. Located about 50 miles north of New York City on the western shore of the Hudson River, Cornwall has become a bedroom community for New York City. Commuter rail service is available via the Salisbury Mills-Cornwall train station, operated by NJ Transit, and several other nearby stations on Metro North Railroad.", "Demographics of Liberia The demographics of Liberia are examined on this page, including Liberia's population density, ethnic groups, education level, population health, economic status, religious affiliations and other demographic information.As of 2006, Liberia has the highest population growth rate in the world (4.50% per annum). 43.5% of Liberians were below the age of 15 in 2010.With recent civil wars being fought along ethnic lines, Liberia is a multiethnic and multicultural country.", "Demographics of Puerto Rico This article is about the demographic features of the population of Puerto Rico, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.The population of Puerto Rico has been shaped by Amerindian settlement, European colonization, slavery& economic migration.", "Demographics of Rwanda This article is about the demographic features of the population of Rwanda, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.Rwanda's population density, even after the 1994 genocide, is among the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa at 230 inhabitants per square kilometre (600/sq mi). This country has few villages, and nearly every family lives in a self-contained compound on a hillside.", "Demographics of Santa Maria, Bulacan Demographics of Santa Maria are records of human population in the municipality, including its population density, ethnicity, education level, health, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population. Santa Maria has a population growth rate of 2.08%, one of the highest in Bulacan. According to the 2010 Census, the population of the municipality was 218,351 inhabitants in 48,946 households.", "Demographics of Slovenia This article is about the demographic features of the population of Slovenia, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.With 101 inhabitants per square kilometre (262/sq mi), Slovenia ranks low among the European countries in population density (compared to 402/km² (1042/sq mi) for the Netherlands or 195/km² (505/sq mi) for Italy).", "Demography of Scotland The demography of Scotland includes all aspects of population, past and present, in the area that is now Scotland. Scotland has a population of 5,295,000 (first results of 2011 Census). The population growth rate in 2011 was estimated as 0.6% per annum according to the 2011 GROS Annual Review.Covering an area of 78,782 square kilometres (30,418 sq mi), Scotland has a population density of 67.2/km2 (174/sq mi).", "Demography of the United Kingdom The UK population is considered an example of a population which has undergone the 'demographic transition' - that is, the transition from a (typically) pre-industrial population with high birth and mortality rates and only slow population growth, through a stage of falling mortality and faster rates of population growth, to a stage of low birth and mortality rates with, again, lower rates of population growth.", "Denning, New York Denning is an isolated town in Ulster County, New York, USA. The population was 551 at the 2010 census. The town is named after an early landowner, William Denning. Denning is located in the western part of the county, deep inside the Catskill Mountains. The location of the town in the Catskill State Park accounts in part for its low population.", "Dili District Dili is the name of one of the 13 districts of Timor-Leste, which includes the national capital Dili. It has a population of 245,873 (2011), most of whom live in the capital city. The district has an area of 368.12 km2. The district continued the same name as the council had in Portuguese Timor.Dili is the smallest district in East Timor, but it has the highest population. It lies on the north coast of the island of Timor on the Savu Sea.", "Environment of Brazil The environment of Brazil is characterised by high biodiversity with a population density that decreases away from the coast.Brazil's large area comprises different ecosystems, which together sustain some of the world's greatest biodiversity.", "Esmeralda County, Nevada Esmeralda County is a county in the west of U.S. state of Nevada. As of the 2010 census, the population was 783, making it the least populous county in Nevada. Esmeralda County has no incorporated communities. Its county seat is the Census Designated Place of Goldfield.Its 2000 census population density of 0.2706 inhabitants per square mile (0.1045/km2) was the second-lowest of any county in the contiguous United States (above Loving County, Texas).", "Gilbert, Arizona Gilbert is a town in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States, located southeast of Phoenix, within the Phoenix metropolitan area. Once known as the \"Hay Shipping Capital of the World\", Gilbert is currently the most populous incorporated town in the United States. Gilbert encompasses 76 square miles (197 km2) and has made a rapid transformation from an agriculture-based community to an economically diverse suburban center located in the southeast valley of the Phoenix metropolitan area.", "Girl Scout Senior Roundup There have been several Girl Scout Senior Roundups held by the Girl Scouts of the USA, gatherings meant to show off the best of Girl Scouting. Girl Guides and Girl Scouts from other countries were invited to attend as well.", "Harju, Helsinki Harju (Swedish: Ås) is a quarter of Helsinki, Finland. It is located northeast from the city centre, part of Alppiharju neighbourhood, between the quarters of Alppila, Torkkelinmäki, Linjat and neighbourhoods Sörnäinen and Vallila. Harju has a population of 7,237 (as of 1 January 2005) and an area of 0.27 km².Harju has the highest population density per km² in Finland, along with the neighboring Torkkelinmäki quarter. Apartments in Harju are usually very small, single-person flats.", "Hillsborough, California Hillsborough is an incorporated town in San Mateo County, California, in the San Francisco Bay Area. Hillsborough is one of the wealthiest communities in America and has the highest income of places in the United States with populations of at least 10,000. It is located 17 miles (27 km) south of San Francisco on the San Francisco Peninsula, bordered by Burlingame to the north, San Mateo to the east, Highlands-Baywood Park to the south, and Interstate 280 to the west.", "Hudson, New York Hudson is a city located along the west border of Columbia County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 6,713. The city is named after the adjacent Hudson River and ultimately after the explorer Henry Hudson.Hudson is the county seat of Columbia County. Hudson is sister city with Pallisa, Uganda.", "Human population control Human population control is the practice of artificially altering the rate of growth of a human population. Historically human population control has been implemented with the goal of increasing the rate of population growth. In the period from the 1950s to the 1980s, concerns about global population growth and its effects on poverty, environmental degradation and political stability led to efforts to reduce population growth rates.", "Incarceration in the United States Incarceration in the United States is one of the main forms of punishment, rehabilitation, or both for the commission of felony and other offenses. The United States has the largest prison population in the world, and the second-highest per-capita incarceration rate, behind Seychelles (which in 2014 had a total prison population of 735 out of a population of around 92,000). In 2013 in the USA, there were 698 people incarcerated per 100,000 population. This is the U.S.", "Johnson County, Kansas Johnson County (county code JO) is a county located in the U.S. state of Kansas. As of the 2010 census, the county population was 544,179, making it the most populous county in Kansas. Its county seat is Olathe, and its most populous city is Overland Park.Johnson County is included in the Kansas City, MO-KS Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county contains many of Kansas City's affluent southwestern suburbs.", "Kanpetlet Kanpetlet (Burmese: ကန်ပက်လက်မြို့) is a town in the Chin State of West Myanmar and the home of the Kanpetlet Township administration body. It is known for Mt. Victoria, the highest peak in the Chin Hills and one of the highest in Western Myanmar, and Natmataung National Park, home of some of the world's rarest bird species.Under British rule Kanpetlet was one of the two districts in the Chin Hills.", "List of African countries by population density This is a list of African countries and dependencies by population density in inhabitants/km². Saint Helena, being closest to Africa, has been included.", "List of Brazilian states by population density Population density is a ratio of the average number of inhabitants per square kilometre. It is worked out by simply dividing the population by the area of the Federative Units. Brazil has an overall population density of 20.5 inhabitants per square kilometer. The figures are based on 2014 IBGE estimative data data.", "List of Chinese administrative divisions by population density This articles lists of the first-level administrative divisions of People's Republic of China (P.R.C.), including all provinces, autonomous regions, special administrative regions, and municipalities, in order of their population density at the census of 2010.The nation’s overall population density was 139 persons per square kilometer in 2010.The most densely populated provinces are in the east: Jiangsu (767 persons per square kilometer), Shandong (611 persons per square kilometer), Guangdong (580 persons per square kilometer), and Henan (568 persons per square kilometer).", "List of European Union cities proper by population density This is a list of the European cities with the highest population density. The population, population density, and land area for the cities listed are based on the entire city proper, the defined boundary or border of a city or the city limits of the city. The population density of the cities listed is based on the average amount of people living per square mile or per square kilometer.", "List of Mexican states by population density This is a list of Mexican States by population density. Population density is calculated as the ratio of resident population divided by total land area.", "List of South African provinces by population density Since the election of 27 April 1994, South Africa has been divided into nine provinces. They vary widely in population density, from the highly urbanized Gauteng with nearly 700 people per square kilometre, to the mostly-desert Northern Cape with less than four people per square kilometre. The following table shows the provincial population density according to the 2011 National Census.", "List of U.S. states by African-American population The following is a sortable table of U.S. states by the African American proportion of the population.", "List of U.S. states by elevation The elevation of U.S. states may be described in several ways. These include: the elevation of their highest point; the elevation of their lowest point and the difference between (range of) their highest points and lowest points.The following list is a comparison of elevation absolutes in the United States.", "List of Welsh principal areas by population density This is a List of Welsh principal areas by population density in the 2011 UK census.", "List of cantons of Luxembourg by population density This is a list of cantons of Luxembourg by population density.", "List of cities by population density This is a list of the cities worldwide that have the highest population density. The population, population density, and land area for the cities listed are based on the entire city proper, the defined boundary or border of a city, or the city limits of the city. The population density of the cities listed is based on the average number of people living per square mile or per square kilometre.", "List of communes of Luxembourg by population density This is a list of communes of Luxembourg by population density. Cities are given in italics.", "List of countries by real population density based on food growing capacity List of countries ordered by physiological density.This list adopts definitions of \"country\" on a case by case basis. The \"United Kingdom\" is considered as a single \"sovereign state\" while the \"constituent countries\" of the \"Netherlands\" are regarded separately.", "List of districts of Taipei by population density The following is a list of districts of Taipei City ranked by population density. The data was from the Taipei City Government until August 15th, 2006.", "List of island countries This is a list of island countries. An island is a land mass (smaller than a continent) that is surrounded by water. Many island countries are spread over an archipelago, as is the case with the Federated States of Micronesia and the Philippines (which consists of thousands of islands). Others consist of a single island, such as Nauru, or part of an island, such as Haiti. Although Australia is designated as a continent, it is often referred to as an island, as it has no land borders.", "List of island countries by population density This is a list of island countries by population density across all islands:", "List of islands by population density The following is a list of islands, sorted by population density.", "List of sovereign states and dependent territories by population density This is a list of countries and dependencies ranked by human population density and measured by the number of human inhabitants per square kilometer or square mile.", "List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America by population density Sources: Wikipedia (List of countries and dependencies by population density)", "Lower Makefield Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania Lower Makefield Township is a township in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, USA and usually referred to as \"Yardley\" due to the prominence of Yardley Borough in that area.", "Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania Lower Merion Township is a township in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania and part of the Pennsylvania Main Line. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, the township had a total population of 57,825. Lower Merion has the 5th highest per-capita income and the 12th highest median household income in the country with a population of 50,000 or more.The name Merion originates with the county of Merioneth in north Wales.", "Margaretville, New York Margaretville is a village in Delaware County, New York, United States. The population was 596 at the 2010 census.The Village of Margaretville is in the Town of Middletown. The village is on the border of the Catskill Park. Margaretville is located at 42°8′51″N 74°39′4″W (42.147496, -74.651090). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.7 square miles (1.8 km2), all of it land.Margaretville was the hometown of Dr.", "Medina, New York Medina is a village in the towns of Shelby and Ridgeway in Orleans County, New York, United States. The population was 6,065 at the 2010 census, making it the most populous municipality in the county. The village was named by its surveyor. It is part of the Rochester Metropolitan Statistical Area.It developed from a stopover on the Erie Canal, which bends as it passes through the village, creating a basin that served as a stopover point.", "Middletown, Orange County, New York Middletown is a city in Orange County, New York, United States. It lies in New York's Hudson Valley region, near the Wallkill River and the foothills of the Shawangunk Mountains. Middletown is situated between Port Jervis and Newburgh, New York. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city's population was 28,086, reflecting an increase of 2,698 from the 25,388 counted in the 2000 Census. The zip code is 10940.", "Millbrook, New York Millbrook is a village in Dutchess County, New York, United States. It is located on the same side of the Hudson River as Poughkeepsie, Hopewell Junction, East Fishkill, and Wappingers Falls. It is most commonly referred to as the low-key version of the Hamptons and is one of the most affluent towns in New York State. As of the 2010 Census, Millbrook's population was 1,452. Millbrook is located in the Hudson Valley, an hour and thirty minute drive upstate of New York City.", "Miss California Teen USA The Miss California Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of California in the Miss Teen USA pageant. This pageant is part of the Miss Universe Organization, owned by Donald Trump.Historically, California is the sixth most successful state at Miss Teen USA. It has also had the fifth highest number of placements (semi-finalist and above).The most successful Miss California Teen USA was Shauna Gambill, who won the Miss Teen USA crown in 1994.", "Miss Connecticut Teen USA The Miss Connecticut Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Connecticut in the Miss Teen USA pageant. This pageant is directed Pageant Associates as of June, 2010.Connecticut has been one of the least successful states at Miss Teen USA. In 2002, Ashley Bickford's placement followed the 4th runner-up placement of Miss Connecticut USA Alita Dawson, who had previously been Miss Connecticut Teen USA 1997.", "Miss Georgia Teen USA The Miss Georgia Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Georgia in the Miss Teen USA pageant. This pageant is directed Greenwood Productions. The pageant is hosted by the Cartersville-Bartow County Convention & Visitors Bureau and is held at Cartersville's Woodland Performing Arts Theatre.Georgia is the third most successful state at Miss Teen USA [1], and has had the second highest number of semifinalist placings (or better) [2].", "Miss Nebraska USA The Miss Nebraska USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state Nebraska in the Miss USA pageant.In 2002, Nebraska joined the Vanbros group of state pageants for the Miss USA and Teen USA system. Nebraska is one of the least successful states at Miss USA, having only placed 10 times. They were most successful in the 1950s, placing 6 times, with three runner up placements. Their highest placement was in 1955 which was 2nd runner up.", "Miss North Dakota USA The Miss North Dakota USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of North Dakota in the Miss USA pageant.North Dakota has had only four placements and has never won the Miss USA crown. Their highest placement was in 2014 when Audra Mari placed 1st runner-up to Nia Sanchez of Nevada. This marks North Dakota's first and highest placement since Juliette Spier reached Top 6 in 1996.", "Miss Ohio Teen USA The Miss Ohio Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Ohio in the Miss Teen USA pageant.Ohio is one of the least successful states at Miss Teen USA, and has only placed four times. Most importantly, Allie LaForce won the Miss Teen USA crown in 2005, Ohio's first placement since 1993. The state has won one special award, Miss Congeniality in 1997. Ohio was one of the last ten states to make their first placement.", "Miss Oregon USA The Miss Oregon USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Oregon in the Miss USA pageant.Oregon has only had limited success at Miss USA and has never won the competition. The highest placed Miss Oregon USA was Gail Atchison who finished 2nd runner-up to Barbara Peterson in 1976. The most recent finalist was Jennifer Murphy in 2004.", "Miss South Dakota Teen USA The Miss South Dakota Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of South Dakota in the Miss Teen USA pageant. The pageant is directed by Future Productions.South Dakota is one of the least successful states at Miss Teen USA, having only placed twice. Their highest placement was in 1986, when Valarie Marsden placed 4th runner-up to Allison Brown of Oklahoma.", "Miss Tennessee Teen USA The Miss Tennessee Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state Tennessee in the Miss Teen USA pageant.Tennessee is among the most successful states at Miss Teen USA in terms of number and value of placements [1]. In the 1990s, they were placed first [2]. They have the third (equal) highest number of semi-finalist (or better) placings and are one of only five states to have received more than three awards [3].", "Miss Washington Teen USA The Miss Washington Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Washington in the Miss Teen USA pageant.Washington is one of the more successful states at Miss Teen USA, having placed on seven occasions. Their highest placement came in 1985, when Dru Homer placed 2nd runner-up to Kelly Hu of Hawaii. Their most successful decades have been the 1980s and 2000s.", "Mobile City, Texas Mobile City is a city in Rockwall County, Texas, United States on the outskirts of Rockwall. The population was 196 at the 2000 census. It currently has the highest population density for any city in Texas, and is the only Texas city that is on the highest population densities of American cities list. It currently ranks 74th on the list, and has the lowest population for any city on that list.", "New Paltz, New York New Paltz (/ˈnʲuː ˌpɔːlts/; locally: [ˈnupʰɔəɫz]) is a town in Ulster County, New York, USA. The population was 14,003 at the 2010 census. The town is located in the southeastern part of the county and is south of Kingston, New York. New Paltz contains a village also with the name New Paltz.", "Ngatpang Ngatpang is one of Palau's sixteen states. It comprises an area of around 47 square kilometers in the west of Palau's largest island, Babeldaob, facing onto Ngeremeduu Bay. The state capital is Oikuul. It has a population of 464, making it Palau's 5th largest state in population.", "Nowe Skalmierzyce Nowe Skalmierzyce [ˈnɔvɛ skalmʲɛˈʐɨt͡sɛ] (German: Neu Skalmierschütz) is a town and its surrounding municipality in Ostrów Wielkopolski County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. The town has a population of 5,093 (2006 est.), while the municipality, Gmina Nowe Skalmierzyce, which is a mixed urban-rural gmina that includes the town, has a population of 15,191.", "Obesity in the United States Obesity in the United States has been increasingly cited as a major health issue in recent decades. While many industrialized countries have experienced similar increases, obesity rates in the United States are among the highest in the world.Obesity has continued to grow within the United States. Two out of every three Americans are considered to be overweight or obese. During the early 21st century, America often contained the highest percentage of obese people in the world.", "Perry North (Pittsburgh) Perry North (also known as Observatory Hill) is a neighborhood in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA's north city area. It lies within zip codes 15212 and 15214, and has representation on Pittsburgh City Council by the council member for District 1 (North Neighborhoods). The highest elevation in Pittsburgh is 1,370 feet at the Brashear Reservoir at the top of Observatory Hill. The Pittsburgh Bureau of fire houses 34 Engine in Perry North.Observatory Hill was originally part of Allegheny City.", "Philmont, New York Philmont is a village in Columbia County, New York, United States. The population was 1,379 at the 2010 census. The village is located in the northeast part of the town of Claverack on New York State Route 217.", "Physiological density The physiological density or real population density is the number of people per unit area of arable land.A higher physiological density suggests that the available agricultural land is being used by more and may reach its output limit sooner than a country that has a lower physiological density.", "Plano, Texas Plano (/ˈpleɪnoʊ/ PLAY-noh) is a city in the state of Texas, located mostly within Collin County; a small portion extends into Denton County.The city's population was 269,776 at the 2010 census, making it the ninth most populous city in the state of Texas (Corpus Christi is ranked at #8 and Laredo is ranked at #10) and the 70th most populous city in the United States. Plano is twenty miles northeast of downtown Dallas.", "Poplar Hills, Kentucky Poplar Hills is a neighborhood of Louisville, Kentucky, United States. It is part of Louisville Metro government but separately incorporated as a 6th-class city. It is the only incorporated municipality in Kentucky with a majority African-American population. The population was 396 at the time of the year 2000 U.S. Census. It currently has the highest population density for any city in Kentucky, and is the only Kentucky city that is on the highest population densities of American cities list.", "Population density Population density (in agriculture : standing stock and standing crop) is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume; it is a quantity of type number density. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and particularly to humans. It is a key geographic term.Lists of population density of different countries are below. Lists of other population densities are in See also section.", "Population ecology Population ecology or autoecology is a sub-field of ecology that deals with the dynamics of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment. It is the study of how the population sizes of species groups change over time and space.The development of population ecology owes much to demography and actuarial life tables.", "Santo António, Macau Freguesia de Santo António is a freguesia on the western portion of the Macau Peninsula. It has the highest population density in Macau (98,776 persons per km²). The entire area is reclaimed from the sea.It is north of Freguesia da Sé, south of Freguesia de N. Sra. de Fátima, west of Freguesia de S. Lázaro, and east of Inner Harbour.Population statistics as of 2006: Area: 1.1.", "Springboro, Ohio Springboro is a city in Montgomery and Warren counties in the U.S. state of Ohio. An affluent suburb of Cincinnati and Dayton, it is in Warren County's Clearcreek and Franklin Townships and Montgomery County's Miami Township. The city is part of the Miami Valley. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 17,409.", "Stanton Township, Michigan Stanton Township is a civil township of Houghton County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,268 at the 2000 census. Stanton Township has the distinction of having, at 47%, the highest concentration of people with Finnish ancestry of any place in the United States.", "Taos Ski Valley, New Mexico Taos Ski Valley is a village and alpine ski resort in Taos County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 69 at the 2010 census. Until March 19, 2008, it was one of four ski resorts in America to prohibit snowboarding.", "Tech Valley Tech Valley is a marketing name for the eastern part of the U.S. state of New York. It includes the Hudson Valley and Capital District. Originated in 1998 to promote the greater Albany area as a high-tech competitor to regions such as Silicon Valley, it has since grown to represent the counties in New York between IBM's Westchester County plants in the south and the Canadian border to north.", "United States incarceration rate In October 2013, the incarceration rate of the United States of America was the highest in the world, at 716 per 100,000 of the national population. While the United States represents about 4.4 percent of the world's population, it houses around 22 percent of the world's prisoners. Corrections (which includes prisons, jails, probation, and parole) cost around $74 billion in 2007 according to the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics.", "Wallace County, Kansas Wallace County (standard abbreviation: WA) is a county located in the U.S. state of Kansas. As of the 2010 census, the county population was 1,485, making it the second-least populous county in Kansas. Its county seat is Sharon Springs. The county was created in 1868 and named in honor of Brigadier general W.H.L. Wallace who was a veteran of the Mexican-American War and a casualty of the Battle of Shiloh.Wallace County has the second lowest population of any county in Kansas.", "West Melbourne, Florida West Melbourne is a city in Brevard County, Florida, United States. It was created in 1959 to stop the area from being annexed into the City of Melbourne. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 18,355, reflecting an increase of 8,531 from the 9,824 counted in the 2000 Census. In 1970, the city's population was approximately 3,050. Since 2000, the city has experienced the highest population growth percentage of any municipality in Brevard County." ]

[ "Bayside, Virginia Beach, Virginia Bayside is one of the seven original boroughs created with the city of Virginia Beach, Virginia was formed in 1963.REDIRECT Template:Unreliable source? Bayside lies in northern Virginia Beach in the vicinity of the intersection of U.S. Route 13 and U.S. Route 60. To the west of Bayside is the Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek.↑", "Bayside High School (Virginia Beach, Virginia) Bayside High School is a public high school located in Virginia Beach, Virginia.The school is one of several magnet programs in Virginia Beach. Its feature is the Health Sciences Academy; students throughout the city interested in a health sciences education can apply. The school has a written agreement with Eastern Virginia Medical School regarding preferential admissions for Academy graduates.Bayside is in the top three in Standards of Learning (SOL) scores within the school district.", "Croatan Beach, Virginia Croatan Beach is an residential neighborhood in the independent city of Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA. It is located on the Atlantic Ocean south of Rudee Inlet and north of Camp Pendleton near the Virginia Beach oceanfront. It is situated in a prime location once planned as a religious and educational resort that was to be called Chautauqua-By-The-Sea. In addition to the Atlantic Ocean, the community is on the shores of Lake Wesley and Lake Christine.", "Culture in Virginia Beach The city of Virginia Beach, Virginia is home to several points of interest in the historical, scientific, and performing arts areas, and has become a popular tourist destination in recent years.", "History of Virginia Beach The history of Virginia Beach, Virginia, goes back to the Native Americans who lived in the area for thousands of years before the English colonists landed at Cape Henry in April 1607 and established their first permanent settlement at Jamestown a few weeks later.", "Lago Mar, Virginia Beach, Virginia Lago Mar (sometimes spelled Lagomar or LagoMar) is a neighborhood on the north end of the Currituck Sound in the Princess Anne area of southeastern Virginia Beach, Virginia, United States. The name translated from Spanish to English means \"lake\" and \"ocean\". It is derived from its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and Lake Tecumseh (originally known as \"Salt Pond\" and later \"Brinson's Inlet Lake\"), as well as from the neighboring community of Ocean Lakes.", "List of beaches in the United States The following is list of beaches in the states and unincorporated territories of the United States.", "List of cities in Virginia This is a complete list of cities in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States.Since 1871, all cities in Virginia have been independent cities, which are administratively independent of any county. As of 2014, there are 38 independent cities, which are considered county-equivalents for census purposes. Many towns are as large as cities, but are not incorporated as cities and are situated within a parent county or counties.", "List of mayors of Virginia Beach, Virginia These are the people who have served as the mayors of Virginia Beach, Virginia.", "Lynnwood, Virginia Beach, Virginia Lynnwood is a development in the Little Neck neighborhood of the independent city of Virginia Beach, Virginia in the United States of America.", "Neptune Festival The Neptune Festival is an annual festival in Virginia Beach, Virginia. It was created by Virginia Beach Chamber of Commerce President and RK Chevrolet founder Richard Kline (businessman) in 1973, to celebrate the heritage of the city.The Virginian-Pilot Beacon reported attendance of about 50,000 people at the first festival, with seafood selling out before the festival ended.", "Princess Anne, Virginia Princess Anne is a community located in the independent city of Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA at the junction of Princess Anne Road and North Landing Road near the West Neck River.", "Pungo, Virginia Pungo is a rural community located in the southern part of the independent city of Virginia Beach, Virginia and was one of the seven original boroughs when the City of Virginia Beach was created in 1963. The area derives its name from a local Indian tribe, the Machipungo, a branch of the Chesapeake tribe. It was named for a local Indian chief, Machiopungo.", "Salem, Virginia Beach, Virginia Salem is a residential area of Virginia Beach, Virginia located in the southern part of the independent city. The Virginia Beach Sportsplex stadium is located within the community. It is a three-level steel and concrete structure, formerly home to the Virginia Beach Mariners professional soccer team.", "Sandbridge, Virginia Beach, Virginia Sandbridge, in the U.S. state of Virginia, is a coastal community of Virginia Beach, located along the coastline on the Currituck Banks Peninsula at the northern end of the Outer Banks. The Atlantic Ocean is to the east, the Back Bay of the Currituck Sound is to the west, and the Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge and False Cape State Park lie to the south. To the north, Sandbridge borders the U.S. Navy's Dam Neck facility.", "Sandbridge Beach Sandbridge Beach is in the southern part of the city of Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA. The length of the beach is about 4.5 miles (7.2 kilometres) North to South. Its location is like that of the Outer Banks of North Carolina, with the Back Bay of the Currituck Sound to the west and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Because of this, it is often referred to as \"The Outer Banks of Virginia\".", "Sigma, Virginia Sigma is a small community near Sandbridge in the independent city of Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA. Sigma lies just south of Lago Mar on Ashville Bridge Creek along Sandbridge Road at its intersection with New Bridge Road.The Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge has its administrative building on Sandbridge Road, and there is a large native garden of American Lotus across the street on an inlet of the Currituck Sound.", "Tallwood High School Tallwood High School is a secondary school located in southwest Virginia Beach, Virginia. Tallwood was built on the site of an old colonial plantation whose manor house was Tallwood, hence the name of the school. Tallwood was remodeled during 2004-2005.The school's most remarkable feature is the Global Studies and World Languages Academy; one of several magnet programs in Virginia Beach.", "Thalia, Virginia Thalia is a residential neighborhood in the northeastern area of the independent city of Virginia Beach in the Hampton Roads region of Virginia.", "Virginia Virginia (U.S.: /vərˈdʒɪnjə/ vər-JIN-yə, U.K.: /vərˈdʒɪniə/ vər-JIN-ee-ə), officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a U.S. state located in the South Atlantic region of the United States. Virginia is nicknamed the \"Old Dominion\" due to its status as the first colonial possession established in mainland British America, and \"Mother of Presidents\" because eight U.S. presidents were born there, more than any other state.", "Virginia Beach, Virginia Virginia Beach is an independent city located in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 437,994. In 2013, the population was estimated to be 448,479.", "Virginia Beach Arena Virginia Beach Arena is a proposed multi-purpose entertainment and sports arena in Virginia Beach, Virginia, that will be locally owned and privately financed by United States Management, LLC (USM). The arena will have an approximate size of 500,000 square feet with a seating capacity of 18,000. It would be located adjacent to the Virginia Beach Convention Center on 19th Street, in the vibrant oceanfront Resort Area.", "Virginia Beach City Public Schools Virginia Beach City Public Schools is the branch of the government of the city of Virginia Beach, Virginia responsible for public K-12 education. Like all public school systems in the state, it is legally classified as a school division instead of a school district. Although Virginia school divisions perform the functions of school districts in other U.S.", "Virginia Beach Fire Department The Virginia Beach Fire Department(VBFD) provides fire protection and emergency medical services to the city of Virginia Beach, Virginia. The department protects an area of 249 square miles (640 km2) as well as 59 square miles (150 km2) of inland waterways and 38 miles (61 km) of shoreline.", "Virginia Beach Oceanfront Virginia Beach Oceanfront refers to the three mile (4.8 km) long (27 feet wide) boardwalk area in South East Virginia Beach on the Atlantic Coast. It is located North of the Rudee Inlet Bridge and includes the boardwalk itself, Atlantic Avenue, and Pacific Avenue. Virginia Beach is a resort city, and the Oceanfront is a main tourist attraction. The current version of the boardwalk was first constructed in 1988.", "Virginia Beach Police Department The Virginia Beach Police Department (VBPD) is the primary law enforcement agency servicing 447,489 people within 497.3 square miles (1,288 km2) of jurisdiction within Virginia Beach, VA.", "Virginia State Route 165 Virginia State Route 165 (SR 165) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. The state highway runs 39.75 miles (63.97 km) from U.S. Route 17 Business (US 17 Business) in Chesapeake north to SR 337 in Norfolk. SR 165 is a C-shaped route that connects Chesapeake and Norfolk in the Hampton Roads metropolitan area indirectly via Virginia Beach.", "Virginia locations by per capita income Virginia has the sixth highest per capita income of any state in the United States of America, at $23,975 (2000). Its personal per capita income is $33,671 (2003).", "Westin Virginia Beach Town Center The Westin Virginia Beach Town Center is a 38 story high rise hotel and living residence in Virginia Beach Town Center. The 4 star hotel is the bottom half of the 38 story building and the upper stories are the residents' homes. There are 119 condominiums in the top floors ranging from 900 to 4,000 square feet (370 m2). The building was built throughout 2006 and 2007. Upon completion, it became the tallest building in Virginia, surpassing the James Monroe Building in Richmond.", "Woodhouse House (Virginia Beach, Virginia) Woodhouse House in Virginia Beach, Virginia, also known as Fountain House or Simmons House, was built in 1810 in the Federal architecture style. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007. It is located south of the Virginia Beach Courthouse complex, still surrounded by farm land but facing increasing encroachment by suburban homes.The house is a wood frame two-story structure with a brick American bond chimney with Flemish bond headers and asphalt shingles." ]

[ "Bannered routes of U.S. Route 17 A total of at least twenty-three bannered routes of U.S. Route 17 have existed.", "Bannered routes of U.S. Route 58 Eighteen bannered routes of U.S. Route 58 currently exist in Virginia. In order from west to east they are as follows:", "Buckroe Beach, Hampton, Virginia Buckroe Beach is a neighborhood in the independent city of Hampton, Virginia. It lies just north of Fort Monroe and fronts the mouth of Hampton Roads at the Chesapeake Bay. One of the oldest recreational areas in the state, it was long located in Elizabeth City County near the downtown area of the lost town of Phoebus prior to their consolidation with Hampton in 1952.", "Chesapeake Beach, Virginia Chesapeake Beach, also known as Chic's Beach or Chick's Beach is a stretch of beaches running about two miles from the Lynnhaven Inlet to just west of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel in Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA. What originated as a lookout post during war, the beaches eventually turned to more recreational activities. The area developed in the early 1900s as a beachfront residential community. Chic's was a place where you could pick up limeade and an ice cream.", "Farm Bureau Live Farm Bureau Live at Virginia Beach is a 20,000-seat outdoor concert venue, located in Virginia Beach, Virginia.", "First Colonial High School First Colonial High School is a high school in Virginia Beach, Virginia. It is a part of the Virginia Beach City Public Schools.First Colonial is one of five Virginia Beach high schools ranked in the top 1200 in Newsweek's 2006 ranking of American high schools.", "Floyd E. Kellam High School Floyd E. Kellam High School is a public high school in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Located in the city's southern section, in Princess Anne the school first opened in 1962, named after judge Floyd Eaton Kellam. Kellam High School serves a large portion of the city of Virginia Beach, with the attendance boundary extending south to the North Carolina border.", "Geographic Names Information System The Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) is a database that contains name and locative information about more than two million physical and cultural features located throughout the United States of America and its territories. It is a type of gazetteer.", "Google Street View in the United States The United States was the first country to have Google Street View images and was the only country with images for over a year following introduction of the service on May 25, 2007. Early on, most locations had a limited number of views, usually constrained to the city limits and only including major streets, and they only showed the buildings up to a certain height.", "Hampton Roads Hampton Roads is the name of both a body of water and a metropolitan region in Southeastern Virginia and Northeastern North Carolina, United States.", "History of Virginia The History of Virginia begins with documentation by the first Spanish explorers to reach the area in the 1500s, when it was occupied chiefly by Algonquian, Iroquoian, and Siouan peoples. After a failed English attempt to settle Virginia in the 1580s by Sir Walter Raleigh, permanent European settlement began in Virginia with Jamestown in 1607. The colony was a commercial venture sponsored by London businessmen, who sent individual men to Virginia to look for gold. They did not send families.", "Independent city An independent city or independent town is a city or town that does not form part of another general-purpose local government entity (such as a county).", "Independent city (United States) In the United States, an independent city is a city that does not belong to any particular county.Of the forty-one independent U.S. cities, thirty-eight are in Virginia, whose state constitution makes them a special case. The three exceptions are Baltimore, Maryland; St. Louis, Missouri; and Carson City, Nevada.The U.S. Census Bureau uses counties as its base unit for presentation of statistical information, and treats independent cities as county equivalents for those purposes.", "Interstate 264 (Virginia) Interstate 264 (abbreviated I-264) is an Interstate Highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. It runs from a junction with Interstate 64 and Interstate 664 (Hampton Roads Beltway) near Bowers Hill in Chesapeake east into Portsmouth and through the Downtown Tunnel under the South Branch Elizabeth River into Norfolk.", "James City County, Virginia James City County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 67,009. The county seat is Williamsburg.Located on the Virginia Peninsula, James City County is included in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is often associated with Williamsburg, an independent city, and Jamestown which is within the county.", "Landstown High School Landstown High School Governor's STEM and Technology Academy is a public secondary school located in Virginia Beach, Virginia which first opened in 2001.The school features a Technology Academy, one of several magnet programs in Virginia Beach. Students throughout the city interested in a technology education can apply to learn from three different strands: pre-engineering technology, information technology, and entrepreneurship technology.", "Law of Virginia The law of Virginia consists of several levels, including constitutional, statutory, regulatory, case law, and local law. The Code of Virginia forms the general statutory law.", "List of counties in Virginia The Commonwealth of Virginia is divided into 95 counties, along with 38 independent cities that are considered county-equivalents for census purposes. Note that the map in this article, taken from the official United States Census Bureau site, includes Clifton Forge and Bedford as independent cities. This reflected the political reality at the time of the 2000 Census. However, both have since chosen to \"revert\" to towns.", "List of former counties, cities, and towns of Virginia Former counties, cities, and towns of Virginia are those that existed within the English Colony of Virginia or, after statehood, the Commonwealth of Virginia, and no longer retain the same form within its boundaries. The settlements, towns, and administrative units discussed here ceased to exist in a number of ways. A number of smaller settlements became extinct due to loss of population.", "List of museums in Virginia This list of museums in Virginia, United States, contains museums which are defined for this context as institutions (including nonprofit organizations, government entities, and private businesses) that collect and care for objects of cultural, artistic, scientific, or historical interest and make their collections or related exhibits available for public viewing. Museums that exist only in cyberspace (i.e., virtual museums) are not included.This is a sortable list.", "List of radio stations in Virginia The following is a list of FCC-licensed radio stations in the U.S. state of Virginia which can be sorted by their call signs, frequencies, cities of license, licensees, and programming formats.", "London Bridge, Virginia London Bridge is an unincorporated community within the independent city of Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA. It is located in the area of Great Neck Road and Virginia Beach Boulevard, where Laskin Road begins. London Bridge was a town with its own post office in operation when it was still a part of Princess Anne County prior to the county's consolidation with Virginia Beach by mutual agreement in 1963.", "Meyera Oberndorf Meyera E. Oberndorf (February 10, 1941 – March 13, 2015) was the 23rd mayor of Virginia Beach, Virginia. She was Virginia Beach's longest serving mayor, and she previously served as the city's vice mayor. She was the city's first female mayor and was the first woman elected to public office in the more than 300-year history of Virginia Beach or its predecessor, Princess Anne County.", "National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia Buildings, sites, districts, and objects in Virginia listed on the National Register of Historic Places:As of 000000002015-09-04-0000September 4, 2015, there are 2,937 properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in all 95 Virginia counties and 38 of the 39 independent cities, including 120 National Historic Landmarks and National Historic Landmark Districts, four National Historical Parks, two National Monuments, two National Battlefield Parks, one National Memorial, one National Battlefield and one National Military Park.This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted September 25, 2015.", "National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia Beach, Virginia This list includes properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in the independent city of Virginia Beach, Virginia. Click the \"Map of all coordinates\" link to the right to view a Google map of all properties and districts with latitude and longitude coordinates in the table below.", "Norfolk, Virginia Norfolk (/ˈnɔrfʉk/ NOR-fək, local /ˈnɒfʊk/ NOF-uuk) is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia, United States of America. At the 2010 census, the population was 242,803; in 2013, the population was estimated to be 246,392 making it the second-most populous city in Virginia, behind neighboring Virginia Beach.Norfolk is located at the core of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area, named for the large natural harbor of the same name located at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay.", "Norwegian Lady Statues Norwegian Lady Statues are located in the sister cities of Moss, a coastal town and municipality in the county of Østfold, Norway, and at the Oceanfront (boardwalk) in the coastal resort city of Virginia Beach, Virginia in the United States. They commemorate the lives lost in the 1891 shipwreck of the Norwegian barque Dictator off the coast of Virginia Beach and the lifesaving efforts of the community.", "Pembroke Manor, Virginia Pembroke Manor (also known as Pembroke) is an area in the independent city of Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA located around the intersections of Virginia Beach Boulevard (U.S. Route 58) and Independence Boulevard (State Route 225). The community's name comes from Pembroke Manor, a plantation built in 1764.", "Princess Anne County, Virginia County of Princess Anne is a former county which was created in the British Colony of Virginia and the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States in 1691. The county was merged into the city of Virginia Beach on January 1, 1963.", "Rock 'n' Roll Virginia Beach Half Marathon The Rock 'n' Roll Virginia Beach Half Marathon is an annual half marathon road running event which takes place in Virginia Beach, United States, on the first Sunday of September.The event was inaugurated in 2001 as part of the Rock 'n' Roll Marathon Series which began with the Rock 'n' Roll San Diego Marathon three years earlier. Almost 11,000 people completed the race at the first event, over half of whom were women.", "Salem High School (Virginia Beach, Virginia) See Salem High School (disambiguation) for other high schools with this name.Salem High School is a secondary school located in Virginia Beach, Virginia. The school has a Visual and Performing Arts Academy; one of several magnet programs in Virginia Beach. Students throughout the city interested in these arts can apply. The class of 2008 is the first graduating class to include students from the academy.", "Seatack, Virginia Seatack, Virginia was located in Princess Anne County and is now part of the Oceanfront resort strip and adjacent area of the independent city of Virginia Beach. The Seatack community of Virginia Beach includes an area inland from the resort strip along present-day Virginia Beach Boulevard. Seatack Elementary School is located nearby on Birdneck Road.", "Stephens City, Virginia Stephens City (/ˈstiːvənz/ STEE-vənz) is an incorporated town in the southern part of Frederick County, Virginia, United States, with a population of 1,829 at the time of the 2010 Census.Founded by Peter Stephens in the 1730s, the colonial town was chartered and named for Lewis Stephens in October 1758. It was originally settled by German Protestants from Heidelberg.", "Thomas Murray House (Virginia Beach, Virginia) The Thomas Murray House is a colonial home situated on the Eastern Branch Elizabeth River at Virginia Beach, Virginia. The house was constructed in 1791 by Isaac Murray for his son, Thomas. The house was saved from being demolished in the 1950s and restored to its original elegance. The house features a dated brick on the top of the eastern chimney with the initials \"I.M\" (for Isaac Murray) and the date of \"1791\". The house was built with a central floor plan.", "U.S. Route 58 U.S. Route 58 is an east–west U.S. Highway that runs for 508 miles (818 km) from U.S. Route 25E just northwest of Harrogate, Tennessee to U.S. Route 60 in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Until 1996, when the Cumberland Gap Tunnel opened, US 58 ran only inside the commonwealth of Virginia. It was then extended southwest along a short piece of former US 25E, which no longer enters Virginia, to end at the new alignment in Tennessee.State Route 383 is overlaid on U.S. Route 58 in Tennessee.U.S.", "U.S. Route 60 in Virginia U.S. Route 60 in Virginia runs 303 miles (488 km) west to east through the central part of the state, generally close to and paralleling the Interstate 64 corridor, except for the crossing of the Blue Ridge Mountains, and in the South Hampton Roads area.Between Lexington in the Shenandoah Valley and Richmond, I-64 uses a lower elevation crossing of the Blue Ridge Mountains located about 30 miles (48 km) further north, where it runs parallel to U.S. Route 250 through Rockfish Gap.", "Virginia Beach Airport The Virginia Beach Airport (FAA LID: 42VA) is a private civilian airfield located in Pungo, Virginia, approximately 4 miles (6.4 kilometres) South-East of Virginia Beach, Virginia.It is the home of the Military Aviation Museum, which uses it to maintain, display, and fly vintage and replica warbirds; the aircraft are primarily from the World War II era, but they range from the 1910s to the 1950s.", "Virginia Beach Boulevard Virginia Beach Boulevard is a major connector highway which carries U.S.", "Virginia Beach City FC Virginia Beach City FC is an American professional soccer club based in Virginia Beach, Virginia playing in the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL) in 2014 in the Mid-Atlantic Conference of the Northeast Region.The team plays its home games at The Virginia Beach Sportsplex. The team colors are black, blue, and white.", "Virginia Beach Mariners The Virginia Beach Mariners were an American soccer club, who formerly played in the USL First Division of the United Soccer Leagues, the second division in the US Soccer hierarchy behind Major League Soccer.", "Virginia Beach Public Library System Virginia Beach Public Library (VBPL), located in Virginia Beach, Virginia is a comprehensive library system serving Virginia Beach,an independent city with a population of 450,00 in the Hampton Roads metropolitan area of Virginia. The library supports the educational and leisure needs of citizens with a system of area libraries, a bookmobile, a virtual library, the Wahab Public Law Library, the Municipal Reference Library, and the Special Services for the Blind and Visually Handicapped.", "Virginia Beach Sportsplex The Virginia Beach Sportsplex is a sports complex in Virginia Beach, Virginia. The name is most commonly attached to the main stadium within the complex, which opened in 1999. It has a permanent seating capacity of 6,000, on two decks of seating, though it can be expanded upwards to 17,000 for American football games. It was the first soccer-specific stadium built from the ground up in the United States. It is named after Harold Heischober, former mayor and city councilman of Virginia Beach.", "Virginia Beach Theological Seminary The Virginia Beach Theological Seminary is a non-profit theological seminary in the coastal Virginia region of Hampton Roads, offering graduate degrees.Founded in 1995 as Central Baptist Theological Seminary of Virginia Beach, VBTS recently underwent rebranding and a name change.The mission of Virginia Beach Theological Seminary is \"to contribute positively to the larger body of Christ through the preparation of humble servant-scholars who can rightly divide the authoritative, infallible, inerrant Word of God, and passionately articulate the gospel of the grace of God.\"Virginia Beach Theological Seminary has five full-time and two part-time faculty. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Beach_Theological_Seminary?oldid=654957451> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Cherokee_National_Jail> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> The Cherokee National Jail or Cherokee National Penitentiary was built in 1874 as part of a governmental complex for the Cherokee Nation in Tahlequah, Oklahoma. It served the Cherokee Nation until it was sold to Cherokee County, Oklahoma, which used it as a jail into the 1970s.The prison, as built in 1874 for $6000, was a two-story building with a basement. The sandstone structure measures 48 feet (15 m) by 35 feet (11 m). The second floor has been removed and replaced with a flat roof.", "Virginia City (film) Virginia City is a 1940 American Western film directed by Michael Curtiz and starring Errol Flynn, Miriam Hopkins, Randolph Scott, and a mustachioed Humphrey Bogart in the role of the real-life outlaw John Murrell. Based on a screenplay by Robert Buckner, the film is about a Union officer who escapes from a Confederate prison and is sent to Virginia City from where his former prison commander is planning to send five million dollars in gold to Virginia to save the Confederacy.", "Virginia Key Virginia Key is a 863-acre (3.49 km2) barrier island in Miami, Florida, United States in Biscayne Bay, south of Brickell and north of Key Biscayne. It accessible from the mainland via the Rickenbacker Causeway.The island is mainly occupied by the Virginia Key Beach Park, Miami Seaquarium, and the University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science.", "Virginia State Route 225 Virginia State Route 225 (SR 225) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. Known as Independence Boulevard, the state highway runs 5.40 miles (8.69 km) from South Boulevard north to U.S. Route 60 (US 60) within the independent city of Virginia Beach. SR 225 connects Interstate 264 (I-264) with US 58 in the Pembroke Manor area of the city and with US 13 near Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek and the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel.", "Virginia statistical areas The statistical areas of the United States of America comprise the metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), the micropolitan statistical areas (μSAs), and the combined statistical areas (CSAs) currently defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB).Most recently on December 1, 2009, the Office of Management and Budget defined 1067 statistical areas for the United States, including 2 combined statistical areas, 11 metropolitan statistical areas, and 4 micropolitan statistical areas in the Commonwealth of Virginia.", "Will Sessoms William Douglas \"Will\" Sessoms, Jr. (c. 1954) is mayor of Virginia Beach, Virginia (2008-) as well as president and CEO (2011-) of Towne Financial Services Group, a division of TowneBank of Hampton Roads, Virginia. Sessoms previously served as councilman (1988–2002) and vice mayor of Virginia Beach (1992–2002). He declined to run for re-election as Vice Mayor in 2002. Sessoms served previously as president and director of the Virginia Beach region at TowneBank (2005-2011)." ]

[ "Bronx–Whitestone Bridge The Bronx–Whitestone Bridge (colloquially referred to as the Whitestone Bridge or simply the Whitestone) is a suspension bridge in New York City that crosses the East River and connects the boroughs of Queens on Long Island, and the Bronx on the United States mainland via Interstate 678.", "Brooklyn Bridge The Brooklyn Bridge is a hybrid cable-stayed/suspension bridge in New York City and is one of the oldest bridges of either type in the United States. Completed in 1883, it connects the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn by spanning the East River. It has a main span of 1,595.5 feet (486.3 m), and was the first steel-wire suspension bridge constructed.", "Brooklyn Bridge Park Brooklyn Bridge Park is an 85-acre (34 ha) park on the Brooklyn side of the East River in New York City. The park has revitalized 1.3-mile (2.1 km) of Brooklyn's post-industrial waterfront from Atlantic Avenue in the south, under the Brooklyn Heights Promenade and past the Brooklyn Bridge, to Jay Street north of the Manhattan Bridge. The site includes Brooklyn Piers 1–6, the historic Fulton Ferry Landing, and the preexisting Empire–Fulton Ferry and Main Street Parks.", "East River The East River is a salt water tidal strait in New York City. The waterway, which is actually not a river despite its name, connects Upper New York Bay on its south end to Long Island Sound on its north end. It separates Long Island – including the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn – from the Bronx on the North American mainland, and the island of Manhattan. Because of its connection to Long Island Sound, it was once also known as the Sound River.", "List of ferries across the East River The following ferries cross or once crossed the East River in New York City." ]

[ "Baron of Mauá International Bridge The Baron of Mauá International Bridge (Portuguese: Ponte Internacional Barão de Mauá, Spanish: Puente Internacional Barón de Mauá) is a bridge that crosses the Jaguarão River, linking the cities of Jaguarão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and Río Branco, Uruguay.Built between 1927 and 1930, it was named in honor of Irineu Evangelista de Souza, Baron and Viscount of Mauá, an important businessman and banker who developed activities in both countries during the 19th century.", "Borough (New York City) New York City, in the U.S. state of New York, is composed of five boroughs. They are Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx, and Staten Island. Each borough has the same boundaries as a county of the state.", "Bridge Street Ferry The Bridge Street Ferry was a ferry route connecting Manhattan and Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York City, United States, joining James Slip (Manhattan) and Bridge Street (Brooklyn) across the East River.", "Brooklyn Brooklyn (/ˈbrʊklɨn/) is the most populous of New York City's five boroughs, with a Census-estimated 2,621,793 people in 2014. It is geographically adjacent to the borough of Queens at the western end of Long Island. Since 1896, Brooklyn has had the same boundaries as Kings County, the most populous county in the State of New York and the second-most densely populated county in the United States, after New York County (Manhattan).", "Brooklyn Bridge (Gleizes) Brooklyn Bridge is a 1915 painting by the French artist, theorist and writer Albert Gleizes. The painting was reproduced in a photograph of Gleizes published in The Literary Digest, 27 November 1915 (p. 1225). Brooklyn Bridge was exhibited at the Montross Gallery, New York, 1916 (no. 40) along with works by Jean Crotti, Marcel Duchamp and Jean Metzinger.This is the first in a series of three highly abstract paintings by Gleizes of the Brooklyn Bridge.", "Brooklyn Bridge (album) Brooklyn Bridge is the eponymous debut album from the American band The Brooklyn Bridge. It was released in 1968 by Buddah Records.", "Brooklyn Bridge (film) Brooklyn Bridge is a documentary film on the history of the Brooklyn Bridge. It was produced by Ken Burns, Roger Sherman, Buddy Squires, and Amy Stechler in 1981. The film included interviews with personalities such as writer Arthur Miller. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Documentary Feature. It was narrated by historian David McCullough.", "Brooklyn Bridge trolleys From 1898 to 1950, various companies operated local trolley lines over the Brooklyn Bridge, taking passengers from many points in Brooklyn and Queens, New York City, United States to the Park Row terminal in Lower Manhattan. These lines entered the bridge roadway from Fulton Street or Sands Street in Downtown Brooklyn, some of them using elevated trackage at the Sands Street elevated railway station.", "Brooklyn Bridge – City Hall / Chambers Street (New York City Subway) Brooklyn Bridge – City Hall / Chambers Street is a New York City Subway station complex in Lower Manhattan. The complex is served by trains of the IRT Lexington Avenue Line and the BMT Nassau Street Line. The following services stop at this station: 4, 6, and J trains at all times 5 train at all times except late nights <6> train on weekdays in the peak direction Z skip-stop train during rush hours in the peak direction", "Brooklyn City Railroad The Brooklyn City Railroad (BCRR) was the oldest and one of the largest operators of streetcars (horsecars and later trolleys) in the City of Brooklyn, New York, continuing in that role when Brooklyn became a borough of New York City in 1898.", "Brooklyn Heights Brooklyn Heights is an affluent residential neighborhood within the New York City borough of Brooklyn. Originally referred to as Brooklyn Village, it has been a prominent area of Brooklyn since 1834. The neighborhood is noted for its low-rise architecture and its many brownstone rowhouses, most of them built prior to the Civil War. It also has an abundance of notable churches and other religious institutions.", "Brooklyn Heights Promenade The Brooklyn Heights Promenade (also called the Esplanade), a 1,826-foot (557 m)-long platform and pedestrian walkway cantilevered over Interstate 278 in Brooklyn Heights, Brooklyn, in New York City, United States. With views of Lower Manhattan's skyline and the New York Harbor, it came about as the unplanned byproduct of competing proposals for the highway’s route that were resolved in the midst of World War II; actual construction came after the war.", "Brooklyn and North River Line The Brooklyn and North River Line, operated by the Brooklyn and North River Railroad, was a trolley line in Manhattan and Brooklyn, New York City, United States. Its route ran from the Desbrosses Street Ferry across Lower Manhattan via the Canal Street Crosstown Line, over a pair of tracks on the east side of the Manhattan Bridge, and to the intersection of Flatbush Avenue and Fulton Street in Downtown Brooklyn.", "Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel The Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel, officially known as the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel, is a toll road in New York City which crosses under the East River at its mouth, connecting the Borough of Brooklyn on Long Island with the Borough of Manhattan. The tunnel nearly passes underneath Governors Island, but does not provide vehicular access to the island. It consists of twin tubes, carrying four traffic lanes, and at 9,117 feet (2,779 m) is the longest continuous underwater vehicular tunnel in North America.", "Castleton Bridge The Castleton Bridge is a cantilever truss bridge over the Hudson River, connecting Coeymans, Albany County with Schodack, Rensselaer County in New York. It carries the Berkshire Connector of the New York State Thruway. This bridge is also sometimes called the Castleton-on-Hudson Bridge and is situated in close proximity to the Alfred H.", "Christmas Is... Christmas Is... is a 1989 Christmas EP by Johnny Maestro & the Brooklyn Bridge.", "Clark Street (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line) Clark Street is a station on the IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at Clark Street and Henry Street in Brooklyn Heights, Brooklyn, it is served by the 2 and 3 trains, the latter of which does not stop here during late night hours.Clark Street is geographically the westernmost station in Brooklyn on the Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line. It has one island platform and two tracks.", "Colleges Crossing College's Crossing (also known as Colleges Crossing) is a low level bridge that crosses Brisbane River at Chuwar, a suburb of Ipswich in South East Queensland, Australia.The road across the bridge is Mount Crosby Road. During major floods or water releases from the Wivenhoe Dam the road becomes impassable.The crossing was constructed to replace a previous structure which had been washed away during floods. It was opened in 1894 with a ceremony that was attended by the Mayor of Ipswich, H.E.", "Connecticut River The Connecticut River is the longest river in the New England region of the United States. Flowing roughly southward for 410 miles (660 km) through four U.S. states, the Connecticut rises at the U.S. border with Quebec, Canada, and discharges at Long Island Sound. Its watershed encompasses five U.S. states and one Canadian province – 11,260 square miles (29,200 km2) – via 148 tributaries, 38 of which are major rivers.", "Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel The Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel (also known as the Cross Harbor Rail Freight Tunnel) is a proposed freight rail transport tunnel under Upper New York Bay in the Port of New York and New Jersey between northeastern New Jersey and Long Island, including southern and eastern New York City.In November 2014, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey released a Tier 1 Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) for its Cross Harbor Freight Program.", "Crossing Brooklyn Ferry \"Crossing Brooklyn Ferry\" is a poem by Walt Whitman, and is part of his collection Leaves of Grass. It describes the ferry trip across the East River from Manhattan to Brooklyn at the exact location that was to become the Brooklyn Bridge.The speaker begins half an hour before sunset, and continues into the evening with a description comparing the tides to the attraction of New York City.", "Culture of Brooklyn Brooklyn has played a major role in various aspects of American culture including literature, cinema and theater as well as being home to the world-renowned Brooklyn Academy of Music and to the second largest public art collection in the United States which is housed in the Brooklyn Museum.", "Cávado River The Cávado River (Portuguese: rio Cávado) is a river located in north Portugal.It has its source in Serra do Larouco at an elevation of 1,520 metres (4,990 ft) above sea level. It runs 135 kilometres (84 mi) from Fonte da Pipa, near the triangulation station Larouco, to its mouth into the Atlantic Ocean next to the city of Esposende.", "Delaware River The Delaware River is a major river on the Atlantic coast of the United States. Its watershed drains an area of 14,119 square miles (36,570 km2) in five U.S. states—New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Delaware. Rising in two branches in New York state's Catskill Mountains, the river flows 419 miles (674 km) into Delaware Bay where its waters enter the Atlantic Ocean near Cape May in New Jersey and Cape Henlopen in Delaware.", "Douro The Douro (Portuguese: Douro [ˈdo(w)ɾu]; Spanish: Duero [ˈdweɾo]; Latin: Durius) is one of the major rivers of the Iberian Peninsula, flowing from its source near Duruelo de la Sierra in Soria Province across northern-central Spain and Portugal to its outlet at Porto.", "Dumbo, Brooklyn Dumbo, also known as DUMBO, is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The name is an acronym for Down Under the Manhattan Bridge Overpass.", "Eiffel Bridge, Zrenjanin For other uses of this and similar names, see Eiffel (disambiguation).Eiffel Bridge (also known as \"Great Bridge\") was a steel bridge located in Zrenjanin, Serbia. It crossed the Begej river and was built at the same time as the Small bridge.", "Extradosed bridge An extradosed bridge employs a structure that is frequently described as a cross between a girder bridge and a cable-stayed bridge. The name comes from the French word extradossé, which is derived from the word extrados, the exterior curve of an arch.This description is somewhat deceptive, since many cable-stayed bridges have some sort of box girder deck.", "For Collectors Only For Collectors Only is a now out-of-print two-disc set released by Collectables Records in 1992. It includes original recordings by The Brooklyn Bridge.", "Fulton Road Bridge The Fulton Road Bridge is the name of two bridges in Cleveland, Ohio, the original and its replacement. The bridge in the Old Brooklyn neighborhood spans the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Big Creek (a Cuyahoga River tributary that runs through the Cleveland Metroparks' Brookside Reservation), John Nagy Boulevard, and Norfolk Southern and CSX railroad tracks.", "George Washington Bridge The George Washington Bridge – known informally as the GW Bridge, the GWB, the GW, or the George – is a double-decked suspension bridge spanning the Hudson River, connecting the Washington Heights neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan in New York City to Fort Lee, New Jersey.", "Greenpoint Avenue Bridge The Greenpoint Avenue Bridge is a drawbridge that carries Greenpoint Avenue across Newtown Creek between the neighborhoods of Greenpoint, Brooklyn and Blissville, Queens in New York City. Also known as the J. J. Byrne Memorial Bridge, the bridge is named after James J. Byrne, who served as Brooklyn Borough President from September 1926 until he died in office on March 14, 1930.", "Harlem River The Harlem River is a navigable tidal estuary in New York City, United States that flows north from the East River towards the Hudson River. There it joins the Harlem River Ship Canal and Spuyten Duyvil Creek to form an 8 mile (13 km) strait separating the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx.", "Hawkesbury River Railway Bridge The Hawkesbury River Railway Bridge carries the Main Northern railway line across the Hawkesbury River just north of the town of Brooklyn on the northern outskirts of Sydney, Australia. The railway bridge was to be the last link in a railway network that linked Adelaide, Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane and was a major engineering feat at the time.", "High Street (IND Eighth Avenue Line) High Street, also signed as High Street – Brooklyn Bridge, is a station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. It is located at Cadman Plaza East near Red Cross Place in Brooklyn Heights, Brooklyn. Its name comes from older street names; its original location was at a junction of High Street and Washington Street.", "History of transportation in New York City Transportation in New York City has ranged from strong Dutch authority in the 17th century, expansionism during the industrial era in the 19th century and half of the 20th century, to cronyism during the Robert Moses era. The shape of New York City's transportation system changed as the city did, and the result is an expansive modern-day system of industrial-era infrastructure.", "Hogg's Hollow Bridge Hogg's Hollow Bridge, originally known as the Yonge Boulevard Viaduct, is a set of four separate highway bridges that span the Don River Valley in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and carries 14 lanes of Highway 401. The four structures are the busiest multi-span bridge crossing in North America, surpassing the Brooklyn Bridge.", "I-694 Bridge The I-694 Bridge is a pair of girder bridges that spans the Mississippi River between the cities of Brooklyn Center and Fridley in Minnesota. The westbound bridge was built in 1963 by the Minnesota Department of Transportation, and widened in 1987 with a new structure above the piers.", "Interstate 278 Interstate 278 (I-278) is an auxiliary Interstate Highway in New Jersey and New York in the United States. The road runs 35.62 miles (57.32 km) from U.S. Route 1/9 (US 1/9) in Linden, New Jersey to the Bruckner Interchange in the New York City borough of the Bronx. The majority of I-278 is in New York City, where it serves as a partial beltway and is the only Interstate to pass through all five of the city's boroughs.", "John A. Roebling John Augustus Roebling (born Johann August Röbling; June 12, 1806 – July 22, 1869) was a German-born American civil engineer. He is famous for his wire rope suspension bridge designs, in particular, the design of the Brooklyn Bridge.", "Johnny Maestro & the Brooklyn Bridge Johnny Maestro & the Brooklyn Bridge (or simply The Brooklyn Bridge) is an American musical group, best known for their million-selling rendition of Jimmy Webb's \"The Worst That Could Happen\" (1968).", "Johnny Maestro and The Brooklyn Bridge (album) This album is collection of classic songs by The Brooklyn Bridge and The Crests, as well as other notable doo wop songs.", "Kosciuszko Bridge (New York City) The Kosciuszko Bridge /ˌkɒziˈɒskoʊ, ˌkɒʒiˈɒʃkoʊ/ is a truss bridge that spans Newtown Creek between the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, connecting Greenpoint, Brooklyn and Maspeth, Queens. It is a part of Interstate 278, which is also locally known as the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway or BQE.", "Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge The Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge (or Zakim Bridge) is a cable-stayed bridge across the Charles River in Boston, Massachusetts. It is a replacement for the Charlestown High Bridge, an older truss bridge constructed in the 1950s. Of ten lanes, the main portion of the Zakim Bridge carries four lanes each way (northbound and southbound) of the Interstate 93 and U.S. Route 1 concurrency between the Thomas P. \"Tip\" O'Neill Jr. Tunnel and the elevated highway to the north.", "Liberty Bend Bridge The Liberty Bend Bridge is the common name for the two continuous truss bridges on Route 291 over the Missouri River in Sugar Creek, Missouri in the Kansas City metropolitan area.Although the bridges cross over the Missouri River, they do not cross the county line. When the Missouri River was rerouted in 1949, it cut across the northern part of Jackson County, Missouri. This left part of the county north of the river, which is known as River Bend.", "List of bridges and tunnels in New York City New York City is home to over 2,000 bridges and tunnels. Several agencies manage this network of crossings, including the New York City Department of Transportation, Metropolitan Transportation Authority, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, New York State Department of Transportation and Amtrak.Many of the city's major bridges and tunnels have broken or set records. The Holland Tunnel was the world's first vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927.", "List of bridges in China This list of bridges in China is organized by province and includes notable bridges. China has a long history in bridge construction. The oldest bridge still in existence in china is the Anji Bridge constructed during the years between 595 and 605.During the infrastructure boom of the past two decades, bridge-building has proceeded at a rapid pace on a vast scale.", "List of bridges in the United Kingdom Bridges in the United Kingdom is a link page for any non-railway bridge in the United Kingdom and includes road bridges, footbridges and aqueducts.Railway bridges are listed under: List of railway bridges and viaducts in the United Kingdom.", "List of bridges in the United States This list of bridges in the United States is organized by state and includes notable bridges (both existing and destroyed) in the United States of America. There are more than 600,000 bridges in the USA.", "List of bridges in the United States by height This is a list of the highest bridges in the United States sorted by their height over land or water. \"Height\" refers to the distance from the bridge deck to the lowest point in the land or water below.", "List of crossings of the River Severn This is a list of crossings of the River Severn in Great Britain (including bridges, tunnels, ferries and fords), in order from source to mouth.The Severn has historically been a very important and busy river, and has been bridged throughout history. The bridges that stand today are often of great historical and/or engineering interest — for example the world's first iron bridge, The Iron Bridge, built from cast iron crosses the River Severn at Ironbridge Gorge.", "List of crossings of the River Thames This is a list of crossings of the River Thames comprising over 200 bridges, 27 tunnels, six public ferries, one cable car link, and one ford. Historic achievements, explanatory notes and proposed crossings are also included.", "List of crossings of the Susquehanna River List of Susquehanna River crossings proceeding upstream from the river mouth at the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland, USA, generally northward through Pennsylvania toward the main branch headwaters in New York. The West Branch crossings are listed afterward.This list includes active road, railroad, foot, and trail bridges, dams, fords, ferries, and historic crossings. Presently it does not include historic ferry crossings.", "List of crossings of the Upper Mississippi River This is a list of all current and notable former bridges or other crossings of the Upper Mississippi River which begins at the Mississippi River's source and extends to its confluence with the Ohio River at Cairo, Illinois.", "List of longest arch bridge spans This list of the longest arch bridge spans ranks the world's arch bridges by the length of their main span. The length of the main span is the most common way to rank bridges as it usually correlates with the engineering complexity involved in designing and constructing the bridge. If one bridge has a longer span than another it does not necessarily mean that the bridge is longer from shore to shore or from abutment to abutment.", "List of longest cable-stayed bridge spans This list ranks the world's cable-stayed bridges by the length of main span (distance between the suspension towers). The length of the main span is the most common way to rank cable-stayed bridges. If one bridge has a longer span than another it does not mean that the bridge is the longer from shore to shore or from anchorage to anchorage.", "List of longest suspension bridge spans The world's longest suspension bridges are listed according to the length of their main span (i.e. the length of suspended roadway between the bridge's towers). The length of main span is the most common method of comparing the sizes of suspension bridges, often correlating with the height of the towers and the engineering complexity involved in designing and constructing the bridge.", "List of road–rail bridges Road–rail bridges are bridges shared by road and rail lines. Road and rail may be segregated so that trains may operate at the same time as cars (e.g., the Sydney Harbour Bridge). The rail track can be above the roadway or vice versa with truss bridges. Road and rail may share the same carriageway so that road traffic must stop when the trains operate (like a level crossing), or operate together like a tram in a street (street running).Road–rail bridges are sometimes called combined bridges.↑", "List of streetcar lines in Brooklyn The following streetcar lines once operated in Brooklyn, New York City, New York, United States.", "Manhattan Bridge The Manhattan Bridge is a suspension bridge that crosses the East River in New York City, connecting Lower Manhattan at Canal Street with Downtown Brooklyn at the Flatbush Avenue Extension. The main span is 1,470 ft (448 m) long, with the suspension cables being 3,224 ft (983 m) long. The bridge's total length is 6,855 ft (2,089 m).", "Marine Parkway–Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge The Marine Parkway–Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge (originally and often referred to as the Marine Parkway Bridge) is a vertical-lift bridge in New York City, in the U.S. state of New York, that crosses Rockaway Inlet and connects the Rockaway Peninsula in Queens, with Flatbush Avenue to Floyd Bennett Field, Belt Parkway, and the Marine Park neighborhood in Brooklyn. Opened on July 3, 1937, it carries four motor traffic lanes, and a footpath on the western edge.", "Marquam Bridge The Marquam Bridge /ˈmɑrkəm/ is a double-deck, steel-truss cantilever bridge that carries Interstate 5 traffic across the Willamette River south of downtown Portland, Oregon. It is the busiest bridge in Oregon, carrying 135,900 vehicles a day as of 2008. The upper deck carries northbound traffic; the lower deck carries southbound traffic.The bridge was designed and built by the Oregon Department of Transportation at a cost of $14 million.", "Mississippi River The Mississippi River is the chief river of the largest drainage system on the North American continent. Flowing entirely in the United States (though its drainage basin reaches into Canada), it rises in northern Minnesota and meanders slowly southwards for 2,320 miles (3,730 km) to the Mississippi River Delta at the Gulf of Mexico. With its many tributaries, the Mississippi's watershed drains all or parts of 31 U.S. states and 2 Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains.", "Nassau Electric Railroad The Nassau Electric Railroad was an electric street railway company in the U.S. state of New York. The company operated throughout the borough of Brooklyn, as well as over the Brooklyn Bridge and Williamsburg Bridge into Manhattan.The company was formed by real estate developer Patrick H. Flynn, who owned land on Fifth Avenue south of 25th Street, where the Atlantic Avenue Railroad's Fifth Avenue Line ended.", "New York New Jersey Rail, LLC New York New Jersey Rail, LLC (reporting mark NYNJ) is a switching and terminal railroad that operates the only car float operation across Upper New York Bay between Jersey City, New Jersey and Brooklyn, New York. Since mid-November 2008, it has been owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which acquired it for about $16 million as a step in a process that might see a Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel completed.", "Newtown Creek Newtown Creek is a 3.5-mile (6-kilometer) long estuary that forms part of the border between the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, in New York City.", "Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge The Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge, which stood from 1855 to 1897 across the Niagara River, was the world's first working railway suspension bridge. It spanned 825 feet (251 m) and stood 2.5 miles (4.0 km) downstream of Niagara Falls, where it connected Niagara Falls, Ontario, to Niagara Falls, New York. Trains used the upper of its two decks, pedestrians and carriages the lower. The brainchild of Canadian politicians, the bridge was built by one American and one Canadian company.", "Oswald Jacoby Oswald \"Ozzie\", \"Jake\" Jacoby (December 8, 1902 – June 27, 1984) was an American contract bridge player and author, considered one of the greatest bridge players of all time. He also excelled at, and wrote about, other games including backgammon, gin rummy, and poker. He was from Dallas, Texas.", "Paraná River The Paraná River (Spanish: Río Paraná, Portuguese: Rio Paraná) is a river in south Central South America, running through Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina for some 4,880 kilometres (3,030 mi). It is second in length only to the Amazon River among South American rivers . The name Paraná is an abbreviation of the phrase \"para rehe onáva\", which comes from the Tupi language and means \"like the sea\" (that is, \"as big as the sea\").", "Peats Ferry Bridge The Peats Ferry Bridge, a steel truss bridge that spans the Hawkesbury River, is located northwest of the central business district of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. The bridge carries part of the Pacific Highway from Hornsby to Kariong.", "Port of New York and New Jersey The Port of New York and New Jersey is the port district of the New York-Newark metropolitan area, encompassing the region within approximately a 25-mile (40 km) radius of the Statue of Liberty National Monument.", "Puente de Occidente The Puente de Occidente (Bridge of the West), so named because it is located in western Antioquia, Colombia, is a suspension bridge that connects the municipalities of Olaya and Santa Fe de Antioquia, east and west of the Cauca River, respectively. At the time it was considered the seventh largest suspension bridge worldwide.The bridge is a single suspension span supported from four pyramidal towers - two on each bank of the river - with each tower anchoring two cables.", "Pulaski Bridge The Pulaski Bridge in New York City connects Long Island City in Queens to Greenpoint in Brooklyn over Newtown Creek. It was named after Polish military commander and American Revolutionary War fighter Kazimierz Pułaski (Casimir Pulaski) because of the large Polish-American population in Greenpoint. It connects 11th Street in Queens to McGuinness Boulevard (formerly Oakland Street) in Brooklyn.The Pulaski Bridge opened to traffic on September 10, 1954.", "Richard P. Braun Bridge Richard P. Braun Bridge is a pair of 10-span concrete girder bridges spanning the Mississippi River between Brooklyn Park, Minnesota and Coon Rapids, Minnesota. The eastbound span was built in 1985 to connect Minnesota State Highway 252 with Minnesota State Highway 610 in Coon Rapids. The westbound span was built in 1999 as part of the continued construction of Highway 610 through Brooklyn Park. Richard P.", "Rio Grande The Rio Grande (/ˈriːoʊ ˈɡrænd/ or /ˈriːoʊ ˈɡrɑːndeɪ/; Spanish: Río Bravo del Norte, pronounced: [ˈri.o ˈβɾaβo ðel ˈnorte] or simply Río Bravo) is one of the principal rivers in the southwest United States and northern Mexico (the other being the Colorado River). The Rio Grande rises from south-central Colorado in the United States and flows to the Gulf of Mexico. Along the way, it forms part of the Mexico–United States border.", "Robert Moses Robert Moses (December 18, 1888 – July 29, 1981) was the \"master builder\" of mid-20th century New York City, Long Island, Rockland County, and Westchester County, New York. As the shaper of a modern city, he is sometimes compared to Baron Haussmann of Second Empire Paris, and was arguably one of the most polarizing figures in the history of urban planning in the United States.", "Ross Island Bridge The Ross Island Bridge is a cantilever truss bridge that spans the Willamette River in Portland, Oregon. It carries U.S. Route 26 (Mount Hood Highway) across the river between southwest and southeast Portland. The bridge opened in 1926 and was designed by Gustav Lindenthal and honors Oregon pioneer Sherry Ross. It is named for its proximity to Ross Island. Although it looks like a deck arch bridge, it is a cantilever deck truss bridge, a rare type in Oregon.", "St. Francis College St. Francis College, often referred to as St. Francis or SFC, is a private, coeducational college located in Brooklyn Heights, New York, in the United States. The campus comprises five interconnected buildings, occupying half of a city block in Downtown Brooklyn. It was founded in 1859 by friars of the Order of Servant Franciscans, a Franciscan order, as the St. Francis Academy and was the first private school in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn. St.", "Suspension bridge A suspension bridge is a type of bridge in which the deck (the load-bearing portion) is hung below suspension cables on vertical suspenders. The first modern examples of this type of bridge were built in the early 19th century.", "Teesquay Millennium Footbridge Teesquay Millennium Footbridge is a footbridge crossing east-west over the River Tees, in Stockton-on-Tees in the Northeast of England.The bridge links Teesdale Business Park and the University of Durham, Queen's Campus in Thornaby-on-Tees to the Castlegate (shopping) Centre in Stockton-on-Tees High Street.The bridge crosses the Teesdale Way cycle route, River Tees and the A1035 Riverside Road.", "The Bridge in Blue The Bridge In Blue is the fourth and last album from The Brooklyn Bridge, renamed The Bridge, released by Buddah Records.", "The Johnny Maestro Story The Johnny Maestro Story is a collection of songs recorded by Johnny Maestro backed by both The Crests and The Brooklyn Bridge.", "The Second Brooklyn Bridge The Second Brooklyn Bridge is the second album from The Brooklyn Bridge. It was released in 1969 by Buddah Records.", "Tilikum Crossing Tilikum Crossing, Bridge of the People is a cable-stayed bridge across the Willamette River in Portland, Oregon. It was designed by TriMet, the Portland metropolitan area's regional transit authority, for its MAX Orange Line light rail passenger trains. The bridge also serves city buses and the Portland Streetcar, as well as bicycles, pedestrians, and emergency vehicles.", "Timeline of Brooklyn This is a timeline and chronology of the history of Brooklyn, New York. Brooklyn is the most populous of New York City's boroughs, and was settled in 1646.", "Today, Volume 2 Today, Volume 2 is a studio recording made by Johnny Maestro & the Brooklyn Bridge and released on March 31, 2009 by Collectables Records. It was issued as a follow-up to their 2004 album, Today.", "Today (Johnny Maestro and The Brooklyn Bridge album) Today is collection of classic songs by The Brooklyn Bridge and The Crests, as well as other notable doo wop songs, that were re-recorded by the current line-up of Johnny Maestro & The Brooklyn Bridge. The album was released on May 11, 2004 by Collectables Records. A follow-up titled Today, Volume 2 was released in 2009.", "Tram A tram (also known as tramcar; and in North America known as streetcar, trolley or trolley car), is a rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public urban streets (called street running), and also sometimes on a segregated right of way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways. Tramways powered by electricity, the most common type historically, were once called electric street railways.", "Two Bridges, Manhattan Two Bridges is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, nestled at the southern end of the Lower East Side and Chinatown on the East River waterfront, near the footings of the Brooklyn Bridge and Manhattan Bridge.", "Uruguay River The Uruguay River (Spanish: Río Uruguay, Spanish pronunciation: [uɾuˈɣwai]; Portuguese: Rio Uruguai, Portuguese pronunciation: [uɾuˈɡwaj]) is a river in South America. It flows from north to south and forms parts of the boundaries of Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay, separating some of the Argentine provinces of La Mesopotamia from the other two countries.", "Verrazano–Narrows Bridge The Verrazano–Narrows Bridge (sometimes called simply the Verrazano Bridge) is a double-decked suspension bridge in the U.S. state of New York that connects the New York City boroughs of Staten Island and Brooklyn. It spans the Narrows, a body of water connecting the relatively protected upper bay with the larger, wide open lower bay.The bridge is named for the Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano, whose name is misspelled on the bridge, as well as for the Narrows.", "West Gate Bridge The West Gate Bridge is a steel box girder cable-stayed bridge in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It spans the Yarra River, just north of its mouth into Port Phillip, and is a vital link between the inner city (CBD) and Melbourne's western suburbs; with the industrial suburbs in the west and with the city of Geelong, 80 kilometres (50 mi) to the south-west.", "Wilford Suspension Bridge Wilford Suspension Bridge is a combined pedestrian footbridge and aqueduct which crosses the River Trent linking the town of West Bridgford to the Meadows in the city of Nottingham. It also carries a gas main.The bridge is owned by Severn Trent Water. It should not be confused with the separate Wilford Toll Bridge.There is no public right of way along the bridge and so can be closed by Severn Trent Water whenever it is deemed expedient to do so.", "Williamsburg Bridge The Williamsburg Bridge is a suspension bridge in New York City across the East River connecting the Lower East Side of Manhattan at Delancey Street with the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn at Broadway near the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway (Interstate 278).", "Yangtze River bridges and tunnels The bridges and tunnels across the Yangtze River carry rail and road traffic across China's longest and largest river and form a vital part of the country's transportation infrastructure. The river bisects China proper from west to east, and every major north-south bound highway and railway must cross the Yangtze." ]

[ "A Simple Plan (film) A Simple Plan is a 1998 American neo-noir crime thriller film adapted by Scott B. Smith from his 1993 novel of the same name. Directed by Sam Raimi, the film stars Bill Paxton, Billy Bob Thornton and Bridget Fonda. Set in rural Minnesota, A Simple Plan follows Hank Mitchell (Paxton) and his brother Jacob (Thornton), who, along with Jacob's friend Lou (Brent Briscoe), discover a crashed plane containing $4.4 million in cash.", "Army of Darkness Army of Darkness is a 1992 American horror comedy film directed by Sam Raimi. It is the third installment of the Evil Dead franchise. The film was written by Sam Raimi and his brother Ivan, produced by Robert Tapert, and stars Bruce Campbell (also acting as co-producer) and Embeth Davidtz.", "Ash vs. Evil Dead Ash vs. Evil Dead is an upcoming American horror comedy television series created by Sam Raimi and Bruce Campbell for the Starz network. It is set in the Evil Dead franchise and serves as a sequel to The Evil Dead, Evil Dead II and Army of Darkness.The series stars Campbell reprising his role as Ash Williams from the Evil Dead films and video games. Jill Marie Jones, Ray Santiago, Dana Delorenzo and Lucy Lawless also star.", "Darkman Darkman is a 1990 American superhero action film directed and co-written by Sam Raimi. It is based on a short story Raimi wrote that paid homage to Universal's horror films of the 1930s.", "Drag Me to Hell Drag Me to Hell is a 2009 American horror film co-written and directed by Sam Raimi. The plot, written with his brother Ivan, focuses on loan officer Christine Brown (Alison Lohman), who reluctantly, under orders from her boss, must refuse to extend a loan to a gypsy woman by the name of Mrs. Ganush (Lorna Raver). In retaliation, Ganush places a curse on Christine that, after three days of escalating torment, will plunge her into the depths of Hell to burn for eternity.", "Evil Dead II Evil Dead II (referred to in publicity materials as Evil Dead 2: Dead by Dawn) is a 1987 American horror comedy film directed by Sam Raimi and a parody sequel to the 1981 film The Evil Dead.", "Oz the Great and Powerful Oz the Great and Powerful is a 2013 American fantasy adventure film directed by Sam Raimi, from a screenplay written by David Lindsay-Abaire and Mitchell Kapner. The film stars James Franco as the titular character, Mila Kunis, Rachel Weisz, and Michelle Williams with Zach Braff, Bill Cobbs, Joey King, and Tony Cox in supporting roles. Based on L.", "Sam Raimi Samuel M \"Sam\" Raimi (born October 23, 1959) is an American film director, producer, writer and actor, famous for creating the cult horror comedy Evil Dead series, as well as directing the original Spider-Man trilogy (2002–2007) and the superhero film Darkman; his most recent work is 2013's fantasy film Oz the Great and Powerful. Raimi has produced several successful television series and is the founder of Renaissance Pictures.", "Spider-Man (2002 film) Spider-Man is a 2002 American superhero film directed by Sam Raimi. Based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, the film stars Tobey Maguire as Peter Parker, a high school student living in New York, who turns to crimefighting after developing spider-like super powers. Spider-Man also stars Willem Dafoe as Norman Osborn (a.k.a.", "Spider-Man 2 Spider-Man 2 is a 2004 American superhero film directed by Sam Raimi and written by Alvin Sargent from a story by Alfred Gough, Miles Millar, and Michael Chabon. The sequel to the 2002 film Spider-Man, it is the second film in Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy based on the fictional Marvel Comics character of the same name.", "The Gift (2000 film) The Gift is a 2000 American supernatural thriller film directed by Sam Raimi, written by Billy Bob Thornton and Tom Epperson and based on the alleged psychic experiences of Thornton's mother.The film centers on Annie (Cate Blanchett) becoming involved in a murder case as a result of acquiring keen knowledge about the crime through her extrasensory perception. Other major characters are played by Keanu Reeves, Giovanni Ribisi, Hilary Swank, Katie Holmes, and Greg Kinnear.", "The Quick and the Dead (1995 film) The Quick and the Dead is a 1995 American western film directed by Sam Raimi, and starring Sharon Stone, Gene Hackman, Russell Crowe and Leonardo DiCaprio. The story focuses on \"The Lady\" (Stone), a gunfighter who rides into the frontier town of Redemption, controlled by John Herod (Hackman)." ]

[ "Army of Darkness (comics) Army of Darkness comics are based on the film of the same name published originally by Dark Horse Comics, and later by Dynamite Entertainment who initially published them through Devil's Due Publishing.The stories follow the adventures of the Evil Dead series, Ash Williams, and has included a number of crossovers with a wide variety of characters such as, Marvel Zombies, Darkman, Freddy Krueger, Jason Voorhees, Dracula, Xena, Danger Girl, and Re-Animator.", "Ash Williams Ashley J \"Ash\" Williams is a fictional character and the protagonist/Exorcist of The Evil Dead franchise. Created by Sam Raimi, he is portrayed by Bruce Campbell and is the only character to appear in each entry of the series except for the remake. Throughout the series, Ash has to face off against his loved ones inside an abandoned cabin as they are possessed by \"deadites\", the evil souls of the dead.", "Attack of the Helping Hand Attack of the Helping Hand is a 1979 short film written and directed by Scott Spiegel and starring Linda Quiroz and Sam Raimi.", "Away We Go Away We Go is a 2009 comedy-drama directed by Academy Award-winning director Sam Mendes and written by the husband-and-wife team of Dave Eggers and Vendela Vida. The film stars John Krasinski, Maya Rudolph, Allison Janney, Catherine O'Hara, Jeff Daniels, Paul Schneider, Carmen Ejogo, Chris Messina, Melanie Lynskey, Josh Hamilton, Jim Gaffigan, and Maggie Gyllenhaal.It had a limited theater release in the United States starting June 5, 2009.", "B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial motion picture that is not an arthouse film. In its original usage, during the Golden Age of Hollywood, the term more precisely identified a film intended for distribution as the less-publicized, bottom half of a double feature. Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s, the term B movie continued to be used in the broader sense it maintains today.", "Bill Pope William Homer \"Bill\" Pope, A.S.C. (born June 19, 1952) is an American cinematographer, best known for his work on Sam Raimi's films and The Matrix trilogy.", "Bob Murawski Bob Murawski (born June 14, 1964) is an American film editor as well as a film distributor of cult horror and independent films under the \"Box Office Spectaculars\" and \"Grindhouse Releasing\" labels. He was awarded the 2010 Academy Award for Best Film Editing for his work on The Hurt Locker, which he shared with fellow editor and wife, Chris Innis. He often works with film director Sam Raimi, having edited the Spider-Man triogy, Oz the Great and Powerful, and the 2015 remake of Poltergeist.", "Bruce Campbell Bruce Lorne Campbell (born June 22, 1958) is an American film and television actor, director, writer, producer and author. As a cult film actor, Campbell is best known for his role as Ash Williams in Sam Raimi's hit Evil Dead series of films and he has starred in many low-budget cult films such as Crimewave, Maniac Cop, Bubba Ho-Tep, and Sundown: The Vampire in Retreat. He would later spoof his B-movie career in My Name Is Bruce, in which he starred and directed.", "Clint Eastwood Clinton \"Clint\" Eastwood, Jr. (born May 31, 1930) is an American actor, film director, producer, musician, and politician. He rose to international fame with his role as the Man with No Name in Sergio Leone's Dollars trilogy of spaghetti Westerns during the 1960s, and as antihero cop Harry Callahan in the five Dirty Harry films throughout the 1970s and 1980s.", "Clockwork (film) Clockwork is a 1978 American short horror film directed by Sam Raimi, starring Scott Spiegel and Cheryl Guttridge.", "Columbia Pictures Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. (CPII) is an American film production and distribution studio of the Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group, a division of Sony Pictures Entertainment, a subsidiary of the Japanese conglomerate Sony. It is one of the leading film studios in the world, a member of the so-called Big Six.", "Comedy film Comedy is a genre of film in which the main emphasis is on humour. These films are designed to entertain the audience through amusement, and most often work by exaggerating characteristics of real life for humorous effect. Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending (the black comedy being an exception). One of the oldest genres in film, some of the very first silent movies were comedies, as slapstick comedy often relies on visual depictions, without requiring sound.", "Crimewave Crimewave is a 1985 American comedy film directed by Sam Raimi written by him and the Coen brothers, and starring Reed Birney, Paul L. Smith, Louise Lasser, Brion James, and Bruce Campbell, the latter of which also served as a producer. Following the commercial success of The Evil Dead (1981), Raimi and Campbell decided to collaborate on another project. Joel Coen of the Coen brothers served as one of the editors on The Evil Dead, and worked with Raimi on the screenplay.", "Darkman (video game) Darkman was developed by Ocean Software (Painting By Numbers on the NES version) and published by Ocean Software in 1991. It was released for the ZX Spectrum, NES, Amstrad CPC and Commodore 64. It was also ported to the Game Boy and Atari ST. The game's plot is loosely based on the film of the same name.In this side-scrolling platformer, the player controls Darkman, a superhero who can jump, kick and punch, as well as swing from a rope during action sequences between levels.", "Darkman III: Die Darkman Die Darkman III: Die Darkman Die is an American superhero action film. It is the second sequel to Sam Raimi's Darkman, and was released direct-to-video in 1996. Like the second film, it was directed by Bradford May, a television director and cinematographer who also served as the director of photography. Series creator Sam Raimi serves as an executive producer.", "Documentary film A documentary film is a nonfictional motion picture intended to document some aspect of reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction or maintaining a historical record. Such films were originally shot on film stock—the only medium available—but now include video and digital productions that can be either direct-to-video, made into a TV show or released for screening in cinemas.", "Edgar Wright Edgar Howard Wright (born 18 April 1974) is an English director, screenwriter, producer, and actor. He is best known for his comedic Three Flavours Cornetto film trilogy consisting of Shaun of the Dead (2004), Hot Fuzz (2007), and The World's End (2013), made with recurrent collaborators Simon Pegg, Nira Park and Nick Frost. He also collaborated with them as the director of the television series Spaced.He also co-wrote, produced and directed the 2010 film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World.", "Embeth Davidtz Embeth Jean Davidtz (born August 11, 1965) is an American-South African actress. Her screen roles include movies such as Matilda, Mansfield Park, Bicentennial Man, and Fracture, and the television series Mad Men. Davidtz spent much of her early life in South Africa.", "Evil Dead (2013 film) Evil Dead is a 2013 American supernatural horror film written and directed by Fede Alvarez. It is the fourth installment of the Evil Dead franchise, serving as a remake and as well as a loose continuation of the series; the first neither to be directed by Sam Raimi, have Bruce Campbell as the main star, nor to be scored by the original trilogy's composer, Joseph LoDuca. Instead it was scored by Spanish composer Roque Baños.The film is the feature debut of Alvarez, whom Raimi selected.", "Evil Dead (franchise) Evil Dead is an American horror film franchise created by Sam Raimi consisting of four feature films. The films revolve around the Necronomicon Ex-Mortis, an ancient Sumerian text which wreaks havoc upon a group of cabin inhabitants in a wooded area in Tennessee. The protagonist, Ashley J.", "For Love of the Game (film) For Love of the Game (sometimes misconstrued as For the Love of the Game) is a 1999 American drama sports film based on the novel of the same title by Michael Shaara.", "Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash is a six-issue comic book limited series that was released in November 2007 and ran until March 2008. It was published by Wildstorm (DC Comics) and Dynamite Entertainment. Based on the original Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash film treatment by Jeff Katz, the story serves as a sequel to Freddy vs. Jason and The Evil Dead trilogy. The comic book series was written by James Kuhoric and illustrated by Jason Craig.", "Gun fu Gun fu, a portmanteau of gun and kung fu, is the style of sophisticated close-quarters gunplay seen in Hong Kong action cinema and in Western films influenced by it. It often resembles a martial arts battle played out with firearms instead of traditional weapons. It may also be described by other terms such as bullet ballet, Gun Kata, or gymnastic gunplay.The focus of gun fu is both style and the usage of firearms in ways that they were not designed to be used.", "Hansel & Gretel: Witch Hunters Hansel & Gretel: Witch Hunters is a 2013 American-German dark fantasy action-horror neo-noir film written and directed by Tommy Wirkola. It is a continuation to the German folklore fairy tale \"Hansel and Gretel\", in which the titular siblings are now grown up and working as a duo of witch exterminators for hire.", "Horror film Horror is a film genre seeking to elicit a negative emotional reaction from viewers by playing on the audience's primal fears. Inspired by literature from authors like Edgar Allan Poe, Bram Stoker, and Mary Shelley, horror films have, for more than a century, featured scenes that startle the viewer.", "It's Murder! It's Murder! is a 1977 short film directed by Sam Raimi. It was co-written and produced by Raimi and Scott Spiegel, and stars both Raimi and Spiegel. Raimi's first directorial work, it co-stars his frequent collaborator Bruce Campbell.", "Ivan Raimi Ivan M. Raimi (born 1956) is an American Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.), and screenwriter, and the older brother of film director Sam Raimi and actor Ted Raimi. Ivan Raimi works as an emergency physician in Ann Arbor, traveling to Los Angeles occasionally to work in Hollywood.", "List of American films of 2009 A list of American films released on 2009.", "List of Evil Dead characters There are many characters in Evil Dead, a horror franchise created by director Sam Raimi.", "List of Nostalgia Critic episodes (2014) The seventh season of Nostalgia Critic began in January 2014 with a month dedicated to Nicolas Cage to celebrate his 50th birthday, by reviewing films that Cage starred in, a month similar to Schwarzenegger month back in 2010.This year saw Rachel Tietz depart from the main cast due to her decision to move back to California. Tamara Chambers, who had previously appeared in the Catwoman review in 2013, became the new female co-star starting with The Wicker Man review.", "List of film director and composer collaborations The following film directors and film score composers have worked together on multiple projects.", "List of horror films of 1993 A list of horror films released in 1993.", "Metacritic Metacritic is a website that aggregates reviews of music albums, games, movies, TV shows, DVDs, and formerly, books. For each product, a numerical score from each review is obtained and the total is averaged. It was created and founded by Jason Dietz, Marc Doyle, and Julie Doyle Roberts. An excerpt of each review is provided along with a hyperlink to the source.", "Mockbuster A mockbuster (sometimes also called a knockbuster or a drafting opportunity) is a film created with the intention of piggy-backing on the publicity of a major film with a similar title or theme. Mockbusters are often made with a low budget.", "My Name Is Bruce My Name Is Bruce is a 2007 American comedy film, directed, co-produced by and starring B movie cult actor Bruce Campbell. The film was written by Mark Verheiden. It had a theatrical release in October 2008, followed by DVD and Blu-ray releases on February 10, 2009.Although Sam Raimi, with whom Bruce frequently collaborates, is not involved with this production, much of the film is in the vein of the Evil Dead series.", "Paris, Texas (film) Paris, Texas is a 1984 drama film directed by Wim Wenders and starring Harry Dean Stanton, Dean Stockwell, Nastassja Kinski, and Hunter Carson. The screenplay was written by L.M. Kit Carson and playwright Sam Shepard, and the distinctive musical score was composed by Ry Cooder. The cinematography was by Robby Müller.", "Patrick Markey Patrick Markey is an American film and television producer. He has also done production management and second unit directing work. He has worked with filmmakers such as Robert Redford and Sam Raimi. He is currently on the board of directors of the Dactyl Foundation.", "Renaissance Pictures Renaissance Pictures is an American film production company.", "Scott Spiegel Scott Spiegel (born December 24, 1957) is an American screenwriter, film director, producer and actor. He is best known for co-writing the screenplay for the movie Evil Dead II with longtime friend, film director Sam Raimi, with whom he attended Wylie E. Groves High School in Birmingham, Michigan.", "Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger is a 1977 British fantasy film, the third and final Sinbad film that Ray Harryhausen made for Columbia Pictures after The 7th Voyage of Sinbad and The Golden Voyage of Sinbad. The film stars Patrick Wayne, Taryn Power, Margaret Whiting, Jane Seymour, and Patrick Troughton. It was directed by Sam Wanamaker.", "Spider-Man (2002 video game) Spider-Man: The Movie is a beat 'em up video game based upon the Marvel Comics character, Spider-Man, and is also loosely based on the film Spider-Man. It was developed by Treyarch and released in 2002 for Microsoft Windows and several video game consoles. The game has many scenes and villains that did not appear in the film. It was followed by Spider-Man 2 two years later to promote the release of the second film.", "Spider-Man 2 (video game) Spider-Man 2 is the name of various action games based loosely on the Spider-Man 2 film. They are follow-ups of the game Spider-Man: The Movie, and the series is followed by Spider-Man 3. These games were published by Activision for many different systems in 2004.The games are adaptations of the film Spider-Man 2.", "Spider-Man 3 Spider-Man 3 is a 2007 American superhero film produced by Marvel Studios, and distributed by Columbia Pictures based on the fictional Marvel Comics character Spider-Man. It was directed by Sam Raimi and scripted by Sam and Ivan Raimi and Alvin Sargent. It is the final film in the Sam Raimi Spider-Man trilogy. The film stars Tobey Maguire, Kirsten Dunst, James Franco, Thomas Haden Church, Topher Grace, Bryce Dallas Howard, Rosemary Harris, J. K.", "Spider-Man 3 (video game) Spider-Man 3 is an action game loosely based on the Spider-Man 3 film and released for the Game Boy Advance, Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, Nintendo DS, Wii, PlayStation 3 on May 4, 2007. A PSP version was released on October 17, 2007.", "Spider-Man in film The fictional character Spider-Man, a comic book superhero created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko and featured in Marvel Comics publications, has appeared in six live-action films since his inception. Spider-Man is the alter-ego of Peter Parker, a talented young freelance photographer and aspiring scientist, imbued with superhuman abilities after being bitten by a radioactive/genetically-altered spider.", "Television film A television film (also known as a TV film; television movie; TV movie; telefilm; telemovie; made-for-television film; direct-to-TV film; movie of the week (MOTW or MOW); feature-length drama; single drama and original movie) is a feature-length motion picture that is produced for, and originally distributed by or to, a television network, in contrast to theatrical films, which are made explicitly for initial showing in movie theaters.", "The Evil Dead The Evil Dead is a 1981 American horror film written and directed by Sam Raimi and executive produced by Raimi and Bruce Campbell, who also stars alongside Ellen Sandweiss and Betsy Baker. The Evil Dead focuses on five college students vacationing in an isolated cabin in a remote wooded area. After they find an audiotape that releases a legion of demons and spirits, members of the group suffer from demonic possession, leading to increasingly gory mayhem.", "The Mad Monster The Mad Monster is an American horror film released in 1942 by P.R.C. (Producers Releasing Corporation), a Poverty Row studio. The film, a B-movie shot in black and white, features a mad scientist and a werewolf as the main characters. Directed by Sam Newfield and written by Fred Myton, the film—Poverty Row's only werewolf movie—stars George Zucco, Glenn Strange and Anne Nagel. Its running time is 77 minutes.", "The Nutt House (film) The Nutt House is a 1992 film directed by Adam Rifkin. It stars Stephen Kearney, Traci Lords and Amy Yasbeck. It was also the last film for Emil Sitka, Sandra Gould and King Moody.", "Whip pan A whip pan is a type of pan shot in which the camera moves sideways so quickly that the picture blurs into indistinct streaks. It is commonly used as a transition between shots, and can indicate the passage of time and/or a frenetic pace of action.Unlike other transitions, such as dissolves and fades, whip pans stand out because of their abrupt style, and are often seen in 1970s martial arts movies. The technique is used liberally by directors Sam Raimi, Wes Anderson and Edgar Wright.", "Within the Woods Within the Woods is a 1978 horror short film written, directed and produced by Sam Raimi. Raimi drew inspiration from his earlier short film Clockwork, deciding to produce a \"prototype\" horror film to help build the interest of potential investors. Raimi cast his friends Bruce Campbell and Ellen Sandweiss as the two protagonists and produced the film for $1600. Shot on location in a remote cabin in the woods, production was a difficult process because of the low budget.", "X-Men (film series) The X-Men film series consists of superhero films based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name. 20th Century Fox obtained the film rights to the characters in 1994, and after numerous drafts, Bryan Singer was hired to direct X-Men (2000) and its sequel, X2 (2003). Singer left the potential third and fourth films, leaving Brett Ratner to direct X-Men: The Last Stand (2006).After each film earned higher box-office grosses than its predecessor, several spin-off films were released." ]

[ "78 Derngate 78 Derngate is a Grade II* listed Georgian house in the Cultural Quarter of Northampton, England, originally built in 1815. It is noted for its interior, which was extensively remodelled in 1916 and 1917 by noted architect Charles Rennie Mackintosh for businessman Wenman Joseph Bassett-Lowke as his first marital home.The rear elevation also features a striking extension with two elevated balconies which, in 1916, overlooked meadowland to the edge of Northampton.", "Architecture in Glasgow The city of Glasgow, Scotland, has a distinct architecture, and is particularly noted for its 19th-century Victorian architecture, and the early-20th-century \"Glasgow Style\", as developed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh.Very little of medieval Glasgow remains, the two main landmarks from this period being the 15th-century Provand's Lordship and 13th-century St. Mungo's Cathedral. The vast majority of the city as seen today dates from the 19th century.", "Charles Rennie Mackintosh Charles Rennie Mackintosh (7 June 1868 – 10 December 1928) was a Scottish architect, designer, water colourist and artist. He was a designer in the Post-Impressionist movement and also the main representative of Art Nouveau in the United Kingdom. He had considerable influence on European design. He was born in Glasgow and died in London.", "Glasgow School of Art The Glasgow School of Art (GSA) is Scotland's only public self-governing art school offering university-level programmes and research in architecture, fine art and design. The school is housed in one of Glasgow's most famous buildings, often considered the masterpiece of Charles Rennie Mackintosh and built between 1897 and 1909. The building was severely damaged by fire in May 2014.", "Honeyman and Keppie Honeyman and Keppie were a major architects firm based in Glasgow, created by John Honeyman and John Keppie in 1888 following the death of James Sellars in whose architectural practice Keppie had worked. Their most famous employee was Charles Rennie MacKintosh who started as a draughtsman in April 1889 and rose to partner level.", "House for an Art Lover The House for an Art Lover is a building constructed in 1989-96, based on a design of 1901 by Charles Rennie Mackintosh with his wife, Margaret MacDonald. The building is situated in Bellahouston Park in Glasgow, Scotland. The idea to actually construct the house from the Mackintoshs' designs came from Graham Roxburgh, a civil engineer in Glasgow who had done refurbishment work on the Mackintosh interiors in Craigie Hall.", "Martyrs' Public School The Martyrs’ Public School, in Parson Street in the Townhead area of Glasgow, Scotland, is one of the earlier works of architect Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Until recently, an arts centre run by Glasgow Museums, it is now home to Glasgow City Council's Social Work Leaving Care Services. It is protected as a category A listed building. Stranded above the main road it was once set in the middle of a densely populated area of tenement buildings.", "Queen's Cross Church, Glasgow Queen's Cross Church is a former Church of Scotland parish church in Glasgow, Scotland. It is the only church designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh to have been built, hence it is also known as The Mackintosh Church.", "Scotland Street School Museum Scotland Street School Museum is a museum of school education in Glasgow, Scotland, in the district of Tradeston. It is located in a former School designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh between 1903 and 1906. The building is one of Glasgow's foremost architectural attractions. It is located next to the Shields Road subway station.During the building's construction, Mackintosh frequently battled the school board about the design (the board wanted a less expensive design).", "The Artist's Cottage project The Artist's Cottage project is the realisation of three unexecuted designs by Scottish architect Charles Rennie Mackintosh (CRM). In 1901, Mackintosh produced two speculative drawings, An Artist's Cottage and Studio and A Town House for an Artist.", "Willow Tearooms The Willow Tearooms are tearooms at 119 - 121 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, Scotland, designed by internationally renowned architect Charles Rennie Mackintosh, which opened for business in October 1903. They quickly gained enormous popularity, and are the most famous of the many Glasgow tearooms that opened in the late 19th and early 20th century." ]

[ "Art in modern Scotland Art in modern Scotland includes all aspects of the visual arts in the country since the beginning of the twentieth century. In the early twentieth century, the art scene was dominated by the work of the members of the Glasgow School known as the Four, led Charles Rennie Mackintosh, who gained an international reputation for their combination of Celtic revival, Art and Crafts and Art Nouveau. They were followed by the Scottish Colourists and the Edinburgh School.", "Blackie and Son Blackie and Son Limited was a publishing house in Glasgow, Scotland and in London, England, from 1890 to 1991.The firm was founded in 1809 by John Blackie, snr. (1782-1874) as a partnership with two others and was originally known as 'Blackie, Fullarton and Company'. It began printing in 1819 and was renamed 'Blackie and Son' in 1831, becoming a public limited company in 1890.", "Bluebeard \"Bluebeard\" (French: La Barbe bleue) is a French folktale, the most famous surviving version of which was written by Charles Perrault and first published by Barbin in Paris in 1697 in Histoires ou contes du temps passé. The tale tells the story of a violent nobleman in the habit of murdering his wives and the attempts of one wife to avoid the fate of her predecessors. \"The White Dove\", \"The Robber Bridegroom\" and \"Fitcher's Bird\" (Also called \"Fowler's Fowl\") are tales similar to \"Bluebeard\".", "Bristol Central Library Bristol Central Library is a historic building on the south side of College Green, Bristol, England. It contains the main collections of Bristol's public library.Built in 1906 by Charles Holden, its design was influential in the development of Edwardian Free Style architecture. Holden would later go on to build the Edward VII Memorial Wing of the Bristol Royal Infirmary, giving Bristol two of its most highly regarded Edwardian buildings.", "Brynmawr Furniture Brynmawr Furniture Makers Ltd was a furniture manufacturing company in Wales.Brynmawr, with much of the workforce traditionally employed in heavy industry, suffered greatly during the 1920s depression. Against this background, the local Quakers formed the Coalfields Distress Committee of the Society of Friends and set up \"The Brynmawr Experiment\" as an attempt to relieve the severe economic depression and mass unemployment. By 1934 the Order of Friends had been established.", "Catherine Cranston Catherine Cranston (27 May 1849 – 18 April 1934), widely known as Kate Cranston or Miss Cranston, was a leading figure in the development of tea rooms. She is nowadays chiefly remembered as a major patron of Charles Rennie Mackintosh and Margaret MacDonald, in Glasgow, Scotland. The name of Miss Cranston's Tea Rooms lives on in reminiscences of Glasgow in its heyday.", "Charles Limbert Charles P. Limbert (1854-1923) was founder of the \"Charles P. Limbert Furniture Co.\". Limbert's quartersawn oak furniture is characteristic of the Arts and Crafts movement in America; some of it looks similar to that produced by other makers of the day. Many of the company's better pieces, however, are pleasingly unique, are solidly constructed and stand on their own merits.", "Chiddingstone Hoath Chiddingstone Hoath is a hamlet in the Sevenoaks District of Kent, England. Notable buildings include Hoath House, and Stonewall Park, for some time home of the Meade-Waldo family.It was visited by Charles Rennie Mackintosh in 1910.", "Diamonds and Toads Diamonds and Toads or Toads and Diamonds is a French fairy tale by Charles Perrault, and titled by him \"Les Fées\" or \"The Fairies.\" Andrew Lang included it in The Blue Fairy Book.In his source, as in Mother Hulda, the kind girl was the stepdaughter, not the other daughter. The change was apparently to decrease the similarity to Cinderella.It is Aarne-Thompson tale 480, the kind and the unkind girls.", "Don Quichotte chez la Duchesse Don Quichotte chez la Duchesse (Don Quixote at the Duchess) is a \"comic ballet\" (comédie lyrique) by the French baroque composer Joseph Bodin de Boismortier. Although it is described as a ballet, it is sung throughout with a libretto by Charles Simon Favart.", "Donkeyskin Donkeyskin (French: Peau d'Âne) is a French literary fairytale written in verse by Charles Perrault. It was first published in 1695 in a small volume and republished in 1697 in Perrault's Histoires ou contes du temps passé.Andrew Lang included it, somewhat euphemized, in The Grey Fairy Book.It is similar in style to folktales of Aarne-Thompson type 510B, unnatural love.", "Felicity Brown Felicity Brown is an English-born fashion designer, living and working in London in the United Kingdom. She studied Fashion Textiles at the Glasgow School of Art, receiving a first class honors degree and winning the Charles Rennie Mackintosh Award. From Glasgow she went on to the Royal College of Art in London, graduating in 2002 with an MA in textiles.", "Frances MacDonald Frances MacDonald (1873–1921) was a Scottish artist whose design work was a prominent feature of the \"Glasgow Style\" during the 1890s.The sister of better known artist Margaret MacDonald, she was born near at Tipton, near Wolverhampton, and moved to Glasgow with her family in 1890. Both sisters enrolled in painting classes at the Glasgow School of Art in 1891, where they met the architect Charles Rennie Mackintosh and artist Herbert MacNair.", "Francis Henry Newbery Francis Henry Newbery or Fra Newbery (1855-1946) was a painter and art educationist, best known as director of the Glasgow School of Art between 1885 and 1917. Under his leadership the School developed an international reputation and was associated with the flourishing of Glasgow Style and the work of Charles Rennie Mackintosh and his circle.", "Herbert MacNair James Herbert MacNair (December 23, 1868 - April 22, 1955), was a Scottish artist, designer and teacher whose work contributed to the development of the \"Glasgow Style\" during the 1890s. Born in Glasgow into a military family, MacNair trained as an architect with the Glasgow firm of Honeyman and Keppie from 1888 to 1895, and it was there that he first met Charles Rennie Mackintosh.", "Hill House, Helensburgh Hill House in Helensburgh, Scotland is one of Charles Rennie Mackintosh's most famous works, probably second only to Glasgow School of Art. It was designed and built for the publisher Walter Blackie in 1902 – 1904.In addition to the house itself, Mackintosh also designed most of the interior rooms, furniture and other fixings.", "Jake Kaner Professor Jake Kaner (born 1959) is Professor of Furniture at Buckinghamshire New University, and a member of the Institute of Conservation.In 2005, he was awarded a grant by Arts and Humanities Research Council to create an Electronic Furniture Archive of High Wycombe, launched in 2009. In 2004, he was called upon to create replica furniture for the 78 Derngate Charles Rennie Mackintosh project in Northampton of certain Mackintosh originals.", "John Cairney John Cairney (born 16 February 1930) is a Scottish film and television actor who is well known to audiences in Scotland and internationally through his one-man shows on Robert Burns, Robert Louis Stevenson, Robert Service, Charles Rennie Mackintosh and William McGonagall.He has worked as an actor, recitalist, lecturer, director and theatre consultant. He is also a published author and an exhibited painter.", "List of museums in Northamptonshire This list contains the museums in Northamptonshire, England, defined as institutions (including nonprofit organizations, government entities, and private businesses) that collect and care for objects of cultural, artistic, scientific, or historical interest and make their collections or related exhibits available for public viewing. Also included are non-profit art galleries and university art galleries. Museums that exist only in cyberspace (i.e.", "Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh (5 November 1864 – 7 January 1933) was a Scottish artist whose design work became one of the defining features of the \"Glasgow Style\" during the 1890s.", "Masó House Masó House is the birthplace of Rafael Masó i Valentí (1880–1935). It is also one of the most important works of architecture in Girona. Offering unparalleled views of the city, it is the only one of the famous houses on the Onyar River open to the public. The house has been preserved with the furniture and decoration in Noucentisme style.", "No Thoroughfare No Thoroughfare is a stage play and novel by Charles Dickens and Wilkie Collins, both released in December 1867.", "Richard Harding Watt Richard Harding Watt (1842–1913) was an English designer who worked with four professional architects to create large houses and associated buildings in the town of Knutsford, Cheshire.", "Riquet with the Tuft \"Riquet with the Tuft\" (French: Riquet à la Houppe), also known as \"Ricky of the Tuft\", is a French literary fairy tale was first published by Charles Perrault in Histoires ou contes du temps passé in 1697.In the version by Charles Perrault, a fairy gives an ugly prince named Ricky the gift of conferring wit upon the one he loves the best. Prince Ricky of the Tuft comes to a kingdom with two princesses. The elder one is beautiful but unintelligent and the younger one is intelligent but ugly.", "Robert Macintyre Robert Hamilton Macintyre TD RIBA ARIAS (1940–97) was a Scottish architect with a particular interest in church architecture and in the work of Charles Rennie Mackintosh. He was a champion of causes to improve the arts facilities and architecture of Inverness, the Highland capital.", "Ruchill Church Hall Ruchill Church Hall, designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh, was built as a mission for the Free Church of Scotland and completed in 1899. It is located at 15/17 Shakespeare Street, a side road off Maryhill Road, Glasgow, Scotland, close to the bridge which takes Ruchill Street across the Forth and Clyde Canal to the Ruchill area, and near a shopping centre on the main road.", "Scotland Street, Glasgow Scotland Street is a street in Glasgow, Scotland. It is located south of the River Clyde, in the Tradeston area. Shields Road subway station is located at its western end, close to the M8 motorway, and West Street subway station is at its eastern end. The Scotland Street School Museum, housed in a former school designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh, is on the south side of the street. Otherwise it is a mainly industrial area.", "Scottish art in the nineteenth century Scottish art in the nineteenth century is the body of visual art made in Scotland, by Scots, or about Scottish subjects. This period saw the increasing professionalisation and organisation of art in Scotland. Major institutions founded in this period included the Institution for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts in Scotland, the Royal Scottish Academy of Art, the National Gallery of Scotland, the Scottish National Portrait Gallery and the Glasgow Institute.", "The Herald (Glasgow) The Herald is a Scottish broadsheet newspaper founded in 1783. The Herald is the longest running national newspaper in the world and is the eighth oldest daily paper in the world.", "The Lighthouse, Glasgow The Lighthouse in Glasgow is Scotland's Centre for Design and Architecture. It was opened as part of Glasgow's status as UK City of Architecture and Design in 1999. The Lighthouse is the renamed conversion of the former offices of the Glasgow Herald newspaper. Completed in 1895, it was designed by the architect Charles Rennie Mackintosh.", "The Ridiculous Wishes The Ridiculous Wishes or The Three Ridiculous Wishes is a French literary fairy tale by Charles Perrault published in 1697 in the volume titled Histoires ou contes du temps passé. It is Aarne-Thompson type 750A.A woodcutter complained of his poor lot. Jupiter (or, alternatively, a tree spirit) granted him three wishes. The woodcutter went home, and his wife persuaded him to put off the wishing until the next day, after he had thought, but while sitting by the fire, he wished for sausages.", "The Uncommercial Traveller The Uncommercial Traveller is a collection of literary sketches and reminiscences written by Charles Dickens.In 1859 Dickens founded a new journal called All the Year Round and the Uncommercial Traveller articles would be among his main contributions. He seems to have chosen the title and persona of the Uncommercial Traveller as a result of a speech he gave on 22 December 1859 to the Commercial Travellers' School London in his role as honorary chairman and treasurer.", "Thornly Park Thornly Park is an area off Paisley, Scotland located just off Neilston Road heading towards Barrhead. The area is classed as a conservation area with many examples of various archicture ranging from Tudor to Art Deco. Many of the houses were designed by local architect W. D. McLennan, a contemporary of Charles Rennie MacIntosh. He also designed several local churches including St Nazarene which is located on Gordon Street in the town." ]

[ "Abendgymnasium An Abendgymnasium or \"Evening Gymnasium\" is a German class of secondary school for adults over the age of 19 which allows them to gain the Abitur. Classes are usually held after 17:30 at night, although some classes may be held in the mornings for parents with school-age children. Lessons are taught in a similar fashion to those at a typical German Gymnasium and students will often remain at the school for 4 years before taking their final exams.", "Abendhauptschule An Abendhauptschule \"\\Evening Hauptschule\") is a German class of secondary school for mature students which allows them to gain the Hauptschulabschluss. Classes are usually held in the evening.", "Abendrealschule An Abendrealschule \"\\Evening Realschule\") is a German class of secondary school for mature students which allows them to gain the Mittlere Reife and sometimes also other school leaving certificates. Classes are usually held in the evening.", "Academy (English school) Academy schools are state-funded schools in England which are directly funded by the Department for Education and independent of local authority control.Most academies are secondary schools, however some primary schools, as well as some of the remaining first, middle and high schools, are also academies.Academies are self-governing non-profit charitable trusts and may receive additional support from personal or corporate sponsors, either financially or in kind.", "Adult high school An adult high school or adult school is a high school facility designed for adult education. It is intended for adults who have not completed high school to continue their education. Some adult high schools offer child care, special integration programs for immigrants and refugees, career and other programs and services geared toward the special needs of adult students.", "Affiliated school An affiliated school or affiliated college is an educational institution that operates independently, but also has a formal collaborative agreement with another, usually larger institution that may have some level of control or influence over its academic policies, standards or programs.While a university may have one or several affiliated colleges, it is not necessarily a collegiate university, which is a union or federation of semi-autonomous colleges.", "Akademie A German Academie is a school or college, trade school or another educational institution. The word Akademie (unlike the words Gymnasium or Universität) is not protected by law and any school or college may choose to call itself Akademie. A Sommerakademie (Summer Akademie) is a programme that teaches different groups of children or grown-ups usually during the summer month. Sometimes those programmes are remedial in nature.", "All-through school An All-through school is a school which provides both primary and secondary education. In the United Kingdom, they accept children at age 4, and school them right through to sixth-form (age 18-19).In 2009, there were only 13 all-through state schools in England, but the Coalition Government's Free School programme has seen the number expand rapidly.", "All Hallows High School All Hallows High School (formerly known as All Hallows Institute) is a Catholic boys' high school in South Bronx, New York, United States. Located at 111 East 164th Street, near Yankee Stadium, the school has an enrollment of approximately 650 boys, 98% of whom are persons of color.Despite sitting in the poorest Congressional district in the country, All Hallows routinely places its entire graduating class in four-year colleges.", "All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi (AIIMS Delhi) is a medical college and medical research public university based in New Delhi, India. The Institute was established in 1956 and operates autonomously under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.", "All Saints Catholic School, Dagenham All Saints Catholic School is a Roman Catholic secondary school located on Terling Road, Dagenham in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham, England.", "Alternative school Template:Students rights sidebarAn alternative school is an educational establishment with a curriculum and methods that are nontraditional.", "Approved School Approved School is a term formerly used in the United Kingdom for a residential institution to which young people could be sent by a court, usually for committing offences but sometimes because they were deemed to be beyond parental control. It is similar to a reform school in the United States. They were modelled on ordinary boarding schools, from which it was relatively easy to abscond.", "Area school In New Zealand and Australia, an area school is a school that takes children from kindergarten age (usually 4 or 5 years old) all the way through to tertiary entrance exams (at about age 18). They tend to be built in small towns where the cost of separate primary and secondary schools cannot be justified.", "Art school An art school is an educational institution with a primary focus on the visual arts, especially illustration, painting, photography, sculpture, and graphic design. Art schools are institutions with elementary, secondary, post-secondary or undergraduate, or graduate or postgraduate programs in these areas.", "Berufsoberschule Berufsoberschule (Upper Vocational School) is an optional part of the German education system, and is an additional way to be allowed at university for students who didn't get an Abitur at a Gymnasium.", "Birmingham board school The Birmingham board schools were set up very rapidly after the Forster Elementary Education Act 1870 was enacted, covering England and Wales. Over forty were created in Birmingham.", "Boarding school A boarding school is a school where some or all pupils study and live during the school year with their fellow students and possibly teachers or principals. The word 'boarding' is used in the sense of \"bed and board,\" i.e., lodging and meals. Some boarding schools also have day students who attend the institution by day and return off-campus to their families in the evenings.Many independent (private) schools are boarding schools. Boarding school pupils (a.k.a.", "Cadet Corps Cadet Corps is a type of a military school for young boys. Although initially such military schools admitted only children of the nobles or gentry, with time many of them were also opened to other classes.The original French Corps of Cadets was formed by king Louis XIII for younger sons of gentry from the region of Gascony (dubbed cadets, hence the name).", "Canadian Indian residential school system The Indian Residential Schools were a network of \"residential\" (boarding) schools for Native Canadians (First Nations or \"Indians\"; Métis and Inuit). Funded by the Canadian government's Indian Affairs and Northern Development, and administered by Christian churches, predominantly the Roman Catholic Church in Canada (60%), but also the Anglican Church of Canada (30%), and the United Church of Canada (including its pre-1925 constituent church predecessors)(10%).", "Cathedral school Cathedral schools began in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education, some of them ultimately evolving into medieval universities. Throughout the Middle Ages and beyond, they were complemented by the monastic schools. Some of these early cathedral schools, and more recent foundations, continued into modern times.", "Catholic school Catholic schools are maintained parochial schools or education ministries of the Catholic Church. As of 2011, the Church operates the world's largest non-governmental school system. Catholic schools participate in the evangelizing mission of the Church, integrating religious education as the core subject within their curriculum.", "Central school A central school was a selective secondary education school in the English education system, between the more prestigious grammar schools and the ordinary secondary schools.", "Charity school A charity school, also called Blue Coat School, was significant in the history of education in England. It was erected and maintained in various parishes by the voluntary contributions of the inhabitants for teaching poor children to read, write, and other necessary parts of education. It was usually maintained by religious organizations, which provided clothing and education to students freely or at little charge.", "Charter school A charter school is a school that receives public funding but operates independently of the established public school system in which it is located. Charter schools are an example of alternative education.", "Christian school A Christian school is a school run on Christian principles or by a Christian organization.The nature of Christian schools varies enormously from country to country, according to the religious, educational, and political cultures.", "City Technology College In England, a City Technology College (CTC) is a state-funded all-ability secondary school that charges no fees but is independent of local authority control, being overseen directly by the Department for Education.One fifth of the capital costs are met by private business sponsors, who also own or lease the buildings.The rest of the capital costs, and all running costs, are met by the Department.City Technology Colleges teach the National Curriculum, but specialise in mainly technology-based subjects such as technology, science and mathematics.Like maintained schools, they are regularly inspected by the Office for Standards in Education.CTCs also forge close links with businesses and industry (mainly through their sponsors), and often their governors are directors of local or national businesses that are supporting or have supported the colleges.", "Co-institutional Co-institutional schools employ a style of schooling wherein both male and female students study on the same campus but classes are single-gender. Usually each division has its own building but may, on few occasions, use the facilities of the other division. Each division has its own administration and maintains its own courses, dress code, schedule, and other aspects.", "Collegiate institute A collegiate institute is a school either of secondary education or higher education. The definition varies regionally, and has been largely unused outside of Canada since the early 20th century.", "Collegiate university A collegiate university (also federal university or affiliating university) is a university in which governing authority and functions are divided between a central administration and a number of constituent colleges.", "Combined school Combined school is a term used in the United Kingdom which has begun to lose its original meaning.When, in 1967, the Plowden Report recommended a change in the structure of primary education in England, it proposed an arrangement of first and middle schools, catering for pupils aged 4–8 and 8-12 respectively.", "Common school A common school was a public school in the United States or Canada in the nineteenth century.", "Community school Community school may refer to: Community school (England and Wales), a type of state-funded school in which the local education authority employs the school's staff, is responsible for the school's admissions and owns the school's estate Community school (Ireland), a type of secondary school funded directly by the state Community school (United States), a type of publicly funded school that serves as both an educational institution and a centre of community life", "Community school (England and Wales) A community school in England and Wales is a type of state-funded school in which the local education authority (LEA) employs the school's staff, is responsible for the school's admissions and owns the school's estate.In the mid-19th century, government involvement in schooling consisted of annual grants to the National Society for Promoting Religious Education and the British and Foreign School Society to support the \"voluntary schools\" that they ran, and monitoring inspections of these schools.The Elementary Education Act 1870 imposed stricter standards on schools, and provided for the setting up of locally elected school boards in boroughs and parishes across England and Wales, empowered to set up elementary-level board schools where voluntary provision was insufficient.A number of voluntary schools, especially those of the BFSS, chose to become board schools.Parents were still required to pay fees, though the fees of the poorest were paid by the board.The Education Act 1902 abolished school boards, transferring their functions to counties and boroughs acting as Local Education Authorities.The board schools were thus renamed county schools.The Act also introduced county secondary schools, which were greatly expanded during the 20th century.The schools were renamed community schools in the School Standards and Framework Act 1998.In 2008 approximately 61% of the state-funded primary and secondary schools in England were community schools.", "Comprehensive high school Comprehensive high schools are the most popular form of public high schools in the United States which serve the needs of all students, as compared to the common practice in other nations in which examinations are used to sort students into different high schools for different populations. Some high schools specialize in University-preparatory school academic preparation, some in remedial instruction, and some in vocational instruction.", "Comprehensive school A comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive schools were introduced from 1965. About 90% of British pupils attend comprehensive schools.", "Continuation high school A continuation high school is an alternative to a comprehensive high school. In some countries it is primarily for students who are considered at-risk of not graduating at the normal pace. The requirements to graduate are the same, but the scheduling is more flexible to allow students to earn their credits at a quicker pace.", "Cram school Cram schools or colloquially crammers are specialized schools that train their students to meet particular goals, most commonly to pass the entrance examinations of high schools or universities. The English name is derived from the slang term \"cramming\", meaning to study hard or to study a large amount of material in a short period of time.", "Cursinho Cursinho (in Portuguese, \"little course\", also called curso pré-vestibular) is a type of cram school, in general private, existing in many Brazilian cities, and attended by students who are trying to enter the university via the entrance exams (vestibular).", "Dalton Plan The Dalton Plan is an educational concept created by Helen Parkhurst. It is inspired by the intellectual ferment at the turn of the 20th century. Educational thinkers such as Maria Montessori and John Dewey influenced Parkhurst while she created the Dalton Plan.", "Dame school A Dame school was an early form of a private elementary school in English-speaking countries. They were usually taught by women and were often located in the home of the teacher.", "Darul uloom Darul uloom (Arabic: دار العلوم‎, transliterated dar al-`ulum), also spelled darul ulum etc., is an Arabic term which literally means \"house of knowledge\". The term generally means an Islamic seminary or educational institution—similar to or often the same as a madrassa or Islamic school—although a darul uloom often indicates a more advanced level of study. In a darul uloom, Islamic subjects are studied by students, who are known as Tulahb.", "Day school A day school—as opposed to a boarding school—is an institution where children (or high-school age adolescents) are given educational instruction during the day, after which the students return to their homes.", "Dental school A dental school (school of dental medicine, school of dentistry, dental college) is a tertiary educational institution—or part of such an institution—that teaches dental medicine to prospective dentists. Upon successful completion, the graduate receives a degree in Dentistry or Dental Medicine, which, depending upon the jurisdiction, might be a bachelor's degree, master's degree, a professional degree, or a doctorate.", "Direct grant grammar school A direct grant grammar school was a type of selective secondary school in England and Wales that existed between 1945 and 1976. One quarter of the places in these schools were directly funded by central government, while the remainder attracted fees, some paid by the Local Education Authority and some by private pupils.", "Early college high school The Early College High School Initiative provides students the opportunity to receive a high school diploma and an associate degree or up to two years of college credit, by taking a mixture of high school and college classes. This differs from dual enrollment as dual enrollment students are enrolled in a traditional high school and take college classes whereas Early College take high school classes in preparation for full college workloads.", "Elementary school Elementary school is for students at the ages of 4-12 to receive primary education.", "Escalator school An escalator school (エスカレーター学校, esukareitā gakkō) (also esukareitā kō (エスカレーター校) and esukareita kō (エスカレータ校)) is a school that offers education from elementary or middle (or even from the kindergarten) until university. Escalator schools are so called because students usually rise to the next grade without having to take entrance exams.", "Faith school A faith school is a school in the United Kingdom that teaches a general curriculum but which has a particular religious character or formal links with a religious organisation.", "Film school A film school is any educational institution dedicated to teaching aspects of filmmaking, including such subjects as film production, film theory, digital media production, and screenwriting. Film history courses and hands-on technical training are usually incorporated into most film school curricula. Technical training may include instruction in the use and operation of cameras, lighting equipment, film or video editing equipment and software, and other relevant equipment.", "Finishing school A finishing school is a school for young women that focuses on teaching social graces and upper class cultural rites as a preparation for entry into society. The name reflects that it follows on from ordinary school and is intended to complete the education, with classes primarily on deportment and etiquette, with academic subjects secondary. It may consist of an intensive course, or a one-year programme.", "First school A first school or lower school was the first part of the 'three tier' school system, the others being middle school and upper school in rural areas of England and Wales. Virtually all have now either been merged into primary schools or converted to infant schools or junior schools.", "Folk high school Folk high schools (Danish: Folkehøjskole; Finnish: kansanopisto and työväenopisto or kansalaisopisto; German: Volkshochschule and (uncommon) Heimvolkshochschule; Norwegian: Folkehøgskole; Swedish: Folkhögskola) are institutions for adult education that generally do not grant academic degrees, though certain courses might exist leading to that goal. They are most commonly found in Nordic countries and in Germany and Austria.", "Forest kindergarten A forest kindergarten is a type of preschool education for children between the ages of three and six that is held almost exclusively outdoors. Whatever the weather, children are encouraged to play, explore and learn in a forest or natural environment. The adult supervision is meant to assist rather than lead. It is also known as Waldkindergarten (in German), outdoor nursery, nature kindergarten, or nature preschool.", "Forest school (learning style) Forest school is a type of outdoor education in which children (or adults) visit forests/woodlands, learning personal, social and technical skills. It has been defined as \"an inspirational process that offers children, young people and adults regular opportunities to achieve and develop confidence through hands-on learning in a woodland environment\". Forest school is both a pedagogy and a physical entity, with the use often being interchanged.", "Foundation school In England and Wales, a foundation school is a state-funded school in which the governing body has greater freedom in the running of the school than in community schools.Foundation schools were set up under the School Standards and Framework Act 1998 to replace grant-maintained schools, which were funded directly by central government.Grant-maintained schools that had previously been voluntary controlled or county schools (but not voluntary aided) usually became foundation schools.Foundation schools are a kind of \"maintained school\", meaning that they are funded by central government via the local education authority, and do not charge fees to students.As with voluntary controlled schools, all capital and running costs are met by the government.As with voluntary aided schools, the governing body employs the staff and has responsibility for admissions to the school, subject to rules imposed by central government.Pupils follow the National Curriculum.Some foundation schools, also called trust schools, have a foundation or trust that owns the land and buildings.Otherwise the land and buildings are owned by the governing body.The foundation usually appoints about a quarter of the school governors, as in voluntary controlled schools, but in some cases it appoints the majority of governors, as in voluntary aided schools.Within the maintained sector in England, approximately 2% of primary schools and 15% of secondary schools are foundation schools. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_school?oldid=656757053> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Gustav_Frenssen> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Gustav Frenssen (19 October 1863 – 11 April 1945) was a German novelist. He wrote patriotically about his native country and promoted Heimatkunst (regionalism) in literature.", "Free school (England) A Free School in England is a type of Academy, a non-profit-making, independent, State-funded school which is free to attend but which is not controlled by a Local Authority. They are subject to the same School Admissions Code as all other State-funded schools.Like other types of academy, Free Schools are governed by non-profit charitable trusts that sign funding agreements with the Secretary of State.", "Gaelscoil A Gaelscoil (Irish pronunciation: [ˈɡeːl̪ˠsˠkɛlʲ]; plural: Gaelscoileanna) is an Irish-medium school (particularly primary school) in Ireland: the term refers especially to Irish-medium schools outside the Irish-speaking regions.Students in the Gaelscoileanna acquire the Irish language through language immersion, though they study the standard curriculum. Gaelscoileanna, unlike English-medium schools, have the reputation of producing competent Irish speakers.", "Graduate school A graduate school (sometimes shortened as \"grad school\") is a school that awards advanced academic degrees (i.e. master's and doctoral degrees) with the general requirement that students must have earned a previous undergraduate (bachelor's) degree with a high grade point average.", "Grammar school A grammar school is one of several different types of school in the history of education in the United Kingdom and other English-speaking countries, originally a school teaching classical languages but more recently an academically oriented secondary school.The original purpose of medieval grammar schools was the teaching of Latin.", "Grant-maintained school Grant-maintained schools were state schools in England and Wales between 1988 and 1998 that had opted out of local government control, being funded directly by a grant from central government. Some of these schools had selective admissions procedures.", "Greenup County High School Greenup County High School (GCHS) is a public high school in Greenup, Kentucky, which is located in Greenup County in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Kentucky. It is the only high school in Greenup County Schools. Their mascot is the Musketeers, and their colors are green, black, and gold.", "Gurukula Gurukula or gurukul (Sanskrit: गुरुकुल) is a type of school in India, residential in nature, with pupils (shishya) living near the guru, often within the same house. Prior to British rule, they served as South Asia's primary educational institution. The guru-shishya tradition (parampara) is a hallowed one in Hinduism and appears in other religious groups in India, such as Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism.", "Gymnasium (school) A gymnasium is a type of school with a strong emphasis on academic learning, and providing advanced secondary education in some parts of Europe and the CIS, comparable to British grammar schools, sixth form colleges and U.S. preparatory high schools.", "Han school (Not to be confused with the Han learning 漢學, the Chinese intellectual movement prominent during the Qing dynasty)The han school (藩校, hankō) was an educational institution in the Edo period of Japan, originally established to educate children of daimyo (feudal lords) and their retainers in the domains outside of the capital. These institutions were also known as hangaku (藩学), hangakkō (藩学校) or hankō (藩黌).", "Hedge school A hedge school (Irish names include scoil chois claí, scoil ghairid and scoil scairte) is the name given to an educational practice, particularly in 18th and 19th century Ireland, so called due to its rural nature. It came about as local educated men began an oral tradition of teaching the community. With the advent of the commercial world in Ireland after 1600, its peasant society saw the need for greater education.", "High school A high school (also secondary school, senior school, secondary college) is a school that provides adolescents with part or all of their secondary education. It may come after primary school or middle school and be followed by higher education or vocational training.", "Hospital school A hospital school is a school operated in a hospital, generally a children's hospital which provides instruction to all primary and secondary grade levels. These schools help children regain academic progress during periods of hospitalization or rehabilitation. The schools are most often accredited and run by the local public school system, funded by the state, and are based on the same curriculum and testing mandated by the state as is practical for the students.", "Independent school An independent school is a school that is independent in its finances and governance; it is not dependent upon national or local government for financing its operations, nor reliant on taxpayer contributions, and is instead funded by a combination of tuition charges, donations, and in some cases the investment yield of an endowment. It is governed by a board of directors that is elected by an independent means and a system of governance that ensures its independent operation.", "Independent school (United Kingdom) In the United Kingdom Independent schools (also private schools) are fee-paying private schools, governed by an elected board of governors and independent of many of the regulations and conditions that apply to state funded schools. Some of the older, expensive and more exclusive schools catering for the 13–18 age-range in England and Wales are known as Public schools, the term \"public\" being derived from the fact that they were open to pupils regardless of where they lived or their religion.", "Independent school district An independent school district (ISD) is a type of school district in some U.S. states for primary and secondary education, which operates as an entity that is independent and separate from any municipality, county, or state. As such the administrative leadership of such districts is selected from within the district itself and has no direct responsibility to any other governmental authority.", "Infant school An Infant school is a term used primarily in England and Wales for school for children between the ages of four and seven years. It is usually a small school serving a particular locality.An infant school forms part of the local pattern of provision for primary education. In England and Wales children start at infant school between the ages of four and five in a Reception class. They sometimes attend part-time (mornings only or afternoons only) for the first term or two.", "Institute of technology Institute of technology (also: university of technology, polytechnic university, technikon, and technical college) is a designation employed for a wide range of learning institutions awarding different types of degrees and operating often at variable levels of the educational system.", "Integral education Integral education refers to educational theories or institutions which are informed by integral thought.", "International Preschool An international preschool is a preschool that promotes internationalism and follows a curriculum not native to the host nation in which it is situated. Most international preschools cater mainly to nationals not native to the host country such as the children of diplomats, international organizations and missionary programs. International preschools can be either private or public. It is not known how many preschools are classified as international preschools.", "International school An international school is a school that promotes international education, in an international environment, either by adopting a curriculum such as that of the International Baccalaureate, Edexcel or Cambridge International Examinations, or by following a national curriculum different from that of the school's country of residence.", "Jewish day school See yeshiva and Beis Yaakov about strictly Orthodox (mostly Haredi) Jewish schools.A Jewish day school is a modern Jewish educational institution that is designed to provide children of Jewish parents with both a Jewish and a secular education in one school on a full-time basis. The term \"day school\" is used to differentiate schools attended during the day from their secular or religious \"boarding school\" equivalents where the students live full-time as well as study.", "Juku Gakushū juku (Japanese: 学習塾; see cram school) are special private schools (primarily in Japan) that offer lessons conducted after regular school hours, on weekends, and during school vacations.", "Junior school A junior school is a type of school which provide primary education to children, often in the age range from 8 and 12, following Infant school which covers the age range 5-7. More commonly both age ranges are accommodated within a Primary school.", "K-8 school K-8 schools, elementary-middle schools, or K-8 centers are schools in the United States that enroll students from kindergarten/pre-K (age 5) through 8th grade (up to age 14), combining the typical elementary school (K-5) and junior high or middle school (6-7-8).As of 2007, many American private schools have K-8 configurations.", "Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan is a system of central government schools in India that have been instituted under the aegis of the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD). It comprises over 1,000 schools in India and three abroad.The system came into being in 1963 under the name \"central schools\" and has been affiliated with Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) since then. Later, the name was changed to Kendriya Vidyalaya.", "Kolleg A Kolleg (German [ˈkɔleːɡ] from Latin collegium) in Germany is a three-year school of adult education, preparing students for the exams leading to the general university entrance qualification, the Abitur (Allgemeine Hochschulreife).Different from the otherwise similar German evening school, Abendgymnasium, Kolleg classes are in the daytime. Both are state-run schools and do not charge tuition fees.", "Laboratory school A laboratory school or demonstration school is an elementary or secondary school operated in association with a university, college, or other teacher education institution and used for the training of future teachers, educational experimentation, educational research, and professional development.Many laboratory schools follow a model of experiential education based on the original Laboratory School run by John Dewey at the University of Chicago.", "Language/culture-based charter school A language/culture-based charter school is a charter school whose curriculum is based on the language and culture of a specific ethnic nation or group of nations, although the schools are open to students of all ethnic backgrounds.A review by the Washington advocacy group, National Alliance for Public Charter Schools, found that among the more than 4,600 charters nationwide, 113 have mission statements specifying such ethnic cultural themes.", "Latin school The Latin school was the grammar school of 14th to 19th-century Europe, though the latter term was much more common in England. Emphasis was placed, as the name indicates, on learning to use Latin. The education given at Latin schools gave great emphasis to the complicated grammar of the Latin language, initially in its Medieval Latin form. Grammar was the most basic part of the trivium and the Liberal arts — in artistic personifications Grammar's attribute was the birch rod.", "Law school in the United States In the United States, a law school is an institution where students obtain a professional education in law after first obtaining an undergraduate degree.Law schools in the U.S. issue the Juris Doctor degree (J.D.), which is a professional doctorate, and for most practitioners a terminal degree. Although most law schools only offer the traditional three-year program, several U.S.", "Law schools in South Korea Traditionally, Korean legal education followed the German and Japanese models. Recent reforms are shifting professional education from an undergraduate LL.B. to a J.D. type of education. In addition, many Korean universities continue to offer legal education in academic and scholastic frameworks, offering graduate degrees, including Ph.D.s in Law. In addition, several universities focus on legal systems outside of Korea, such as on Common Law.", "Liceo classico Liceo classico (Classical Lyceum) is the oldest secondary school type in Italy. The educational curriculum lasts five years, and students are generally about 14 to 19 years of age. Until 1969, this was the only secondary education track that allowed a student access to any kind of Italian university (including humanities and jurisprudence).", "Liceo scientifico Liceo scientifico (literally scientific lyceum) is a type of secondary school in Italy. It is designed to give students the skills to progress to any university or higher educational institution. Students can attend the liceo scientifico after successfully completing middle school (scuola media).The curriculum is devised by the Ministry of Education, and emphasises the link between the humanistic tradition and scientific culture.", "Lutheran school Lutheran schools and education were a priority for Lutherans who migrated to the United States and Australia from Germany and Scandinavia. One of the first things they did was to create schools for their children. This strong educational tradition was handed down from Martin Luther himself. The oldest continuously operating school in the United States is St. Matthew Lutheran School in Manhattan.", "Magnet school In the U.S. education system, magnet schools are public schools with specialized courses or curricula. \"Magnet\" refers to how the schools draw students from across the normal boundaries defined by authorities (usually school boards) as school zones that feed into certain schools.There are magnet schools at the elementary, middle, and high school levels.", "Maktab Maktab (Arabic: مكتب‎) or Maktabeh (Arabic: مكتبة‎) or Maktabkhaneh (Persian: مكتب، مکتبخانه‎‎) (other transliterations include makteb, mekteb, mektep, meqteb, maqtab), also called a Kuttab (Arabic: الكتَّاب‎ Kottāb ) “school” is an Arabic word meaning elementary schools. Though it was primarily used for teaching children in reading, writing, grammar and Islamic studies such as Qira'at (Quranic recitation), other practical and theoretical subjects were also often taught.", "Medical school A medical school is a tertiary educational institution—or part of such an institution—that teaches medicine, and awards a professional degree for physicians and surgeons. Such medical degrees include the Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS, MBChB, BMBS), Doctor of Medicine (MD) or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO).", "Menntaskóli A Menntaskóli is an Icelandic equivalent to a gymnasium (high school), although it works differently from other countries.In Iceland grade school (grunnskóli) goes from 1st to 10th grade, which are the only mandatory school years in Iceland. After graduation from grade school, students choose what High Schools/College they wish to go to (this is similar to choosing a college in the United States). It is all based on what students wish to learn.", "Middle school A middle school or junior high school is a school for students older than elementary school, but not yet in high school. The ages covered varies between, and sometimes within, countries.", "Military academy A military academy or service academy (in American English) is an educational institution which prepares candidates for service in the officer corps of the army, the navy, marine corps, air force or coast guard.", "Minor seminary A minor seminary is a secondary boarding school created for the specific purpose of enrolling teenage boys who have expressed interest in becoming priests. They are generally Roman Catholic institutions, and designed to prepare boys both academically and spiritually for vocations to the priesthood and religious life.", "Monastic school Monastic schools (Latin: Scholae monasticae) were, along with cathedral schools, the most important institutions of higher learning in the Latin West from the early Middle Ages until the 12th century. Since Cassiodorus's educational program, the standard curriculum incorporated religious studies, the Trivium, and the Quadrivium. In some places monastic schools evolved into medieval universities which eventually largely superseded both institutions as centers of higher learning.", "Multidenominational school A multidenominational school is a relatively new type of primary school in Ireland. They often try to move away from traditional religion-based models, which are common in Ireland, typically these are Roman Catholic and to a lesser extent Church of Ireland schools. Multidenominational schools try to promote pluralism and multiculturalism.", "National school (Ireland) In Ireland, a National school is a type of primary school that is financed directly by the State, but administered jointly by the State, a patron body, and local representatives.", "Normal school A normal school is a school created to train high school graduates to be teachers. Its purpose is to establish teaching standards or norms, hence its name. Most such schools are now called teachers' colleges.In 1685, Jean-Baptiste de La Salle, founder of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools, founded what is generally considered the first normal school, the École Normale, in Reims.", "Nursing school A nursing school is a type of educational institution, or part thereof, providing education and training to become a fully qualified nurse. The nature of nursing education and nursing qualifications varies considerably across the world.", "One-room school One-room schools were commonplace throughout rural portions of various countries, including Prussia, Norway, Sweden, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Spain. In most rural (country) and small town schools, all of the students met in a single room. There, a single teacher taught academic basics to several grade levels of elementary-age boys and girls.", "Orphan school An orphan school is a secular or religious institution dedicated to the education of children whose families cannot afford to have them educated. In countries with universal public education systems, orphan schools are no longer common.", "Parochial school A parochial school is a private primary or secondary school affiliated with a religious organization and whose curriculum includes general religious education in addition to secular subjects, such as science, mathematics and language arts. The word \"parochial\" comes from the same root as \"parish\", and parochial schools were originally the educational wing of the local parish church. Christian parochial schools are often called \"church schools\".", "Partially selective school (England) In England, a partially selective school is one of a few dozen state-funded secondary schools that select a proportion of their intake by ability or aptitude, permitted as a continuation of arrangements that existed prior to 1997.Though treated together by current legislation, they are of two types: bilateral schools in remnants of the Tripartite System, and former grant-maintained schools that introduced partial selection in the 1990s.While technically classified as comprehensive schools, they occupy a middle ground between grammar schools and true comprehensives, and many of the arguments for and against grammar schools also apply to these schools.Although there are relatively few schools of this type, several of them score very highly in national performance tables, and are among the most over-subscribed schools in the country.There are no partially selective schools in Scotland and Wales, which have wholly comprehensive systems, while Northern Ireland retains a grammar system.", "Pirivena A pirivena (plural: piriven) is a monastic college (similar to a seminary) for the education of Buddhist priests in Sri Lanka. These have been the centers of secondary and higher education in ancient times for lay people as well. Today 561 Piriven are founded and maintained by the Ministry of Education. Young priests undergo training at these pirivenas prior to being their Ordination.", "Pit school A pit school was a covert school for African American children from the time when they were prevented from receiving an education due to repression and lack of freedom of assembly.These schools were held at night. A pit would be dug and covered over.A pit school is referred to in the book Nightjohn by Gary Paulsen.", "Pre-kindergarten Pre-kindergarten (also called Pre-K or PK) is a classroom-based preschool program for children below the age of five in the United States (when kindergarten starts). It may be delivered through a preschool or within a reception year in elementary school. Pre-kindergartens play an important role in early childhood education. They have existed in the US since 1922, normally run by private organizations. The U.S.", "Pre-school playgroup A pre-school playgroup, or in everyday usage just a playgroup, is an organised group providing care and socialisation for children under five. The term is widely used in the United Kingdom. Playgroups are less formal than the pre-school education of nursery schools. They do not provide full-time care, operating for only a few hours a day during school term time, often in the mornings only.", "Pregnancy school Pregnancy school is a type of school in the United States exclusively for pregnant girls. New York City, among other cities and states, opened a series of these schools in the 1960s and moved pregnant girls out of their regular high schools into these special schools.", "Preparatory school (United Kingdom) A British preparatory school (or prep school) is a fee-paying school for children of the ages of 8-13, often preparing them for entry into British public schools or other secondary independent schools. Originally developed in England and Wales in the early 19th century as boarding schools to prepare boys for leading public schools, such as Eton and Winchester, the numbers attending such schools increased due to large numbers of parents being overseas in the service of the British Empire.", "Preschool A preschool (also nursery school, kindergarten outside the US and UK) is an educational establishment offering early childhood education to children between the ages of three and five, prior to the commencement of compulsory education at primary school. They may be privately operated or government run, and the costs may be subsidized.", "Primary education Primary education or elementary education often in primary school or elementary school is typically the first stage of compulsory education, coming between early childhood education and secondary education.", "Primary school A primary school or elementary school is a school in which children receive primary or elementary education from the ages of about five to eleven, coming before secondary school and after preschool. It is the first stage of compulsory education in most parts of the world, and is normally available without charge, but may be offered in a fee-paying independent school.", "Private school Private schools, also known as independent schools, non-governmental, or nonstate schools, are not administered by local, state or national governments; thus, they retain the right to select their students and are funded in whole or in part by charging their students tuition, rather than relying on mandatory taxation through public (government) funding; at some private schools students may be able to get a scholarship, which makes the cost cheaper, depending on a talent the student may have (e.g.", "Public and private education in Australia Education in Australia can be classified according to sources of funding and administrative structures. There are two broad categories of school in Australia: public schools (also known as government or state schools) and private schools, which can be further subdivided into Catholic schools and independent schools.", "R.A.N. Public School R.A.N. Public School is a co-educational and senior secondary school, located at Rudrapur (near Nainital), India.", "Realschule Realschule is a type of secondary school in Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Estonia. It has also existed in Croatia (realna gimnazija), Austria, Denmark and Norway (realskole), Sweden (realskola), Hungary (reáliskola), Slovenia (realka) and in the Russian Empire (реальное училище).", "Reform school In the United States, a reform school was a penal institution, generally for teenagers. In the United Kingdom and its colonies the term \"Industrial School\" and later \"Borstal\" referred to reform schools. Separate schools accommodated delinquent girls or boys.", "School of Infantry A School of Infantry provides training in weapons and infantry tactics to infantrymen of a nation's military forces.Schools of infantry include:23x15px AustraliaAustralian Army - School of Infantry, Lone Pine Barracks at Singleton, NSW.23x15px FranceFrench Army - École de l'infanterie, at Montpellier, France.23x15px Sri LankaSri Lanka Army - Infantry Training Centre, at Minneriya.", "School of the Air School of the Air is a generic term for correspondence schools catering for the primary and early secondary education of children in remote and outback Australia where some or all classes were traditionally conducted by radio, although this is now being replaced by internet technology. In these areas, the school-age population is too small for a conventional school to be viable.", "Secondary education Secondary education normally takes place in secondary schools, taking place after primary education and may be followed by higher education or vocational training. In some countries, only primary or basic education is compulsory, but secondary education is included in compulsory education in most countries. In post-Soviet countries it is also known as general education or general middle education.", "Secondary modern school A secondary modern school is a type of secondary school that existed throughout England, Wales and Northern Ireland, from 1944 until the early 1970s, under the Tripartite System, and was designed for the majority of pupils – those who do not achieve scores in the top 25% of the eleven plus examination.", "Secondary school A secondary school is a school which provides secondary education, between the ages of 11 and 16 or 11 and 19, after primary school and before higher education.", "Selective school A selective school is a school that admits students on the basis of some sort of selection criteria, usually academic. The term may have different connotations in different systems.The opposite is a comprehensive school, which accepts all students, regardless of aptitude. The split between selective and comprehensive education is mainly seen at secondary level; primary education is rarely selective.", "Semester school A semester school is a school that complements a student's secondary education by providing them with the opportunity to step out of their regular school for half an academic year and step into a uniquely different educational setting while continuing their required academic studies. The academic curriculum at semester schools tends to be college preparatory, interdisciplinary, and experiential.", "Separate school In Canada, a separate school is a type of school that has constitutional status in three provinces (Ontario, Alberta and Saskatchewan) and statutory status in three territories (Northwest Territories, Yukon and Nunavut). In these Canadian jurisdictions, a separate school is one operated by a civil authority — a separate school board — with a mandate enshrined in the Canadian Constitution (for the three provinces) or in federal statutes (for the three territories).", "Silver Grove School (Kentucky) Silver Grove High School is a secondary school located at 101 W Third St in the city of Silver Grove, Kentucky. It is part of the Silver Grove Independent Schools district. Silver Grove is located in Campbell County. All grades are in the same building. The school sports teams have an unusual nickname: Big Trains (boys) and Lady Trains (girls).", "Single-sex education Single-sex education, also known as single-gender education, is the practice of conducting education where male and female students attend separate classes or in separate buildings or schools. The practice was common before the nineteenth century, particularly in secondary education and higher education. Single-sex education in many cultures is advocated on the basis of tradition as well as religion, and is practiced in many parts of the world.", "Ski school A ski school is an establishment that teaches skiing, typically in a ski resort. The modern version of the ski school was invented by the Austrian ski pioneer Hannes Schneider in the early 1920s when he formalized instruction methods and established these methods as teaching principles for all ski instructors at his school.In alpine skiing in North America, many resorts have their own ski school. In Europe, a resort may have many different private ski schools.", "Special school (Netherlands) In the Dutch education system, particular education \"\\bijzonder onderwijs\") refers to a separate category of education distinct from both public and private education, in which a school is administered by an independent board, as opposed to a government authority, while still receiving government funding. Particular schools are comparable to the concept of a charter school, with the additional characteristic of being grounded in a particular religious denomination or educational philosophy.", "Specialized school Specialized schools are secondary schools with enhanced coverage of certain subjects that constitute the specialization of the school. They should not be identified with vocational schools, whose goal is to deliver skills for a particular type of job.", "Sports school A sports school (Russian: Детско-Юношеская Спортивная Школа, ДЮСШ) is a type of educational institution for children that originated in the Soviet Union. Sports schools were the basis of the powerful system of physical culture (fitness) and sports education of the USSR.", "St Paul's International College St. Paul's International College (formerly known as Aurora College) is a secondary, private, day and boarding school.St. Paul's International College caters to Australian and overseas students, with the majority of students coming from Asian countries.", "State school State schools (also known as public schools, though not in England) generally refer to primary or secondary schools mandated for or offered to all children without charge, funded in whole or in part by taxation. The term may also refer to public institutions of post-secondary education.", "Sudbury school A Sudbury school is a type of school, usually for the K-12 age range, where students have complete responsibility for their own education, and the school is run by direct democracy in which students and staff are equals. Students individually decide what to do with their time, and tend to learn as a by-product of ordinary experience rather than through coursework. There is no predetermined educational syllabus, prescriptive curriculum or standardized instruction.", "Summer school Summer school (or summer university) is a school, or a program generally sponsored by a school or a school district, or provided by a private company, that provides lessons and activities during the summer vacation. Participation in summer schools has been shown to have substantial beneficial effects on educational progress.", "Sámi school (Sweden) Sámi schools, which were referred to as Nomad schools or Lapp schools before 1977, are a type of school in Sweden that runs parallel to the standard primary school system. Sámi schools are part of the Swedish public school system, and as such are governed by the same curriculum that primary schools are. Sámi schools are state-owned educational institutions that are open to all children whose parents claim to be Sámi.", "Taxonomy of schools Educational institutions are often categorised along several dimensions. The most important is perhaps the age or level of the students in the institution, but funding source, affiliation, and gender, racial, or ethnic exclusivity are also commonly used.", "Technikum (Polish education) For the district of Dunaújváros, see TechnikumTechnikum (Russian: те́хникум, tr. tekhnikum; IPA: [ˈtʲɛxnʲɪkʊm]; Ukrainian: те́хнікум; Polish: technikum) was an institute of vocational education in countries in the former Soviet bloc.A mass-education facility of \"special middle education\" category 1 step higher than PTU, but aimed to train low and middle level (depending on profile) industrial managers, foremen, coordinators, technical supervisors etc.", "Therapeutic boarding school A therapeutic boarding school (TBS), alternatively known as an emotional growth boarding school, is a boarding school based on the therapeutic community model that offers an educational program together with specialized structure and supervision for students with emotional and behavioral problems, substance abuse problems, or learning difficulties.In contrast with residential treatment programs, which are more clinically focused and primarily provide Behaviour therapy and treatment for adolescents with serious issues, the focus of a TBS is toward emotional and academic recovery involving structure and supervision for physical, emotional, behavioral, family, social, intellectual and academic development.", "Ungraded school An ungraded school is a school that does not formally organize students according to age-based grade levels. Students' achievements are assessed by teachers, and each student is individually assigned to one of several fluid groups, according to what the student needs to learn next.Typically, skills and knowledge are divided up into smaller pieces, rather than a year's worth of material. Students continue studying a given skill until they have learned it.", "University-preparatory school A university-preparatory school or college-preparatory school (also known as tertiary preparation and usually abbreviated to preparatory school, college prep school, tertiary prep, or prep school) is a secondary school, either public or private, designed to prepare students for a college or university education.", "Upper school Upper schools tend to be schools within secondary education. Outside England, the term normally refers to a section of a larger school. There is some variation in the use of the term in England.", "Utraquist school An utraquist school or utraquist gymnasium is a term for bilingual schools in some countries, in which the subjects were taught both in a state language and in the language of some ethnic minority.", "Veterinary education Veterinary education is the tertiary education of veterinarians.", "Vocational school A vocational school, also called a trade school, is a higher-level learning institution that specializes in providing students with the vocational education and technical skills they need in order to perform the tasks of a particular job.", "Voluntary aided school A voluntary aided school (VA school) is a state-funded school in England and Wales in which a foundation or trust (usually a religious organisation), contributes to building costs and has a substantial influence in the running of the school. Such schools have more autonomy than voluntary controlled schools, which are entirely funded by the state. In most cases the foundation or trust own the buildings.", "Voluntary controlled school A voluntary controlled school (VC school) is a state-funded school in England, Wales and Northern Ireland in which a foundation or trust (usually a Christian denomination) has some formal influence in the running of the school. Such schools have less autonomy than voluntary aided schools, in which the foundation pays part of any building costs.", "Voluntary secondary school A voluntary secondary school (alternatively: secondary school) in Ireland is a type of secondary education school that is privately owned and managed, often by church authorities, especially in the case of the Roman Catholic religion.", "Wirtschaftsschule (Bavaria) The Wirtschaftsschule (English: Economy School or Commercial School) is one of different types of public school in the German Federal State of Bavaria. Wirtschaftschule students are normally between 13 and 16 years of age and study a variety of traditional academic subjects, and receive training specifically geared towards a future career in business.", "Year-round school in the United States Year-round schooling (YRS) has been present from the 1900s. YRS first appeared in urban areas, because they were not tied to the agriculture cycle. The first towns that implemented YRS were Chicago, Boston, Washington D.C., Cleveland, Buffalo, and Detroit. These towns had schools sessions for 48 or more weeks at a time." ]

[ "Algebraic data type In computer programming, particularly functional programming and type theory, an algebraic data type is a kind of composite type, i.e. a type formed by combining other types.Two common classes of algebraic type are product types—i.e. tuples and records—and sum types, also called tagged or disjoint unions or variant types.The values of a product type typically contain several values, called fields. All values of that type have the same combination of field types.", "All-female band An all-female band is a musical group exclusively composed of female musicians. This is distinct from a girl group, in which the female members are solely vocalists, though this terminology is not universally followed.", "All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur The All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur (AIIMS Jodhpur)is a medical college and medical research public university based in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. The institute will operate autonomously under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India).", "All Saints' Catholic Academy For other schools with a similar name see All Saints Academy (disambiguation). All Saints' Catholic Academy (formerly All Saints RC School) is a Roman Catholic secondary school in Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, England. It is the only Catholic secondary school in the district, with an average of 1500 pupils. The School's current (until Summer 2015) Head Teacher is Maureen Cobbett.", "All Saints' Catholic High School, Rawtenstall All Saints' Catholic High School is a mixed, Roman Catholic 11-16 secondary school in Rawtenstall, Lancashire, England.", "All Saints' College, Perth All Saints' College is a private coeducational day school in Bull Creek, a southern suburb of Perth, Western Australia. The school is situated ten kilometres south of the Perth CBD on 19 hectares of land. It was the first coeducational Anglican school to be founded in the Perth metropolitan area and now caters for students from pre-kindergarten to year 12/13. In 2013, the college had an enrolment of 1,120.", "All Saints Catholic High School, Sheffield The All Saints Catholic High School is a Voluntary Aided Roman Catholic secondary school with academy status in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England.", "All Saints Central High School All Saints Central High School is a private Roman Catholic high school located in Bay City, Michigan, United States. It is located in the Diocese of Saginaw. All Saints has 164 students in the year 2009. Students attend mass at St. James Church every week and are required to complete 100 community service hours before they graduate.", "All Saints College, Maitland All Saints College is a multi-campus co-educational Catholic secondary day school situated in the Hunter Region NSW Australia. It is a Systemic Catholic School and part of the Catholic Schools Office of Maitland-Newcastle. The college has three campuses: St Mary's Campus Maitland (Years 11-12) St Peter's Campus Maitland (Years 7-10) St Joseph’s Lochinvar (Years 7-10)↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2", "All Saints College, St Joseph's Campus All Saints College, St. Joseph's Campus is a coeducational secondary day school catering for years 7 to 10, in the village of Lochinvar, New South Wales, Australia. All Saints College was created in 1990 by the amalgamation of Catholic secondary schools in the area, St. Joseph's along with St. Peter's and St. Mary's in nearby Maitland.St. Joseph's is one of the oldest schools in New South Wales, and in Australia. The Sisters of St.", "All Saints RC Secondary For other schools with a similar name see All Saints High School (disambiguation). All Saints RC Secondary is a comprehensive, co-educational, Roman Catholic public school situated in the north-east of Glasgow. The headteacher is Peter Holmes.Established in 1972, the school was rebuilt into a newer, more modern version in 2002, with better facilities but fewer classrooms.", "All Saints University School of Medicine All Saints University is a private medical school in Roseau, Dominica.", "Amar'e Stoudemire Amar'e Carsares Stoudemire (/əˈmɑreɪ ˈstɒdəmaɪər/; born November 16, 1982) is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association (NBA).Stoudemire played high school basketball for five different schools, ultimately graduating from Cypress Creek High School in Orlando, Florida and declaring for the NBA draft as a prep-to-pro player. He won several prep honors, including being selected as Florida's Mr. Basketball.", "Andrew Bynum Andrew Bynum (born October 27, 1987) is an American professional basketball player who is currently a free agent. Bynum has played for the Los Angeles Lakers, Cleveland Cavaliers, and Indiana Pacers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Standing at 7 ft 0 in (2.13 m) tall and weighing 285 lb (129 kg), he plays the center position. Bynum is a two time NBA champion, winning in 2009 and 2010.", "Assam Institute of Management Assam Institute of Management (AIM) is an Institution providing post graduate courses in management in Guwahati, Assam, India. It was established in 1988 by the Government of Assam to promote professional education in North East India. It is run as a Government of Assam Society, the chief Secretary of the State being the chairperson of the Governing Body. The institution has been offering Post Graduate Diploma in Business Management (PGDBM) since 1994, approved by AICTE.", "Austin Freeman Austin Mambu Freeman, Jr. (born May 6, 1989) is an American professional basketball player who plays for Viola Reggio Calabria of the Italian Serie A2. He played college basketball at Georgetown University.", "Baron Davis Baron Walter Louis Davis (born April 13, 1979) is an American professional basketball player who is currently a free agent. He last played for the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). A two-time NBA All-Star, he was drafted as the third pick in the 1999 NBA draft by the Charlotte Hornets.", "Beacon School Beacon School was a government designation awarded to outstanding primary and secondary schools in England and Wales from 1998 to August 2005.", "Blake Griffin Blake Austin Griffin (born March 16, 1989) is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for the Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Oklahoma Sooners, when he was named the Consensus National Player of the Year as a sophomore.", "Bloxham School Bloxham School, also called All Saints' School, is an independent co-educational day and boarding school of the British public school tradition, located in the village of Bloxham, three miles (5 km) from the town of Banbury in Oxfordshire, England. The present school was founded in 1860 by the Philip Reginald Egerton and has since become a member of the Woodard Corporation. The current headmaster is Paul Sanderson, who took over from Mark Allbrook in 2013.", "Brook Lopez Brook Lopez (born April 1, 1988) is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for the Brooklyn Nets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is the twin brother of fellow NBA player Robin Lopez. Lopez was selected 10th overall by the Nets in the 2008 NBA draft, after playing two years for Stanford in the Pacific-10 Conference of the NCAA. In 2013, Lopez was selected to play in his first NBA All-Star Game.", "Byzantine university Byzantine university refers to higher education during the Byzantine empire.", "Campus university A campus university is a British term for a university situated on one site, with student accommodation, teaching and research facilities, and leisure activities all together.", "Centre for IT Education, Bhubaneswar The College of IT & Management Education, Bhubaneswar, was established in August 2000. The Institution provides professional Postgraduate degree education in the areas of Business Management and Information Technology as a state governmental business school in eastern Odisha.The institute is an affiliate of Biju Patnaik University of Technology (BPUT) under AICTE and State Government of Odisha.", "Church (building) A church building, often simply called a church, is a building used for religious activities, particularly worship services. The term in its architectural sense is most often used by Christians to refer to their religious buildings; they can be used by other religions. In traditional Christian architecture, the church is often arranged in the shape of a Christian cross.", "Claremore High School Claremore High School is a public high school located in Claremore, Oklahoma. The school colors are red and white. The mascot is a red and white striped zebra.", "Cliff Alexander Cliff Alexander (born November 16, 1995) is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for the Portland Trail Blazers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He completed his freshman season at the University of Kansas for the Jayhawks' on their 2014–15 team. He declared himself eligible for the 2015 NBA draft but was undrafted.He played in high school at Curie High School in Chicago where he won Naismith and Mr.", "Cosgrove High School Cosgrove High School (formerly \"Robert Cosgrove Modern School\" and \"Robert Cosgrove High School\") is a co-educational public high school in Glenorchy, a city of Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. The school was established in 1951 and named after Sir Robert Cosgrove.", "Counties of England Counties of England are areas used for the purposes of administrative, geographical and political demarcation.For administrative purposes, England outside Greater London and the Isles of Scilly is divided into 83 metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties. These counties may consist of a single district or be divided into several districts. As of April 2009, 27 of these counties are divided into districts and have a county council.", "Cram schools in Hong Kong Cram schools in Hong Kong are referred to as Tutorial schools (Chinese: 補習社 Jyutping: bou2 zaap6 se5). According to the Census and Statistics Department of Hong Kong, a third of secondary school students went for private tutoring in the 2004-05 school year, spending a total of HK$18.9 million per month. On the lower estimate, the whole industry is worth more than HK$400 million, and according to other reports, the industry is generating more than US$3.6 billion a year.", "Damon Bailey Damon Bailey (born October 21, 1971) is a retired American basketball player. Bailey rose to national prominence after being recruited by Indiana coach Bob Knight as an 8th grader, an unusual event at the time. Bailey went on to become Indiana's all-time high school leading scorer and would earn All-America honors playing for the Indiana Hoosiers. He became a cult figure during the late 1980s and early 1990s in Indiana.", "Dance studio A dance studio is a space in which dancers learn or rehearse. The term is typically used to describe a space that has either been built or equipped for the purpose.A dance studio normally includes a smooth floor covering or, if used for tap dancing, by a hardwood floor.", "DeMarcus Cousins DeMarcus Amir Cousins (born August 13, 1990) is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for the Sacramento Kings of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball at the University of Kentucky, where he was an All-American in 2010. He left Kentucky after one season, and was selected with the fifth overall pick in the 2010 NBA draft by Sacramento. In his first season with the Kings, Cousins was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team.", "Dependent type In computer science and logic, a dependent type is a type that depends on a value. It is an overlapping feature of type theory and type systems. In intuitionistic type theory, dependent types are used to encode logic's quantifiers like \"for all\" and \"there exists\". In functional programming languages like ATS, Agda, Idris and Epigram, dependent types prevent bugs by allowing extremely expressive types.Two common examples of dependent types are dependent functions and dependent pairs.", "Derrick Rose Derrick Martell Rose (born October 4, 1988) is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played one year of college basketball for the University of Memphis before being drafted first overall by Chicago in the 2008 NBA draft. Rose became the first guard to be drafted first overall in the NBA draft since Allen Iverson in 1996 and would subsequently win NBA Rookie of the Year.", "Desktop computer A desktop computer is a personal computer in a form intended for regular use at a single location desk/table due to its size and power requirements, as opposed to a laptop whose rechargeable battery and compact dimensions allow it to be regularly carried and used in different locations.", "Ford Transit The Ford Transit is a range of light commercial vehicle produced by Ford since 1965. Sold primarily as a cargo van, the Transit is also built as a passenger van (marketed as the Tourneo since 1995), minibus, cutaway van chassis, and as a pickup truck.", "Geneva Christian College Geneva Christian College is a K-12 Christian school in Latrobe, outside of Devonport Tasmania.The school's mission statement is encapsulated in the biblical passage Proverbs 3:6: \"In all your ways acknowledge Him and He shall direct your paths.\"The school is located just outside Latrobe, situated on 50 hectares of farm and bushland, and has a particularly strong focus on horticulture in their curriculum.Geneva Christian College is a member of Independent Schools Tasmania.", "Glenn Robinson Glenn Alann Robinson, Jr. (born January 10, 1973) is an American former professional basketball player. He played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1994 to 2005 for the Milwaukee Bucks, Atlanta Hawks, Philadelphia 76ers, and San Antonio Spurs. Robinson attended Purdue University, was the first overall pick in the 1994 NBA draft, and is the father of Glenn Robinson III, who played college basketball at the University of Michigan.", "Gothic Revival architecture Gothic Revival (also referred to as Victorian Gothic, Neo-Gothic or Jigsaw Gothic, and when used for school, college, and university buildings as Collegiate Gothic) is an architectural movement that began in the late 1740s in England. Its popularity grew rapidly in the early 19th century, when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture, in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time.", "Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar The Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar is a state run higher education institute located in Keonjhar, Odisha, focusing on education and research in the field of Mining Engineering. It was established in the year 1956 as a diploma institute and subsequently degree streams were added in the year 1995. It was originally called the Orissa School of Mining Engineering (OSME) and in the year 2012 it was renamed to its present name.", "Govt. Polytechnic Nilokheri Guru BrahamaNand Ji Govt. Polytechnic Institute Nilokheri (Urdu: گرو برهماند جی سرکاری بهتكنيك سستھان نلوكھےڑي , Hindi:गुरु ब्रहमानंद जी सरकारी बहुतकनीक संसथान निलोखेड़ी ) is a co-educational institution of higher learning located in the town of Nilokheri in the Karnal region of Haryana. The Institute was established in 1947, by Govt. of India.", "Grade I listed buildings in Derbyshire There are over 9000 Grade I listed buildings in England. This page is a list of these buildings in the county of Derbyshire, sub-divided by district.", "Grade I listed buildings in Dorset There are over 6000 Grade I listed buildings in England. This page is a list of these buildings in the county of Dorset, sub-divided by district.The eight districts of Dorset are Weymouth and Portland, West Dorset, North Dorset, Purbeck, East Dorset, Christchurch, and the unitary authorities Bournemouth and Poole.", "Greg Paulus Gregory Russell Paulus (born July 3, 1986) is an assistant coach for the Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball team. Paulus is a former multi-sport athlete, playing college basketball as a point guard on the Duke University men's team and later football at Syracuse University as a quarterback after graduating from Duke.", "Hālau A hālau is Hawaiian word meaning a school, academy, or group. Literally, the word means \"a branch from which many leaves grow.\" Today a hālau usually describes a hula school (hālau hula).The teacher at the hālau is the kumu hula, where kumu means source of knowledge, or literally just teacher.", "Immune repertoire The immune repertoire, is defined as, the number of different sub-types an organism's immune system makes, of any of the 6 key types of protein, either immunoglobulin or T cell receptor.In most vertebrates, immune systems have 6 key types of proteins, which help the immune system recognise viruses, germs, etc. The 6 main types are: immunoglobulins (2), and T cell receptors (4). Immunoglobulin proteins consist of 2 parts, a light chain and a heavy chain.", "Jadeveon Clowney Jadeveon Clowney (pronounced jə-DEH-vee-on CLOW-nee; born February 14, 1993) is an American football outside linebacker for the Houston Texans of the National Football League (NFL). He graduated from South Pointe High School in Rock Hill, South Carolina and played college football at South Carolina.", "Jagan Institute of Management Studies Jagan Institute of Management Studies, Sector-5, Rohini is one of the business schools in the North of India. It imparts professional education both at undergraduate level and postgraduate level in the fields of management and technology. Established in 1993.", "Jahlil Okafor Jahlil Okafor (pronounced /ˈdʒɑː liːl/; born December 15, 1995) is an American professional basketball player who plays for the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played his freshman season of college for the 2014–15 national championship team. He entered Duke with widespread recognition as the preseason Collegiate National Player of the Year. He played high school basketball in Chicago, Illinois for Whitney M.", "Jon Scheyer Jonathan James \"Jon\" Scheyer (born August 24, 1987) is an American former basketball player, currently an assistant coach of the Duke Blue Devils men's basketball team. Scheyer led his high school team to an Illinois state basketball championship as a high school All American, and was one of the starters on the 2009–10 Duke Blue Devils that won the 2010 NCAA Basketball Championship, as a college All American.", "Kevin Garnett Kevin Maurice Garnett (born May 19, 1976) is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for the Minnesota Timberwolves of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He plays the power forward and center positions. In high school, Garnett was a 1995 McDonald's All-American at Farragut Career Academy and won a national player of the year award.", "Kevin Love Kevin Wesley Love (born September 7, 1988) is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is a three-time All-Star and holds the longest streak for consecutive games recording double figures in points and rebounds since the ABA–NBA merger. Love was a member of the gold medal-winning USA men's national team at the 2010 FIBA World Championship and the 2012 Summer Olympics.", "LaMarcus Aldridge LaMarcus Nurae Aldridge (born July 19, 1985) is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for the San Antonio Spurs of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The power forward played college basketball for two seasons at the University of Texas. Aldridge was selected second overall in the 2006 NBA draft. After spending nine seasons with the Portland Trail Blazers, he signed with the Spurs in 2015.", "Lance Stephenson Lance Stephenson, Jr. (born September 5, 1990) is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for the Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He attended Lincoln High School in the Coney Island section of Brooklyn. Stephenson won city basketball championships in all four years of high school, and is New York State's all-time leading scorer in high school basketball. He was named Mr.", "Liceum ogólnokształcące Liceum ogólnokształcące [liˈt͡sɛum ɔˌɡulnɔkʂtau̯ˈt͡sɔnt͡sɛ] is an academic high school in the Polish educational system. They are attended by those who plan to further their academic education (i.e. attend university).On completing the liceum, students take a final exam called a \"matura\" (or \"maturity exam\") which is an equivalent of to British A-Level. About 100 days before the exam the traditional \"studniówka\" (prom ball) is organized.Liceums are attended by students aged from 16 to 19 or 21.", "List of All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship medal winners This is a list of hurlers who have received a winners' medal in the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship.Currently, the Gaelic Athletic Association issues 26 medals to the winning team, however, the individual county board have the option of ordering extra medals for members of the extended panel or for players who may have played during the championship but missed the final due to injury.The winning captain is also presented with a miniature version of the Liam MacCarthy Cup.", "List of cancer types This is a list of cancer types, ordered alphabetically.Cancer is a group of diseases that involve abnormal increases in the number of cells, with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Not all tumors or lumps are cancerous; benign tumors are not classified as being cancer because they do not spread to other parts of the body. There are over 100 different known cancers that affect humans.Cancers are often described by the body part that they originated in.", "List of schools in the Toronto District School Board The Toronto District School Board is Canada's largest school board governing 451 elementary schools, 110 secondary schools, 5 adult education schools educating over 289,577 students.There are several types of schools in the TDSB:A Public School is a basic elementary School that is most commonly with K-8 schools but may appear with K-5 or K-6 as Junior Public School (used by the former Scarborough Board of Education) or Junior School (used by some schools, for instance, in the former Etobicoke Board of Education).", "Mason Plumlee Mason Alexander Plumlee (born March 5, 1990) is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for the Portland Trail Blazers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). As a freshman in 2009–10, he was a back-up forward for the Duke Blue Devils men's basketball team's national championship team, which had him playing with his older brother Miles. He was a 2009 McDonald's All-American in high school.", "McDonald's All-American Game The McDonald's All-American Game refers to each of the all-star basketball games played each year for American and Canadian boys' and girls' high-school basketball graduates. Consisting of the top players, each team plays a single exhibition game after the conclusion of the high-school basketball season, in an East vs. West format. As part of the annual event, boys also compete in a slam dunk contest, a three-point shooting competition, and an overall timed skills competition.", "Mechanics' Institutes Mechanics' Institutes are educational establishments, originally formed to provide adult education, particularly in technical subjects, to working men. As such, they were often funded by local industrialists on the grounds that they would ultimately benefit from having more knowledgeable and skilled employees (such philanthropy was shown by, among others, Robert Stephenson, James Nasmyth, John Davis Barnett and Joseph Whitworth).", "Medieval university A medieval university is a corporation organized during the High Middle Ages for the purposes of higher learning. The first institutions generally considered to be universities were established in Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, and England in the late 11th, 12th, and the 13th centuries for the study of Theology, Law, Medicine, and Arts.", "Mixed-sex education If the sexes were educated together, we should have the healthy, moral and intellectual stimulus of sex ever quickening and refining all the faculties, without the undue excitement of senses that results from novelty in the present system of isolation.In early civilizations, people were educated informally: primarily save within the household. As time progressed, education became more structured and formal.", "Monitorial System The Monitorial System was an education method that became popular on a global scale during the early 19th century. This method was also known as \"mutual instruction\" or the \"Bell-Lancaster method\" after the British educators Dr Andrew Bell and Joseph Lancaster who both independently developed it. The method was based on the abler pupils being used as 'helpers' to the teacher, passing on the information they had learned to other students.", "O. J. Mayo Ovinton J'Anthony \"O. J.\" Mayo (born November 5, 1987) is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for the Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was selected in the first round with the third overall pick of the 2008 NBA draft by the Memphis Grizzlies, and he was named to the NBA All-Rookie Team in his first season.Mayo was considered by several media outlets to be the best high school basketball player in the United States.", "Open town meeting An open town meeting is a form of town meeting in which all registered voters of a town may vote (as opposed to having elected town councilmen). This form of government is typical of smaller municipalities in the New England region of the United States.In Massachusetts, for example, generally the least populous towns have open town meeting form of government.", "Pan Am International Flight Academy Pan Am International Flight Academy (PAIFA) is the only remaining division of the once iconic Pan American World Airways, which declared bankruptcy in January 1991 and shut down in December 1991. Pan Am International Flight Academy, Denver, was awarded the Export Achievement Certificate by the Denver office of the U.S. Commercial Services Division, a branch of the U.S. Department of Commerce.", "Primitive data type In computer science, primitive data type is either of the following: a basic type is a data type provided by a programming language as a basic building block. Most languages allow more complicated composite types to be recursively constructed starting from basic types. a built-in type is a data type for which the programming language provides built-in support.In most programming languages, all basic data types are built-in.", "Product type In programming languages and type theory, a product of types is another, compounded, type in a structure. The \"operands\" of the product are types, and the structure of a product type is determined by the fixed order of the operands in the product. An instance of a product type retains the fixed order, but otherwise may contain all possible instances of its primitive data types. The expression of an instance of a product type will be a tuple, and is called a \"tuple type\" of expression.", "Rajalakshmi Engineering College Rajalakshmi Engineering College (R.E.C) (Tamil: ராஜலட்சுமி பொறியியல் கல்லூரி), is a private engineering college located at Thandalam, Sriperumbudur near Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. The college was established in 1997 by the Rajalakshmi Educational Trust, Rajalakshmi Institutions and has been approved by All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE), New Delhi.", "Rajon Rondo Rajon Pierre Rondo (born February 22, 1986) is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for the Sacramento Kings of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is a four-time All-Star, one-time All-NBA team selection, and a four-time All-Defensive member. He also led the NBA in steals during the 2009–10 season, and assists during the 2011–12 and 2012–13 seasons.", "Reggio Emilia approach The Reggio Emilia Approach is an educational philosophy focused on preschool and primary education. It was developed after World War II by a teacher, Loris Malaguzzi, and parents in the villages around Reggio Emilia in Italy. Following the war, people believed that children were in need of a new way of learning.", "Roma Special School A Roma Special School is a school for children of the Roma community with a modified curriculum.", "Sail training From its modern interpretations to its antecedents when maritime nations would send young naval officer candidates to sea (e.g., see Outward Bound), sail training provides an unconventional and effective way of building many useful skills on and off the water.", "School band A school band is a group of student musicians who rehearse and perform instrumental music together. A concert band is usually under the direction of one or more conductors (band directors). A school band consists of wind instruments and percussion instruments, although upper level bands may also have string basses or bass guitar.School bands tend to be more common in the United States.", "School library A school library (or a school library media center) is a library within a school where students, staff, and often, parents of a public or private school have access to a variety of resources. The goal of the school library media center is to ensure that all members of the school community have equitable access \"to books and reading, to information, and to information technology.\" A school library media center \"uses all types of media...", "Schooled (DVD) Schooled is a limited edition DVD featuring The All-American Rejects. The TV special originally aired Sunday, August 5, 2007 on the CW Network. Issued by Office Max, this DVD features a live concert performance for students at New Milford High School in New Milford, New Jersey after a destructive flood.", "Sixth form college A sixth form college is an educational institution in England, Wales, Northern Ireland, Belize, The Caribbean, Malta, Norway, Brunei, among others, (and until 2012 in Hong Kong) where students aged 16 to 19 typically study for advanced school-level qualifications, such as A-levels, BTEC and the International Baccalaureate Diploma, or school-level qualifications such as GCSEs. In Singapore and India, this is known as a junior college.", "Special education Special education (also known as Special needs education, Aided education, Vocational education, Limb care authority education) is the practice of educating students with special needs in a way that addresses their individual differences and needs. Ideally, this process involves the individually planned and systematically monitored arrangement of teaching procedures, adapted equipment and materials, and accessible settings.", "Specialist schools programme The specialist schools programme was a UK government initiative which encouraged secondary schools in England to specialise in certain areas of the curriculum to boost achievement. The Specialist Schools and Academies Trust was responsible for the delivery of the programme.", "St. Paul's Secondary School St. Paul's Secondary School (SPSS, Chinese: 聖保祿中學) is a Catholic girls' secondary school situated on Ventris Road in Happy Valley, Hong Kong. It is a Catholic grant-in-aid Anglo-Chinese Secondary Grammar School for girls.Its former principal, Rev. Sr. Damian Lai, retired in 2006. She was replaced by the vice-principal, Miss Deborah Wu.", "Sveriges Medeltida Ballader Sveriges Medeltida Ballader is a scholarly edition which compiles, in principle, all of the known Swedish medieval (traditional) ballads in existence, including those from Swedish-speaking parts of Finland. The collection was published between 1983 and 2001 by the Svenskt Visarkiv, and edited by Bengt R. Jonsson, Margareta Jersild and Sven-Bertil Jansson.The ballads are cross referenced to the corresponding TSB number (The Types of the Scandinavian Medieval Ballad).", "Tamana Girls High School Tamana Girls High School (玉名女子高校学校 Tamana joshi kōkōgakkō) is a girls high school in Tamana, Kumamoto, Japan. It was founded in April 1925 under the name 'tamana jussen jogakuin' (lit. Tamana Practice Girls' College). In 1963 assumed its present name.", "Titus O'Neil Thaddeus Michael Bullard Sr. (born April 29, 1977) is an American professional wrestler and retired professional football player. He is currently signed to WWE under the ring name Titus O'Neil. He is currently one-half of The Prime Time Players with Darren Young. Bullard played college football for the University of Florida, and thereafter, he played professionally in the Arena Football League (AFL).", "Training ship A training ship is a ship used to train students as sailors. The term is especially used for ships employed by navies to train future officers.", "Type family In computer science, a type family associates data types with other data types, using a type-level function defined by an open-ended collection of valid instances of input types and the corresponding output types.Type families are a feature of some type systems that allow partial functions between types to be defined by pattern matching.", "Type theory In mathematics, logic, and computer science, a type theory is any of a class of formal systems, some of which can serve as alternatives to set theory as a foundation for all mathematics. In type theory, every \"term\" has a \"type\" and operations are restricted to terms of a certain type.Type theory is closely related to (and in some cases overlaps with) type systems, which are a programming language feature used to reduce bugs.", "Types of Karma (Jainism) According to Jain karma theory, there are eight main types of karma (Prikriti) which are categorized into the ‘harming’ and the ‘non-harming’; each divided into four types. The harming karmas (ghātiyā karmas) directly affect the soul powers by impeding its perception, knowledge and energy, and also brings about delusion.", "Types of motorcycles There are many systems for classifying types of motorcycles, describing how the motorcycles are put to use, or the designer's intent, or some combination of the two. Six main categories are widely recognized: cruiser, sport, touring, standard, dual-purpose, and dirt bike. Sometimes sport touring motorcycles are recognized as a seventh category.", "Types of road Many types of road exist around the world, all of which are thoroughfares which can be used by motorized traffic. Roads are not necessarily available for use by the general public without permission, highways are available for by the public, although a toll may be charged.", "Village college The village college is an institution specific to Cambridgeshire, England (including the Peterborough unitary authority area).", "Waldorf education Waldorf (Steiner) education is based on the educational philosophy of Rudolf Steiner, the founder of Anthroposophy. The pedagogy emphasizes the role of imagination in learning, striving to integrate holistically the intellectual, practical, and artistic development of pupils.Steiner divided child development into three major stages.", "Xavier Institute of Management and Entrepreneurship Xavier Institute of Management and Entrepreneurship (XIME) is a top rated Business School in India. It has fully residential campuses, one located in Bangalore and one in Kerala, Kochi. XIME is the only institute in Bangalore with AICTE accreditation. The Institute pioneered the Association of BRICS Business Schools (ABBS, estd 2008) which is a platform for management education in Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.", "İmam Hatip school In Turkey, an Imam Hatip school (Turkish: İmam Hatip Lisesi, 'hatip' coming from Arabic 'khatib', meaning the one who delivers the \"khutba\" (Friday sermon) is a secondary education institution. As the name suggests, they were originally founded in lieu of a vocational school to train government employed imams; after madrasas in Turkey were abolished by the Unification of Education Act (Turkish: Tevhid-i Tedrisat Kanunu) as a part of Atatürk's reforms." ]

[ "C (programming language) C (/ˈsiː/, as in the letter c) is a general-purpose, imperative computer programming language, supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope and recursion, while a static type system prevents many unintended operations.", "G'MIC G'MIC is a free and open-source framework for image processing. It defines a script language, that allow the creation of complex macros. Originally only usable through a command line interface, it is now currently mostly popular as a GIMP plugin. G'MIC is licensed under the CeCILL license.", "GIMP version history GIMP originally stood for General Image Manipulation Program. Its creators, Spencer Kimball and Peter Mattis, began developing GIMP as a semester-long project at the University of California, Berkeley in 1995. The name was changed to the GNU Image Manipulation Program in 1997, after Kimball and Mattis had graduated, when it became an official part of the GNU Project.", "GTK+ GTK+ (formerly GIMP Toolkit, sometimes incorrectly termed the GNOME Toolkit) is a cross-platform widget toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces. It is licensed under the terms of the LGPL, allowing both free and proprietary software to use it. It is one of the most popular toolkits for the Wayland and X11 windowing systems, along with Qt." ]

[ "AC3Filter AC3Filter is a free DirectShow filter for real time audio decoding and processing. It can decode the audio formats AC3, DTS, and MPEG Multichannel.", "ALGOL 60 ALGOL 60 (short for ALGOrithmic Language 1960) is a member of the ALGOL family of computer programming languages. It followed on from ALGOL 58 which had introduced code blocks and the begin and end pairs for delimiting them. ALGOL 60 was the first language implementing nested function definitions with lexical scope. It gave rise to many other programming languages, including BCPL, B, Pascal, Simula and C.Niklaus Wirth based his own ALGOL W on ALGOL 60 before moving to develop Pascal.", "ALGOL 68 ALGOL 68 (short for ALGOrithmic Language 1968) is an imperative computer programming language that was conceived as a successor to the ALGOL 60 programming language, designed with the goal of a much wider scope of application and more rigorously defined syntax and semantics.The contributions of ALGOL 68 to the field of computer science have been deep, wide ranging and enduring, although many of these contributions were only publicly identified when they had reappeared in subsequently developed programming languages.", "AgentSheets AgentSheets is a Cyberlearning tool to teach students programming and related information technology skills through game design.AgentSheets is supported by a middle and high school curriculum called Scalable Game Design aligned with the ISTE National Educational Technology Standards (NETS).", "Autopackage Autopackage was a free computer package management system aimed at making it simple to create a package that can be installed on all Linux distributions, created by Mike Hearn around 2002.In August 2010, Listaller and Autopackage announced that the projects will merge.Projects such as aMSN and Inkscape offered an Autopackage installer, and Freshmeat.net offers content submitters a field to put the URL of Autopackages.", "C++ C++ (pronounced as cee plus plus, /ˈsiː plʌs plʌs/) is a general-purpose programming language. It has imperative, object-oriented and generic programming features, while also providing facilities for low-level memory manipulation.It was designed with a bias toward system programming and embedded, resource-constrained and large systems, with performance, efficiency and flexibility of use as its design highlights.", "CinePaint CinePaint is an open source computer program for painting and retouching bitmap frames of films. It is a fork of version 1.0.4 of the GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP). It enjoyed some success as one of the earliest open source tools developed for feature motion picture visual effects and animation work.The main reason for this adoption over mainline gimp was its support for high bit depths (greater than 8-bits per channel) which can be required for film work.", "Common Lisp Common Lisp (CL) is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard document ANSI INCITS 226-1994 (R2004) (formerly X3.226-1994 (R1999)). From the ANSI Common Lisp standard the Common Lisp HyperSpec, a hyperlinked HTML version, has been derived.The Common Lisp language was developed as a standardized and improved successor of Maclisp. Thus it is not an implementation, but rather a language specification.", "DYNAMO (programming language) DYNAMO (DYNAmic MOdels) was a simulation language and accompanying graphical notation developed within the system dynamics analytical framework. It was originally for industrial dynamics but was soon extended to other applications, including population and resource studiesand urban planning.DYNAMO was initially developed under the direction of Jay Wright Forrester in the late 1950s, by Dr. Phyllis Fox,Alexander L. Pugh III, Grace Duren,and othersat the M.I.T.", "Darktable darktable is a free and open-source photography workflow application and raw developer. Rather than being a raster graphics editor such as Adobe Photoshop or GIMP, it comprises a subset of image editing operations specifically aimed at non-destructive raw photo post-production and is primarily focused on improving a photographer's workflow by facilitating the handling of large numbers of images.", "Dependent ML Dependent ML is an experimental functional programming language proposed by Hongwei Xi and Frank Pfenning. Dependent ML extends ML by a restricted notion of dependent types: types may be dependent on static indices of type Nat. Dependent ML employs a constraint theorem prover to decide a strong equational theory over the index expressions.By restricting the generality of full dependent types type checking remains decidable. Type inference remains undecidable.", "Dexterity programming language The Dexterity programming language was designed in the early 1990s for the implementation of platform independent graphical accounting software. Dexterity itself is written in the C programming language [1]. It was used in the development of Great Plains accounting software.Microsoft Business Solutions GP, formerly Great Plains Dynamics and eEnterprise, is a Dexterity-written application.", "Dia (software) Dia /ˈdiːə/is free and open source general-purpose diagramming software, developed originally by Alexander Larsson. Dia uses a controlled single document interface (SDI) similar to GIMP and Inkscape.", "Dwm dwm is a dynamic, minimalist tiling window manager for the X Window System that has influenced the development of several other X window managers, including xmonad and awesome. It is externally similar to wmii, but internally much simpler. dwm is written purely in C and for performance and security in addition to simplicity, and lacks any configuration interface besides editing the source code.", "FASM FASM (flat assembler) in computing is an assembler. It supports programming in Intel-style assembly language on the IA-32 and x86-64 computer architectures. It claims high speed, size optimizations, operating system (OS) portability, and macro abilities. It is a low-level assembler and intentionally uses very few command-line options (see SSSO principle).", "Ffdshow ffdshow is a codec mainly used for decoding of video in the MPEG-4 ASP (e.g. encoded with DivX or Xvid) and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video formats, but it supports numerous other video and audio formats as well. It is free software released under GNU General Public License 2.0, runs on Windows, and is implemented as a Video for Windows (VFW) codec and a DirectShow filter.", "Fortran Fortran (previously FORTRAN, derived from Formula Translating System) is a general-purpose, imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing.", "Fotografix Fotografix is a freeware graphics editing program for Microsoft Windows. It has been noted for being portable and light on system resources while still providing features found in larger software.", "FreeMat FreeMat is a free open source numerical computing environment and programming language, similar to MATLAB and GNU Octave. In addition to supporting many MATLAB functions and some IDL functionality, it features a codeless interface to external C, C++, and Fortran code, further parallel distributed algorithm development (via MPI), and it has plotting and 3D visualization capabilities. Community support takes place in moderated Google Groups.", "GDK GDK (GIMP Drawing Kit) is a library that acts as a wrapper around the low-level functions provided by the underlying windowing and graphics systems. GDK lies between the display server and the GTK+ library, handling basic rendering such as drawing primitives, raster graphics (bitmaps), cursors, fonts, as well as window events and drag-and-drop functionality.Like GTK+, GDK is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL).", "GEGL The Generic Graphics Library (GEGL) is a programming library under development for image processing applications. It is mainly developed for GIMP in order to add support for higher bit depth images, and non-destructive editing. It was partially implemented in GIMP 2.6, will be used directly in 2.10, and may be used by other software too.Historically, the GEGL mascot, a five-legged goat created by George (Jiří) Lebl,found life as an easter egg in GNOME desktops.", "GIMP GIMP (/ɡɪmp/; an acronym for GNU Image Manipulation Program) is a free and open-source raster graphics editor used for image retouching and editing, free-form drawing, resizing, cropping, photo-montages, converting between different image formats, and more specialized tasks.GIMP began in 1995 as the school project of two university students; now GIMP is a full-fledged application, available on all distributions of Linux, OS X and Microsoft Windows — XP and later versions.", "GNU General Public License The GNU General Public License (GNU GPL or GPL) is the most widely used free software license, which guarantees end users (individuals, organizations, companies) the freedoms to run, study, share (copy), and modify the software. Software that allows these rights is called free software and, if the software is copylefted, requires those rights to be retained. The GPL demands both.", "GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library The GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library (GMP) is a free library for arbitrary-precision arithmetic, operating on signed integers, rational numbers, and floating point numbers. There are no practical limits to the precision except the ones implied by the available memory in the machine GMP runs on (operand dimension limit is 232-1 bits on 32-bit machines and 237 bits on 64-bit machines). GMP has a rich set of functions, and the functions have a regular interface.", "GObject The GLib Object System, or GObject, is a free software library providing a portable object system and transparent cross-language interoperability. GObject is designed for use both directly in C programs to provide object-oriented C-based APIs and through bindings to other languages to provide transparent cross-language interoperability, e.g. PyGObject.", "Gambas Gambas is the name of an object-oriented dialect of the BASIC programming language as well as the integrated development environment that accompanies it. Designed to run on Linux and other Unix-like computer operating systems, its name is a recursive acronym for Gambas Almost Means Basic. Gambas is also the word for prawns in the Spanish and Portuguese language, from which the project's logos are derived.", "Game programmer A game programmer is a software engineer, programmer, or computer scientist who primarily develops codebases for video games or related software, such as game development tools. Game programming has many specialized disciplines all of which fall under the umbrella term of \"game programmer\". A game programmer should not be confused with a game designer, who works on game design.", "GimPhoto GimPhoto is a modification of the free and open source graphics program GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP), with the intent to be a free replacement to Adobe Photoshop.It has a new menu layout, new brushes and gradient sets. Its primary purpose is to enhance GIMP in terms of user interface, use of the best plugins and other resources combined with the latest stable version of GIMP.", "Gutenprint Gutenprint (formerly Gimp-Print) is a collection of free software printer drivers for use with UNIX spooling systems, such as CUPS, lpr and LPRng. These drivers provide printing services for UNIX systems (including GNU/Linux), Mac OS X, RISC OS, Haiku and Microsoft Windows.It was originally developed as a plug-in for the GIMP, but later became a more general tool for use by other programs and operating systems (Apple and Windows).", "HTML HyperText Markup Language, commonly referred to as HTML, is the standard markup language used to create web pages. Web browsers can read HTML files and render them into visible or audible web pages. HTML describes the structure of a website semantically along with cues for presentation, making it a markup language, rather than a programming language.HTML elements form the building blocks of all websites. HTML allows images and objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms.", "Java (programming language) Java is a general-purpose computer programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let application developers \"write once, run anywhere\" (WORA), meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation.", "King Gimp King Gimp is a 1999 documentary that was awarded the 2000 Academy Award for Best Short Subject Documentary and 2000 Peabody Award. King Gimp follows the life of artist Dan Keplinger of Towson, Maryland, who has cerebral palsy. Filmmakers Susan Hannah Hadary and William A. Whiteford, of the University of Maryland Video Press and Tapestry International Productions produced the film.", "Linux Linux (pronounced /ˈlɪnəks/ LIN-əks or, less frequently, /ˈlaɪnəks/ LYN-əks) is a Unix-like and mostly POSIX-compliant computer operating system (OS) assembled under the model of free and open-source software development and distribution. The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on 5 October 1991 by Linus Torvalds.", "Lisp (programming language) Lisp (historically, LISP) is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive, fully parenthesized Polish prefix notation.Originally specified in 1958, Lisp is the second-oldest high-level programming language in widespread use today; only Fortran is older (by one year). Like Fortran, Lisp has changed a great deal since its early days, and a number of dialects have existed over its history.", "List of GNU packages This list of GNU packages lists notable software packages developed for or maintained by the Free Software Foundation as part of the GNU Project. GNU is a Unix-like computer operating system composed entirely of free software. Many of these software packages are used together with the Linux kernel to build complete computer operating systems.", "List of Python software The Python programming language is actively used by many people, both in industry and academia for a wide variety of purposes.", "Lua (programming language) Lua (/ˈluːə/ LOO-ə, from Portuguese: lua [ˈlu.(w)ɐ] meaning moon; explicitly not \"LUA\" for it is not an acronym) is a lightweight multi-paradigm programming language designed as a scripting language with extensible semantics as a primary goal. Lua is cross-platform since it is written in ANSI C, and has a relatively simple C API.", "Mpg123 mpg123 is a free and open-source audio player. As the name suggests, it supports MPEG audio formats, including MP2, and MP3. It is a console application, meaning that it has no graphical user interface.", "Nemerle Nemerle is a general-purpose high-level statically typed programming language designed for platforms using the Common Language Infrastructure (.NET/Mono). It offers functional, object-oriented and imperative features. It has a simple C#-like syntax and a powerful metaprogramming system. In June 2012, the core developers of Nemerle were hired by the Czech software development company JetBrains.", "OSW3 OSW3 (Operating System Web 3.0) is a Linux-based operating system based on the idea of cloud computing; OSW3 leans heavily on on-line applications built on Web3.0 with html5 and they do not use local hardware and software. Also many of the documents created with OSW3 can be saved in the cloud.", "Objective-C Objective-C is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language. It is the main programming language used by Apple for the OS X and iOS operating systems, and their respective application programming interfaces (APIs), Cocoa and Cocoa Touch.The programming language Objective-C was originally developed in the early 1980s.", "PL/C PL/C is a computer programming language developed at Cornell University with the specific goal of being used for teaching programming. It is based on IBM's PL/I language, and was designed in the early 1970s. Cornell also developed a compiler for the language that was based on its earlier CUPL compiler, and it was widely used in college-level programming courses. The two researchers and academic teachers who designed PL/C were Richard W. Conway and Thomas R. Wilcox.", "Perl Perl is a family of high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming languages. The languages in this family include Perl 5 and Perl 6.Though Perl is not officially an acronym, there are various backronyms in use, the most well-known being \"Practical Extraction and Reporting Language\". Perl was originally developed by Larry Wall in 1987 as a general-purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing easier. Since then, it has undergone many changes and revisions.", "Pinta (software) Pinta is an open-source, cross-platform bitmap image drawing and editing program inspired by Paint.NET, a similar image editing program which is limited to Microsoft Windows. Pinta has more features than Microsoft Paint but is simpler and has fewer features than open-source image editor GIMP.", "Plug-in (computing) In computing, a plug-in (or add-in / addin, plugin, extension or add-on / addon) is a software component that adds a specific feature to an existing software application. When an application supports plug-ins, it enables customization. The common examples are the plug-ins used in web browsers to add new features such as search-engines, virus scanners, or the ability to use a new file type such as a new video format.", "Project Dogwaffle Project Dogwaffle is a raster graphics editor with animation capabilities.The program, written by Dan Ritchie, runs on the Windows platform and has both freeware and commercial versions. The commercial version, PD Pro Digital Painter, is updated frequently while the most recent freeware version is Project Dogwaffle 1.2, released in 2004.", "Prolog Prolog is a general purpose logic programming language associated with artificial intelligence and computational linguistics.Prolog has its roots in first-order logic, a formal logic, and unlike many other programming languages, Prolog is declarative: the program logic is expressed in terms of relations, represented as facts and rules.", "PyGTK PyGTK is a set of Python wrappers for the GTK+ graphical user interface library. PyGTK is free software and licensed under the LGPL. It is analogous to PyQt/PySide and wxPython, the Python wrappers for Qt and wxWidgets, respectively. Its original author is the prominent GNOME developer James Henstridge. Today there are six people in the core development team, with various other people who have submitted patches and bug reports.", "Python (programming language) Python is a widely used general-purpose, high-level programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability, and its syntax allows programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code than would be possible in languages such as C++ or Java. The language provides constructs intended to enable clear programs on both a small and large scale.Python supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative and functional programming or procedural styles.", "Rapira Rapira is also a name for the T-12 antitank gun.Rapira (Russian: Рапира, rapier) is an educational procedural programming language developed in the USSR and implemented on Agat computer, PDP-11 clones (Electronika, DVK, BK series) and Intel-8080/Z80 clones (Korvet). It was an interpreted language with dynamic type system and high level constructions. The language originally had a Russian-based set of keywords, but English and Moldovan were added later.", "Ratpoison Ratpoison is a tiling window manager for the X Window System primarily developed by Shawn Betts. Ratpoison is written in C; Betts' StumpWM re-implements a similar window manager in Common Lisp. The user interface and much of their functionality are inspired by the GNU Screen terminal multiplexer.", "Ruby (programming language) Ruby is a dynamic, reflective, object-oriented, general-purpose programming language. It was designed and developed in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro \"Matz\" Matsumoto in Japan.According to its authors, Ruby was influenced by Perl, Smalltalk, Eiffel, Ada, and Lisp. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including functional, object-oriented, and imperative. It also has a dynamic type system and automatic memory management.", "SIOD Scheme In One Defun (or Scheme In One Day) is a small-footprint implementation of the Scheme programming language, written in C and designed to be embedded inside C programs. It was originally written by Professor George J. Carrette at Boston University as a demonstration in a laboratory.", "SNOBOL SNOBOL (StriNg Oriented and symBOlic Language) is a series of computer programming languages developed between 1962 and 1967 at AT&T Bell Laboratories by David J. Farber, Ralph E. Griswold and Ivan P. Polonsky, culminating in SNOBOL4. It was one of a number of text-string-oriented languages developed during the 1950s and 1960s; others included COMIT and TRAC.SNOBOL4 stands apart from most programming languages by having patterns as a first-class data type (i.e.", "Scheme (programming language) Scheme and Common Lisp are the two principal dialects of the computer programming language Lisp. Unlike Common Lisp, however, Scheme follows a minimalist design philosophy that specifies a small standard core accompanied by powerful tools for language extension.Scheme was created during the 1970s at the MIT AI Lab and released by its developers, Guy L. Steele and Gerald Jay Sussman, via a series of memos now known as the Lambda Papers.", "Scripting language A scripting language or script language is a programming language that supports scripts, programs written for a special run-time environment that can interpret (rather than compile) and automate the execution of tasks that could alternatively be executed one-by-one by a human operator. Environments that can be automated through scripting include software applications, web pages within a web browser, the shells of operating systems (OS), and embedded systems.", "Seashore (software) Seashore is an image editor for Mac OS X that is based on the technology of GIMP, with a clean user interface (using Cocoa). Seashore uses GIMP's native file format, XCF, and has support for a handful of other graphics file formats, including full support for TIFF, PNG, and JPEG, and read-only support for BMP, PDF and GIF.", "Smalltalk YX Smalltalk YX (Syx) is an open source programming language. It's an implementation of the Smalltalk-80 standard.Syx is written in the C programming language and has the following purposes: Readable code Flexibility through easy creation of plugins Highly portable Optimized Modern Embeddable in C programs Easy to use, powerful and well-structured environment Small", "Solaris (operating system) Solaris is a Unix operating system originally developed by Sun Microsystems. It superseded their earlier SunOS in 1993. Oracle Solaris, as it is now known, has been owned by Oracle Corporation since Oracle's acquisition of Sun in January 2010.Solaris is known for its scalability, especially on SPARC systems, and for originating many innovative features such as DTrace, ZFS and Time Slider.", "Source code In computing, source code is any collection of computer instructions (possibly with comments) written using some human-readable computer language, usually as text. The source code of a program is specially designed to facilitate the work of computer programmers, who specify the actions to be performed by a computer mostly by writing source code. The source code is often transformed by a compiler program into low-level machine code understood by the computer.", "Squeak The Squeak programming language is a dialect of Smalltalk. It is object-oriented, class-based and reflective.It was derived directly from Smalltalk-80 by a group at Apple Computer that included some of the original Smalltalk-80 developers. Its development was continued by the same group at Walt Disney Imagineering, where it was intended for use in internal Disney projects.Squeak is available for many platforms, and programs produced on one platform run bit-identical on all other platforms.", "Standard ML Standard ML (SML) is a general-purpose, modular, functional programming language with compile-time type checking and type inference. It is popular among compiler writers and programming language researchers, as well as in the development of theorem provers.SML is a modern descendant of the ML programming language used in the Logic for Computable Functions (LCF) theorem-proving project.", "Stencyl Stencyl is a game creation platform that allows users to create 2D video games for computers, mobile devices, and the web. The software is available for free, with select publishing options available for purchase. The software was originally called \"StencylWorks\" while in development and for the initial release, but was later shortened to just \"Stencyl\".", "Tcl Tcl (originally from Tool Command Language, but conventionally spelled \"Tcl\" rather than \"TCL\"; pronounced as \"tickle\" or \"tee-see-ell\") is a scripting language created by John Ousterhout. Originally \"born out of frustration\", according to the author, with programmers devising their own languages intended to be embedded into applications, Tcl gained acceptance on its own. It is commonly used for rapid prototyping, scripted applications, GUIs and testing.", "TinyScheme TinyScheme is a free software implementation of the Scheme programming language with a lightweight Scheme interpreter of a subset of the R5RS standard. It is meant to be used as an embedded scripting interpreter for other programs. Much of the functionality in TinyScheme is included conditionally, to allow developers to balance features and size/footprint.TinyScheme is used by the GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP) starting with version 2.4, released in 2007.", "Tvtime tvtime is a program for Linux that allows a person to watch television through his or her PC using a TV tuner or a satellite receiver card DVB-S.tvtime does not use a general purpose widget set, so it does not favour any particular desktop environment. The interface to tvtime is custom-developed and resembles the on-screen display from a sophisticated TV set.", "UFRaw UFRaw (which stands for Unidentified Flying Raw) is an application which can read and manipulate photographs in raw image formats, as created by many digital cameras. UFRaw is available as both as a stand-alone program and as a plugin for GIMP (only on non-Microsoft Windows systems).", "Visual FoxPro Visual FoxPro is a data-centric, object-oriented, procedural, programming language produced by Microsoft. It is derived from FoxPro (originally known as FoxBASE) which was developed by Fox Software beginning in 1984. It contained the fastest PC-based database engine available at the time. Fox Technologies merged with Microsoft in 1992, after which the software acquired further features and the prefix \\Visual\\\".\"", "WATFIV WATFIV, or WATerloo FORTRAN IV, developed at the University of Waterloo, Canada is an implementation of the Fortran computer programming language. It is the successor of WATFOR.WATFIV was used from the late 1960s into the mid-1980s. WATFIV was in turn succeeded by later versions of WATFOR.Because it could complete the three usual steps \"\\compile-link-go\") in just one pass, the system became popular for teaching students computer programming.", "XCF (file format) XCF, short for eXperimental Computing Facility, is the native image format of the GIMP image-editing program. It saves all of the data the program handles related to the image, including among others each layer, the current selection, channels, transparency, paths and guides.The saved image data are compressed only by a simple RLE algorithm, but GIMP supports compressed files, using either gzip or bzip2.", "Xournal Xournal is a notetaking application written for Linux and other GTK+ platforms. It bears some similarity to Windows Journal, Jarnal and Gournal. It is designed to be used with either a stylus or a mouse. It is also capable of adding annotations to PDF documents.", "Xynth Xynth is an embedded windowing system, released under LGPL, developed for systems with low resources, is an alternative for X Window System.The goal of the project is to release a soft but portable and powered Window Environment.The source language is C.A fork of the project exists as XFast.", "Xzgv xzgv is a simple, small software utility that can be used for viewing digital images or pictures of several formats, e.g., jpeg, GIF, PNG, etc. xzgv is used on computers using a Unix-like operating system and the X Window System. Because xzgv is a fast, lightweight image viewer that is compatible with a large number of image formats, the viewer is popular on older, slower, resource-challenged computer systems.", "Zgv zgv is an image viewer for SVGAlib or SDL that incorporates a thumbnail-based file selector. Most file formats supported include GIF, JPEG, PNG, BMP, PCX, PCD, TIFF. Thumbnails used are compatible with xv, xzgv, and GIMP. There is also a version of zgv available for X11, released under the name xzgv." ]

[ "Brazil and the United Nations Brazil is a founding member of the United Nations and participates in all of its specialized agencies. Brazil is among the twenty top contributors to United Nations peacekeeping operations, and has participated in peacekeeping efforts in the Middle East, the former Belgian Congo, Cyprus, Mozambique, Angola, and more recently East Timor and Haiti. In 2010-2011, Brazil held a non-permanent seat in the Security Council for a two-year mandate.", "China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a sovereign state in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population of over 1.35 billion. The PRC is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China, with its seat of government in the capital city of Beijing.", "China and the United Nations China is a charter member of the United Nations and one of five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council after being on the winning side following World War Two.The Republic of China (ROC) joined the UN in 1945. On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong declared the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC), and the government of the Republic of China relocated to Taipei after losing the Chinese Civil War.", "Enlargement of the United Nations As of April 2015, there are 193 United Nations (UN) member states, each of which is a member of the United Nations General Assembly.The following is a list of United Nations member states arranged in chronological order according to their dates of admission (with the United Nations Security Council resolutions that recommended their admission and the United Nations General Assembly resolutions that admitted them, signified with SCR and GAR, respectively), including former members.", "France and the United Nations The French Republic is a charter member of the United Nations and one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council. The nation originally joined the UN as the French Fourth Republic, however, after a series of crises, the French Fourth Republic collapsed and was dissolved by a public referendum on 5 October 1958.", "India and the United Nations India was among the original members of the United Nations that signed the Declaration by United Nations at Washington on 1 January 1942 and also participated in the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco from 25 April to 26 June 1945.", "Lauro Baja Lauro L. Baja, Jr. was the Permanent Representative to the United Nations for the Republic of the Philippines, and a former Undersecretary of Foreign Affairs. He presented his credentials to the Secretary-General of the United Nations on 21 May 2003, replacing former Ambassador Alfonso T. Yuchengco. He was replaced by former Chief Justice Hilario Davide in 2006.He is a former president of the United Nations Security Council, where he took the chair for one month in 2004.", "List of members of the United Nations Security Council Membership of the United Nations Security Council is held by the five permanent members and ten elected, non-permanent members. Prior to 1966, there were six elected members, while the permanent members have in essence not changed since the creation of the United Nations in 1945, apart from the representation of China. Elected members hold their place on the Council for a two-year term, and half of these places are contested each year.", "P5+1 The P5+1 is a group of six world powers which, in 2006, joined together in diplomatic efforts with Iran with regard to its nuclear program. The term refers to the UN Security Council's five permanent members (the P5); namely China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States; plus Germany. The P5+1 is often referred to as the E3+3 by European countries.", "Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, also known as the Permanent Five, Big Five, or P5, include the following five governments: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The members represent the five great powers considered the victors of World War II.", "Russia and the United Nations Russia succeeded the Soviet Union's seat, including its permanent membership on the Security Council in the United Nations after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The succession was supported by the USSR's former members and was not objected to by the UN membership; Russia accounted for about half the Soviet Union's economy and most of its land mass; in addition, the history of the Soviet Union began in Russia.", "Soviet Union and the United Nations The Soviet Union was a charter member of the United Nations and one of five permanent members of the Security Council. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, its UN seat was transferred to the Russian Federation.", "United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign state in Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the country includes the island of Great Britain—a term also applied loosely to refer to the whole country—the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands.", "United Kingdom and the United Nations The United Kingdom is a charter member of the United Nations and one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council.", "United Nations The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The headquarters of the United Nations is in Manhattan, New York City, and experiences extraterritoriality.", "United Nations Security Council The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security as well as accepting new members to the United Nations and approving any changes to its United Nations Charter.", "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, on the situation in Libya, is a measure that was adopted on 17 March 2011. The Security Council resolution was proposed by France, Lebanon, and the United Kingdom.Ten Security Council members voted in the affirmative (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Colombia, Gabon, Lebanon, Nigeria, Portugal, South Africa, and permanent members France, the United Kingdom, and the United States).", "United Nations Security Council election, 2007 The 2007 United Nations Security Council election was held on 16 October 2007 during the 62nd session of the United Nations General Assembly, held at UN Headquarters in New York City.", "United Nations Security Council election, 2011 The 2011 United Nations Security Council election was held on 21 and 24 October 2011 during the Sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York City. The General Assembly elected Azerbaijan, Guatemala, Morocco, Pakistan, and Togo, as the five new non-permanent members of the UN Security Council for two-year mandates commencing on 1 January 2012.", "United Nations Security Council election, 2012 The 2012 United Nations Security Council election was held on 18 October 2012 during the 67th session of the United Nations General Assembly, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York City. The elections were for five non-permanent seats on the UN Security Council for two-year mandates commencing on 1 January 2013 to replace the five countries whose terms expired. The countries elected were Argentina, Australia, Luxembourg, the Republic of Korea, and Rwanda.", "United Nations Security Council election, 2015 The 2015 United Nations Security Council election will be held on 15 October 2015 during the 70th session of the United Nations General Assembly, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York City.", "United Nations Security Council resolution A United Nations Security Council resolution is a UN resolution adopted by the fifteen members of the Security Council; the UN body charged with \"primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security\".The UN Charter specifies (in Article 27) that a draft resolution on non-procedural matters is adopted if nine or more of the fifteen Council members vote for the resolution, and if it is not vetoed by any of the five permanent members.", "United Nations Security Council veto power The United Nations Security Council \"power of veto\" refers to the veto power wielded solely by the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States), enabling them to prevent the adoption of any \"substantive\" resolution, as well as decide which issues fall under \"substantive\" title.", "United States The United States of America (USA), commonly referred to as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major territories and various possessions. The 48 contiguous states and Washington, D.C., are in central North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is located in the northwestern part of North America and the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific.", "United States and the United Nations The United States of America is a charter member of the United Nations and one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council." ]

[ "Abdullah Saleh al-Ashtal 'Abdullah Saleh al-Ashtal' (1938 – 26 August 2004) was a Yemeni diplomat who was a Permanent Representative at the United Nations in New York City for nearly 30 years.On 29 May 1973, Al-Ashtal was appointed as the Permanent Representative of South Yemen to the United Nations. In March 1990, he was President of the United Nations Security Council. After South Yemen and North Yemen united on 22 May 1990, al-Ashtal continued to represent the united Yemen at the UN.", "Adolfo Aguilar Zínser Adolfo Aguilar Zínser ((1949-12-02)December 2, 1949 – June 5, 2005(2005-06-05)) was a Mexican scholar, diplomat and politician who served as a National Security Advisor to President Vicente Fox and as a UN Security Council Ambassador in the midst of the US invasion of Iraq.Born in Mexico City into an upper-class family, Adolfo Aguilar was the son of Adolfo Aguilar y Quevedo a criminal lawyer and Carmen Zínser, a philanthropist.", "Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee The Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee (previously known as the Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee) was established on 15 October 1999, pursuant to UN Security Council Resolution 1267 concerning Osama bin Laden, al-Qaeda and/or the Taliban and associated individuals and entities. It has subsequently been modified to deal with issues limited to al-Qaeda. The Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee is one of three Security Council committees dealing with counter-terrorism.", "Alain Paul Lebeaupin Archbishop Alain Paul Lebeaupin was born in Paris, France, on 2 March 1945. He is the Apostolic nuncio to European Community.", "Arne Sunde Arne Toralf Sunde (6 December 1883 – 30 July 1972) was a Norwegian politician, Olympic shooter and army officer. He is best known for his participation in the 1940 Norwegian Campaign, his participation in Nygaardsvold's Cabinet during its 1940–1945 exile in London and three years as a United Nations ambassador. Sunde was President of the United Nations Security Council in June 1949 and July 1950.", "Boutros Boutros-Ghali Boutros Boutros-Ghali (بطرس بطرس غالى Buṭrus Buṭrus Ghālī , Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [ˈbotɾos ˈɣæːli]; born 14 November 1922) is an Egyptian politician and diplomat who was the sixth Secretary-General of the United Nations (UN) from January 1992 to December 1996. An academic and former Vice Foreign Minister of Egypt, Boutros Boutros-Ghali oversaw the UN at a time when it dealt with several world crises, including the break-up of Yugoslavia and the Rwandan Genocide.", "Canada and the United Nations Canada has been a member of the United Nations since it was established, and has served six separate terms on the UN Security Council. Canada has also participated in United Nations peacekeeping missions.", "Chapter II of the United Nations Charter Chapter II of the United Nations Charter deals with membership of the United Nations organization. Membership is open to the original signatories and \"all other peace-loving states which accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to carry out these obligations.\" A country can only be admitted to the UN after the UN General Assembly votes to do so upon the recommendation of the UN Security Council.", "Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter sets out the UN Security Council's powers to maintain peace. It allows the Council to \"determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression\" and to take military and nonmilitary action to \"restore international peace and security\".Chapter VII also gives the Military Staff Committee responsibility for strategic coordination of forces placed at the disposal of the UN Security Council.", "Chapter V of the United Nations Charter Chapter V of the United Nations Charter contains provisions establishing the United Nations Security Council. Article 23 establishes the composition of the Security Council, with five permanent members (the Republic of China, (currently People's Republic of China), France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States) and 10 non-permanent members elected by the General Assembly. The non-permanent members serve two year terms and cannot be immediately re-elected.", "Chapter XIII of the United Nations Charter Chapter XIII of the United Nations Charter deals with the UN Trusteeship Council. It guarantees each of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council a seat on the council (albeit without veto) as well as those administering trust countries, and as many other members elected by the UN General Assembly as may be necessary to have an equal number of trust-administering and non-trust-administering countries on the Trusteeship Council.", "Claude Corea Sir George Claude Stanley Corea (29 January 1894 – 2 September 1962) was a Sri Lankan politician and diplomat.", "Emyr Jones Parry Sir Emyr Jones Parry, GCMG, FInstP (born 21 September 1947) is a retired British diplomat. He is a former British Permanent Representative to the United Nations (UN) and former UK Permanent Representative on the North Atlantic Council (NATO).", "France France, officially the French Republic (French: République française), is a sovereign state comprising territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories.", "Giovanni Tonucci Monsignor Giovanni Tonucci (born December 4, 1941 in Fano, PU, Italy) is a Latin Rite Italian archbishop of the Catholic Church. He was recently named the Territorial Prelate of Loreto. His previous post was as the Apostolic Nuncio (Papal ambassador) to Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Norway.", "Headquarters of the United Nations The Headquarters of the United Nations is a complex in New York City. The complex has served as the official headquarters of the United Nations since its completion in 1952. It is located in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of Manhattan, on spacious grounds overlooking the East River. Its borders are First Avenue on the west, East 42nd Street to the south, East 48th Street on the north and the East River to the east.", "Jeane Kirkpatrick Jeane J. Kirkpatrick (née Jeane Duane Jordan; November 19, 1926 – December 7, 2006) was an American ambassador and an ardent anti-communist. She was a long-time Democrat, who turned Republican in 1985. After serving as Ronald Reagan's foreign policy adviser in his 1980 campaign, she became the first woman to serve as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations.She was known for the \"Kirkpatrick Doctrine\", which advocated U.S.", "Johan C. Verbeke Johan C. Verbeke (born 1951) is a Belgian diplomat and a former Belgian Ambassador to the United Kingdom.Prior to serving in London, Verbeke was the Secretary-General’s Special Representative and Head of the UN Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) in 2008–09. He was formerly the permanent representative of Belgium to the United Nations and to its Security Council. He was briefly the UN special coordinator for Lebanon, serving as the United Nations Secretary General's representative in Lebanon.", "Joy Ogwu Joy Uche Angela Ogwu (born August 23, 1946) is a former Foreign Minister of Nigeria and has been the Permanent Representative of Nigeria to the United Nations in New York since 2008. She is the first woman to hold the post of Permanent Representative to the United Nations in the history of Nigeria. Prior to her ministerial career, Dr. Joy Ogwu, who is from Delta State, served as Director–General of the Nigerian Institute of International Affairs (NIIA).", "List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Cyprus The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is the organ of the United Nations charged with maintaining peace and security among nations. While other organs of the United Nations only make recommendations to member governments, the Security Council has the power to make decisions; which member governments must carry out if they fall under Chapter VII of the under the United Nations Charter.", "List of the UN resolutions concerning Israel and Palestine The following is a list of United Nations resolutions that concern both Israel and Palestine and bordering states such as Lebanon. As of 2013, Israel had been condemned in 45 resolutions by United Nations Human Rights Council since its creation in 2006—the Council had resolved almost more resolutions condemning Israel than on the rest of the world combined.", "Liu Chieh Liu Chieh (Chinese: 劉鍇; 1905 – 12 February 1991) was a diplomat of the Republic of China. He represented China at the United Nations from 1962 to 1971, and was the last Permanent Representative of the Republic of China at the UN.Liu studied at Oxford University and practiced as a barrister in China. He was an advisor to the Chinese delegation at the meetings that established the League of Nations.", "Luxembourg and the United Nations The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is a charter member of the United Nations and served as one of the ten non-permanent members of the UN Security Council (2013–2014).", "Mark Lyall Grant Sir Mark Justin Lyall Grant KCMG (born 29 May 1956) is a senior British diplomat who most recently served as Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations.", "Max van der Stoel Maximilianus \"Max\" van der Stoel (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌmɑksimiliˈaːnʏs mɑks vɑn dər stul]; 3 August 1924 – 23 April 2011) was a Dutch politician and former Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands. He served as the first High Commissioner on National Minorities of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.On 17 May 1991, he was granted the honorary title of Minister of State.", "Member states of the United Nations There are 193 United Nations (UN) member states, and each of them is a member of the United Nations General Assembly.The criteria for admission of new members are set out in the United Nations Charter, Chapter II, Article 4: Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving states which accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to carry out these obligations.", "Oleg Troyanovsky Oleg Alexandrovich Troyanovsky (24 November 1919 – 21 December 2003) was ambassador of the Soviet Union to Japan and China and was the Soviet Permanent Representative to the United Nations (from 1977 to 1986).Troyanovsky was born into a diplomatic family. His father, Aleksandr A. Troyanovsky, served as the first Soviet ambassador to the United States from 1934 to 1938 and was also Soviet Ambassador to Japan from 1929-1932.", "Pakistan and the United Nations Pakistan officially joined the United Nations (UN) on 30 September 1947 just over a month after its independence from the British Empire. Today, it is a charter member and participates in all of the UN's specialised agencies and organisations. Pakistan has been elected a number of times into the UN Security Council (see List of members of the United Nations Security Council).", "Peter Ricketts For the American businessman and politician, see Pete Ricketts.Sir Peter Forbes Ricketts, GCMG GCVO (born September 1952) is a senior British diplomat.On 24 June 2011, the Prime Minister's Office announced that Ricketts would replace Peter Westmacott as UK Ambassador to France effective January 2012, with Kim Darroch taking Ricketts's old role as National Security Adviser.", "Reform of the United Nations Security Council Reform of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) encompasses five key issues: categories of membership, the question of the veto held by the five permanent members, regional representation, the size of an enlarged Council and its working methods, and the Security Council-General Assembly relationship.", "Singapore and the United Nations Singapore officially became the 117th member of the United Nations (UN) after its independence on September 21, 1965. From 2001 to 2002, Singapore held a rotational seat on the United Nations Security Council and has participated in UN peacekeeping/observer missions in Kuwait, Angola, Kenya, Cambodia and Timor Leste.", "Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪsˈtʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪˈspublʲɪk]) abbreviated to USSR (Russian: СССР, tr. SSSR) or shortened to the Soviet Union (Russian: Сове́тский Сою́з, tr. Sovetskij Soyuz; IPA: [sɐ'vʲetskʲɪj sɐˈjʉs]), was a Marxist–Leninist state on the Eurasian continent that existed between 1922 and 1991.", "Stefan Tafrov Stefan Tafrov is a Bulgarian politician, born on 11 February 1958, in Sofia. He was the Permanent Representative of Bulgaria to the United Nations between 2001 and 2006, being replaced by Ivan T. Piperkov. In September 2002 and December 2003, as part of the standard presidency rotation, he took up the presidency of the United Nations Security Council.He graduated from Lycée de la langue française, also in Sofia, in 1977.", "Susan Rice Susan Elizabeth Rice (born November 17, 1964) is the United States National Security Advisor. Rice is a former U.S. diplomat, former Brookings Institution fellow, and former United States Ambassador to the United Nations. Rice served on the staff of the National Security Council, and as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs during President Bill Clinton's second term. Rice was confirmed as UN ambassador by the U.S.", "Taiwan Taiwan (/ˌtaɪˈwɑːn/; Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó) is a sovereign state in East Asia. The Republic of China, originally based in mainland China, now governs the island of Taiwan, which makes up over 99% of its territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands.", "Thomas Mayr-Harting Thomas Mayr-Harting (born 22 May 1954 in Epsom, Surrey) is an Austrian diplomat. He is the current EU Head of Delegation to the United Nations. Before taking up this appointment he served as Permanent Representative of Austria to the United Nations in New York between December 2008 and October 2011. In this latter capacity he also represented Austria on the United Nations Security Council from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2010.", "United Nations Charter The Charter of the United Nations is the foundational treaty of the intergovernmental organization; the United Nations. It was signed at the San Francisco War Memorial and Performing Arts Center in San Francisco, United States, on 26 June 1945, by 50 of the 51 original member countries.", "United Nations General Assembly The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA, GA, or, from the French: Assemblée Générale, \"AG\") is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and the only one in which all member nations have equal representation. Its powers are to oversee the budget of the United Nations, appoint the non-permanent members to the Security Council, receive reports from other parts of the United Nations and make recommendations in the form of General Assembly Resolutions.", "United Nations General Assembly Resolution 377 United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) resolution 377 A, the \"Uniting for Peace\" resolution, states that in any cases where the Security Council, because of a lack of unanimity amongst its five permanent members, fails to act as required to maintain international peace and security, the General Assembly shall consider the matter immediately and may issue any recommendations it deems necessary in order to restore international peace and security.", "United Nations General Assembly observers In addition to its 193 member states, the United Nations General Assembly may grant observer status to an international organization, entity or non-member state, which entitles the entity to participate in the work of the United Nations General Assembly, though with limitations.", "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701 is a resolution that was intended to resolve the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict.It was unanimously approved by the United Nations Security Council on 11 August 2006. The Lebanese cabinet unanimously approved the resolution on 12 August 2006. On the same day, Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah said that his militia would honor the call for a ceasefire. He also said that once the Israeli offensive stops, Hezbollah's rocket attacks on Israel would stop.", "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747 was a United Nations Security Council resolution that tightened the sanctions imposed on Iran in connection with the Iranian nuclear program.", "United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 (S/RES/242) was adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council on November 22, 1967, in the aftermath of the Six-Day War. It was adopted under Chapter VI of the UN Charter.", "United Nations Security Council Resolution 598 United Nations Security Council resolution 598 S/RES/0598 (1987), (UNSC resolution 598) adopted unanimously on 20 July 1987, after recalling Resolution 582 and 588, called for an immediate ceasefire between Iran and Iraq and the repatriation of prisoners of war, and for both sides to withdraw to the international border. The resolution requested the Secretary-General to dispatch a team of observers to monitor the ceasefire while a permanent settlement was reached to end the conflict.", "United Nations Security Council Resolution 940 United Nations Security Council resolution 940, adopted on 31 July 1994, after recalling resolutions 841 (1993), 861 (1993), 862 (1993), 867 (1993), 873 (1993), 875 (1993), 905 (1994), 917 (1994) and 933 (1994), the Council permitted a United States-led force to restore President Jean-Bertrand Aristide and authorities of the Government of Haiti, and extended the mandate of the United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH) for an additional six months.", "United Nations Security Council election, 2006 The 2006 United Nations Security Council election began on 16 October 2006 during the 61st session of the United Nations General Assembly, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York City.", "United Nations Security Council election, 2013 The 2013 United Nations Security Council election was held on 17 October 2013 during the 68th session of the United Nations General Assembly, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York City. The Assembly elected Chad, Chile, Lithuania, Nigeria, and Saudi Arabia for five non-permanent seats on the UN Security Council for two-year mandates commencing on 1 January 2014.", "United Nations Security Council election, 2014 The 2014 United Nations Security Council election was held on 16 October 2014 during the 69th session of the United Nations General Assembly, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York City.", "United Nations Security Council election, 2016 The 2016 United Nations Security Council election will be held in June 2016 during the 70th session of the United Nations General Assembly, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York City.", "United Nations Security Council election, 2018 The 2018 United Nations Security Council election will be held in mid-2018 during the 72nd session of the United Nations General Assembly, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York City. The elections are for five non-permanent seats on the UN Security Council for two-year mandates commencing on 1 January 2019. It marks the first time that Israel will be a candidate for the council.", "United Nations Security Council election, November 1946 The second 1946 United Nations Security Council election was held on 19 November 1946 during the First session of the United Nations General Assembly. The General Assembly elected Belgium, Colombia, and Syria, as the three new non-permanent members of the UN Security Council for two-year mandates commencing in January 1947.", "United States Ambassador to the United Nations The United States Ambassador to the United Nations is the leader of the U.S. delegation, the U.S. Mission to the United Nations. The position is more formally known as the \"Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations, with the rank and status of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, and Representative of the United States of America in the Security Council of the United Nations\"; it is also known as the U.S." ]

[ "A Study in Emerald \"A Study in Emerald\" is a short story written by British fantasy and graphic novel author Neil Gaiman. The story is a Sherlock Holmes pastiche transferred to the Cthulhu Mythos universe of horror writer H. P. Lovecraft. It won the 2004 Hugo Award for Best Short Story. The title is a reference to the Sherlock Holmes novel A Study in Scarlet. \"A Study in Emerald\" first appeared in the anthology Shadows Over Baker Street, a collection of stories combining the worlds of Arthur Conan Doyle and H. P.", "A Walking Tour of the Shambles A Walking Tour of the Shambles (Little Walks For Sightseers #16) (2002), written by Neil Gaiman and Gene Wolfe, is a novel in the form of a tour guide concerning a fictional part of Chicago called 'The Shambles'. It guides the reader through such non-existent landmarks as The House of Clocks (see the official website), Cereal House (home of the Terribly Strange Bed), and Gavagan's Irish Saloon.", "American Gods American Gods is a Hugo and Nebula Award-winning novel by Neil Gaiman. The novel is a blend of Americana, fantasy, and various strands of ancient and modern mythology, all centering on the mysterious and taciturn Shadow. Several of the themes touched upon in the book were previously glimpsed in The Sandman graphic novels.The book was published in 2001 by Headline in the United Kingdom and by William Morrow in the United States.", "Anansi Boys Anansi Boys is a novel by Neil Gaiman. In the novel, \"Mr. Nancy\", an incarnation of the West African trickster god Anansi, dies, leaving two sons, who in turn discover each other. The novel follows their adventures as they explore their common heritage.Anansi Boys was published on 20 September 2005 and was released in paperback on 1 October 2006. The book debuted at number one on The New York Times Best Seller list, and won both the Locus Award and the British Fantasy Society Award in 2006.", "Blueberry Girl Blueberry Girl is a book by Neil Gaiman and Charles Vess. It was conceived as a poem of the same name, written in 2000 by Neil Gaiman for his goddaughter Tash, the daughter of his friend Tori Amos. In 2004, Neil Gaiman announced that Charles Vess was painting pictures to go with the poem, with the intention of publishing it as book.The book was published in 2009 by HarperCollins.", "Coraline Coraline /ˈkɒrəlaɪn/ is a dark fantasy, children's novella by British author Neil Gaiman, published in 2002 by Bloomsbury and Harper Collins. It was awarded the 2003 Hugo Award for Best Novella, the 2003 Nebula Award for Best Novella, and the 2002 Bram Stoker Award for Best Work for Young Readers. It has been compared to Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and was adapted into a 2009 stop-motion film directed by Henry Selick.", "Crazy Hair Crazy Hair is a book by Neil Gaiman and Dave McKean, published in 2009 in the United States by HarperCollins, and in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury. It is based on a poem by Gaiman, with artwork by McKean.In the story a father and child discover the joys of his crazy hair.It is also available in Italian.", "Creatures of the Night (comics) Creatures of the Night is a graphic novel by Neil Gaiman which reprints two short stories from his collection Smoke and Mirrors with elaborate illustrations by artist Michael Zulli.", "Eternity's Wheel Eternity's Wheel is a fantasy and science fiction novel by Neil Gaiman, Michael Reaves and Mallory Reaves. It is the third novel in the InterWorld trilogy; previous volumes were the 2007 novel InterWorld and its 2013 sequel The Silver Dream. Eternity's Wheel was issued by HarperTeen, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers, on May 19, 2015.", "Good Omens Good Omens: The Nice and Accurate Prophecies of Agnes Nutter, Witch (1990) is a World Fantasy Award-nominated novel written in collaboration between the English authors Terry Pratchett and Neil Gaiman. The book is a comedy about the birth of the son of Satan, the coming of the End Times, and the attempts of the angel Aziraphale and the demon Crowley to avert them, having become accustomed to their comfortable situations in the human world.", "Hob Gadling Hob Gadling, also known as Robert, Robbie, or Bobby, is a fictional character from the Sandman comic book series by Neil Gaiman. Gadling first appears in issue #13, \"Men of Good Fortune\". A soldier who has recently fought in the Hundred Years' War, Gadling argues with friends about the nature of death in an inn located in what will become modern-day London.", "InterWorld InterWorld is a fantasy and science fiction novel by Neil Gaiman and Michael Reaves. The book was published in 2007 by EOS, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers. It follows the story of Joey Harker who, together with a group of other Joeys from different Earths in other parallel universes, try to stop the two forces of magic and science from taking over all of the Earths in different universes.", "M Is for Magic M Is for Magic is a collection of child-friendly short fiction by Neil Gaiman.The stories and poems were selected from previously published works, with the exception of \"The Witch's Headstone\", which is an excerpt from the later-published novel, The Graveyard Book, and are: \"The Case Of The Four And Twenty Blackbirds\" (first published in Knave) \"Troll Bridge\" (first published in Smoke and Mirrors) \"Don't Ask Jack\" (first published in Smoke and Mirrors) \"How To Sell The Ponti Bridge\" (first published in Imagine #24) \"October In The Chair\" (first published in Conjunctions) \"Chivalry\" (first published in Smoke and Mirrors) \"The Price\" (first published in Smoke and Mirrors) \"How to Talk to Girls at Parties\" (first published in Fragile Things) \"Sunbird\" (first published in Noisy Outlaws) \"The Witch's Headstone\" (first published in Dark Alchemy: Magical Tales from the Masters of Modern Fantasy) \"Instructions\" (first published in Wolf at the Door)All the stories also appeared in Coraline and Other Stories (2007) published by Bloomsbury in the UK.", "Murder Mysteries \"Murder Mysteries\" is a fantasy short story by Neil Gaiman first published in the 1992 anthology Midnight Graffiti and later collected in his collection Smoke and Mirrors.", "Neil Gaiman's Only the End of the World Again Neil Gaiman's Only The End of the World Again is a 2000 compilation of a serialized fantasy story published by Oni Press and originally appearing in Oni Double Feature #6-8 during 1998. The story was created and written by Neil Gaiman, adapted to comic by P.", "Neil Gaiman Neil Richard MacKinnon Gaiman (/ˈɡeɪmən/; born Neil Richard Gaiman; 10 November 1960) is an English author of short fiction, novels, comic books, graphic novels, audio theatre and films. His notable works include the comic book series The Sandman and novels Stardust, American Gods, Coraline, and The Graveyard Book. He has won numerous awards, including the Hugo, Nebula, and Bram Stoker awards, as well as the Newbery and Carnegie medals.", "Neil Gaiman bibliography This is a bibliography of works by Neil Gaiman.", "Neverwhere Neverwhere is an urban fantasy television series by Neil Gaiman that first aired in 1996 on BBC Two. The series is set in \"London Below\", a magical realm coexisting with the more familiar London, referred to as \"London Above\". It was devised by Neil Gaiman and Lenny Henry, and directed by Dewi Humphreys. Gaiman later adapted the series into novel form. The series and book were partially inspired by Gene Wolfe's novel Free Live Free.", "Neverwhere (novel) Neverwhere is the companion novelisation by Neil Gaiman of the television serial Neverwhere, by Neil Gaiman and Lenny Henry. The plot and characters are exactly the same as in the series, with the exception that the novel form allowed Gaiman to expand and elaborate on certain elements of the story and restore changes made in the televised version from his original plans.", "Odd and the Frost Giants Odd and the Frost Giants (2008) is a World Book Day book by Neil Gaiman. It draws on Norse mythology and also the historical Vikings.", "Rose Walker Rose Walker is a fictional character from the Sandman series written by Neil Gaiman. She makes her first appearance in issue #10, part one of The Doll's House story arc. She is a beautiful young girl, a blonde with red- and purple-dyed streaks in her hair. (In later issues she is shown as having red hair with a blonde streak.) There are various indications that Rose is, or became, one of the immortals occasionally featured in Sandman.", "Sandman Midnight Theatre Sandman Midnight Theatre is the title of a comic book in which two DC comics characters called the Sandman, Dream and Wesley Dodds, encounter each other.It was a one-shot, co-written by Sandman Mystery Theatre author Matt Wagner (co-plot) and Sandman author Neil Gaiman (co-plot/script), and featured painted artwork by Teddy Kristiansen and was lettered by Todd Klein.It received the Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Award for Favorite Original Graphic Novel/Album for 1996.It was published with a cover date of September 1995.", "Signal to Noise (comics) Signal to Noise (ISBN 1-56971-144-5) is a graphic novel written by Neil Gaiman and illustrated by Dave McKean. It was originally serialised in the UK style magazine The Face, beginning in 1989, and collected as a graphic novel in 1992, published by Victor Gollancz Ltd in the UK and by Dark Horse Comics in the US.The story examines the relationship between images of an imagined World Apocalypse and the experience of one man's personal, individual apocalypse.", "Stardust (novel) Stardust is a novel by Neil Gaiman, usually published with illustrations by Charles Vess. Stardust has a different tone and style from most of Gaiman's prose fiction, being consciously written in the tradition of pre-Tolkien English fantasy, following in the footsteps of authors such as Lord Dunsany and Hope Mirrlees.", "The Graveyard Book The Graveyard Book is a children's fantasy novel by the English author Neil Gaiman, simultaneously published in Britain and America during 2008. The Graveyard Book traces the story of the boy Nobody Owens who is adopted and raised by the supernatural occupants of a graveyard after his family is brutally murdered.Gaiman won both the British Carnegie Medal and the American Newbery Medal recognizing the year's best children's books, the first time both named the same work.", "The Ocean at the End of the Lane The Ocean at the End of the Lane is a 2013 novel by British author Neil Gaiman. The work was first published on 18 June 2013 through William Morrow and Company and follows an unnamed man who returns to his hometown for a funeral and remembers events that began forty years earlier.Themes in The Ocean at the End of the Lane include the search for self-identity and the \"disconnect between childhood and adulthood\".Among other honors, it was voted Book of the Year in the British National Book Awards.", "The Sandman: Endless Nights The Sandman: Endless Nights is a graphic novel written by Neil Gaiman as a follow-up to his Sandman series. The book is divided into seven chapters, each devoted to one of the Endless, a family of brothers and sisters who are physical manifestations of the metaphysical concepts Dream, Death, Desire, Destruction, Delirium, Despair and Destiny. It was published by DC Comics in 2003. It won the Bram Stoker Award for Best Illustrated Narrative.", "The Sandman: The Dream Hunters \"The Sandman: The Dream Hunters\" is a novella by English author Neil Gaiman, illustrated by Yoshitaka Amano. The story is tangential to The Sandman comic book series, and can be read without prior knowledge of the main sequence. It won the Bram Stoker Award for Best Illustrated Narrative. The story deals with a love affair between a Buddhist monk and a fox spirit or kitsune.Gaiman's afterword states that it was based on an old Japanese folk tale, drawn from Y. T.", "The Sandman (Vertigo) The Sandman is an American comic book series written by Neil Gaiman and published by DC Comics imprint Vertigo. Artists include Sam Kieth, Mike Dringenberg, Jill Thompson, Shawn McManus, Marc Hempel, and Michael Zulli, lettering by Todd Klein, and covers by Dave McKean. Beginning with issue No. 47, it was placed under the Vertigo imprint. It tells the story of Dream of the Endless, who rules over the world of dreams.", "The Silver Dream The Silver Dream is a fantasy and science fiction novel by Neil Gaiman, Michael Reaves and Mallory Reaves. It is a sequel to the 2007 novel InterWorld, and was published in 2013 by HarperTeen, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers.", "The Tragical Comedy or Comical Tragedy of Mr. Punch The Tragical Comedy or Comical Tragedy of Mr. Punch or simply Mr. Punch is a graphic novel written by Neil Gaiman, illustrated and designed by Dave McKean. It was published in 1994.", "The Wolves in the Walls The Wolves in the Walls is a book by Neil Gaiman and Dave McKean, published in 2003, in the United States by HarperCollins, and in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury. The book was highly praised on release, winning three awards for that year. In 2006, it was made into a musical which toured the UK and visited the US in 2007.Neil Gaiman has said the story was inspired by a nightmare his daughter Maddy, then aged 4, had that there were wolves in the walls.", "Two Plays for Voices Two Plays for Voices is a sound recording of two of Neil Gaiman's short stories, \"Snow, Glass, Apples\" and \"Murder Mysteries\".\"Snow, Glass, Apples\" relates the traditional tale of Snow White from the non-traditional point of view of the Queen. In the story, no character is without their flaws, including Snow White, Prince Charming, and the narrator herself.", "Violent Cases Violent Cases is a short graphic novel written by Neil Gaiman and illustrated by Dave McKean. It was McKean's first published work in comics. Though drawn by McKean in shades of blue, brown, and grey, when it was first published by Escape Books in 1987, it was printed in black-and-white." ]

[ "Foxglove (DC Comics) Foxglove (Donna Cavanagh) is a fictional character from the Sandman graphic novels, written by Neil Gaiman. She first appears in Sandman #32 (November 1991), though she is first mentioned by her real name in Sandman #6 (June 1989).", "Harlequin Valentine \"Harlequin Valentine\" is a bloody and romantic short story (1999) and graphic novel (2001) based on the old Commedia dell'arte and Harlequinade pantomime.Both the short story and the graphic novel were written by Neil Gaiman. The latter was drawn by John Bolton, and published by Dark Horse Books. The short story has been republished in Fragile Things.", "InterWorld (series) InterWorld is a trilogy of fantasy and science fiction novels written by Neil Gaiman, Michael Reaves and later Mallory Reaves. The books are published by EOS and HarperTeen, imprints of HarperCollins Publishers.", "Marvel 1602 Marvel 1602 is an eight-issue comic book limited series published in 2003 by Marvel Comics. The limited series was written by Neil Gaiman, penciled by Andy Kubert, and digitally painted by Richard Isanove; Scott McKowen illustrated the distinctive scratchboard covers. The eight-part series takes place in a timeline where Marvel superheroes exist in the Elizabethan era; faced with the destruction of their world by a mysterious force, the heroes must fight to save their universe.", "Neverwhere (radio play) Neverwhere is a radio drama based on the novel Neverwhere by Neil Gaiman. It was dramatised by Dirk Maggs.", "The Fermata For the musical notation, see fermata.The Fermata (ISBN 9780679415862) is a 1994 novel by Nicholson Baker. It is about a man named Arno Strine who can stop time, and uses this ability to embark on a series of sexual adventures.", "Voice of the Fire Voice of the Fire is the first novel from Alan Moore, acclaimed comic book writer. The twelve-chapter book was initially published in the United Kingdom c. 1996. The narratives take place around Moore’s hometown of Northampton, England during the month of November, and span several millennia – from 4000 B.C. to the present day. The 2004 edition from Top Shelf Productions features an introduction from Neil Gaiman and colour plates by artist José Villarrubia.", "Neil Gaiman's Midnight Days Neil Gaiman's Midnight Days is a 1999 compilation of new and previously released comics stories written by Neil Gaiman, and published by the Vertigo imprint of American company DC Comics.", "The Neil Gaiman Reader The Neil Gaiman Reader: Essays and Explorations is a collection of essays on fantasy and horror writer Neil Gaiman and his works, edited by Darrell Schweitzer. It was first published in hardcover and trade paperback in 2007 by Wildside Press.The book consists of sixteen essays by various authors, together with an introduction by the editor, two interviews of Gaiman and a bibliography of his published works.", "Fragile Things Fragile Things: Short Fictions and Wonders is a collection of short stories and poetry by English author Neil Gaiman.", "Goldie (DC Comics) Goldie is a fictional character in The Sandman comic book series by Neil Gaiman.", "Hexwood Hexwood is a 1993 fantasy/science fiction novel for young adults. It is by British author Diana Wynne Jones.The book was dedicated to author Neil Gaiman, who later wrote a poem about the honor and gave it to her.", "Nuala (comics) Nuala is a character in the comic book series The Sandman, by Neil Gaiman. She first appears in Sandman vol. 2 #26 (May 1991), and was created by Neil Gaiman and Kelley Jones.", "The Day I Swapped My Dad for Two Goldfish The Day I Swapped My Dad for Two Goldfish is a book by Neil Gaiman and Dave McKean, first published in 1997 by White Wolf Publishing. It was republished in 2004 by Harper Children's with a new cover and afterword.", "Smoke and Mirrors (story collection) Smoke and Mirrors: Short Fictions and Illusions is a collection of short stories and poems by Neil Gaiman. It was first published in the US in 1998, and in the UK in 1999.Many of the stories in this book are reprints from other sources, such as magazines, anthologies, and collections (including ten stories and poems from Gaiman's earlier small press miscellany Angels and Visitations).", "The Sandman: Book of Dreams The Sandman: Book of Dreams (1996), edited by Ed Kramer and Neil Gaiman, is an anthology of short stories based on The Sandman comic book series.", "Death: The High Cost of Living Death: The High Cost of Living is an American comic book miniseries, written by Neil Gaiman with art by Chris Bachalo and Mark Buckingham. It is a spin-off from Gaiman's best-selling Vertigo Comics series The Sandman, featuring the Sandman (Dream)'s elder sister, Death of the Endless.", "Henry Phage Henry Phage is a comic book character, an intelligent dinosaur, created by Neil Gaiman for Tekno Comix and featured in Neil Gaiman's Teknophage and Neil Gaiman's Phage: Shadow Death and as a villain in Neil Gaiman's Mr Hero the Newmatic Man.Neil Gaiman's Teknophage was written by Rick Veitch and drawn by Bryan Talbot for #1-6. Paul Jenkins took over from #7 with artist Al Davison until the series cancellation.", "The Midnight Charter The Midnight Charter is a young adult fantasy novel by David Whitley. It is the first novel in the Agora Trilogy, and the author's debut novel. It was nominated for the 2010 Carnegie Medal, but lost to Neil Gaiman's The Graveyard Book.", "Angels and Visitations Angels and Visitations is a collection of short fiction and nonfiction by Neil Gaiman. It was first published in the US in 1993 by DreamHaven Books.It is illustrated by Steve Bissette, Randy Broecker, Dave McKean, P. Craig Russell, Jill Carla Schwarz, Bill Sienkiewicz, Charles Vess, and Michael Zulli.Many of the stories in this book are reprints from other sources, such as magazines and anthologies.Included stories and poems: The Song of the Audience Chivalry Nicholas Was...", "Anansi Boys (TV series) Anansi Boys is a British television series that is set to first broadcast on BBC One. The miniseries is an adaptation of Neil Gaiman's novel of the same name. Anansi Boys shows the lives of the two sons of African spider-god Anansi.", "The Books of Magic The Books of Magic is a four-issue English-language comic book mini-series written by Neil Gaiman, published by DC Comics, and later an ongoing series under the imprint Vertigo. Since its original publication, the mini-series has also been published in a single-volume collection under the Vertigo imprint with an introduction by author Roger Zelazny. It tells the story of a young boy who has the potential to become the world's greatest magician.", "American Gods (TV series) American Gods is an upcoming television series created by Bryan Fuller and Michael Green for Starz, based on the novel of the same name by author Neil Gaiman. Fuller and Green will script the pilot episode and serve as showrunners. Gaiman will executive produce along with Fuller, Green, Craig Cegielski, Stefanie Berk and Thom Beers.", "Destruction (DC Comics) Destruction is one of the Endless, fictional characters from Neil Gaiman's comic book series The Sandman.", "I, Cthulhu \"I, Cthulhu\" is a short humorous story by fantasy author Neil Gaiman featuring H. P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu who is dictating an autobiography to a human slave, Whateley. The story reveals much about Cthulhu's 'birth' and early life.", "The Sandman Companion The Sandman Companion (1999, ISBN 978-1-56389-465-7) is a book by Hy Bender and published by Vertigo, an imprint of DC Comics, providing annotations and commentary on Neil Gaiman's comic book series The Sandman.The book relies heavily on original interviews with Gaiman about the comic and was published by Vertigo, serving as an official annotation and commentary for the series.", "List of The Sandman spinoffs The DC comic book series The Sandman may have concluded with Issue 75, but numerous comics, novels and spin-offs continue to make use of its characters, concepts and universe.The Sandman was written by Neil Gaiman.", "Merv Pumpkinhead Mervyn \"Merv\" Pumpkinhead is a fictional character in Neil Gaiman's popular comic book series, The Sandman.", "Duma (DC Comics) Duma is a fallen angel in the DC Vertigo series The Sandman, created by the British author Neil Gaiman. His name means \"silence\", and he is based on an angel from Jewish mythology.", "Endless (comics) The Endless (Destiny, Death, Dream, Destruction, Desire, Delirium, and Despair) are a group of fictional beings appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics imprint Vertigo. The characters embody powerful forces or aspects of the universe in the comic book series The Sandman, by Neil Gaiman. They have existed since the dawn of time and are thought to be among the most powerful beings in the universe. They are distinct from and supposedly more powerful than most gods.", "Dream (comics) Dream is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics' imprint Vertigo. The character is the protagonist of the comic book series The Sandman, written by Neil Gaiman. One of the seven Endless, inconceivably powerful beings older and greater than gods, Dream is both lord and personification of all dreams and stories, all that is not in reality (which, in turn, Dream may define by his existence).", "Marc Hempel Marc Hempel (born May 25, 1957) is an American cartoonist/comics artist best known for his work on The Sandman with Neil Gaiman." ]

[ "51st state The \"51st state\", in post-1959 American political discourse, is a phrase that refers to areas or locales that are – seriously or facetiously – considered candidates for U.S. statehood, joining the 50 states that presently compose the United States of America.", "Admission to the Union The admission of new states into the United States by Congress (beyond the original thirteen states) is authorized by Article IV, Section 3, of the United States Constitution, the first paragraph of which says:New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.The Constitution went into effect on June 21, 1788, after ratification by 9 of the 13 states, and had been ratified by all 13 by May 29, 1790.", "Hawaii Hawaii (English pronunciation: /həˈwaɪʲi/ hə-WY-(y)ee; locally, [həˈwɐ(ɪ)ʔi]; Hawaiian: Hawaiʻi [həˈvɐiʔi]) is the 50th and most recent U.S. state to join the United States, having joined on August 21, 1959. Hawaii is the only U.S. state located in Oceania and the only one composed entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean. Hawaii is the only U.S. state not located in the Americas.", "List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union This is a list of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union.", "List of U.S. states by historical population This is a list of U.S. states by historical population, as enumerated every decade by the United States Census. As required by the United States Constitution, a census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790." ]

[ "1970 United States Census The Nineteenth United States Census, conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States to be 203,392,031, an increase of 13.4 percent over the 179,323,175 persons enumerated during the 1960 Census.", "1999–2000 French Rugby Union Championship The 1999–2000 French Rugby Union Championship was played by 24 teams divided in the preliminary phase in two pool of 12. The first two team of each pool were directly admitted to the quarter finals. The team classified from 3rd to 6th of each pool were admitted to a Barrage round. The four winners were admitted also to the quarter of finals.Stade Français won the title beating in the final the Colomiers (at the first final of their history).", "2003 world oil market chronology January 6: Venezuelan Minister of Energy and Mines Rafael Ramírez announces that the Venezuelan government plans to split state oil company Petroleos de Venezuela S.A. (PdVSA) into two separate entities as part of a large-scale restructuring of the company, most of whose 40,000 workers are currently on strike. Such a decentralization could limit the power of Caracas-based executives who have joined in the strike, which began on December 2, 2002.", "A. H. Stephens Historic Park A.H. Stephens Historic Park is a 1,177 acres (476 ha) Georgia state park located in Crawfordville. The park is named for Alexander Hamilton Stephens, the Vice President of the Confederate States of America, and a former Georgia governor. The park contains Stephens' home, Liberty Hall, which has been fully restored to its original 1875 style. The park's museum houses one of Georgia's largest collections of Civil War artifacts.", "AKtoolbox AKtoolbox is a Matlab toolbox for co-evolution analysis for protein Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA) and has been developed independently of Matlab Bioinformatics Toolbox.", "Adam Kempton Adam Kidman Kempton (born 20 October 1957) is a former Member of the Parliament of Victoria. He represented the electoral district of Warrnambool in the State of Victoria as a Liberal Member of the Legislative Assembly from 1983 to 1985. Prior to entering Parliament, he had been admitted as a Barrister & Solicitor.Subsequent to Parliament, he has remained active in business and public life.", "Admission on motion In the law of the United States, admission on motion refers to a procedure by which an attorney admitted to practice in one state or territory may obtain admission to practice in another state or territory without having to sit for the other jurisdiction's bar examination.", "Admission to the bar in the United States Admission to the bar in the United States is the granting of permission by a particular court system to a lawyer to practice law in that system. Each US state and similar jurisdiction (e.g. territories under federal control) has its own court system and sets its own rules for bar admission (or privilege to practice law), which can lead to different admission standards among states.", "Alan Nunn May Alan Nunn May (2 May 1911 – 12 January 2003) was a British physicist, and a confessed and convicted Soviet spy, who supplied secrets of British and United States atomic research to the Soviet Union during World War II.", "Aldrich Ames Aldrich Hazen Ames is an American who was convicted of espionage against his country in 1994. He is serving a life sentence without the possibility of parole in the high-security Allenwood U.S. Penitentiary. Ames was formerly a 31-year Central Intelligence Agency counterintelligence officer and analyst who committed espionage against his country by spying for the Soviet Union and Russia.", "Alexander Koral Alexander Koral was an American member of the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA) who headed a network of spies for Soviet intelligence during World War II called the \"Art\" or \"Berg\" group. Koral's wife, Helen Koral, also was involved with the group.", "Alexandru Nicolschi Alexandru Nicolschi (born Boris Grünberg, his chosen surname was often rendered as Nikolski or Nicolski; Russian: Александр Серге́евич Никольский, Alexandr Sergeyevich Nikolsky; June 2, 1915–April 16, 1992) was a Romanian communist activist, Soviet agent and officer, and Securitate chief under the Communist regime. Active until the early 1960s, he was one of the most recognizable leaders of violent political repression.", "Andrew Daulton Lee Andrew Daulton Lee (born 1952) is an American who was convicted of espionage for his involvement in the spying activities of his childhood friend, Christopher Boyce.Lee was the adopted eldest son of Dr. Daulton Lee, a wealthy California physician.", "Apprendi v. New Jersey Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), was a landmark United States Supreme Court decision with regard to aggravating factors in crimes. The Court ruled that the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial, incorporated against the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, prohibited judges from enhancing criminal sentences beyond statutory maxima based on facts other than those decided by the jury beyond a reasonable doubt.", "Atlanta Flames The Atlanta Flames were a professional ice hockey team based in Atlanta, Georgia from 1972 until 1980. They played out of the Omni Coliseum and were members of the West and later Patrick divisions of the National Hockey League (NHL). Along with the New York Islanders, the Flames were created in 1971 as part of the NHL's conflict with the rival World Hockey Association (WHA).", "Avera Mengistu Avera Mengistu (Hebrew: אברה מנגיסטו) is an Israeli Ethiopian Jew from Ashkelon, Israel, who crossed into Gaza through Zikim beach on September 7th, 2014, was interrogated by Hamas, and Hamas claims he was then released. Since then, he has disappeared. His family stated he was mentally unstable, was admitted before to a mental hospital and has been treated with medicine which he had stopped taking.On the day he disappeared, Mengistu was spotted near the security fence with Gaza carrying a bag.", "Bar (law) Bar in a legal context has three possible meanings: the physical division of a courtroom between its working and public areas; the process of qualifying to practice law; and the legal profession.", "Bar examination A bar examination is a test intended to determine whether a candidate is qualified to practice law in a given jurisdiction.", "Blood Has Been Shed Blood Has Been Shed was a mathcore group from Connecticut, formed in 1997. They are popularly known for having in the band both one current and one former member of Killswitch Engage, Justin Foley and Howard Jones respectively, though both groups have quite different styles. They have released three albums to date: I Dwell on Thoughts of You in 1999, Novella of Uriel in 2001, and Spirals in 2003. They split up in 2004 when Jones and Foley joined Killswitch Engage.", "Bob Dancer Bob Dancer is a video poker expert and gambling author best known for his book Million Dollar Video Poker, which recounts six years of video poker experiences. The book details a six-month period, Sept 2000 to March 2001, when Dancer and his wife parlayed a six thousand dollar bankroll into over one million dollars playing video poker.", "CIA involvement in Contra cocaine trafficking The involvement of the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in cocaine trafficking in Central America during the Reagan Administration as part of the Contra war in Nicaragua has been the subject of several official and journalistic investigations since the mid-1980s.In 1986, the Reagan Administration acknowledged that funds from cocaine smuggling helped fund the Contra rebels, but stated that it was not authorized by the US government or resistance leaders.", "Casualty (series 29) The twenty-ninth series of Casualty began airing on BBC One & BBC One HD on 30 August 2014, one week after the end of the previous series. The series consisted of 46 episodes, and concluded on 23 August 2015. The series saw the death of Jeff Collier (Matt Bardock), and departure of long-standing characters Tess Bateman (Suzanne Packer) and Martin Ashford (Patrick Robinson).", "City of St. Louis v. Myers St. Louis v. Myers, 113 U.S. 566 (1885), was a motion to dismiss for want of a federal question to give jurisdiction regarding Acts that admitted Missouri into the Union while leaving the rights of riparian owners on the Mississippi River to be settled according to the principles of state law and relinquishing to the City of St.", "Colleen Suche Colleen Suche, Q.C., was appointed a judge of the Manitoba Court of Queen's Bench on July 17, 2002. She replaced Madam Justice Barbara Hamilton, upon her appointment to the Manitoba Court of Appeal.Madam Justice Suche received a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Manitoba in 1979 and was admitted to the Bar of Manitoba the following year. Throughout her legal career, her practice was primarily in arbitration, mediation and human rights law.", "David Greenglass David Greenglass (March 2, 1922 – July 1, 2014) was an atomic spy for the Soviet Union who worked on the Manhattan Project. He was briefly stationed at the Clinton Engineer Works uranium enrichment facility at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and then worked at the Los Alamos laboratory in New Mexico from August 1944 until February 1946. He provided testimony that helped convict his sister and brother-in-law Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, who were executed for their spying activity.", "David Miles Huber David Miles Huber is an American composer and producer in the downtempo, ambient and dance genres. He is also the author of numerous books on recording and electronic music. Huber's CD series Relaxation and Meditation with Music and Nature has sold over one million copies. His latest music and collaborations are available through the 51bpm independent record label.", "DeFunis v. Odegaard DeFunis v. Odegaard, 416 U.S. 312 (1974), was a United States Supreme Court case decided on April 23, 1974, that was determined to be moot, and therefore could not go forward.", "Deaths and Entrances (album) Deaths and Entrances is the second studio album by Scottish indie rock band My Latest Novel, released on May 18, 2009 on Bella Union. The album is named after a Dylan Thomas poem of the same name. Regarding the album's title, the band state:", "Diploma privilege In the United States, the diploma privilege is a method for lawyers to be admitted to the bar without taking a bar examination. Once used by as many as 32 U.S. states and the District of Columbia, Wisconsin is currently the only state that offers a broad diploma privilege for admission to its state bar. New Hampshire has offered diploma privilege to a limited number of students in a special practice-based program at the state's only law school since 2008.", "Earl Edwin Pitts This article describes Earl Pitts, the Russian spy. For the radio character, see Earl Pitts (radio character).Earl Edwin Pitts (born September 23, 1953) is a former FBI special agent who, in 1996, was arrested at the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia. Pitts was charged with several offenses, including spying for the Soviet Union. In February 1997, he pleaded guilty to conspiring and attempting to commit espionage in exchange for a reduced prison sentence.", "Echols County, Georgia Echols County /ˈɛkʊz/ is a county located in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 4,034. The county seat is Statenville. Statenville is a disincorporated municipality. Echols and Webster County are the only two counties in Georgia to have no incorporated municipalities.", "Election Day (United States) Not to be confused with Super Tuesday, for primary electionsElection Day in the United States is the day set by law for the general elections of public officials. It occurs on the Tuesday right after the first Monday in November (this does not necessarily mean the \"first Tuesday\" in a month because the first day of a month can be a Tuesday). The earliest possible date is November 2, and the latest possible date is November 8. The 2012 election was held on November 6, 2012.", "Elizabeth Bentley Elizabeth Terrill Bentley (January 1, 1908 – December 3, 1963) was an American spy for the Soviet Union from 1938 until 1945. In 1945 she defected from the Communist Party and Soviet intelligence and became an informer for the U.S. She exposed two networks of spies, ultimately naming over 80 Americans who had engaged in espionage for the Soviets.", "Enabling Act of 1889 The Enabling Act of 1889 (25 Stat. 676, chs. 180, 276-284, enacted 1889-02-22) is a United States statute that enabled North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington to form state governments and to gain admission as states of the union.The enabling act laid out the mechanism by which the territories were admitted as states following ratification of their constitutions and election of state officers in October 1889.", "Enrico Elisi Enrico Elisi is an Italian pianist from Bologna, Italy.Enrico Elisi regularly performs to acclaim throughout the Americas, Europe, and Asia. In Italy he has appeared in prestigious venues such as La Fenice Theatre, Venice; Palazzo Vecchio, Florence; Teatro Bibiena, Mantua; Teatro Comunale Luciano Pavarotti, Modena; Teatro Comunale and Sala Bossi, Bologna.", "Ethel Gee Ethel Elizabeth Gee (10 May 1914 – 1984), nicknamed \"Bunty\", was an Englishwoman who helped her lover spy on their country for the Soviet Union. She was a minor member of the Portland Spy Ring.", "Falls of the Ohio State Park Falls of the Ohio State Park is a state park in Indiana. It is located on the banks of the Ohio River at Clarksville, Indiana, across from Louisville, Kentucky. The park is part of the Falls of the Ohio National Wildlife Conservation Area. The exposed fossil beds of the Jeffersonville Limestone dated from the Devonian period are the main feature of the park.", "Federal Communications Commission The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent agency of the United States government, created by Congressional statute (see 47 U.S.C. § 151 and 47 U.S.C. § 154) to regulate interstate communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and U.S. territories. The FCC works towards six goals in the areas of broadband, competition, the spectrum, the media, public safety and homeland security.", "Federal enclave In United States law, a \"federal enclave\" is a parcel of federal property within a state that is under the \"Special Maritime and Territorial Jurisdiction of the United States.\" As of 1960, the latest comprehensive inquiry, seven percent of federal property had enclave status, of which four percent (almost all in Alaska and Hawaii) was under \"concurrent\" state jurisdiction.", "Felony murder rule (Hawaii) In the state of Hawaii, the common law felony murder rule has been completely abolished.", "Filligar Filligar is an alternative rock band of Johnny, Teddy and Pete Mathias and childhood friend Casey Gibson. Filligar's latest record \"Hexagon\" (2013) has been named \"Best New Music\" by American Songwriter Magazine; their previous release \"The Nerve\" was nominated \"Best Rock Album\" at the 2012 Independent Music Awards [2] In 2013 the United States Department of State appointed Filligar cultural ambassadors representing the \"American people and their cultural values\" and \"the best of the U.S.", "Florida State Road 25 State Road 25 (SR 25) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Florida.It is mainly signed as U.S. Highways:U.S. Highway 27 from Hialeah to Lady Lake and Belleview to OcalaU.S. Highway 301 from Belleview to near SparrU.S. Highway 441 from Belleview to Lake CityU.S. Highway 41 from High Springs to the Georgia state line near Jennings, connecting with Georgia State Route 7The portion from Lady Lake to Belleview is now County Road 25. A short piece in Belleview, from State Road 35 to U.S.", "Florida State Road 35 State Road 35 (SR 35) is a north–south state highway in the western counties of the U.S. state of Florida.", "George Walton George Walton (1749 – February 2, 1804) signed the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Georgia and also served as the second Chief Executive of that state.", "Georgia Department of Transportation The Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) is the organization in charge of developing and maintaining all state and federal roadways in the U.S. state of Georgia. In addition to highways, the department also has a limited role in developing public transportation and general aviation programs.", "Georgia State Capitol The Georgia State Capitol, in Atlanta, Georgia, in the United States, is an architecturally and historically significant building. It has been named a National Historic Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the main office building of Georgia's government. The offices of the governor, lieutenant governor, and secretary of state are on the second floor, while the General Assembly meets on the third floor from January to April.", "Gunvor Galtung Haavik Gunvor Galtung Haavik (7 October 1912 – 5 August 1977) was a Norwegian employee of the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs who was arrested on 27 January 1977 after being betrayed by Oleg Gordievsky and charged with espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union and treason.", "Hede Massing Hede Massing, née \"Hedwig Tune\" (also \"Hede Eisler,\" \"Hede Gumperz,\" and \"Redhead\") (6 January 1900 – 8 March 1981), was an Austrian actress in Vienna and Berlin, communist, and Soviet intelligence operative in Europe and the United States during the 1930s and 1940s. After World War II, she defected from the Soviet underground. She came to prominence by testifying in the second case of Alger Hiss in 1949; later, she published accounts about the underground.", "Hines Holt Hines Holt (April 27, 1805 – November 4, 1865) was a United States Representative from Georgia. He was born near Milledgeville, Georgia, a son of Hines Holt and Mary Dixon Seward Holt. He completed preparatory studies and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (A.B.) from the University of Georgia's Franklin College in 1824. He studied law and was admitted to the bar and began a practice in Columbus, Georgia.Holt was an electoral college member in the 1832 presidential election.", "Hudson River State Hospital The Hudson River State Hospital, is a former New York state psychiatric hospital which operated from 1873 until its closure in the early 2000s. The campus is notable for its main building, known as a \"Kirkbride,\" which has been designated a National Historic Landmark due to its exemplary High Victorian Gothic architecture, the first use of that style for an American institutional building. It is located on US 9 on the Poughkeepsie-Hyde Park town line.", "Hüseyin Hilmi Işık Huseyin Hilmi Işık (March 8, 1911 - October 26, 2001) was a Turkish, Sunni Islamic scholar. \\tHe was born in house No. 1 of the Şîfâ Yokuşu, Vezirtekke Sokağı, Servi Mahallesi, Eyyûb Sultân, in Istanbul, on the beautiful spring morning of the 8th of March, 1911 (1329 Hijrî). His father Sa'îd Effendi and grandfather Ibrâhîm Effendi were from the village of Tepova near Lofja (Lovec), in Bulgaria, and his mother Âişe Hanım and her father Hüseyn Ağa were from Lofja.", "I Dwell on Thoughts of You I Dwell On Thoughts Of You is the debut album by U.S. mathcore band Blood Has Been Shed. It was released on the September 21, 1999 on Ferret Records.", "Immigration to the United States Immigration to the United States is a complex demographic phenomenon that has been a major source of population growth and cultural change throughout much of the history of the United States. The economic, social, and political aspects of immigration have caused controversy regarding ethnicity, economic benefits, jobs for non-immigrants, settlement patterns, impact on upward social mobility, crime, and voting behavior.", "Independent Public Schools Independent Public Schools (IPS) refers to an education reform first introduced in Western Australia in 2009 by the Department of Education (Western Australia).", "Index of Georgia (U.S. state)-related articles The following is an alphabetical list of articles related to the U.S. state of Georgia.", "Irwinville, Georgia Irwinville is an unincorporated community in Irwin County, Georgia, United States.Irwinville was founded as Irwinsville in 1831 as seat for the newly formed Irwin County. The community was named for Georgia governor Jared Irwin. It was renamed to Irwinville (without the S) when it was incorporated as a town in 1857.", "Jefferson (proposed Pacific state) The State of Jefferson is a proposed U.S. state that would span the contiguous, mostly rural area of southern Oregon and northern California, where several attempts to separate from Oregon and California, respectively, have taken place in order to gain statehood.This region on the Pacific Coast is the most famous of several that have sought to adopt the name of Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States.", "Jessica Prunell Jessica Prunell (born April 25, 1977) is an American lawyer and former child actress. Prunell graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with a B.A. in Psychology in 1999. She continued her education at Benjamin N. Cardozo Law School. She was admitted into the New York State Bar in 2003 and she has been a member ever since. Since her graduation from law school, she has been practicing general commercial litigation. She has been an associate of the Fischer & Mandell law firm in New York City.", "Joe Driver Joe Driver (born September 29, 1946 in Rockwall, Texas) is a Republican politician from the U.S. state of Texas. From 1993 to 2013, he represented the 113th district in the Texas House of Representatives, a seat that he initially won in the 1992 elections. He served on the House committees on (1) Appropriations and (2) Public Safety.", "John Alexander Symonds John Alexander Symonds (born July 13, 1935) is an English former Metropolitan Police officer and KGB agent. Symonds was born in the Soke of Peterborough. He was commissioned in the Royal Artillery, serving from 1953 to 1956. He joined the Metropolitan Police in 1956, becoming a detective sergeant at New Scotland Yard.", "John Anthony Walker John Anthony Walker, Jr. (July 28, 1937 – August 28, 2014) was a United States Navy Chief Warrant Officer and communications specialist convicted of spying for the Soviet Union from 1968 to 1985.In late 1985, Walker made a plea bargain with federal prosecutors, which required him to testify against his co-conspirator, former senior chief petty officer Jerry Whitworth, and provide full details of his espionage activities.", "John Hazard Reynolds John Hazard Reynolds (June 21, 1819 – July 1, 1875) was a U.S. Representative from the state of New York. Reynolds was born in Moriah, New York, and attended the public schools in Sandy Hill, New York (now Hudson Falls) and Bennington, Vermont. He engaged in civil engineering and graduated from Kinderhook Academy in 1840. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and began a law practice in Kinderhook in 1843. He moved to Albany in 1851 and continued the practice of law.", "Jonathan Kreisberg Jonathan Kreisberg is an American jazz guitarist and composer.Guitarist Jonathan Kreisberg has been steadily building his name as one of the most compelling composer/performers in Jazz. Combining timeless melodicism with forward thinking lines and textures, His style and approach has created a strong following of fans around the world. He frequently tours worldwide and records with his own groups as well artists such as Dr.", "Joseph Grundfest Joseph Grundfest is an American academic. He is the William A. Franke Professor of Law and Business at Stanford Law School and co-director of the Rock Center on Corporate Governance at Stanford University.", "Julian Wadleigh Henry Julian Wadleigh (1904-1994), was an American economist and the United States Department of State official in the 1930s and 1940s. He was a key witness in the Alger Hiss trials.", "LGBT rights in Georgia (U.S. state) LGBT residents in the U.S. state of Georgia face legal challenges not faced by non-LGBT individuals. Same-sex sexual activity has been legal since 1998, and same-sex marriage has been legal since 2015.", "Laurence Whalen Laurence J. Whalen (born 1944) is a retired senior judge of the United States Tax Court.He was born in Pennsylvania and earned his A.B. from Georgetown University, 1967; J.D., Georgetown University Law Center, 1970, followed by an LL.M. in 1971. He has been admitted to District of Columbia and Oklahoma Bars. Special Assistant to the Assistant Attorney General, Tax Division, Department of Justice, 1971-72; trial attorney, Tax Division, 1971-75.", "Legal status of Alaska The legal status of Alaska is the standing of Alaska as a political entity. Generally, the debate has primarily surrounded the legal status of Alaska relative to the United States of America. Alaska is considered to be a state of the United States of America. Nonetheless, Alaska's legal status within the Union has been disputed at times, most recently by a movement launched by Joe Vogler and the Alaskan Independence Party (AIP).", "Libranet Libranet was an operating system based on Debian GNU/Linux.The last version (as of April 25, 2005) released is Libranet 3.0, which cost about $90 in US dollars for new users, or $65 for existing Libranet users. The previous version, Libranet 2.8.1, became free to download.Development of Libranet has been discontinued.", "Liechtensteinisches Gymnasium The Liechtensteinisches Gymnasium (English: Liechtenstein Secondary School) is a secondary school located in Vaduz, the capital of Liechtenstein. It was founded in 1937 as \"Collegium Marianum\" by the Maristen-Schulbrüder as a private school. Since 1981, the Liechtensteinisches Gymnasium has been public school run by the state of Liechtenstein.The number of pupils has been increasing since the mid-1980s, especially since girls were admitted in the mid-1960s, and is now over 700.", "Lincoln Dixon Lincoln Dixon (February 9, 1860 - September 16, 1932) was a U.S.", "List of Horizon episodes Horizon is a current and long-running BBC popular science and philosophy documentaryprogramme. Series one was broadcast in 1964 and as of August 2014 is in its 51st series. Nearly 1200 episodes have been broadcast (including specials) with an average of 24 episodes per series during the 50-year run. 1964–1969 – 135 episodes 1970–1979 – 299 episodes 1980–1989 – 234 episodes 1990–1999 – 220 episodes 2000–2009 – 193 episodes 2010–present – 111 episodes", "List of Hustle episodes Hustle is a British television drama series made by Kudos Film & Television for BBC One in the United Kingdom.", "List of Idaho state symbols The U.S. state of Idaho has 16 official emblems, as designated by the Idaho Legislature.", "List of Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated episodes This is a list of episodes for the animated television series Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated, the eleventh incarnation of Hanna-Barbera's Scooby-Doo series of Saturday morning cartoons. The series is produced by Warner Bros. Animation. Unlike any previous series, Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated features an overarching story.", "List of Temperatures Rising episodes Temperatures Rising is an American television sitcom that aired for two years on the ABC network, during which time it was presented in three different formats and cast line-ups with a total of 46 episodes. The series was originally developed, produced, and occasionally directed by William Asher for Ashmont Productions and Screen Gems and premiered on September 12, 1972, in the time slot of Tuesday nights at 8:00 PM. The regular cast consisted of Cleavon Little as Dr.", "List of The Colbert Report episodes (2005–2006) This is a list of episodes for The Colbert Report in 2005 and 2006.", "List of The Colbert Report episodes (2007) This is a list of episodes for The Colbert Report in 2007.", "List of The Royal episodes This is a list of episodes of the British television medical drama series The Royal.When the episodes are aired or repeated abroad some tracks have been replaced from the original UK episode/s, this is due to either copyright or clearance issues from the various record companies.87 episodes of The Royal have aired.", "List of The Wild Wild West episodes This is a complete list of episodes of The Wild Wild West, an American television series that ran on the CBS network from 1965 to 1969. During its four-season run a total of 104 episodes were broadcast.", "List of U.S. state horses Twelve U.S. states have designated a horse breed as the official state horse. The first state horse was designated in Vermont in 1961. The most recent state designations occurred in 2010, when North Carolina and South Carolina both declared state breeds.", "List of U.S. state microbes One U.S. state has an official microbe, although it has been under consideration in at least two other states. Oregon has Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a type of brewer's yeast used in making beer. This was made official in 2013. Wisconsin considered Lactococcus lactis, used in making cheese (particularly cheddar, Monterey Jack, and Colby cheese). Talk first came up in 2009, but legislation was dropped the next year.", "List of U.S. states by population growth rate This article includes a list of U.S. states sorted by the percentage change in estimated population for the 51-month period from April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014, the most recent estimates available from the United States Census Bureau.", "List of United States Senators from Indiana Indiana was admitted to the Union on December 11, 1816. Since then, Indiana has been represented in the United States Senate by 44 different men in Class 1 and Class 3; David Turpie served non-consecutive terms in Class 1, Dan Coats served non-consecutive terms in Class 3, and William Ezra Jenner served in both classes. Until the passage of the 17th amendment in 1913, senators were elected by the Indiana General Assembly; after that they were elected popularly by Indiana citizens.", "List of former state routes in Georgia (U.S. state) This is a List of former state routes in the U.S. state of Georgia. This list represents routes that traveled through the state but are no longer in operation, have been decommissioned, or have been renumbered.", "List of lighthouses in Georgia (U.S. state) This is a list of all lighthouses in the U.S. state of Georgia as identified by the United States Coast Guard. There are three active lights in the state including one maintained as a private aid; four are standing but inactive, and one has been replaced by an automated skeleton tower, and one destroyed by a ship collision.", "List of numbered highways in Georgia (U.S. state) Below is a list of State Routes in the U.S. state of Georgia (typically abbreviated SR).", "List of states and territories of the United States The United States of America is a federal republic consisting of 50 states, one federal district (Washington, D.C.), and one incorporated territory (Palmyra Atoll). States are the primary subdivisions of the United States, and possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, such as regulating intrastate commerce, running elections, creating local governments, and ratifying Constitutional amendments.", "Louis F. Budenz Louis Francis Budenz (pronounced \"byew-DENZ\"; July 17, 1891 – April 27, 1972) was an American activist and writer, as well as a Soviet espionage agent and head of the Buben group of spies. He began as a labor activist and became a member of the Communist Party USA. In 1945 Budenz renounced Communism and became a vocal anti-Communist, appearing as an expert witness at various governmental hearings and authoring a series of books on his experiences.", "Luis Posada Carriles Luis Clemente Faustino Posada Carriles (born February 15, 1928) (nicknamed Bambi) is a Cuban exile militant and former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) agent. He is considered a terrorist by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Government of Cuba, and has been convicted of involvement in the bombing of Cubana flight 455, which killed 73 people.Born in Havana, Posada Carriles came into contact with Fidel Castro while still a student.", "Mano Ya Na Mano Mano Ya Na Mano (English: Believe It or Not, Hindi: मानो या ना मानो) is a reality show based on real incidents took place in various places in India.This show was inspired from Ripley's Believe It or Not!. Its second season is known as Mano Ya Na Mano 2.", "Mary Noe Mary Noe is an American educator, writer and lecturer. She is Associate Academic Dean, College of Professional Studies, St. John's University,. She is also an Associate Professor, Division of Criminal Justice, Legal Studies and Homeland Security.Noe has written on the subject of legal liability arising out of both data breaches and social media postings.", "Metric Today Metric Today is the bi-monthly newsletter of the U.S. Metric Association. It features the latest developments in U.S. metrication efforts. It has been published continuously since 1966, and is distributed to each member of the U.S. Metric Association as a benefit of membership. In the spirit of international standardization, it is dimensioned to the A4 paper size.", "Montgomery County, Maryland Montgomery County is a county in the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2010 census, the population was 971,777, and a 2014 estimate put the population at 1,030,447. It is the most populous county in Maryland. The county seat and largest municipality is Rockville, although the census-designated place of Germantown is the most populous place.Montgomery County is included in the Washington–Arlington–Alexandria, DC–VA–MD–WV Metropolitan Statistical Area.", "N-Toon N-Toon was an R&B group from Atlanta created by former Klymaxx frontwoman Joyce Irby in 1996. She searched through Atlanta phonebooks and found Lloyd Polite, Justin Clark, and Everett Hall at Wings of Faith Ministries (Pastor Dreyfus C. Smith) in the city. Lloyd's younger brother Chuckie D. Reynolds later joined the group. All of the members were between the ages of nine and thirteen.", "National Institute of Technology Mizoram National Institute of Technology Mizoram (Hindi: राष्ट्रीय प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थान मिजोरम) also known as NIT Mizoram or NITMZ is one of the 30 National Institutes of Technology situated in Aizawl, Mizoram. NIT Mizoram was one of the ten new NITS established by the Ministry Of Human Resources Development, Govt. of India vide its order no. F.", "Novella of Uriel Novella Of Uriel is the debut full-length album by mathcore band Blood Has Been Shed. It was released in the United States on February 20, 2001, on Ferret Records.", "Oleg Lyalin Oleg Adolfovich Lyalin (Russian: Олег Адольфович Лялин; c. 1937 – 12 February 1995) was a Soviet agent who defected from the KGB. His defection led to the expulsion of 105 Soviet officials suspected as being Soviet spies from Britain on 25 September 1971.Lyalin was sent by the KGB to London in the 1960s, posing as an official with the Soviet Trade Delegation.His defection came about after he was arrested in London by policeman Charles Shearer for drunk driving.", "Outline of Georgia (U.S. state) The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the U.S. state of Georgia:Georgia – ninth most populous of the 50 states of the United States of America. Georgia borders the North Atlantic Ocean in the Southeastern United States. Georgia was the fourth of the original 13 states to approve the Constitution of the United States of America on January 2, 1788.", "Outline of North Dakota The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the U.S. state of North Dakota:North Dakota – 39th state of the United States, having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889. The state capital is Bismarck, and the largest city is Fargo. North Dakota is the 19th most extensive but the 3rd least populous and the 4th least densely populated of the 50 United States.", "Outline of Washington (state) The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the U.S. state of Washington:Washington is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, and is named after George Washington, the first President of the United States (it is the only U.S. state named after a president). Washington was carved out of the western part of Washington Territory which had been ceded by Britain in 1846 by the Oregon Treaty as settlement of the Oregon Boundary Dispute.", "Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism In 2009, Pakistani President Asif Zardari admitted at a conference in Islamabad that Pakistan had, in the past created terrorist groups as a tool for its geostrategic agenda. Pakistan had long been accused by neighbour India, and western nations like the United States, and the United Kingdom of its involvement in terrorist activities in India and Afghanistan.", "R. J.'s Latest Arrival R. J.'s Latest Arrival was an American R&B, dance, and soul music band from Detroit, Michigan, United States, who formed in the late 1970s and reached the peak of their popularity in the mid-1980s. They released their debut self-titled debut album in 1979. In 1984, they scored one of their first big hits with \"Shackles,\" featured on their Harmony album.", "Right of foreigners to vote in the United States The right of foreigners to vote in the United States has historically been a contentious issue. A foreigner, in this context, is an alien, or a person who is not a citizen of the United States.", "Rob Cesternino Robert Kristopher \"Rob\" Cesternino (born October 20, 1978) is an American reality television and podcasting personality, best known for his appearances on both Survivor: The Amazon (2003) and Survivor: All Stars (2004).", "Robert Lee Johnson (spy) Robert Lee Johnson (1922 - May 18, 1972) was an American sergeant who spied for the Soviet Union.Johnson volunteered to spy for the KGB while he was stationed at Berlin, Germany. He also recruited a former Army friend, James Mintkenbaugh. Johnson worked for the KGB between 1953 and 1964, and passed on information while stationed at various sites in Europe and the U.S.Most famously, when working in the U.S.", "Ryan Shaw Ryan Christopher Shaw (born 25 December 1980) is a soul musician from Georgia, USA.", "Rōnin (student) In Japan, a rōnin (浪人, ろうにん) is a student who has graduated from middle school or high school but has failed to enter a school at the next level, and consequently is studying outside of the school system for entrance in a future year. Rōnin may study at a yobikō.", "Samuel Rutherford (Georgia politician) Samuel Rutherford (March 15, 1870 – February 4, 1932) was an American politician, businessman, jurist and lawyer.Rutherford was born near Culloden, Georgia in 1870, attended Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia and graduated from the University of Georgia School of Law in Athens in 1881 with a Bachelor of Laws (B.L.) degree.", "Seal of Oregon The Seal of the State of Oregon is the official seal of the U.S. state of Oregon. It was designed by Harvey Gordon in 1857, two years before Oregon was admitted to the Union. The seal was preceded by the Salmon Seal of the Provisional Government and the Seal of the Oregon Territory. The state seal is mandated by Article VI of the Oregon Constitution.", "Seal of the President of the United States The Seal of the President of the United States is used to mark correspondence from the U.S. President to the U.S. Congress, and is also used as a symbol of the presidency itself. The central design, based on the Great Seal of the United States, is the official coat of arms of the U.S. presidency and also appears on the presidential flag.The presidential seal developed by custom over a long period before being defined in law, and its early history remains obscure.", "Search EDP Inc. Search EDP Inc. is a staffing firm founded in 1983 for both full-time employees and consultants. The corporation, based in Montville, New Jersey, has the ability to source talent in all fifty U.S. states.Although the firm started as an information technology staffing specialist, they have grown to accommodate most professions. Search EDP uses the latest in \"e-cruiting\" technology and has become a premier agency in the Northeastern United States.", "Secession in New York There are or have been several movements regarding secession from the U.S. state of New York. Only one of them – the state of Vermont – succeeded.", "Secretary of State of Georgia The secretary of state of the U.S. state of Georgia is an elected official with a wide variety of responsibilities, including supervising elections and maintaining public records and people.Secretary of State Karen Handel announced her resignation in January 2010, and Georgia Gov. Sonny Perdue appointed Brian Kemp to replace her.", "Selmer Nilsen Selmer Nilsen (25 May 1931 – 18 June 1991) was a Norwegian fisherman spying for the GRU during the Cold War.He was active in Bodø from 1956 to 1963, and reported Bodø landings and take-offs of the American espionage plane Lockheed U-2 to the Soviet Union.", "Simsbury, Connecticut Simsbury is a suburban town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 23,511 at the 2010 census. The town was incorporated as Connecticut's twenty-first town in May 1670. Simsbury was named the 4th best town in Connecticut on Connecticut Magazines list of top places to live 2013.", "Sono Hanabira ni Kuchizuke o Sono Hanabira ni Kuchizuke o (その花びらにくちづけを, lit. \"A Kiss for the Petals\"), is a Japanese adult yuri visual novel series created by the dōjin group Fuguriya. The series debuted on November 25, 2006 with the visual novel of the same name for PC. Since then, a total of nineteen titles have been released, with the most recent one being released on June 26, 2015.", "Spirals (album) Spirals is the second album by mathcore band Blood Has Been Shed. The album is known for its more polished production style than their debut I Dwell on Thoughts of You and their follow up effort Novella of Uriel which have a rawer, more muddied sound. The album was released March 11, 2003, and is their third full-length album. This is also the last record recorded with Blood Has Been Shed before Justin Foley also joined Killswitch Engage, Howard Jones at this point was already a member.", "State of Kanawha Kanawha was a proposed name for the 39 counties which later became the main body of the U.S. state of West Virginia, formed on October 24, 1861. It consisted of most of the far northwestern counties of Virginia, which voted to secede from the state after Virginia joined the Confederate States of America at the beginning of the American Civil War on April 17, 1861.", "Steven T. Wax Steven T. Wax (born 1949) was a U.S. federal Public Defender for the District of Oregon in Portland, Oregon, U.S. Wax resigned from his position after 31 years on the job and has moved on to a new role working with the newly founded Oregon Innocence Project.He is admitted to the U.S. District Court for districts of Southern and Eastern New York, the U.S. Courts of Appeals for the Second and Ninth circuits, and the U.S. Supreme Court.Wax earned a B.A.", "Taher Helmy Taher Helmy is the Founder and Senior Partner of the Egyptian Law Firm Helmy, Hamza & Partners and Senior Partner of the International Law Firm of Baker & McKenzie. He is a member Illinois and Chicago Bar Associations, is admitted before the Federal Court of the U.S. and was the first Arab lawyer to be admitted before the US Supreme Court in 1979.", "Thad H. Brown Thaddeus Harold Brown (January 10, 1887 – February 25, 1941) was a Republican lawyer and politician from the U.S. State of Ohio. After serving in the United States Army during World War I, he was elected Ohio Secretary of State 1923-1927, and was a commissioner of the Federal Radio Commission and then the Federal Communications Commission from 1932 to 1940.", "Thomas Hefferon Thomas Hefferon (born 3 January 1982 in London, United Kingdom) is an Irish filmmaker and music video director based in Dublin, Ireland.Since 2004 he has worked on a variety of film projects as a co-writer, producer and camera person. He also writes and develops his own scripts, the latest of which has been selected for state funding (see The Pool, below).", "Tony Lee (actor) Tony Lee is an actor. He attended Le Conte High School in Los Angeles, went to college at the University of California at Berkeley, and graduated with a degree in law from the University of California at Los Angeles. He has been admitted to the State Bar of California.", "U.S. state A state of the United States of America is one of the 50 constituent political entities that shares its sovereignty with the United States federal government. Due to the shared sovereignty between each U.S. state and the U.S. federal government, an American is a citizen of both the federal republic and of his or her state of domicile.", "Us Weekly Us Weekly is a weekly celebrity and entertainment magazine, founded in 1977 by The New York Times Company, who sold it in 1980. It was acquired by Wenner Media in 1986. The publication covers topics ranging from celebrity relationships to the latest trends in fashion, beauty, and entertainment. Along with Jann Wenner, the individuals currently in charge of Us Weekly are editor-in-chief Michael Steele and publisher Victoria Lasdon Rose.", "Utah Territory The Territory of Utah was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from September 9, 1850, until January 4, 1896, when the final extent of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Utah.The territory was organized by an Organic Act of Congress in 1850, on the same day that the State of California was admitted to the Union and the New Mexico Territory was added for the southern portion of the new Mexican land.", "Vermont Republic The term Vermont Republic has been used by later historians for the government of Vermont that existed from 1777 to 1791. In January 1777, partly in response to the Westminster massacre, delegates from 28 towns met and declared independence from jurisdictions and land claims of both British colonies and American states in New Hampshire and New York. They also abolished adult slavery within their boundaries.", "Victorian Bar The Victorian Bar is the bar association for the Australian State of Victoria. Its members are barristers registered to practice in Victoria. On the 2nd of April 2014, there were 2738 counsel practising as members of the Victorian Bar. Once a barrister has been admitted to practice by the Supreme Court of Victoria, he or she is usually eligible to join the Victorian Bar.", "Washington Poe Washington Poe (July 13, 1800 – October 7, 1876) was an American Whig politician and lawyer from Georgia.Born in Augusta, Georgia, Poe studied law and was admitted to the Georgia bar. In 1841, he was elected mayor of Macon, Georgia. He had been solicitor-general for the Macon circuit. During the American Civil War, he was the postmaster of Macon, Georgia.In 1844, Poe was elected to the United States House of Representatives, but declined the election.", "What Kind of Day Has It Been \"What Kind of Day Has It Been\" is the 22nd episode of The West Wing, the season finale of the show's first season. It originally aired on NBC May 17, 2000. Events circle around the attempted rescue of a US fighter pilot in Iraq, and the president taking part in a town hall meeting in Rosslyn, Virginia.", "Whittaker Chambers Whittaker Chambers (April 1, 1901 – July 9, 1961), born Jay Vivian Chambers and also known as David Whittaker Chambers, was an American writer and editor. After his early years as a Communist Party USA member and Soviet spy, he renounced communism, became an outspoken opponent, and testified at Alger Hiss's perjury and espionage trial. He described both events in his book Witness, published in 1952.", "William L. Summers William L. Summers (born March 6, 1942 in Ravenna, Ohio) is an American criminal defense lawyer who served as lead defense counsel for Larry Mahoney in the Carrollton, Kentucky bus collision case. He was admitted to the practice of law in the State of Ohio in 1969, the State of Kentucky in 1988, and has also been admitted to practice before the U.S. Supreme Court, ten of the eleven U.S.", "Wolves (My Latest Novel album) Wolves is the debut studio album by Scottish indie rock band My Latest Novel, released on March 6, 2006 on Bella Union/The Worker's Institute. The album is entitled Wolves due to the collaborative nature of the band; vocalist and guitarist Gary Deveney states that the band \"write like a pack.\"", "XBasic XBasic is a variant of the BASIC programming language that was developed in the late 1980s for the Motorola 88000 CPU and Unix by Max Reason. In the early 1990s it was ported to Windows and Linux, and since 1999 it has been available as open source software with its runtime library under the LGPL license.Max Reason discontinued his support, and development since has been overseen by Eddie Penninkhof.", "Zero Retention Force Arming Unit The Zero Retention Force Arming Unit (ZRFAU) is an electro mechanical device used on military aircraft bomb racks to arm munitions as they are released from the aircraft.EDO MBM Technology Ltd are sole owners of the proprietary rights to one such unit and act as technical support and design authority for its ongoing use and installation.The units are used in U.S.", "Zubin Damania Zubin Damania MD, is the Founder of Turntable Health, a direct primary care clinic in Downtown Las Vegas that was funded by Zappos CEO Tony Hsieh. Before moving to Las Vegas, Dr. Damania was a practicing hospitalist (internal medicine doctor specializing in patients admitted to the hospital) at Stanford University for 10 years.", "İbrahim Parlak İbrahim Parlak is a Kurdish man who has been accused by the United States Department of Homeland Security of being a former member of the PKK. After coming to the U.S. in 1992 and disclosing his past PKK dealings, he was admitted and granted political asylum. However, the U.S. State Department retroactively labeled PKK a \"terrorist organization\" in 1997. Then, he was taken into custody by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security on July 29, 2004." ]

[ "Arthur Werner Arthur Victor Hugo Werner (born 15 April 1877 in Berlin; died 27 July 1967) was the first Mayor of Berlin after World War II. In 1907 Werner had graduated as an engineer at the Technical University of Charlottenburg.", "Dietrich Stobbe Dietrich Stobbe (25 March 1938 – 19 February 2011) was a German politician from Weepers, East Prussia.Stobbe served as Mayor of West Berlin from 2 May 1977 till 23 January 1981. From 1 November 1978 till 31 October 1979 he was also President of the Bundesrat.Stobbe was a member of the Social Democratic Party (SPD).He died on 19 February 2011 at the age of 72 after long illness.", "Eberhard Diepgen Eberhard Diepgen (born 13 November 1941 in Berlin-Wedding) is a German politician of the CDU. He studied law at the Free University of Berlin. He was mayor of West Berlin from 1984 to 1989 and a reunited Berlin from 1991 to 2001.", "Ernst Reuter Ernst Rudolf Johannes Reuter (29 July 1889 – 29 September 1953) was the German mayor of West Berlin from 1948 to 1953, during the time of the Cold War.", "Ferdinand Friedensburg Ferdinand Friedensburg (born 17 November 1886 in Schweidnitz (present-day Świdnica); died 11 March 1972) was the interim Mayor of Berlin due to the illness of mayor Louise Schroeder during the Berlin Blockade in 1948.", "Heinrich Albertz Heinrich Albertz (22 January 1915 – 18 May 1993) was a German Protestant theologian, priest and politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). He served as Governing Mayor of Berlin (West Berlin) from 1966 to 1967.", "Lists of mayors by country This is a list of mayors organised by country.", "Louis Jacob Breithaupt Louis Jacob Breithaupt (1855–1939) was an Ontario manufacturer and political figure. He represented Waterloo North in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1899 to 1902 as a Liberal member.He was born in Buffalo, New York, the son of Philip Louis Breithaupt, who went on to serve as mayor of Berlin (later Kitchener, Ontario). Louis Jacob moved to Berlin with his family in 1857 and was mayor of Berlin himself from 1888 to 1889.", "Michael Müller (politician) Michael Müller (born 9 December 1964 in Berlin) is a German politician of the SPD. He has been Governing Mayor of Berlin since 11 December 2014.", "Otto Ostrowski Otto Ostrowski (born 28 January 1883 in Spremberg; died 16 June 1963 in Knokke, Belgium) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and Mayor of Berlin in 1946–1947.Ostrowski graduated in Romance studies and after World War I joined the SPD. From 1922 he served as mayor of Finsterwalde until he was elected mayor of the Berlin borough of Prenzlauer Berg in 1926. He held this office up to the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, when he was forced to resign.", "Otto Suhr Otto Suhr (17 August 1894 - 30 August 1957) was a German politician as a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). He served as the Governing Mayor of Berlin (i.e. West Berlin) from 1955 until his death.", "Politics of Berlin Berlin is a city-state and the capital of the Federal Republic of Germany. The President of Germany, whose functions are primarily ceremonial under the German constitution, has his official residence in Schloss Bellevue. Berlin is the seat of the German executive, housed in the Chancellery (the Bundeskanzleramt). Facing the Chancellery is the Bundestag, the German Parliament, housed in the renovated Reichstag building since the government's move to Berlin in 1998.", "Walter Momper Walter Momper (born 21 February 1945) is a German politician and former Governing Mayor of Berlin (West Berlin 1989–1990, reunited Berlin 1990–1991). Whilst Governing Mayor, he served as President of the Bundesrat in 1989/90. He attended the opening of the Brandenburg Gate on 22 December 1989, and, on October 3, 1990, became the first mayor of a reunited Berlin.He was born in Sulingen (near Bremen), today Lower Saxony, and is a member of the SPD (Social Democrats).", "West Berlin state election, 1950 Early elections to the Berlin House of Representatives were held on December 3, 1950. In October 1950, Germany's new constitution went into force in West Berlin which made the election required. This was the first election to the new Berlin House of Representatives as opposed to the City Council.The top candidate of the SPD was not the popular mayor Ernst Reuter, but Franz Neumann; The CDU nominated Walther Schreiber." ]

[ "Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin The Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin is the state parliament (Landtag) of Berlin, Germany according to the city-state's constitution. In 1993 the parliament moved from Rathaus Schöneberg to its present house on Niederkirchnerstraße in Mitte, which until 1934 was the seat of the Prussian Landtag. The current president of the parliament is Ralf Wieland (SPD).", "Altes Stadthaus, Berlin Altes Stadthaus \"\\Old City Hall\") is a former administrative building in Berlin, currently used by the Senate. It faces the Molkenmarkt and is bound by four roads; Jüdenstraße, Klosterstraße, Parochialstraße, and Stralauer Straße.", "Berlin, Connecticut Berlin (/ˈbɜrlɪn/ BUR-lin) is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 19,866 at the 2010 census. It was incorporated in 1785. The geographic center of Connecticut is located in the town. Berlin is residential and industrial, and is served by the Amtrak station of the same name. Berlin also has two hamlets: Kensington and East Berlin.", "Berlin, New Hampshire Berlin /ˈbɜrlɨn/ is a city along the Androscoggin River in Coos County in northern New Hampshire, United States. The population was 10,051 at the 2010 census. It includes the village of Cascade. Located on the edge of the White Mountains, the city's boundaries extend into the White Mountain National Forest.", "Berlin, New Jersey Berlin is a borough in Camden County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 7,588, reflecting an increase of 1,439 (+23.4%) from the 6,149 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 477 (+8.4%) from the 5,672 counted in the 1990 Census.Berlin was incorporated as a borough on March 29, 1927, from portions of Berlin Township, based on the results of a referendum held on April 26, 1927.", "Berlin Berlin (/bərˈlɪn/, German: [bɛɐ̯ˈliːn]) is the capital of Germany and one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.5 million people, it is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany on the banks of Rivers Spree and Havel, it is the centre of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, which has about six million residents from over 180 nations.", "Berlin Blockade The Berlin Blockade (1 April 1948 – 12 May 1949) was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War. During the multinational occupation of post–World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Western control. The Soviets offered to drop the blockade if the Western Allies withdrew the newly introduced Deutschmark from West Berlin.", "Berlin Wall The Berlin Wall (German: Berliner Mauer) was a barrier that divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989. Constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany), starting on 13 August 1961, the wall completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin until it was opened in November 1989. Its demolition officially began on 13 June 1990 and was completed in 1992.", "Boroughs and localities of Berlin Berlin is both a city and one of Germany’s federal states (See: City state). Since a 2001 administrative reform, it is made up of twelve boroughs (German: Bezirke, pronounced [bəˈʦɪʁkə]), each with its own local government, though all boroughs are subject to Berlin’s city and state government.Each borough is governed by a council (Bezirksamt) with five councillors (Bezirksstadträte) and a borough mayor (Bezirksbürgermeister).", "Burgomaster Burgomaster (alternatively spelled burgomeister, literally master of the town, borough or master of the fortress) is the English form of various terms in or derived from Germanic languages for the chief magistrate or chairman of the executive council, usually of a sub-national level of administration such as a city or a similar entity.", "Christian Democratic Union of Germany The Christian Democratic Union of Germany (German: Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands, CDU; German pronunciation: [ˈkʁɪstlɪç ˌdemoˈkʁaːtɪʃə uˈni̯oːn ˈdɔʏtʃlants]) is a Christian democratic and liberal-conservative political party in Germany. It is the major catch-all party of the centre-right in German politics.", "Coat of arms of Berlin The coat of arms of Berlin is used by the German city state as well as the city itself. On top of the shield is a special crown, created by the amalgamation of the mural crown of a city with the so-called people's crown (Volkskrone), used in Germany to denote a republic. Berlin's various boroughs use their own emblems.The bear was for many centuries only the charge in one out of three fields in the shield, the others displaying the eagles of Brandenburg and Prussia, respectively.", "Diego Bottacin Diego Bottacin (Noale, 7 September 1959) is an Italian politician from Veneto.In the 1980s Bottacin started his political career in the early green movements and in 1992 he was elected Mayor of Mogliano Veneto, an office he held until 2005. From 2002 to 2007 he was regional coordinator of Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (DL). He was elected to the Regional Council of Veneto in 2005 for DL and in 2010 for the Democratic Party (PD), the party he had contributed to establish in Veneto.", "Edzard Reuter Edzard Hans Wilhelm Reuter (born February 16, 1928) was the CEO of Daimler-Benz from 1987 to 1995.Edzard Reuter was born in Berlin, his father was the popular social democratic politician and mayor of Berlin from 1948 to 1953, Ernst Reuter. His mother Hanna Reuter née Kleinert was a secretary at the party newspaper Vorwärts. After the Machtergreifung (putsch) of the NSDAP, the family was forced to flee Germany and they found exile in Ankara, Turkey.", "Erhard Krack Erhard Krack (9 January 1931 – 13 December 2000) was an East German politician and mayor of East Berlin from 1974 to 1990. Born in Danzig, he was a member of the Socialist Unity Party (SED). He was also a deputy in the Volkskammer and a member of the Central Committee of the SED.", "Eva Galambos Eva Cohn Galambos (July 1, 1928 – April 19, 2015) was a German-born American economist and politician who served as the first mayor of Sandy Springs, Georgia. She served as the city's inaugural Mayor from December 1, 2005, until January 7, 2014, when Rusty Paul was inaugurated as the city's second mayor. She had a Ph.D.", "Francesco Rutelli Francesco Rutelli, MP (born 14 June 1954) is an Italian politician and current President of Alliance for Italy. He also chairs the \"Centro per un Futuro Sostenibile\" (Centre for a Sustainable Future – a bipartisan think tank on climate change and environmental issues). He is co-president of the European Democratic Party, a centrist European political party, today counting approximately 20 MEPs.", "Frank Steffel Frank Steffel (born March 2, 1966 in West Berlin) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Party (CDU).Steffel has been a member of the CDU since 1983. He was a member of the state parliament in Berlin from 1991 to 2009. In the Berlin state elections of 2001 he was the CDU's candidate for the position as Governing Mayor of Berlin. His election campaign was considered unfortunate. For instance he described Munich as Germany's \"most beautiful city\" and as its \"secret capital\".", "Friedrich-Wilhelm Kiel Friedrich-Wilhelm Kiel (born 17 May 1934 in Berlin-Charlottenburg) is a German politician and member of the FDP.Kiel studied physics, mathematics and sport at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and became a member of the FDP in 1964 whilst teaching at a gymnasium in Ettlingen, where he later became mayor (1966–1970).", "Friedrich Ebert, Jr. Friedrich \"Fritz\" Ebert, Jr. (12 September 1894 – 4 December 1979) was a German politician and East German communist official, the son of Germany's first President Friedrich Ebert.He was originally a Social Democrat like his father before him, but is best known for his role in the origins of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in which he served in various positions.", "Georg Voigt (politician) Georg Philipp Wilhelm Voigt (16 September 1866 in Klein-Schellmühl bei Danzig – 13 April 1927 in Marburg) was a German politician. Voigt was the mayor of Rixdorf, Barmen, Frankfurt und Marburg.", "Giuseppe Berlato Sella Giuseppe Berlato Sella (born 20 October 1939) is an Italian politician from Veneto.He was born in San Vito di Leguzzano.A long-time Christian Democrat, Berlato Sella was continuously municipal councillor of Schio from 1975 to 2004 and Mayor from 1987 to 2004. In 1994, after the dissolution of Christian Democracy, he joined the Italian People's Party. From 2000 to 2005 he was president of the regional association of mayors.", "Governing Mayor of Berlin The Governing Mayor (German: Regierender Bürgermeister) of Berlin is the head of government, presiding over the Berlin Senate. As Berlin is an independent city as well as one of the constituent States of Germany (Bundesländer), the office is the equivalent of the Ministers-President of the other German states —except the two other city-states of Hamburg and Bremen, where the heads of government are called \"First Mayor\" and \"Mayor and President of the Senate\", respectively.", "Hans-Jochen Vogel Hans-Jochen Vogel (born 3 February 1926) is a German politician.", "Heinrich Sahm Heinrich Friedrich Wilhelm Martin Sahm (12 September 1877 – 3 October 1939), no party affiliation, was a German lawyer, mayor and statesman from the Free City of Danzig.Sahm was born in Anklam, present-day Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and educated as a lawyer, in 1906 he became a member of the Magdeburg city council and served from 1912 to 1919 as a deputy mayor of Bochum.", "Heinz Buschkowsky Heinz Buschkowsky (born 31 July 1948 in Berlin) is a German SPD politician and former Mayor of the Neukölln borough of Berlin.After various positions in the Berlin civil service he became mayor of Neukölln in 2001.He is an outspoken proponent of government support for integration of the immigrant population.His 2012 book Neukölln ist überall, describing the integration problems in Neukölln became a bestseller in Germany.", "Klaus Schütz Klaus Schütz (September 17, 1926 – November 29, 2012) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD).", "Klaus Wowereit Klaus Wowereit (born 1 October 1953) is a German politician, member of the SPD (Social Democratic Party), and was the Governing Mayor of Berlin from 21 October 2001 to 11 December 2014. In 2001 state elections his party won a plurality of the votes, 29.7%. He served as President of the Bundesrat (the fourth highest office in Germany) in 2001/02.", "Leoluca Orlando Leoluca Orlando (born 1 August 1947), is an Italian politician and current Mayor of Palermo. He was also mayor of the city in 1985–1990 and 1993–2000. He is best known for his strong opposition to the Sicilian Mafia, but also for his vocal criticism of Giovanni Falcone, a leading prosecuting magistrate murdered by Cosa Nostra in 1992.", "List of Berlin U-Bahn stations This is an alphabetical list of Berlin U-Bahn stations. Currently, there are 170 active stations.", "List of films set in Berlin Berlin is a major center in the European and German film industry. It is home to more than 1000 film and television production companies and 270 movie theaters. Three hundred national and international co-productions are filmed in the region every year. The historic Babelsberg Studios and the production company UFA are located outside Berlin in Potsdam.", "List of mayors of Kitchener, Ontario This is list of reeves and mayors of Kitchener, Ontario, Canada. The village, town and later city were known as Berlin until 1916, when the city's name was changed to Kitchener. Berlin was incorporated as a village in 1854, became a town in 1870, and a city in 1912.", "List of places of worship in Berlin This list of places of worship in Berlin records past and present places of worship in the city. The list is organised as a sortable table assorted following the given names of the various institutions.", "List of railway stations in the Berlin area This list covers the railway stations in the Berlin area. These include both passenger stations and marshalling yards, but not goods stations. Because the Berlin S-Bahn network has expanded to include stations in the state of Brandenburg, the table shows only those stations lying within the present-day fare zones ABC (i.e. those up to about 15 kilometres from the Berlin city boundary) and those formerly served by Berlin’s suburban services.", "Lord Mayor The lord mayor is the title of the mayor of a major city, with special recognition.", "Louise Schroeder Louise Dorothea Schroeder (2 April 1887 in Altona (Elbe) – 4 June 1957 in Berlin) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) party. She was the first female member of the Weimar National Assembly during the Weimar Republic. An educator and activist central in the Arbeiterwohlfahrt (Workers Welfare Institution) movement, and she was under scrutiny of the Nazi Party during the 1930s and 1940s for her socialist positions.", "Matteo Renzi Matteo Renzi (Italian pronunciation: [matˈtɛːo ˈrɛntsi]; born 11 January 1975) is an Italian politician who has been Prime Minister of Italy since 22 February 2014 and the Secretary of the Democratic Party since 15 December 2013.", "Maurizio Fistarol Maurizio Fistarol (Belluno, 12 April 1957) is an Italian politician from Veneto.A member of the Italian Communist Party and, later, of the Democratic Party of the Left, Fistarol was elected Mayor of Belluno in 1993. Re-elected in 1997, he was active in the North-East Movement and The Democrats. A founding member of Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy, he was elected to the Italian Chamber of Deputies in 2001 and re-elected in 2006.", "Max von Forckenbeck Maximilian (Max) Franz August von Forckenbeck (October 23, 1821 - May 26, 1892) was a German lawyer and politician and served as Mayor of Berlin from 1878 to 1892. His is considered one of the most important mayors of the city because of his prudent management style.", "Rathaus Schöneberg Rathaus Schöneberg is the city hall for the borough of Tempelhof-Schöneberg in Berlin. From 1949 until 1993 it served as the seat of the state senate of West Berlin and until 1991 also as the office of the Governing Mayor.", "Richard von Weizsäcker Richard Karl Freiherr von Weizsäcker (About this sound listen ; 15 April 1920 – 31 January 2015) was a German politician (CDU). Born into the aristocratic Weizsäcker family, he took his first public offices in the Evangelical Church in Germany.A member of the CDU since 1954, he was elected as member of parliament in 1969. He continued to hold a mandate as member of the Bundestag until he became Governing Mayor of West Berlin, following the 1981 state elections.", "Rosa Russo Iervolino Rosa Russo Iervolino (born 17 September 1936 in Naples) is an Italian politician.She is a member of the Democratic Coalition (Olive Tree). She was leader of Christian Democratic Women (1968 to 1978). In 1979 she was senator for Christian Democracy party. In 1993 was the president of Italian People's Party (1994–2002).", "Rotes Rathaus The Rotes Rathaus (Red City Hall) is the town hall of Berlin, located in the Mitte district on Rathausstraße near Alexanderplatz. It is the home to the governing mayor and the government (the Senate of Berlin) of the Federal state of Berlin. The name of the landmark building dates from the facade design with red clinker bricks.", "Senate of Berlin The Senate of Berlin is the executive body governing the city of Berlin, which at the same time is a state of Germany. According to the Constitution of Berlin the Senate consists of the Governing Mayor of Berlin and up to eight Senators appointed by the Governing Mayor, two of whom are appointed (Deputy) Mayors. The Senate meets weekly at the Rotes Rathaus (Red Town Hall).", "Social Democratic Party of Germany The Social Democratic Party of Germany (German: Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, SPD) is a social-democratic political party in Germany.", "Timeline of Berlin The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Berlin, Germany.", "Tino-Antoni Schwierzina Tino Antoni Schwierzina (born Königshütte 30 May 1927: died Berlin 29 December 2003) was an East German lawyer who became a politician. Between May 1990 and January 1991 he served as the first and last freely elected mayor of East Berlin. His term of office was dominated by the fusion of the two halves of Berlin which had been politically (and increasingly also, till 1989, physically) divided since before 1949.", "Walther Schreiber Walter Schreiber (10 June 1884, Wipperdorf – 30 June 1958) was a German politician and was Mayor of Berlin from 1953 to 1955.He was a member of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) Party.", "West Berlin West Berlin was a free city and political enclave surrounded by East Berlin and East Germany that existed between 1949 and 1990. It was located some 100 miles east of the East/West German border and was accessible by land from West Germany only by a narrow rail and highway corridor. It comprised the western regions of Berlin, which were bordered by East Berlin and parts of East Germany.", "West Berlin state election, 1967 The election to the Berlin House of Representatives on March 12, 1967 was the first election after the resignation of Willy Brandt as mayor, who, due to the forming of a CDU-SPD coalition on a national level, had become Vice-Chancellor and Foreign Minister.Brandt's successor in Berlin was Heinrich Albertz, who assumed the role of mayor on December 14, 1966, he was selected as the top candidate for the SPD in this election.Albertz had to manage a difficult legacy, Brandt was overwhelmingly popular in Berlin upon his leaving to become Vice-Chancellor and had become somewhat of an icon among the populous, according to surveys, about 90% of Berlin were happy.", "Willy Brandt Willy Brandt (German pronunciation: [ˈvɪli ˈbʁant]; born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm; 18 December 1913 – 8 October 1992) was a German statesman and politician, leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) from 1964 to 1987 and chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1969 to 1974." ]

[ "1998 in literature This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of literature during 1998.", "A Canticle for Leibowitz A Canticle for Leibowitz is a post-apocalyptic science fiction novel by American writer Walter M. Miller, Jr., first published in 1960. Set in a Catholic monastery in the desert of the Southwestern United States after a devastating nuclear war, the story spans thousands of years as civilization rebuilds itself. The monks of the fictional Albertian Order of Leibowitz take up the mission of preserving the surviving remnants of man's scientific knowledge until the day the outside world is again ready for it.", "A Case of Conscience A Case of Conscience is a science fiction novel by James Blish, first published in 1958. It is the story of a Jesuit who investigates an alien race that has no religion yet has a perfect, innate sense of morality, a situation which conflicts with Catholic teaching. The story was originally published as a novella in 1953, and later extended to novel-length, of which the first part is the original novella.", "A Deepness in the Sky A Deepness in the Sky is a Hugo Award–winning science fiction novel by Vernor Vinge. Published in 1999, the novel is a loose prequel (set twenty thousand years earlier) to his earlier novel A Fire Upon the Deep (1992). The title is coined by one of the story's main characters in a debate, in a reference to the hibernating habits of his species and to the vastness of space.", "American Gods American Gods is a Hugo and Nebula Award-winning novel by Neil Gaiman. The novel is a blend of Americana, fantasy, and various strands of ancient and modern mythology, all centering on the mysterious and taciturn Shadow. Several of the themes touched upon in the book were previously glimpsed in The Sandman graphic novels.The book was published in 2001 by Headline in the United Kingdom and by William Morrow in the United States.", "Among Others Among Others is a 2011 fantasy novel by Jo Walton, published originally by Tor Books. It is published in the UK by Corsair (Constable & Robinson). It won the 2012 Nebula Award for Best Novel, the Hugo Award for Best Novel and the British Fantasy Award, and was a nominee for the World Fantasy Award for Best Novel.", "Ann Leckie Ann Leckie (born 1966) is an American author and editor of science fiction and fantasy. She is known principally for her 2013 debut novel Ancillary Justice, which won the 2014 Hugo Award for Best Novel as well as the Nebula Award, the Arthur C. Clarke Award, and the BSFA Award. The sequel Ancillary Sword won the 2015 Locus Award.", "Barrayar Barrayar is a science fiction novel by Lois McMaster Bujold. It was first published as four installments in Analog in July–October 1991, and then published in book form by Baen Books in October 1991. Barrayar won both the Hugo Award for Best Novel and the Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel in 1992. It is a part of the Vorkosigan Saga, and is the seventh full-length novel of the series, in publication order.", "Blindsight (Watts novel) Blindsight is a hard science fiction novel by Canadian writer Peter Watts, published by Tor Books in 2006. It garnered nominations for a Hugo Award for Best Novel, a John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel, and a Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel.", "City on Fire (novel) City on Fire is an arcanepunk novel by Walter Jon Williams, first published in 1997 and nominated for the Nebula Award (for Best Novel) in 1997 and the Hugo Award (for Best Novel) in 1998. It is the sequel to 1995's Metropolitan.", "Coraline Coraline /ˈkɒrəlaɪn/ is a dark fantasy, children's novella by British author Neil Gaiman, published in 2002 by Bloomsbury and Harper Collins. It was awarded the 2003 Hugo Award for Best Novella, the 2003 Nebula Award for Best Novella, and the 2002 Bram Stoker Award for Best Work for Young Readers. It has been compared to Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and was adapted into a 2009 stop-motion film directed by Henry Selick.", "Cyteen Cyteen (1988) is a Hugo Award-winning science fiction novel by American writer C. J. Cherryh, set in her Alliance-Union universe. The murder of a major Union politician and scientist has deep, long-lasting repercussions.The sequel, Regenesis, was published by DAW Books in January 2009.", "Doomsday Book (novel) Doomsday Book is a 1992 science fiction novel by American author Connie Willis. The novel won both the Hugo and Nebula Awards, and was shortlisted for other awards.", "Double Star Double Star is a science fiction novel by Robert A. Heinlein, first serialized in Astounding Science Fiction (February, March, April 1956) and published in hardcover the same year. It received the 1956 Hugo Award for Best Novel (his first).", "Downbelow Station Downbelow Station is a science fiction novel written by C. J. Cherryh and published in 1981 by DAW Books. It won the Hugo Award in 1982, was shortlisted for a Locus Award that same year, and was named by Locus magazine as one of the top 50 science fiction novels of all time in 1987.The book is set in Cherryh's Alliance-Union universe during the Company Wars period, specifically late 2352 and early 2353.", "Dreamsnake Dreamsnake is a 1978 science fiction novel written by Vonda N. McIntyre. Dreamsnake won the 1979 Hugo Award, the 1978 Nebula Award, and the 1979 Locus Award. The novel follows a healer on her quest to replace her \"dreamsnake\", a small snake whose venom is capable of inducing torpor and hallucinations in humans, akin to those produced by drugs such as LSD or heroin.", "Dune (novel) Dune is a 1965 epic science fiction novel by Frank Herbert. It won the Hugo Award in 1966, and the inaugural Nebula Award for Best Novel.", "Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said (parodied as The Android Cried Me a River in VALIS) is a 1974 science fiction novel by Philip K. Dick. The story follows a genetically enhanced pop singer and television star who wakes up in a world where he has never existed. The novel is set in a futuristic dystopia, where the United States has become a police state in the aftermath of a Second Civil War. It was nominated for a Nebula Award in 1974, a Hugo Award in 1975, and was awarded the John W.", "Flowers for Algernon Flowers for Algernon is a science fiction short story and subsequent novel written by Daniel Keyes. The short story, written in 1958 and first published in the April 1959 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, won the Hugo Award for Best Short Story in 1960.", "Forever Peace Forever Peace is a 1997 science fiction novel by Joe Haldeman. It won the Nebula Award, Hugo Award and John W. Campbell Memorial Award in 1998.", "Foundation's Edge Foundation's Edge (1982) is a science fiction novel by Isaac Asimov, the fourth book in the Foundation Series. It was written more than thirty years after the stories of the original Foundation trilogy, due to years of pressure by fans and editors on Asimov to write another, and, according to Asimov himself, the amount of the payment offered by the publisher. It was his first novel to ever land on The New York Times best-seller list, after 262 books and 44 years of writing.", "Gateway (novel) Gateway is a 1977 science fiction novel by American writer Frederik Pohl. It is the opening novel in the Heechee saga. Several sequels followed, and the novel was adapted into a computer game in 1992.Gateway won the 1978 Hugo Award for Best Novel, the 1978 Locus Award for Best Novel, the 1977 Nebula Award for Best Novel, and the 1978 John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel.", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is the fourth novel in the Harry Potter series, written by British author J. K. Rowling.", "Hugo Award The Hugo Awards are a set of awards given annually for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The awards are named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of the pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories, and were officially named the Science Fiction Achievement Awards until 1992.", "Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation The Hugo Awards are given every year by the World Science Fiction Society for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The award is named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of the first science fiction magazine, Amazing Stories, and was once officially known as the Science Fiction Achievement Award. The award has been described as \"a fine showcase for speculative fiction\".", "Hugo Award for Best Fan Artist The Hugo Awards are presented every year by the World Science Fiction Society for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The award is named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of the pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories, and was once officially known as the Science Fiction Achievement Award. The award has been described as \"a fine showcase for speculative fiction\" and \"the best known literary award for science fiction writing\".", "Hugo Award for Best Fan Writer The Hugo Award for Best Fan Writer is the Hugo Award given each year for writers of works related to science fiction or fantasy which appeared in low- or non-paying publications such as semiprozines or fanzines or in generally available electronic media during the previous calendar year. There is no restriction that the writer is not also a professional author, and several such authors have won the award for their non-paying works.", "Hugo Award for Best Fanzine The Hugo Awards are given every year by the World Science Fiction Society for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The award is named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of the pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories, and was once officially known as the Science Fiction Achievement Award. The award has been described as \"a fine showcase for speculative fiction\" and \"the best known literary award for science fiction writing\".", "Hugo Award for Best Novel The Hugo Award for Best Novel is one of the Hugo Awards given each year for science fiction or fantasy stories published in English or translated into English during the previous calendar year. The novel award is available for works of fiction of 40,000 words or more; awards are also given out in the short story, novelette, and novella categories.", "Hugo Award for Best Novelette The Hugo Award for Best Novelette is one of the Hugo Awards given each year for science fiction or fantasy stories published in English or translated into English during the previous calendar year. The novelette award is available for works of fiction of between 7,500 and 17,500 words; awards are also given out in the short story, novella and novel categories. The Hugo Award for Best Novelette was first awarded in 1955, and was subsequently awarded in 1956, 1958, and 1959, lapsing in 1960.", "Hugo Award for Best Novella The Hugo Award for Best Novella is one of the Hugo Awards given each year for science fiction or fantasy stories published in English or translated into English during the previous calendar year. The novella award is available for works of fiction of between 17,500 and 40,000 words; awards are also given out in the short story, novelette and novel categories.The Hugo Award for Best Novella has been awarded annually since 1968.", "Hugo Award for Best Professional Artist The Hugo Awards are given every year by the World Science Fiction Society for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The award is named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of the pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories, and was once officially known as the Science Fiction Achievement Award. The award has been described as \"a fine showcase for speculative fiction\" and \"the best known literary award for science fiction writing\".", "Hugo Award for Best Professional Magazine The Hugo Awards are given every year by the World Science Fiction Society for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The award is named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of the pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories, and was once officially known as the Science Fiction Achievement Award. The award has been described as \"a fine showcase for speculative fiction\" and \"the best known literary award for science fiction writing\".", "Hugo Award for Best Related Work The Hugo Awards are given every year by the World Science Fiction Society for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The award is named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of the pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories, and was once officially known as the Science Fiction Achievement Award. The award has been described as \"a fine showcase for speculative fiction\" and \"the best known literary award for science fiction writing\".", "Hugo Award for Best Short Story The Hugo Award for Best Short Story is one of the Hugo Awards given each year for science fiction or fantasy stories published in English or translated into English during the previous calendar year. The short story award is available for works of fiction of fewer than 7,500 words; awards are also given out for pieces of longer lengths in the novelette, novella, and novel categories.The Hugo Award for Best Short Story has been awarded annually since 1955, except in 1957.", "Hyperion (Simmons novel) Hyperion is a Hugo Award-winning 1989 science fiction novel by American writer Dan Simmons. It is the first book of his Hyperion Cantos, and is the only book in it to extensively employ the literary device of the frame story, echoing The Canterbury Tales by following a group of pilgrims sharing their stories as they travel. The plot of the novel features multiple time-lines and characters. This book is succeeded by the 1990 science fiction novel The Fall of Hyperion by the same writer.", "Lord of Light Lord of Light (1967) is a science fantasy novel by American author Roger Zelazny. It was awarded the 1968 Hugo Award for Best Novel, and nominated for a Nebula Award in the same category. Two chapters from the novel were published as novelettes in the Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction in 1967. Zelazny's close friend and fellow science fiction/fantasy author, George R. R.", "Mirror Dance Mirror Dance is a Hugo- and Locus-award-winning science fiction novel by Lois McMaster Bujold. Part of the Vorkosigan Saga, it was first published by Baen Books in March 1994, and is included in the 2002 omnibus Miles Errant.", "Neuromancer Neuromancer is a 1984 novel by William Gibson, a seminal work in the cyberpunk genre and the first winner of the science-fiction \"triple crown\" — the Nebula Award, the Philip K. Dick Award, and the Hugo Award. It was Gibson's debut novel and the beginning of the Sprawl trilogy. The novel tells the story of a washed-up computer hacker hired by a mysterious employer to pull off the ultimate hack.", "Oceanic (novella) \"Oceanic\" is a science fiction novella published in 1998 by Greg Egan. It won the 1999 Hugo Award for Best Novella.", "Paladin of Souls Paladin of Souls is a 2003 fantasy novel by Lois McMaster Bujold.", "Palimpsest (novella) Palimpsest is a 2009 science fiction novella by Charles Stross, exploring the conjunction of time travel and deep time. Originally published in Stross's 2009 collection Wireless, it won the 2010 Hugo Award for best novella.Subterranean Press has announced that they will be reprinting the novella separately in 2011.", "Rainbows End Rainbows End is a 2006 science fiction novel by Vernor Vinge. It was awarded the 2007 Hugo Award for Best Novel. The book is set in San Diego, California, in 2025, in a variation of the fictional world Vinge explored in his 2002 Hugo-winning novella \"Fast Times at Fairmont High\" and 2004's \"Synthetic Serendipity\". Vinge has tentative plans for a sequel, picking up some of the loose threads left at the end of the novel.", "Redshirts (novel) Redshirts (originally titled Redshirts: A Novel with Three Codas) is a science fiction novel by John Scalzi. The book was published by Tor Books in June 2012. The audiobook of the novel is narrated by Wil Wheaton. The book won the 2013 Hugo Award for Best Novel and Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel.", "Remnant Population Remnant Population is a 1996 science fiction novel by American writer Elizabeth Moon. The story revolves around an old woman who decides to remain behind on a colony world after the company who sent her there pulls out. It was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1997.", "Rendezvous with Rama Rendezvous with Rama is a hard science fiction novel by Arthur C. Clarke first published in 1973. Set in the 2130s, the story involves a 50-kilometre (31 mi) cylindrical alien starship that enters Earth's solar system. The story is told from the point of view of a group of human explorers who intercept the ship in an attempt to unlock its mysteries. This novel won both the Hugo and Nebula awards upon its release, and is regarded as one of the cornerstones in Clarke's bibliography.", "Ringworld Ringworld is a 1970 science fiction novel by Larry Niven, set in his Known Space universe and considered a classic of science fiction literature. Niven later added four sequels and four prequels. (The Fleet of Worlds series, co-written with Edward M. Lerner provides the four prequels as well as Fate of Worlds, the final sequel.) These books tie into numerous other books set in Known Space. Ringworld won the Nebula Award in 1970, as well as both the Hugo Award and Locus Award in 1971.", "Robert J. Sawyer Robert James Sawyer (born April 29, 1960) is a Canadian science fiction writer. He has had 21 novels published, and his short fiction has appeared in Analog Science Fiction and Fact, Amazing Stories, On Spec, Nature, and many anthologies. Sawyer has won the Nebula Award (1995), the Hugo Award (2003), and the John W. Campbell Memorial Award (2006).Sawyer was born in Ottawa and is now a resident of Mississauga, Ontario.", "Seanan McGuire Seanan McGuire (pronounced SHAWN-in) (born January 5, 1978, in Martinez, California) is an American author and filker. In 2010, she was awarded the John W.", "Snow Queen (Vinge novel) The Snow Queen is a science fiction/fantasy novel by Joan D. Vinge, published in 1980. It won the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1981, and was also nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1981. Based on the fairy-tale of the same name by Hans Christian Andersen, The Snow Queen takes place on a mostly oceanic planet called Tiamat, whose suns orbit a black hole, which facilitates a type of interstellar wormhole travel and connects Tiamat to the rest of the civilized galaxy (the \"Hegemony\", the remnants of a fallen Galactic Empire).", "Speaker for the Dead Speaker for the Dead is a 1986 science fiction novel by Orson Scott Card and an indirect sequel to the novel Ender's Game. This book takes place around the year 5270, some 3,000 years after the events in Ender's Game. However, because of relativistic space travel, Ender himself is only about 35 years old.This is the first book to discuss the Starways Congress, a high standpoint Legislation for the human colonies.", "Spin (novel) Spin is a science fiction novel by author Robert Charles Wilson. It was published in 2005 and won the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 2006. It is the first book in the Spin trilogy, with Axis (the second) published in 2007 and Vortex published in July 2011.In January 2015 it was announced that SYFY was developing a 6-hour mini-series based on the book.", "Stand on Zanzibar Stand on Zanzibar is a dystopian New Wave science fiction novel written by John Brunner and first published in 1968. The book won a Hugo Award for Best Novel at the 27th World Science Fiction Convention in 1969, as well as the 1969 BSFA Award and the 1973 Prix Tour-Apollo Award.", "Starship Troopers Starship Troopers is a military science fiction novel by Robert A. Heinlein, published hardcover in December 1959. The story was first published (in abridged form) as a two-part serial in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction as Starship Soldier.The first-person narrative is about a young soldier named Juan \"Johnnie\" Rico and his exploits in the Mobile Infantry, a futuristic military service branch equipped with powered armor.", "Stranger in a Strange Land Stranger in a Strange Land is a 1961 science fiction novel by American author Robert A. Heinlein. It tells the story of Valentine Michael Smith, a human who comes to Earth in early adulthood after being born on the planet Mars and raised by Martians. The novel explores his interaction with—and eventual transformation of—terrestrial culture. The title is an allusion to the phrase in Exodus 2:22. According to Heinlein, the novel's working title was The Heretic.", "The Bicentennial Man \"The Bicentennial Man\" is a novelette in the Robot series by Isaac Asimov. It was awarded the Hugo Award and the Nebula Award for best science fiction novelette of 1976.According to the foreword in Robot Visions, Asimov was approached to write a story, along with a number of other authors who would do the same, for a science fiction collection to be published in honor of the United States Bicentennial.", "The Big Time The Big Time (1958) is a short science fiction novel by Fritz Leiber. It was awarded the Hugo Award during 1958. The Big Time is a story involving only a few characters, but with a vast, cosmic back story.", "The Chronoliths The Chronoliths is a 2001 science fiction novel by Robert Charles Wilson. It was nominated for the 2002 Hugo Award for Best Novel and tied for the 2002 John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel.", "The Demolished Man The Demolished Man, by Alfred Bester, is an American novel, science fiction and inverted detective story, that was the first Hugo Award winner in 1953. The story was first serialized in three parts, beginning with the January 1952 issue of Galaxy Science Fiction, followed by publication of the novel in 1953. The novel is dedicated to Galaxy's editor, H. L. Gold, who made suggestions during its writing. Bester's title was Demolition!, but Gold talked him out of it.", "The Diamond Age The Diamond Age: Or, A Young Lady's Illustrated Primer is a postcyberpunk novel by Neal Stephenson. It is to some extent a science fiction bildungsroman or coming-of-age story, focused on a young girl named Nell, and set in a future world in which nanotechnology affects all aspects of life. The novel deals with themes of education, social class, ethnicity, and the nature of artificial intelligence.", "The Dispossessed The Dispossessed: An Ambiguous Utopia is a 1974 utopian science fiction novel by Ursula K. Le Guin, set in the same fictional universe as that of The Left Hand of Darkness (the Hainish Cycle). The book won the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1974, won both the Hugo and Locus Awards in 1975, and received a nomination for the John W. Campbell Memorial Award in 1975.", "The Forever War The Forever War (1974) is a military science fiction novel by American author Joe Haldeman, telling the contemplative story of soldiers fighting an interstellar war between Man and the Taurans. It won the Nebula Award in 1975, and the Hugo and the Locus awards in 1976. Forever Free (1999) and Forever Peace (1997) are, respectively, direct and thematic sequel novels. The novella A Separate War (1999) is another sequel of sorts, occurring simultaneously to the final portion of The Forever War.", "The Forever War series The Forever War series is a series of science fiction novels by Joe Haldeman. Not all of them take place in the same future universe.", "The Fountains of Paradise The Fountains of Paradise is a Hugo and Nebula Award–winning 1979 novel by Arthur C. Clarke. Set in the 22nd century, it describes the construction of a space elevator. This \"orbital tower\" is a giant structure rising from the ground and linking with a satellite in geostationary orbit at the height of approximately 36,000 kilometers (approx. 22,300 miles). Such a structure would be used to raise payloads to orbit without having to use rockets, making it much more cost effective.", "The Gods Themselves The Gods Themselves is a 1972 science fiction novel written by Isaac Asimov. It won the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1972, and the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1973.The book is divided into three main parts, originally published in Galaxy Magazine and Worlds of If as three consecutive stories.The book opens at chapter 6, segments of which appear between chapters as the narrative proceeds through chapters 1 to 5.", "The Left Hand of Darkness The Left Hand of Darkness is a 1969 science fiction novel by Ursula K. Le Guin.", "The Man in the High Castle The Man in the High Castle (1962) is an alternate history novel by American writer Philip K. Dick. Set in 1962, fifteen years after a longer World War II (1939–1947), the novel concerns intrigues between the victorious Axis Powers—Imperial Japan and Nazi Germany—as they rule over the former United States, as well as daily life under the resulting totalitarian rule.", "The Martian Child \"The Martian Child\" is a novelette by American writer David Gerrold. It won the 1995 Hugo Award for Best Novelette, Locus Award and HOMer Award and the 1994 Nebula Award for Best Novelette, and was nominated for the Theodore Sturgeon award for best short fiction. The novelette was expanded into a novel and made into an eponymous film.", "The Postman The Postman is a post-apocalyptic science fiction novel by David Brin. In it, a drifter stumbles across a letter carrier uniform of the United States Postal Service and, with empty promises of aid from the \"Restored United States of America\", gives hope to an Oregon threatened by warlords.The first two parts were published separately as \"The Postman\" (1982) and \"Cyclops\" (1984). Both were nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Novella. The completed novel won (first prize) the John W.", "The Uplift War The Uplift War is a 1987 science fiction novel by David Brin and the third book of six set in his Uplift Universe. It was nominated as the best novel for the 1987 Nebula Award and won the 1988 Hugo and Locus Awards. The previous two books are Sundiver and Startide Rising.", "The Wanderer (Leiber novel) The Wanderer (ISBN 1-58586-049-2) is a 1964 science fiction novel by Fritz Leiber, published as a paperback original by Ballantine Books. It won the 1965 Hugo Award for Best Novel.Following its initial paperback edition, The Wanderer was reissued in hardcover by Walker & Co. in 1969, by Gregg Press in 1980, and by the Easton Press in 1991, as well as a Science Fiction Book Club edition in 1987.", "The Yiddish Policemen's Union The Yiddish Policemen's Union is a 2007 novel by American author Michael Chabon. The novel is a detective story set in an alternative history version of the present day, based on the premise that during World War II, a temporary settlement for Jewish refugees was established in Sitka, Alaska, in 1941, and that the fledgling State of Israel was destroyed in 1948.", "They'd Rather Be Right They'd Rather Be Right (also known as The Forever Machine) is a science fiction novel by Mark Clifton and Frank Riley.", "This Immortal This Immortal, serialized as ...And Call Me Conrad, is a science fiction novel by American author Roger Zelazny. In its original publication, it was abridged by the editor and published in two parts in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction in October and November 1965. It tied with Frank Herbert's Dune for the 1966 Hugo Award for Best Novel.", "Throne of the Crescent Moon Throne of the Crescent Moon is a fantasy novel by Saladin Ahmed. The book was published by DAW Books in February 2012. The book was nominated for the 2013 Hugo Award for best novel and the 2012 Nebula Award for Best Novel. It won the Locus Award for Best First Novel.", "Titan (John Varley novel) Titan is a Locus Award winning 1979 adult science fiction novel by John Varley, the first book in his Gaea Trilogy. It won the 1980 Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel and was nominated for both the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1979, and the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1980.", "To Say Nothing of the Dog To Say Nothing of the Dog: or, How We Found the Bishop's Bird Stump at Last is a 1997 comic science fiction novel by Connie Willis. It takes place in the same universe of time-traveling historians she explored in her story Fire Watch and novels Doomsday Book (1992) and Blitz (2010).To Say Nothing of the Dog won both the Hugo and Locus Awards in 1999, and was nominated for the Nebula Award in 1998.", "To Your Scattered Bodies Go To Your Scattered Bodies Go (1971) is a science fiction novel and the first book in the Riverworld series of books by Philip José Farmer. It won a Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1972 at the 30th Worldcon. The title is derived from the 7th of the \"Holy Sonnets\" by English poet John Donne:At the round earth's imagin'd corners, blowYour trumpets, angels, and arise, ariseFrom death, you numberless infinitiesOf souls, and to your scattered bodies go.↑", "Vorkosigan Saga The Vorkosigan Saga is a series of science fiction novels and short stories set in a common fictional universe by American author Lois McMaster Bujold. The first of these was published in 1986 and the most recent in 2012. Works in the series have received numerous awards and nominations, including three Hugo award wins.Bujold’s approach varies, sometimes crossing genres. All the novels include humor and comedy, sometimes very black and juxtaposed with tragic deaths or losses.", "Way Station (novel) Way Station is a 1963 science fiction novel by Clifford D. Simak, originally published as Here Gather the Stars in two parts in Galaxy Magazine in June and August 1963. Way Station won the 1964 Hugo Award for Best Novel.", "Where Late the Sweet Birds Sang Where Late the Sweet Birds Sang is a science fiction novel by Kate Wilhelm, published in 1976. Parts of it appeared in Orbit 15 in 1974. It was the recipient of the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1977, and was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1976. The title of the book is a quotation from William Shakespeare's Sonnet 73." ]

[ "1983 in literature This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of literature during 1983.", "1995 in literature This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of literature during 1995.", "1996 in literature This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of literature during 1996.", "1999 in literature This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of literature during 1999.", "2000 in literature This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of literature during 2000.", "2001 in literature This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of literature during 2001.", "2002 in literature This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of literature during 2002.", "2003 in literature This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of literature during 2003.", "2004 in literature This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of literature during 2004.", "2005 in literature This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of literature during 2005.", "2008 in literature This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of literature during 2008.", "2013 in literature This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of literature during 2013.", "2014 in literature This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of literature during 2014.", "Ancillary Justice Ancillary Justice is a science fiction novel by the American writer Ann Leckie, published in 2013. It is Leckie's debut novel and the first in her \"Imperial Radch\" space opera trilogy, followed by Ancillary Sword (2014) and Ancillary Mercy (forthcoming 2015).", "Ancillary Sword Ancillary Sword is a science fiction novel by the American writer Ann Leckie, published in October 2014. It is the second novel in Leckie's \"Imperial Radch\" space opera trilogy, which began with Ancillary Justice (2013). The novel was generally well received by critics, received the BSFA Award for Best Novel and the Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel, and was nominated for the Nebula and Hugo awards.", "Blackout/All Clear Blackout and All Clear are the two volumes that comprise a 2010 science fiction novel by American author Connie Willis. Blackout was published February 2, 2010 by Spectra. The second part, the conclusion All Clear, was released as a separate book on October 19, 2010.", "Blood Music (novel) Blood Music is a science fiction novel by Greg Bear (ISBN 0-7434-4496-5).It was originally published as a short story in 1983 in the American science fiction magazine Analog Science Fact & Fiction, winning the 1983 Nebula Award for Best Novelette and the 1984 Hugo Award for Best Novelette.Greg Bear published an expanded version in novel form in 1985.", "Connie Willis Constance Elaine Trimmer Willis (born December 31, 1945) is an American science fiction/fantasy writer. She has won eleven Hugo Awards and seven Nebula Awards for particular works—more major awards than any other writer—most recently the year's \"Best Novel\" Hugo and Nebula Awards for Blackout/All Clear (2010).", "Discontinued Hugo Awards The Hugo Awards are presented every year by the World Science Fiction Society for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The award is named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of the pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories, and was once officially known as the Science Fiction Achievement Award. The award has been described as \"a fine showcase for speculative fiction\" and \"the best known literary award for science fiction writing\".", "Eifelheim Eifelheim is a science fiction novel by author Michael Flynn, published in 2006. It was nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Novel in 2007. It first appeared as a novella in 1986, which was a nominee for Best Novella Hugo Award in 1987.", "Ender's Game Ender's Game is a 1985 military science fiction novel by American author Orson Scott Card. Set in Earth's future, the novel presents an imperiled mankind after two conflicts with the \"buggers\", an insectoid alien species.", "Fahrenheit 451 Fahrenheit 451 is a dystopian novel by Ray Bradbury published in 1953. It is regarded as one of his best works. The novel presents a future American society where books are outlawed and \"firemen\" burn any that are found.", "Frederik Pohl Frederik George Pohl, Jr.", "Hugo (film) Hugo is a 2011 British-American-French 3D historical adventure drama film directed and co-produced by Martin Scorsese and adapted for the screen by John Logan. Based on Brian Selznick's novel The Invention of Hugo Cabret, it is about a boy who lives alone in the Gare Montparnasse railway station in Paris in the 1930s.", "Hugo Award for Best Fancast The Hugo Awards are given every year by the World Science Fiction Society for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The award is named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of the pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories, and was previously officially known as the Science Fiction Achievement Award.", "Hugo Award for Best Graphic Story The Hugo Awards are given every year by the World Science Fiction Society for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The award is named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of the pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories, and was once officially known as the Science Fiction Achievement Award. It has been described as \"a fine showcase for speculative fiction\" and \"the best known literary award for science fiction writing\".", "Hugo Award for Best Professional Editor The Hugo Awards are given every year by the World Science Fiction Society for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The award is named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of the pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories, and was once officially known as the Science Fiction Achievement Award. The award has been described as \"a fine showcase for speculative fiction\" and \"the best known literary award for science fiction writing\".", "Hugo Award for Best Semiprozine The Hugo Awards are given every year by the World Science Fiction Society for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The award is named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of the pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories, and was once officially known as the Science Fiction Achievement Award. The award has been described as \"a fine showcase for speculative fiction\" and \"the best known literary award for science fiction writing\".", "Jo Walton Jo Walton (born December 1, 1964 in Aberdare) is a Welsh-Canadian fantasy and science fiction writer and poet. She won the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer in 2002 and the World Fantasy award for her novel Tooth and Claw in 2004. Her novel Ha'penny was a co-winner of the 2008 Prometheus Award. Her novel Lifelode won the 2010 Mythopoeic Award.", "Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell is the 2004 debut novel of British writer Susanna Clarke. An alternative history set in 19th-century England around the time of the Napoleonic Wars, it is based on the premise that magic once existed in England and has returned with two men: Gilbert Norrell and Jonathan Strange.", "Startide Rising Startide Rising is a 1983 science fiction novel by David Brin and the second book of six set in his Uplift Universe (preceded by Sundiver and followed by The Uplift War). It earned both Hugo and Nebula Awards for Best Novel.", "Tea with the Black Dragon Tea with the Black Dragon is a 1983 fantasy novel by R. A. MacAvoy. It was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1983, the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1984, and won the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer in 1983 and the Locus Award for best first novel in 1984. It also found a place in David Pringle's Modern Fantasy: The Hundred Best Novels (1988).", "The City & the City The City & the City is a novel by British author China Miéville, combining weird fiction with the police procedural; it was written as a gift for Miéville's terminally ill mother, who was a fan of the latter genre. The novel was published by Macmillan on 15 May 2009. In the US it was published by Del Rey Books on 26 May 2009. Also in 2009, a signed, limited edition of 500 numbered and 26 lettered copies was published in the US by Subterranean Press.", "The Computer Connection The Computer Connection is a novel by science fiction author Alfred Bester. Originally published as a serial in Analog Science Fiction (November, December 1974, January 1975, under the title The Indian Giver), it appeared in book form in 1975. Some editions give it the title Extro. The novel was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1975 and the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1976.", "The Lifecycle of Software Objects The Lifecycle of Software Objects is a novella by Ted Chiang originally published in 2010 by Subterranean Press. It won the 2011 Locus Award for Best Novella and the Hugo Award for Best Novella.This is Chiang's first novella to be published originally in hardcover.", "The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress is a 1966 science fiction novel by American writer Robert A. Heinlein, about a lunar colony's revolt against rule from Earth. The novel expresses and discusses libertarian ideals. It is respected for its credible presentation of a comprehensively imagined future human society on both the Earth and the moon.Originally serialized in Worlds of If (December 1965, January, February, March, April 1966), the book was nominated for the Nebula Award in 1966.", "The Snow Queen (Vinge novel) The Snow Queen is a science fiction/fantasy novel by Joan D. Vinge, published in 1980.", "The Windup Girl The Windup Girl is a biopunk science fiction novel. The novel was Paolo Bacigalupi's debut novel and published by Night Shade Books on September 1, 2009. The novel was named as the ninth best fiction book of 2009 by TIME magazine, and as the best science fiction book of the year in the Reference and User Services Association's 2010 Reading List." ]

[ "Bridal Veil Falls (Niagara Falls) The Bridal Veil Falls is the smallest of the three waterfalls that make up Niagara Falls. It is located on the U.S. side (in New York State); Luna Island separates it from the American Falls and Goat Island separates it from the Horseshoe Falls. The Bridal Veil Falls faces to the northwest and has a crest 56 feet (17 m) wide.", "Niagara Falls, New York Niagara Falls (/naɪˈæɡrə/ ny-AG-ra) is a city in Niagara County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 50,193, down from the 55,593 recorded in the 2000 census. It is adjacent to the Niagara River, across from the city of Niagara Falls, Ontario, and named after the famed Niagara Falls which they share.", "Niagara Falls, Ontario Niagara Falls (/naɪˈæɡrə/ ny-AG-ra) is a Canadian city on the western bank of the Niagara River in the Golden Horseshoe region of Southern Ontario, with a population of 82,997 at the 2011 census. The municipality was incorporated on 12 June 1903. Across the Niagara River is Niagara Falls, New York.The city is dominated by the Niagara Falls, a world-famous set of three large waterfalls on the Niagara River.", "Niagara Falls Niagara Falls (/naɪˈæɡrə/, Cayuga: Gahnawehtaˀ or Tgahnawęhtaˀ) is the collective name for three waterfalls that straddle the international border between Canada and the United States; more specifically, between the province of Ontario and the state of New York. They form the southern end of the Niagara Gorge.From largest to smallest, the three waterfalls are the Horseshoe Falls, the American Falls and the Bridal Veil Falls.", "Niagara Falls State Park Niagara Falls State Park is located in the City of Niagara Falls, New York in Niagara County. The park has the American Falls, the Bridal Veil Falls, and part of the Canadian Falls.Niagara Falls State Park is the oldest state park in the United States. In 1885, the Niagara appropriations bill was signed into law, creating the Niagara Reservation.", "Niagara River The Niagara River (/naɪˈæɡrə/ ny-AG-ra) is a river that flows north from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. It forms part of the border between the Province of Ontario in Canada (on the west) and the State of New York in the United States (on the east). There are differing theories as to the origin of the name of the river." ]

[ "Buffalo, New York Buffalo (/ˈbʌfəloʊ/) is a city in Western New York and the seat of Erie County, located on the eastern shores of Lake Erie at the head of the Niagara River.", "Buffalo and Niagara Falls Railroad The Buffalo and Niagara Falls Railroad was a part of the New York Central Railroad system, connecting Buffalo, New York to Niagara Falls. It is still used by CSX for freight and Amtrak for passenger service.", "Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area The Buffalo-Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area is a metropolitan area, designated by the United States Census Bureau, encompassing two counties – Erie and Niagara – in Western New York, with a population, as of the 2010 census, of 1,135,509 inhabitants.", "Clifton Hill, Niagara Falls Clifton Hill is one of the major tourist promenades in Niagara Falls, Ontario. The street, close to Niagara Falls and the Niagara River, leads from River Road on the Niagara Parkway to intersect with Victoria Avenue. The street contains a number of gift shops, wax museums, haunted houses, video arcades, restaurants, hotels and themed attractions.", "Dunk (band) Dunk was a Canadian pop-rock band from Niagara Falls, Ontario, best known for their 2000 Canadian top-30 single \\Crowdsurfing\\\".\"", "Elmira and Lake Ontario Railroad The Elmira and Lake Ontario Railroad was a subsidiary of the Northern Central Railway and later the Pennsylvania Railroad, formed to give the Northern Central an outlet for coal traffic on Lake Ontario.", "Erie Canal The Erie Canal is a canal in New York that originally ran about 363 miles (584 km) from Albany, on the Hudson River to Buffalo, at Lake Erie. Built to create a navigable water route from New York City and the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes. The canal is now part of the New York State Canal System.First proposed in 1807, its construction began in 1817. The canal contains 36 locks and a total elevation differential of about 565 feet (172 m).", "Falls Incline Railway The Falls Incline Railway, originally known as the Horseshoe Falls Incline is a funicular railway in the city of Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. It is located beside Niagara Falls at the Horseshoe Falls. The line was built in 1966 for the Niagara Parks Commission by the Swiss company Von Roll. It adopted its current name in the 1980s.", "Fort Erie, Ontario Fort Erie (2011 population 29,960) is a town on the Niagara River in the Niagara Region, Ontario, Canada. It is located directly across the river from Buffalo, New York.Fort Erie is one of the fastest growing communities in Niagara, and has experienced a high level of residential and commercial development in the past few years.", "Gary Burroughs Gary Burroughs is a Canadian politician. He is the current chair of the Niagara Regional Council, and was formerly the Lord Mayor of Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario.He also ran as a Liberal candidate in Niagara Falls in the 2006 federal election, but lost to Rob Nicholson.", "Geography of New York The geography of New York State varies widely.While the state is best known for New York City's urban atmosphere, especially Manhattan's skyscrapers, most of the state is dominated by farms, forests, rivers, mountains, and lakes. New York's Adirondack Park is larger than any U.S. National Park in the contiguous United States. Niagara Falls, on the Niagara River as it flows from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, is a popular attraction.", "Goat Island (New York) Goat Island (previously called Iris Island) is a small island in the Niagara River, located in the middle of Niagara Falls between the Bridal Veil Falls and the Horseshoe Falls. The island is at the southwest corner of the City of Niagara Falls (and of Niagara County), New York, in the United States and is part of Niagara Falls State Park.Goat Island has no residents, but is a popular destination for tourists visiting the falls on the U.S.", "Hamilton, Ontario Hamilton (/ˈhæməltən/; 2011 population 519,949; UA population 670,580; CMA population 721,053) is a port city in the Canadian province of Ontario. Conceived by George Hamilton when he purchased the Durand farm shortly after the War of 1812, Hamilton has become the centre of a densely populated and industrialized region at the west end of Lake Ontario known as the Golden Horseshoe.", "Horseshoe Falls Horseshoe falls is part of Niagara falls. The Horseshoe Falls, also known as the Canadian Falls, as most of it lies in Canada, is part of Niagara Falls, on the Niagara River. Approximately 90% of the Niagara River, after diversions for hydropower generation, flows over Horseshoe Falls. The remaining 10% flows over the American Falls. It is located between Terrapin Point on Goat Island in the US state of New York, and Table Rock on the Ontario side of the falls. According to official U.S.", "La Chute River The La Chute River is a short, fast-moving river, near the Vermont-New York State border, now almost wholly contained within the municipality of Ticonderoga, New York, connecting the northern end and outlet of the 32-mile (51 km) long Lake George and the southern end of Lake Champlain through many falls and rapids, while dropping about 230 feet (70 m) in its 3½-mile (6 km) course, a drop-distance (at a lesser water volume) which is nearly twice the more-sudden altitude change of Niagara Falls (167 ft (52 m)).Part of the Lake Champlain Valley and the St.", "Lake Chippewa Lake Chippewa was a prehistoric proglacial lake. The basin is now Lake Michigan. It formed about 10,600 years before present (YBP). The lake occupied the depression left by the Michigan Lobe of the Laurentide ice sheet.", "Lake Erie Lake Erie (/ˈɪri/; French: Lac Érié) is the fourth largest lake (by surface area) of the five Great Lakes in North America, and the thirteenth largest globally if measured in terms of surface area. It is the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes and therefore also has the shortest average water residence time.", "Lake Gibson Lake Gibson is a lake near Thorold in the Regional Municipality of Niagara, Ontario, Canada. The lake is not natural, but rather was created as a reservoir for hydroelectric power generation at the Ontario Power Generation Decew Falls 1 and Decew Falls 2 generating stations. The lake was created by flooding the shallow valley of Beaverdams Creek. Lake Moodie is located to the northwest of Lake Gibson and is a smaller segment of the overall Lake Gibson system.", "Lake Ontario Ordnance Works The former Lake Ontario Ordnance Works (LOOW) was a 7,500-acre (3,000 ha) military installation located in Niagara County, New York, United States, approximately 12.5 mi (20.1 km) north of Niagara Falls.The property was purchased by the War Department during World War II as a location for the production of TNT.", "Lake Tonawanda Lake Tonawanda was a prehistoric lake that existed approximately 10,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age, in Western New York, United States.The lake existed on the southern (upper) side of the Niagara Escarpment east of the present course of the Niagara River between Early Lake Erie to the south and Glacial Lake Iroquois (the ancestor of Lake Ontario) to the north. During the retreat of the glaciers, the water levels of the Great Lakes were higher.", "Lewiston (village), New York Lewiston is a village in Niagara County, New York, United States. The population was 2,701 at the 2010 census. The village is named after Morgan Lewis, an early 19th-century governor of New York. It is part of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area.The Village of Lewiston, NY (also known as Yehęwakwáʼthaʼ in Tuscarora) is within the Town of Lewiston. The Earl W. Brydges Artpark State Park lies at its southern border.", "List of airports in Ontario This is a complete list of airports, water aerodromes and heliports in the Canadian province of Ontario.", "List of county routes in Niagara County, New York (76–100) County routes in Niagara County, New York, are not signed and there is no apparent numbering pattern. Most of the county routes act as primary roads in the less developed areas and also serve to interconnect the various villages and hamlets of Niagara County. Niagara County maintains few county routes, including only the most important connecting thoroughfares, and those are maintained by the Niagara County highway department.", "List of crossings of the Niagara River This is a list of bridges and crossings over the Niagara River in order from Lake Erie downstream (generally northward) to Lake Ontario. Bridges and crossings marked * cross branches of the river within the United States, while those marked † cross within Canada. All others cross the full river and connect the U.S. and Canada. The endpoints of each bridge or crossing are shown in order from right to left facing downstream.", "List of place names in Canada of aboriginal origin This list of place names in Canada of Aboriginal origin contains Canadian places whose names originate from the words of the First Nations, Métis, or Inuit, collectively referred to as Aboriginal peoples in Canada. When possible the original word or phrase used by Aboriginals is included, along with its generally believed meaning.", "List of place names of Native American origin in New York This is a list of Native American place names in the U.S. state of New York.", "List of waterfalls of Canada This is a list of waterfalls in Canada. Alfred Creek Falls in British Columbia is recorded as one of the tallest in Canada at a height of 700 metres (2,297 ft) and a class-3 horsetail waterfall. Deserted River Falls also in British Columbia is thought to be the largest of North America at 670 metres (2,200 ft).", "Maid of the Mist The Maid of the Mist is a boat tour of Niagara Falls, New York, USA. (The actual boats used are also named Maid of the Mist, followed by a different Roman numeral in each case.) The boat starts off at a calm part of the Niagara River, near the Rainbow Bridge, and takes its passengers past the American and Bridal Veil Falls, then into the dense mist of spray inside the curve of the Horseshoe Falls, also known as the Canadian Falls.", "Niagara, New York See also: Niagara Falls (disambiguation).Niagara is a town in Niagara County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census, the town had a total population of 8,378. The town is named after the famous waterfall Niagara Falls.The Town of Niagara is the neighbor to the City of Niagara Falls, which is next to the famed Niagara Falls. The town is located in the southwest corner of the county.", "Niagara, Welland and Lake Erie Railway The Niagara, Welland and Lake Erie Railway operated a streetcar service in Welland, Ontario from 1912 until 1930.On July 4, 1910, the Niagara, Welland and Lake Erie Railway Company was granted a 20 year franchise to operate a street railway in the Town of Welland. On April 4, 1911, the company was federally incorporated to construct an interurban railway linking Welland with Niagara Falls, Fort Erie, Port Colborne, and Port Dover, as well as to operate ferries across the Niagara River.", "Niagara-on-the-Lake Niagara-on-the-Lake (Cayuga: Tganawai:ˀ) (2011 population 15,400) is a Canadian town located in Southern Ontario where the Niagara River meets Lake Ontario in the Niagara Region of the southern part of the province of Ontario. It is located across the Niagara River from Youngstown, New York, US. It is the only town in Canada that has a Lord Mayor.", "Niagara County, New York Niagara County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 216,469. The county seat is Lockport. The county name is from the Iroquois word Onguiaahra; meaning the strait or thunder of waters.\\\\Niagara County is part of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area, and its Canadian border is the province of Ontario.It is the location of Niagara Falls and Fort Niagara, and has many parks and lake shore recreation communities.", "Niagara Escarpment The Niagara Escarpment is a long escarpment, or cuesta, in the United States and Canada that runs predominantly east/west from New York State, through Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin and Illinois. It is composed of the Lockport geological formation of Silurian age, and is similar to the Onondaga geological formation, which runs parallel to it and just to the south, through western New York and southern Ontario.", "Niagara Falls, New York (Amtrak station) Niagara Falls, NY station is an Amtrak station and western terminus of the Empire Corridor. It is located at Willard Avenue and 27th Street, south off Lockport Road on the northwest side of the CSX switching yard, in Niagara Falls, New York. There is an enclosed waiting area and ticket-selling location, but there is no platform, so trains are boarded in the open air. Amtrak, in partnership with the State of New York, restored passenger rail service to Niagara Falls in October 1978.", "Niagara Falls, Ontario railway station Niagara Falls station in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada is served by the Maple Leaf train between Toronto and New York City. On weekends and holidays in the summer it is also served by GO Transit excursion trains operating by way of the Lakeshore West line between Toronto and Niagara Falls.The Maple Leaf is a joint Amtrak-Via Rail service: ticketing is shared, and trains consist of Amtrak equipment but are operated on the Toronto-Niagara Falls portion of the route by Via crews.", "Niagara Falls (1941 film) Niagara Falls is a 1941 American comedy of errors film directed by Gordon Douglas that was one of Hal Roach's Streamliners.", "Niagara Falls (band) Niagara Falls is an experimental band from Philadelphia, PA that has ties to the recent psych folk resurgence as well as the burgeoning noise and neo-ambient or space music movements. They formed in 2004 as a quartet of Norman Fetter, Jeff Carpineta, Erich Breimhurst, and Jennifer Lee, and became known for their live improvised performances, and constantly shifting instrumentation. Comparisons are often made to German groups such as Tangerine Dream and Popol Vuh.", "Niagara Falls (electoral district) Niagara Falls is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1953.It consists of the city of Niagara Falls and the towns of Niagara-on-the-Lake and Fort Erie.", "Niagara Falls (provincial electoral district) For the federal Canadian electoral district, see Niagara Falls (electoral district).Niagara Falls is a provincial electoral division in Ontario, Canada. It was created prior to the 1914 provincial election, and has existed continuously since then.Its boundaries were significantly redrawn in 1999, when Ontario adjusted all of its provincial electoral divisions to match those at the federal level.", "Niagara Falls Air Force Missile Site The Niagara Falls Air Force Missile Site was a Cold War USAF launch complex for Boeing CIM-10 Bomarc surface-to-air missiles. Equipped only IM-99Bs (46 missiles: solid-state, solid-fuel booster), the site had 48 Model IV \"coffin\" shelters, after an initial design with a secure area of ~20 acres (8.1 ha) to have 28 shelters (the planned site had additional area for 84 \"future shelters\").", "Niagara Falls Air Reserve Station Niagara Falls International Airport Air Reserve Station (Niagara Falls Air Force Base c. 1955-1971) is an Air Mobility Command military installation adjacent to Niagara Falls International Airport, New York, 4.7 miles (7.6 km) east-northeast of Niagara Falls, New York.", "Niagara Falls Canucks The Niagara Falls Canucks are a Canadian junior ice hockey team based in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. They play in the Golden Horseshoe division of the Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League.", "Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power & Manufacturing Company was an American company, based in Niagara Falls, New York. It was the first company to generate electricity from Niagara Falls in 1882. The company took over a canal used for hydraulic mill power which was built by predecessor companies.", "Niagara Falls International Airport Niagara Falls International Airport (IATA: IAG, ICAO: KIAG, FAA LID: IAG) is 4 mi (6.4 km) east of downtown Niagara Falls, in Niagara County, New York. Owned and operated by the Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority, the airport shares its runways with the Niagara Falls Air Reserve Station. A new terminal building opened in 2009.", "Niagara Falls Memorial Arena The Niagara Falls Memorial Arena was an arena located in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. It was built in 1950 and had a capacity of approximately 3,000. The arena was home to various ice hockey teams in the past, including the Niagara Falls Thunder and the Niagara Falls Flyers. It also served as the home of the Niagara Falls Canucks, a team in the Greater Ontario Junior B Hockey League. The city has built the Gale Center to replace the Memorial Arena.", "Niagara Falls Redevelopment Niagara Falls Redevelopment, LLC, commonly known as NFR is a private company based in Niagara Falls, New York. NFR currently owns 145 acres (0.59 km2) of land outside of downtown Niagara Falls and has been planning to develop it for years. In addition, NFR owns two other properties.", "Niagara Falls Review The Niagara Falls Review is a daily newspaper published for the Niagara Falls, Fort Erie and Niagara-on-the-Lake area.", "Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge The Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge, which stood from 1855 to 1897 across the Niagara River, was the world's first working railway suspension bridge. It spanned 825 feet (251 m) and stood 2.5 miles (4.0 km) downstream of Niagara Falls, where it connected Niagara Falls, Ontario, to Niagara Falls, New York. Trains used the upper of its two decks, pedestrians and carriages the lower. The brainchild of Canadian politicians, the bridge was built by one American and one Canadian company.", "Niagara Falls Thunder The Niagara Falls Thunder was a junior ice hockey team in the Ontario Hockey League from 1988 to 1996. The team was based in Niagara Falls, Ontario.", "Niagara Falls Transit Niagara Falls Transit operates the public transport bus services in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada.Established in 1960, Niagara Transit originally operated ten routes. The current service now provides 14 Monday to Saturday daytime routes, Eight Evening & Sunday & Holiday routes and three shuttle services for Brock University and Niagara College (Welland and Glendale).", "Niagara Falls Transit Terminal Niagara Falls Transit Terminal is located south of Bridge Street on Erie Avenue in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada, directly across from the Niagara Falls railway station.", "Niagara Gorge Niagara Gorge is a 11 km (6.8 mi) gorge carved by the Niagara River along the US-Canadian border in New York and Ontario.", "Niagara Parks Commission The Niagara Parks Commission, or Niagara Parks for short, is an agency of government of Ontario which maintains the Ontario shoreline of the Niagara River.", "Niagara Parks Commission People Mover The Niagara Parks Commission People Mover was a bus service in the city of Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. The service links the various tourist sights and attractions along the Canadian side of the Niagara Falls and the gorge downstream of it.The People Mover buses replaced the Victoria Park Viewmobile, which had begun service in 1971 in an effort to ease traffic congestion in Queen Victoria Park.", "Niagara Parks Police Service The Niagara Parks Police Service provide policing services for the Niagara Parks Commission in Niagara Falls, Niagara-on-the-Lake and Fort Erie, Ontario, Canada. First established in 1887, the Niagara Parks Police Service is one of the oldest police services in Canada.", "Niagara Parkway The Niagara Parkway, formerly known as Niagara Boulevard and historically as the Niagara Road, is a scenic road in the province of Ontario that travels on the Canadian side of the Niagara River from the town of Fort Erie to Niagara-on-the-Lake. The portion north of Table Rock in Niagara Falls is designated as an Ontario Scenic Highway. The Niagara Boulevard was originally the section only from Fort Erie to Chippawa and the northern portion was referred to as the Niagara Parkway.", "Niagara Peninsula The Niagara Peninsula is the portion of Southern Ontario, Canada, lying between the south shore of Lake Ontario and the north shore of Lake Erie. Technically an isthmus rather than a peninsula, it stretches from the Niagara River in the east to Hamilton, Ontario, in the west. The population of the peninsula is roughly 1,000,000 people. The region directly across the Niagara River and Lake Erie in New York State is known as the Niagara Frontier.", "Niagara River Greenway Plan The Niagara River Greenway Plan is a comprehensive plan focusing on the development of a greenway of interconnected parks, river access points and waterfront trails along the right bank of the Niagara River from Lake Ontario to Lake Erie. The plan was drawn up by The Niagara River Greenway Commission, first established in 2004 by then New York state Governor George Pataki.", "Niagara Riverhawks The Niagara RiverHawks are a Canadian Junior ice hockey team based in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. They play in the Niagara & District Junior C Hockey League.", "Niagara Scow The Niagara Scow (also called \"The Old Scow\") is the unofficial name of the wreck of a small scow that brought two men perilously close to plunging over the Horseshoe Falls, the largest of the Niagara Falls. The wreck can still be seen, upstream of the falls.", "Niagara SkyWheel Niagara SkyWheel is a 175-foot (53.3 m) tall Ferris wheel in the middle of Clifton Hill, Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. Niagara SkyWheel is a Ronald Bussink Professional Rides designed R60 Giant Wheel, manufactured by Chance Rides and supplied by Chance Morgan.", "Ontario Ontario /ɒnˈtɛərioʊ/ is one of the ten provinces of Canada, located in east-central Canada. It is Canada's most populous provinceby a large margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians, and is the second largest province in total area.", "Pontiac's War Pontiac's War, Pontiac's Conspiracy, or Pontiac's Rebellion was a war that was launched in 1763 by a loose confederation of elements of Native American tribes primarily from the Great Lakes region, the Illinois Country, and Ohio Country who were dissatisfied with British postwar policies in the Great Lakes region after the British victory in the French and Indian War (1754–1763).", "Presque Isle State Park Presque Isle State Park /ˌprɛsk.ˈaɪl/ is a 3,112-acre (1,259 ha) Pennsylvania state park on an arching, sandy peninsula that juts into Lake Erie, 4 miles (6 km) west of the city of Erie, in Millcreek Township, Erie County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. The peninsula sweeps northeastward, surrounding Presque Isle Bay along the park's southern coast. It has 13 miles (21 km) of roads, 21 miles (34 km) of recreational trails, 13 beaches for swimming, and a marina.", "Queen Elizabeth Way The Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW) is a 400-series highway in the Canadian province of Ontario linking Toronto with the Niagara Peninsula and Buffalo, New York. The freeway begins at the Peace Bridge in Fort Erie and travels 139.1 kilometres (86.4 mi) around the western shore of Lake Ontario, ending at Highway 427. The physical highway, however, continues as the Gardiner Expressway into downtown Toronto.", "Queen Victoria Park Queen Victoria Park is the main parkland located in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada opposite the American and Canadian Horseshoe Falls. Established by a Provincial Park Act in 1885 and opened in 1888, the park is operated by the Niagara Parks Commission and is considered the centerpiece of the Niagara Falls recreational tourist area.The park is known for its outstanding flower displays of daffodils and roses in-season, with many of the plantings done in a carpet-bedding design.", "Regional Municipality of Niagara The Regional Municipality of Niagara, also known as the Niagara Region, or colloquially \"Regional Niagara\", is a regional municipality comprising twelve municipalities of Southern Ontario, Canada.The region occupies most of the Niagara Peninsula. Its eastern boundary is the Niagara River, which is also the border with the United States.", "Robert Moses Niagara Power Plant The Robert Moses Niagara Hydroelectric Power Station is a hydroelectric power station in Lewiston, New York, near Niagara Falls. Owned and operated by the New York Power Authority (NYPA), the plant diverts water from the Niagara River above Niagara Falls and returns the water into the lower portion of the river near Lake Ontario.", "Robert Moses State Parkway The Robert Moses State Parkway is an 18.42-mile (29.64 km) long north–south highway in western Niagara County, New York, in the United States. Its southern terminus is at the LaSalle Expressway on the east bank of the Niagara River in Niagara Falls. The northern terminus is at NY 18 at Four Mile Creek State Park in Porter near Lake Ontario.", "St. Catharines St. Catharines (2011 population 131,400; metropolitan population 392,184) is the largest city in Canada's Niagara Region and the sixth largest urban area in Ontario, with 96.11 square kilometres of land. It lies in Southern Ontario, 51 kilometres (32 mi) south of Toronto across Lake Ontario, and is 19 kilometres (12 mi) inland from the international boundary with the United States along the Niagara River. It is the northern entrance of the Welland Canal. Residents of St.", "T Lake Falls T Lake Falls is the tallest waterfall in New York State and in the Adirondacks, at minimum doubling the height of Niagara Falls in Niagara Falls, NY. It is located in Hamilton County, New York in the West Canada Lake Wilderness Area. T Lake Falls with a height stated of 350 feet up to 600, depending on the source, reasoning behind judgment of the height is the crescent edge at the top of the falls and where the falls officially start.", "Thomas Barnett (Niagara Falls) Thomas Barnett (December 4, 1799 - 1890) was a museum proprietor, collector and innkeeper who managed museums and other tourist attractions in Niagara Falls, Ontario.", "USS Niagara Falls (AFS-3) USS Niagara Falls (AFS–3), a Mars-class combat stores ship, was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named after the City of Niagara Falls, New York. Commissioned into the US Navy on 29 April 1967, she served until September 1994, when she was transferred to the US Military Sealift Command to serve as USNS Niagara Falls (T-AFS-3).", "Upstate New York Upstate New York is the portion of the U.S. state of New York north of New York City. It includes all of the state of New York, except New York City and its environs, and Long Island, which is east of the City. Upstate New York includes the major cities of Buffalo, Rochester, Albany, and Syracuse.", "WEGO Niagara Falls Visitor Transportation WEGO Visitor Transportation System (WEGO) is a bus system in Niagara Falls, Ontario jointly operated by Niagara Falls Transit and the Niagara Parks Commission. It replaced Niagara Falls Transit's Falls Shuttle, as well as the Niagara Parks Commission People Mover. Originally scheduled to launch on June 29, 2012, the service's inauguration was postponed due to delays in its buses' intelligent transportation system.", "Wave (band) Wave was a Canadian pop rock duo composed of Dave Thomson and Paul Gigliotti. They formed in 1999 in Niagara Falls, Ontario and are best known for their 2001 single, \"California\" which reached number-one in Canada.", "Welland Welland (2011 population 50,631) is a city in the Regional Municipality of Niagara in Southern Ontario, Canada.The city is located in the centre of Niagara. Within a half hour or less, residents can travel to Niagara Falls, Niagara-On-The-Lake, St. Catharines, Port Colborne and Buffalo.", "Welland Canal The Welland Canal is a ship canal in Ontario, Canada, connecting Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. Traversing the Niagara Peninsula from Port Weller to Port Colborne, the canal forms a key section of the St. Lawrence Seaway, enabling ships to ascend and descend the Niagara Escarpment and bypass Niagara Falls.Approximately 40,000,000 tonnes of cargo are carried through the Welland Canal annually by a traffic of about 3,000 ocean and Great Lakes vessels.", "Western New York Western New York is the westernmost region of the state of New York. It includes the cities of Buffalo, Rochester, Niagara Falls, the surrounding suburbs, as well as the outlying rural areas of the Great Lakes lowlands, the Genesee Valley, and the Southern Tier. Some historians, scholars and others consider the western New York border to be at the Monroe–Orleans County line.", "Youngstown, New York Youngstown is a village in Niagara County, New York, USA. The population was 2,063 at the 2013 census. It is part of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area.Youngstown is on the western edge of the town of Porter and is at the international border with Canada. It is north of the city of Niagara Falls.The Youngstown Level Regatta, one of the largest amateurs sailing regattas, is held here annually." ]

[ "Illiana, Illinois Illiana is an unincorporated community in Newell Township, Vermilion County, Illinois, United States. In this area, State Line Road runs along the border between Illinois and Indiana; Illiana is just across the road from the town of State Line City in Warren County in Indiana. Its name is based on the portmanteau method of naming, combining the words 'Illinois' and 'Indiana'.", "Illiana Illiana is the general area around the border between the U.S. states of Illinois and Indiana, containing the eastern edge of Illinois and the western edge of Indiana. The word is a portmanteau of the two states' names.The name also applies specifically to Illiana, Illinois, which is the name given to that part of the Indiana town of State Line that protrudes west across the border into Illinois.", "Illinois–Indiana State Line Boundary Marker The Illinois–Indiana State Line Boundary Marker is a sandstone boundary marker obelisk located near the end of Chicago's Avenue G, just west of the State Line Generating Plant of Hammond, Indiana. Since 1988 it has been 159.359 miles (256.463 km) north of the Wabash River.The obelisk was constructed by the Office of the United States Surveyor General ca. 1838.", "Indiana Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U.S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11, 1816.Before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years.", "Iroquois County, Illinois Iroquois County is a county located in the northeast part of the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 29,718. It is the only county in the United States to be named Iroquois, after the American Indian people. The county seat is Watseka. The county is located along the border with Indiana.", "Lowden Homes Lowden Homes is a Chicago Housing Authority (CHA) public housing project located in the Princeton Park neighborhood on the far South Side of Chicago, Illinois, United States. It's bordered by 91st and 95th Streets, Wentworth, and Eggleston Avenues.", "Missouri Missouri (see pronunciations) is a state located in the Midwestern United States. It is the 21st most extensive, and the 18th most populous of the fifty states. The state comprises 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis.As defined by the 2010 US census, the four largest urban areas in order of population are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia.", "Northwestern Illinois Northwestern Illinois is a geographic region of the state of Illinois within the USA.Northwestern Illinois is generally considered to consist of the following area: Jo Daviess County, Carroll County, Whiteside County, Stephenson County, Winnebago County, Ogle County, and Lee County. Northwestern Illinois borders the states of Iowa to the west and Wisconsin to the north.The largest city in this region, located near the eastern edge, is Rockford.", "Wisconsin Wisconsin (/wɪsˈkɒnsɪn/) is a U.S. state located in the north-central United States, in the Midwest and Great Lakes regions. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin is the 23rd largest state by total area and the 20th most populous. The state capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee, which is located on the western shore of Lake Michigan." ]

[ "37th parallel north The 37th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 37 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, Africa, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean.At this latitude the sun is visible for 14 hours, 42 minutes during the summer solstice and 9 hours, 37 minutes during the winter solstice. This is roughly the northern limit of the visibility of Canopus, the second-brightest star of the night sky.", "49th parallel north The 49th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 49 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean.The city of Paris is about 15 km (9 mi) south of the 49th parallel and is the largest city between the 48th and 49th parallels.", "Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln /ˈeɪbrəhæm ˈlɪŋkən/ (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis.", "Aiken, Illinois Aiken is an unincorporated community in Jo Daviess County, Illinois, United States, near the Iowa border. It was originally a whistle stop. It is located at latitude 42.353 and longitude -90.415.", "Akwesasne The Mohawk Nation at Akwesasne (alternate spelling Ahkwesáhsne) is a Mohawk Nation (Kanien'kehá:ka) territory that straddles the intersection of international (United States and Canada) borders and provincial (Ontario and Quebec) boundaries on both banks of the St. Lawrence River. Most of the land is in what is otherwise the present-day United States.", "Ann Arbor, Michigan Ann Arbor is a city in the US state of Michigan and the county seat of Washtenaw County. The 2010 census recorded its population to be 113,934, making it the sixth largest city in Michigan. The Ann Arbor Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) includes all of Washtenaw County, which had a population of 344,791 as of 2010.", "Archer, Illinois Archer is an unincorporated community in Curran Township, Sangamon County, Illinois, United States. Archer is located on the Sangamon Valley Trail on the western border of Springfield.", "Augerville, Illinois Augerville is an unincorporated community in Champaign County, Illinois, United States. Augerville is northeast of Urbana and is near the city's border.", "Austin, Chicago Austin, located on the West Side of Chicago, Illinois, is the largest (by population) of the city's 77 officially defined community areas, followed by Lake View. Its eastern boundary is the Belt Railway located just east of Cicero Avenue. Its northernmost border is the Milwaukee District/West Line. Its southernmost border is at Roosevelt Road from the Belt Railway west to Austin Boulevard. The northernmost portion, north of North Avenue, extends west to Harlem Avenue, abutting Elmwood Park.", "Border Borders are geographic boundaries of political entities or legal jurisdictions, such as governments, sovereign states, federated states, and other subnational entities. Some borders—such as a state's internal administrative border, or inter-state borders within the Schengen Area—are open and completely unguarded. Other borders are partially or fully controlled, and may be crossed legally only at designated border checkpoints and border zones may be controlled.", "Border checkpoint A border checkpoint is a place, generally between two countries, where travellers or goods are inspected. Authorization often is required to enter a country through its borders. Access-controlled borders often have a limited number of checkpoints where they can be crossed without legal sanctions. Arrangements may be formed to allow or mandate less restrained crossings (e.g. Schengen Agreement).", "Border search exception The border search exception is a doctrine of United States criminal law that allows searches and seizures at international borders and their functional equivalent without a warrant or probable cause.This doctrine is not actually an exception to the Fourth Amendment, but rather to the Amendment's requirement for a warrant or probable cause. Balanced against the sovereign's interests at the border are the Fourth Amendment rights of entrants.", "Border town A border town is a town or city close to the boundary between two countries, states, or regions. Usually the term implies that the nearness to the border is one of the things the place is most famous for. With close proximities to a different country, exotic culture and traditions can have certain influence to the place. Border towns can have highly cosmopolitan communities, a feature they share with port cities, as traveling and trading often go through the town.", "Borders of the United States The United States shares international land borders with two nations: The Canada – United States border to the north The Mexico – United States border to the southThe Russia – United States maritime boundary was defined by a disputed agreement covering the Bering Sea, Bering Strait, and Arctic Ocean. The International Date Line essentially acts as the de facto border between the two nations.", "Brett Halliday Brett Halliday (July 31, 1904 – February 4, 1977), primary pen name of Davis Dresser, was an American mystery writer, best known for the long-lived series of Michael Shayne novels he wrote, and later commissioned others to write. Dresser wrote non-series mysteries, westerns and romances under the names Asa Baker, Matthew Blood, Kathryn Culver, Don Davis, Hal Debrett, Anthony Scott, Peter Field, and Anderson Wayne.", "Bruce, Illinois Bruce is an unincorporated community in Moultrie County, Illinois, United States. Bruce is located on the border between Whitley and Sullivan townships, 5.5 miles (8.9 km) south of Sullivan.", "Calumet City, Illinois Calumet City (/kæl.juːˈmɛt/ kal-ew-MET) is a city in Cook County, Illinois, United States. The population was 37,042 at the 2010 census, a decline of 5.2% from 2000. The ZIP code is 60409.Calumet City (commonly referred to locally as \"Cal City\") was founded in 1892 when the villages of Schrumville and Sobieski Park merged under the name of West Hammond, since it lies on the west side of the Illinois-Indiana border from Hammond, Indiana.", "Canada–United States border The Canada–United States border, officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world, shared between Canada and the United States of America, the second and fourth largest countries by area respectively. The terrestrial boundary (including small portions of maritime boundaries on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic coasts, as well as the Great Lakes) is 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi) long, including 2,475 kilometres (1,538 mi) shared with Alaska.", "Central U.S. hardwood forests The central U.S. hardwood forests comprise a temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ecoregion in the Eastern United States, as defined by the World Wildlife Fund. It has one of the most diverse herbaceous plant floras of ecoregions in North America.", "Central forest-grasslands transition The Central forest-grasslands transition are a prairie ecoregion of the central United States, an ecotone between eastern forests and the North American Great Plains.", "Chicago Chicago (/ʃɨˈkɑːɡoʊ/ or /ʃɨˈkɔːɡoʊ/) is the third most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois and the Midwest. The Chicago metropolitan area, often referred to as Chicagoland, is home to nearly 10 million people and is the third-largest in the U.S.", "Chicago Loop The Loop is the central business district of Chicago, Illinois. It is one of the city's 77 designated community areas. The Loop is home to Chicago's commercial core, City Hall, and the seat of Cook County. The community area is bounded on the west and north by the Chicago River, on the east by Lake Michigan, and on the south by Roosevelt Road, although the commercial core has expanded into adjacent community areas.", "Commonwealth Edison Commonwealth Edison, commonly known as ComEd, is the largest electric utility in Illinois, serving the Chicago and Northern Illinois area. The service territory roughly borders in Iroquois County to the south, the Wisconsin border to the north, the Iowa border to the west, and the Indiana border to the east.For more than 100 years, Commonwealth Edison has been the primary electric delivery services company for Northern Illinois.", "Cook County, Illinois Cook County is a county in the United States state of Illinois. As of the 2010 census, the population was 5,194,675. With more than 40 percent of all Illinois residents, it is the most populous county in Illinois and the second-most populous county in the United States after Los Angeles County, California. Its county seat is Chicago, the third-most populous city in the United States.Cook County's population is larger than that of 29 individual U.S.", "Derby Line, Vermont Derby Line is an incorporated village in the town of Derby in Orleans County, Vermont, United States, slightly north of the 45th parallel, the normal U.S.-Canadian boundary. The population was 776 at the 2000 census.The village is located on the Canada-United States border and is contiguous with the district of Rock Island in the town of Stanstead, Quebec.Notable buildings include the Haskell Free Library and Opera House.", "Elm Point, Minnesota Elm Point, Minnesota, in Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota, is a small uninhabited cape and a United States practical exclave, southwest of the Northwest Angle, near the First Nation community of Buffalo Point.", "Ford Heights School District 169 Ford Heights School District 169 is a public school district based in Ford Heights, Illinois, United States.The district is bordered by Joe Orr Road on the north, Stoney Island Avenue to the east, State Street on the west and the Conrail tracks to the south.", "Four Corners Monument The Four Corners Monument marks the quadripoint in the Southwestern United States where the states of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah meet. It is the only point in the United States shared by four states, leading to this area's being called the Four Corners region.", "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fourth Amendment (Amendment IV) to the United States Constitution is the part of the Bill of Rights that prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and requires any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause. It was adopted in response to the abuse of the writ of assistance, a type of general search warrant issued by the British government and a major source of tension in pre-Revolutionary America.", "Grand Tower Island Grand Tower Island is a river island in the Mississippi River in the midwestern United States, within the state of Missouri on its border with the state of Illinois. Formed within recorded history by the movement of the river, it consists of a bulge-shaped piece of land between the river's primary channel and an oxbow lake.", "Grayslake, Illinois Grayslake is a village in Lake County in the U.S. state of Illinois. It is located in the Chicago metropolitan area, about 40 miles (64 km) north of Chicago's downtown, 14 miles (23 km) west of Lake Michigan, and 15 miles (24 km) south of the Wisconsin border. The village's population at the 2010 census was 20,957.Grayslake is home to the College of Lake County, the University Center of Lake County and the Lake County Fairgrounds.", "Harold L. Ickes Homes Harold L. Ickes Homes was a Chicago Housing Authority (CHA) public housing project in the Near South Side neighborhood on the south side of Chicago, Illinois, United States. It was bordered between State Street and Federal Avenue and Cermak Road and 25th Street. It was a part of the State Street Corridor, which included other CHA properties: Robert Taylor Homes, Dearborn Homes, Stateway Gardens and Hilliard Homes.", "Henry Horner Homes Henry Horner Homes was a Chicago Housing Authority (CHA) public housing project located in the Near West Side neighborhood of the West Side of Chicago, Illinois, USA. Henry Horner is bordered between Damen Avenue and Lake Street near the United Center. The homes are named after former Illinois governor Henry Horner. It is the setting for the documentary film Legacy as well as the non-fiction book There Are No Children Here: The Story of Two Boys Growing Up in the Other America by Alex Kotlowitz.", "Honey War The Honey War was a bloodless territorial dispute in the 1830s between Iowa (first as a part of Wisconsin Territory, then Iowa Territory) and Missouri over their border.The dispute over a 9.5-mile (15.3 km) wide strip running the entire length of the border, caused by unclear wording in the Missouri Constitution on boundaries, misunderstandings over the survey of the Louisiana Purchase, and a misreading of Native American treaties, was ultimately decided by the United States Supreme Court in Iowa's favor.", "Illinois's 1st congressional district Illinois' first congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Illinois. Based in Cook County, the district includes much of the South Side of Chicago, and continues southwest to Joliet.From 2003 to 2013 it extended into the city's southwest suburbs until reaching the border of Will County, and covered 97.84 square miles (253.4 km2), making it one of the 40 smallest districts in the U.S. (although there are four smaller districts in Illinois).", "Illinois's 3rd congressional district The 3rd Congressional District of Illinois includes part of Cook County, and has been represented by Democrat Dan Lipinski since January 2005.", "Illinois Central Railroad Co. v. Illinois The Supreme Court decision in Illinois Central Railroad v. Illinois, 146 U.S. 387 (1892), reaffirmed that each state in its sovereign capacity holds permanent title to all submerged lands within its borders and holds these lands in public trust. This is a foundational case for the public trust doctrine.", "Illinois Route 171 Illinois Route 171 (IL 171) is a north–south state road in northeastern Illinois. It runs from U.S. Route 6 (US 6) in Joliet north to Illinois Route 72 at the Chicago–Park Ridge border. This is a distance of 38.61 miles (62.14 km). The section of IL 171 on Archer Avenue from Joliet to Summit is historically significant, originating as a Native American trail, and later serving for a time as part of the first numbered highway between St.", "Infantry The infantry is the branch of a military force that fights on foot. As the troops who are intended to engage, fight, and defeat the enemy in face-to-face combat, they bear the brunt of warfare and typically suffer the greatest number of casualties.", "International border states of the USA The international border states are those states in the United States which border either Canada or Mexico.", "Iowa Iowa (/ˈaɪ.əwə/) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States, a region sometimes called the \"American Heartland\". Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east and the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west; it is the only U.S. state whose eastern and western borders are formed entirely by rivers.", "Jefferson County, Illinois Jefferson County is a county located in the southern part of the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 38,827. The county seat is Mount Vernon.Jefferson County comprises the Mount Vernon, IL Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is located in the southern portion known locally as \"Little Egypt\".The western border of the county adjoins the Greater St. Louis consolidated metropolitan statistical area, the Metro-East region, and the St.", "Kaskaskia, Illinois Kaskaskia is a historically important village in Randolph County, Illinois, United States. In the 2010 census the population was 14, making it the second-smallest incorporated community in the State of Illinois in terms of population, behind Valley City (pop. 13). As a major French colonial town of the Illinois Country, in the 18th century its peak population was about 7,000, when it was a regional center.", "Kentucky Kentucky /kɨnˈtʌki/, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth (the others being Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts). Originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union.", "LaSalle County, Illinois LaSalle County is a county located in the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2010 census, it had a population of 113,924. Its county seat and largest city is Ottawa.LaSalle County is part of the Ottawa-Peru, IL Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Chicago-Naperville, IL-IN-WI Combined Statistical Area.LaSalle County borders Woodford, Marshall, Putnam, Bureau, Livingston, Lee, DeKalb, Kendall, and Grundy counties.", "Lake Cook Road Lake Cook Road (alternatively referred to as County Line Road or Main Street in some areas) is a major east–west highway in Cook, Lake, McHenry, and Kane Counties in Illinois. For much of its length, it marks the border between Cook and Lake Counties, hence the name of the road. In its western stretch, it marks the border between McHenry and Cook Counties, and further west, McHenry and Kane Counties.", "Lake Michigan Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America and the only one located entirely within the United States. The other four Great Lakes are shared by the U.S. and Canada. It is the second-largest of the Great Lakes by volume and the third-largest by surface area, after Lake Superior and Lake Huron (and is slightly smaller than the U.S. state of West Virginia).", "Lipsey, Illinois Lipsey is an unincorporated community in Coles County, Illinois, United States. Lipsey is located along Illinois Route 121 near the western border of Mattoon.", "List of Canada–United States border crossings This is a list of border crossings along the International Boundary between Canada and the United States. They are ordered from west to east (crossings with Alaska from north to south).The Land ports of entry list is limited to places where CBSA and/or CBP now provide border inspection services. Unstaffed crossings are listed in the Unstaffed Road Crossings section.", "List of Illinois area codes This is a list of the area codes in the state of Illinois and the regions that they cover:217: Central Illinois, running west from the Illinois-Indiana border through Danville, Effingham, Champaign–Urbana, Decatur, Springfield, Quincy until Illinois' western border with Iowa.309: Central-Western Illinois including Bloomington–Normal, Peoria, and all the way west to the Illinois part of the Quad Cities including Moline, and Rock Island.312: Chicago, the central city area including the Chicago Loop and the Near North Side.630/331: West suburbs of Chicago in DuPage County and Kane County including Wheaton, Naperville, and Aurora.", "List of Interstate Highways Primary Interstate Highways of the United States are numbered with one- or two-digit designations. Their associated auxiliary highways have three-digit numbers. Even route numbers are assigned to east–west routes, generally from south (e.g., I-2) to north (I-96), with coast-to-coast and other long-distance routes ending in '0'.", "List of United States Numbered Highways The following is a list of United States numbered highways. It includes U.S. Numbered Highways both past and present, with the former shaded in gray. Three-digit subsidiaries are grouped with their one- or two-digit parent. The list is based on American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) definitions, with up-to-date details on extensions and truncations, though distances are as of 1989. Discrepancies with state specifications are noted.There are several U.S.", "List of United States Senators from Illinois Illinois was admitted to the Union on December 3, 1818, and has been represented in the United States Senate by 47 senators. Senators from Illinois are elected to Class 2 and Class 3.The Senate twice refused to seat Frank L.", "List of inner suburbs in the United States In the United States, inner suburbs (sometimes known as \"first-ring\" suburbs) are the older, more populous communities of a metropolitan area with histories that significantly predate those of their suburban or exurban counterparts. Most inner suburbs share a common border with the principal city of the metropolitan area and developed along railroad or streetcar lines radiating from the principal city (or at ferry termini, if at water borders).", "List of places in the Scottish Borders Map of places in the Scottish Borders compiled from this listSee the list of places in Scotland for places in other counties.This List of places in the Scottish Borders includes towns, villages, hamlets, castles, golf courses, historic houses, hillforts, lighthouses, nature reserves, reservoirs, rivers, and other places of interest in the Scottish Borders council area of Scotland.", "List of river borders of U.S. states Because of its unique history, many of the boundaries of the political divisions of the United States were artificially constructed (rather than being permitted to evolve and drawn using natural features of the landscape). Therefore, many U.S. states have straight lines as boundaries, especially in the West. However, there are a number of states, particularly in the Midwest, North and South with at least partial river borders.", "Livingston International Livingston International is a North American provider of customs brokerage services. Livingston International provides customs brokerage, trade consulting and international freight forwarding services to importers and exporters throughout North America and around the globe. Headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, with U.S.", "Mexico–United States barrier The Mexico–United States barrier – also known in the United States as the Border Fence or Border Wall – is a collection of several barriers, designed to prevent illegal movement across the Mexico–United States border. The barriers were built as part of three larger \"Operations\" to taper transportation of illegal drugs manufactured in Latin America and illegal immigration: Operation Gatekeeper in California, Operation Hold-the-Line in Texas, and Operation Safeguard in Arizona.", "Mexico–United States border The Mexico–United States border is an international boundary running from Tijuana, Baja California, and Imperial Beach, California, in the west to Matamoros, Tamaulipas, and Brownsville, Texas, in the east. The border, separating Mexico and the United States from each other, traverses a variety of terrains, ranging from major urban areas to uninhabitable deserts.", "Migrant deaths along the Mexico–United States border Migrant deaths along the Mexico–U.S. border occur hundreds of times a year because of those attempting to cross into the United States from Mexico illegally. The number of deaths increased in the mid-1990s with exposure (including heat stroke, dehydration, and hyperthermia) being the leading cause.According to the United States Border Patrol, 1,954 people died crossing the U.S–Mexico border between the years 1998-2004.", "Mississippi River The Mississippi River is the chief river of the largest drainage system on the North American continent. Flowing entirely in the United States (though its drainage basin reaches into Canada), it rises in northern Minnesota and meanders slowly southwards for 2,320 miles (3,730 km) to the Mississippi River Delta at the Gulf of Mexico. With its many tributaries, the Mississippi's watershed drains all or parts of 31 U.S. states and 2 Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains.", "Missouri River The Missouri River is the longest river in North America. Rising in the Rocky Mountains of western Montana, the Missouri flows east and south for 2,341 miles (3,767 km) before entering the Mississippi River north of St. Louis, Missouri. The river takes drainage from a sparsely populated, semi-arid watershed of more than half a million square miles (1,300,000 km2), which includes parts of ten U.S. states and two Canadian provinces.", "Near North Side, Chicago The Near North Side is one of 77 defined community areas of Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is the northernmost of the four areas that constitute Downtown Chicago, the others being the Near West Side, Near South Side, and the Loop. The community area is located north and east of the Chicago River. To its east is Lake Michigan, and its northern boundary is the 19th-century city limit of Chicago, North Avenue.", "New Trier Township, Cook County, Illinois New Trier Township is an affluent township located in the northeast corner of Cook County, Illinois, United States, north of Chicago. As of the 2010 census, the township had a total population of 55,424.The township contains New Trier High School, but the borders of the school district do not line up exactly with the borders of the township.", "Nogales, Arizona Nogales is a city in Santa Cruz County, Arizona, United States. The population was 20,837 at the 2010 census and estimated 20,407 in 2014. Nogales forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area, with a total population of 1,027,683 as of the 2010 Census. The city is the county seat of Santa Cruz County.Nogales, Arizona, borders the city of Nogales, Sonora, Mexico, and is Arizona's largest international border community.", "Northwest Angle The Northwest Angle, known simply as the Angle by locals, and coextensive with Angle Township, is a part of northern Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota. Except for minor surveying errors, it is the only place in the United States outside Alaska that is north of the 49th parallel, which forms the border with Canada from the Angle west to Washington State. It is one of only six non-island locations in the 48 contiguous states that are exclaves of the U.S.", "Oakcrest, Illinois Oakcrest is an unincorporated community in Clark County, Illinois, United States. Oakcrest is located near the southwest border of Marshall.", "Ohio River The Ohio River, which streams westward from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Cairo, Illinois, is the largest tributary, by volume, of the Mississippi River in the United States.", "Olmsted Locks and Dam The Olmsted Locks and Dam is a locks and concrete dam project currently under construction on the Ohio River, on the border between the U.S. states of Illinois and Kentucky, just east of Olmsted, Illinois. The locks are located at river mile 964.4, below Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and about 17 miles upstream from the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. The dam will consist of five Tainter gates, a 1,400-foot navigable pass with steel wicket gates, and a fixed weir.", "Peter Roskam Peter James Roskam (born September 13, 1961) is the U.S. Representative for Illinois's 6th congressional district, serving since 2007. He is a member of the Republican Party and served as the Chief Deputy Majority Whip from 2011 to 2014, ranking fourth among House Republican leaders. He has also served in the Illinois Senate and the Illinois House of Representatives. He currently serves as Chairman of the House Ways and Means Subcommittee on Oversight.", "Point Roberts, Washington Point Roberts (known locally as \"Point Bob\" or \"The Point\") is a census-designated place (CDP) in Whatcom County, Washington, United States. It has a post office, with the ZIP code of 98281, whose ZIP Code Tabulation Area (ZCTA) had a population of 1,314 at the 2010 census.Point Roberts is a part of the mainland United States but is not physically connected to it, making it an exclave of the U.S.", "Princeville Township, Peoria County, Illinois Princeville Township is located in Peoria County, Illinois. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,628 and it contained 674 housing units. The township shares a border with Stark County to the North. It also borders Millbrook Township to the West, Akron Township to the East, and the Jubilee Township to the South.", "Regiment A regiment is a title used by some military units. The size of a regiment varies markedly, depending on the country and the arm of service.Originally the term \"regiment\" simply denoted a large body of men under a single leader. Historically, in the 17th century, a full-strength regiment was hypothetically a thousand men commanded by a colonel. Today, there is no set size for a unit calling itself a \"regiment\", which may be:Less than a battalion-equivalent, e.g.", "Richard Webb (actor) Richard Webb (September 9, 1915 – June 10, 1993) was a film, television and radio actor, originally from Bloomington, Illinois.He appeared in more than fifty films, including many westerns and films noir including Out of the Past (1947), Night Has a Thousand Eyes (1948), I Was a Communist for the FBI (1951) and Carson City (1952).", "Rio Grande The Rio Grande (/ˈriːoʊ ˈɡrænd/ or /ˈriːoʊ ˈɡrɑːndeɪ/; Spanish: Río Bravo del Norte, pronounced: [ˈri.o ˈβɾaβo ðel ˈnorte] or simply Río Bravo) is one of the principal rivers in the southwest United States and northern Mexico (the other being the Colorado River). The Rio Grande rises from south-central Colorado in the United States and flows to the Gulf of Mexico. Along the way, it forms part of the Mexico–United States border.", "Roland Burris Roland Wallace Burris (born August 3, 1937) is a former United States Senator from the state of Illinois and a member of the Democratic Party.In 1978, Burris was the first African-American elected to statewide office in Illinois, when he was elected Illinois Comptroller. He served in that office until his election as Illinois Attorney General in 1990.", "Sauk Lake Sauk Lake is a small, freshwater lake located in Cook County, Illinois, between the municipalities of Park Forest, Illinois and Chicago Heights, Illinois. It is an enlarged portion of Thorn Creek created by a dam on the south side of 26th Street, which borders the lake to the north. It is surrounded by steep, sandy bluffs on the east and west sides. It lies within the Sauk Trail Woods Forest Preserve.", "Sonoyta Sonoyta, Sonora is a town in the northern Mexican state of Sonora. It stands on the U.S.-Mexico border, facing Lukeville, Arizona, in the United States. It is the municipal seat of the municipality of Plutarco Elías Calles.", "South Australian borders Today South Australia's land borders are defined to the west by the 129° east longitude (129° east) with Western Australia, to the north by the 26th parallel south latitude (26° south) with the Northern Territory and Queensland and to the east by 141° east longitude (141° east) with Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria; however, this is not where all borders are actually marked on the ground.The South Australian boundaries are shared with the West Australian border, the Northern Territory border, the Queensland borders.", "Staley, Illinois Staley is an unincorporated community in Champaign County, Illinois, United States. Staley is located along Illinois Route 10 near the western border of Champaign.", "Stanstead, Quebec Stanstead is a town in the Memphrémagog Regional County Municipality in the Estrie region of Quebec, located on the Canada-United States border across from Derby Line, Vermont.The Town of Stanstead was created in 1995 by the merger of the former towns of Stanstead Plain, Rock Island and Beebe (formerly Beebe Plain). It is not to be confused with the township of Stanstead, which is nearby although not directly adjacent (the municipality of Ogden lies in between).", "Steve Coutchie Stephen A. Coutchie (August 6, 1899 – January 1983) was an American football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at Arizona State Teachers College at Tempe, now Arizona State University, in 1946, compiling a record of 2–7–2. Before coming to Arizona State, Coutchie coached football at Mesa High School in Mesa, Arizona.", "Sullivan Line The Sullivan Line is the border between Missouri and Iowa.The line was initially created to establish the limits of Native American territory (they would not be permitted south of it); disputes over the boundary were to erupt into the Honey War; and the boundary was to be the basis for the Iowa portion of the Mormon Trail.In 1804, in the Treaty of St.", "Tammy Duckworth Ladda Tammy Duckworth (born March 12, 1968) is an American politician who has been the U.S. Representative for Illinois's 8th congressional district since 2013. A Democrat, she is the first Asian American woman elected to Congress in Illinois, the first disabled woman to be elected to the U.S.", "Tazewell County, Illinois Tazewell County(/tæzwɛl/) is a county located in the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2010 census, it had a population of 135,394. Its county seat and largest city is Pekin. It is pronounced with a short \"a\", to rhyme with \"razz\" rather than \"raze\".Tazewell County is part of the Peoria, IL Metropolitan Statistical Area. The majority of the population live along the western border of the county.", "Territorial evolution of the United States This is a list of the evolution of the borders of the United States. This lists each change to the internal and external borders of the country, as well as status and name changes. It also shows the surrounding areas that eventually became part of the United States.", "Tri-state area There are a number of areas in the 48 contiguous United States known informally as tri-state areas. A tri-state area is an area associated with a particular town or metropolis that lies across three states. Some, but not all, of these involve a state boundary tripoint.The most frequently referenced tri-state area is that which refers with the New York metropolitan area, which covers parts of the states of New York, New Jersey and Connecticut.", "U.S. Customs and Border Protection Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is the largest federal law enforcement agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security charged with regulating and facilitating international trade, collecting import duties, and enforcing U.S. regulations, including trade, customs, and immigration. CBP is the largest law enforcement agency in the United States. It has a workforce of more than 45,600 sworn federal agents and officers.", "U.S. Route 45 U.S. Route 45 is a north–south United States highway. US 45 is a border-to-border route, from Lake Superior to the Gulf of Mexico. A sign at the highway's northern terminus notes the total distance as 1,300 miles (2,100 km).US 45 is notable for incorporating, in its maiden alignment, the first paved road in the South, a 49-mile segment in Lee County, Mississippi.", "U.S. Route 54 U.S. Route 54 (US 54) is an east–west United States highway that runs northeast-southwest for 1,197 miles (1,926 km) from western Illinois to El Paso, Texas. It enters and leaves Texas twice.", "U.S. Route 62 U.S. Route 62 or U.S. Highway 62 (US 62) runs from the US-Mexico border at El Paso, Texas, to Niagara Falls, New York, near the United States-Canada border. It is the only east-west United States Numbered Highway that connects Mexico and Canada.Parts of US 62 follow what once was the Ozark Trail, including the historic bridge across the South Canadian River in Newcastle, Oklahoma (the first structure built with federal highway funds in Oklahoma).", "Union (American Civil War) During the American Civil War, the Union was the term used to refer to the United States of America, and specifically to the national government and the 20 free states and five border slave states which supported it. The Union was opposed by 11 southern states that formed the Confederate States of America, or \"the Confederacy\".All the Union states provided soldiers for the U.S. Army; the border areas also sent large numbers of soldiers to the Confederacy.", "United States The United States of America (USA), commonly referred to as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major territories and various possessions. The 48 contiguous states and Washington, D.C., are in central North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is located in the northwestern part of North America and the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific.", "United States Border Patrol The United States Border Patrol (USBP) is an American federal law enforcement agency. Its mission is to detect and prevent illegal aliens, terrorists and terrorist weapons from entering the United States, and prevent illegal trafficking of people and contraband. It is an agency within U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), a component of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS).With over 21,000 agents, the U.S.", "United States v. Martinez-Fuerte United States v. Martinez-Fuerte, 428 U.S. 543 (1976) was a decision of the United States Supreme Court that allowed the United States Border Patrol to set up permanent or fixed checkpoints on public highways leading to or away from the Mexican border, and that these checkpoints are not a violation of the Fourth Amendment.", "Upper Midwest forest-savanna transition The Upper Midwest forest-savanna transition is a terrestrial ecoregion that is defined by the World Wildlife Fund. An oak savanna plant community located in the Upper Midwest region of the United States, it is a transitory ecotone between the tallgrass prairies to the west and the temperate deciduous forests to the east.", "Vermilion County, Illinois Vermilion County is a county located in the eastern part of the U.S. state of Illinois, between the Indiana border and Champaign County. It was established in 1826 and was the 45th of Illinois' 102 counties. According to the 2010 census, it had a population of 81,625, which is a decrease of 2.7% from 83,919 in 2000. It contains 21 incorporated settlements; the county seat and largest city is Danville.", "Wabash River The Wabash River /ˈwɔːbæʃ/ (French: Ouabache) is a 503-mile-long (810 km) river in the Midwestern United States that flows southwest from northwest Ohio near Fort Recovery across northern Indiana to southern Illinois, where it forms the Illinois-Indiana border before draining into the Ohio River, of which it is the largest northern tributary.", "Western Avenue (Chicago) Western Avenue is the longest continuous street within the city of Chicago at 23.5 miles (37.82 km) in length. Western Avenue extends south as a continuous road to the Dixie Highway at Sibley Boulevard (Illinois Route 83) in Dixmoor, giving the road a total length of 27.38 miles (44.06 km). However, Western Avenue extends intermittently through the Southland to the Will / Kankakee county border in unincorporated Will Township.", "Wilbur Heights, Illinois Wilbur Heights is an unincorporated community in Champaign County, Illinois, United States. Wilbur Heights is a northern suburb of Champaign and Urbana.Bordered by Market Street, Wallace, and 5th street, this neighborhood is currently zoned as \"industrial\". It is surrounded by companies such as Illini Recycling, Sport's Redi-mix, Judson Baptist Chapel, and The Salvation Army.", "Will County, Illinois Will County is a county located in the northern part of the state of Illinois. According to the 2010 census, it had a population of 677,560, which is an increase of 34.9% from 502,266 in 2000, making it the fourth-most populous county in Illinois. The county seat is Joliet.Will County is one of the five collar counties of the Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area.", "York Center, Illinois York Center is an unincorporated community in York Township, DuPage County, Illinois, United States. York Center is located by Meyers Road and 16th Street, near the southern border of Lombard, and the western border of Oakbrook Terrace. York Center has an elementary school which was originally named Stevenson Elementary School after a founding teacher, Ethel Stevenson." ]

[ "Amsterdam (novel) Amsterdam is a 1998 novel by British writer Ian McEwan, for which he was awarded the 1998 Booker Prize.", "Bring Up the Bodies Bring Up the Bodies is a historical novel by Hilary Mantel and sequel to her award-winning Wolf Hall. It is the second part of a planned trilogy charting the rise and fall of Thomas Cromwell, the powerful minister in the court of King Henry VIII. Bring Up the Bodies won the 2012 Man Booker Prize and the 2012 Costa Book of the Year. Preceded by Wolf Hall, it is to be followed by The Mirror and the Light.", "Disgrace Disgrace is a novel by J. M. Coetzee, published in 1999. It won the Booker Prize. The writer was also awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature four years after its publication.", "G. (novel) G. is a 1972 novel by John Berger. The novel's setting is pre-First World War Europe, and its protagonist, named \"G.\", is a Don Juan or Casanova-like lover of women who gradually comes to political consciousness after misadventures across the continent. The novel, Berger's most formally experimental, won both the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction and the Booker Prize.", "Heat and Dust Heat and Dust (1975) is a novel by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala which won the Booker Prize in 1975.", "Hilary Mantel Dame Hilary Mary Mantel, DBE FRSL (/mænˈtɛl/ man-TEL; born Thompson, 6 July 1952), is an English writer whose work includes personal memoirs, short stories, and historical fiction.She has twice been awarded the Booker Prize, the first for the 2009 novel Wolf Hall, a fictional account of Thomas Cromwell's rise to power in the court of Henry VIII, and the second for the 2012 novel Bring Up the Bodies, the second installment of the Cromwell trilogy.", "Holiday (novel) Holiday is a Booker Prize-winning novel by English writer Stanley Middleton.", "Hotel du Lac Hotel du Lac is a 1984 Booker Prize-winning novel by English writer Anita Brookner. It centres on Edith Hope, a romance novelist who is staying in a hotel on the shores of Lake Geneva. There she meets other English visitors, including Mrs Pusey, Mrs Pusey's daughter Jennifer, and an attractive middle-aged man, Mr Neville.", "How Late It Was, How Late How late it was, how late is a 1994 stream of consciousness novel written by Scottish writer James Kelman. The Glasgow-centred work is written in a working class Scottish dialect, and follows Sammy, a shoplifter and ex-convict.", "Illywhacker Illywhacker is a novel by Australian writer Peter Carey. It was published in 1985, short-listed for the 1985 Booker Prize, and won the Victorian Premier's Literary Award and The Age Book of the Year Award.", "In a Free State In a Free State is a novel by V.S. Naipaul published in 1971. It won that year's Booker Prize. The plot consists of a framing narrative and three short stories, the last one also titled In a Free State. The work is symphonic, with different movements working towards an overriding theme. It is not too clearly spelled out what that theme is. However, there is an important aspect relating to the price of freedom, with analogies between the three situations.", "James Kelman James Kelman (born 9 June 1946) is an influential Scottish writer of novels, short stories, plays, and political essays. His novel A Disaffection was shortlisted for the Booker Prize and won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for Fiction in 1989. Kelman won the 1994 Booker Prize with How Late It Was, How Late In 1998 Kelman was awarded the Glenfiddich Spirit of Scotland Award.", "Last Orders Last Orders is a 1996 Booker Prize-winning novel by British writer Graham Swift. In 2001 it was adapted for the film Last Orders by Australian writer and director Fred Schepisi.", "Life & Times of Michael K Life & Times of Michael K is a 1983 novel by South African-born writer J. M. Coetzee. The novel won the Booker Prize for 1983. The novel is a story of a man named Michael K, who makes an arduous journey from Cape Town to his mother's rural birthplace, during an imaginary civil war during the apartheid era, in the 1970-80s.", "Life of Pi Life of Pi is a Canadian fantasy adventure novel by Yann Martel published in 2001. The protagonist, Piscine Molitor ″Pi″ Patel, an Indian boy from Pondicherry, explores issues of spirituality and practicality from an early age.", "List of winners and shortlisted authors of the Booker Prize for Fiction The following is a list of winners and shortlisted authors of the Booker Prize for Fiction. Winning titles are listed in yellow, first in their year.The prize has been awarded each year since 1969 to the best original full-length novel, written in the English language, by a citizen of the Commonwealth of Nations or the Republic of Ireland. In 2014, it was opened for the first time to any work published in the United Kingdom and in the English language.", "Lost Man Booker Prize The Lost Man Booker Prize was a special edition of the Man Booker Prize awarded by a public vote in 2010 to a novel from 1970 as the books published in 1970 were not eligible for the Man Booker Prize due to a rules alteration; until 1970 the prize was awarded to books published in the previous year, while from 1971 onwards it was awarded to books published the same year as the award. The prize was won by J. G.", "Man Booker Prize The Man Booker Prize for Fiction (formerly known as the Booker-McConnell Prize and commonly known simply as the Booker Prize) is a literary prize awarded each year for the best original novel, written in the English language, and published in the UK. The winner of the Man Booker Prize is generally assured of international renown and success; therefore, the prize is of great significance for the book trade.", "Midnight's Children Midnight's Children is a 1981 book by Salman Rushdie that deals with India's transition from British colonialism to independence and the partition of British India. It is considered an example of postcolonial literature and magical realism. The story is told by its chief protagonist, Saleem Sinai, and is set in the context of actual historical events as with historical fiction.Midnight's Children won both the Booker Prize and the James Tait Black Memorial Prize in 1981.", "Moon Tiger Moon Tiger is a 1987 novel by Penelope Lively which spans the time before, during and after World War II. The novel won the 1987 Booker Prize. It is written from multiple points of view and moves backward and forward through time. It begins as the story of a woman who, on her deathbed, decides to write a history of the world, and develops into a story of love, incest and the desire to be recognized as an independent free thinking woman of the time.", "Offshore (novel) Offshore (1979) is a novel by Penelope Fitzgerald. It won the Booker Prize for that year. It recalls her time spent on boats in Battersea by the Thames. The novel explores the concept of liminality and 'liminal people'; those who do not belong to the land or the sea, but somewhere in-between.", "Oscar and Lucinda Oscar and Lucinda is a novel by Australian author Peter Carey which won the 1988 Booker Prize, the 1989 Miles Franklin Award, and was shortlisted for The Best of the Booker.", "Possession (Byatt novel) Possession: A Romance is a 1990 bestselling novel by British writer A. S. Byatt that won the 1990 Booker Prize.", "Sacred Hunger Sacred Hunger is a historical novel by Barry Unsworth first published in 1992. It shared the Booker Prize that year with Michael Ondaatje's The English Patient.The story is set in the mid 18th century and centres on the Liverpool Merchant, a slave ship employed in the triangular trade, a central trade route in the Atlantic slave trade. The two main characters are cousins Erasmus Kemp, son of a wealthy merchant from Lancashire and Matthew Paris, a physician and scientist who goes on the voyage.", "Saville (novel) Saville is a Booker Prize-winning novel by English writer David Storey.", "Schindler's Ark Schindler's Ark (released in America as Schindler's List) is a Booker Prize-winning novel published in 1982 by Australian novelist Thomas Keneally, which was later adapted into the highly successful movie Schindler's List directed by Steven Spielberg. The United States version of the book was called Schindler's List from the beginning; it was later re-issued in Commonwealth countries under that name as well.", "Something to Answer For Something to Answer For (1969) is a novel by the English writer P. H. Newby. Its chief claim to fame is that it was the winner of the inaugural Booker Prize, which would go on to become one of the major literary awards in the English-speaking world. It is the only Booker Prize-winning novel not currently in print.", "Staying On Staying On is a novel by Paul Scott, which was published in 1977 and won the Booker Prize.", "The Best of the Booker The Best of the Booker is a special prize awarded in commemoration of the Booker Prize's 40th anniversary. Eligible books included the 41 winners of the Booker Prize since its inception in 1969. The six shortlisted titles were announced on 12 May 2008 and were chosen by novelist Victoria Glendinning, broadcaster Mariella Frostrup and Professor of English at University College London John Mullan. Among the nominees were the only two authors to have won the Booker twice, Peter Carey and J. M.", "The Blind Assassin The Blind Assassin is a novel by the Canadian writer Margaret Atwood. It was first published by McClelland and Stewart in 2000. Set in Canada, it is narrated from the present day, referring back to events that span the twentieth century.The work was awarded the Man Booker Prize in 2000 and the Hammett Prize in 2001. It was also nominated for Governor General's Award in 2000, Orange Prize for Fiction, and the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award in 2002.", "The Bone People The Bone People (styled by the writer and in some editions as the bone people) is a Booker Prize-winning 1984 novel by New Zealand writer Keri Hulme. Hulme was turned down by many publishing houses before she found a small publishing house in New Zealand called Spiral. In 1985 Spiral collaborated with English publishing house Hodder & Stoughton.", "The Elected Member The Elected Member is a Booker Prize-winning novel by Welsh writer Bernice Rubens.", "The English Patient The English Patient is a 1992 Booker Prize-winning novel by Michael Ondaatje. The book follows four dissimilar people brought together at an Italian villa during the Italian Campaign of World War II. The four main characters are: an unrecognisably burned man—the titular patient, presumed to be English; his Canadian Army nurse, a Sikh British Army sapper, and a Canadian thief.", "The English Patient (film) The English Patient is a 1996 British-American romantic drama directed by Anthony Minghella from his own script based on the novel of the same name by Michael Ondaatje and produced by Saul Zaentz.The film was released to critical acclaim, and received 12 nominations at the 69th Academy Awards, eventually winning nine, including Best Picture, Best Director for Minghella and Best Supporting Actress for Juliette Binoche.", "The Famished Road The Famished Road is the Booker Prize-winning novel written by Nigerian author Ben Okri. The novel, published in 1991, follows Azaro, an abiku or spirit child, living in an unnamed most likely Nigerian city. The novel employs a unique narrative style incorporating the spirit world with the \"real\" world in what some have classified as magical realism. Others have labeled it African Traditional Religion realism. Still others choose to simply call the novel fantasy literature.", "The Gathering (Enright novel) The Gathering (2007) is the fourth novel by Irish author Anne Enright. It won the 2007 Man Booker Prize, eventually chosen unanimously by the jury after having largely been considered an outsider to win the prize. Although it received mostly favorable reviews on its first publication, sales of the book had been modest before it was named as one of the six books on the Man Booker Prize shortlist in September 2007.", "The Ghost Road The Ghost Road is a war novel by Pat Barker, first published in 1995 and winner of the Booker Prize. It is the third volume of a trilogy that follows the fortunes of shell-shocked British army officers towards the end of the First World War.", "The God of Small Things The God of Small Things (1997) is the debut novel of Indian writer Arundhati Roy. It is a story about the childhood experiences of fraternal twins whose lives are destroyed by the \"Love Laws\" that lay down \"who should be loved, and how. And how much.\" The book is a description of how the small things in life affect people's behaviour and their lives. The book won the Booker Prize in 1997.The God of Small Things is Roy's first book and, as of 2013, is her only novel.", "The Inheritance of Loss The Inheritance of Loss is the second novel by Indian author Kiran Desai. It was first published in 2006. It won a number of awards, including the Man Booker Prize for that year, the National Book Critics Circle Fiction Award in 2007, and the 2006 Vodafone Crossword Book Award.It was written over a period of seven years after her first book, the critically acclaimed Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard. Among its main themes are migration, living between two worlds, and between past and present.", "The Line of Beauty The Line of Beauty is a 2004 Booker Prize-winning novel by Alan Hollinghurst.", "The Lost Dog The Lost Dog is a 2007 novel by Australian writer Michelle de Kretser.", "The Narrow Road to the Deep North (novel) The Narrow Road to the Deep North is Richard Flanagan's critically acclaimed and 2014 Man Booker Prize-winning sixth novel. The book tells the story of Dorrigo Evans, an Australian doctor haunted by a wartime love affair with his uncle's wife.", "The Old Devils The Old Devils is a novel by Kingsley Amis, first published in 1986. The novel won the Booker Prize. It was adapted for television by Andrew Davies for the BBC in 1992, starring John Stride, Bernard Hepton, James Grout and Ray Smith (it was the latter's last screen appearance before his death).Alun Weaver, a writer of modest celebrity, returns to his native Wales with his wife Rhiannon, sometime girlfriend of Weaver's old acquaintance Peter Thomas.", "The Remains of the Day The Remains of the Day (1989) is Kazuo Ishiguro's third published novel. The work was awarded the Man Booker Prize for Fiction in 1989. A film adaptation of the novel, made in 1993 and starring Anthony Hopkins and Emma Thompson, was nominated for eight Academy Awards.As in Ishiguro's two previous novels, the story is told from a first person point of view. The narrator, Stevens, a butler, recalls his life in the form of a diary while the action progresses through the present.", "The Sea, the Sea The Sea, the Sea is the 19th novel by Iris Murdoch. It won the Booker Prize in 1978.", "The Sea (novel) The Sea (2005) is the eighteenth novel by Irish writer John Banville. It won the 2005 Man Booker Prize.", "The Siege of Krishnapur The Siege of Krishnapur is a novel by J. G. Farrell, first published in 1973.Inspired by events such as the sieges of Cawnpore and Lucknow, the book details the siege of a fictional Indian town, Krishnapur, during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 from the perspective of the British residents. The main characters find themselves subject to the increasing strictures and deprivation of the siege, which reverses the \"normal\" structure of life where Europeans govern Asian subjects.", "The White Tiger The White Tiger is the debut novel by Indian author Aravind Adiga. It was first published in 2008 and won the 40th Man Booker Prize in the same year. The novel provides a darkly humorous perspective of India’s class struggle in a globalized world as told through a retrospective narration from Balram Halwai, a village boy.", "To Rise Again at a Decent Hour To Rise Again at a Decent Hour is a novel by the American writer Joshua Ferris. The novel was shortlisted for the 2014 Man Booker Prize and won the 2014 Dylan Thomas Prize.", "To the Ends of the Earth To the Ends of the Earth is a trilogy of novels by William Golding, consisting of Rites of Passage (1980), Close Quarters (1987), and Fire Down Below (1989).", "Troubles (novel) Troubles is a 1970 novel by J. G. Farrell. The plot concerns the dilapidation of a once grand Irish hotel (the Majestic), in the midst of the political upheaval during the Irish War of Independence (1919–1921). It is the first instalment in Farrell's acclaimed 'Empire Trilogy', preceding The Siege of Krishnapur and The Singapore Grip.", "True History of the Kelly Gang True History of the Kelly Gang is a historical novel by Australian writer Peter Carey. It was first published in Brisbane by the University of Queensland Press in 2000. It won the 2001 Booker Prize and the Commonwealth Writers Prize in the same year. Despite its title, the book is fiction and a variation on the Ned Kelly story.", "Vernon God Little Vernon God Little (2003) is a novel by DBC Pierre. It was his debut novel and won the Booker Prize in 2003. It has twice been adapted as a stage play.", "We Need New Names We Need New Names is the 2013 debut novel of expatriate Zimbabwean writer NoViolet Bulawayo. A coming-of-age story, it tells of the life of a young girl named Darling, first as a ten-year-old in Zimbabwe, and later as a teenager in the Midwest United States.", "Wolf Hall Wolf Hall (2009) is a historical novel by English author Hilary Mantel, published by Fourth Estate, named after the Seymour family seat of Wolfhall or Wulfhall in Wiltshire. Set in the period from 1500 to 1535, Wolf Hall is a highly fictionalised biography documenting the rapid rise to power of Thomas Cromwell in the court of Henry VIII through to the death of Sir Thomas More. The novel won both the Man Booker Prize and the National Book Critics Circle Award." ]

[ "A Fable A Fable is a 1954 novel written by the American author William Faulkner. He spent more than a decade and tremendous effort on it, and considered it his masterpiece when it was completed. It won the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award, but critical reviews were mixed and it is considered one of Faulkner's lesser works. Historically, it can be seen as a precursor to Joseph Heller's Catch-22.The book takes place in France during World War I and stretches through the course of one week.", "A Month in the Country (novel) A Month in the Country is the fifth novel by J. L. Carr, first published in 1980 and nominated for the Booker Prize. The book won the Guardian Fiction Prize in 1980.", "A Place in the Sun (film) A Place in the Sun is a 1951 American drama film loosely based on the 1925 novel An American Tragedy by Theodore Dreiser and the play, also titled An American Tragedy. It tells the story of a working-class young man who is entangled with two women; one who works in his wealthy uncle's factory and the other a beautiful socialite.", "Act of Murder Act of Murder is a 2010 novel by the English writer Alan Wright. It won the Dundee International Book Prize, the largest monetary British Prize for first novels, in 2010, and was published by Polygon Press. It is a historical murder mystery set in 1894.The Courier described the novel as a \"skillfully-executed tale\" that was \"particularly touching and full of pathos.\"", "All My Puny Sorrows All My Puny Sorrows is the sixth novel by Canadian writer Miriam Toews. The novel won the 2014 Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize, and was shortlisted for the 2014 Scotiabank Giller Prize, the 2015 Folio Prize for Literature, and the 2015 Wellcome Book Prize. Toews has said that the novel draws heavily on the events leading up to the 2010 suicide of her sister, Marjorie.", "Ben-Hur (1959 film) Ben-Hur is a 1959 American epic historical drama film, directed by William Wyler, produced by Sam Zimbalist for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and starring Charlton Heston, Stephen Boyd, Jack Hawkins, Hugh Griffith and Haya Harareet. A remake of the 1925 silent film with the same name, Ben-Hur was adapted from Lew Wallace's 1880 novel Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ. The screenplay is credited to Karl Tunberg but includes contributions from Maxwell Anderson, S. N.", "Bloomsbury Publishing Bloomsbury Publishing Plc is an independent, worldwide publishing house of fiction and non-fiction. It is a constituent of the FTSE SmallCap Index. Bloomsbury's head office is located in Bloomsbury, an area of the London Borough of Camden and it has a US publishing office located in New York City, an India publishing office in New Delhi and an Australia sales office in Sydney CBD. The company's growth over the past two decades is primarily attributable to the Harry Potter series by J. K.", "Cabaret (1972 film) Cabaret is a 1972 musical film directed by Bob Fosse and starring Liza Minnelli, Michael York and Joel Grey. The film is set in Berlin during the Weimar Republic in 1931, under the ominous presence of the growing Nazi Party.The film is loosely based on the 1966 Broadway musical Cabaret by Kander and Ebb, which was adapted from the novel The Berlin Stories (1939) by Christopher Isherwood and the 1951 play I Am a Camera adapted from the same book.", "Cloud Atlas (novel) Cloud Atlas is a 2004 novel, the third book by British author David Mitchell. It consists of six nested stories that take the reader from the remote South Pacific in the nineteenth century to a distant, post-apocalyptic future. It won the British Book Awards Literary Fiction Award and the Richard & Judy Book of the Year award, and was short-listed for the 2004 Booker Prize, Nebula Award, Arthur C. Clarke Award, and other awards.A film adaptation of the same name was released in 2012.", "Commonwealth Foundation prizes Commonwealth Foundation presented a number of prizes between 1987 and 2011. The main award was called the Commonwealth Writers' Prize and was composed of two prizes: the Best Book Prize (overall and regional) was awarded from 1987 to 2011; the Best First Book prize was awarded from 1989 to 2011.", "Costa Book Awards The Costa Book Awards are a set of annual literary awards recognising English-language books by writers based in Britain and Ireland. They were inaugurated for 1971 publications and known as the Whitbread Book Awards until 2006 when Costa Coffee, a subsidiary of Whitbread, took over sponsorship.", "Dances with Wolves Dances with Wolves is a 1990 American epic western war film directed, produced by, and starring Kevin Costner. It is a film adaptation of the 1988 book of the same name by Michael Blake and tells the story of a Union Army lieutenant who travels to the American frontier to find a military post, and his dealings with a group of Lakota Indians.Costner developed the film with an initial budget of $15 million.", "Doctor Zhivago (film) Doctor Zhivago is a 1965 British-American epic drama–romance film directed by David Lean, starring Omar Sharif and Julie Christie. It is set in Russia between the years prior to World War I and the Russian Civil War of 1917-1922, and is based on the Boris Pasternak novel of the same name, immensely popular in the West, but banned in the Soviet Union at the time.", "English Passengers English Passengers (ISBN 0-385-49744-X) is a 2000 historical novel written by Matthew Kneale, which won that year's Whitbread Book Award and was shortlisted for the Booker Prize and the Miles Franklin Award. It is narrated by 20 different characters and tells the story of a voyage to look for the Garden of Eden in Tasmania and the rapid decline of that island’s indigenous population of Tasmanian Aborigines.", "Every Man for Himself (novel) Every Man for Himself is a novel written by Beryl Bainbridge that was first published in 1996 and is about the 1912 RMS Titanic disaster. The novel won the 1996 Whitbread Prize, and was a nominee of the Booker Prize. It also won the 1997 Commonwealth Writers' Prize (Europe and South Asia).", "Gay Neck, the Story of a Pigeon Gay-Neck, the Story of a Pigeon is a 1928 children's novel by Dhan Gopal Mukerji that won the Newbery Medal for excellence in American children's literature in 1928. It deals with the life of Gay-Neck, a prized Indian pigeon. Mukerji wrote that \"the message implicit in the book is that man and winged animals are brothers.\" He stated that much of the book is based on his boyhood experiences with a flock of forty pigeons and their leader, as the boy in the book is Mukerji himself.", "Gilead (novel) Gilead is a novel written by Marilynne Robinson that was published in 2004. It is her second novel, following Housekeeping, which was published in 1980. Gilead won the 2005 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, as well as the National Book Critics Circle Award. Gilead is an epistolary novel that is the fictional autobiography of the Reverend John Ames, an elderly congregationalist pastor in the small, secluded town of Gilead, Iowa, who knows that he is dying of a heart condition.", "Harvest (Crace novel) Harvest is a novel by Jim Crace, published in 2013 by Picador. Crace has stated that Harvest would be his final novel.Harvest was shortlisted for the 2013 Man Booker Prize, shortlisted for the inaugural Goldsmiths Prize, shortlisted for the Walter Scott Prize (2014), and won the 2013 James Tait Black Memorial Prize and the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award in 2015.", "Home (Robinson novel) Home is a novel written by the Pulitzer Prize-winning American author Marilynne Robinson. Published in 2008, it is Robinson's third novel, preceded by Housekeeping in 1980 and Gilead in 2004.The novel chronicles the life of the Boughton family, specifically the father, Reverend Robert Boughton, and Glory and Jack, two of Robert's adult children who return home to Gilead, Iowa.", "How the West Was Won (film) How the West Was Won is a 1963 American Metrocolor epic-Western film. The picture was one of the last \"old-fashioned\" epic films made by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to enjoy great success. Set between 1839 and 1889, it follows four generations of a family (starting as the Prescotts) as they move ever westward, from western New York state to the Pacific Ocean.", "John Banville William John Banville (born 8 December 1945), who writes as John Banville and sometimes as Benjamin Black, is an Irish novelist, adapter of dramas, and screenwriter.", "Julian Barnes Julian Patrick Barnes (born 19 January 1946) is an English writer. Barnes won the Man Booker Prize for his book The Sense of an Ending (2011), and three of his earlier books had been shortlisted for the Booker Prize: Flaubert's Parrot (1984), England, England (1998), and Arthur & George (2005). He has also written crime fiction under the pseudonym Dan Kavanagh.", "Jurassic Park (film) Jurassic Park is a 1993 American science fiction adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg. It is the first installment of the Jurassic Park film series. It is based on the 1990 novel of the same name by Michael Crichton, with a screenplay written by Crichton and David Koepp.", "Katri Lipson Katri Lipson (born 1965) is a Finnish writer. She studied medicine at Uppsala University, graduating in 1993. Since then, she has worked as a doctor in Scandinavia and Africa. Her debut novel Cosmonaut (Kosmonautti, 2008) was shortlisted for the Finlandia Prize in 2008 and won the Helsingin Sanomat Debut Book of the Year Award that same year. Her second novel The Ice Cream Man (Jäätelökauppias, 2012) won the EU Prize for Literature in 2013.", "Life of Pi (film) Life of Pi is a 2012 American adventure drama film based on Yann Martel's 2001 novel of the same name. Directed by Ang Lee, the film's adapted screenplay was written by David Magee, and it stars Suraj Sharma, Irrfan Khan, Rafe Spall, Gérard Depardieu, Tabu, and Adil Hussain.", "List of Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction winners The Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction (previously called Women's Prize for Fiction (2013), Orange Prize for Fiction (1996–2006 & 2009–12) and Orange Broadband Prize for Fiction (2007–2008)) is one of the United Kingdom's most prestigious literary prizes, annually awarded to a female author of any nationality for the best original full-length novel written in English, and published in the United Kingdom in the preceding year.", "Middlesex (novel) Middlesex is a Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by Jeffrey Eugenides published in 2002. The book is a bestseller, with more than three million copies sold by May 2011. Its characters and events are loosely based on aspects of Eugenides' life and observations of his Greek heritage. It is not an autobiography; unlike the protagonist, Eugenides is not intersex.", "Nestlé Smarties Book Prize The Nestlé Children's Book Prize, and Nestlé Smarties Book Prize for a time, was a set of annual awards for British children's books that ran from 1985 to 2007. It was administered by Booktrust, an independent charity that promotes books and reading in the United Kingdom, and sponsored by Nestlé, the manufacturer of Smarties candy.", "Northern Lights (novel) Northern Lights (known as The Golden Compass in North America and some other countries) is a young-adult fantasy novel by Philip Pullman, published by Scholastic UK in 1995.", "Nothing Human Left Nothing Human Left is a 2011 novel by the Irish writer Simon Ashe-Browne. It won the Dundee International Book Prize, the largest monetary British Prize for first novels, in 2011, and was published by Cargo Publishing. It is a psychological thriller set in a Dublin public school.", "One Man's Bible One Man's Bible (S: 一个人的圣经, T: 一個人的聖經, P: Yī gè rén de Shèngjīng, French: Le Livre d'un homme seul) is a novel by Gao Xingjian. Mabel Lee created the English translation. The book stars an alter-ego of Gao who reflects on his previous experiences around the world. Éditions de l'Aube published the book in French.WJF Jenner of The Guardian said that the book \"belongs to that sad class of books sold on the strength of their authors having won a prize.", "Out of Africa (film) Out of Africa is a 1985 American epic romantic drama film directed and produced by Sydney Pollack and starring Robert Redford and Meryl Streep. The film is based loosely on the autobiographical book Out of Africa written by Isak Dinesen (the pseudonym of Danish author Karen Blixen), which was published in 1937, with additional material from Dinesen's book Shadows on the Grass and other sources.", "Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha is a novel by Irish writer Roddy Doyle, first published in 1993 by Secker and Warburg. It won the Booker Prize that year. The story is about a 10-year-old boy living in Barrytown, North Dublin, and the events that happen within his age group, school and home in around 1968.", "Peter Carey (novelist) Peter Philip Carey AO (born 7 May 1943) is an Australian novelist, known primarily for being one of only three writers to have won the Booker Prize twice—the others being J. M. Coetzee and Hilary Mantel. Carey won his first Booker Prize in 1988 for Oscar and Lucinda, and won for the second time in 2001 with True History of the Kelly Gang.", "Random House Random House is the largest general-interest trade book publisher in the world. It is part of Penguin Random House, which is owned by German media conglomerate Bertelsmann and global education and publishing company Pearson PLC. Random House also has an entertainment production arm for film and television, Random House Studio; one release in 2011 was One Day. The company also creates story content for media including video games, social networks on the web, and mobile platforms.", "Regeneration (novel) Regeneration is a historical and anti-war novel by Pat Barker, first published in 1991. The novel was a Booker Prize nominee and was described by the New York Times Book Review as one of the four best novels of the year in its year of publication. It is the first of three novels in the Regeneration Trilogy of novels on the First World War, the other two being The Eye in the Door and The Ghost Road, which won the Booker Prize in 1995.", "Room (novel) Room is a 2010 novel by Irish-Canadian author Emma Donoghue. The story is told from the perspective of a five-year-old boy, Jack, who is being held captive in a small room along with his mother.", "Russian Booker Prize The Russian Booker Prize (Russian: Русский Букер, Russian Booker) is a Russian literary award modelled after the Man Booker Prize. It was inaugurated by English Chief Executive Sir Michael Harris Caine in 1992. The country's premier literary prize, it is awarded to the best work of fiction written in the Russian language each year as decided by a panel of judges, irrespective of the writer's citizenship.", "Scarlet Sister Mary Scarlet Sister Mary is a 1928 novel by Julia Peterkin. It won the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel in 1929. The book was called obscene and banned at the public library in Gaffney, South Carolina. The Gaffney Ledger newspaper, however, serially published the complete book. Dr. Richard S. Burton, the chairperson of Pulitzer's fiction-literature jury, recommended that the first prize go to the novel Victim and Victor by Dr. John B. Oliver.", "Shadow Forest Shadow Forest is a children's novel by Matt Haig, published in 2007. It won the Nestlé Children's Book Prize Gold Award, was shortlisted for the Waterstone's Children's Book Prize and has been nominated for the Carnegie Medal.", "Slumdog Millionaire Slumdog Millionaire is a 2008 British drama film directed by Danny Boyle, written by Simon Beaufoy, and produced by Christian Colson. It was co-directed in India by Loveleen Tandan. It is a loose adaptation of the novel Q & A (2005) by Indian author and diplomat Vikas Swarup.", "The Able McLaughlins The Able McLaughlins is a 1923 novel by Margaret Wilson first published by Harper & Brothers. It won the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel in 1924. It won the Harper Prize Novel Contest for 1922-23, the first time the prize was awarded.", "The Butterfly Lion The Butterfly Lion is a children's novel by Michael Morpurgo. It was first published in Great Britain by Collins publishers in 1996. It won the 1996 Smarties book prize. The book was adapted into a stage play by Daniel Buckroyd of the Mercury Theatre Colchester, and is touring the UK in 2013.Michael Morpurgo has said that, of those he has written, this is one of his favourite books.", "The Color Purple The Color Purple is a 1982 epistolary novel by American author Alice Walker that won the 1983 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and the National Book Award for Fiction.It was later adapted into a film and musical of the same name.Taking place mostly in rural Georgia, the story focuses on the life of African-American women in the southern United States in the 1930s, addressing numerous issues including their exceedingly low position in American social culture.", "The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time is a 2003 mystery novel by British writer Mark Haddon. Its title quotes the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes in Arthur Conan Doyle's 1892 short story \"Silver Blaze\". Haddon and The Curious Incident won the Whitbread Book Awards for Best Novel and Book of the Year, the Commonwealth Writers' Prize for Best First Book, and the Guardian Children's Fiction Prize.", "The Gathering (Carmody novel) The Gathering is an allegorical Australian young adults' novel written by fantasy author Isobelle Carmody. The book was published by Puffin Books Australia in 1993, The Gathering has sold over 70 000 copies in Australia and New Zealand alone. The book was a joint recipient of the 1993 Children's Peace Literature Award and was also named Book of the Year in 1994 by the Children's Book Council of Australia.", "The Grapes of Wrath The Grapes of Wrath is an American realist novel written by John Steinbeck and published in 1939. The book won the National Book Awardand Pulitzer Prize for fiction, and it was cited prominently when Steinbeck was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962.Set during the Great Depression, the novel focuses on the Joads, a poor family of tenant farmers driven from their Oklahoma home by drought, economic hardship, agricultural industry changes and bank foreclosures forcing tenant farmers out of work.", "The Great Fire (novel) The Great Fire (2003) is a novel by the Australian author Shirley Hazzard. It won the U.S. National Book Award for Fiction and a Miles Franklin literary award (2004). The novel was Hazzard's first since The Transit of Venus, published in 1980.", "The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King is a 2003 high fantasy film directed by Peter Jackson based on the second and third volumes of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings.", "The New Policeman The New Policeman is a children's fantasy novel by Kate Thompson, published by Bodley Head in 2005. Set in Kinvara, Ireland, it features a teenage boy, J. J. Liddy, who learns that \"time is leaking from his world into Tir na nOg, the land of the fairies\".", "The Owl Service The Owl Service is a low fantasy novel for young adults by Alan Garner, published by Collins in 1967. Set in modern Wales, it is an adaptation of the story of the mythical Welsh woman Blodeuwedd, an \"expression of the myth\" in the author's words.Garner won the annual Carnegie Medal from the Library Association, recognising the year's best children's book by a British author.", "The Shrimp The Shrimp is a children's novel by Emily Smith. It won the 2001 Gold Award in 6–8 years category of the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize. It is a part of the Young Corgi series.", "The Town That Drowned The Town That Drowned is a coming of age novel by Riel Nason and was first published in Canada in 2011 by Goose Lane Editions. It has won many awards including ‘Winner 2012 Commonwealth Book Prize’, was a finalist in the 2012 'CLA Young Adult Book Award’ and was a Top 5 contender for 'CANADA READS’.", "Titanic (1997 film) Titanic is a 1997 American epic romantic disaster film directed, written, co-produced, and co-edited by James Cameron.", "Too Many Men (novel) Too Many Men (1999) is a novel by Australian author Lily Brett. It won the Commonwealth Writers' Prize in 2000 for the Best Book from the South-East Asia and South Pacific Region.", "Viking Press Viking Press is an American publishing company now owned by Penguin Random House. It was founded in New York City on March 1, 1925, by Harold K. Guinzburg and George S. Oppenheim and then acquired by the Penguin Group in 1975.The firm's name and logo—a Viking ship drawn by Rockwell Kent—were meant to evoke the ideas of adventure, exploration, and enterprise implied by the word \"Viking\".The house has been home to many prominent authors of fiction, non-fiction, and play scripts." ]

[ "Baden-Württemberg Baden-Württemberg (/ˈbaːdən vɜrtəmˌbɜrɡ/; German pronunciation: [ˈbaːdən ˈvʏʁtəmˌbɛʁk]) is a state of Germany located in the southwest, east of the Upper Rhine. It is Germany’s third largest state in terms of size and population, with an area of 35,742 square kilometres (13,800 sq mi) and 10.7 million inhabitants.", "Bremen (state) The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (German: Freie Hansestadt Bremen, pronounced [ˈbʁeːmən]) is the smallest of Germany's 16 states. A more informal name, but used in some official contexts, is Land Bremen ('State of Bremen').The state consists of two cities (Bremen and Bremerhaven) in the North of Germany, separated from each other and surrounded by the larger state of Lower Saxony.", "Christian Social Union in Bavaria The Christian Social Union in Bavaria (About this sound CSU – Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern ) is a Christian democratic and conservative political party in Germany. The CSU operates only in Bavaria, while its larger sister party, the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), operates in the other fifteen states of Germany.", "History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany The foundation of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (German: Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, SPD) can be traced back to the 1860s and for much of the 20th and 21st centuries it has represented the centre-left in German politics. The SPD has had several spells in government, first under Friedrich Ebert in 1918. The party was outlawed in Nazi Germany but returned to government, in 1969, with Willy Brandt. Meanwhile, the East German branch of the SPD was merged with the ruling KPD.", "List of social democratic parties This is a list of parties in the world that consider themselves to be upholding the principles and values of social democracy. Some of the parties are also members of the Socialist International, Party of European Socialists or the Progressive Alliance. Note that, in some cases, a party's self-described adherence to social democracy may be disputed by its critics.", "Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Mecklenburg-Vorpommern [ˈmeːklənbʊʁk ˈfoːɐ̯pɔmɐn] (also known as Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania in English, nicknamed MV or MeckPomm) is a federated state in northern Germany. The capital city is Schwerin.", "North Rhine-Westphalia North Rhine-Westphalia (German: Nordrhein-Westfalen) [ˈnɔʁtʁaɪ̯n vɛstˈfaːlən]) is the most populous state of Germany, as well as the fourth largest by area. North Rhine-Westphalia was formed in 1946 as a merger of the northern Rhineland and Westphalia, both formerly parts of Prussia. Its capital is Düsseldorf; the biggest city is Cologne. Four of Germany's ten biggest cities—Cologne, Düsseldorf, Dortmund, and Essen—are located in North Rhine-Westphalia.", "Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany) The Party of Democratic Socialism (German: Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus, PDS) was a democratic socialist political party in Germany active between 1989 and 2007. It was the legal successor to the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), which ruled the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) as a one-party state until 1990. From 1990 through to 2005, the PDS had been seen as the left-wing \"party of the East\".", "Politics of Bavaria The Politics of Bavaria takes place within a framework of a federal parliamentary representative democratic republic, where the Federal Government of Germany exercises sovereign rights with certain powers reserved to the states of Germany including Bavaria.", "Politics of Lower Saxony The Politics of Lower Saxony takes place within a framework of a federal parliamentary representative democratic republic, where the Federal Government of Germany exercises sovereign rights with certain powers reserved to the states of Germany including Lower Saxony. Since 1948 politics in the state has been dominated by the rightist Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and the leftist Social Democratic Party.", "Social Democratic Party of Germany The Social Democratic Party of Germany (German: Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, SPD) is a social-democratic political party in Germany.", "Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany The Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (German: Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands, abbreviated as SDAP) was a Marxist socialist political party in the North German Confederation during the period of unification. Founded in Eisenach in 1869, the SDAP endured through the early years of the German Empire. Often termed the Eisenachers, the SDAP was one of the first political organizations established among the nascent German labor unions of the nineteenth century." ]

[ "Andrea Nahles Andrea Maria Nahles (born 20 June 1970 in Mendig, Rhineland-Palatinate) is a German politician, currently Federal Minister of Labour and Social Affairs (since 2013), a Bundestag representative for the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and former SPD Youth leader. She is known within the party for criticising Gerhard Schröder's Agenda 2010 and is thus identified with the SPD's left wing.", "Annemarie Renger Annemarie Renger (née Wildung), (7 October 1919 in Leipzig – 3 March 2008 in Remagen-Oberwinter), was a German politician for the “Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands” (Social Democratic Party of Germany - SPD).In 1972 she was the first woman to become President of the Bundestag.", "Arthur Crispien Arthur Crispien (4 November 1875 – 29 November 1946) was a German Social Democratic politician.", "August Bebel Ferdinand August Bebel (22 February 1840 – 13 August 1913) was a German socialist politician, writer, and orator. He is best remembered as one of the founders of the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (SDAP) in 1869, which in 1875 merged with the General German Workers' Association into the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (SAPD).", "Berlin Berlin (/bərˈlɪn/, German: [bɛɐ̯ˈliːn]) is the capital of Germany and one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.5 million people, it is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany on the banks of Rivers Spree and Havel, it is the centre of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, which has about six million residents from over 180 nations.", "Berlin state election, 2011 The last Berlin state election was held on 18 September 2011, to elect members to the Abgeordnetenhaus (House of Deputies) of Berlin. All 141 seats were up for election. Berlin was governed by a coalition between the Social Democratic Party and The Left at the time. Current mayor Klaus Wowereit was the favourite heading into Sunday's election.The SPD won the most seats, 48, despite losing five. The Left also lost three seats, making a renewal of the two parties' red-red coalition impossible.", "Bernard Koenen Bernard Koenen (born Hamburg 17 February 1889: died Berlin 30 April 1964) was a German politician.Between 1953 and 1958 he served as his country's ambassador to Czechoslovakia.", "Brandenburg Brandenburg (About this sound listen ; Low German: Brannenborg, Lower Sorbian: Bramborska; Upper Sorbian: Braniborska; Polish: Brandenburgia) is one of the sixteen federated states of Germany. The capital is Potsdam.It lies in the east of the country and is one of the federal states that was re-created in 1990 upon the reunification of the former West Germany and East Germany.", "Brandenburg state election, 2009 State elections were held in Brandenburg on 27 September 2009, the same day as the German federal elections and the Schleswig-Holstein state elections. The elections determined control of the Landtag of Brandenburg (Brandenburg's legislature).Entering the election, the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and Christian Democratic Union (CDU) governed together in a grand coalition headed by Minister-President Matthias Platzeck (SPD). Platzeck once again ran as the top candidate for the SPD.", "British Columbia New Democratic Party The New Democratic Party of British Columbia (BC NDP) is a social-democratic provincial political party in British Columbia, Canada, and governed the province from 1972 to 1975, and then again from 1991 to 2001, losing power that year to the BC Liberals. Following the 2013 provincial election in British Columbia, the party remains the official opposition to the governing British Columbia Liberal Party (BC Liberals).The BC NDP is the provincial arm of the federal New Democratic Party (NDP).", "Bruno Diekmann Bruno Diekmann (April 19, 1897 – January 11, 1982) was a German politician (SPD) from Kiel and Minister-President of Schleswig-Holstein (1949–1950). From May 5, 1991 – May 11, 1992, Diekmann was the oldest former Minister-President of Germany, preceded by Max Seydewitz. He is still the oldest Minister-President of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), succeeded by Werner Bruschke of the GDR.", "Christian Democratic Union of Germany The Christian Democratic Union of Germany (German: Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands, CDU; German pronunciation: [ˈkʁɪstlɪç ˌdemoˈkʁaːtɪʃə uˈni̯oːn ˈdɔʏtʃlants]) is a Christian democratic and liberal-conservative political party in Germany. It is the major catch-all party of the centre-right in German politics.", "Clara Zetkin Clara Zetkin (née Eissner; 5 July 1857 – 20 June 1933) was a German Marxist theorist, activist, and advocate for women's rights.", "Conservatism Conservatism as a political and social philosophy promotes retaining traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization. Some conservatives seek to preserve things as they are, emphasizing stability and continuity, while others, called reactionaries, oppose modernism and seek a return to \"the way things were\".", "Czech Social Democratic Party The Czech Social Democratic Party (Czech: Česká strana sociálně demokratická, ČSSD) is a social-democratic political party in the Czech Republic. It holds 50 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, making it the largest party. ČSSD leads the governing Cabinet of the Czech Republic since 2013.", "Democracy Democracy, or democratic government, is \"a system of government in which all the people of a state or polity ... are involved in making decisions about its affairs, typically by voting to elect representatives to a parliament or similar assembly,\" as defined by the Oxford English Dictionary.", "Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party to its right.", "Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro The Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro (Montenegrin: Demokratska Partija Socijalista Crne Gore, Демократска Партија Социјалиста Црне Горе, DPS) is a social-democratic political party in Montenegro. It is one of the major parties in the politics of Montenegro.The party was formed in 1991 as the successor of the League of Communists of Montenegro, which had governed Montenegro within the Yugoslav federation since World War II.", "Democratic Party of Virginia The Democratic Party of Virginia is based in Richmond in the Commonwealth of Virginia. It is affiliated with the national Democratic Party of the United States. The organization is governed by a State Party Plan, which guarantees an open and fair candidate selection process.", "Democratic socialism Democratic socialism is a political ideology advocating a democratic political system alongside a socialist economic system, involving a combination of political democracy with social ownership of the means of production. Sometimes used synonymously with \"socialism\", the adjective \"democratic\" is added to distinguish itself from the Marxist–Leninist brand of socialism.Democratic socialism is distinguished from both the Soviet model of centralized socialism and social democracy.", "Eduard Bernstein Eduard Bernstein (6 January 1850 – 18 December 1932) was a German social democratic political theorist and politician, a member of the Social Democratic Party (SDP), and the founder of evolutionary socialism, social democracy and revisionism. Bernstein had held close association to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, but he saw flaws in Marxist thinking and began to criticize views held by Marxism when he investigated and challenged the Marxist materialist theory of history.", "Emil Barth Emil Barth (Heidelberg, 23 April 1879 - Berlin, 17 July 1941) was a German Social Democratic metal worker who became a key figure in the German Revolution of 1918. Barth joined the anti-war Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD) in 1917, and became leader of the revolutionary shop stewards in January 1918.", "Emmy Kaemmerer Emmy Kaemmerer (born 1890) was a German politician, representative of the Social Democratic Party.Kaemmerer was born on 21 May 1890, her place and date of death are unknown.In 1919 and 20, she was a member of the Hamburg Parliament.", "Ernst Niekisch Ernst Niekisch (23 May 1889 – 23 May 1967) was a German politician. Initially associated with mainstream left-wing politics he later became a prominent exponent of National Bolshevism.", "Ernst Thälmann Ernst Thälmann (16 April 1886 – 18 August 1944) was the leader of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) during much of the Weimar Republic. He was arrested by the Gestapo in 1933 and held in solitary confinement for eleven years, before being shot in Buchenwald on Adolf Hitler's orders in 1944. During the Spanish Civil War, several units of German republican volunteers (most notably the Thälmann Battalion of the International Brigades) were named in his honour.", "Far-right politics Far-right politics are right-wing politics to the right of the mainstream centre right on the traditional left-right spectrum. They often involve a focus on tradition as opposed to policies and customs that are regarded as reflective of modernism. They tend to include disregard or disdain for egalitarianism, if not overt support for social inequality and social hierarchy, elements of social conservatism and opposition to most forms of liberalism and socialism.", "Franz Müntefering Franz Müntefering [fʁants ˈmʏntəˌfeʁɪŋ] (born 16 January 1940) is a German politician and industrial manager. He was Chairman of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) from 2004 to 2005 and again from 18 October 2008 to 13 November 2009. He was Federal Minister of Labour and Social Affairs, as well as Vice-Chancellor, from 2005 to 2007.", "Garrelt Duin Garrelt Duin (born 2 April 1968 in Leer, Lower Saxony) is a German politician.", "German federal election, 2009 German federal elections took place on 27 September 2009 to elect the members of the Bundestag, the federal parliament of Germany. Preliminary results showed that the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), its Bavarian sister party, the Christian Social Union (CSU), and the Free Democratic Party (FDP) won the election, and the three parties announced their intention to form a new centre-right government with Angela Merkel as Chancellor.", "Hamburg Hamburg (/ˈhæmbɜrɡ/; German pronunciation: [ˈhambʊʁk], local pronunciation [ˈhambʊɪ̯ç]; Low German/Low Saxon: Hamborg [ˈhambɔːx]), officially Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg (Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg), is the second largest city in Germany and the eighth largest city in the European Union. It is also the thirteenth largest German state.", "Heinrich Laufenberg Heinrich Laufenberg (19 January 1872 – 3 February 1932) was a leading German communist and was one of the first to develop the idea of National Bolshevism. Laufenberg was a history academic by profession and was also known by the pseudonym Karl Erler.", "Hugo Haase Hugo Haase (29 September 1863 – 7 November 1919) was a German socialist politician, jurist and pacifist. With Friedrich Ebert he was co-chairman of the Rat der Volksbeauftragten after the German Revolution in 1918.", "Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany The Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (German: Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, USPD) was a short-lived political party in Germany during the German Empire and the Weimar Republic. The organization was established in 1917 as the result of a split of left wing members of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). The organization attempted to chart a centrist course between electorally oriented revisionism on the one hand and bolshevism on the other.", "Juso-Hochschulgruppen The Juso-Hochschulgruppen are a part of the Young Socialists in the SPD and represent the student wing of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. They took over the role of the student wing after the party split with the Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund in 1961 and its replacement, the Sozialdemokratischer Hochschulbund (SHB), had become too radical by 1972.", "Kurt Beck Kurt Beck (born 5 February 1949) is a German politician (SPD), serving as the Minister-President of Rhineland-Palatinate from 1994 to 2013 and as President of the Bundesrat in 2000/01. On 14 May 2006 he succeeded Matthias Platzeck as chairman of the German Social Democratic Party (SPD). He resigned from that post on 7 September 2008.On 28 September 2012 he announced his resignation from the post of minister-president.", "Kurt Eisner Kurt Eisner (14 May 1867 – 21 February 1919) was a German-jewish journalist, theatre critic, and pacifist. As a socialist journalist and statesman, he organized the Socialist Revolution that overthrew the Wittelsbach monarchy in Bavaria in November 1918.He is used as an example of charismatic authority by Max Weber. Weber referred to Eisner's \"war guilt lie\" to oust the democratic republic for a communist dictatorship. He proclaimed the Free State of Bavaria.", "Kurt Schumacher Kurt Ernst Carl Schumacher (13 October 1895 – 20 August 1952), German social democratic politician, who served as chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Germany from 1946 and was the first Leader of the Opposition in the West German Bundestag from 1949 until his death. An opponent of Chancellor Konrad Adenauer's government, but an even stronger opponent of the East German Socialist Unity Party and communism in general, he was one of the founding fathers of post-war German democracy.", "Left-wing political parties The following is a list of left-wing political parties. It includes parties from the centre-left (social democrats, greens and sometimes social liberals) to the far and ultra left.", "Legitimacy (political) In political science, legitimacy is the popular acceptance of an authority, usually a governing law or a régime. Whereas \"authority\" denotes a specific position in an established government, the term \"legitimacy\" denotes a system of government — wherein \"government\" denotes \"sphere of influence\". Political legitimacy is considered a basic condition for governing, without which a government will suffer legislative deadlock(s) and collapse.", "Leo Jogiches Leo(n) Jogiches (17 June 1867 – 10 March 1919), also known by his party name of Leon Tyszka (Tyska, Tyshko, Tyshka) was a Marxist revolutionary active in Lithuania, Poland, and Germany.", "Liberal democracy Liberal democracy is a political ideology and a form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of liberalism. It is characterised by fair, free, and competitive elections between multiple distinct political parties, a separation of powers into different branches of government, the rule of law in everyday life as part of an open society, and the equal protection of human rights, civil rights, civil liberties, and political freedoms for all people.", "Liberalism Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. The former principle is stressed in classical liberalism while the latter is more evident in social liberalism.", "Liberalism by country This article gives information on liberalism worldwide. It is an overview of parties that adhere to political liberalism and is therefore a list of liberal parties around the world.", "List of democratic socialist parties and organizations This is a list of parties and organizations that are either explicitly democratic socialist or include significant numbers of democratic socialist members (although many do not specifically include the term \"Democratic Socialist\" in their name).", "List of democratic socialist parties which have governed This is a list of democratic socialist parties which have governed countries, whether as the ruling party or as a member of a governing coalition. Most of these parties were members of the Socialist International.", "List of historical political parties in Germany The list of historical political parties in Germany lists the historical parties in Germany since 1848. For current political parties in Germany, see List of political parties in Germany.", "List of liberal theorists Individual contributors to classical liberalism and political liberalism are associated with philosophers of the Enlightenment. Liberalism as a specifically named ideology begins in the late 18th century as a movement towards self-government and away from aristocracy.", "List of political parties in Germany This is a list of political parties in Germany.The Parliament of Germany, the Bundestag, has a plural multi-party system, with two major parties, the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), with its sister party, the Christian Social Union (CSU) in the same parliamentary group, also known as CDU/CSU or the Union.Germany also has a number of minor parties, most importantly The Left, and Alliance '90/The Greens.", "List of socialist states The following is a list of self-declared socialist states—that is to say, past and present states that have declared themselves socialist or in the process of building socialism. Self-identification is the only criterion used by the list. Therefore, all countries that claimed to be socialist are included, even if their claims are disputed.", "Major party A major party is a political party that holds substantial influence in a country's politics, standing in contrast to a minor party. It should not be confused with majority party.According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary:Major parties hold a significant percentage of the vote in elections and claim higher membership than minor parties. Typically, major parties have the most donors, best-organized support networks and excellent funding for elections.", "Mathilde Wurm Mathilde Wurm (30 September 1874 – 1 April 1935) was a German politician, social worker and journalist. She represented the Social Democratic Party of Germany and the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany in the Reichstag from 1920 to 1933.", "Max Maurenbrecher Max Heinrich Maurenbrecher (17 July 1874 – 30 April 1929) was a German publicist, pastor and politician. He served as a pastor in the Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces until 1907. From 1909 to 1916 he preached for the free religious congregations in Nuremberg and Mannheim. In 1917 he rejoined the evangelical church and became a minister in Dresden.", "Neues Deutschland Neues Deutschland (ND) (English: New Germany) is a national German daily newspaper. It was the official party newspaper of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), which governed the German Democratic Republic (GDR - East Germany), and as such served as one of the party's most important organs.", "Olaf Scholz Olaf Scholz (German pronunciation: [ˈoːlɐf ˈʃɔlts]; born (1958-06-14)14 June 1958, in Osnabrück) is a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany and Mayor of Hamburg since 7 March 2011.", "Old Social Democratic Party of Germany The Old Social Democratic Party of Germany (German: Alte Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands), known as the Old Social Democratic Party of Saxony (German: Alte Sozialdemokratische Partei Sachsens) until 1927, was a political party in Germany. The party was a splinter group of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in Saxony, and had nationalistic tendencies.", "Olof Palme Sven Olof Joachim Palme (Swedish: Olof Palme; pronounced [ˈʊlɔf palˈmɛ]; 30 January 1927 – 28 February 1986) was a Swedish Social Democratic politician, statesman and prime minister. A longtime protégé of Prime Minister Tage Erlander, Palme led the Swedish Social Democratic Party SAP from 1969 until his assassination in 1986, and was a two-term Prime Minister of Sweden, heading a Privy Council Government from 1969 to 1976 and a cabinet government from 1982 until his death.", "Otto Grotewohl Otto Grotewohl (German pronunciation: [ˈɔtoː ˈɡʁoːtəvoːl]; 11 March 1894 – 23 September 1964) was a German politician and the first prime minister of the German Democratic Republic from 1949 until his death in 1964.", "Party of European Socialists The Party of European Socialists (PES) is a social-democratic European political party. The PES comprises national-level political parties primarily from member states of the European Union (EU) and other nations of the European continent. The PES member parties are themselves members of the Socialist International. The Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) is the political group in the European Parliament of the PES.", "Paul Levi Paul Levi (March 11, 1883 – February 9, 1930) was a German Communist and Social Democratic political leader. He was the head of the Communist Party of Germany following the assassination of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht in 1919. After being expelled for publicly criticising Communist Party tactics during the March Action, he formed the Communist Working Organisation (KAG / Kommunistische Arbeitsgemeinschaft) which in 1922 merged with the Independent Social Democratic Party.", "Peter Münstermann Peter Münstermann (born 3 August 1956) is a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) party. He is an elected member of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia.", "Political party A political party is an organization of people which seeks to achieve goals common to its members through the acquisition and exercise of political power.While there is some international commonality in the way political parties are recognized, and in how they operate, there are often many differences, and some are significant. Many political parties have an ideological core, but some do not, and many represent very different ideologies than they did when first founded.", "Politics of Saarland The Politics of Saarland takes place within a framework of a federal parliamentary representative democratic republic, where the Federal Government of Germany exercises sovereign rights with certain powers reserved to the states of Germany including Saarland.", "Politics of Schleswig-Holstein The Politics of Schleswig-Holstein takes place within a framework of a federal parliamentary representative democratic republic, where the Federal Government of Germany exercises sovereign rights with certain powers reserved to the states of Germany including Schleswig-Holstein. The state has a multi-party system where the two main parties are the rightist Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and the leftist Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).", "Progressive Alliance The Progressive Alliance is an international alliance of social-democratic political parties, the majority of which are current or former members of the Socialist International, founded on 22 May 2013.", "Red–red coalition In politics, a red–red coalition is a coalition government composed of social-democratic parties allying themselves with more radical democratic socialist or socialist parties, a coalition that spans the centre-left to the left or far left.A specific example of a red-red coalition comes from the politics of Germany, formed from the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and The Left party or its predecessor, the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS).", "Reinhard Höppner Reinhard Höppner (December 2, 1948 – June 9, 2014) was a German politician (SPD). and writer.In 1990, in the first (and last) free election in the assembly's history, he was elected a member of the East German People's Chamber (Volkskammer), becoming the assembly's vice president.He became Minister-President of Saxony-Anhalt in July 1994 when, his SPD (party) having failed to secure an outright majority, entered into a minority governing coalition with the Green party.", "Republicanism Republicanism is one possible ideology of governing a society or state as a republic. The key point is that the people hold popular sovereignty, rather than the people being subjects of a king. Many countries are republics, but only those which adhere to the ideology of \"republicanism\" are covered here.", "Rhineland-Palatinate Rhineland-Palatinate (German: Rheinland-Pfalz, pronounced [ˈʁaɪ̯nlant ˈp͡falt͡s]; French: Rhénanie-Palatinat) is one of the 16 states (German: Bundesländer) of the Federal Republic of Germany. It has an area of 19,846 square kilometres (7,663 sq mi) and about four million inhabitants. The city of Mainz functions as the state capital.", "Right-wing politics Right-wing politics are political positions or activities that view some forms of social stratification or social inequality as either inevitable, natural, normal, or desirable, typically defending this position on the basis of natural law, economics or tradition.", "Rosa Luxemburg Rosa Luxemburg (also Rozalia Luxenburg; Polish: Róża Luksemburg; 5 March 1871 – 15 January 1919) was a Marxist theorist, philosopher, economist and revolutionary socialist of Polish-Jewish descent who became a naturalized German citizen.", "Rudolf Hilferding Rudolf Hilferding (10 August 1877 – 11 February 1941) was an Austrian-born Marxist economist, leading socialist theorist, politician and chief theoretician for the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) during the Weimar Republic, almost universally recognized as the SPD's foremost theoretician of his century, and a physician.He was born in Vienna, where he received a doctorate having studied medicine.", "Saxon People's Party The Saxon People's Party (German: Sächsische Volkspartei) was a left-liberal and radical democratic party in Germany, which existed from its founding by Wilhelm Liebknecht and August Bebel in 1866 in Chemnitz until being integrated into the then founded Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP) in 1869. It was an alliance between liberal, anti-Prussian bourgeois and socialist workers' organizations in Saxony. It is considered one of the precursors to the Social Democratic Party of Germany.", "Saxony-Anhalt Saxony-Anhalt (German: Sachsen-Anhalt, pronounced [ˌzaksn̩ ˈanhalt]) is a landlocked federal state of Germany surrounded by the federal states of Lower Saxony, Brandenburg, Saxony and Thuringia.Its capital is Magdeburg. Saxony-Anhalt covers an area of 20,447.7 square kilometres (7,894.9 sq mi) and has a population of 2.34 million.Saxony-Anhalt should not be confused with Saxony or Lower Saxony, also German states.", "Self-determination The right of nations to self-determination (from German: Selbstbestimmungsrecht der Völker) is a cardinal principle in modern international law (commonly regarded as a jus cogens rule), binding, as such, on the United Nations as authoritative interpretation of the Charter’s norms.", "Sigmar Gabriel Sigmar Gabriel (born 12 September 1959) is a German politician who has served as Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy and Vice Chancellor of Germany since 2013. Since 2009 he has been chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). He was Minister of the Environment from 2005 to 2009.", "Social Democratic League of America The Social Democratic League of America (SDL) was a short-lived American political party established in 1917 by electorally-oriented socialists who favored the participation of the United States in World War I.", "Social Democratic Party (Andorra) The Social Democratic Party (Catalan: Partit Socialdemòcrata, PS) is a social-democratic political party in Andorra.", "Social Democratic Party (Romania) The Social Democratic Party (Romanian: Partidul Social Democrat, PSD) is the major social-democratic political party in Romania. The largest party in Parliament with initially 63 seats in the Senate and 158 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, it also has the largest number of mayors, local and county councilors and county presidents thus being the biggest and most influential political force in the country.", "Social Democratic Party in the GDR The Social Democratic Party in the GDR (German: Sozialdemokratische Partei in der DDR) was a Social Democratic Party existing during the last phase of the East German state. It eventually merged with the West German Social Democratic Party of Germany.", "Social Democratic Party of Austria The Social Democratic Party of Austria (German: Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs, SPÖ) is a social-democratic political party in Austria. The oldest extant political party in Austria, the SPÖ is a member of the Socialist International, Progressive Alliance and Party of European Socialists.", "Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina The Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnian: Socijaldemokratska Partija Bosne i Hercegovine, SDP BiH) is a self-declared multi-ethnic, but largely Bosniak, social-democratic political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina.The SDP was formed in 1991 as the successor of the League of Communists of Bosnia and Herzegovina, BiH branch of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, which had governed Bosnia and Herzegovina within the Yugoslav federation since World War II.", "Social Democratic Party of Croatia The Social Democratic Party of Croatia (Croatian: Socijaldemokratska partija Hrvatske or SDP) is a social-democratic political party and the largest party of the Croatian centre-left.", "Social Democratic Party of Georgia The Social Democratic Party of Georgia (Georgian: საქართველოს სოციალ-დემოკრატიული პარტია, sakartvelos sotsial-demok'rat'iuli p'art'ia), also known as the Georgian Menshevik Party, was Georgian Marxist, and later, a social democratic political party. It was founded in the 1890s by Nikolay Chkheidze, Silibistro Jibladze, Egnate Ninoshvili, Noe Zhordania and others. It became the Georgian branch of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party.", "Social conservatism Social conservatism is a group of political ideologies centred around preserving traditional beliefs, attitudes and philosophy, in the face of social progressivism. The aims of social conservatism vary from organisation to organisation, and from country to country. Thus, there are really no policies or positions that could be considered universal among social conservatives. There are, however, a number of general principles to which at least a majority of social conservatives adhere.", "Social corporatism Social corporatism (also called Social democratic corporatism) is a form of economic tripartite corporatism based upon a social partnership between the interests of capital and labour, involving collective bargaining between representatives of employers and of labor mediated by the government at the national level.", "Social liberalism Social liberalism is a political ideology that seeks to find a balance between individual liberty and social justice. Like classical liberalism, social liberalism endorses a market economy and the expansion of civil and political rights and liberties, but differs in that it believes the legitimate role of the government includes addressing economic and social issues such as poverty, health care, and education.", "Socialism Socialism is a social and economic system characterised by social ownership and/or social control of the means of production and co-operative management of the economy, as well as a political theory and movement that aims at the establishment of such a system. \"Social ownership\" may refer to cooperative enterprises, common ownership, state ownership (achieved by nationalization), citizen ownership of equity, or any combination of these.", "Socialist International The Socialist International (SI) is a worldwide association of political parties, most of which seek to establish democratic socialism. It consists mostly of democratic socialist, social-democratic and labour political parties and other organisations.Although formed in 1951 as a successor to the Labour and Socialist International, it has antecedents to the late nineteenth century.", "Socialist Party of America The Socialist Party of America (SPA) was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization in 1899.In the first decades of the 20th century, it drew significant support from many different groups, including trade unionists, progressive social reformers, populist farmers, and immigrant communities.", "Socialist state The term socialist state or socialist republic usually refers to any state that is constitutionally dedicated to the construction of a socialist society. It is closely related to the political ideology of state socialism, the view that socialism can be established through the existing state or by government policies.", "Social–liberal coalition Social–liberal coalition (German: Sozialliberale Koalition) in the politics of Germany refers to a governmental coalition formed by the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Free Democratic Party (FDP).The term stems from social democracy of the SPD and the liberalism of the FDP.", "Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund The Sozialistische Deutsche Studentenbund — the Socialist German Student Union or Socialist German Student League — was founded in 1946 in Hamburg, Germany, as the collegiate branch of the Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD; the \"Social Democratic Party of Germany\"). In the 1950s tensions between the SDS and the main party surfaced, particularly over the party's support of Germany's rearming, until in 1961 the SPD excluded all members of the SDS from the party.", "Table of political parties in Europe by pancontinental organisation The majority of major political parties in Europe have aligned themselves into one of the pan-European political organisations listed below. 13 of these organisations have been legally recognized by the European Union as political parties at the European level:The Nordic Green Left Alliance is a transnational federation of parties, not a pan-European political party per se, but it articulates a broadly uniform ideology and its membership is exclusive to it.", "The Left (Germany) The Left (German: Die Linke), also commonly referred to as the Left Party (German: Linkspartei), is a democratic socialist political party in Germany.", "Thuringia The Free State of Thuringia (English /θəˈrɪndʒiə/; German: Freistaat Thüringen, pronounced [ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt ˈtyːʁɪŋən]) is a federal state of Germany, located in the central part of the country. It has an area of 16,171 square kilometres (6,244 sq mi) and 2.29 million inhabitants, making it the sixth smallest by area and the fifth smallest by population of Germany's sixteen states. Most of Thuringia is within the watershed of the Saale, a left tributary of the Elbe.", "Till Backhaus Till Backhaus (born Neuhaus 13 March 1959) is a German politician. As the German Democratic Republic approached its end as a standalone state, Backhaus was one of those who in December 1989 (re-)founded the Social Democratic Party, more than four decades after its suppression.More recently, in 1998 he was appointed regional Minister for Agriculture in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, a post he retains, making him the longest serving regional minister currently (2014) in office in Germany.", "Udo Bullmann Dr. Udo Bullmann is a German social democratic politician. Since 1999 he has been a representative of the Party of European Socialists (PES) in the European Parliament, where he represents constituency Hessen.", "Ulla Schmidt Ursula \"Ulla\" Schmidt (born June 13, 1949) is a German politician who currently serves as Vice-President of the German Bundestag. She is a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).", "Walter Riester Walter Riester (born 27 September 1943 in Kaufbeuren) is a German politician of the SPD and former Minister of Labour and Social Affairs.Walter Riester joined the SPD in 1966 and since 1998 he has been a member of the party's federal executive board. From 1993 to 1998 he was deputy chairman of the IG Metall. From 1998 to 2002 Riester was Minister of Labour and Social Affairs in the cabinet of the then chancellor Gerhard Schröder.", "Weimar Coalition The Weimar Coalition (German: Weimarer Koalition) is the name given to the centre-left coalition of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), the social liberal German Democratic Party (DDP) and the Christian democratic Centre Party, who together had a large majority of the delegates to the Constituent Assembly that met at Weimar in 1919, and were the principal groups that designed the constitution of Germany's Weimar Republic.", "Wenzel Jaksch Wenzel Jaksch (25 September 1896 – 27 November 1966) was a Sudeten German Socialdemocrat politician and the President of the Federation of Expellees in 1964-66.", "Wilhelm Buck Wilhelm Buck (12 November 1869, Bautzen, Kingdom of Saxony – 2 December 1945, Radebeul) was a German politician and representative of the Social Democratic Party and the splinter party, Old Social Democratic Party of Germany. From 5 May 1920 to 21 March 1923 he was minister-president of the Free State of Saxony.", "Willy Brandt Willy Brandt (German pronunciation: [ˈvɪli ˈbʁant]; born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm; 18 December 1913 – 8 October 1992) was a German statesman and politician, leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) from 1964 to 1987 and chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1969 to 1974." ]

[ "George Bush Intercontinental Airport George Bush Intercontinental Airport, (IATA: IAH, ICAO: KIAH, FAA LID: IAH) is a the main international airport in Houston, Texas, United States, under class B airspace, serving the Greater Houston metropolitan area, the fifth-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Located about 23 miles (37 km) north of Downtown Houston, between Interstate 45 and Interstate 69/U.S.", "Houston Airport Houston Airport may refer to:George Bush Intercontinental Airport, serving Houston, Texas, United StatesWilliam P. Hobby Airport, serving Houston, Texas, United StatesEllington Airport (Texas), serving Houston, Texas, United StatesHouston Aerodrome near Houston, British Columbia, Canada", "Houston Airport System Houston Airport System (HAS) is a department of the City of Houston, Texas, United States that manages city airports. Its administrative offices are on the property of George Bush Intercontinental Airport. It operates Bush, William P. Hobby Airport, and Ellington Airport in Houston.The city of Houston acquired Hobby Airport in 1937. Previously named Houston Municipal Airport, it was renamed to honor William P.", "Houston County Airport (Texas) Houston County Airport (ICAO: KDKR, FAA LID: DKR) is a public airport located three miles (5 km) southeast of the central business district of Crockett, in Houston County, Texas, United States. It is owned by Houston County.Although most U.S.", "Houston International Airport Houston International Airport may refer to: William P. Hobby Airport, previously Houston International Airport George Bush Intercontinental Airport, Houston, Texas' main international airport" ]

[ "16th G7 summit The 16th G7 Summit was held at Houston between July 9 and 11, 1990. The venue for the summit meetings was the campus of Rice University and other locations nearby in the Houston Museum District.The Group of Seven (G7) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada (since 1976) and the President of the European Commission (starting officially in 1981).", "1940 Air Terminal Museum The 1940 Air Terminal Museum is a museum located in Houston, Texas, United States, at William P. Hobby Airport. Collections are housed in the original art deco building which served as the first purpose-built terminal for passenger flight in Houston. The museum currently exhibits several collections focusing on Houston's civil aviation history and is operated by the Houston Aeronautical Heritage Society (HAHS), a recognized Texas 501(c)(3) tax-exempt organization.", "1997 Houston Astros season The 1997 Houston Astros season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Houston Astros attempting to win the National League Central.", "1997 Houston Comets season The 1997 WNBA season was the first season for the Houston Comets. The Comets won the inaugural WNBA Finals.", "1997 NFL season The 1997 NFL season was the 78th regular season of the National Football League. The Oilers relocated from Houston, Texas to Nashville, Tennessee. The newly renamed Tennessee Oilers played their home games during this season at the Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis, Tennessee while a new stadium in Nashville began construction.", "1997 National League Division Series The 1997 National League Division Series (NLDS), the opening round of the 1997 National League playoffs, began on Tuesday, September 30, and ended on Friday, October 3, with the champions of the three NL divisions—along with a \"wild card\" team—participating in two best-of-five series. They were:(1) San Francisco Giants (Western Division champions, 90–72) vs. (4) Florida Marlins (Wild Card, 92–70): Marlins win series, 3–0.(2) Houston Astros (Central Division champions, 84–78) vs.", "1997 WNBA Championship The 1997 WNBA Championship was the championship game of the 1997 WNBA season, and the conclusion of the season's playoffs. The Houston Comets, top-seeded team of the league, defeated the New York Liberty, second-seeded team, 65-51 to win the league's inaugural championship.The Comets' 18-10 record gave them home court advantage over New York (17–11).For the playoffs, the top four teams overall in the league were seeded one to four.", "1997 WNBA season The 1997 WNBA Season was the Women's National Basketball Association's first in existence. It started off with 8 franchises: Charlotte Sting, Cleveland Rockers, Houston Comets, Los Angeles Sparks, New York Liberty, Phoenix Mercury, Sacramento Monarchs, and the Utah Starzz. It featured an inaugural game between the New York Liberty and the Los Angeles Sparks. The Sparks lost to the New York Liberty, 67-57. The attendance at the Forum was 14,284.", "1998 in aviation This is a list of aviation-related events from 1998:", "23rd G8 summit The 23rd G8 summit was held on June 20–22, 1997 in Denver, Colorado, United States. The venue was the newly constructed Denver Public Library in downtown Denver.", "Arthur K. Smith Arthur K. Smith (born August 15, 1937) is an American academic. He served as the president of the University of Utah from 1991 to 1997. At the time of his appointment, he was the first and only non-member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints to hold the position. He was previously the vice president for academic affairs, provost and acting president of the University of South Carolina, and vice president of administration of the State University of New York at Binghamton.", "Braniff International Airways destinations This is a list of destinations served by Braniff International Airways before it ceased operations in May 1982.Acapulco (General Juan N.", "Brian Houston (pastor) Brian Houston (born 17 February 1954) is a pastor in the Australian Christian Churches. He is currently the Senior Pastor at Hillsong Church which has locations in Sydney, Brisbane and Melbourne in Australia, London, Cape Town, Kiev, Germany, Paris, Moscow, Stockholm, New York City and Copenhagen. He was also the National President of Australian Christian Churches from 1997 to 2009. The denomination is the Australian branch of the Assemblies of God.", "Continental Airlines Continental Airlines was a major U.S. airline, founded in 1934 and eventually headquartered in Houston, Texas. In May 2010, the airline announced that it would merge with UAL Corporation, the parent company of United Airlines, via a stock swap. Continental's shares were acquired by UAL Corporation. The acquisition was completed in October 2010, at which time the holding company was renamed United Continental Holdings.", "Continental Express destinations This is a list of airports that Continental Express flew to at the time of its merger into United Express.", "Dallas Love Field Dallas Love Field (IATA: DAL, ICAO: KDAL, FAA LID: DAL) is a city-owned public airport 6 miles (10 km) northwest of downtown Dallas, Texas. It was Dallas' main airport until 1974 when Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) opened.The corporate headquarters for Southwest Airlines is located at Love Field. The airport is also a focus city for Southwest as well as for Virgin America.", "Dominique de Menil Dominique de Menil (March 23, 1908 – December 31, 1997) was a French-American art collector, philanthropist, founder of the Menil Collection and an heiress to the Schlumberger Limited oil-equipment fortune. She was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 1986.", "Ellington Airport (Texas) Ellington Airport (IATA: EFD, ICAO: KEFD, FAA LID: EFD) is a public and military use airport in Harris County, Texas, United States. It is owned by the City of Houston and located 15 nautical miles (17 mi, 28 km) southeast of downtown Houston. Formerly known as Ellington Field, it is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation reliever airport. The airport does not have scheduled commercial passenger service.", "ExpressJet ExpressJet Airlines, Inc. is an American airline based in College Park, Georgia, USA in Greater Atlanta. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of SkyWest, Inc., parent company of the air carrier SkyWest Airlines. Before the acquisition from SkyWest it was an independent airline, and previously, a subsidiary of Continental Airlines.", "George Bush Intercontinental Airport inter-terminal train The inter-terminal train at George Bush Intercontinental Airport in Houston, Texas, (IAH) is the older of the two separate inter-terminal people movers operating at the airport.", "Glenwood Cemetery (Houston, Texas) The Glenwood Cemetery is located at 2525 Washington Avenue in Houston, Texas. It was the first cemetery in Houston to be professionally designed and opened in 1871. The cemetery is situated between Washington Avenue on the North side and Memorial Drive on the South side, the latter overlooking Buffalo Bayou.Buried in the cemetery is William P. Hobby, after whom Hobby Airport in Houston, Texas, is named. In 1938, the William P.", "History of Houston This article documents the wide-ranging history of the city of Houston, the largest city in the state of Texas and the fourth-largest in the United States.", "Houston Houstonian redirects here. For other uses see: The Houstonian (disambiguation).Houston (/ˈhjuːstən/ HYOO-stən) is the most populous city in Texas and the American South, and the fourth most populous city in the United States. With a census-estimated 2014 population of 2.239 million people within a land area of 599.6 square miles (1,553 km2), it also is the largest city in the Southern United States, as well as the seat of Harris County.", "Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center (ZHU) is located at George Bush Intercontinental Airport at 16600 JFK Boulevard, Houston, Texas, United States 77032. The Houston ARTCC is one of 22 Air Route Traffic Control Centers in the United States.The center controls airspace in southern Texas, Louisiana, southern Mississippi, southwestern Alabama, and areas in the Gulf of Mexico.", "Houston Astros The Houston Astros are an American professional baseball team located in Houston, Texas. The Astros are members of the American League (AL) West division in Major League Baseball (MLB), having moved to the division in 2013 after spending their first 51 seasons in the National League (NL). The Astros have played their home games at Minute Maid Park since 2000.The Astros were established as the Houston Colt .45s and entered the National League in 1962 with the expansion New York Mets.", "Houston Brewing Company The Houston Brewing Company is a brewery in the village of Houston in Renfrewshire, Scotland. It is attached to, and operated in common with, the Fox & Hounds public house and, as a result of its size, is classed as a microbrewery.It produces a constant range of seven cask condition ales, alongside a range of seasonal and bottled beers.", "Houston Comets The Houston Comets were a Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) team based in Houston, Texas, United States. Formed in 1997, the team was one of the original eight WNBA teams and won the first four championships of the league's existence. The Comets were the first dynasty of the WNBA and won more championships than any other team in the WNBA.", "Houston County Airport Houston County Airport may refer to: Perry-Houston County Airport in Houston County, Georgia, United States Houston County Airport (Minnesota) in Houston County, Minnesota, United States Houston County Airport (Tennessee) in Houston County, Tennessee, United States Houston County Airport (Texas) in Houston County, Texas, United States", "Houston County Airport (Minnesota) Houston County Airport (ICAO: KCHU, FAA LID: CHU) is a public use airport located three miles (5 km) south of the central business district of Caledonia, a city in Houston County, Minnesota, United States. It is owned by Houston County. It serves general aviation for Caledonia and surrounding towns including Spring Grove and Houston. There is no scheduled air service.Although most U.S.", "Houston County Airport (Tennessee) Houston County Airport (FAA LID: M93) is a public airport located in McKinnon, in Houston County, Tennessee, United States. It is owned by Houston County.", "Houston Executive Airport Houston Executive Airport (ICAO: KTME, FAA LID: TME, formerly 78T) is a public-use airport in unincorporated Waller County, Texas, United States. The airport is located 28 nautical miles (52 km) west of Downtown Houston. and it is in proximity to Brookshire. The airport is privately owned by WCF, LLC, which is based in Waller County.Although most U.S.", "Houston Fort Bend Airport Houston Fort Bend Airport (FAA LID: 2H5) is a privately owned, public use airport located in unincorporated Fort Bend County, Texas, United States. The airport is located east of Beasley and 33 nautical miles (61 km) southwest of the central business district of Houston. It was formerly known as Happy Landings Airport.", "Houston Municipal Airport Houston Municipal Airport (FAA LID: M44) is a public use airport in Chickasaw County, Mississippi, United States. It is owned by the City of Houston and located two nautical miles (4 km) southwest of its central business district. This airport is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility.", "Houston Southwest Airport Houston Southwest Airport or Houston-Southwest Airport (ICAO: KAXH, FAA LID: AXH) is a public-use airport located in Arcola, a city in Fort Bend County, Texas, United States, 15 miles (24 km) southwest of the central business district of Houston. It is privately owned by James Griffith, Jr.Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, Houston Southwest Airport is assigned AXH by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA.", "Houston Texas Temple The Houston Texas Temple is the 97th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).After the September 1997 announcement that the LDS Church would build a temple in Houston, the search began for an appropriate site. The site chosen formerly belonged to a developer unwilling to sell.", "Houston mayoral election, 1997 The Houston Mayoral Election of 1997 took place on November 4, 1997 to elect the successor to term limited Mayor Bob Lanier. With no candidate receiving a majority of the votes, a run-off was held on December 6, 1997. The ultimate result was Lee Brown winning the election. The election was officially non-partisan.", "Jack Valenti Jack Joseph Valenti (September 5, 1921 – April 26, 2007) was a longtime president of the Motion Picture Association of America. During his 38-year tenure in the MPAA, he created the MPAA film rating system, and he was generally regarded as one of the most influential pro-copyright lobbyists in the world.", "Jim McConn James Joseph McConn (March 15, 1928 – March 14, 1997) was the mayor of Houston, Texas from 1978 to 1982. To date, McConn was the last Republican to take the mayoral office.McConn was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He moved with his family to Houston in 1939, where he met Marjorie Gougenheim, whom he married in 1947.", "John F. Kennedy International Airport John F. Kennedy International Airport (IATA: JFK, ICAO: KJFK, FAA LID: JFK) is a major international airport located in Queens, New York City, United States, 12 miles (20 km) southeast of Lower Manhattan. It is the busiest international air passenger gateway in the United States, handling 53,254,362 passengers in 2014. Over seventy airlines operate out of the airport, with non-stop or direct flights to destinations in all six inhabited continents.", "Kamal Kharazi Seyed Kamal Kharazi (Persian: کمال خرازی‎‎, born 1 December 1944) is an Iranian politician and diplomat who was the Minister of Foreign Affairs from 20 August 1997 to 24 August 2005 as appointed by President Mohammad Khatami serving for eight years. He was replaced by Manouchehr Mottaki who was appointed by the next President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.", "Kenneth Pitzer Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer (January 6, 1914 – December 26, 1997) was an American physical and theoretical chemist, educator, and university president.", "Lee P. Brown Lee Patrick Brown (born October 4, 1937) is a criminologist, public administrator, politician and businessman; in 1997 he was the first African American to be elected mayor of Houston, Texas. He was reelected twice to serve the maximum of three terms from 1998 to 2004.He has had a long career in law enforcement and academia; leading police departments in Atlanta, Houston and New York over the course of nearly four decades.", "Licenciado Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport Licenciado Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport (sometimes abbreviated as Lic. Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport) (IATA: PVR, ICAO: MMPR) is an international airport located at Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco in Mexico. The airport is named after President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz. It handled 2,670,800 passengers in 2013 and 3,127,200 passengers in 2014.", "List of Houston Astros seasons This is a list of seasons completed by the Houston Astros, originally known as the Houston Colt .45s, professional baseball franchise.The Astros have completed fifty-one seasons in Major League Baseball, qualifying for the postseason nine times and reaching one World Series (2005). Established as an expansion franchise in 1962, the team's first winning season was in 1972. In 1980 the Astros made their first postseason appearance.", "List of Presidents of the University of Houston The office of the President of the University of Houston, currently held by Dr. Renu Khator, was created with the founding of the University of Houston (then known as Houston Junior College) in 1927 as the chief executive officer of the school. From 1927 until 1945 when UH separated from HISD, the university's president also held the position of Superintendent of Schools of that school district. In 1956, the duties of president were divided into two positions.", "List of University of Houston people The list of University of Houston people includes notable alumni, former students, and faculty of the University of Houston. Class years usually indicate the year of a graduation unless an entry is denoted by an asterisk (*). In this case, the student did not graduate from the university, and the class year indicates the last known year a former student attended. In the case of alumni with multiple graduation years, the earliest graduation year is shown.", "List of airports in Texas This is a list of airports in Texas (a U.S. state), grouped by type and sorted by location. It contains all public-use and military airports in the state. Some private-use and former airports may be included where notable, such as airports that were previously public-use, those with commercial enplanements recorded by the FAA or airports assigned an IATA airport code.", "List of airports in the Greater Houston Area Houston, Texas has many airports because it is the 4th biggest city in the United States. Here are some of the airports:", "Manuel T. Pacheco Manuel Trinidad Pacheco (May 30, 1941—) was president of Laredo State University (1984–1988), the University of Houston–Downtown (1988–1991), the University of Arizona (1991–1997), the University of Missouri System (1997–2002). In retirement, he served as the interim president of his alma mater, New Mexico Highlands University (2006-2007), and two terms as the interim president of New Mexico State University (2009, 2012-2013).Pacheco was born in Rocky Ford, Colorado.", "Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County The Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County (often referred to as METRO) is a major public transportation agency based in Houston (Texas, USA). It operates bus, light rail, bus rapid transit, and paratransit service (under the name METROLift) in the city as well as most of Harris County. METRO also operates bus service to two cities in Fort Bend County. The METRO headquarters are in the Lee P. Brown Administration Building in Downtown Houston.", "Norman William Black Norman William Black (December 6, 1931 – July 23, 1997) was a federal judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas.Born in Houston, Texas, Black received a B.B.A. from the University of Texas in 1953 and an LL.B. from the University of Texas School of Law in 1955. He was in private practice in Houston, Texas in 1955. He was in the United States Army Military Police from 1955 to 1957, and was then a law clerk to the Hon.", "Pacific Rim Tour The Pacific Rim Tour was a concert tour of arenas and stadiums by American Pop/R&B singer Whitney Houston. The tour included 10 concert dates in Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, Australia and United States in 1997. The tour was in support of her 1996 multi-platinum album, The Preacher's Wife.", "Pearland Regional Airport Pearland Regional Airport (ICAO: KLVJ, FAA LID: LVJ) is a public-use general aviation airport located in unincorporated Brazoria County, Texas, United States south of the city limits of Pearland and 17 miles (27 km) south of the central business district of Houston. The airport and FBO is managed by Texas Aviation Partners, LLC. It was formerly known as Clover Field.Although most U.S.", "Philip Guthrie Hoffman Philip Guthrie Hoffman (6 August 1915 – 29 October 2008) was the fifth president of the University of Houston, and the first chancellor of the University of Houston System. While at the university, he was instrumental in obtaining state affiliation, transitioning to a racially integrated status, and expanding enrollment in multiple locations. Hoffman also served as president of the Texas Medical Center.", "Politics of Houston Founded in 1836 and incorporated in 1837, Houston, Texas, United States is one of the fastest growing major cities in the United States and the largest without zoning laws. The city is the county seat of Harris County. A portion of southwest Houston extends into Fort Bend County and a small portion in the northeast extends into Montgomery County.The city of Houston has a strong mayor–council government.", "President of the Republic of Texas The President of the Republic of Texas was the head of state when Texas was an independent republic from 1836 to 1846.", "Rodney Ellis Rodney Glenn Ellis (born April 7, 1954) is the state senator for Texas' 13th state senate district. The district contains portions of Harris County, including downtown Houston, and Fort Bend County. He is a member of the Democratic Party.Ellis was elected to the Texas Senate on February 13, 1990, and sworn into office on February 27, 1990. Ellis sits on the Senate State Affairs, Transportation, and Business & Commerce Committees.", "Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (IATA: DCA, ICAO: KDCA, FAA LID: DCA) is a major airport 3 miles (5 km) south of downtown Washington, D.C., in Arlington County, Virginia, United States (though with a Washington mailing address). It is the nearest commercial airport to the capital and serves the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area. For decades it was called Washington National Airport; it was renamed in 1998 to honor President Ronald Reagan.", "San Antonio International Airport San Antonio International Airport (IATA: SAT, ICAO: KSAT, FAA LID: SAT) is an international airport located in San Antonio, Texas, US and serving the Greater San Antonio metropolitan area. The airport is located in Uptown San Antonio, about 8 miles north of Downtown San Antonio. The airport has three runways and covers 2,600 acres (1,100 ha). Its elevation is 809 feet (247 m) above sea level. SAT is a Class C airport.", "Skydive Houston Airport Skydive Houston Airport (FAA LID: 37XA, formerly 37X) is a privately owned, private airport located in unincorporated Waller County, Texas, United States. It is four nautical miles (7 km) south of the central business district of Waller and is northwest of Houston. It was formerly known as Skylake Airport.", "Southwest Airlines destinations As of September 2015, Southwest Airlines has scheduled flights to 95 destinations in 41 states, Puerto Rico and abroad, the newest being Puerto Vallarta, MX on June 7, 2015. The airline has 15 focus cities and operates over 3,400 flights each day.", "Spirit Airlines Spirit Airlines, Inc. (NASDAQ: SAVE) is an American low-cost carrier headquartered in Miramar, Florida. Spirit operates scheduled flights throughout the U.S. as well as the Caribbean, Mexico, and Latin America. Major focus cities include; Ft. Lauderdale, Dallas/Fort Worth, Detroit, Las Vegas, Chicago-O'Hare, Houston-Intercontinental, Atlantic City, and Myrtle Beach. As of 2015, Spirit remains the only airline in the United States with a 2-Star Skytrax airline rating.", "Steve Elkington Stephen John Elkington (born 8 December 1962) is an Australian professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour. He spent more than 50 weeks in the top-10 of the Official World Golf Ranking from 1995 to 1998.", "Sugar Land Regional Airport Sugar Land Regional Airport (IATA: SGR, ICAO: KSGR, FAA LID: SGR) is a city-owned public-use airport located in Sugar Land, Texas (USA), 17 miles (27 km) southwest of the central business district of Houston.It was formerly known as Sugar Land Municipal Airport and previously as Hull Field. The airport was purchased from a private interest in 1990 by the city of Sugar Land.", "Tanglewood, Houston Tanglewood is a neighborhood in western Houston, Texas, located off of San Felipe Road.Tanglewood is located just outside of the 610 Loop and inside Beltway 8 in the Uptown Houston area. Tanglewood was developed by the Tanglewood Corporation. Today the neighborhood is managed by the Tanglewood Homes Association. In 1997 Bob Tutt of the Houston Chronicle said that Tanglewood is \"a leafy, upscale subdivision\". Tanglewood is the former residence of former President of the United States George H.", "Texas Texas /ˈtɛksəs/ (Spanish: Texas or Tejas [ˈtexas]) is the second most populous and second largest state of the United States of America. Geographically located in the south central part of the country, Texas shares an international border with Mexico to the south and borders the U.S. states of New Mexico to the west, Oklahoma to the north, Arkansas to the northeast, and Louisiana to the east.", "West Houston Airport West Houston Airport (IATA: IWS, ICAO: KIWS, FAA LID: IWS) is a privately owned, public use airport in Harris County, Texas, United States. It is located 13 nautical miles (15 mi, 24 km) west of Downtown Houston, in an unincorporated area of the county, immediately west of the Houston city limits.This airport is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation reliever airport.", "William A. Staples William A. Staples is the fourth president of the University of Houston–Clear Lake. He earned a bachelor's degree from Drake University (BBA '70), a master's degree from the University of Iowa (MBA '72), and a doctorate in business administration from the University of Houston (PhD '77). Prior to becoming president, he served the UHCL's School of Business as coordinator, program director, associate dean, and dean.", "William P. Hobby Airport William P. Hobby Airport (IATA: HOU, ICAO: KHOU, FAA LID: HOU) is a public airport in Houston, Texas, 7 miles (11 km) from downtown Houston. Hobby is Houston's oldest commercial airport and was its primary commercial airport until Houston Intercontinental Airport, now George Bush Intercontinental Airport, opened in 1969." ]

[ "Alternative historical interpretations of Joan of Arc Alternative historical interpretations of Joan of Arc are a range of theories about the Medieval French leader that contradict the established account of her life.", "Canonization of Joan of Arc Saint Joan of Arc, The Maid of Orleans (Jeanne d'Arc) is a recognized Saint of the Roman Catholic Church. Although she was excommunicated and burned at the stake for heresy by local officials in 1431, central Church officials would later nullify her excommunication, declaring her a martyr unjustly executed for a secular vendetta. Her legend would grow from there, leading to her beatification in 1909 and her canonization in 1920.", "Church of St Joan of Arc The Church of Saint Joan of Arc' (French: L'église Sainte-Jeanne-d'Arc) is a religious building in the city center of Rouen, northern France.The church of Saint Joan of Arc was completed in 1979 in the center of the ancient market square (in French, the Place du Vieux-Marché) in Rouen. This is the same location where Joan of Arc was burned alive for heresy in 1431 - a large cross outside the church marks the exact spot.", "Cross-dressing, gender identity, and sexuality of Joan of Arc Joan of Arc (Fr: Jeanne d'Arc), a French revolutionary executed by the English for heresy in 1431, is a national heroine of France and a Roman Catholic saint. Joan shunned the traditional roles and garb of women in her era for the lifestyle and dress of a soldier, ultimately providing a pretense for her conviction and execution. Whether her crossdressing and lifestyle have implications for her sexuality or gender identity is debated.", "Cultural depictions of Joan of Arc Joan of Arc (Jeanne d'Arc in French) has inspired artistic and cultural works for nearly six centuries. The following lists cover various media to include items of historic interest, enduring works of high art, and recent representations in popular culture. The entries represent portrayals that a reader has a reasonable chance of encountering rather than a complete catalog.", "Flowers (Joan of Arc album) Flowers is the twelfth full-length studio album by Joan of Arc released in 2009 on Polyvinyl Records.", "Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc (edited by Bonnie Wheeler and Charles Wood) is a collection of scholarly essays on Joan of Arc. First published by Garland publishing in 1996 (ISBN 0-8153-3664-0), it is 336 pages long.Bonnie Wheeler is the Director of the Medieval Studies Program at Southern Methodist University.", "Joan of Arc: The Image of Female Heroism Joan of Arc: the Image of Female Heroism by Marina Warner (University of California Press, 1981 ISBN 0-520-22464-7) is a book about Joan of Arc, focusing on how she has been perceived by others over the centuries and how that perception has shaped her image.", "Joan of Arc Joan of Arc (French: Jeanne d'Arc, IPA: [ʒan daʁk]; c. 1412 – 30 May 1431), nicknamed \"The Maid of Orléans\" (French: La Pucelle d'Orléans) is considered a heroine of France for her role during the Lancastrian phase of the Hundred Years' War, and was canonized as a Roman Catholic saint. Joan of Arc was born to Jacques d'Arc and Isabelle, a peasant family, at Domrémy in north-east France.", "Joan of Arc (1900 film) Joan of Arc (French: Jeanne d'Arc) is a 1900 French silent film directed by Georges Méliès, based on the life of Joan of Arc.", "Joan of Arc (1935 film) Joan of Arc (German:Das Mädchen Johanna) is a 1935 German historical film directed by Gustav Ucicky and starring Angela Salloker, Gustaf Gründgens and Heinrich George. It depicts the life of Joan of Arc, and is the first female embodiment of the Nazi Fuhrer figure in film. The press in Germany and abroad detected direct parallels between the presentation of France in 1492 and the situation in Germany in 1935.", "Joan of Arc (1948 film) Joan of Arc is a 1948 American Hagiography epic historical drama film directed by Victor Fleming, and starring Ingrid Bergman as the French religious icon and war heroine. It was produced by Walter Wanger. It is based on Maxwell Anderson's successful Broadway play Joan of Lorraine, which also starred Bergman, and was adapted for the screen by Anderson himself, in collaboration with Andrew Solt.", "Joan of Arc (Dubois) Joan of Arc is a public artwork by Paul Dubois, located at Meridian Hill Park in Washington, D.C., United States of America. Joan of Arc was originally surveyed as part of the Smithsonian's Save Outdoor Sculpture! survey in 1994.", "Joan of Arc (Leonard Cohen song) \"Joan of Arc\" is a song by Canadian singer-songwriter Leonard Cohen. It was released as a single in March 1971 from his third album, Songs of Love and Hate. The song lasts almost six-and-a-half minutes, and is composed of four stanzas of eight lines each with a \"la-la\" refrain.", "Joan of Arc (OMD song) \"Joan of Arc\" is a song by British band Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD), released as the second single from their third studio album Architecture & Morality. It became an international hit, reaching the Top 5 in the UK and Canada and number 13 in Ireland.Critic Dave Thompson in AllMusic lauded the song retrospectively: \"[T]wo almost opposing rhythms [are] miraculously melded together by the strength of the gorgeous melody and sweeping synths.", "Joan of Arc (album) Joan of Arc is a 2006 album by mimimalist composer Tony Conrad. The piece, which lasts unbroken for over an hour, was originally written by Conrad as a soundtrack to accompany Piero Heliczer's like-named short film.", "Joan of Arc (band) Joan of Arc are an American indie rock band from Chicago, Illinois. They formed in 1995, following the breakup of Cap'n Jazz.Singer Tim Kinsella has been the only permanent member of the group; he has also recorded as a solo artist.Joan of Arc are known for their use of electronics, samples, and multi-track recording in their songs; some songs on The Gap contained over 100 tracks.Joan of Arc's lyrics and cover art are often intentionally misleading, humorous, or confusing.", "Joan of Arc (miniseries) Joan of Arc is a 1999 two-part television miniseries about the 15th century Catholic saint of the same name. The film stars Leelee Sobieski as Saint Joan. A joint production of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and Alliance Atlantis Communications, the film was shown internationally in 1999.The miniseries received thirteen Primetime Emmy Awards nominations and four Golden Globe Award nominations.", "Joan of Arc (poem) Joan of Arc is a 1796 epic poem composed by Robert Southey. The idea for the story came from a discussion between Southey and Grosvenor Bedford, when Southey realised that the story would be suitable for an epic. The subject further appealed to Southey because the events of the French Revolution were concurrent to the writing of the poem and would serve as a parallel to current events. Eventually, Samuel Taylor Coleridge helped rewrite parts of the poem for a 1798 edition.", "Life Like (Joan of Arc album) Life Like is the fourteenth full-length studio album by Joan of Arc released in 2011 on Polyvinyl Records. It is also the first Joan of Arc album to feature former Cap'n Jazz guitarist, Victor Villarreal.", "Live in Muenster, 2003 Live in Muenster, 2003 is a live album by Joan of Arc, released in 2004 on Record Label Record Label. It was recorded live at Gleis 22, a concert venue in Muenster, Germany, on May 17, 2003.", "Name of Joan of Arc Joan of Arc did not come from a place called Arc, but was born and raised in the village of Domrémy in what was then the northeastern frontier of the Kingdom of France. In the English language her first name has been repeated as Joan since the fifteenth century because that was the only English equivalent for the feminine form of John during her lifetime. Her surviving signatures are all spelled Jehanne without surname.", "Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc, by the Sieur Louis de Conte is an 1896 novel by Mark Twain that recounts the life of Joan of Arc. It is Twain's last completed novel, published when he was 61 years old.The novel is presented as a translation (by \"Jean Francois Alden\") of memoirs by Louis de Conte, a fictionalized version of Joan of Arc's page, Louis de Contes.", "Retrial of Joan of Arc The Retrial of Joan of Arc, also known as the \"nullification trial\" or \"rehabilitation trial\", was a posthumous retrial of Joan of Arc authorized by Pope Callixtus III at the request of Inquisitor-General Jean Bréhal and Joan's mother Isabelle Romée. The purpose of the retrial was to investigate whether the trial of condemnation and its verdict had been handled justly and according to ecclesiastical law. Investigations started in 1452, and a formal appeal followed in November 1455.", "Saint Joan (play) Saint Joan is a play by George Bernard Shaw, based on the life and trial of Joan of Arc. Published in 1924, not long after the canonization of Joan of Arc by the Roman Catholic Church, the play dramatises what is known of her life based on the substantial records of her trial. Shaw studied the transcripts and decided that the concerned people acted in good faith according to their beliefs. He wrote in his preface to the play:There are no villains in the piece.", "Saint Joan of Arc (Sackville-West) Saint Joan of Arc is a biography of Joan of Arc by Vita Sackville-West first published in New York and London in 1936. The Grove Press (New York City) re-issue of 2001 runs to 395 pages including appendices which collate the events of Joan's life, present a chronological table and give a bibliography of related pre-1936 works.", "St. Joan of Arc Chapel St. Joan of Arc Chapel is a Roman Catholic chapel today located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, on the campus of Marquette University, in the Archdiocese of Milwaukee. It was dedicated to Joan of Arc on May 26, 1966 after it had been moved from its previous location on Long Island, New York. It was originally built in the Rhône River Valley in France.", "St Joan of Arc's Church, Farnham St Joan of Arc Church is a Roman Catholic Parish church in Farnham, Surrey. It was founded in 1890 and built in its present location in 1929. It was decided that the Farnham church should be dedicated to St Joan of Arc because Farnham Castle was a residence of Cardinal Henry Beaufort who was present at her trial. It is a Romanesque Revival church and a Grade II listed building. It is situated between Tilford Road and Waverley Lane, south of Farnham Railway Station.", "St Joan of Arc Catholic School, Rickmansworth Saint Joan of Arc Roman Catholic School is a Roman Catholic secondary school and sixth form with academy status, located in Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire, England. The catchment area for the school spreads over South West Hertfordshire, parts of Buckinghamshire and parts of North West London. The school grounds back on to the River Chess and Chess Valley and a 17th-century Barn is located at the boundary of the grounds.", "The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc (French: Jeanne d'Arc) is a 1999 French historical drama film directed by Luc Besson. The film stars Milla Jovovich, John Malkovich, Faye Dunaway and Dustin Hoffman. The screenplay was written by Besson and Andrew Birkin, and the original music score was composed by Éric Serra.The Messenger portrays the story of St. Joan of Arc, the French war heroine and religious martyr of the 15th century.", "The Passion of Joan of Arc The Passion of Joan of Arc (French: La Passion de Jeanne d'Arc) is a 1928 silent French film based on the actual record of the trial of Joan of Arc. The film was directed by Carl Theodor Dreyer and stars Renée Jeanne Falconetti as Joan. It is widely regarded as a landmark of cinema, especially for its production, Dreyer's direction and Falconetti's performance, which has been described as being among the finest in cinema history.", "The Trial of Joan of Arc The Trial of Joan of Arc (French: Procès de Jeanne d'Arc) is a 1962 historical film by the French director Robert Bresson. Joan of Arc is played by Florence Delay.As usual in Bresson's mature films, The Trial of Joan of Arc stars non-professional performers and is filmed in an extremely spare, restrained style.", "The Trial of Joan of Arc of Proven, 1431 The Trial of Joan of Arc of Proven, 1431 is an adaptation by the German dramatist Bertolt Brecht of a radio play by Anna Seghers. It was written in collaboration with Benno Besson and premiered at the Berliner Ensemble in November 1952, in a production directed by Besson (his first important production with the Ensemble), with Käthe Reichel as Joan.", "The Triumph of St. Joan The Triumph of St. Joan was originally an opera in three acts by Norman Dello Joio to an English language libretto on the subject of the martyrdom of Joan of Arc by Dello Joio and Joseph Machilis. It was premiered at Sarah Lawrence College on May 9, 1950. Although the opera was received positively, the composer was unhappy with the work and declined to have it performed again. However, he did adapt part of the opera into a symphony of the same title in 1951.", "Trial of Joan of Arc The trial of Joan of Arc, which was overseen by an English-backed church court at Rouen, Normandy in the first half of 1431, was one of the more famous trials in history, becoming the subject of many books and films. It culminated in the execution of the person known to history as Joan of Arc, the young French peasant girl who was the defendant in the case. The trial verdict was later reversed on appeal by the Inquisitor-General in 1456, thereby completely exonerating her.", "Wars and Warriors: Joan of Arc Wars & Warriors: Joan of Arc is a historically based computer game. Developed and published by Enlight, it was released in 2004. The player assumes the persona of Joan of Arc and leads the French in their attempt to win the Hundred Years' War. The game combines aspects of real-time strategy and action." ]

[ "Clone High Clone High (occasionally referred to in the U.S. as Clone High U.S.A.) is a Canadian–American animated television series created by Phil Lord, Christopher Miller and Bill Lawrence. The comedy centers on a high school populated by the clones of famous historical figures. The show's central cast includes adolescent depictions of Abraham Lincoln, Joan of Arc, Mahatma Gandhi, John F. Kennedy, and Cleopatra.", "Jacques d'Arc Jacques d'Arc (1380–1440) was a farmer in the village of Domrémy in Lorraine, and the father of the French heroine and Roman Catholic saint Joan of Arc.", "Jean Pasquerel Jean Pasquerel (circa 1400 C.E.) was an Augustinian friar (member of the Order of St. Augustine), almoner and confessor of Joan of Arc.", "Jean de Metz Jean de Metz (also Jean de Nouillonpont) (born c. 1398) was a French nobleman who is known primarily for his role in the exploits of Joan of Arc.", "Joan of Arc, Dick Cheney, Mark Twain Joan of Arc, Dick Cheney, Mark Twain is the seventh full-length album by Joan of Arc, released in 2004. It is their first for Polyvinyl Records.", "Joan of Arc, They Are Calling You Joan of Arc, They Are Calling You is a 1917 song composed by Jack Wells, and with lyrics written by Al Bryan and Willie Weston. It was published by Waterson, Berlin & Snyder Co. in New York, New York. This song was written during World War I.The cover art is of a woman riding a horse, holding her sword in the air. She is leading troops toward a castle.", "Joan of Lorraine Joan of Lorraine is a 1946 play-within-a-play by Maxwell Anderson. It is about a company of actors who stage a dramatization of the story of Joan of Arc, and the effect that the story has on them. As in the musical Man of La Mancha, most of the actors in the drama play two or more roles. Ingrid Bergman was the star of the original production, playing both Joan and Mary Grey, the fictional star actress who portrays her.", "Maid of Orleans (The Waltz Joan of Arc) \"Joan of Arc (Maid of Orleans)\" is a song by British band Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD) and was the third single released from their third studio album Architecture & Morality. The track has been described by OMD frontman Andy McCluskey as the group's \"Mull of Kintyre\".To prevent confusion with their previous single \"Joan of Arc\", the song was retitled \"Maid of Orleans (The Waltz Joan of Arc)\" for its single release.", "Presents Guitar Duets Joan of Arc Presents: Guitar Duets is the eighth full-length album by Joan of Arc, released in 2005. The album consists of ten guitar duets, each featuring 2 past members of Joan of Arc, paired up by pulling names out of a hat. On the album cover, the tracks are identified by pictures of the guitarists playing on them.", "St. Joan of Arc Secondary School, Hong Kong St. Joan of Arc Secondary School (SJA, traditional Chinese: 聖貞德中學) is a Roman Catholic boys grammar school founded in 1955 by a group of Catholic women who graduated from the University of Hong Kong. The school's mission is \"To put Catholic faith into action, to provide a school where students will grow in Christ, develop in a caring culture & acquire an all-round education.\" English is the primary medium in St. Joan of Arc Secondary School.", "Joan of Arc of Mongolia Joan of Arc of Mongolia (German: Johanna D'Arc of Mongolia) is a 1989 German drama film directed by Ulrike Ottinger. It was entered into the 39th Berlin International Film Festival.", "The Joan of Arc of Loos The Joan of Arc of Loos is a 1916 Australian silent film shot by Franklyn Barrett based on the true story of Émilienne Moreau-Evrard in World War I. Only a portion of the movie survives today.", "Compagnons de Jeanne d'Arc The Compagnons de Jeanne d'Arc (Companions of Joan of Arc) was an association honouring Saint Joan of Arc. From 1937 to 1939, it organised mass patriotic and religious demonstrations at Domrémy in her honour.", "Joan of Arc at the Coronation of Charles VII Joan of Arc at the Coronation of Charles VII (French: Jeanne d’Arc au sacre du roi Charles VII) is an 1854 painting by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres. It is now in the Louvre Museum in Paris.The work merges the style of Ingres' teacher Jacques-Louis David with that of the troubador style. He began with a nude model, adding the clothes and armour.The painting was first commissioned by the director of the Academie des Belles Artes in Orléans to commemorate Joan of Arc.", "Jean Bréhal Jean Bréhal OP was the inquisitor-general of France who led the effort to rehabilitate Joan of Arc.", "Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses (ISBN 0-8128-1260-3) is a translation of a 1962 book about Joan of Arc by Régine Pernoud. The translator, Edward Hyams, won the 1965 Scott Moncrieff Prize for his work on this book. Pernoud was the founder of the Centre Jeanne d'Arc at Orléans, France, and a noted historian. Consisting largely of excerpts from the original historical accounts, the book has been noted for this unique style.", "Joan the Maiden, Part 1: The Battles Joan the Maiden, Part 1: The Battles (French:Jeanne la pucelle: 1. Les batailles) is a 1994 French film directed by Jacques Rivette. It chronicles the Life of Joan of Arc and was followed by Joan the Maiden, Part 2: The Prisons.", "The Intelligent Design Of... The Intelligent Design Of Joan of Arc is a compilation album by Joan of Arc, released in 2006 on Polyvinyl Records.", "Association of Joan Country communes The Association of Joan (of Arc) Country communes (French: Communauté de communes du Pays de Jeanne) is a French administrative association of communes in the Vosges département of eastern France and in the region of Lorraine.The grouping is named after Joan of Arc, who was born at Domrémy-la-Pucelle around 1412, and who has been an iconic figure in France ever since her popular rediscovery as part of the surge in nationalism that France, along with the most of the rest of Europe, experienced during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.Created in 1998, the association has its administrative offices at Coussey .", "The Gap (Joan of Arc album) The Gap is the fourth full-length album by Joan of Arc, released in 2000 on Jade Tree Records.", "Sainte Jeanne d'Arc, Nice The Church of Saint Joan of Arc (French: Sainte Jeanne d'Arc) is a Roman Catholic parish church located in Nice, France. Noticeable for its original architecture, the church is dedicated to Joan of Arc.The style of this church is controversial among the inhabitants of Nice, judged ugly by some. The church is sometime nicknamed \"the Meringue\" for its white color.", "St. Joan of Arc's Church (Bronx, New York) The Church of St. Joan of Arc is a Roman Catholic parish church under the authority of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York, located at 174th Street at Stratford Avenue, The Bronx, New York City. It was established in 1949.", "French ironclad Jeanne d'Arc The French ironclad Jeanne d'Arc was a wooden-hulled armored corvette built for the French Navy in the late 1860s. She was named for Joan of Arc, a Roman Catholic saint and heroine of the Hundred Years War. Jeanne d'Arc participated in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71 and remained in commission afterwards, unlike many of her sisters. The ship was condemned in 1883, but nothing further is known as to her disposition.", "Domrémy-la-Pucelle Domrémy-la-Pucelle (literally \"Domrémy [of] the virgin\", in reference to Joan of Arc) is a commune in the Vosges department in Lorraine in northeastern France.The village, originally named Domremy, is the birthplace of Joan of Arc. It has since been renamed Domrémy-la-Pucelle after Joan's nickname, la Pucelle d'Orléans (\"the Maid of Orléans\").", "Joan of France (1351–1371) Joan of France (May 1351 - 16 September 1371) was the only child of Philip VI of France and his second wife Blanche of Navarre. Joan was posthumously born as her father had died nine months prior to her birth.", "Jeanne des Armoises Jeanne des Armoises (also Claude des Armoises; fl. 1438) was a French adventurer living in the 15th century. She was reportedly a soldier in the Pope's army in Italy.With the help of Joan of Arc's brothers, Jean and Pierre, she claimed to be Joan of Arc alive and well in 1436. She spent three weeks in Marieulles with a noble family of Metz. Then – as befitted the “Pucelle de France” – she went on a pilgrimage to the shrine of the “Black Madonna” in Liesse.", "Naziq al-Abid Naziq al-Abid (Arabic: نازك العابد) (1898–1959) was known as the \"Joan of Arc of the Arabs\". She was a pioneer and revolutionary for both national independence and women's rights.", "The Happiest Days of Our Lives: The Complete Joan of Arc Tapes 2CD The Happiest Days of Our Lives: The Complete Joan of Arc Tapes was a 2CD compilation album released by My Favorite on the Double Agent record label in 2003. It compiled the group's then out-of-print \"Joan of Arc\" material. The second disc is a collection of remixes by such bands as Soviet, Flowchart, and Future Bible Heroes.", "Vouthon-Bas Vouthon-Bas is a commune in the Meuse department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.A notable native is Isabelle Romée, the mother of Joan of Arc.", "Loire Campaign (1429) The Loire Campaign was a campaign launched by Joan of Arc during the Hundred Years' War. The Loire was cleared of all English and Burgundian troops.", "Joan the Woman Joan the Woman is a 1916 American epic silent drama film directed by Cecil B. DeMille and starring Geraldine Farrar as Joan of Arc. The film premiered on Christmas Day in 1916. This was DeMille's first historical drama. The screenplay is based on Friedrich Schiller's 1801 play \"Die Jungfrau von Orelans (The Maid of Orleans).", "Pope Joan Pope Joan is, according to popular legend, a woman who reigned as pope for a few years during the Middle Ages. Her story first appeared in chronicles in the 13th century and subsequently spread throughout Europe. The story was widely believed for centuries, but most modern scholars regard it as fictional.Most versions of her story describe her as a talented and learned woman who disguised herself as a man, often at the behest of a lover." ]

[ "Atlantic City (song) \"Atlantic City\" is a song written and recorded by rock musician Bruce Springsteen, which first appeared on Springsteen's 1982 solo album Nebraska. Springsteen has often played the song in a full band arrangement in concert.", "Be True \"Be True\" is a song by Bruce Springsteen. It was recorded on July 21, 1979 at The Power Station in New York in one of the early recording sessions for Bruce Springsteen's album The River. It was not released on the album, but in 1981 it was released as the B-side to the single release of \"Fade Away, a song taken from The River album.", "Bobby Jean \"Bobby Jean\" is a song written and performed by Bruce Springsteen, from his 1984 album Born in the U.S.A.. Although not released as a single, it reached #36 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart.", "Born to Run Born to Run is the third studio album by the American singer-songwriter Bruce Springsteen. As his effort to break into the mainstream, the album was a commercial success, peaking at number three on the Billboard 200 and eventually selling six million copies in the United States. Two singles were released from the album: \"Born to Run\" and \"Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out\"; the first helped Springsteen to reach mainstream popularity.", "Brendan Byrne Arena, New Jersey 1984 Brendan Byrne Arena, New Jersey 1984 is a live album by Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band, released in May 2015 and was the fifth official release through the Bruce Springsteen Archives.The show was originally recorded live at the Brendan Byrne Arena in East Rutherford, New Jersey on August 5, 1984.The concert is available on CD and digital download at http://live.brucespringsteen.net.", "Bruce Springsteen Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen (born September 23, 1949) is an American musician, singer, songwriter and humanitarian. He is best known for his work with his E Street Band.", "Bruce Springsteen Archives Bruce Springsteen Archives is an ongoing collection of officially released live albums by Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band. Beginning in November 2014 with the first release, Springsteen sought out to release fully recorded shows from his past archives officially to fans for purchase through http://live.brucespringsteen.net. The idea originally came after Springsteen released every concert from his High Hopes Tour for fans to purchase.", "Bruce Springsteen discography This is the discography of Bruce Springsteen, an American songwriter, singer and musician. Springsteen has released records steadily since 1973, and is widely known for his brand of heartland rock infused with pop hooks, poetic lyrics, and Americana sentiments centered on his native New Jersey.Springsteen's recordings have tended to alternate between commercially accessible rock albums and somber folk-oriented works.", "Cadillac Ranch (Bruce Springsteen song) \"Cadillac Ranch\" is a song written by Bruce Springsteen that was first released on Springsteen's 1980 album The River. In 1981 it was released as single in Europe, backed by \"Be True\" in France and by \"Wreck on the Highway\" in the UK. Although it was not released as a single in the US, it did reach #48 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. A favorite in concert, a live version was included on Live/1975–85. A version was also included on the documentary film Blood Brothers.", "Darlington County (song) \"Darlington County\" is a 1984 song written and performed by Bruce Springsteen. It was released on the album Born in the U.S.A. and has remained a popular concert song for Springsteen and the E Street Band. The lyrics concern the protagonist and his buddy driving to Darlington County \"looking for work on the county line\", meeting girls along the way.The version of the song that was released on the album was recorded in April or May 1982 at the Power Station in one of the early Born in the U.S.A.", "Downbound Train \"Downbound Train\" is a song that appears on the 1984 Bruce Springsteen album Born in the U.S.A. The song is a lament to a lost spouse, and takes on a melancholy tone.", "Fade Away (song) \"Fade Away\" is a 1980 song written and performed by Bruce Springsteen, accompanied by the E Street Band. It was contained on his album The River, and the second single released from it in the United States.", "Girls in Their Summer Clothes \"Girls in Their Summer Clothes\" is a song by American recording artist Bruce Springsteen, from his album Magic.Matched with a pop-oriented melody, Springsteen's full-throated singing, and a pop-orchestral arrangement, the lyric portrays a series of warm small-town vignettes:Frankie's Diner, an old friend on the edge of town —The neon sign spinning round,Like a cross over the lost and found.The fluorescent lights flick over Pop's Grill,Shaniqua brings the coffee and asks \"Fill?\"and says, \"Penny for your thoughts now my boy, Bill\"\"Girls in Their Summer Clothes\" has been cited as a singularly \"breezy\" song on the album, though A. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_in_Their_Summer_Clothes?oldid=679886542> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Butyltin_trichloride> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Monobutyltin trichloride, also known as MBTC, is an organotin compound. Monobutyltin trichloride is commonly used in Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to deposit a tin-based coating onto flat glass.", "Highway Patrolman \"Highway Patrolman\" is a song written and recorded by Bruce Springsteen and was first released as the fifth track on his 1982 album Nebraska.The song tells the story of Joe Roberts, the highway patrolman of the title from whose viewpoint the song is written – and his brother, Franky, and is set in the 1960s.", "Hungry Heart \"Hungry Heart\" is a song written and performed by Bruce Springsteen on his fifth album, The River. It was released as the album's first single in 1980 and became Springsteen's first big hit of his own on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.", "Independence Day (Bruce Springsteen song) \"Independence Day\" is a song written and performed by Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band. It was originally released on his fifth album, The River. It was recorded at The Power Station in New York February and May 1980.", "Johnny 99 (song) \"Johnny 99\" is a song written and recorded by rock musician Bruce Springsteen, which first appeared on Springsteen's 1982 solo album Nebraska.", "Land of Hope and Dreams \"Land of Hope and Dreams\" is a 1999 song written by Bruce Springsteen and performed by Springsteen and the E Street Band. After being performed on tour and released on multiple live albums, a studio recording was released for the first time on Wrecking Ball in 2012.The song was written prior to the 1999-2000 E Street Band reunion tour, and appeared on the Live in New York City album from that tour.", "Live 1975–85 Live/1975–85 is a live album by Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band. It consists of 40 tracks recorded at various concerts between 1975 and \"985.\\In November of '85,\" Springsteen wrote in the liner notes, \"Jon Landau sent a four-song cassette of 'Born in the U.S.A.', 'Seeds', 'The River' and 'War' down to my house with a note attached saying he 'thought we might have something here'.", "My Hometown \"My Hometown\" is a single by Bruce Springsteen off his Born in the U.S.A. album, that was the record-tying seventh and last top 10 single to come from it, peaking at #6 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. It also topped the U.S. adult contemporary chart, making the song Springsteen's only #1 song on this chart to date. The song is a synthesizer-based, low-tempo number that features Springsteen on vocals.", "Nebraska (song) \"Nebraska\" is the title song of Bruce Springsteen's 1982 solo album. The stark, moody composition sets the tone for the LP, the content of which consists mostly of songs about criminals and desperate people, accompanied only by guitar and harmonica.", "No Surrender (song) \"No Surrender\" is a song from Bruce Springsteen's album Born in the U.S.A. A pop influenced rocker, it was only included on the album at the insistence of Steven Van Zandt, but has since become a concert staple for Springsteen, usually in a low-key, acoustic arrangement. It became prominent worldwide in 2004 when John Kerry, the Democratic candidate in that year's presidential election in the United States and a fan of Springsteen, used this theme song as the main theme song for his campaign.", "Out in the Street \"Out in the Street\" is a song written and performed by Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band from the 1980 album The River. It was recorded at The Power Station in New York between March and May 1980, as one of the last songs recorded for the album.", "Pink Cadillac (song) \"Pink Cadillac\" is a song by Bruce Springsteen released as the non-album B-side of \"Dancing in the Dark\" in 1984. The song received moderate airplay on album-oriented rock radio, appearing on the Billboard Top Tracks chart for 14 weeks, peaking at number 27. The song was also a prominent concert number during Springsteen's 1984-85 Born in the U.S.A.", "Point Blank (Bruce Springsteen song) \"Point Blank\" is a song written by Bruce Springsteen and first released on Springsteen's 1980 album The River. In Europe, it was also released as a single in 1981, backed by another song from The River, \"Ramrod\" Although it was not released as a single in the US, it did reach #20 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart.", "Ramrod (Bruce Springsteen song) \"Ramrod\" is a song written and performed by Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band for his fifth album, The River, released in 1980. It was recorded at The Power Station in New York in June or July 1979.", "Sad Eyes (Bruce Springsteen song) \"Sad Eyes\" is a song written and performed by Bruce Springsteen. It was recorded at Soundworks West, LA on January 25, 1990, and included in the box set released by Springsteen on November 10, 1998, titled Tracks and on the compilation album 18 Tracks, released on April 13, 1999.", "Spare Parts (song) \"Spare Parts\" is a song by Bruce Springsteen from his 1987 Tunnel of Love album. It was released as a single in some countries, following \"Brilliant Disguise\", the title track and \"Tougher Than the Rest\", but was not released as a single in the United States. It reached the Top 40 in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Sweden, reaching #16 in Sweden.", "Stand on It \"Stand on It\" is a song written and originally recorded by Bruce Springsteen. Springsteen initially released it as the non-LP B-side of the \"Glory Days\" single in May of 1985; the track was also featured in the film Ruthless People and its accompanying soundtrack album.", "Stolen Car (Bruce Springsteen song) \"Stolen Car\" is a song written and performed by Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band. It was originally released on his fifth album, The River. The version released on The River was recorded at The Power Station in New York in January 1980.", "The Essential Bruce Springsteen The Essential Bruce Springsteen is a compilation album by Bruce Springsteen, released on 11 November 2003. The collection is part of a series of Essential sets released by Sony BMG (previously Sony Music Entertainment). It includes songs from various Springsteen albums and concerts up to the year 2003.", "The River (Bruce Springsteen album) The River is the fifth studio album, and the first double album by Bruce Springsteen. The album was released on October 17, 1980. Rolling Stone ranked it at number 253 on their list of the greatest albums of all time.", "The River (Bruce Springsteen song) \"The River\" is a song written and recorded by Bruce Springsteen, accompanied by the E Street Band. It was the title track of his fifth album, The River, and was a hit single in parts of Europe. It reached #25 in the Netherlands, and reached the top 10 in both Sweden and Norway. Its B-side was either \"Independence Day\" or \"Ramrod\", depending on the country.", "Tunnel of Love (Bruce Springsteen song) \"Tunnel of Love\" is the title song by Bruce Springsteen from his 1987 Tunnel of Love album. It was released as the second single from the album, reaching number nine on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Like the first single from the album, \"Brilliant Disguise\", \"Tunnel of Love\" reached number one on the Album Rock Tracks chart. The single had less commercial success in other countries.", "We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions is the fourteenth studio album by Bruce Springsteen.", "Working on the Highway \"Working on the Highway\" is a 1984 song written and performed by Bruce Springsteen. It was released on the album Born in the U.S.A. and has remained a popular concert song for Springsteen and the E Street Band.As with some of the other songs on the Born in the U.S.A. album, including \"Downbound Train\" and the title track, \"Working on the Highway\" was originally recorded in a solo acoustic version on the demo that eventually became the Nebraska album.", "Wreck on the Highway \"Wreck on the Highway\" is a song written and performed by Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band. It was originally released as the final track on his fifth album, The River. The version released on The River was recorded at The Power Station in New York in March–April 1980.A melancholic song with a false ending, \"Wreck on the Highway\" features prominent organ and acoustic guitar parts." ]

[ "American Beauty (EP) American Beauty is a four song EP by Bruce Springsteen that was released on limited edition (7,500 copies) 12-inch vinyl exclusively for Record Store Day on April 19, 2014. A digital download version was also released on April 22, 2014. The four songs that appeared on the EP are outtakes from Springsteen's 2014 album High Hopes. Springsteen said of the four songs, \"they're just good music that didn't get onto this record, and was sitting there.", "American Skin (41 Shots) \"American Skin (41 Shots)\" is a song written by Bruce Springsteen, inspired by the police shooting death of Amadou Diallo. It premiered during the band's 1999–2000 reunion tour in concert in Atlanta on June 4, 2000, the final concert before the tour's final ten-show run at New York City's Madison Square Garden, where it was featured again.", "Because the Night \"Because the Night\" is a song written by Bruce Springsteen and Patti Smith that was first released in 1978 as a single off the Patti Smith Group album Easter. It rose to #13 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, as well as #5 in the United Kingdom, and helped propel sales of Easter to mainstream success—even as Smith was deciding to retire from a life of constant touring. In 1987, the song was ranked #116 on NME magazine's list of \"The Top 150 Singles of All Time\".", "Born in the U.S.A. (song) \"Born in the U.S.A.\" is a 1984 song written and performed by Bruce Springsteen. Taken from the album of the same name, it is one of his best-known singles. Rolling Stone ranked the song 275th on their list of \"The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\". In 2001, the RIAA's Songs of the Century placed the song 59th (out of 365).Lyrically, the song deals with the negative effects of the Vietnam War on Americans and the treatment of Vietnam veterans on their arrival back home.", "Born to Be Wild \"Born to Be Wild\" is a song first performed by the band Steppenwolf, written by Mars Bonfire. The song is often invoked in both popular and counter culture to denote a biker appearance or attitude. It is sometimes described as the first heavy metal song, and the second verse lyric \"heavy metal thunder\" marks the first use of this term in rock music (although not as a description of a musical style).", "Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band: Live in New York City Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band: Live In New York City is the name of a concert film done by HBO, featuring the first ever major televised Bruce Springsteen concert. It was later released on DVD with 11 extra songs not televised, and as a CD of the same name.All of these forms document Springsteen and the E Street Band's highly successful 1999-2000 Reunion Tour, their first concert tour together in 11 years.", "Clarence Clemons Clarence Anicholas Clemons, Jr. (January 11, 1942 – June 18, 2011), also known as The Big Man, was an American saxophonist, musician and actor. He was reported to be 6' \"\\ (195.5 cm) tall, hence his nickname. From 1972 until his death, he was a prominent member of Bruce Springsteen's E Street Band, playing the tenor saxophone.He released several solo albums and in 1985, had a hit single with \"You're a Friend of Mine,\" a duet with Jackson Browne.", "Darkness on the Edge of Town Darkness on the Edge of Town is the fourth studio album by Bruce Springsteen, released in the late spring of 1978. The album marked the end of a three-year gap between albums brought on by contractual obligations and legal battling with former manager Mike Appel. Although the album did not produce high-charting singles it nevertheless remained on the charts for 97 weeks.", "For You (Bruce Springsteen song) \"For You\" is a song written and recorded by Bruce Springsteen in 1972 for his debut album Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J., released in 1973. It was later included on the compilation album The Essential Bruce Springsteen. The song has been covered by Manfred Mann's Earth Band, The Format, and Greg Kihn.", "High Hopes (Tim Scott McConnell song) \"High Hopes\" is a song that was recorded by American musicians Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band during their 1995 Greatest Hits sessions and eventually released on the Blood Brothers (EP) in 1996. The song was written and originally released in 1987 by Tim Scott McConnell. The song was also released on a record with McConnell's band The Havalinas in 1990.", "Human Touch (Bruce Springsteen song) \"Human Touch\" is a song recorded by the American rock singer Bruce Springsteen. It was the first single from the album of the same name and was released in 1992. The song topped the chart in Norway and was also a top ten hit in many countries, including the Netherlands, Sweden, Ireland, and Switzerland. In the U.S., the song reached #16 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart (charting as a double A-side with \"Better Days\"), and topped the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart for three weeks.", "Hunter of Invisible Game \"Hunter of Invisible Game\" is a short film by Bruce Springsteen that was released on July 9, 2014 through his website. The film is also the music video for the song of the same name which is from Springsteen's eighteenth studio album, High Hopes. The film marks directorial debut of Springsteen who co-directed the film with Thom Zimny.", "Jersey Girl (song) \"Jersey Girl\" is a song composed and originally sung by American singer-songwriter Tom Waits from his 1980 album Heartattack and Vine.", "Jungleland \"Jungleland\" is an almost ten-minute long closing song on Bruce Springsteen's 1975 album Born to Run, and tells a tale of love amid a backdrop of gang violence. It contains one of E Street Band saxophonist Clarence Clemons' most recognizable solos. It also features short-time E Streeter Suki Lahav, who performs the delicate 23-note violin introduction to the song, accompanied by Roy Bittan on piano in the opening.", "Just Like Fire Would \"Just Like Fire Would\" is a song by Australian Alternative Rock band The Saints released as a single in 1986. It was the first single from the album All Fools Day.", "Long Walk Home \"Long Walk Home\" is a 2006 song written and performed by Bruce Springsteen. It first appeared on his Sessions Band Tour of that year, in folk guise in the European leg of the tour in London for one performance only. Reworked with different and shorter lyrics, it was recorded by Springsteen and the E Street Band as a mid-tempo rocker and released on the 2007 Springsteen album Magic.", "Mary Queen of Arkansas \"Mary Queen of Arkansas\" is a song by Bruce Springsteen from the album Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J., released in 1973. Springsteen played \"Mary Queen of Arkansas\" at his audition for John H. Hammond at CBS Records, who signed him to his first record contract on May 2, 1972, although Hammond was less impressed with this song than with \"It's Hard to Be a Saint in the City\" or with \"Growin' Up\".", "Meeting Across the River \"Meeting Across the River\" is the seventh track on Bruce Springsteen's breakthrough 1975 album, Born to Run; it also appeared as the B-side of \"Born to Run\", the lead single from that album. The song is a dark character sketch featuring a soft, haunting trumpet played by Randy Brecker, piano backing from E Street Band member Roy Bittan and upright bass from jazz veteran Richard Davis. Brecker's jazz-inspired horn part adds poignancy to the song and suggests a film noir feel.", "Nassau Coliseum, New York 1980 Nassau Coliseum, New York 1980 is a live album by Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band, released in March 2015 and was the fourth official release through the Bruce Springsteen Archives.The show was originally recorded live at the Nassau Coliseum in Uniondale, New York on December 31, 1980.The concert is available on CD and digital download at http://live.brucespringsteen.net.", "Prove It All Night \"Prove It All Night\" is the penultimate song on Bruce Springsteen's fourth studio album Darkness on the Edge of Town, and the first single released from it.The single gained little traction with Top 40 radio stations, reaching only #33 on the Billboard Hot 100; however it gained considerable play on progressive rock and album-oriented rock radio formats.", "Racing in the Street \"Racing in the Street\" is a song by Bruce Springsteen from his 1978 album Darkness on the Edge of Town. In the original vinyl format, it was the last song of side one of the album. The song has been called Springsteen's best song by several commentators, including the authors of The New Rolling Stone Album Guide.", "Radio Nowhere \"Radio Nowhere\" is the first single released from Bruce Springsteen's 2007 studio album Magic.\"Radio Nowhere\" was awarded Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance and Best Rock Song at the Grammy Awards of 2008.", "Rosalita (Come Out Tonight) \"Rosalita (Come Out Tonight)\" is a 1973 song by Bruce Springsteen, from his The Wild, the Innocent, & the E Street Shuffle album, and is especially famed as a concert number for Springsteen and The E Street Band. The song, which clocks in at just over seven minutes, is a story of forbidden love between the singer and the titular Rosalita, whose parents disapprove of his life in a rock and roll band.", "Steven Van Zandt Steven Van Zandt (born November 22, 1950) is an American musician, songwriter, arranger, record producer, actor, and radio disc jockey, who frequently goes by the stage names Little Steven or Miami Steve. He is a member of Bruce Springsteen's E Street Band, in which he plays guitar and mandolin. He has also acted in television dramas such as The Sopranos (1999–2007) and Lilyhammer (2012-2014). Van Zandt also had his own solo band called \"Little Steven and The Disciples of Soul\" in the 1980s.", "The Album Collection Vol. 1 1973–1984 The Album Collection Vol. 1 1973–1984 is a box set collection by Bruce Springsteen released on November 17, 2014. The 8 disc box set contains remastered versions of Springsteen's first seven studio albums and for the first time ever on CD, remasters of Greetings From Asbury Park, N.J., The Wild, The Innocent and The E Street Shuffle, The River, Nebraska and Born in the U.S.A. The box set features each album with recreations of their original packaging and also contain a 60-page book.", "The New Timer \"New Timer\" is a song by Bruce Springsteen from his 1995 album The Ghost of Tom Joad. Springsteen performs the song solo on the album, with only guitar accompaniment.The narrator of the song is a man who has left behind a wife and children in Pennsylvania in order to find work, but ends up becoming a hobo, riding on freight trains. He tells of an older man, Frank, who has been riding the rails since the Great Depression and serves as a protector and mentor to the narrator.", "The Promised Land (Bruce Springsteen song) \"The Promised Land\" is a song by Bruce Springsteen from his 1978 album Darkness on the Edge of Town. It was released as a single in Europe, backed by another song from Darkness on the Edge of Town, \"Streets of Fire\", the third single from the album after \"Badlands\" and \"Prove It All Night\". \"The Promised Land\" was also included on the compilation album The Essential Bruce Springsteen.", "The River Tour The River Tour was a concert tour featuring Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band that took place in 1980 and 1981, beginning concurrently with the release of Springsteen's album The River.", "The Ties That Bind (Bruce Springsteen song) \"The Ties That Bind\" is a song written and performed by Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band. It was the opening song on his fifth album, The River. It was recorded at The Power Station in New York in May or June 1979. It was one of the earlier songs Springsteen wrote for The River, as it was written on the road during his 1978 tour.", "Tracks (Bruce Springsteen album) Tracks is a four-disc box set by Bruce Springsteen, released in 1998 containing 66 songs. This box set mostly consists of never-before-released songs recorded during the sessions for his many albums, but also includes a number of single B-sides, as well as demos and alternate versions of already-released material.", "Working on a Dream Tour The Working on a Dream Tour was a concert tour by Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band, which began in April 2009 and ended in November 2009. It followed the late January 2009 release of the album Working on a Dream.", "Cover Me (song) \"Cover Me\" is a 1984 song, written and performed by American rock singer Bruce Springsteen. It was the second single released from his successful album Born in the U.S.A. Springsteen wrote the song for Donna Summer. However, his manager, Jon Landau, decided the song had hit potential, and so he kept it for the upcoming Springsteen album." ]

[ "Coffee Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans, which are the seeds of berries from the Coffea plant. Coffee plants are cultivated in over 70 countries, primarily in the equatorial regions of the Americas, Southeast Asia, India and Africa. The two most commonly grown are the highly regarded arabica, and the less sophisticated but stronger and more hardy robusta. The latter is resistant to the coffee leaf rust, Hemileia vastatrix, but has a more bitter taste.", "Costa Coffee Costa Coffee is a British multinational coffeehouse company headquartered in Dunstable, England, and a wholly owned subsidiary of Whitbread. It is the second largest coffeehouse chain in the world behind Starbucks and the largest in the United Kingdom.Costa Coffee was founded in London in 1971 by the Costa family as a wholesale operation supplying roasted coffee to caterers and specialist Italian coffee shops.", "English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries English coffeehouses, in the 17th and 18th centuries, were public social places where people would meet for conversation and commerce while drinking coffee. For the price of a penny, customers purchased a cup of coffee and admission. Travellers introduced coffee as a beverage to England during the mid-17th century; previously it had been consumed mainly for its supposed medicinal properties.", "List of coffee companies This is a worldwide list of companies that roast and/or distribute coffee.", "List of coffeehouse chains This is a list of coffeehouse chains around the world. This list excludes the many companies which operate coffeeshops within retail establishments, notably bookstores and department stores, or restaurants or convenience stores which also serve coffee.", "New England Coffee New England Coffee is New England’s largest independent specialty coffee roaster. Founded in 1916 by Menelaos Kaloyanides, George Kaloyanides and Megaklis Papadopoulos in Boston, Massachusetts. The business was acquired by New Orleans based Reily Foods Company on December 30, 2013.New England Coffee was voted Massachusetts family business of the year in 2007." ]

[ "1938 New England hurricane The 1938 New England Hurricane (also referred to as the Great New England Hurricane and Long Island Express) was one of the deadliest and most destructive tropical cyclones to impact New England. The storm formed near the coast of Africa on September 9, becoming a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale before making landfall as a Category 3 hurricane on Long Island on September 21.", "Adrian Grady Adrian Grady (born November 21, 1985) is a former American football defensive lineman. He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Indianapolis Colts in 2009. He played college football at Louisville.He has also been a member of the New England Patriots, St. Louis Rams and Hartford Colonials.", "Allen's Coffee Brandy Allen's Coffee Brandy is a coffee-flavoured liqueur popular in New England, especially Maine, where it has been the best-selling liquor product every year for over 20 years. Sales in 2008 were 1,100,000 bottles. With a population of 1,300,000, Mainers consumed nearly one bottle for every man, woman, and child in the state. Allen's has been called both \"the champagne of Maine\" and \"an epidemic.\"Allen's Coffee Brandy is prepared and bottled by M.S. Walker, Inc. of Somerville, Massachusetts.", "Association of Independent Schools in New England The Association of Independent Schools in New England (AISNE) is an association serving independent schools in New England, USA. It provides educational services such as downloadable materials and support for diversity programs, and represents its members to government, the media, etc. It also accredits elementary schools. As of 2005, it has over 160 members.", "Bess Eaton Bess Eaton or Bess Eaton Donut Flour Company Incorporated started as a bread and bakery products manufacturer and later as an operator of a small chain of coffee shops based in southern New England, often serving doughnuts, bagels, and muffins. The firm filed for bankruptcy in 2004 and liquidated its assets. However, in the spring of 2011, three stores reopened in Wakefield and Westerly, Rhode Island, and Pawcatuck, Connecticut.", "Brown bread Brown bread is a designation often given to breads made with significant amounts of whole grain flour, usually wheat, and sometimes dark-coloured ingredients such as molasses or coffee. In Canada and the United Kingdom it simply refers to wholemeal or whole wheat bread, except in the Maritimes, where it implies bread made with molasses.Whole wheat flours that contain raw wheat germ, instead of toasted germ, have higher levels of glutathione, and thus are said to result in lower loaf volumes.", "Cain's Coffee Building The Cain's Coffee Building was built in 1918 in Oklahoma City. It is located at 1 NW Twelfth Street just off of Broadway. This white glazed brick Art Deco revival building is five stories high with a full basement and is 50,000 square feet (4,600 m2).It was built as a CCC Citizen's Conservation Corps project and occupied by an Extract Company, Seelye Mattress Company, and the most famous Cain's Coffee Company.", "Coffea arabica Coffea arabica /əˈræbɪkə/ is a species of Coffea originally indigenous to the forests of the southwestern highlands of Ethiopia, as also the mountainous regions of Yemen. It is also known as the \"coffee shrub of Arabia\", \"mountain coffee\", or \"arabica coffee\". C.", "Coffee, Sugar and Cocoa Exchange The Coffee, Sugar and Cocoa Exchange (CSCE) was founded in 1882 as the Coffee Exchange in the City of New York. Sugar futures were added in 1914, and, on September 28, 1979, the New York Coffee and Sugar Exchange merged with the New York Cocoa Exchange (which in turn had been founded in 1925) to form CSCE. In 1998, CSCE merged with the New York Cotton Exchange as subsidiaries of the New York Board of Trade (NYBOT).", "Coffee (color) Coffee is a brownish color that is a representation of the color of an unroasted coffee bean. Different types of coffee beans have different colors when unroasted--the color coffee represents an average. The first recorded use of coffee as a color name in English was in 1695.The source of the color displayed at right is the ISCC-NBS Color List (see Page C, coffee, color sample #58).", "Coffee Republic Coffee Republic is a British coffee bar and deli franchise chain founded in 1995.", "Coffee bean A coffee bean is a seed of the coffee plant, and is the source for coffee. It is the pit inside the red or purple fruit often referred to as a cherry. Just like cherries, the coffee fruit is also a so called stone fruit. Even though the coffee beans are seeds, they are referred to as 'beans' because of their resemblance to true beans. The fruits - coffee cherries or coffee berries - most commonly contain two stones with their flat sides together.", "Coffee cabinet A coffee cabinet is an ice cream-based beverage found almost exclusively in Rhode Island and southeastern Massachusetts, consisting of coffee ice cream, coffee syrup, and milk. The ingredients are mixed in a drink blender or milkshake blender.In recent years, it has become more difficult to find an authentic cabinet, but many Rhode Island creameries still serve them, including Delekta's Pharmacy in Warren, and the Original Vanilla Bean in South Kingstown.", "Coffee milk Coffee milk is a drink made by adding a sweetened coffee concentrate called coffee syrup to milk in a manner similar to chocolate milk. It is the official state drink of Rhode Island in the United States of America.", "Coffee preparation Coffee preparation is the process of turning coffee beans into a beverage. While the particular steps vary with the type of coffee and with the raw materials, the process includes four basic steps; raw coffee beans must be roasted, the roasted coffee beans must then be ground, the ground coffee must then be mixed with hot water for a certain time (brewed), and finally the liquid coffee must be separated from the used grounds.Coffee is usually brewed immediately before drinking.", "Coffee production Coffee production is the industrial process of converting the raw fruit of the coffee plant into the finished coffee. The cherry has the fruit or pulp removed leaving the seed or bean which is then dried. While all green coffee is processed, the method that is used varies and can have a significant effect on the flavor of roasted and brewed coffee. Coffee production is a major source of income, especially for developing countries where coffee is grown.", "Coffee production in Ethiopia Coffee production in Ethiopia is a longstanding tradition. Ethiopia is where Coffea arabica, the coffee plant, originates. The plant is now grown in various parts of the world; Ethiopia itself accounts for around 3% of the global coffee market. Coffee is important to the economy of Ethiopia; around 60% of foreign income comes from coffee, with an estimated 15 million of the population relying on some aspect of coffee production for their livelihood.", "Coffee production in India Coffee production in India is dominated in the hill tracts of South Indian states, with the state of Karnataka accounting 53% followed by Kerala 28% and Tamil Nadu 11% of production of 8,200 tonnes. Indian coffee is said to be the finest coffee grown in the shade rather than direct sunlight anywhere in the world. There are approximately 250,000 coffee growers in India; 98% of them are small growers.", "Coffee production in Indonesia Indonesia was the fourth largest producer of coffee in the world in 2014. Coffee in Indonesia began with its colonial history, and has played an important part in the growth of the country. Indonesia is located within an ideal geography for coffee plantations, near the equator and with numerous mountainous regions across the islands, creating well suited micro-climates for the growth and production of coffee.Indonesia produced an estimated 540,000 metric tons of coffee in 2014.", "Coffee production in Papua New Guinea Coffee production in Papua New Guinea accounts for approximately 1% of world production according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). After oil palm, coffee is Papua New Guinea's second largest agricultural export, employing approximately 2.5 million people.Coffee is the highest foreign exchange earner for Papua New Guinea, the majority of which is grown in the Eastern Highland Province, the Western Highland Province, and Simbu.", "Coffee roasting Roasting coffee transforms the chemical and physical properties of green coffee beans into roasted coffee products. The roasting process is what produces the characteristic flavor of coffee by causing the green coffee beans to change in taste.", "Coffee service Coffee service refers to the many and various styles in which coffee is made available to people, such as in restaurants and hotels.Coffee service is also a catch-all term for services related to the delivery of coffee to employees of a business at low or no cost to them. Providing coffee to employees is popular among employers since employees will likely not leave the workplace to purchase coffee, subsequently reducing lost work time.", "Coffeehouse Coffeehouse, coffee shop, and coffee bar are related terms for an establishment which primarily serves hot coffee, related coffee beverages (e.g., espresso, cappuccino, caffè latte), tea and other hot beverages. Many cafés also serve some type of food, such as pastries, muffins or light snacks.", "Comcast SportsNet New England Comcast SportsNet New England (sometimes abbreviated as CSN New England) is an American regional sports network that is owned by the NBC Sports Group unit of NBCUniversal, and operates as an affiliate of Comcast SportsNet.", "Division of New England The Division of New England is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales. The division is located in the north-east of the state, adjoining the border with Queensland. The division was proclaimed in 1900, and was one of the original 75 divisions to be contested at the first federal election.", "Dominion of New England The Dominion of New England in America (1686–1689) was an administrative union of English colonies in the New England region of North America. Its political structure represented centralized control more akin to the model used by the Spanish monarchy through the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The dominion was unacceptable to most colonists, because they deeply resented being stripped of their traditional rights.", "Drip brew Drip brewing, filtered coffee, or pour-over is a method which involves pouring water over roasted, ground coffee beans contained in a filter, creating the beverage called coffee. Water seeps through the ground coffee, absorbing its oils and essences, solely under gravity, then passes through the bottom of the filter.", "Economics of coffee Coffee is a popular beverage and an important commodity. Tens of millions of small producers in developing countries make their living growing coffee. Over 2.25 billion cups of coffee are consumed in the world every day.", "Fair trade coffee Fair trade coffee is coffee that is certified as having been produced to fair trade standards.Fair trade organisations create trading partnerships that are based on dialogue, transparency and respect, that seeks greater equity in international trade. These partnerships contribute to sustainable development by offering better trading conditions to coffee bean farmers. Fair trade organizations are engaged actively in supporting producers and sustainable environmental farming practices.", "Freeth's Coffee House Freeth's Coffee House, the popular name for the Leicester Arms on the corner of Bell Street and Lease Lane in Birmingham, England, was a tavern and coffee house that operated from 1736 until 1832.One of the most celebrated meeting places of Georgian England, it was already known during the early eighteenth century as a place for small businessmen and lawyers to conduct business.", "Gimme! Coffee Gimme! Coffee is a coffee roaster, based in New York, with espresso bars in Ithaca, Trumansburg, Brooklyn, and Manhattan. Gimme! Coffee has a wholesale service that caters to coffee and espresso establishments.", "Grecian Coffee House The Grecian Coffee House was first established in about 1665 at Wapping Old Stairs in London, England, by a Greek former mariner called George Constantine. The enterprise proved a success and by 1677 Constantine had been able to move his premises to a more central location in Devereux Court, off Fleet Street. In the 1690s the Grecian was the favoured meeting place of the opposition Whigs, a group that included John Trenchard, Andrew Fletcher and Matthew Tindal.", "Iced coffee Iced coffee is a cold variant of coffee. The iced latte and iced mocha are examples.There are various brewing methods, with the fundamental division being cold brew – brewing the coffee cold, yielding different flavor, but not requiring cooling – or brewing hot and then cooling, generally by simply pouring over ice or into ice cold milk. In case of hot brewing this can be normally brewed coffee (drip, press pot, etc.), or espresso.", "Indian filter coffee Indian filter coffee is a coffee drink made by mixing frothed and boiled milk with the decoction obtained by brewing finely ground coffee powder in a traditional Indian filter. The drink is also known as kaapi (the South Indian phonetic rendering of \"coffee\"),Kumbakonam degree coffee, Mylapore filter coffee, or Madras kaapi. Outside India, the term \"filter coffee\" may refer to drip brew.", "Instant coffee Instant coffee, also called soluble coffee, coffee crystals and coffee powder, is a beverage derived from brewed coffee beans. Instant coffee is commercially prepared by either freeze-drying or spray drying, after which it can be rehydrated.", "John C. Coffee John C. \"Jack\" Coffee, Jr. (born November 15, 1944) is the Adolf A. Berle Professor of Law at Columbia Law School and director of the Center on Corporate Governance at Columbia University Law School.", "John Coffee John Coffee (June 2, 1772 – July 7, 1833) was an American planter and state militia general in Tennessee. He commanded troops under General Andrew Jackson in the Creek Wars (1813–14) and in the War of 1812's Battle of New Orleans.President Andrew Jackson appointed Coffee as his representative, along with Secretary of War John Eaton, to negotiate treaties with Southeast American Indian tribes to accomplish removal, a policy authorized by Congressional passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830.", "Jonathan's Coffee-House Jonathan's Coffee-House in Change Alley (Exchange Alley) is famous as the original site of the London Stock Exchange. The Coffee-House was founded by Jonathan Miles, in Exchange Alley, around 1680.In 1696, several patrons were implicated in a plot to assassinate William III, and it was thought to be associated with the Popish Plots.In 1698, it was used by John Castaing to post the prices of stocks and commodities, the first evidence of systematic exchange of securities in London, England.", "Kopi Luwak Kopi luwak (Indonesian pronunciation: [ˈkopi ˈlu.aʔ]), or civet coffee, refers to the coffee that includes part-digested coffee cherries eaten and defecated by the Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus).Producers of the coffee beans argue that the process may improve coffee through two mechanisms, selection and digestion. Selection occurs if the civets choose to eat cherries. Digestive mechanisms may improve the flavor profile of the coffee beans that have been eaten.", "Liebeck v. McDonald's Restaurants Liebeck v. McDonald's Restaurants, also known as the McDonald's coffee case and the hot coffee lawsuit, was a 1994 product liability lawsuit that became a flashpoint in the debate in the United States over tort reform. A New Mexico civil jury awarded $2.86 million to plaintiff Stella Liebeck, a 79-year-old woman who suffered third-degree burns in her pelvic region when she accidentally spilled hot coffee in her lap after purchasing it from a McDonald's restaurant.", "List of coffee drinks Coffee drinks are made by brewing hot water with ground coffee beans. The brewing is either done slowly by drip or filter, French press or cafetière, percolator, etc., or done very quickly under pressure by espresso machine, where the coffee is termed \"espresso\"—slow-brewed coffees are generally regarded simply as \"coffee\".", "List of countries by coffee production The following table lists the total coffee production of each coffee exporting country.", "Malden, Massachusetts Malden is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. At the time of the 2010 United States Census, the population was at 59,450 people. In 2009, Malden was named the \"Best Place to Raise Your Kids\" in Massachusetts by Bloomberg Businessweek.", "Maxwell House Maxwell House is a brand of coffee manufactured by a like-named division of Kraft Foods. Introduced in 1892, Joel Cheek named his new coffee blend \"Maxwell House\" in honor of the Maxwell House Hotel in Nashville, Tennessee. For many years, until the late 1980s, it was the largest-selling coffee in the United States. The company's slogan is \"Good to the last drop\", which is often incorporated into their logo and is printed on their labels.", "Michael Phillips (barista) Michael Phillips won the U.S. Barista Championship in Portland, Oregon, in March 2009, while working at Intelligentsia Coffee & Tea in New York City. He also won the 2010 United States Barista Championship, becoming the second of three repeat U.S.", "National Coffee Association The National Coffee Association (NCA) or (National Coffee Association of U.S.A., Inc.), is the main market research, consumer information, and lobbying association for the coffee industry in the United States.Surveys produced by the NCA are widely cited in mainstream media.The association has numerous functions and services that include:Market and scientific researchDomestic and international government relations, including lobbyingPublic relations and education↑ ↑ ↑", "New England New England is a region which comprises six states of the Northeastern United States: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont.", "New England (New England album) New England is the debut album by the American rock band New England. The group was best known for the song \"Don't Ever Wanna Lose Ya\", which received heavy radio exposure on Album-oriented rock (AOR) stations and reached the Top 40 in 1979. \"Hello, Hello, Hello\" also received some airplay. The debut album was released on Infinity Records INF-9007.The quartet formed in the Boston area and was discovered by manager Bill Aucoin, who also managed Kiss.", "New England (New South Wales) New England or New England North West is the name given to a generally undefined region about 60 kilometres (37 miles) inland, that includes the Northern Tablelands (or New England Tablelands) and the North West Slopes regions in the north of the state of New South Wales, Australia.", "New England Conservatory of Music The New England Conservatory of Music (NEC) in Boston, Massachusetts, is the oldest independent school of music in the United States.The conservatory, located on Huntington Avenue of the Arts near Boston Symphony Hall, is home each year to 750 students pursuing undergraduate and graduate studies along with 1400 more in its Preparatory School as well as the School of Continuing Education.", "New England English New England English collectively refers to the four major varieties of North American English originating in the New England area. Natives of much of Connecticut, western Vermont, and western Massachusetts, as well as some members of the current younger generation in other parts of New England, tend to speak with an accent that is closer to General American; however, the other New England dialects exhibit unique characteristics.", "New England Interstate Route 12 New England Route 12 was a multi-state north–south state highway in the New England region of the United States, running from New London, Connecticut, through Worcester, Massachusetts, and Keene, New Hampshire, to Morrisville, Vermont. Its number dates from 1922, when it was a New England Interstate Route, also known as the Keene Way.", "New England Interstate Route 32 Route 32 is a multi-state north–south state highway in the New England region of the United States, running from New London, Connecticut through Massachusetts to Keene, New Hampshire. Its number dates from 1922, when it was a New England Interstate Route, also known as the Lake Sunapee Route. (The original route used to end near Lake Sunapee).", "New England Patriots The New England Patriots are a professional American football team based in the Greater Boston area. The Patriots play their home games at Gillette Stadium in the town of Foxborough, Massachusetts, which is located 21 miles (34 km) southwest of downtown Boston and 20 miles (32 km) northeast of downtown Providence, Rhode Island. The Patriots are also headquartered at Gillette Stadium.", "New England cottontail The New England cottontail (Sylvilagus transitionalis), also called the gray rabbit, brush rabbit, wood hare, wood rabbit, or cooney, is a species of cottontail rabbit represented by fragmented populations in areas of New England, specifically from southern Maine to southern New York. This species bears a close resemblance to the Eastern Cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus), which has been introduced in much of the New England Cottontail home range.", "New England road marking system The New England road marking system was an interstate system of marked numbered routes in New England, United States. The routes were marked by a yellow rectangular shield with black numbers and border. Many shields were painted on telephone poles. The routes were approved by the highway departments of the six New England states in April 1922.Prior to the New England road marking system, through routes were mainly marked with colored bands on telephone poles.", "New England town The New England town is the basic unit of local government and local division of state authority in each of the six New England states. Without a direct counterpart in most other U.S. states, New England towns overlay the entire area of a state, similar to civil townships in other states where they exist, but are fully functioning municipal corporations, possessing powers similar to cities in other states. New England towns are often governed by a town meeting legislative body.", "PJ's Coffee PJ's Coffee of New Orleans is a chain of retail coffeehouses. PJ's was founded with a single shop in the Carrollton neighborhood of New Orleans in September 1978 by Phyllis Jordan (thus the initials \"PJ\"). It was formerly billed as \"PJ's Coffee & Tea Co.\". PJ's spread throughout the Greater New Orleans Area with company-owned outlets. Its first franchise, in Mandeville, Louisiana, in 1989, was successively followed by franchises in Hammond, Louisiana, and Picayune, Mississippi.", "Partisan Coffee House The Partisan was a radical venue of the New Left, at 7 Carlisle Street in the Soho district of London, now utilised as office space. It was established by historian Raphael Samuel in 1958 in the aftermath of the Suez Crisis and the Soviet invasion of Hungary. It closed in 1962, victim of a \"business model\" that was hospitable to the penniless intellectuals who patronised it, but wholly unrealistic.", "Queen's Lane Queen's Lane is an historic street in central Oxford, England, named after Queen's College, to the south and west.", "Queen's Lane Coffee House Queen's Lane Coffee House is an historic coffee house dating from 1654 in Oxford, England. It claims to be the oldest coffee house in Europe.The coffee house is situated on the north side of the High Street (at No. 40), on the corner with Queen's Lane, hence the name. Close by are both The Queen's College to the west and St Edmund Hall to the north.", "Reily Foods Company Reily Foods Company is the primary division of Wm. B. Reily & Company Inc. and specializes in selling food and beverages. The company started in the coffee and tea business and has diversified through to include condiments, dressings, seasonings, and baking products. Luzianne Iced Tea is available nationally while other products have greater distribution and demand in the Southern United States. The Reily Foods Company is headquartered in the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana.", "Single-serve coffee container A single-serve coffee container is a method for coffee brewing that prepares only enough coffee for a single portion.Single-serve coffee containers can both reduce the time needed to brew coffee and simplify the brewing process by eliminating the need to measure out portions, flavorings, and additives from large bulk containers. They can also help to keep the unused product fresher by individually packaging portions separately without exposing the entire supply batch to air and light.", "Starbucks Starbucks Corporation, doing business as Starbucks Coffee, is an American coffee company and coffeehouse chain based in Seattle, Washington.", "State House Coffee State House Coffee was a brand of coffee roasted and distributed throughout New England by Bunker Hill Coffee Mills located at Charlestown in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. The State House Coffee brand was introduced in 1896 and was packaged in half, one pound, and two pound tins. The original trade dress featured an illustration of the Massachusetts State House. This was replaced by a new printed label with a photograph of the Vermont State House in 1904.", "The 2i's Coffee Bar The 2i's Coffee Bar was a coffee bar at 59 Old Compton Street, Soho, London, between 1956 and 1970. It played a formative role in the emergence of Britain's pop music culture in the late 1950s, and several major stars including Tommy Steele and Cliff Richard were first discovered performing there.", "The Whole Donut The Whole Donut is a franchised company, that provides donuts and coffee, founded in 1955 in Hartford, Connecticut.", "Third wave of coffee The third wave of coffee refers to a current movement to produce high-quality coffee, and consider coffee as an artisanal foodstuff, like wine, rather than a commodity.", "Tontine Coffee House The Tontine Coffee House was a New York City coffee house established in early 1793. Situated on the north-west corner of Wall Street and Water Street, it was built by a group of stockbrokers to serve as a meeting place for trade and correspondence.", "Trojan Room coffee pot The Trojan Room coffee pot was the inspiration for the world's first webcam. The coffee pot was located in the corridor just outside the so-called Trojan Room within the old Computer Laboratory of the University of Cambridge. The webcam was created to help people working in other parts of the building avoid pointless trips to the coffee pot by providing, on the user's desktop computer, a live 128×128 greyscale picture of the state of the coffee pot.", "Turkish coffee Turkish coffee (Turkish: Türk kahvesi) is a method of preparing unfiltered coffee. Roasted and then finely ground coffee beans are boiled in a pot (cezve), usually with sugar, and served in a cup where the grounds are allowed to settle. At present, it is found in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, the Balkans, Bali, and Eastern Europe. Turkish Coffee is an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Turkey confirmed by UNESCO.", "UCC Ueshima Coffee Co. UCC Ueshima Coffee Co., Ltd. (UCC上島珈琲株式会社, Yū Shī Shī Ueshima Kōhī Kabushiki-gaisha) is a manufacturer of coffee and tea products in Kobe, Hyōgo. \"UCC\" stands for \"Ueshima Coffee Company\". It owns a Kona coffee farm on the island of Hawaii.The company is a part of the UCC Group.", "USS New England (SP-1222) The second USS New England (SP-1222) was operated as a United States Navy tug in commission from 1917 to 1919. New England was built as a steel steam lighter by the Fore River Shipbuilding Company at Quincy, Massachusetts for the New England Steamship Company of New York City.", "University of New England (Australia) The University of New England (UNE) is a public university in Australia with approximately 21,000 higher education students.", "Verizon New England Verizon New England, Inc., formerly New England Telephone and Telegraph Company, more commonly known as New England Telephone, is a Bell Operating Company that serves most of Massachusetts and all of Rhode Island.", "White coffee White coffee can refer to any of a number of different kinds of coffees or coffee substitutes worldwide." ]

[ "Alex Avery Alex Avery, the son of Dennis Avery, is the director of research and education with the Center for Global Food Issues at the Hudson Institute, where he conducts research on the environmental impacts of different farming systems.", "Genetically modified food controversies Genetically modified food controversies are disputes over the use of foods and other goods derived from genetically modified crops instead of conventional crops, and other uses of genetic engineering in food production. The dispute involves consumers, farmers, biotechnology companies, governmental regulators, non-governmental organizations, and scientists.", "Index of organic food articles This is a list of organic food topics. Organic foods are foods that are produced using methods of organic farming – that do not involve modern synthetic inputs such as synthetic pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Organic foods are also not processed using irradiation, industrial solvents, or chemical food additives.", "Organic Consumers Association The Organic Consumers Association (OCA) is a consumer protection and non-profit advocacy group for organic agriculture based in Finland, Minnesota. It was formed in 1998 in the wake of strong opposition by members of the organic industry and consumers of organic food to the U.S. Department of Agriculture's controversial initial version of their proposed regulations for organic food.", "Organic Food Development Center The Organic Food Development Center (OFDC; full name: Organic Food Development Center, SEPA of China; Chinese: 国家环境保护总局有机食品发展中心; pinyin: Guójiā Huánjìng Bǎohù Zǒngjú Yǒujī Shípǐn Fāzhǎn Zhōngxīn) is an organic certification organization in China. It was founded in 1994 and is based in Nanjing. It is a branch of China's State Environmental Protection Administration, or SEPA. It was certified by the International Federation of Organic Movements in 2002.", "Organic beef Organic beef is beef grown according to organic food principles.", "Organic certification Organic certification is a certification process for producers of organic food and other organic agricultural products.", "Organic coffee Organic coffee is coffee produced without the aid of artificial chemical substances, such as certain additives or some pesticides and herbicides.", "Organic food Organic foods are foods produced by organic farming. While the standards differ worldwide, organic farming in general features cultural, biological, and mechanical practices that foster cycling of resources, promote ecological balance, and conserve biodiversity. Synthetic pesticides and chemical fertilizers are not allowed, although certain approved pesticides may be used.", "Organic milk Organic milk refers to a number of milk products from livestock raised according to organic farming methods. In most jurisdictions, use of the term \"organic\" or equivalents like \"bio\" or \"eco\", on any product is regulated by food authorities.", "Organic movement The organic movement broadly refers to the organizations and individuals involved worldwide in the promotion of organic farming and other organic products. It started around the first half of the 20th century, when modern large-scale agricultural practices began to appear.", "Organic wine Organic wine is wine made from grapes grown in accordance with principles of organic farming, which typically excludes the use of artificial chemical fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides and herbicides.The consumption of organic wine grew at a rate of 3.7 percent over the year ending September 19, 2009, out-pacing growth in the consumption of non-organic wine which grew 2% during a similar period.", "Principles of Organic Agriculture The Principles of Organic Agriculture were established by the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) in September, 2005. They are aspirations for organic farming. The Principles were approved by the General Assembly of IFOAM on September 25, 2005. The General Assembly of IFOAM approved the Principles of Organic Agriculture on September 28, 2005. The principles were developed during an intensive two-year participatory process.", "The Rodale Institute Rodale Institute is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit that supports research into organic farming.Rodale Institute was founded in 1947 by J.I. Rodale in Emmaus, Pennsylvania. When J.I. Rodale died in 1971, his son Robert purchased 333 acres and moved the farm to its current site in Kutztown, Pennsylvania.", "United Natural Foods United Natural Foods, Incorporated, also known as UNFI, is the leading national distributor of natural and organic foods, specialty foods, and related products in the United States and Canada. The company provides services for retailers and manufacturers, including marketing and promotions, merchandising, category management, and store support services.", "Whole Foods Market Whole Foods Market Inc. is an American supermarket chain specializing in organic food that first opened on September 20, 1980, in Austin, Texas, also home to its headquarters." ]

[ "Absolute advantage In economics, the principle of absolute advantage refers to the ability of a party (an individual, or firm, or country) to produce a greater quantity of a good, product, or service than competitors, using the same amount of resources.", "Agricultural productivity Agricultural productivity is measured as the ratio of agricultural outputs to agricultural inputs. While individual products are usually measured by weight, their varying densities make measuring overall agricultural output difficult. Therefore, output is usually measured as the market value of final output, which excludes intermediate products such as corn feed used in the meat industry. This output value may be compared to many different types of inputs such as labour and land (yield).", "Bailer (hydrogeology) A bailer in hydrogeology is a hollow tube used to retrieve groundwater samples from monitoring wells. Groundwater monitoring wells are drilled in areas where there are underground storage tanks or where there is environmental remediation occurring. The wells are typically built out of PVC casing which is slotted to allow groundwater to flow freely through the well.", "Bellamy's Organic Bellamy's Organic is a major Australian organic infant formula and baby food producer, and is a wholly owned subsidiary of Bellamy's Australia (formerly Tasmanian Pure Foods Ltd).", "Biodegradable plastic Biodegradable plastics are plastics that decompose by the action living organisms, usually bacteria.Two basic classes of biodegradable plastics exist: Bioplastics, whose components are derived from renewable raw materials and plastics made from petrochemicals containing biodegradable additives which enhance biodegradation.", "Bruss–Duerinckx theorem The Theorem of the envelopment of societies for resource-dependent populations , also named Bruss-Duerinckx theorem, is a mathematical result on the behavior of populations which choose their society form according to only two hypotheses, namely those which are seen as most \"natural\": Hypothesis 1 (H1): Individuals want to survive and see a future for their descendants, Hypothesis 2 (H2): The average individual prefers a higher standard of living to a lower one,where H1 is supposed to precede H2 in the case of incompatibility of H1 with H2.Here populations with a society structure are modeled by so-called resource-dependent branching processes (RDBPs).The objective of RDBPs is to model different society structures and to compare the advantages and disadvantages of different societies, with the focus being on human societies. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruss–Duerinckx_theorem?oldid=646858682> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Kodak_Easyshare_C1013> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> The Kodak Easyshare C1013 is a digital camera made by Kodak. It features an 10 megapixel camera with 3x optical zoom; a 2.4 inch colour LCD display; digital image stabilization; high ISO setting (up to 1000); video capture; 16 scene modes and 3 colour modes; on-camera picture enhancement and editing tools; 16 MB on-camera storage, expandable with an SD card, and a USB 2.0 connection.", "Cattle feeding Different cattle feeding production systems have separate advantages and disadvantages. Most cattle have a diet that is composed of at least some forage (grass, legumes, or silage). In fact, most beef cattle are raised on pasture from birth in the spring until autumn (7 to 9 months). Then for pasture-fed animals, grass is the forage that composes all or at least the great majority of their diet.", "China Green Food Development Center The China Green Food Development Center (Chinese: 中国绿色食品发展中心; abbreviated CGFDC) is the first agency in the People's Republic of China to oversee organic food standards. The Center was established in November 1992, and has been launched its work around 1990, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China.", "Collaborative virtual environment Collaborative virtual environments, or CVEs, are used for collaboration and interaction of possibly many participants that may be spread over large distances. Typical examples are distributed simulations, 3D multiplayer games, collaborative engineering software, and others. The applications are usually based on the shared virtual environment.", "Comparative advantage The theory of comparative advantage is an economic theory about the work gains from trade for individuals, firms, or nations that arise from differences in their factor endowments or technological progress. In an economic model, an agent has a comparative advantage over another in producing a particular good if he can produce that good at a lower relative opportunity cost or autarky price, i.e. at a lower relative marginal cost prior to trade.", "Console exclusivity Console exclusivity refers to the status of a video game being released on only one video game console. Console exclusivity is a topic which is utilized in discussions of the advantages and disadvantages of rival firms in the video game market, and one which is used for marketing by firms involved. Industry analysts generally agree that there is a correlation between availability of exclusive titles, and hardware sales.", "Coup d'œil Coup d'œil (or coup d'oeil; French pronunciation: ​[ku dœj]) is a term taken from French, that more or less corresponds to the words glimpse or glance in English. The literal meaning is \"stroke of [the] eye\".It is mostly used (in English) in a military context, where the coup d'œil refers to the ability to discern at one glance the tactical (dis)advantages of the terrain.", "Decision-making (US Criminal Justice System) Decision-making is an important managerial characteristic of the United States criminal justice system. There are many employees and situations that require experienced directions on the part of supervisors and employees alike. Criminal justice leaders must be able to understand the various facets of leadership in order to successfully solve problems. In the following, we will explain the types of leaders.", "EU-Eco-regulation The \"European Union regulation (EEC) No. 2092/91 of the European Council of 24 June 1991 on organic production of agricultural products and indications referring thereto on agricultural products and foodstuffs\" (EU-Eco-regulation) defines how agricultural products and foods that are designated as ecological products have to be grown.", "Eden Foods Inc. Eden Foods, Inc., (also known as Eden Organic), claims to be the oldest independent organic food producer in the United States, and the largest supplier of organic dry grocery items. It is best known for its Edensoy line of organic soy milk, and its line of organic Japanese foods and condiments. Eden was founded in 1969 as a co-op grocery store in Ann Arbor, Michigan to continue the operations of a defunct macrobiotic food buying club.", "First-mover advantage In marketing strategy, first-mover advantage, or FMA, is the advantage gained by the initial \"\\first-moving\") significant occupant of a market segment. It may be also referred to as Technological Leadership.A market participant has first-mover advantage if it is the first entrant and gains a competitive advantage through control of resources. With this advantage, first-movers can be rewarded with huge profit margins and a monopoly-like status.Not all first-movers are rewarded.", "Flexible tanks Flexible tanks are a kind of storage equipment for liquids such as water or oil. Compared to steel tanks, flexible tanks have many advantages, including lighter weight and being rustproof, foldable, and quicker and easier to set up. With the same capacity, a flexible tank may have just 10% of a steel tank's weight. The disadvantages of flexible tanks include lower durability and shorter longevity.", "Focometer A focometer is an instrument that measures refractive errors and is intended to provide rural or economically disadvantaged populations spherical eyeglass prescriptions without the need for complicated protocols, expensive equipment, or electricity. The focometer is monocular and hand-held, and is normally used in natural lighting. Patients rotate a collar on the focometer until the best focus is achieved.", "Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990 The Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade (FACT) Act of 1990 — P.L. 101-624 (November 28, 1990) was a 5-year omnibus farm bill. This bill, also known as the 1990 farm bill, continued to move agriculture in a market-oriented direction by freezing target prices and allowing more planting flexibility.", "Food irradiation Food irradiation is the process of exposing foodstuffs to ionizing radiation, energy that is transmitted to the food without direct contact capable of stripping electrons from the food.This treatment is used to preserve food, reduce the risk of food borne illness, prevent the spread of invasive pests, and delay or eliminate sprouting or ripening. The radiation can be emitted by a radioactive substance or generated electrically. Irradiated food does not become radioactive.", "Food policy Food policy is the area of public policy concerning how food is produced, processed, distributed, and purchased. Food policies are designed to influence the operation of the food and agriculture system. This often includes decision-making around production and processing techniques, marketing, availability, utilization and consumption of food in the interest of meeting or furthering social objectives.", "Global sourcing Global sourcing is the practice of sourcing from the global market for goods and services across geopolitical boundaries. Global sourcing often aims to exploit global efficiencies in the delivery of a product or service.", "Health food store A health food store is a type of grocery store that primarily sells health foods, organic foods, local produce, and often nutritional supplements.", "Heterozygote advantage A heterozygote advantage (heterozygous advantage) describes the case in which the heterozygote genotype has a higher relative fitness than either the homozygote dominant or homozygote recessive genotype. The specific case of heterozygote advantage due to a single locus is known as overdominance.", "Home advantage In team sports, the term home advantage (also called home ground/field/court/ice advantage) describes the psychological advantage that the home team is said to have over the visiting team as a result of playing in familiar facilities and in front of supportive fans.", "Horizon Organic Horizon Organic is an American company, founded in 1991, that produces organic milk products.", "Hot-melt adhesive Hot melt adhesive (HMA), also known as hot glue, is a form of thermoplastic adhesive that is commonly supplied in solid cylindrical sticks of various diameters, designed to be melted in an electric hot glue gun. The gun uses a continuous-duty heating element to melt the plastic glue, which may be pushed through the gun by a mechanical trigger mechanism, or directly by the user. The glue squeezed out of the heated nozzle is initially hot enough to burn and even blister skin.", "India Organic India Organic is a certification mark for organically farmed food products manufactured in India. The certification mark certifies that an organic food product conforms to the National Standards for Organic Products established in 2000.Those standards ensures that the product or the raw materials used in the product were grown through organic farming, without the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, or induced hormones.", "Irish Organic Farmers and Growers Association The Irish Organic Farmers and Growers Association (IOFGA) certifies organic food and products throughout the island of Ireland. It is a voluntary organisation and a company limited by guarantee with a membership open to all. IOFGA maintains a set of organic production and food processing standards, and operates an inspection scheme for certified members.IOFGA publishes a bi-monthly magazine called Organic Matters.", "List of countries with organic agriculture regulation This list documents the status of formal government-standards, regulations, and certification of organic farming and organic food.", "Local food Local food or the local food movement is a movement which aims to connect food producers and food consumers in the same geographic region; in order to develop more self-reliant and resilient food networks, improve local economies, or for health, environmental, community, or social impact in a particular place.", "Masarjawaih For the 5th generetion Jewish Amora sage of Babylon, see Rav Mesharshiya.Māsarjawaih (ماسرجويه) was one of the earliest Jewish physicians in the Arab world, and the earliest translator from the Syriac; he lived in Basra about 683 (Anno Hegirae 64). His name, distorted, has been transmitted in European sources; it has not yet been satisfactorily explained. Neuda (in \"Orient, Lit.\" vi.", "Money Smart The U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Money Smart website includes, free to the public, about 30 instructional lectures on personal money management and general financial education. Topics offered include: the use of a checking account, why it's important to save, what it means to secure a loan and the costs involved, the advantages and disadvantages of owning vs. renting, why it's important to save money, how to read a credit report, ways to save for college, etc.", "National Organic Program In the United States, the National Organic Program (NOP) is the federal regulatory framework governing organic food. It is also the name of the program of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) responsible for administering and enforcing the regulatory framework.", "Monocropping Monocropping is the agricultural practice of growing a single crop year after year on the same land, in the absence of rotation through other crops or growing multiple crops on the same land (polyculture).", "National Organic Standards Board The National Organic Standards Board is an advisory board that makes recommendations to the United States Secretary of Agriculture on organic food and products. Members are appointed by the Secretary and these make recommendations, one of the most important of which is to review and develop the National List of Approved and Prohibited Substances.", "Nature's Path Nature's Path Foods, commonly known as Nature's Path, is a privately held, family-owned producer of certified organic foods. Originally known for its breakfast cereals, it now has a portfolio of more than 150 products. Founded in 1985 by Arran and Ratana Stephens, Nature's Path employs approximately 500 people, with manufacturing facilities in Canada and the United States and sales in more than 40 countries. All of its products are vegetarian and certified organic.", "Northland Organic Foods Corporation Northland Organic Foods Corporation was a global food and agricultural products company based in Saint Paul, Minnesota. Founded in 1991, Northland is an award-winning innovator in the organic foods industry, specializing in the development, production, and international distribution of certified organic and conventional non-GMO specialty food and feed-use seeds, whole soybeans, corn, wheat and other cereal grains.", "Oilseed press An oilseed press is a machine that lies at the center of vegetable oil extraction. This is due to the fact that this technology is designed to release oil from oilseeds. Multiple oilseed press layouts have been developed over time to complete this process, with each having its own distinct set of advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, the products that are created by oilseed presses, namely oil and oilseed meal, possess great nutritive benefits for humans and livestock respectively.", "Organic Food Federation The Organic Food Federation is a lobbying organization which certifies organic products in the United Kingdom.", "Organic Foods Production Act of 1990 The Organic Foods Production Act of 1990 (OFPA) (Title 21 of Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990, codified at 7 U.S.C. ch. 94, 7 U.S.C. § 6501 et seq.) authorizes a National Organic Program (NOP) to be administered by USDA's Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS). The program will be based on federal regulations that define standard organic farming practices and on a National List of acceptable organic production inputs.", "Organic Trade Association The Organic Trade Association (OTA) is a membership-based business association that focuses on the organic business community in North America. OTA's mission is to promote ethical consumerism, promoting and protecting the growth of organic trade to benefit the environment, farmers, the public and the economy. OTA is a member of The International Federation of Organic Agricultural Movements (IFOAM) and The International Working Group on Global Organic Textile Standard.", "Organic Valley Organic Valley is a cooperative of organic farmers based in La Farge, Wisconsin, United States near La Crosse, Wisconsin. Founded in 1988, its 2014 annual sales neared $1 billion. The largest organic farmer cooperative in the world, Organic Valley markets products in all 50 states including exports to Canada, China, Japan and 24 other countries.", "Organic farming Organic farming is a form of agriculture that relies on techniques such as crop rotation, green manure, compost, and biological pest control.", "Organic fertilizer Organic fertilizers are fertilizers derived from animal matter, human excreta or vegetable matter. (e.g. compost, manure). In contrast, the majority of fertilizers are extracted from minerals (e.g., phosphate rock) or produced industrially (e.g., ammonia). Naturally occurring organic fertilizers include animal wastes from meat processing, peat, manure, slurry, and guano.", "Organic infant formula Organic infant formulas are synthetic substitutes to natural breast milk.", "Organic product An organic product is made from organic raw materials. It also requires Organic certification.There are some branches: Organic baby products, organic products intended for babies and toddlers Organic food, food produced from organic farming methods and often certified organic according to organic farming standards Organic clothing, clothing produced from organic fibers such as organic cotton Organic wine", "Organic wild Organic wild refers to organic agriculture products which are collected from wild land. As of 2005, organic wild products are farmed on approximately 62 million hectares. According to the International Federation of Organic Agricultural Movements 36% of these were bamboo shoots, 21% were fruits and berries, and 19% were nuts (IFOAM 2007:10). The first IFOAM conference on organic wild products was held in May 2006.", "Organostannane addition Organostannane addition reactions comprise the nucleophilic addition of an allyl-, allenyl-, or propargylstannane to an aldehyde, imine, or, in rare cases, a ketone.Organostannane addition to carbonyl groups constitutes one of the most common and efficient methods for the construction of contiguous, oxygen-containing stereocenters in organic molecules.", "Performance Handicap Racing Fleet Performance Handicap Racing Fleet (PHRF) is a handicapping system used for yacht racing in North America. It allows dissimilar classes of sailboats to be raced against each other. The aim is to cancel out the inherent advantages and disadvantages of each class of boats, so that results reflect crew skill rather than equipment superiority.PHRF is used mainly for larger sailboats (i.e., 7 meters and above).", "Pesticide Pesticides are substances meant for attracting, seducing, and then destroying, or mitigating any pest. They are a class of biocide. The most common use of pesticides is as plant protection products (also known as crop protection products), which in general protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds, plant diseases or insects.", "Pete and Gerry's Organics Pete and Gerry's Organics is a Monroe, New Hampshire-based distributor of organic eggs.", "Plum Baby Plum Baby was a United Kingdom company producing organic food for babies, based in Taplow.In August 2014 the company announced that they were to cease trading. This announcement followed a number of product recalls in 2013.Founded in 2004 by Susie Willis, a former chef at The Savoy Hotel, the brand produced organic baby and toddler food. Products were sold in all the major UK supermarkers including Ocado.", "Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) or PEDOT (or sometimes PEDT) is a conducting polymer based on 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene or EDOT monomer. Advantages of this polymer are optical transparency in its conducting state, high stability and moderate band gap and low redox potential. A large disadvantage is poor solubility which is partly circumvented in the PEDOT:PSS composite, and the PEDOT-TMA material. (Note: Pedot is a transparent conductor.", "Powder coating Powder coating is a type of coating that is applied as a free-flowing, dry powder. The main difference between a conventional liquid paint and a powder coating is that the powder coating does not require a solvent to keep the binder and filler parts in a liquid suspension form. The coating is typically applied electrostatically and is then cured under heat to allow it to flow and form a \"skin\". The powder may be a thermoplastic or a thermoset polymer.", "Proton exchange membrane A proton exchange membrane or polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) is a semipermeable membrane generally made from ionomers and designed to conduct protons while being impermeable to gases such as oxygen or hydrogen.", "Pyridinium chlorochromate Pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) is a red–orange salt with the formula C5H5NH[CrO3Cl]. It is a reagent in organic synthesis used primarily for the oxidation of alcohols to form carbonyls. A variety of related compounds are known with similar reactivity. Although no longer widely used, PCC offered the advantage of the selective oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes, whereas many other reagents were less selective. Disadvantages to using PCC are the tedious reaction workup and its toxicity.", "Quality Assurance International Quality Assurance International (QAI) is a U.S.-based international organic certification company that is authorized by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) as \"a USDA-accredited certifying agent that operates globally to certify organic operations to National Organic Program standards.\" It is a for-profit corporation, established in 1989, and headquartered in San Diego, California.", "Rachel's Organic Rachel's is an organic dairy products company based in Aberystwyth, Wales. Founded by local farmers but now a subsidiary of French company Lactalis, it was United Kingdom's first certified organic dairy.", "Result A result (also called upshot) is the final consequence of a sequence of actions or events expressed qualitatively or quantitatively. Possible results include advantage, disadvantage, gain, injury, loss, value and victory. There may be a range of possible outcomes associated with an event depending on the point of view, historical distance or relevance.", "Revealed comparative advantage The revealed comparative advantage is an index used in international economics for calculating the relative advantage or disadvantage of a certain country in a certain class of goods or services as evidenced by trade flows. It is based on the Ricardian comparative advantage concept.", "SEIFA Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (commonly known by its acronym, SEIFA) is a product that enables the assessment of the welfare of Australian communities. The indexes have been created by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the national statistical agency. The source of the data is derived from the five-yearly Census of Population and Housing, and is calculated using principal component analysis.", "Semantic P2P networks Semantic P2P networks are a new type of P2P network. It combines the advantages of unstructured P2P networks and structural P2P networks, and avoids their disadvantages. In Semantic P2P networks, nodes are classified as DNS-like domain names with semantic meanings such as Alice @Brittney.popular.music. Semantic P2P networks contains prerequisite virtual tree topology and net-like topology formed by cached nodes. Semantic P2P networks keep the semantic meanings of nodes and their contents.", "Soil Association The Soil Association is a charity based in the United Kingdom. Founded in 1946, it has over 27,000 members today. Its activities include campaign work on issues including opposition to intensive farming, support for local purchasing and public education on nutrition; as well the certification of organic food.", "Solar cooker A solar cooker is a device which uses the energy of direct sunlight to heat, cook or pasteurize food or drink. Many solar cookers presently in use are relatively inexpensive, low-tech devices, although some are as powerful or as expensive as traditional stoves, and advanced, large-scale solar cookers can cook for hundreds of people.", "Statistic (role-playing games) A statistic (or stat) in role-playing games is a piece of data that represents a particular aspect of a fictional character. That piece of data is usually a (unitless) integer or, in some cases, a set of dice.", "Steam brig A steam brig is a two-masted sailing ship with auxiliary steam power. The advantage was supposed to be that the ship could sail up-wind when it was convenient, and additionally, it could use the steam power to move relative to the wind to obtain a more advantageous angle to the wind. In practice, the disadvantages combined rather than the advantages. The type had great wind-resistance, leading to an increased use of fuel up-wind compared to a pure steam ship.", "Structural holes Structural holes is a concept from the theory of social network research developed by Ronald Stuart Burt. The study of structural holes spans the fields of sociology, economics, and computer science. Burt introduced this concept in attempt to explain the origin of differences in social capital. Burt’s theory shows very important aspects of positional advantage/disadvantage of individuals that result from how they are embedded in neighborhoods.", "Sugar paste Sugar paste icing is a very sweet edible sugar dough usually made from sugar and glucose. It is sometimes referred to as sugar gum or gum paste, but should not be confused with fondant. It can be used to cover cakes, to mold features, and create decorations for cakes and many other uses. Sugar paste is sold in white and colors.", "Suminter India Organics Suminter India Organics is a privately held supplier of certified organic products from India to Europe and the United States. Founded in 2003, Suminter's mission is to give small-scale Indian farmers access to a global $52bn marketplace for certified organic products. In 2009, Suminter was working with over 10,000 farmers in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Kerala, Uttarakhand, and Rajasthan, covering 50,000 acres (200 km2) of land under organic cultivation.", "Sustainability standards and certification Sustainability standards and certifications are voluntary, usually third party-assessed, norms and standards relating to environmental, social, ethical and food safety issues, adopted by companies to demonstrate the performance of their organizations or products in specific areas. There are perhaps up to 500 such standards and the pace of introduction has increased in the last decade.", "Sustainable agriculture Sustainable agriculture is the act of farming based on an understanding of ecosystem services, the study of relationships between organisms and their environment.", "Valveless pulse jet A valveless pulse jet (or pulsejet) is the simplest known jet propulsion device. Valveless pulsejets are low in cost, light weight, powerful and easy to operate. They have all the advantages (and most of the disadvantages) of conventional valved pulse jets, but without the reed valves that need frequent replacement - a valveless pulsejet can operate for its entire useful life with practically zero maintenance.", "Video compression picture types In the field of video compression a video frame is compressed using different algorithms with different advantages and disadvantages, centered mainly around amount of data compression. These different algorithms for video frames are called picture types or frame types. The three major picture types used in the different video algorithms are I, P and B. They are different in the following characteristics: I‑frames are the least compressible but don't require other video frames to decode.", "Visual privacy Visual Privacy is the relationship between collection and dissemination of visual information, the public expectation of privacy, and the legal issues surrounding them. In particular, large-scale camera networks have created increasing interest in understanding the advantages and disadvantages of such deployments. It is estimated that over 4 Million Cameras Deployed in the UK.", "Whole Foods Co-op Whole Foods Co-op is a food cooperative located in Duluth, Minnesota. Founded in 1970 by the members of a food buying club, the grocery is owned by over 7,500 active owners and is a member of the National Cooperative Grocers Association.", "Wild Oats Markets Wild Oats Marketplace is a producer of Natural and organic foods distributed through partnerships in the United States. Founded in 1987 in Boulder, Colorado, it was originally a natural foods stores operating throughout the Western and Southwestern United States. In 2007, it was purchased by Whole Foods Market, Inc, but an FTC objection resulted in a reversal of the purchase. The company was bought by Luberski Inc.", "Ypsilanti Food Co-op The Ypsilanti Food Co-op is a food cooperative located in Ypsilanti, Michigan. Located in historic Depot Town, it is Michigan's only solar-powered grocery store. Also owned by the Co-op is the River Street Bakery, which features the only wood-fired brick oven in commercial use in Washtenaw County. The Ypsilanti Food Co-op, in turn, is owned by its membership and governed by its Board of Directors." ]

[ "15th (Scottish) Infantry Division The 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division was an infantry division of the British Army that served with distinction in both World War I and World War II. In the Great War the 15th (Scottish) Division was formed from men volunteering for Kitchener's New Armies and served on the Western Front for three years. The division was later disbanded, after the war, in 1919.", "1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos 1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos was a Fusiliers Marins commando unit of the Free French Navy which served during the Second World War. Initially its Commandant was then-Lieutenant de Vaisseau (Lieutenant) Philippe Kieffer of the Free French Navy, under whose command they participated in the Normandy landings.", "2nd Armored Division (France) The French 2nd Armored Division (French: 2e Division Blindée, 2e DB), commanded by General Philippe Leclerc, fought during the final phases of World War II in the Western Front.", "51st (Highland) Division The 51st (Highland) Division was an infantry division of the British Army that fought on the Western Front in France during the Great War from 1915 to 1918. The division was raised in 1908, upon the creation of the Territorial Force, as the Highland Division and later 51st (Highland) Division from 1915. The division's insignia was a stylised 'HD' inside a red circle.", "60th Infantry Regiment (United States) The U.S. 60th Infantry Regiment is a regimental unit in the United States Army. Its 2nd and 3rd Battalion conduct Basic Combat Training.Participating in three wars on three continents, the 60th has played a conspicuous role in the achievements of 5th Division in WWI and 9th Infantry Division in World War II and Vietnam. The regimental crest reflects this.", "American airborne landings in Normandy The American airborne landings in Normandy were the first United States combat operations during Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy by the Western Allies on June 6, 1944. Around 13,100 paratroopers of the U.S. 82nd Airborne and 101st Airborne Divisions made night parachute drops early on D-Day, June 6, followed by 3,937 glider troops flown in by day.", "Apocalypse: The Second World War Apocalypse: The Second World War (French: Apocalypse, la 2e Guerre mondiale) (2009) is a six-part French documentary by Daniel Costelle and Isabelle Clarke about the Second World War. The music of the documentary was composed by Kenji Kawai.The documentary is composed exclusively of actual footage of the war as filmed by war correspondents, soldiers, resistance fighters and private citizens.", "Battle for Caen The Battle for Caen from June–August 1944 was a battle of the Second World War between Allied forces of the mainly Anglo-Canadian Second Army and German forces of Panzergruppe West during the Battle of Normandy. The Allies aimed to take Caen, one of the largest cities in Normandy on D-Day. Caen was an important Allied objective because it lay astride the Orne River and Caen Canal; these two water obstacles could strengthen a German defensive position if not crossed.", "Battle of Carentan The Battle of Carentan was an engagement in World War II between airborne forces of the United States Army and the German Wehrmacht during the Battle of Normandy. The battle took place between 10 and 15 June 1944, on the approaches to and within the city of Carentan, France.The objective of the attacking American forces was consolidation of the U.S. beachheads (Utah Beach and Omaha Beach) and establishment of a continuous defensive line against expected German counterattacks.", "Battle of Cherbourg The Battle of Cherbourg was part of the Battle of Normandy during World War II. It was fought immediately after the successful Allied landings on June 6, 1944. American troops isolated and captured the fortified port, which was considered vital to the campaign in Western Europe, in a hard-fought, month-long campaign.", "Battle of Verrières Ridge The Battle of Verrières Ridge was a series of engagements fought as part of the Battle of Normandy, in western France, during the Second World War. The main combatants were two Canadian infantry divisions—with additional support from the Canadian 2nd Armoured Brigade—against elements of three German SS Panzer divisions.", "Battle of Villers-Bocage The Battle of Villers-Bocage took place during the Second World War on 13 June 1944, one week after the Normandy Landings by the Western Allies to begin the conquest of German-occupied France. The battle was the result of a British attempt to improve their position, by exploiting a gap in the German defences west of the city of Caen.", "British Expeditionary Force (World War II) The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was the British Army in Europe from 1939 to 1940 during the Second World War. Commanded by General Lord Gort, the BEF constituted one-tenth of the defending Allied force.The British Expeditionary Force was established in 1938 in readiness for a perceived threat of war after Germany annexed Austria in March 1938 and the claims on the Sudetenland, which led to the invasion of Czechoslovakia in March 1939.", "Bény-sur-Mer Canadian War Cemetery The Bény-sur-Mer Canadian War Cemetery is a cemetery containing predominantly Canadian soldiers killed during the early stages of the Battle of Normandy in the Second World War. It is located in and named after Bény-sur-Mer in the Calvados department, near Caen in lower Normandy. As is typical of war cemeteries in France, the grounds are beautifully landscaped and immaculately kept.", "Brécourt Manor Assault The Brécourt Manor Assault (6 June 1944) during the U.S. parachute assault of the Normandy Invasion of World War II is often cited as a classic example of small-unit tactics and leadership in overcoming a larger enemy force.", "Clearing the Channel Coast Clearing the Channel Coast was the task assigned, in World War II, to the 1st Canadian Army in August 1944, following the Allied breakout from Normandy.The Canadian Army's line of advance took them from Normandy to the Scheldt. En route, they were to capture the Channel ports needed to supply the allied armies and clear the Germans from the Channel litoral and most of the launch sites for the V-1 missiles.", "D-Day naval deceptions Operations Taxable, Glimmer and Big Drum were tactical military deceptions conducted on 6 June 1944 in support of the Allied landings in Normandy. The operations formed the naval component of Operation Bodyguard, a wider series of tactical and strategic deceptions surrounding the invasion. Small boats, along with aircraft from RAF Bomber Command, simulated invasion fleets approaching Cap d'Antifer, Pas-de-Calais and Normandy.", "European theatre of World War II The European Theatre of World War II, also known as the European War, was a huge area of heavy fighting across Europe, from Germany's and the Soviet Union's joint invasion of Poland in September 1939 until the end of the war with the Soviet Union conquering much of Europe along with the German unconditional surrender on May 8, 1945 (V-E Day).", "Falaise pocket The Falaise Pocket or Battle of the Falaise Pocket (12–21 August 1944) was the decisive engagement of the Battle of Normandy in the Second World War. A pocket was formed around Falaise, Calvados, in which the German Army Group B, with the 7th Army and the Fifth Panzer Army (formerly Panzergruppe West) were encircled by the Western Allies.", "Free France Free France and its Free French Forces (French: France Libre and Forces françaises libres) were the government-in-exile led by Charles de Gaulle during the Second World War and its military forces that continued to fight against the Axis powers as an Ally after the fall of France.", "Gold Beach Gold, commonly known as Gold Beach, was the code name for one of the five areas of the Allied invasion of German-occupied France in the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944, during the Second World War. Gold, the central of the five areas, was located between Port-en-Bessin on the west and La Rivière on the east. High cliffs at the western end of the zone meant that the landings took place on the flat section between Le Hamel and La Rivière, in the sectors code-named Jig and King.", "H-hour (D-day) H-hour was the name given to the airborne assault in the Battle of Normandy. It included the American 101st Airborne Division and 82nd Airborne Division With the British 6th Airborne Division. This took place about three hours before the main beach landings on the Normandy. The Airborne invasion consisted of over 50,000 men and around 1,200 planes and gliders.", "Hill 262 Hill 262, or the Mont Ormel ridge (elevation 262 metres (860 ft)), is an area of high ground above the village of Coudehard in Normandy that was the location of a bloody engagement in the final stages of the Normandy Campaign during the Second World War. By late summer 1944, the bulk of two German armies had become surrounded by the Allies near the town of Falaise. The Mont Ormel ridge, with its commanding view of the area, sat astride the Germans' only escape route.", "Hillman Site The Hillman Site (French: Site fortifié Hillman) was a German command post built during the Second World War and located at Colleville-Montgomery in Normandy, France.", "History of Normandy Normandy was a province in the North-West of France under the Ancien Régime. Initially populated by Celtic tribes in the West and Belgic tribes in the North East, it was conquered in 98 AD by the Romans and integrated into the province of Gallia Lugdunensis by Augustus. In the 4th century, Gratian divided the province into the civitates which constitute the historical borders.", "History of the Second World War The History of the Second World War is the official history of Britain's contribution to the Second World War and was published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO). This immense project was sub-divided into areas to ease publication. Military operations are covered in the United Kingdom Military Series, the United Kingdom Civil Series covers aspects of the civilian war effortand the Foreign Policy series; the Intelligence series and the Medical series are eponymous.", "Invasion of Normandy The Invasion of Normandy was the invasion by and establishment of Western Allied forces in Normandy, during Operation Overlord in 1944 during World War II; the largest amphibious invasion to ever take place.D-Day, the day of the initial assaults, was Tuesday 6 June 1944. Allied land forces that saw combat in Normandy on that day came from Canada, the Free French forces, the United Kingdom, and the United States.", "Juno Beach Juno or Juno Beach was one of five beaches of the Allied invasion of German occupied France in the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944, during the Second World War. The beach spanned from Courseulles-sur-Mer, a village just east of the British beach Gold, to Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer, just west of the British beach Sword.", "List of military cemeteries in Normandy The following military cemeteries were established in the French region of Normandy in memory for casualties of the World War II battles there:", "List of military engagements of World War II This is a list of military engagements of World War II encompassing land, naval, and air engagements as well as campaigns, operations, defensive lines and sieges. Campaigns generally refer to broader strategic operations conducted over a large bit of territory and over a long period. Battles generally refer to short periods of intense combat localised to a specific area and over a specific period. However, use of the terms in naming such events is not consistent.", "Maquis du Mont Mouchet The Maquis du Mont Mouchet were a group of French resistance fighters during the Second World War. Based at Mont Mouchet, its goal was to delay the convergence of German forces in the south of France with those in Normandy, in order to aid the Allies (World War II) in the reconquest of France.The Germans, having discovered the maquis, made several attacks up until May 1944 with about 3,000 men and using aviation and armoured units.", "Military history of France during World War II The military history of France during World War II covers the period from 1939 until 1940, which witnessed French military participation under the French Third Republic, and the period from 1940 until 1945, which was marked by mainland and overseas military administration and struggles for the French colonies (under the command of Admiral François Darlan) between Vichy France, the Free French Forces under General Charles de Gaulle (London) and the Army of Africa under General Henri Giraud (French Algeria), with French Resistance and National Council of the Resistance.In August 1943, the de Gaulle and Giraud forces merged in a single chain of command subordinated to Anglo-American leadership, meanwhile opposing French forces on the Eastern Front were subordinated to Soviet or German leaderships.", "Mission Albany Mission Albany was a parachute combat assault at night by the U.S. 101st Airborne Division on June 6, 1944, part of the American airborne landings in Normandy. It was the opening step of Operation Neptune, the assault portion of the Allied invasion of France, Operation Overlord.", "Mission Boston Mission Boston was a parachute combat assault at night by the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division on June 6, 1944, part of the American airborne landings in Normandy. Boston was a component of Operation Neptune, the assault portion of the Allied invasion of France, Operation Overlord.", "Normandy Campaign The Battle of Normandy or Normandy Campaign includes the following: Operation Overlord – The Western Allied campaign in France from June 6 – August 25, 1944 The Invasion of Normandy, or \"Operation Neptune\" – The initial part of Overlord, from June 6 – mid-July 1944 The Normandy landings on June 6, 1944Operation Cobra, the breakout from Normandy, starting on July 25, 1944The \"Battle of Normandy\" is the official term for the British, French and Canadian military campaign lasting from June 6 – September 1, 1944.", "Normandy landings The Normandy landings (codenamed Operation Neptune) were the landing operations on 6 June 1944 (termed D-Day) of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II. The largest seaborne invasion in history, the operation began the liberation of German-occupied northwestern Europe from Nazi control, and contributed to the Allied victory on the Western Front.Planning for the operation began in 1943.", "Omaha Beach Omaha Beach was the code name for one of the five sectors of the Allied invasion of German-occupied France in the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944, during World War II. Omaha is located on the coast of Normandy, France, facing the English Channel, and is 8 kilometres (5 mi) long, from east of Sainte-Honorine-des-Pertes to west of Vierville-sur-Mer on the right bank of the Douve River estuary.", "Operation Aquatint Operation Aquatint was the codename for a failed raid by British Commandos on the coast of occupied France during the Second World War. The raid was undertaken in September 1942 on part of what later became Omaha Beach by No. 62 Commando, also known as the Small Scale Raiding Force.Prior to the operation, a raid on the French coastal town of Dieppe had placed the German occupying forces on a high state of alert, and this ultimately contributed to Aquatint's failure.", "Operation Astrakan Operation Astrakan was a raid by British Commandos during the Second World War. The raid against Houlgate in France was carried out by No. 101 (Folbot) Troop, No. 6 Commando over the night of 12/13 November 1941.", "Operation Atlantic Operation Atlantic (18–21 July 1944) was a Canadian offensive during the Battle of Normandy in the Second World War. The offensive, launched in conjunction with the British-led Operation Goodwood, was part of an ongoing effort to seize the French city of Caen and vicinity from German forces.", "Operation Bluecoat Operation Bluecoat was an attack by the British Army during the Battle of Normandy, lasting from 30 July until 7 August 1944, during the Second World War. The geographical objectives of the attack, launched by VIII Corps and XXX Corps of the British Second Army, were to secure the road junction of Vire and the high ground of Mont Pinçon.", "Operation Charnwood Operation Charnwood was an offensive by British and Canadian troops that took place from 8 to 9 July 1944, during the Battle for Caen in the Second World War. The operation was intended to at least partially capture the German-occupied French city of Caen (French pronunciation: ​[kɑ̃]), which was an important objective for the Allies during the opening stages of Operation Overlord, the codename for the Battle of Normandy.", "Operation Cobra Operation Cobra was the codename for an offensive launched by the First United States Army seven weeks after the D-Day landings, during the Normandy Campaign of World War II. American Lieutenant General Omar Bradley's intention was to take advantage of the German preoccupation with British and Canadian activity around the town of Caen, in Operation Goodwood, and immediately punch through the German defenses that were penning in his troops while the Germans were distracted and unbalanced.", "Operation Epsom Operation Epsom, also known as the First Battle of the Odon, was a Second World War British offensive that took place between 26 and 30 June 1944, during the Battle of Normandy.", "Operation Goodwood Operation Goodwood was a Second World War British offensive that took place between 18 and 20 July 1944 as part of the ongoing battle for Caen in Normandy, France. British VIII Corps, with three armoured divisions, launched the attack aiming to seize the German-held Bourguébus Ridge, along with the area between Bretteville-sur-Laize and Vimont, while also destroying as many German tanks as possible. Goodwood was preceded by preliminary attacks dubbed the Second Battle of the Odon.", "Operation Jupiter (1944) This article is about the 1944 Operation Jupiter in France. For other uses, see Operation Jupiter (disambiguation).Operation Jupiter was an offensive launched by VIII Corps of the British Second Army on 10 July 1944 during the Battle of Normandy of World War II. The objective of the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division was to capture the villages of Baron-sur-Odon, Fontaine-Étoupefour, Chateau de Fontaine and recapture Hill 112.", "Operation Martlet Operation Martlet (also known as Operation Dauntless) was part of the series of Allied attacks to capture the town of Caen and environs from German forces in Normandy, France, during the Second World War. It was a preliminary operation undertaken on 25 June 1944 by XXX Corps of the British Second Army, to capture Rauray and the area around Noyers, to protect the right flank of VIII Corps as it began Operation Epsom, an offensive into the Odon Valley west of Caen on 26 June.", "Operation Overlord Operation Overlord was the code name for the Battle of Normandy, the Allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German-occupied western Europe during World War II. The operation commenced on 6 June 1944 with the Normandy landings (Operation Neptune, commonly known as D-Day). A 1,200-plane airborne assault preceded an amphibious assault involving more than 5,000 vessels.", "Operation Perch Operation Perch was a British offensive of the Second World War which took place from 7–14 June 1944, during the Battle of Normandy. The operation was intended to encircle and seize the German occupied city of Caen, which was an Allied D-Day objective in the early stages of the Operation Overlord. Operation Perch was to begin immediately after the British beach landings with an advance to the south-east of Caen by XXX Corps.", "Operation Spring Operation Spring was an offensive operation conducted by II Canadian Corps during the Normandy campaign. The plan was intended to create pressure on the German forces operating on the British and Canadian front simultaneously to American offensive operations in their sector known as Operation Cobra, an attempt to break out from the Normandy lodgement. Specifically, Operation Spring was intended to capture Verrières Ridge and the towns on the south slope of the ridge.", "Operation Sunstar Operation Sunstar was a Second World War raid on Houlgate in Normandy, France over the night of 22/23 November 1941. British Commandos of No. 9 Commando took part in the raid their objective was the Batterie de Tournebride on the Butte de Houlgate. Ninety men of No.9 Commando travelled across the English Channel on the HMS Prince Leopold and landed at the bottom of the Vaches Noires.", "Operation Tonga This article summarises British airborne operations during the Normandy landings.", "Operation Totalize Operation Totalize (also spelled \"Operation Totalise\" in some more recent British sources) was an offensive launched by Allied troops of the First Canadian Army during the later stages of Operation Overlord, from 8 to 13 August 1944. The intention was to break through the German defences south of Caen on the eastern flank of the Allied positions in Normandy and exploit success by driving south to capture the high ground north of the city of Falaise.", "Operation Tractable Operation Tractable was the final offensive conducted by Canadian and Polish Army troops, supported by one brigade of British tanks, as part of the Battle of Normandy. The goal of this operation was to capture the strategically important French town of Falaise, and following that, the smaller towns of Trun and Chambois.", "Pegasus Bridge Pegasus Bridge is a bascule bridge (a type of movable bridge), that was built in 1934, that crossed the Caen Canal, between Caen and Ouistreham, in Normandy, France.Also known as the Bénouville Bridge after the neighbouring village, it was, with the nearby Ranville Bridge over the river Orne, a major objective of the British airborne troops during Operation Deadstick, part of Operation Tonga in the opening minutes of the Allied invasion of Normandy on 6 June 1944 during the Second World War.", "Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque Philippe François Marie Leclerc de Hauteclocque, (French pronunciation: ​[filip ləklɛʁ də otklɔk]; 22 November 1902 – 28 November 1947), was a French general during the Second World War. He became Marshal of France posthumously in 1952, and is known in France simply as le maréchal Leclerc or just Leclerc.The son of an aristocratic family, de Hauteclocque graduated from the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr, the French military academy, in 1924.", "Pointe du Hoc Pointe du Hoc (French pronunciation: ​[pwɛ̃t dy ɔk]) is a promontory with a 100 ft (30 m) cliff overlooking the English Channel on the coast of Normandy in northern France. During World War II it was the highest point between Utah Beach to the west and Omaha Beach to the east. The German army fortified the area with concrete casements and gun pits. On D-Day (6 June 1944) the United States Army Ranger Assault Group assaulted and captured Pointe du Hoc after scaling the cliffs.", "Second Battle of the Odon The Second Battle of the Odon was a series of operations fought by the British Army in World War II in mid-July 1944 against Panzergruppe West as part of the Battle of Normandy. Operations Greenline and Pomegranate were intended to draw German attention away from the upcoming assault from the Orne bridgehead, codenamed Operation Goodwood.", "Sword Beach Sword, commonly known as Sword Beach, was the code name given to one of the five main landing areas along the Normandy coast during the initial assault phase, Operation Neptune, of Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of German-occupied France that commenced on 6 June 1944. Stretching 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from Ouistreham to Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer, the beach was the easternmost landing site of the invasion.", "The Second World War (book) The Second World War is a narrative history of World War II by British historian Antony Beevor. The book starts with the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, and covers the entire Second World War ending with the final surrender of Axis forces.", "Utah Beach Utah Beach was the code name for one of the five sectors of the Allied invasion of German-occupied France in the Normandy landings on June 6, 1944, during World War II. The westernmost of the five landing beaches, Utah is on the Cotentin Peninsula, west of the mouths of the Douve and Vire rivers. Amphibious landings at Utah were undertaken by United States Army troops, with sea transport and naval artillery support provided by the U.S.", "VIII Corps (United States) The U.S. VIII Corps was a corps of the United States Army that saw service during various times over a fifty-year period during the 20th century. The VIII Corps was organized 26–29 November 1918 in the Regular Army in France and demobilized on 20 April 1919. The VIII Corps was soon reactivated, being constituted in the Organized Reserves in 1921. It was allotted to the Regular Army in 1933 and activated on 14 October 1940 at Fort Sam Houston, Texas.", "Western Front (World War II) The Western Front of the European theatre of World War II encompassed Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Western Germany. World War II military engagements in Southern Europe and elsewhere are generally considered under separate headings. The Western Front was marked by two phases of large-scale combat operations.", "XV Corps (United States) The XV Corps of the US Army was initially constituted on 1 October 1933 as part of the Organized Reserves, and was activated on 15 February 1943 at Camp Beauregard, Louisiana. During the Second World War, XV Corps fought for 307 days in the European Theater of Operations, fighting from Normandy through France and southern Germany into Austria. The corps was commanded in combat by Major General Wade H. Haislip, initially as a subordinate unit to the Third U.S." ]

[ "8th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom) The 8th Armoured Brigade was an armoured brigade of the British Army formed in August 1941, during the Second World War and active until 1956. The brigade was formed by the renaming of 6th Cavalry Brigade, when the 1st Cavalry Division based in Palestine (of which it was part) converted from a motorised formation (having been horse-mounted until January 1940) to an armoured unit.", "Armistice of 22 June 1940 The Armistice of 22 June 1940 was signed at 18:36 near Compiègne, France, by the top military officials of Nazi Germany and more junior representatives from the French Third Republic. They included General Wilhelm Keitel, the commander-in-chief of the Wehrmacht (the German Army), and by General Charles Huntziger for the French side.", "Bayeux Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery The Bayeux War Cemetery is the largest Second World War cemetery of Commonwealth soldiers in France, located in Bayeux, Normandy. The cemetery contains 4,648 burials, mostly of the Invasion of Normandy.", "Bretteville-sur-Laize Canadian War Cemetery The Bretteville-sur-Laize Canadian War Cemetery is a war cemetery containing predominantly Canadian soldiers killed during the later stages of the Battle of Normandy in the Second World War. It is located close to the village of Cintheaux and named after Bretteville-sur-Laize in the Calvados department, between Caen and Falaise in lower Normandy.", "British Army during the Second World War The British Army during the Second World War was, in 1939, a volunteer army, that introduced limited conscription in early 1939, and full conscription shortly after the declaration of war with Germany. During the early years of the war, the army suffered defeat in almost every theatre in which it was deployed. With mass conscription, the expansion of the army was reflected in the formation of larger armies and army groups.", "British Commando operations during the Second World War The British Commandos formed during the Second World War, following an order from the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill in June 1940 for a force that could carry out raids against German occupied Europe. Commandos were all volunteers for special service and originally came from the British Army but volunteers would eventually come from all branches of the United Kingdom's armed forces and foreign volunteers from countries occupied by the Germans.", "British anti-invasion preparations of the Second World War British anti-invasion preparations of the Second World War entailed a large-scale division of military and civilian mobilisation in response to the threat of invasion by German armed forces in 1940 and 1941. The British army needed to recover from the defeat of the British Expeditionary Force in France, and 1.5 million men were enrolled as part-time soldiers in the Home Guard.", "Douglas Alexander Graham Major-General Douglas Alexander Henry Graham CB, CBE, DSO & Bar, MC, DL (26 March 1893 – 28 September 1971) was a senior officer of the British Army who fought with distinction in both World War I and World War II. During his early life he studied at the University of Glasgow. When the First World War broke out in August 1914, Graham was serving in the Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) and during the conflict was rescued by Henry May, the action that led to May being awarded the Victoria Cross.", "Fall Rot During World War II, Fall Rot (Case Red) was the plan for the second phase of the conquest of France by the German Army and began on 5 June 1940. It had been made possible by the success of Fall Gelb (Case Yellow), the invasion of Belgium in the Battle of France and the encirclement of the Allied armies in the north on the Channel coast.", "First United States Army The First Army is the oldest and longest established field army of the United States Army, having seen service in both World War I and World War II, under some of the most famous and distinguished officers of the U.S. Army. It now serves as a mobilization, readiness and training command.", "France–United Kingdom relations France–United Kingdom relations are the relations between the governments of the French Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK). The historical ties between the two countries are long and complex, including conquest, wars, and alliances at various points in history.", "Georges Journois Georges Henri Journois (13 November 1896 – 26 September 1944) was a French resistance fighter and Brigadier General who died in a subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp in Wilhelmshaven, Germany.", "German military administration in occupied France during World War II The Military Administration in France (German: Militärverwaltung in Frankreich; French: Occupation de la France par l'Allemagne) was an interim occupation authority established by Nazi Germany during World War II to administer the occupied zone in areas of northern and western France.", "Hell in Normandy Hell in Normandy (Italian title: Testa di sbarco per otto implacabili, French title: Tête de pont pour huit implacables) is a 1968 French/Italian international co-production World War II film directed by Alfonso Brescia.", "Index of World War II articles (L) This is an Index of World War II articles, that can be found on Wikipedia.", "James Hargest Brigadier James Hargest CBE, DSO & Two Bars, MC, ED, MP (4 September 1891 – 12 August 1944) was an officer in the New Zealand Military Forces, serving in the First and Second World Wars. He was a Member of New Zealand's Parliament from 1931 to 1944, representing firstly the Invercargill and then the Awarua electorates.Born in Gore in 1891, Hargest was a farmer when he volunteered for the New Zealand Expeditionary Force following the outbreak of the First World War.", "Keith Douglas Keith Castellain Douglas (24 January 1920 – 9 June 1944) was an English poet noted for his war poetry during the Second World War and his wry memoir of the Western Desert campaign, Alamein to Zem Zem. He was killed in action during the invasion of Normandy.", "La Coupole La Coupole (English: The Dome), also known as the Coupole d'Helfaut-Wizernes and originally codenamed Bauvorhaben 21 (Building Project 21) or Schotterwerk Nordwest (Northwest Gravel Works), is a Second World War bunker complex in the Pas-de-Calais department of northern France, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from Saint-Omer, and some 14.4 kilometers (8.9 miles) south-southeast from the less developed Blockhaus d'Eperlecques V-2 launch installation in the same area.", "List of Second World War British airborne battalions The Second World War British airborne forces comprised the Parachute Regiment, the Glider Pilot Regiment, the airlanding battalions and from 1944 the Special Air Service Brigade.Their formation followed the success of the German airborne operations, during the Battle of France. The British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, directed the War Office to investigate the possibility of creating a corps of 5,000 parachute troops.On 22 June 1940, No.", "List of Second World War Victoria Cross recipients The Victoria Cross (VC) is a military decoration awarded for valour \"in the face of the enemy\" to members of armed forces of some Commonwealth countries and previous British Empire territories. It takes precedence over all other Orders, decorations and medals; it may be awarded to a person of any rank in any service and to civilians under military command.", "Merville Gun Battery The Merville Gun Battery was a coastal fortification in Normandy, France, in use as part of the Nazis' Atlantic Wall built to defend continental Europe from Allied invasion. It was a particularly heavily fortified position and one of the first places to be attacked by Allied forces during the Normandy Landings commonly known as D-Day.", "Military history of Canada during World War II The Second World War officially began on 1 September 1939, with the German invasion of Poland. Britain and France declared war on the Third Reich, two days later, on 3 September 1939. One week later, on 10 September 1939, Canada likewise declared war on Germany, the country's first independent declaration of war and the beginning of Canada's participation in the largest combined national effort in its history.", "Military history of France The military history of France encompasses an immense panorama of conflicts and struggles extending for more than 2,000 years across areas including modern France, the European continent, and a variety of regions throughout the world.The first major recorded wars in the territory of modern-day France itself revolved around the Gallo-Roman conflict that predominated from 60 BC to 50 BC. The Romans eventually emerged victorious through the celebrated campaigns of Julius Caesar.", "Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II Britain, along with most of its dominions, Crown colonies, and British India, declared war on Nazi Germany in 1939. War with Japan began in 1941, after it attacked British colonies in Asia. The Axis powers were defeated by the Allies in 1945.", "Mémorial de Caen The Mémorial de Caen is a museum and war memorial in Caen, Normandy, France commemorating the Second World War and the Battle for Caen. The building and grounds are located in the northern suburbs of the city of Caen on the site of an old blockhouse. The architect was Jacques Millet and the original curator was Yves Degraine.The memorial is dedicated to the history of violence and intensive, outstanding conflict in the 20th Century and particularly World War II.", "Normandy Normandy (/ˈnɔrməndi/; French: Normandie, pronounced [nɔʁ.mɑ̃.di], Norman: Normaundie, from Old French Normanz, plural of Normant, originally from the word for \"northman\" in several Scandinavian languages) is a geographical region of France corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy.Since 1956, Normandy has been divided into two administrative regions: Lower Normandy and Upper Normandy; the regions will be merged into one single region effective 1 January 2016.", "Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial The Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial is a World War II cemetery and memorial in Colleville-sur-Mer, Normandy, France, that honours American troops who died in Europe during World War II.", "Occupation of the Channel Islands The Channel Islands were occupied by Nazi Germany for most of the Second World War, from 30 June 1940 until their liberation on 9 May 1945. The Bailiwick of Jersey and Bailiwick of Guernsey are two British Crown dependencies in the English Channel, near the coast of Normandy. The Channel Islands were the only part of the British Isles to be invaded and occupied by German forces during the war.", "Operation Batman Operation Batman was a Second World War raid by British Commandos near Cherbourg France in November 1942. The men that took part in the raid were drawn from No. 12 Commando and No. 62 Commando.", "Operation Chopper (commando raid) Operation Chopper was a British Commando raid by No. 1 Commando during the Second World War.The raid, over the night of 27/28 September 1941, targeted Saint-Aubin-d'Arquenay in France; a troop of No. 1 Commando spent a day ashore.", "Operation Dragoon Operation Dragoon was the Allied invasion of southern France on 15 August 1944, during World War II. The invasion was initiated via a parachute drop by the 1st Airborne Task Force, followed by an amphibious assault by elements of the United States Seventh Army, followed a day later by a force made up primarily of the French First Army. The landing caused the German Army Group G to abandon southern France and to retreat under constant Allied attacks to the Vosges Mountains.", "Operation Houndsworth Operation Houndsworth was the codename for a British Special Air Service operation during the Second World War. The operation carried out by 'A' Squadron, 1st Special Air Service between 6 June and 6 September 1944, was centred on Dijon in the Burgundy region of France. Their objective was to disrupt German lines of communication, coordinate the activities of the French Resistance and prevent German reinforcements moving to the Normandy beachheads especially the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich.", "Orglandes German war cemetery Orglandes War Cemetery is a German World War II cemetery in Normandy, France. It is located on the northern edge of the village of Orglandes, about 25 km west of Bayeux. The burials come from summer 1944, immediately following D-Day and the Battle of Normandy.The entrance is marked by a small house surmounted by a bell-tower. The cemetery consists of 28 rows of graves, each grave marked by a stone cross.", "Outline of World War II The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to World War II:World War II, or the Second World War – global military conflict from 1939 to 1945, which was fought between the Allied powers of the United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union against the Axis powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan, with their respective allies. Over 60 million people, the majority of them civilians, were killed, making it the deadliest conflict in human history.", "Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom) The Parachute Regiment, colloquially known as the Paras, is an airborne infantry regiment of the British Army. One battalion is permanently under the command of the Director Special Forces in the Special Forces Support Group. The other battalions are the parachute infantry component of the British Army's rapid response formation, 16 Air Assault Brigade.", "Ranville War Cemetery The Ranville War Cemetery is a Second World War cemetery containing predominantly British soldiers killed during the early stages of the Battle of Normandy. It is located in and named after Ranville in the Calvados department, east of Caen in lower Normandy. A large proportion of those interred were members of the British 6th Airborne Division.", "Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the liberation of France is documented both during and after the advance of United States forces across France against Nazi Germany in later stages of World War II.", "Royal Norfolk Regiment The Royal Norfolk Regiment, originally formed as the Norfolk Regiment, was a line infantry regiment of the British Army. The Norfolk Regiment was created on 1 July 1881, as part of the Childers Reforms, as the county regiment of Norfolk. It was formed from the 9th (East Norfolk) Regiment of Foot and covered the local militia and rifle volunteers.The Norfolk Regiment fought in the Great War on the Western Front and in the Middle East.", "Résistance Joué-du-Plain and the Assassination of Emile Buffon The French Résistance of Joué-du-Plain, and the assassination of Emile Buffon.The events concerns two tenants of Chateau de la Motte during World War II in Lower Normandy, France. The first was the mayor of the commune of Joue du Plain, Emile Buffon, who owned an animal brokering business, and rented the Chateau’s attached farm.", "Second World War at Sea series Second World War at Sea is a game series produced by Avalanche Press covering naval combat during World War II. The series is based on Avalanche Press' Great War at Sea. The two series share many features although they are separate both from a rules standpoint and a scale standpoint (see SOPAC below).", "Stanisław Maczek General Stanisław Maczek ([staˈɲiswav ˈmat͡ʂɛk]; 31 March 1892 – 11 December 1994) was a Polish tank commander of World War II, whose division was instrumental in the Allied liberation of France, closing the Falaise pocket, resulting in the destruction of 14 German Wehrmacht and SS divisions.", "The Bayeux speeches The Bayeux speeches are two speeches delivered by General Charles de Gaulle of France in the context of liberation after the Normandy landings in June 1944 and in the immediate postwar period in June 1946.They were spoken in a public square in Bayeux (formerly Place du Château, since 1946 Place de Gaulle).", "The Second World War (book series) The Second World War is a history of the period from the end of the First World War to July 1945, written by Winston Churchill. It was largely responsible for his being awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1953.", "Violette Szabo Violette Reine Elizabeth Szabo, GC (née Bushell; 26 June 1921 – c. 5 February 1945) was a French-born English Special Operations Executive agent during the Second World War, and a posthumous recipient of the George Cross. On her second mission into occupied France, Szabo was captured by the German Army, interrogated and tortured, and deported to Germany where she was eventually executed at Ravensbrück concentration camp.", "World War II World War II (WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, though related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries.", "Écouché in the Second World War World War II for Écouché culminated with several days of street fighting by Free French forces under General Philippe Leclerc. This engagement was part of the encirclement of the remaining German army in the final engagement of the Battle of Normandy. This final carnage of the German army was later called the Falaise Pocket, the Argentan-Falaise Pocket or Couloir de la Mort (Hall of Death) as the local French named it." ]

[ "Shougang Concord International Shougang Concord International Enterprises Company Limited (SEHK: 697) is the subsidiary of Beijing-based state-owned Shougang Group engaging in seven businesses: steel manufacturing, steel trading, shipping segment, electric generation, property investment and management and other corporate businesses." ]

[ "2008/2009 World Tour (Judas Priest) 2008/2009 World Tour was a concert tour by English heavy metal band Judas Priest in support of the group's 16th studio album, Nostradamus, which was released in June 2008.The tour began in June 2008 with a European leg, starting in Helsinki and wrapping up mid-July in Istanbul, Turkey. The jaunt included appearances at festivals such as Download, Graspop Metal Meeting, and Roskilde.The group kicked off a North American leg in July, beginning in Seattle, Washington.", "2015–16 Navy Midshipmen men's basketball team The 2015–16 Navy Midshipmen men's basketball team represented the United States Naval Academy during the 2015–16 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Midshipmen, led by fifth year head coach Ed DeChellis, played their home games at Alumni Hall and are members of the Patriot League.", "Battles of Lexington and Concord The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. They were fought on April 19, 1775, in Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts Bay, within the towns of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy (present-day Arlington), and Cambridge, near Boston.", "Book of Concord The Book of Concord or Concordia (1580) is the historic doctrinal standard of the Lutheran Church, consisting of ten credal documents recognized as authoritative in Lutheranism since the 16th century. They are also known as the symbolical books of the Evangelical Lutheran Church.The Book of Concord was published in German on June 25, 1580 in Dresden, the fiftieth anniversary of the presentation of the Augsburg Confession to Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Augsburg.", "Carolina Force The Carolina Force is a team of American Indoor Football set to begin play in 2012. Based in Concord, North Carolina, the Force will play its home games at the Cabarrus Arena & Events Center.The Force is the second arena/indoor football team to be based in Concord, following the Carolina Speed which played at the Cabarrus Arena in 2007 and 2008 before moving to Charlotte and the Bojangles' Coliseum the following year.The Force name is derived from a previous AIFA team, the South Carolina Force.", "Charlotte metropolitan area The Charlotte metropolitan area (also Metrolina, Charlotte Metro, or Charlotte USA) is a metropolitan area/region of North and South Carolina within and surrounding the city of Charlotte. Located in the Piedmont of the Southeastern United States, the Charlotte metropolitan area is well known for its auto racing history (especially NASCAR).", "Concord, California Concord (/ˈkɒŋkərd/ KONG-kərd; formerly Todos Santos) is the largest city in Contra Costa County, California. At the 2010 census, the city had a population of 122,067 making it the 8th largest city in the San Francisco Bay Area.. Founded in 1869 as the community of Todos Santos by Salvio Pacheco, the name was changed to Concord within months. The city is a major regional suburban East Bay center within the San Francisco Bay Area, and is 29 miles (47 km) east of San Francisco.", "Concord, Massachusetts Concord (/ˈkaŋ.kəɹd/ not /ˈkɒn.kɔɹd/)is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, in the United States. At the 2010 census, the town population was 17,668. The United States Census Bureau considers Concord part of Greater Boston.", "Concord, New Hampshire Concord /ˈkɒŋ.kərd/ is the capital city of the U.S. state of New Hampshire and the county seat of Merrimack County. As of the 2010 census, its population was 42,695.Concord includes the villages of Penacook, East Concord and West Concord. The city is home to the University of New Hampshire School of Law, New Hampshire's only law school; St. Paul's School, a private preparatory school; New Hampshire Technical Institute, a two-year community college; and the Granite State Symphony Orchestra.", "Concord, New South Wales Concord is a suburb in the Inner West of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Canada Bay.Concord is known as the 'Parklands Suburb' of the Inner West. Concord West is a separate suburb, to the north-west.", "Concord, North Carolina Concord (kon-kord) is a city in Cabarrus county, in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 79,066, with an estimated population in 2013 of 83,506. It is the largest city in Cabarrus County and is the county seat. In terms of population, the city of Concord is the second largest city in the Charlotte Metropolitan Area and is the twelfth largest city in North Carolina.The city was a winner of the All-America City Award in 2004.", "Concord, Ontario Concord is a suburban industrial neighbourhood in the City of Vaughan in York Region, located north of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. According to the 2001 Census, the neighbourhood has 8,255 residents (including the community of Carrville).It is accessed by two provincial highways: Highway 407 and Highway 400.", "Concord, Pennsylvania Concord is an unincorporated community in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is located on Pennsylvania Route 75 9.6 miles (15.4 km) south-southwest of East Waterford. Concord has a post office with ZIP code 17217.", "Concord, Tennessee Concord is an unincorporated community in Knox County, Tennessee, United States and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district, the Concord Village Historic District. The United States Geographic Names Information System classifies Concord as a populated place. It is located in western Knox County, east of Farragut and west of Knoxville. Mail destined for Concord is now addressed to Knoxville or Farragut.", "Concord-Carlisle High School Concord-Carlisle Regional High Schoolis a public high school located in Concord, Massachusetts, USA, 17 miles (27 km) northwest of Boston. The school serves grades 9–12, and as part of the Concord-Carlisle Regional School District, has students from both Concord and Carlisle, Massachusetts. The school also has a notable portion of minority students from Boston (particularly Dorchester, Roxbury, and Mattapan) enrolled as part of the METCO program.", "Concord (BART station) Concord is a Bay Area Rapid Transit station that serves Concord, California. The station consists of an elevated island platform.The Concord station operated as a terminal station from the time when BART opened until 1995 when the line was extended to North Concord/Martinez. Pittsburg/Bay Point is now the terminal.Service at this station began on May 21, 1973.This station is in BART District 1 and is represented by Gail Murray who is also current BART President.", "Concord (MBTA station) Concord Depot is a passenger rail station on the MBTA Commuter Rail Fitchburg Line, located at 90 Thoreau Street in downtown Concord, Massachusetts. As well as providing commuter service to Boston, the station offers tourists access to the various popular historic sites in Concord. It has two side platforms, which are low-level and not handicapped accessible, serving the line's two tracks.", "Concord (company) Concord Camera Corp. (NASDAQ: LENS) was a camera manufacturer based in the United States. It produced primarily Affordable Cameras for consumer use under many brands. The majority of Concord products were produced in China", "Concord (grape) The Concord grape is a cultivar derived from the grape species Vitis labrusca (also called fox grape) that are used as table grapes, wine grapes and juice grapes. They are often used to make grape jelly, grape juice, grape pies, grape-flavored soft drinks, and candy. The grape is sometimes used to make wine, particularly kosher wine, though it is not generally favored for that purpose due to the strong \"foxy\" (sometimes described as candied-strawberry/musky) flavor.", "Concord Airport Concord Airport may refer to: Concord Municipal Airport in Concord, New Hampshire, United States (FAA/IATA: CON) Concord Regional Airport in Concord, North Carolina, United States (FAA: JQF, IATA:USA) Concord Airpark in Painesville, Ohio, United States (FAA: 2G1)\\t\\t\\t\\tOther airports in places named Concord: Buchanan Field Airport in Concord, California, United States (FAA/IATA: CCR)__DISAMBIG__", "Concord Community Schools (Michigan) Concord Community Schools is a public school district located in Concord, Michigan.", "Concord Dawn (album) Concord Dawn is the debut self-titled album by New Zealand drum and bass group Concord Dawn, released in 2000.", "Concord EFS, Inc. Concord EFS, Inc. was a major corporation that provided ATM, credit card, debit card, and payroll processing services. On February 26, 2004 Concord merged with First Data.A Brief History of ConcordEFSConcord EFS, Inc., based in Memphis, Tennessee, provides a full range of electronic payment and deposit services, from authorizing and routing a fund transfer to settlement.", "Concord High School (California) Concord High School is located at 4200 Concord Blvd. in Concord, California, near El Dorado Middle School and Westwood Elementary. As of 2014, the current principal is Rianne Pfaltzgraff. The school educates nearly 1500 students, and it continues to grow. It is one of the six high schools in the Mount Diablo Unified School District.", "Concord High School (New Hampshire) Concord High School is a high school in Concord, New Hampshire in the United States.", "Concord High School (North Carolina) Concord High School is a comprehensive public high school in Concord, North Carolina. First opened on September 3, 1895 (one session held in fall 1893), it is the oldest public high school in Cabarrus County and one of the oldest extant in North Carolina. Concord High became a part of Cabarrus County Schools in 1983 when Concord City Schools merged with the county school system. Concord High School is also a half regular high school and half IB ( International Baccalaureate )", "Concord Hospital Concord Hospital may refer to:Concord Repatriation General Hospital in Sydney, AustraliaConcord Hospital (New Hampshire), in the United States__DISAMBIG__", "Concord Parish, Cumberland Concord Parish is one of the 57 parishes of Cumberland County, New South Wales, a cadastral unit for use on land titles. It is located to the south of the Parramatta River between Homebush Bay and Iron Cove; and to the north of Cooks River. It includes the suburbs of Burwood, Croydon, Concord, Canada Bay and Abbotsford.", "Concord Park Concord Park is a large park in the North of Sheffield, England, between Shiregreen and Wincobank.The park consists of Concord Park Golf Course, a country park and Woolley Woods, bordered by Ecclesfield Road.A historic cruck barn lies at the entrance to the park, the last remnant of the Mediaeval hamlet of Oaksfold.", "Concord Pavilion Concord Pavilion (formerly known as Sleep Train Pavilion and Chronicle Pavilion) is an amphitheatre located in Concord, California. It is owned by the City of Concord and operated by Live Nation. The Pavilion has a capacity of 12,500 people and opened in 1975 as the Concord Pavilion.", "Concord Police Department The Concord Police Department is the police department for Concord, California the largest city in Contra Costa County in the San Francisco Bay Area.", "Concord Records Concord Records is an American record label, now based in Beverly Hills, California.", "Concord School District (New Hampshire) Concord School District is a public school district located in Concord, New Hampshire, U.S. The district serves about 5,400 students in seven schools.", "Concord Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania Concord Township is a township in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 17,231 at the 2010 census. Concord is pronounced \"conquered,\" not \"Concorde.\"", "Concord Township, Dodge County, Minnesota Concord Township is a township in Dodge County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 587 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of Concord is located within Concord Township. The city of West Concord is located within the township geographically but is a separate entity.Concord Township was organized in 1858. A large share of the early settlers of the area were from New England, New York, and Pennsylvania.", "Concord Township, Hardin County, Iowa Concord Township is a township in Hardin County, Iowa, USA.", "Concord Township, Lake County, Ohio Concord Township is one of the five townships of Lake County, Ohio, United States. The 2000 census found 15,828 people in the township.", "Concord University Concord University is a comprehensive, public, liberal arts institution located in Athens, West Virginia, United States, founded on February 28, 1872, when the West Virginia Legislature passed \"an Act to locate a Branch State Normal School, in Concord Church, in the County of Mercer\".Founded by veterans of both the Union and the Confederacy, Concord is named for the ideal of \"harmony and sweet fellowship\".It is known for its picturesque campus which has been dubbed \"The Campus Beautiful\".", "Concord West, New South Wales Concord West is a suburb in the inner-west of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Concord West is located 16 km west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Canada Bay. Concord is a separate suburb, to the east.Concord West is bordered on the west by Rhodes, Liberty Grove and Homebush Bay; to the south by North Strathfield and Homebush; and to the east by Concord, Breakfast Point, Cabarita and Mortlake.", "George Barnes (musician) George Warren Barnes (July 17, 1921 – September 5, 1977) was an American swing jazz guitarist, who is believed to have played the first electric guitar in 1931, preceding Charlie Christian by six years. George Barnes made the first commercial recording of an electric guitar on March 1, 1938, in sessions with Big Bill Broonzy.", "George William Burleigh George William Burleigh, Jr. (April 18, 1870 - March 15, 1940) was a director of the Lackawanna Steel Company and a Colonel in the New York National Guard who commanded the Ninth Coast Defense during World War I.", "HIMARS The M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS) is a U.S. light multiple rocket launcher mounted on a standard Army Medium Tactical Vehicle (MTV) truck frame.The HIMARS carries six rockets or one MGM-140 ATACMS missile on the U.S. Army's new Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles (FMTV) five-ton truck, and can launch the entire Multiple Launch Rocket System Family of Munitions (MFOM).", "Hot-dip galvanization Hot-dip galvanization is a form of galvanization. It is the process of coating iron and steel with a layer of zinc by immersing the metal in a bath of molten zinc at a temperature of around 840 °F (449 °C).", "Irwin B. Laughlin Irwin Boyle Laughlin (April 26, 1871 – April 18, 1941) was an American diplomat. He served as Minister to Greece from 1924 to 1926 and Ambassador to Spain from 1929 to 1933.", "Justin Brown (wide receiver) Justin Brown (born March 10, 1991) is a wide receiver who is currently a free agent. Before his 2013 draft selection by the Pittsburgh Steelers, he played college football at Oklahoma for his senior season after transferring from Penn State. After being drafted, Brown was on the Steelers practice squad for his rookie season. He played eight games during the 2014 season for a total of 12 passes for 94 yards and one lost fumble. Following the 2014 NFL season, Brown was waived by the Steelers.", "Keith Gary Keith Gary (born September 14, 1959) is a former American football defensive end. Gary was selected in the first round by the Pittsburgh Steelers out of the University of Oklahoma in the 1981 NFL Draft, but didn't sign and went to play two seasons with the Montreal Alouettes of the CFL. He then played six seasons with the Steelers. He may be known for making one of the most vicious facemasks in NFL history.", "Kokoda Track Memorial Walkway The Kokoda Track Memorial Walkway is a memorial walking track located in the suburb of Concord West, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is located along the foreshore of shores of Brays Bay on the Parramatta River, and is a unique tribute to the Australian troops who fought in the World War II Papua-New Guinea campaign of July 1942 till January 1943.", "Massachusetts Correctional Institution – Concord The Massachusetts Correctional Institution at Concord (MCI-Concord) is a medium security prison for men located in Concord, Massachusetts in the United States. Opened in 1878, it is the oldest running state prison for men in Massachusetts. This prison is under the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Department of Correction.", "National Register of Historic Places listings in Concord, Massachusetts This is a list of places on the National Register of Historic Places in Concord, Massachusetts.This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted September 25, 2015.", "National Steel and Shipbuilding Company National Steel and Shipbuilding Company, commonly referred to as NASSCO, is an American shipbuilding company with three shipyards located in San Diego, California and Falls Church, Virginia. It is a division of General Dynamics. The San Diego shipyard specializes in constructing commercial cargo ships and auxiliary vessels for the US Navy and Military Sealift Command; it is the only new-construction shipyard on the West Coast of the United States.", "New West Guitar Group New West Guitar Group (NWGG) is a guitar trio formed in 2003. The three group members—Perry Smith of New York, NY, John Storie of Los Angeles, CA, and Jeffrey Stein of New York, NY—met while students at the University of Southern California’s Thornton School of Music, where they studied Studio/Jazz Guitar performance.", "Parker Corning Parker Corning (January 22, 1874 – May 24, 1943) was a United States Representative from New York. Born in Albany, he attended the public schools, The Albany Academy, and St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire. He graduated from Yale University in 1895, engaged in the manufacture of steel and woolens, and was also interested in banking.Corning was elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-eighth and to the six succeeding Congresses, holding office from March 4, 1923 to January 3, 1937.", "Piano Sonata No. 2 (Ives) The Piano Sonata No. 2, Concord, Mass., 1840–60 (commonly known as the Concord Sonata) is a piano sonata by Charles Ives. It is one of the composer's best-known and most highly regarded pieces. A typical performance of the piece lasts around 45 minutes.", "Regina Belle Regina Belle (born July 17, 1963) is an American singer-songwriter and actress who first started in the mid-1980s. She is notable for her Grammy award winning duet with Peabo Bryson, \"A Whole New World\" for the Disney's 1992 animated feature film Aladdin.", "Ring of Steel (film) Ring of Steel (1942) is an Army recruiting film narrated by Spencer Tracy. The film was produced at the Long Island studio of the Army Signal Corps by Warner Brothers for the U.S. Office for Emergency Management.The film uses stock footage with Tracy's voice-over narrating the story of America's military history from the perspective of the personification of the American soldier.", "Shougang Corporation Shougang (Chinese: 首钢, short for Shougang Group 首钢集团 or Shougang Company Limited 首钢总公司) is one of China's largest steel companies. Based in Beijing municipality, its operations have been moved out of the city prior to the Olympics due to concerns over pollution.Its subsidiary and listed company, Beijing Shougang Company Limited (SZSE: 000959), was established in 1999 and listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange in 2005.", "Snakes & Arrows Tour Rush began the Snakes & Arrows Tour to promote the album Snakes & Arrows on June 13, 2007 in Atlanta, Georgia. The 2007 tour came to a close on October 29, 2007 at Hartwall Arena in Helsinki, Finland. The 2008 portion of the tour started on April 11, 2008 in San Juan, Puerto Rico at José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum and ended on July 24, 2008 in Noblesville, Indiana at the Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre. The tour was Rush's most successful to date, grossing nearly $65 million.", "Sonya Eddy Sonya Eddy (born on June 17, 1967) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Epiphany Johnson in the ABC daytime soap opera General Hospital (2006–present). From 2007 to 2008 she also was a regular cast member on the prime-time spin-off, General Hospital: Night Shift.Eddy was born in Concord, California. She majored in Theatre and Dance at University of California, Davis and received her B.A. in 1992. Eddy is a licensed vocational nurse (LVN).", "Stagecoach A stagecoach is a type of covered wagon used to carry passengers and goods inside. It is strongly sprung and generally drawn by four horses, usually four-in-hand. Widely used before the introduction of railway transport, it made regular trips between stages or stations, which were places of rest provided for stagecoach travelers.", "Steel Chariots Steel Chariots is a 1997 TV movie about NASCAR that was produced for Walt Disney Television. It first aired on the Fox Network.", "Steeles Avenue Steeles Avenue is an east-west street that forms the northern city limit of Toronto and the southern limit of York Region, Ontario, Canada. It stretches across the western Greater Toronto Area from Milborough Townline in Halton Region east to the Scarborough-Pickering limit where it changes its name to Taunton Road. It runs for 38.75 km (24.08 mi) within Toronto, between Albion Road and the border with Pickering. It is named after J. C.", "Takoma Records Takoma Records was a small but influential record label founded by John Fahey in the late 1950s. It was named after Fahey's hometown, the Washington, D.C. suburb of Takoma Park, Maryland.", "The Everybodyfields the everybodyfields were an independent folk/country band from Johnson City, Tennessee. The band was fronted by Sam Quinn and Jill Andrews who met when they were nineteen while both working at a summer camp. Most recently, they were joined by guitarist and keyboardist Josh Oliver, pedal steel player Tom Pryor, and drummer Jamie Cook.", "USNS Concord (T-AFS-5) USS Concord (AFS-5), was a Mars-class combat stores ship, in service with the United States Navy from 1968 to 1992. Concord became the first of five ships of its class to be transferred to Military Sealift Command. The transfer was completed in October 1992 and she was redesignated USNS Concord (T-AFS-5). Concord was stricken in August 2009 and sunk as a target in 2012.", "USS Concord (CL-10) USS Concord (CL-10) was an Omaha-class light cruiser, originally classified as a scout cruiser, of the United States Navy. She was the fourth Navy ship named for the town of Concord, Massachusetts, the site of the first battle of the American Revolution.Concord was launched on 15 December 1921 by William Cramp and Sons, Philadelphia; sponsored by Miss H. Butterick; and commissioned on 3 November 1923, Captain O. G. Murfin in command.", "USS Concord (PG-3) USS Concord (Gunboat No. 3/PG-3) was a member of the Yorktown class of steel-hulled, twin-screw gunboats in the United States Navy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. She was the second U.S. Navy ship named in honor of the town of Concord, Massachusetts, site of the Battle of Concord in the American Revolutionary War.The contract to build Concord was awarded to N. F. Palmer & Co. of Philadelphia in the 1888 fiscal year.", "USS Mount Hood (AE-29) USS Mount Hood (AE-29) was a Kilauea-class ammunition ship in the United States Navy. She was the second Navy munitions ship to be named after Mount Hood, a volcano in the Cascade Range in Oregon. Mount Hood was laid down 8 May 1967 by Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Sparrows Point, Maryland; launched 17 July 1968; sponsored by Mrs. Robert A. Frosch, wife of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research and Development; and was commissioned on 1 May 1971.", "USS Pyro (AE-24) The second USS Pyro (AE–24), an ammunition ship, was laid down 21 October 1957 by Bethlehem-Sparrows Point Shipyard, Inc., Sparrows Point, Maryland; launched 5 November 1958; sponsored by Mrs. Stuart H. Ingersoll; and commissioned 24 July 1959 at Norfolk Naval Shipyard, Norfolk, Va., Capt. Robert A. Patton in command.After fitting out at Norfolk Naval Shipyard, Pyro moved from local operations at Norfolk to Earle, N.J.", "West Concord Depot West Concord Depot is a rail station on the MBTA Commuter Rail system in West Concord, Massachusetts. The depot, which opened in 1894, is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.", "William Manealoff William Manealoff (23 September 1893 – August 1986) was an American businessman.He was president of Concord Steel Corporation. His political work landed him on the master list of Nixon political opponents.", "Yorktown-class gunboat The Yorktown-class was a class of three steel-hulled, twin-screw gunboats built for the United States Navy beginning in 1887. All three ships of the class were named after cities near American Revolutionary War battles.The ships were just over 244 feet (74 m) long and 36 feet (11 m) abeam and displaced a little more than 1,700 long tons (1,730 t). They were equipped with two steam engines which were supplemented with three schooner-rigged masts." ]

[ "Ahti Heinla Ahti Heinla (born 2 May 1972) is an Estonian programmer and entrepreneur. He is one of the developers of Skype.He was also an organizer of Let's Do It 2008, a civic action with 50,000 volunteers participating in cleaning up the countryside of Estonia in one day.He was a recipient of the 2008 Estonian Volunteer of the Year national award.He has been a member of the board at the nature protection NGO Estonian Fund for Nature since 2006.", "Janus Friis Janus Friis ([ˈjæːnus ˈfʁiːˀs]; born 26 June 1976 in Copenhagen) is a Danish entrepreneur best known for co-founding the file-sharing application Kazaa, and the peer-to-peer telephony application Skype. In September 2005, he and his partner Niklas Zennström sold Skype to eBay for $2.6B.", "Kevin Bermeister Kevin Bermeister has developed several businesses in the computer, multimedia and Internet industries.He is a technology innovator, real estate investor, philanthropist, and the Founder, Chairman and CEO of Brilliant Digital Entertainment Inc. (BDE),. Bermeister is a founding investor in a number of successful technology and real estate ventures including Skype.In 1983, Bermeister established Ozisoft, one of the first interactive multimedia companies.", "Niklas Zennström Niklas Zennström (born 16 February 1966) is a Swedish entrepreneur best known for founding several high-profile online ventures with Janus Friis including Skype and Kazaa. More recently he founded the technology investment firm Atomico and has become a significant figurehead for entrepreneurs in the tech sector. Zennström is also the co-founder of the charity organization Zennström Philanthropies.", "Priit Kasesalu Priit Kasesalu (born 10 April 1972) is an Estonian programmer and software developer best known for his participation in the development of Kazaa, Skype and, most recently, Joost. He currently works for Ambient Sound Investments and lives in Tallinn, Estonia.", "Skype Skype (/ˈskaɪp/) is a telecommunications application software product that specializes in providing video chat and voice calls from computers, tablets, and mobile devices via the Internet to other devices or telephones/smartphones. Users can also send instant messages, exchange files and images, send video messages, and create conference calls.", "Skype Technologies Skype Technologies S.A. (also known as Skype Software S.A., Skype Communications S.A., Skype Inc. and Skype Limited) is a Microsoft-owned telecommunications company headquartered in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. The software continues to be licensed by, and operated by, Skype Technologies.Skype, a voice over IP (VoIP) service, was first released in 2003 as a way to make free computer-to-computer calls, or reduced-rate calls from a computer to telephones.", "Skype for Business Skype for Business (formerly Microsoft Office Communicator and Microsoft Lync) and Microsoft Lync for Mac are instant messaging clients used with Microsoft Lync Server or Lync Online available with Microsoft Office 365." ]

[ "2000s in science and technology This page contains major developments and trends in Science and Technology for the 2000s.", "2012 ICT Skype controversy The 2012 ICT Skype controversy was the leaking of Skype conversations and emails between Mohammed Nizamul Huq, head judge and chairman of Bangladesh's International Crimes Tribunal, and Ahmed Ziauddin, a Bangladeshi lawyer based in Brussels.", "3 Skypephone The 3 Skypephone (also known as the 3 Skypephone S1) is a UMTS, GSM and VoIP mobile phone. The phone is a joint product by Hutchison 3G and Skype.The 3 Skypephone S1 was the first in the 3 Skypephone Series to launch . It was widely acknowledged for its difference from other mobile phones for introducing Skype as a native application and introducing Brew os to a European audience.", "3 Skypephone S2 The 3 Skypephone S2 is a UMTS, GSM and VoIP mobile phone. The phone is the successor to 3 Skypephone and the second phone from the 3 Skypephone Series.", "3 Skypephone Series The 3 Skypephone series was a range of 3G mobile phones made as a global project by the 3 network. The project was initiated by the 3's global handset team, some of whom later went on to found the new mobile phone company INQ. The phones were sold in Australia, Austria, Denmark, Italy, Ireland, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Hong Kong and Macau, but the service has now been discontinued. 3 offered 4000 free Skype outbound voice minutes with the phones.", "Actiance Actiance Inc (formerly known as FaceTime Communications) is an American-based multinational corporation that develops the platforms required to enable the security, management and compliance of unified communications, Web 2.0 and social media channels.", "Alien Hominid Alien Hominid is an independently developed run and gun video game developed by The Behemoth. The game was developed from a Flash game originally released on Newgrounds in August 2002. O3 Entertainment released the game for PlayStation 2 and GameCube in North America in 2004, whilst ZOO Digital Publishing released the game in Europe for PlayStation 2 and Xbox in 2005. A port for the Game Boy Advance, co-developed by Tuna Technologies, was also released in Europe in 2005.", "App Store (iOS) The App Store is a digital distribution platform for mobile apps on iOS, developed and maintained by Apple Inc. The service allows users to browse and download applications that are developed with Apple's iOS SDK.", "Army of Two: The 40th Day Army of Two: The 40th Day is a third-person shooter video game developed by EA Montreal and published by Electronic Arts for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. The game was also released for PlayStation Portable, which was developed by Buzz Monkey. It is the sequel to Army of Two. Army of Two: The 40th Day was released on January 12, 2010 in North America, on January 14, 2010 in Australia, and on January 15, 2010 in Europe.The 40th Day focuses on two-player cooperative play and employs a cover system.", "Bee Movie Game Bee Movie Game is a video game based on the film Bee Movie produced by DreamWorks Animation SKG. The game was released on October 30, 2007. Beenox developed the Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, and Windows versions of the game, Smart Bomb Interactive developed the Wii version, and Vicarious Visions developed the Nintendo DS version.As Barry B. Benson, players take on an adventure to save the bees' production of honey through New York City.", "BioShock BioShock is a first-person shooter video game developed by 2K Boston (later Irrational Games), and published by 2K Games. The game was released for Microsoft Windows and Xbox 360 platforms in August 2007; a PlayStation 3 port by Irrational, 2K Marin, 2K Australia and Digital Extremes was released in October 2008, and an OS X port by Feral Interactive in October 2009. A mobile version was developed by IG Fun.", "BioShock 2 BioShock 2 is a first-person shooter video game developed by 2K Marin for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. The sequel to the 2007 video game BioShock, it was released worldwide on February 9, 2010. The OS X version of the game was released by Feral Interactive on March 30, 2012.The game is set in the fictional underwater dystopia of Rapture.", "Company of Heroes Online Company of Heroes Online was a free MMO real-time strategy computer game developed by Relic Entertainment and published by THQ. The open beta for the game started on 2 September 2010, and the game was cancelled on 31 March 2011. The game has no link with the original Company of Heroes series multi-player system and is a stand-alone game, unlike its predecessors. The game uses the same graphics engine as the retail release of Company of Heroes.", "Dance Dance Revolution Mario Mix Dance Dance Revolution Mario Mix, known as Dance Dance Revolution with Mario (ダンスダンスレボリューション ウィズ マリオ, Dansu Dansu Reboryūshon Uizu Mario) in Japan and Dancing Stage Mario Mix in Europe, is a 2005 music video game developed by Konami and published by Nintendo for the GameCube.", "De Blob de Blob, is a 2008 platform-puzzle video game that allows players to explore and liberate an alien city from the evil, monochromatic INKT Corporation that has taken over the city and outlawed all color and fun from daily life.", "Digium Digium, Inc. is a privately held communications technology company based in Huntsville, Alabama. Digium specializes in developing and manufacturing communications hardware and telephony software, most notably the open-source telephony platform Asterisk.", "Fallout Online Fallout Online was a massively multiplayer online game (MMO) set in the Fallout universe that was being developed by Masthead Studios and was to be published by Interplay, with members of the Interplay team providing creative control and design.", "Features of Skype Skype offers a number of features based around calling (both free and paid), messaging (including instant, voice and text messaging (SMS)), video chat, and file and screen sharing. The following is a partial list of Skype's features:", "FriendCaller FriendCaller /ˈfreɪndkaʊəlr/ is a Video and Voice over Internet protocol developed by C2Call GmbH based in Werl, Germany. Its proprietary Voice-Over-Internet technology was originally created by Michael Knecht and Martin Feuerhahn. It was a first prototype developed by Actai Networks GmbH in 2007; the technology was then transferred to C2Call GmbH in 2008. Later on, FriendCaller was launched in 2009 as a website and as an iOS (iPhone, iPad, iPod touch) app.", "GSM GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, originally Groupe Spécial Mobile), is a standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe the protocols for second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile phones, first deployed in Finland in July 1991.", "GroupMe GroupMe is a mobile group messaging app owned by Microsoft. It was launched in May 2010 by the private company GroupMe. In August 2011, GroupMe delivered over 100 million messages each month. By June 2012, that number had jumped to 550 million.", "HTC Wildfire S The HTC Wildfire S is a smartphone developed by the HTC Corporation. The model was announced on 15 February 2011 at the Mobile World Congress and released in Europe three months later. It is powered by a 600 MHz Qualcomm processor and runs the Android operating system, version 2.3.5. However, by rooting the user is able to install versions such as Android 4.0 and Android 4.1.", "INQ1 The INQ1 is the first product of the Hutchinson Whampoa subsidiary, INQ. The INQ1 was released in December 2008 as a social-networking phone. Retailing at a cheaper price than competitors such as the iPhone, Blackberry Storm, G1 and Nokia 5800, it also contains slightly fewer features than other 3G 'smartphones'. It is thus marketed as an entry-level phone for users wanting to access websites and web-base applications from their mobile.", "IPdrum IPdrum was a supplier of hardware and software to the market for mobile internet telephony also called VoIP to Mobile. The company's flagship product was the IP VoiceLink which is a Mobile Skype Solution.", "Innovative Communications Alliance The Innovative Communications Alliance (ICA) is a telecommunications alliance between Microsoft and Nortel, created in July 2006, to co-develop, integrate, market, sell, and support unified communications products. The goal of the alliance is to make integrated hardware and software solutions that join together voice, video, and data communications without requiring gateways or middleware. Microsoft and Nortel share developing technologies and patents for unified communications products.", "James Bond 007: Nightfire 007: Nightfire (also released as James Bond 007: Nightfire) is a first-person shooter video game featuring the character of the British secret agent James Bond and a sequel to Agent Under Fire, published by Electronic Arts in 2002.007: NightFire was developed by Eurocom for the PlayStation 2, Nintendo GameCube, and Xbox video game consoles.", "Knoxville (video game) Project: Knoxville is an upcoming video game developed by Danish developer Press Play and published by Microsoft Studios exclusively for the Xbox One. The game puts emphasis on survival and lets players co-operate with each other to achieve success. The game adapts an open development and allows the community to give input regarding the game's development.", "Le Mans 24 Hours video games A number of video games have been made of Le Mans 24 Hours.", "Lenddo Lenddo is a startup company that allows the emerging middle class to use their online social connections to build their creditworthiness and access local financial services. Its vision is \"to help create an economically empowered and thriving middle class in developing countries around the world.\" Using computer algorithms, it caters to the unbanked at the bottom of the pyramid via techniques also used in microfinance. As of October 2013, Lenddo has over 350,000 members globally.", "List of mergers and acquisitions by Microsoft Microsoft Corporation is an American public multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of products and services predominantly related to computing through its various product divisions.", "Messenger Plus! Messenger Plus! (formerly known as Messenger Plus! Live, commonly abbreviated MsgPlus, Plus!, or incorrectly as MSN Plus) is an adware add-on for Windows Live Messenger and Skype. The software provides additional functionality to Microsoft's Instant messaging client, Windows Live Messenger, by adding its own controls to the main interface. These controls affect Messenger's behaviour and appearance, often through additional dialog boxes.", "Michael Jackson: The Experience Michael Jackson: The Experience (マイケル・ジャクソン: ザ・エクスペリエンス) is a music video game based on Michael Jackson's music and songs. It was licensed by Triumph International, developed by and published by Ubisoft, and was released on November 23, 2010 in North America, November 25, 2010 in Australia and November 26, 2010 in Europe for the Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable and Wii.", "Microsoft Microsoft Corporation /ˈmaɪkrɵsɒːft/ (commonly referred to as Microsoft) is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Redmond, Washington, that develops, manufactures, licenses, supports and sells computer software, consumer electronics and personal computers and services. Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, Microsoft Office office suite, and Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers.", "Microsoft Messenger service Messenger (formerly MSN Messenger Service, .NET Messenger Service and Windows Live Messenger Service) was an instant messaging and presence system developed by Microsoft in 1999 for use with its MSN Messenger software. It was used by instant messaging clients including Windows 8, Windows Live Messenger, Microsoft Messenger for Mac, Outlook.com and Xbox Live. Third-party clients also connected to the service.", "Microsoft Notification Protocol Microsoft Notification Protocol (MSNP, also known as the Mobile Status Notification Protocol) is an instant messaging protocol developed by Microsoft for use by the Microsoft Messenger service and the instant messaging clients that connect to it, such as Windows Live Messenger, its earlier incarnations MSN Messenger and Windows Messenger, and Microsoft Messenger for Mac. Third-party clients such as Pidgin and Trillian can also communicate using the protocol.", "Microsoft mobile services Microsoft Mobile Services are a set of proprietary mobile services created specifically for mobile devices, they are typically offered through mobile applications and mobile browser for Windows Phone, Android, iOS, BlackBerry, Nokia platforms, BREW, and Java ME. Microsoft's mobile services are typically connected with a Microsoft account and often come preinstalled on Microsoft's own mobile operating systems while they are offered via various means for other platforms.", "Neverwinter Nights: Darkness over Daggerford Darkness over Daggerford is an expansion pack for BioWare's Neverwinter Nights role-playing video game. It was released for digital distribution on August 16, 2006. Considered a user-made mod, the game was created by Canadian company Ossian Studios, headed by former BioWare employee Alan Miranda.Daggerford was based on earlier Dungeons & Dragons video games like Baldur's Gate and Icewind Dale.", "Nokia Mail and Nokia Chat Nokia Mail and Nokia Chat (earlier Nokia Email and Ovi Mail) were services developed by Microsoft Mobile and earlier by Nokia for its mobile phones. The service operated as a centralized, hosted service that acted as a proxy between the Messaging client and the user's e-mail server. The phone did not connect directly to the e-mail server, but instead sent e-mail credentials to Nokia's servers.", "OoVoo ooVoo is a video chat and an instant messaging client developed by ooVoo LLC for Microsoft Windows, Windows Phone, Mac OS X, Android, iOS and Facebook. It was released in 2007, and is similar in some respects to Microsoft's Skype.", "OpenSky service Note that Gizmo5 is out of business.OpenSky is a service provided by Gizmo5 to enable communication between users of SIP (Internet standard RFC 3261) and users of Skype (which uses a proprietary protocol).Early solutions to communication between the two classes of user typically required installation of a gateway.OpenSky – the first freely available hosted SIP to Skype gateway service – commenced on 9 February 2009.In March 2009 Skype announced a beta of Skype For SIP, a comparable service for business users.On 30 July 2009 Digium, Inc.", "Puzzle Quest: Challenge of the Warlords Puzzle Quest: Challenge of the Warlords is a game developed by Australian company Infinite Interactive and published by D3 Publisher. The game combines role-playing with strategy and puzzle elements. It uses a competitive Bejeweled-style playfield to simulate combat and other activities common to role-playing games.The game was first published simultaneously for the Nintendo DS and PlayStation Portable in early 2007, and several ports to other systems were subsequently announced.", "Rayman 2: The Great Escape Rayman 2: The Great Escape is a platform video game and the second installment in the Rayman series, developed by Ubisoft and first released on 29 October 1999. It is considered to have raised standards regarding 3D, level design and game play, being praised by numerous reviews.", "SILK SILK is an audio compression format and audio codec developed by Skype Limited. It was developed for use in Skype, as a replacement for the SVOPC codec. Since licensing out, it has also been used by others. It has been extended to the Internet standard Opus codec.", "SVOPC SVOPC (Sinusoidal Voice Over Packet Coder) is a compression method for audio which is used by VOIP applications. It is a lossy speech compression codec designed specifically towards communication channels suffering from packet loss. It uses more bandwidth than best bandwidth-optimised codecs, but it is packet loss resistant instead.Skype Limited developed a codec called 'SVOPC' for Skype. It was first used in Skype 3.2 beta 53, released on March 28, 2007.", "Sabere Developed in 2014, the Sabere (avaiable for computers and as an app for mobiles) is a public virtual learning environment that favors / facilitates interaction between students and teachers from different levels of education (primary or higher). The environment consists of chat rooms, one for each area of basic knowledge. The platform was developed initially so that students could ask questions with specialist teachers. By being public, any user can register, regardless of age.", "Skype Qik Skype Qik /ˈkwik/ is a video messaging service by Skype. It was created from the technology Skype Technologies acquired through the purchase of Qik. The service, offered for Android, iOS, and Windows Phone devices, allows users to exchange video messages between individuals or within a group.Previously, the Qik service offered a mobile-based live video-sharing website and two-way video conferencing application that allowed users to stream live video from their cell phones to the internet.", "Skype Translator Skype Translator is a speech to speech translation application developed by Skype, which has operated as a division of Microsoft since 2011. Skype Translator Preview has been publicly available since December 15, 2014.Skype Translator was built on developments in deep neural networks for speech recognition and Microsoft Translator’s statistical machine translation technology.", "Skype protocol The Skype protocol is a proprietary Internet telephony network based on peer-to-peer architecture, used by Skype. The protocol's specifications have not been made publicly available by Skype and official applications using the protocol are closed-source.The Skype network is not interoperable with most other Voice over IP (VoIP) networks without proper licensing from Skype.", "Skype security Skype is a Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) system developed by Skype Technologies S.A. It is a peer-to-peer network in which voice calls pass over the Internet rather than through a special purpose network.", "Sonic Adventure Sonic Adventure (ソニックアドベンチャー, Sonikku Adobenchā) is a platform video game developed by Sonic Team. It was originally released for the Dreamcast as a launch title in 1998 in Japan, and in 1999 in western countries. It was the first game in the main Sonic the Hedgehog series since Sonic & Knuckles in 1994.After series villain Doctor Eggman releases an ancient monster, protagonist Sonic the Hedgehog vows to stop him collecting the Chaos Emeralds.", "Surface Hub The Surface Hub is a series of an upcoming interactive whiteboards developed and marketed by Microsoft. The devices are part of the Microsoft Surface family and were unveiled on January 21, 2015 at the Windows 10 Event in Redmond. It is available for businesses to order since July 1, 2015, however shipping for the device was delayed from September 1, 2015, to January 1, 2016.", "Symphony Communication Symphony is a secure, cloud-based, communication and content sharing platform. The platform began as an internal messaging system built by Goldman Sachs called Live Current.", "Tales of Monkey Island Tales of Monkey Island is a 2009 graphic adventure video game developed by Telltale Games and LucasArts. It is the fifth game in the Monkey Island series, released nearly a decade after the previous installment, Escape from Monkey Island. Developed for Windows and the Wii console, the game was released in five episodic segments, between July and December 2009.", "Telecommunications in Estonia The National Telecommunications act in the second period of Estonian independence granted a Monopoly on international and local fixed line telephony to Estonian Telecom (Eesti Telecom). In the process of privatization, a concession was granted to liberalize mobile, CATV and packet-switched telecommunications. This concession was critical for developing a competitive market. Three licensed mobile operators encouraged one of the highest rates of mobile telephony penetration.", "Tetris Worlds Tetris Worlds is a version of the popular video game Tetris. Originally released in 2001 for PC and the GBA, it later was released for the Xbox, GameCube, and PlayStation 2 in 2002. In 2003, an Xbox Live capable and a single-disc compilation versions (which included this game and Star Wars: The Clone Wars) was released for the Xbox.", "The End of Energy Obesity The End of Energy Obesity: Breaking Today's Energy Addiction for a Prosperous and Secure Tomorrow by Calgary-based energy economist Peter Tertzakian outlines the unsustainable nature of current global energy demand growth and identifies potential solutions, many of which come unexpectedly from outside of the energy sector.", "The Legend of Spyro: A New Beginning The Legend of Spyro: A New Beginning is the first game in The Legend of Spyro trilogy, a reboot of the Spyro the Dragon series. It was developed by Krome Studios and published by Sierra Entertainment for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube and Game Boy Advance. Amaze Entertainment developed the Nintendo DS version.The game utilizes the voices of celebrities, featuring Elijah Wood as the voice of Spyro, comedian David Spade as Sparx, Cree Summer as Cynder and Gary Oldman as Ignitus.", "The Legend of Spyro: Dawn of the Dragon The Legend of Spyro: Dawn of the Dragon is the third and final installment in The Legend of Spyro trilogy, as well as the tenth anniversary game of the series. It was developed by Étranges Libellules and published by Activision in North America and Sierra Entertainment in International for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Wii and Xbox 360. Tantalus Media developed the Nintendo DS version.", "Thrustmaster Thrustmaster, is an American designer, developer and manufacturer of joysticks, game controllers, and steering wheels for PCs and video gaming consoles alike. It has many licensing agreements with third party, prestigious brands such as Ferrari, TOP GUN, Beretta, Splinter Cell, and the U.S. Air Force as well as licensing some products under Xbox license.", "Tigase Tigase is an open source (AGPL3) project started by Artur Hefczyc in October 2004 to develop an XMPP server implementation in Java.Initially the goal was to develop a fully compliant XMPP server with backward compatibility with an informal XMPP specification.", "Timbuktu (software) Timbuktu is a remote control software product developed by WOS Datasystems. Remote control software allows a user to control another computer across the local network or the Internet, viewing its screen and using its keyboard and mouse as if he or she were sitting in front of it.", "Tony Bates Anthony J. \"Tony\" Bates (born 29 April 1967) is the president of GoPro, and former executive vice president of Microsoft responsible for business development, strategy and evangelism. A university drop out and self-taught programmer, Bates has more than 25 years of leadership experience in the communications and Internet industries.", "Travian Travian is a persistent, browser-based, massively multiplayer, online real-time strategy game developed by the German software company Travian Games. It was originally written and released in June 2004 by Gerhard Müller. Set in classical antiquity, Travian is a predominantly militaristic real-time strategy game.Travian has been translated into over 40 languages from the original German version, and has over 5 million players on over 300 game servers worldwide.", "Windows Live Messenger Windows Live Messenger (formerly MSN Messenger) is a discontinued instant messaging client developed by Microsoft for Windows, Xbox 360, Blackberry OS, iOS, Java ME, S60 on Symbian OS 9.x, and Zune HD. It connected to the Microsoft Messenger service while also having compatibility with Yahoo! Messenger and Facebook Messenger.", "Windows Phone Windows Phone (WP) is a family of mobile operating systems developed by Microsoft for smartphones as the replacement successor to Windows Mobile and Zune. Windows Phone features a new user interface derived from Metro design language. Unlike Windows Mobile, it is primarily aimed at the consumer market rather than the enterprise market. It was first launched in October 2010 with Windows Phone 7." ]

[ "Blizzard Entertainment Blizzard Entertainment, Inc. is an American video game developer and publisher founded February 8, 1991, under the name Silicon & Synapse by three graduates of the University of California, Los Angeles, Michael Morhaime, Frank Pearce, and Allen Adham and is currently a subsidiary of American company Activision Blizzard.", "Chris Metzen Christopher Vincent Metzen (born November 22, 1973) is an American game designer, artist, voice actor and author known for his work creating the fictional universes and scripts for Blizzard Entertainment's three major award-winning media franchises: Warcraft, Diablo and StarCraft. On occasion, Metzen has published his art under the alias \\Thundergod\\\".\"", "Gameplay of World of Warcraft The game of World of Warcraft, or WoW, is set in a fictional world known as Azeroth and in the expansion The Burning Crusade extended the game to another world called Outland. The expansion Wrath of the Lich King added Northrend, the frigid northern continent of Azeroth. In the expansion Cataclysm, the classic continents of Azeroth were drastically changed as some zones were destroyed and new ones were unveiled.", "Heroes of the Storm Heroes of the Storm (originally titled Blizzard DOTA and later changed to Blizzard All-Stars) is a multiplayer online battle arena video game developed by Blizzard Entertainment for Microsoft Windows and OS X. The game features heroes from Blizzard's franchises including Warcraft, Diablo, and StarCraft. The game uses both free-to-play and freemium models and is supported by micropayments, which can be used to purchase heroes, visual alterations for the heroes in the game and mounts.", "Rob Pardo Rob \"Bill Pardy\" Pardo (born June 9, 1970) was the Chief Creative Officer at Blizzard Entertainment, resigning on July 3, 2014. Previously he was the Executive Vice President of Game Design at Blizzard Entertainment, and prior to that the lead designer of World of Warcraft. In 2006, he was named by Time Magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world.", "Tom Chilton (game developer) Tom \"Kalgan\" Chilton is a lead game designer for Blizzard Entertainment, and is currently the Game Director for the MMORPG World of Warcraft. He has been referred to as \"Blizzard's PvP guru.\" Chilton, along with Rob Pardo and Jeffrey Kaplan, were the three Lead Designers for World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade; he was one of six Game Designers.Chilton was on the developer panels at BlizzCon 2005 in October 2005 and BlizzCon 2007 in August 2007.", "Warcraft: Orcs & Humans Warcraft: Orcs & Humans is a real-time strategy game (RTS), developed by Blizzard Entertainment and published by Blizzard and Interplay Entertainment. The MS-DOS version was released in 23 November 1994 and the Macintosh version in late 1996. Sales were fairly high, reviewers were mostly impressed, and the game won three awards and was a finalist for three others.", "Warcraft For the 2016 film based on the video games, see Warcraft (film)Warcraft is a franchise of video games, novels, and other media created by Blizzard Entertainment. The series is made up of five core games: Warcraft: Orcs & Humans, Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness, Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos, World of Warcraft, and Hearthstone: Heroes of Warcraft.", "Warcraft Adventures: Lord of the Clans Warcraft Adventures: Lord of the Clans was a black comedy point-and-click adventure video game under development by Blizzard Entertainment, set in the Warcraft universe, and cancelled before its release. American company Animation Magic was out-sourced due to their experience in classical two-dimensional animation to produce the twenty-two minutes of fully animated sequences, the game's artwork, the coding of the engine and the implementation of the sound effects.", "Warcraft II: Beyond the Dark Portal Warcraft II: Beyond the Dark Portal is an expansion pack developed by Cyberlore Studios, released in 1996 by Blizzard Entertainment for their award winning real-time strategy computer game Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness. As with most computer game expansion packs, Beyond the Dark Portal requires a full version of the original game to run.", "Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness is a fantasy-themed real-time strategy (RTS) game published by Blizzard Entertainment and first released for DOS in 1995 and for Mac OS in 1996.", "Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos is a high fantasy real-time strategy video game developed and published by Blizzard Entertainment, and was released in July 2002. It is the second sequel to Warcraft: Orcs & Humans, and it is the third game set in the Warcraft fictional universe. An expansion pack, The Frozen Throne, was released in July 2003. The game shipped 4.5 million units to retail stores and over one million units sold within a month. Warcraft III won many awards including \"Game of the Year\" from more than six different publications.", "Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne is a real-time strategy computer game by Blizzard Entertainment. It is the official expansion pack to Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos, requiring Reign of Chaos to play.", "World of Warcraft: Legion World of Warcraft: Legion is the sixth expansion set to the massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) World of Warcraft, following Warlords of Draenor. It was announced on August 6, 2015 at Gamescom 2015.The expansion raises the existing level cap from 100 to 110, features artifact weapons for each classes' specialization, includes a new area on Azeroth called the Broken Isles and introduces the Demon Hunter hero class that starts at level 98.", "World of Warcraft: Mists of Pandaria World of Warcraft: Mists of Pandaria is the fourth expansion set for the massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) World of Warcraft, following Cataclysm. It was announced on October 21, 2011, by Chris Metzen at BlizzCon 2011, and was released on September 25, 2012. As of October 14, 2014, Mists of Pandaria is included for free with the base game, similar to previous expansions.", "World of Warcraft: Warlords of Draenor World of Warcraft: Warlords of Draenor is the fifth expansion to the massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) World of Warcraft, following Mists of Pandaria. It was announced on November 8, 2013 at BlizzCon 2013.", "World of Warcraft World of Warcraft (WoW) is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) created in 2004 by Blizzard Entertainment. It is the fourth released game set in the fantasy Warcraft universe, which was first introduced by Warcraft: Orcs & Humans in 1994. World of Warcraft takes place within the Warcraft world of Azeroth, approximately four years after the events at the conclusion of Blizzard's previous Warcraft release, Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne.", "World of Warcraft Trading Card Game The World of Warcraft Trading Card Game (WoW TCG) was a collectible card game based on Blizzard Entertainment's MMORPG, World of Warcraft. The game was announced by Upper Deck Entertainment on August 18, 2005, and released on October 25, 2006. Players can fight against each other one-on-one, or can join others in order to defeat raid bosses based on those in the MMORPG. In March 2010, Upper Deck Entertainment lost the License from Blizzard Entertainment." ]

[ "APB: All Points Bulletin APB: All Points Bulletin is a multiplayer online video game for Microsoft Windows developed by Realtime Worlds and was acquired by Reloaded Productions, which is part of the GamersFirst company. Based in urban sprawls and featuring two factions, Enforcers and the Criminals, players can form sub-groups in either faction and carry out missions. The game design was led by David Jones, who created the original Grand Theft Auto and Crackdown, and was developed by Realtime Worlds.", "Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences The Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences (AIAS) is a non-profit organization of industry professionals and presents a series of annual Interactive Achievement Awards. In 2012, the awards renamed from IAAs to the D.I.C.E awards.", "Battle.net Battle.net is an internet-based online gaming, digital distribution, and digital rights management platform developed by Blizzard Entertainment. Battle.net was launched on November 30, 1996, with the release of Blizzard's action-role-playing video game Diablo.Battle.net was the first online gaming service incorporated directly into the games that make use of it, in contrast to the external interfaces used by the other online services at the time.", "Black & White 2 Black & White 2 is a video game developed by Lionhead Studios and published by Electronic Arts. It blends real-time strategy, city building and god game elements. It was released on 7 October 2005. A Mac OS X port was released in January 2009, and released for download via the Mac App Store in November 2014. It is the sequel to 2001's Black & White, also the brainchild of Peter Molyneux.", "BlizzCon BlizzCon is a video game convention held by Blizzard Entertainment to promote their major franchises. The first BlizzCon was held in October 2005 at the Anaheim Convention Center in the United States where it has been held since. The convention features game-related announcements, previews of upcoming Blizzard Entertainment games and content, Q&A sessions and panels, and playable versions of various Blizzard games.", "Characters of Warcraft Major and recurring characters from the fantasy series Warcraft are listed below. The series began with Blizzard Entertainment's 1994 video game Warcraft: Orcs & Humans, and continued with Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness, Beyond the Dark Portal, Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos, The Frozen Throne, World of Warcraft, The Burning Crusade, Wrath of the Lich King, Cataclysm, Mists of Pandaria and Warlords of Draenor.", "Command & Conquer (1995 video game) Command & Conquer, sometimes known as Command & Conquer: Tiberian Dawn, is a 1995 real-time strategy video game developed by Westwood Studios and published by Virgin Interactive. Set in an alternate history of modern day, the game tells the story of a world war between two globalized factions: the Global Defense Initiative of the United Nations and a cult-like militant organization called the Brotherhood of Nod, led by the mysterious Kane.", "Corrupted Blood incident The Corrupted Blood incident was a video game glitch and virtual plague in the MMORPG World of Warcraft, which began on September 13, 2005, and lasted for one week. The epidemic began with the introduction of the new raid Zul'Gurub and its end boss Hakkar The Soulflayer.", "Cube World Cube World is an open world RPG video game in development by Picroma for Microsoft Windows. Wolfram von Funck began developing the game in June 2011, and was later joined by his wife Sarah von Funck. An early alpha version of the game was released on July 2, 2013. However, as of July 2015, the game is unavailable for purchase and has not received any updates since July 23, 2013.", "Defense of the Ancients Defense of the Ancients (DotA) is a multiplayer online battle arena mod for the video game Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos and its expansion, Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne, based on the \"Aeon of Strife\" map for StarCraft. The scenario objective is for each team to destroy the opponents' Ancient, heavily guarded structures at opposing corners of the map. Players use powerful units known as heroes, and are assisted by allied heroes and AI-controlled fighters.", "Diablo (video game) Diablo is an action role-playing hack and slash video game developed by Blizzard North and released by Blizzard Entertainment on December 31, 1996.Set in the fictional Kingdom of Khanduras, located in the world of Sanctuary, Diablo has the player take control of a lone hero battling to rid the world of Diablo, the Lord of Terror.", "Diablo II Diablo II is an action role-playing hack and slash video game developed by Blizzard North and published by Blizzard Entertainment in 2000 for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS. The game, with its dark fantasy and horror themes, was conceptualized and designed by David Brevik and Erich Schaefer, who with Max Schaefer acted as project leads on the game.", "Don Daglow Don Daglow (born circa 1953) is an American computer game and video game designer, programmer and producer. He is best known for being the creator of early games from several different genres, including pioneering simulation game Utopia for Intellivision in 1981, role-playing game Dungeon in 1975, sports games including the first interactive computer baseball game Baseball in 1971, and the first graphical MMORPG, Neverwinter Nights in 1991.", "Dota 2 Dota 2 is a multiplayer online battle arena video game, the stand-alone sequel to the Defense of the Ancients (DotA) Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos and The Frozen Throne mod. Developed by Valve Corporation, Dota 2 was released as a free-to-play title for Microsoft Windows, OS X, and Linux in July 2013, concluding a Windows-only public beta testing phase that began in 2011.Dota 2 is played in matches involving two teams of five players, each of which occupies a stronghold at a corner of the map.", "Dune II Dune II: The Building of a Dynasty (retitled Dune II: Battle for Arrakis in Europe and Dune: The Battle for Arrakis for the Mega Drive/Genesis port respectively) is a Dune video game developed by Westwood Studios and released by Virgin Interactive on Jan 1, 1992.", "Elite (video game) Elite is a seminal space trading video game, written and developed by David Braben and Ian Bell and originally published by Acornsoft for the BBC Micro and Acorn Electron computers in September 1984. Elite's open-ended game model, and revolutionary 3D graphics led to it being ported to virtually every contemporary home computer system, and earned it a place as a classic and a genre maker in gaming history.", "Empires: Dawn of the Modern World Empires: Dawn of the Modern World is a 2003 real-time strategy video game developed by Stainless Steel Studios and published by Activision. Set in a world-historical period that extends from the Middle Ages until World War II, the game places the player in control of one of nine competing great powers. Its designers used customer feedback from their previous game, Empire Earth, as a starting point for the project.", "Esports Esports (also known as eSports, e-sports, competitive gaming, electronic sports, or progaming in Korea) is a term for organized multiplayer video game competitions, particularly between professional players. The most common video game genres associated with electronic sports are real-time strategy, fighting, first-person shooter, and multiplayer online battle arena.", "Expansion pack An expansion pack, expansion set, supplement, or simply expansion is an addition to an existing role-playing game, tabletop game or video game. These add-ons usually add new game areas, weapons, objects, and/or an extended storyline to complete an already released game.", "Game programmer A game programmer is a software engineer, programmer, or computer scientist who primarily develops codebases for video games or related software, such as game development tools. Game programming has many specialized disciplines all of which fall under the umbrella term of \"game programmer\". A game programmer should not be confused with a game designer, who works on game design.", "Glossary of video game terms This glossary of video game terms lists the general video game industry terms as commonly used in Wikipedia articles.", "Grand Theft Auto III Grand Theft Auto III is an open world action-adventure video game developed by DMA Design and published by Rockstar Games. It was released on 22 October 2001 for the PlayStation 2 console, on 20 May 2002 for Microsoft Windows, and on 31 October 2003 for the Xbox console.", "Greg Street Greg Street is an American video game designer currently employed as Lead Game Designer for Riot Games.Street was previously employed by Blizzard Entertainment as Lead Systems Designer on the award-winning MMORPG World of Warcraft, and is also known by his screen name \"Ghostcrawler\" on the World of Warcraft forums and his own Twitter account. Prior to being employed by Blizzard, Street worked as a marine biologist, eventually moving into the game design field.", "Hearthstone: Heroes of Warcraft Hearthstone: Heroes of Warcraft is an online collectible card game developed by Blizzard Entertainment. It is free-to-play with optional purchases to acquire additional cards and access content quicker. The game was announced at the Penny Arcade Expo in March 2013 and released on March 11, 2014. Hearthstone is available on both Microsoft Windows and OS X systems, and is also available on iOS and Android touchscreen devices.", "Illidan Stormrage Illidan Stormrage is a fictional character who appears in the Warcraft series of video games by Blizzard Entertainment. Born a night elf and a former Demon Hunter, his pursuit of power led him to commit several horrific acts against his own people, which earned him the nickname \"the Betrayer\". Self-proclaimed the Lord of Outland, he also defected to the Burning Legion and became a partial demon himself.", "League of Legends League of Legends (LoL) is a multiplayer online battle arena, real-time strategy video game developed and published by Riot Games, for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X.", "Leeroy Jenkins Leeroy Jenkins is an Internet meme named for a player character created by Ben Schulz in Blizzard Entertainment's MMORPG World of Warcraft. The character became popular due to a video of the game that circulated on the Internet. The phenomenon has since spread beyond the boundaries of the gaming community into other online and mainstream media.", "List of best-selling video game franchises This is a list of best-selling video game franchises that have sold or shipped at least 5 million copies. Unless otherwise stated, numbers indicate worldwide units sold, ordered alphabetically whenever two or more list the same amount. The exception are the ones specifying shipments, which have lower precedence than others listing sales.Franchise sales include expansion packs even though they are not considered full video games.", "List of best-selling video games This is a list of video games that have sold or shipped at least one million copies on a single platform (unless otherwise noted).", "List of most expensive video games to develop The following is a list of the most expensive video games ever developed, with a minimum total cost of US$50 million.", "List of video game genres Video game genres are used to categorize video games based on their gameplay interaction rather than visual or narrative differences. A video game genre is defined by a set of gameplay challenges. They are classified independent of their setting or game-world content, unlike other works of fiction such as films or books. For example, a shooter game is still a shooter game, regardless of whether it takes place in a fantasy world or in outer space.", "Mac OS Mac OS is a series of graphical user interface–based operating systems developed by Apple Inc. for their Macintosh line of computer systems.The original operating system was first introduced in 1984 as being integral to the original Macintosh, and referred to as the \"System\". Referred to by its major revision starting with \"System 6\" and \"System 7\", Apple rebranded version 7.6 as \"Mac OS\" as part of their Macintosh clone program in 1996.", "Mafia II Mafia II is an action-adventure video game developed by 2K Czech and published by 2K Games. It was released on 23 August 2010 for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows; an OS X port was released by Feral Interactive in December 2011. The game is the direct sequel to 2002's Mafia: The City of Lost Heaven. It is the second game in the Mafia series.", "Massively multiplayer online role-playing game Massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) blend the genres of role-playing video games and massively multiplayer online games, potentially in the form of web browser-based games, in which a very large number of players interact with one another within a world.As in all RPGs, the player assume the role of a character (often in a fantasy world or science-fiction world) and takes control over many of that character's actions.", "Mercenaries 2: World in Flames Mercenaries 2: World in Flames is an action-adventure video game developed by Pandemic Studios and published by Electronic Arts. It is the sequel to 2005's Mercenaries: Playground of Destruction, and it was released in the United States on August 31, Europe on September 5, 2008 and November 20, 2008 in Japan.", "Mike O'Brien (game developer) Mike O'Brien is the president and co-founder of ArenaNet and executive producer of its games Guild Wars and Guild Wars 2. He led the design and content creation teams of the original Guild Wars.Before co-founding ArenaNet, he worked as a company director and a lead programmer at Blizzard Entertainment where he developed the 3D rendering engine of Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos and led the development of Battle.net.", "Peggle Peggle is a casual puzzle video game developed by Sukhbir Sidhu and Brian Rothstein of PopCap Games. Initially released for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X systems in 2007, it has since had versions released for Xbox Live Arcade, PlayStation Network, the Nintendo DS (with the help of Q Entertainment), Windows Mobile, iOS, Zeebo and Android; the game has also been ported as a Java application, and an extended minigame incorporated into the massively multiplayer online game World of Warcraft.", "Races and factions of Warcraft The fantasy setting of the Warcraft series includes many fictional races and factions. Most of the primary protagonists of the series belong to either the Horde or the Alliance, however there are a variety of neutral races and factions, who are either friendly or hostile to both the Horde and the Alliance. All player characters belong to either the Horde or the Alliance, with a character's faction decided by its race.", "Real-time strategy Real-time strategy (RTS) is a subgenre of strategy video games where the game does not progress incrementally in turns.The term \"Real-time strategy\" appeared in BYTE magazine in 1982, but usually Brett Sperry is credited with coining the term to market Dune II.In an RTS, as in other wargames, the participants position and maneuver units and structures under their control to secure areas of the map and/or destroy their opponents' assets.", "Rift (video game) Rift (previously known as Rift: Planes of Telara) is a fantasy free-to-play massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed by Trion Worlds. Rift takes place within the fantasy world of Telara. The game was released in March 2011.Two competing factions, composed of a selection of races and classes, battle each other and the enemies who emerge from dynamic \\rifts\\\".\"", "Sigil Games Online Sigil Games Online, Inc. was a computer game developer based in Carlsbad, California founded in January 2002 by Brad McQuaid and Jeff Butler, key development team members who created EverQuest, the most popular massively multiplayer online role-playing game before World of Warcraft. McQuaid and Butler left Sony Online Entertainment (SOE), the publisher of EverQuest, and formed Sigil Games Online to develop \"the next big thing\".", "Simraceway Simraceway is an online racing service that hosts live, multiplayer racing events. The race environment is hosted and developed by Ignite Game Technologies, Inc. The service uses a client-server software model similar to popular online games such as World of Warcraft allowing the racing environment to be continually updated.Simraceway allows racers to compete online for free or prize-based competitions monitored by professional race marshals who encourage fair, competitive racing.", "StarCraft: Ghost StarCraft: Ghost is a cancelled military science fiction stealth-action video game previously under development by Blizzard Entertainment. Part of Blizzard's StarCraft series, the game was announced on September 20, 2002, and was to be developed by Nihilistic Software for the Nintendo GameCube, Xbox, and PlayStation 2 video game consoles. Several delays in development caused Blizzard to move back the release date and the game has not yet materialized.", "StarCraft StarCraft is a military science fiction real-time strategy video game developed and published by Blizzard Entertainment and released for Microsoft Windows on March 31, 1998. The game later spawned a franchise, and is the first game of the StarCraft series. A Mac OS version was released in 1999, and a Nintendo 64 adaptation co-developed with Mass Media was released on June 13, 2000. Work on the game started shortly after Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness‍ '​s release in 1995.", "StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty is a military science fiction real-time strategy video game developed and released by Blizzard Entertainment for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. A sequel to the award-winning 1998 video game StarCraft and its expansion set Brood War, the game was released worldwide on July 27, 2010.", "State of Decay (video game) State of Decay is a third person zombie-survival horror video game, developed by Undead Labs and published by Microsoft Studios. It places emphasis on how the player's leaderships skills fare against an onslaught of problems, such as diminishing survival resources, group trust and morale, zombie extermination, base defenses, and people’s lives.", "Stormfront Studios Stormfront Studios was a video game developer based in San Rafael, California which had one of the longest creative histories in the industry. In 2007, the company had over 50 developers working on two teams, and owned all its proprietary engines, tools and technology. As of the end of 2007 over fourteen million copies of Stormfront-developed games had been sold.", "Sylvanas Windrunner Sylvanas Windrunner is a fictional character who appears in the Warcraft series of video games by Blizzard Entertainment. Originally introduced in Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos, the character received a redesign in World of Warcraft: Wrath of the Lich King to her current appearance. Once a high elf ranger, Sylvanas was murdered by Arthas Menethil who ripped her soul out and transformed it into a banshee; an agent of the Lich King empowered by hate.", "The Chronicles of Riddick: Escape from Butcher Bay The Chronicles of Riddick: Escape from Butcher Bay is a first-person action and stealth video game developed by Starbreeze Studios and published by Vivendi Games. Released for the Xbox and Windows in 2004, the game is a tie-in prequel to the futuristic science fiction film The Chronicles of Riddick. Actor Vin Diesel—who was involved in the game's development—reprises his role as that film's protagonist, Richard B.", "The Lost Vikings (series) The Lost Vikings is a side-scrolling puzzle/platform video game series which was developed by Silicon & Synapse (later Blizzard Entertainment). The first game, The Lost Vikings, was released in 1992 by publisher Interplay Entertainment for DOS, Amiga, Sega Mega Drive and SNES among others.", "Thottbot Thottbot was an unofficial World of Warcraft plug-in and database website. On November 30, 2010, Thottbot was discontinued as a separate database and just returned Wowhead results.", "Tyrande Whisperwind Tyrande Whisperwind is a fictional character who appears in the Warcraft series of video games by Blizzard Entertainment. First appearing in Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos, within the games, she is the chosen High Priestess of the goddess Elune, and along with her husband Malfurion Stormrage, the leader of the night elves. The character has received mostly positive critical reception from gamers, and is a popular character in Warcraft lore.", "Video game clone A video game clone is either a video game (or series) which is very similar to or heavily inspired by a previous popular game or series. It also applies to a third-party remake of a video game console.The term is usually derogatory, implying a lack of originality and creativity; however, an intentional clone may be anything from a \"ripoff\" to a honorary homage to its exemplar.", "War of Internet Addiction War of Internet Addiction (Chinese: 网瘾战争) is an anti-censorship machinima advocacy production on behalf of the mainland Chinese World of Warcraft community, aesthetically notable for being made entirely in in-universe style.", "World in Conflict: Soviet Assault World in Conflict: Soviet Assault is a 2009 expansion pack developed by Massive Entertainment and Swordfish Studios for the 2007 real-time tactics video game World in Conflict.", "World of Tanks World of Tanks is a massively multiplayer online game developed by Belarusian-Cypriot company Wargaming, featuring early to mid-20th century era fighting vehicles. It is built upon a freemium business model where the game is free-to-play, but participants also have the option of paying a fee for use of \"premium\" features. The focus is on player vs. player gameplay with each player controlling an armored vehicle, which may be a light, medium or heavy tank, tank destroyer, or self-propelled gun.", "World of Warcraft: Cataclysm World of Warcraft: Cataclysm is the third expansion pack for the massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) World of Warcraft, following Wrath of the Lich King. It was officially announced at BlizzCon on August 21, 2009, although dataminers and researchers discovered details before it was officially announced by Blizzard.", "World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade is the first expansion pack for the MMORPG World of Warcraft. It was released on January 15, 2007 at midnight in Europe and North America, selling nearly 2.4 million copies on release day alone and making it the fastest-selling PC game in those regions.", "World of Warcraft: Wrath of the Lich King World of Warcraft: Wrath of the Lich King is the second expansion set for the Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game (MMORPG) World of Warcraft, following The Burning Crusade. The game added a substantial amount of new content into the game world, including the new continent of Northrend, home of the eponymous Lich King and his undead minions. In order to advance through Northrend, players were required to reach at least level 68 and the maximum level for the expansion is 80.", "Wowhead Wowhead is a search database for the popular massively multiplayer online role-playing game World of Warcraft (WoW). The site first started out as a talent calculator for the game. It was in beta from April 4 to June 25, 2006, and the database was released on June 26, 2006.", "X-Men Origins: Wolverine (video game) X-Men Origins: Wolverine is a 2009 hack and slash action-adventure game loosely based on the film of the same name. The game release coincided with the release of the film on May 1, 2009 for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Windows, Wii, PlayStation 2, Nintendo DS, and PlayStation Portable. The game was developed primarily by Raven Software through the use of Unreal Engine technology. Amaze Entertainment developed the Wii and PS2 ports and Griptonite Games developed the PSP and DS ports.", "XIII (video game) XIII (pronounced: Thirteen) is a first-person shooter video game developed by Ubisoft Paris and published by Ubisoft for most platforms except for the OS X version, which was published by Feral Interactive. Loosely based on the first five volumes of the 1984 Belgian graphic novel series XIII, the player controls (through a first-person view) the protagonist Jason Fly (XIII), a confused and amnesic man who searches for his identity throughout a comic book-style, cel-shaded world.", "You Have to Burn the Rope You Have to Burn the Rope is a 2008 online Flash game developed by Swedish student Kian Bashiri under the name Mazapán." ]

[ "1970 Formula One season The 1970 Formula One season was the 21st FIA Formula One World Championship season. Thirteen races were held between 7 March 1970 and 25 October 1970, with the Championship won by Jochen Rindt and the constructors' title by Lotus. Rindt died four races before the end of the season, but had earned enough World Championship points such that no other driver managed to surpass his total by the end of the season.", "1980 Formula One season The 1980 Formula One season was the 31st season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1980 World Championship of Drivers and the 1980 International Cup for F1 Constructors which were contested concurrently from 13 January to 5 October over a fourteen race series. The season also included one non-championship race, the 1980 Spanish Grand Prix.Jones became the first (and so far as of 2014, the last) Australian to win the World Championship since Jack Brabham in 1966.", "1992 Formula One season The 1992 Formula One season was the 43rd season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1992 FIA Formula One World Championship, which commenced on 1 March 1992 and ended on 8 November after sixteen races. Nigel Mansell won the Drivers' Championship, and Williams-Renault won the Constructors' Championship, their first Constructors' Championship since 1987. Mansell became the first driver in Formula One history to win nine races in a single season.", "1996 Formula One season The 1996 Formula One season was the 47th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1996 FIA Formula One World Championship, which commenced on 10 March 1996, and ended on 13 October after sixteen races. Two World Championship titles were awarded, one for Drivers and one for Constructors.Damon Hill won the Drivers' Championship two years after being beaten by a point by Michael Schumacher, making him the only son of a World Champion to have won the title.", "2005 Formula One season The 2005 Formula One season was the 56th FIA Formula One World Championship season, contested over a then record 19 Grands Prix. It commenced on 6 March 2005, and ended 16 October.Fernando Alonso and the Renault F1 team won the World Drivers' and Constructors' Championships, ending five years of dominance by Michael Schumacher and Ferrari. Alonso's success made him the youngest champion in the history of the sport, a title he held until Lewis Hamilton's 2008 title success.", "2007 Formula One season The 2007 Formula One season was the 58th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 2007 FIA Formula One World Championship, which began on 18 March and ended on 21 October after seventeen events. The Drivers' Championship was won by Ferrari driver Kimi Räikkönen by one point at the final race of the season, making Räikkönen the third Finnish driver to take the title.", "2009 Formula One season The 2009 Formula One season was the 60th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 2009 FIA Formula One World Championship which was contested over 17 events commencing with the Australian Grand Prix on 29 March and ending with the inaugural Abu Dhabi Grand Prix on 1 November.Jenson Button and Brawn GP secured the Drivers' Championship and Constructors' Championship titles respectively in the Brazilian Grand Prix, the penultimate race of the season.", "2013 Formula One season The 2013 Formula One season was the 64th season of the FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 2013 FIA Formula One World Championship which was open to Formula One cars, recognised by the sport's governing body, the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), as the highest class of competition for open-wheel racing cars.", "Benetton Formula Benetton Formula Ltd., commonly referred to simply as Benetton, was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001. The team was owned by the Benetton family who run a worldwide chain of clothing stores of the same name. In 2000 the team was purchased by Renault, but competed as Benetton for the 2001 season. In 2002 the team became Renault F1.", "Brabham Motor Racing Developments Ltd., commonly known as Brabham /ˈbræbəm/, was a British racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team. Founded in 1960 by two Australians, driver Jack Brabham and designer Ron Tauranac, the team won four Drivers' and two Constructors' World Championships in its 30-year Formula One history.", "Brawn GP Brawn GP Formula One Team, the trading name of Brawn GP Limited, was a Formula One world championship-winning motor racing team and constructor, created by a management buyout of Honda Racing F1 Team, but using a Mercedes engine. It only competed in the 2009 Formula One World Championship, with drivers Jenson Button and Rubens Barrichello. The team clinched that year's Constructors' Championship, and Button took the drivers' title.", "British Racing Motors British Racing Motors (BRM) was a British Formula One motor racing team. Founded in 1945 and based in the market town of Bourne in Lincolnshire, it participated from 1950 to 1977, competing in 197 grands prix and winning seventeen. BRM won the constructors' title in 1962 when its driver Graham Hill became world champion. In 1963, 1964, 1965 and 1971, BRM came second in the constructors' competition.", "Del Roy Del Roy was a racing car constructor. Del Roy cars competed in one round of the FIA World Championship - the 1953 Indianapolis 500.", "EuroBrun EuroBrun Racing was an Italo-Swiss Formula One constructor based in Senago, Milan, Italy.", "Formula One Formula One (also Formula 1 or F1) is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the premier form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950, although other Formula One races were regularly held until 1983.The \"formula\", designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, to which all participants' cars must conform.", "History of Scuderia Ferrari The Scuderia Ferrari motor racing team has a long and successful history.", "Jenson Button Jenson Alexander Lyons Button, MBE (born 19 January 1980), known as JB, is a British Formula One driver from England currently driving for McLaren. He is the 2009 Formula One World Champion, driving for Brawn GP.Button began karting at the age of eight and achieved early success, before progressing to car racing in the British Formula Ford Championship and the British Formula Three Championship. He first drove in Formula One with Williams F1 for the 2000 season.", "John Surtees John Surtees, OBE (born 11 February 1934) is a British former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer and Formula One driver. He is a four-time 500cc motorcycle World Champion – winning that title in 1956, 1958, 1959 and 1960 – the Formula One World Champion in 1964, and remains the only person to have won World Championships on both two and four wheels. He founded the Surtees Racing Organisation team that competed as a constructor in Formula One, Formula 2 and Formula 5000 from 1970 to 1978.", "Kauhsen Kauhsen was a Formula One constructor from Germany, founded by former sportscar driver Willi Kauhsen. The team started in Formula Two in 1976, purchasing Renault cars, and raced with an assortment of drivers with limited success. Kauhsen then entered the 1979 Formula One season, spending 1978 designing their own chassis with Cosworth engines. They participated in two World Championship Grands Prix with Gianfranco Brancatelli, failing to qualify on both occasions, before the team was shut down.", "Lewis Hamilton Lewis Carl Davidson Hamilton, MBE (born 7 January 1985) is a British Formula One racing driver from England, currently racing for the Mercedes AMG team. He is the 2008 and 2014 Formula One World Champion.In December 1995, at the age of ten, he approached McLaren team principal Ron Dennis at the Autosport Awards ceremony and told him, \"I want to race for you one day ...", "List of Formula One Grand Prix winners (constructors) Formula One, abbreviated to F1, is the highest class of open wheeled auto racing defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motorsport's world governing body. The \"formula\" in the name refers to a set of rules to which all participants and cars must conform.", "List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions The Formula One World Constructors' Championship (WCC) is awarded by the FIA to the most successful Formula One constructor over a season, as determined by a points system based on Grand Prix results. The Constructors' Championship was first awarded, as the International Cup for F1 Manufacturers, in 1958 to Vanwall.Constructors' Championship points are calculated by adding points scored in each race by any driver for that constructor.", "List of Formula One World Constructors' Championship runners-up This is a list of all runners-up in the Formula One Constructors' World Championship from 1958.", "List of Formula One constructors The following is a list of Formula One constructors which have competed or plan to compete in the FIA World Championship.", "Maserati in motorsport Throughout its history, the Italian auto manufacturer Maserati has participated in various forms of motorsports including Formula One, sportscar racing and touring car racing, both as a works team and through private entrants.", "McLaren McLaren Racing Limited, competing as McLaren Honda, is a British Formula One team based at the McLaren Technology Centre, Woking, Surrey, England. McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor but has also competed and won in the Indianapolis 500 and Canadian-American Challenge Cup (Can-Am). The team is the second oldest active team after Ferrari.", "Mercedes-Benz in Formula One Mercedes-Benz is currently involved in Formula One, running the Mercedes AMG Petronas Formula One Team, a Formula One racing team, based in Brackley, United Kingdom, using a German licence.", "Minardi Minardi was an Italian automobile racing team and constructor founded in Faenza in 1979 by Giancarlo Minardi. It competed in the Formula One World Championship from 1985 until 2005 with little success, nevertheless acquiring a loyal following of fans.", "Niki Lauda Andreas Nikolaus \"Niki\" Lauda (born 22 February 1949) is an Austrian former Formula One driver who was three times F1 World Champion, winning in 1975, 1977 and 1984. He is currently the only driver to have been champion for both Ferrari and McLaren, the sport's two most successful constructors. More recently an aviation entrepreneur, he has founded and run two airlines (Lauda Air and Niki). He is also Bombardier Business Aircraft brand ambassador.", "Osella Osella is an Italian racing car manufacturer and former Formula One team. They participated in 132 Grands Prix between 1980 and 1990. They achieved two points finishes and scored 5 championship points.", "Red Bull Racing Red Bull Racing is an Austrian Formula One racing team based in Milton Keynes, England. It is one of two teams owned by beverage company Red Bull GmbH, along with Scuderia Toro Rosso. The team won four successive Constructors' Championship titles, in 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013, becoming the first Austrian licensed team to win the title. The team also produced the quadruple world champion driver of 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013, Sebastian Vettel. The team is managed by Christian Horner.", "Rial Racing Rial is a German producer of light alloy wheels and rims, and was a Formula One constructor competing in the 1988 and 1989 seasons. Founded in the 1970s as a wheel rim producer, the company was bought by Günter Schmid, ex-owner of the ATS wheels company in 1987. Schmid followed the same strategy as he had at ATS, advertising the Rial wheel brand by entering Formula One as a constructor. Rial participated in 32 Grands Prix, entering a total of 48 cars.", "Scuderia Ferrari Scuderia Ferrari (pronounced [skudeˈria ferˈrari]) is the racing team division of the Ferrari automobile marque. The team races primarily in Formula One but has competed in other series in motorsport since its formation in 1929, including sportscar racing. It is the oldest surviving and the most successful team in the history of Formula One, having competed in every world championship since 1950, the only team to do so.", "Sebastian Vettel Sebastian Vettel (German pronunciation: [zeˈbastjan ˈfɛtəl]; born 3 July 1987) is a German racing driver, currently driving in Formula One for Scuderia Ferrari. He is contracted to remain in that role until at least the end of 2017. He is a four-time Formula One World Champion, having won the championship in 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013 with Red Bull Racing. He is among the most successful F1 drivers of all time.", "Team Lotus Team Lotus was the motorsport sister company of English sports car manufacturer Lotus Cars. The team ran cars in many motorsport series, including Formula One, Formula Two, Formula Ford, Formula Junior, IndyCar and sports car racing. More than ten years after its last race, Team Lotus remained one of the most successful racing teams of all time, winning seven Formula One Constructors' titles, six Drivers' Championships, and the Indianapolis 500 in the United States, between 1962 and 1978.", "Tyrrell Racing The Tyrrell Racing Organisation was an auto racing team and Formula One constructor founded by Ken Tyrrell which started racing in 1958 and started building its own cars in 1970. The team experienced its greatest success in the early 1970s, when it won three Drivers' Championships and one Constructors' Championship with Jackie Stewart.", "Williams Grand Prix Engineering Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited (FWB: WGF1), trading in Formula 1 as Williams Martini Racing, is a British Formula One motor racing team and constructor. It is founded and run by team owner Sir Frank Williams and automotive engineer Sir Patrick Head. The team was formed in 1977 after Frank Williams' two earlier unsuccessful F1 operations: Frank Williams Racing Cars (1969 to 1975) and Walter Wolf Racing (1976)." ]

[ "1958 Formula One season The 1958 Formula One season was the ninth season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1958 World Championship of Drivers which commenced on 19 January 1958, and ended on 19 October after eleven races. This was the first Formula One season in which a Manufacturers title was awarded, the International Cup for F1 Manufacturers being contested concurrently with the World Championship of Drivers.", "1960 Formula One season The 1960 Formula One season featured the eleventh FIA World Championship of Drivers, the third International Cup for F1 Manufacturers and numerous non-championship Formula One races. The World Championship commenced on 7 February 1960 and ended on 20 November after ten races. Jack Brabham won his second consecutive title with his Cooper team defending its constructors' title.", "1967 Formula One season The 1967 Formula One season was the 18th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1967 World Championship of Drivers and the 1967 International Cup for F1 Manufacturers, contested concurrently over an eleven race series which commenced on 2 January 1967, and ended on 22 October. The season also included a number of non-championship races for Fomula One cars.", "1979 Formula One season The 1979 Formula One season was the 30th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1979 World Championship of F1 Drivers and the 1979 International Cup for F1 Constructors which were contested concurrently over a fifteen round series which commenced on 21 January 1979, and ended on 7 October. The season also included three non-championship Formula One races.", "1987 Formula One season The 1987 Formula One season was the 38th season of Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1987 FIA Formula One World Championship for Drivers and Constructors which commenced on 12 April 1987 and ended on 15 November after sixteen races.", "1989 Formula One season The 1989 Formula One season was the 40th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1989 FIA Formula One World Championship, which commenced on 26 March 1989 and ended on 5 November after sixteen races. Alain Prost won his third Drivers' World Championship, and McLaren won the Constructors' Championship.The championship was decided under controversial circumstances as Prost and team mate Ayrton Senna collided at low speed in the final chicane during the Japanese Grand Prix.", "1997 Formula One season The 1997 Formula One season was the 48th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1997 FIA Formula One World Championship, which commenced on 9 March and ended on 26 October after seventeen races.", "2000 Formula One season The 2000 Formula One season was the 51st season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 2000 FIA Formula One World Championship which commenced on 12 March 2000, and ended on 22 October after seventeen races. Michael Schumacher became Ferrari's first World Drivers' Champion for 21 years having clinched the Drivers' title at the penultimate race of the season.", "2003 Formula One season The 2003 Formula One season was the 54th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 2003 FIA Formula One World Championship, which commenced on 9 March 2003 and ended on 12 October after sixteen races.", "2004 Formula One season The 2004 Formula One season was the 55th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 2004 FIA Formula One World Championship, which was contested over an eighteen event series which ran from 7 March to 24 October 2004. The championship was dominated by Michael Schumacher and Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro with the German driver winning the Drivers' Championship for the fifth consecutive year and the Italian constructor winning the Constructors' Championship for the sixth straight season.", "2008 Formula One season The 2008 Formula One season was the 59th season of the Formula One World Championship, a motor racing championship for Formula One cars recognised by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) — the governing body of motorsport — as the highest class of competition for open-wheel racing cars. The season was contested over eighteen rounds, which started in Australia on 16 March and ended in Brazil on 2 November.", "2010 Formula One season The 2010 Formula One season was the 61st season of FIA Formula One motor racing competition. It featured the 2010 FIA Formula One World Championship in which Red Bull Racing won its maiden Constructors' Championship with a one-two finish in Brazil, while Red Bull Racing's Sebastian Vettel won the Drivers' Championship after winning the final race of the season. In doing so, Vettel became the youngest World Drivers' Champion in the sport's sixty-year history.", "2011 Formula One season The 2011 Formula One season was the 62nd season of FIA Formula One motor racing. The original calendar for the 2011 Formula One World Championship consisted of twenty rounds, including the inaugural running of the Indian Grand Prix before the cancellation of the Bahrain Grand Prix. Pirelli returned to the sport as tyre supplier for all teams, taking over from Bridgestone. Red Bull Racing were the reigning Constructor's Champions.", "2012 Formula One season The 2012 Formula One season was the 63rd season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 2012 FIA Formula One World Championship, a motor racing series for Formula One cars, recognised by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) — the governing body of motorsport — as the highest class of competition for open-wheel racing cars. The championship was contested over twenty rounds, which started in Australia on 18 March and ended in Brazil on 25 November.", "2014 Formula One season The 2014 Formula One season was the 65th season of the Formula One World Championship, a motor racing championship for Formula One cars recognised by the sport's governing body, the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), as the highest class of competition for open-wheel racing cars. The season started in Australia on 16 March and concluded in Abu Dhabi on 23 November.", "2015 Formula One season The 2015 Formula One season is the 66th season of the Formula One World Championship, a motor racing championship for Formula One cars which is recognised by the sport's governing body, the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), as the highest class of competition for open-wheel racing cars.", "Aston Butterworth Aston Butterworth was a Formula Two constructor from the United Kingdom, which competed in the seasons 1952-1953 when the World Drivers' Championship was run to Formula Two regulations. The team participated in four World Championship Grands Prix.The project was instigated by Bill Aston, who decided to build a car for Formula Two. The chassis was a copy of a Formula Two Cooper, fitted with a flat-four engine devised by Archie Butterworth.", "Automobiles Martini This article is about the racing car manufacturer. For the pioneer auto company, see Martini (automobile company). For the various racing teams sponsored by Martini & Rossi distillery, see Martini Racing.Automobiles Martini is a constructor of Formula racing cars from France, founded by Renato \"Tico\" Martini in 1965, when Martini and partner Bill Knight founded the Winfield Racing School at the Magny-Cours circuit, in France.", "British Racing Partnership British Racing Partnership (BRP) was a racing team, and latterly constructor, from the United Kingdom. It was established by Alfred Moss and Ken Gregory — Stirling Moss's father and former manager respectively — in 1957 to run cars for Stirling, when not under contract with other firms, along with other up-and-coming drivers.BRP ran a Cooper-Borgward Formula Two car and occasionally a BRM Formula One car in 1959, the latter being demolished in a spectacular crash at the Avus street circuit.", "Elder (constructor) Elder was an American racing car constructor. Elder cars competed in one FIA World Championship race - the 1959 Indianapolis 500.", "Embassy Hill Embassy Hill was a short-lived Formula One team started by the two-time Formula One world-champion Graham Hill, racing as a constructor with its own chassis in 1975. The team debuted in 1973 and had limited success in three seasons of racing, but everything was cut short by the death of Hill, Tony Brise and some of the team's top personnel in the crash of a light aircraft in the winter before the 1976 season.", "Equipe Matra Sports Matra Company´s sports division under the name of Matra Sports, Equipe Matra Elf and Equipe Matra Sports (after a takeover by Simca in 1969 as Matra-Simca Division Automobile) was formed in 1965 and based at Champagne-sur-Seine (1965–1967), Romorantin-Lanthenay (1967–1969) and Vélizy-Villacoublay (1969–1979).", "Fernando Alonso Fernando Alonso Díaz About this sound audio (born 29 July 1981) is a Spanish Formula One racing driver and a double World Champion who is currently racing for McLaren-Honda.Alonso started in karting from the age of 3. He won three consecutive karting championships in Spain from 1994 to 1997, and he became world karting champion in 1996. He made his Formula One debut in the 2001 season with Minardi, and then moved to the Renault team as a test driver the next year.", "Fittipaldi Automotive Fittipaldi Automotive, sometimes called Copersucar after its first major sponsor, was the only Formula One motor racing team and constructor ever to be based in Brazil. It was formed during 1974 by racing driver Wilson Fittipaldi and his younger brother, double world champion Emerson, with money from the Brazilian sugar and alcohol cooperative Copersucar. In 1976 Emerson surprised the motor racing world by leaving the title-winning McLaren team to drive for the unsuccessful family outfit.", "Keke Rosberg Keijo Erik Rosberg (About this sound pronunciation ; born 6 December 1948), known as \"Keke\", is a Finnish former racing driver and winner of the 1982 Formula One World Championship. He was the first Finnish driver to compete regularly in the series. Rosberg grew up in Oulu and Iisalmi, Finland. He is the father of current Mercedes Formula One driver Nico Rosberg.", "Langley (constructor) Langley was an American racing car constructor. Langley cars competed in one FIA World Championship race - the 1950 Indianapolis 500.", "List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions The Formula One World Drivers' Championship (WDC) is awarded by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) to the most successful Formula One racing car driver over a season, as determined by a points system based on Grand Prix results.The Drivers' Championship was first awarded in 1950, to Giuseppe Farina. The first driver to win multiple Championships was Alberto Ascari, in 1952 and 1953.", "List of Formula One seasons Sixty-three seasons of Formula One, the highest class of open wheeled auto racing defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motorsport's world governing body, have been run. The F1 world championship season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held usually on purpose-built circuits, and in a few cases on closed city streets, the most famous of which is the Monaco Grand Prix in Monte Carlo.", "Lyncar Lyncar was a Formula One constructor from the United Kingdom. They participated in only 2 grands prix, the 1974 and 1975 British Grand Prix, entering a total of 2 cars.Lyncar's founder Martin Slater had built and raced his own cars in junior formulae before becoming a designer for Lola, Brabham and March.", "March Engineering March Engineering was a Formula One constructor and manufacturer of customer racing cars from the United Kingdom. Although only moderately successful in Grand Prix competition, March racing cars enjoyed much better achievement in other categories of competition including Formula Two, Formula Three, IndyCar and IMSA GTP sportscar racing.", "Mario Andretti Mario Gabriele Andretti (born February 28, 1940) is a retired Italian American world champion racing driver, one of the most successful Americans in the history of the sport. He is one of only two drivers to win races in Formula One, IndyCar, World Sportscar Championship and NASCAR (the other being Dan Gurney).", "Michael Schumacher Michael Schumacher (German pronunciation: [ˈmɪçaʔɛl ˈʃuːmaxɐ]; born 3 January 1969) is a retired German racing driver. He is a seven-time Formula One World Champion and is widely regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers of all time. He was named Laureus World Sportsman of the Year twice. He won two titles with Benetton in 1994 and 1995. After his second title he moved to Ferrari for which he drove eleven years.", "Mika Häkkinen Mika Pauli Häkkinen (About this sound pronunciation ; born 28 September 1968), nicknamed \"the Flying Finn\", is a retired Finnish professional racing driver. He is the 1998 and 1999 Formula One World Champion, driving for McLaren and has been ranked among the greatest Formula One drivers in various motorsport polls.", "O.S.C.A. O.S.C.A. (Officine Specializzate Costruzione Automobili—Fratelli Maserati S.p.A.) was an Italian manufacturer of racing and sports cars established 1947 in San Lazzaro di Savena, Bologna, by the Maserati brothers, and closed down in 1967. Its name is usually abbreviated to OSCA or Osca.", "Olson (constructor) Olson was a racing car constructor. Olson cars competed in one round of the FIA World Championship - the 1950 Indianapolis 500.", "Onyx Grand Prix Onyx Grand Prix is a former Formula One constructor from Britain that competed in the 1989 and 1990 Formula One seasons. The team participated in 26 World Championship Grands Prix (25 starts) and scored six World Constructors' Championship points. Its best result was third place, for Stefan Johansson, in the 1989 Portuguese Grand Prix.", "Pawl (constructor) Pawl was a racing car constructor, who competed in three rounds of the FIA World Championship - the 1951, 1954 and 1955 Indy 500.", "RAM Racing RAM Racing was a Formula One racing team which competed during the racing seasons of 1976 to 1985. The team entered other manufacturers' chassis from 1976 to 1980, then ran March's team from 1981 to 1983, only entering a car entirely their own in 1984 and 1985.The team was formed in 1975 by Mike Ralph and John Macdonald, with RAM derived from their names. After running Macdonald in a GRD in British Formula Three, they entered Alan Jones in a Formula 5000 March for 1976.", "Rae (motorsport) Rae was a racing car constructor. Rae cars competed in one FIA World Championship race - the 1950 Indianapolis 500.", "Renault in Formula One Renault has been associated with Formula One as both constructor and engine supplier for various periods since 1977. In 1977, the company entered Formula One as a constructor, introducing the turbo engine to Formula One in its first car, the Renault RS01. In 1983, Renault began supplying engines to other teams. Although the Renault team won races and competed for world titles, it withdrew at the end of 1985.", "Safir Engineering Safir Engineering is a British racecar engineering firm.In 1975, they purchased the Token RJ02 Formula One car, renamed it the \"Safir\" and raced it in the 1975 Race of Champions and BRDC International Trophy, driven by Tony Trimmer.Later, Safir purchased the rights to the Ford GT40 and made continuation GT40s during the 1980s.", "Sauber Sauber Motorsport AG, trading as Sauber F1 Team is a Swiss Formula One team. It was founded in the 1970s by Peter Sauber, who progressed through hillclimbing and the World Sports Prototype Championship to reach Formula One in 1993.Having not won a Grand Prix as an independent, the team was sold to BMW in 2005, and competed as BMW Sauber from 2006 to 2009, scoring one victory.", "Shadow Racing Cars Shadow Racing Cars was a Formula One and sports car racing team, founded and initially based in the United States although later Formula One operations were run from Britain. The team held an American licence from 1973 to 1975 and a British licence from 1976 to 1980, thus becoming the first constructor to officially change its nationality. Their only F1 victory was achieved as a British team.", "Simtek Simtek (Simulation Technology) was an engineering consultancy firm and Formula One racing team. The Formula One (F1) engineering consultancy arm, Simtek Research, was founded in 1989 by Max Mosley and Nick Wirth. It originally was involved in many areas of Formula One, including wind tunnel construction and chassis building for third parties. Simtek Grand Prix, the racing team, launched in 1993 and competed in the 1994 and 1995 seasons achieving a best result of ninth place.", "Snowberger Snowberger was a racing car constructor. Snowberger cars competed in one FIA World Championship race - the 1950 Indianapolis 500.", "Talbot Talbot was an automobile marque that existed from 1903 to 1994, with a hiatus from 1960 to 1978, under different owners, latterly Peugeot. Talbot participated in rallying, winning the 1981 World Rally Championship constructors' title, and in Formula One.", "Vel's Parnelli Jones Racing Vel's Parnelli Jones Racing, commonly referred to simply as Parnelli or VPJ, was a motor racing constructor and team from the USA. The team was formed in 1969 by former USAC racer Parnelli Jones and his business partner Velko \"Vel\" Miletich. Parnelli was initially solely concerned with USAC racing, where success came quickly; their driver Al Unser won the Indianapolis 500 race in 1970, driving a VPJ Colt, after leading 190 of the 200 racing laps. Unser went on to win the USAC championship.", "Walter Wolf Racing Walter Wolf Racing was a Formula One constructor from 1977 to 1979, notable for winning the very first race the team entered. It was owned and run by Canadian Walter Wolf, but was based in the United Kingdom and raced under both the Canadian and British nationalities at different points during their existence.", "Willans (company) Willans is a British-based safety harness provider." ]

[ "Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln /ˈeɪbrəhæm ˈlɪŋkən/ (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis.", "Assassination of Abraham Lincoln United States President Abraham Lincoln was shot on Good Friday, April 14, 1865, while attending the play Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre as the American Civil War was drawing to a close. The assassination occurred five days after the commander of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, General Robert E. Lee, surrendered to Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant and the Union Army of the Potomac.Lincoln was the first American president to be assassinated.", "Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. He successfully led his country through its greatest internal crisis, the American Civil War, preserving the Union and ending slavery.", "Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, in a one-room log cabin at Sinking Spring farm, south of Hodgenville, in Hardin County, Kentucky. After a land title dispute forced the family to leave, they relocated to Knob Creek farm, eight miles to the north. By 1814 Thomas Lincoln, Abraham's father, had lost most of his land in Kentucky in legal disputes over land titles.", "Ford's Theatre Ford's Theatre is a historic theatre in Washington, D.C., used for various stage performances beginning in the 1860s. It is also the site of the assassination of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865. After being shot, the fatally wounded president was carried across the street to the Petersen House, where he died the next morning.The theatre was later used as a warehouse and office building, and in 1893 part of it collapsed, causing 22 deaths.", "Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln The funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln included a series of events held to mourn his death and memorialize him. Following Abraham Lincoln's death by assassination, funeral services were held in Washington, D.C., and then at additional locations as he was transported to his burial. The President was brought from the capital to the burial site in Lincoln's hometown of Springfield, Illinois, by funeral train, accompanied by dignitaries.", "Lincoln family tree The Lincoln descended family comprises all the descendants of Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd Lincoln. There are ten known descendants of Lincoln. The family line is believed to have been extinct since its last undisputed descendant, Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith, died on December 24, 1985 without any children. It is rumored that there may be additional living descendants, but scholars disagree as to the legitimacy of these claims.", "Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln, U.S. president 1861–65, has been memorialized in many town, city, and county names, Along with George Washington, he is an iconic image of American democracy and nationalism. Although some say he died april14 he died early April 15 morning from his head trauma", "Petersen House The Petersen House is a 19th-century federal style rowhouse located at 516 10th Street NW in Washington, D.C. On April 15, 1865, United States President Abraham Lincoln died there after being shot the previous evening at Ford's Theatre located across the street. The house was built in 1849 by William A. Petersen, a German tailor.", "Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as \"Washington\", \"the District\", or simply \"D.C.\", is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16, 1790, approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country's East Coast. The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S." ]

[ "1955 doubled-die cent The 1955 doubled die cent is a die variety that occurred during production of the one cent coin at the United States Mint in 1955.", "Abraham Jonas (politician) Abraham Jonas (born September 12, 1801 in Exeter, England; died June 8, 1864) was the first permanent Jewish resident in Quincy, Illinois. He was a former member of the Illinois and Kentucky State Legislature, a leading lawyer, and a valued friend of Abraham Lincoln.Jonas was born in Exeter, England to Annie Ezekiel and Benjamin Jonas. Abraham's brother, Joseph Jonas, moved to Cincinnati, Ohio becoming the first Jew to settle west of the Allegheny Mountains.", "Abraham Lincoln's Farewell Address Lincoln's Farewell Address was a speech made by president-electAbraham Lincoln in Springfield, Illinois on February 11, 1861on his way to his inauguration in Washington, D.C. Several thousand citizens ofIllinois gathered to see Lincoln depart. In response, Lincoln gave this brief,impromptu speech from his railroad car shortly before he departed:My friends, no one, not in my situation, can appreciate my feeling of sadness at this parting.", "Abraham Lincoln's Lyceum address Abraham Lincoln's Lyceum Address was delivered to the Young Men's Lyceum of Springfield, Illinois on January 27, 1838, titled \"The Perpetuation of Our Political Institutions\". In this speech, Lincoln spoke about the dangers of slavery in the United States, as the institution could corrupt the federal government. Lincoln warned that mobs or people who disrespected American laws and courts could destroy the United States.", "Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address For the text of Lincoln's first Inaugural Address, see Abraham Lincoln's First Inaugural Address at Wikisource.Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address was delivered by President Abraham Lincoln, on Monday, March 4, 1861, as part of his taking of the oath of office for his first term as the sixteenth President of the United States.", "Abraham Lincoln's patent Abraham Lincoln's patent is a patented invention to lift boats over shoals and obstructions in a river. It is the only United States patent ever registered to a President of the United States. Lincoln conceived the idea of inventing a mechanism that would lift a boat over shoals and obstructions when on two different occasions the boat on which he traveled got hung up on obstructions.", "Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address For the text of Lincoln's second Inaugural Address see Abraham Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address at Wikisource.Abraham Lincoln delivered his second inaugural address on March 4, 1865, during his second inauguration as President of the United States. At a time when victory over the secessionists in the American Civil War was within days and slavery was near an end, Lincoln did not speak of happiness, but of sadness.", "Abraham Lincoln: The Man Abraham Lincoln: The Man (also called Standing Lincoln) is a larger-than-life size (12-foot (3.7 m)) bronze statue of Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States. The original statue is in Lincoln Park in Chicago, and several replicas have been installed in other places around the world. Completed by Augustus Saint-Gaudens in 1887, it has been described as the most important sculpture of Lincoln from the 19th century.", "Abraham Lincoln (1912 statue) Abraham Lincoln is a bronze statue of President Abraham Lincoln produced by Daniel Chester French between 1909 and its unveiling in 1912. It was commissioned by the Abraham Lincoln Memorial Association of Lincoln, Nebraska. The monument is located on the grounds of the Nebraska State Capitol, placed in an architectural setting created by French's longtime collaborator Henry Bacon. The statue was cast in bronze by Jno. Williams, Inc.", "Abraham Lincoln (1920 statue) Abraham Lincoln (1920) is a colossal seated figure of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865) sculpted by Daniel Chester French (1850–1931) and carved by the Piccirilli Brothers. It is situated in the Lincoln Memorial (constructed 1914–22), on the National Mall, Washington, D.C., USA, and was unveiled in 1922. Stylistically, the work follows in the Beaux Arts and American Renaissance traditions.", "Abraham Lincoln (1924 film) For the 1924 feature film about Lincoln directed by Phil Rosen and written by Frances Marion, see The Dramatic Life of Abraham Lincoln.Abraham Lincoln (1924) is a short film made in the Phonofilm sound-on-film process. The film was directed by J. Searle Dawley, produced by Lee DeForest, is based on the 1918 play Abraham Lincoln by John Drinkwater, and stars Frank McGlynn Sr. as Lincoln.", "Abraham Lincoln (1930 film) Abraham Lincoln, also released under the title D. W. Griffith's \"Abraham Lincoln\", is a 1930 Pre-Code biographical film about American president Abraham Lincoln directed by D. W. Griffith. It stars Walter Huston as Lincoln and Una Merkel, in her second speaking role, as Ann Rutledge. Her first speaking role was in a short film, Love's Old Sweet Song (1923) filmed in the Phonofilm sound-on-film process.", "Abraham Lincoln (captain) Abraham Lincoln (13 May 1744 – May 1786) was the grandfather of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln was a military captain during the American Revolution, and a pioneer settler of Kentucky.", "Abraham Lincoln High School (Brooklyn) Abraham Lincoln High School is a public high school located at 2800 Ocean Parkway, Brooklyn, New York. The principal is Ari Hoogenboom. Built in 1929, Lincoln has graduated three Nobel Prize laureates, along with many other doctors, scientists, engineers, politicians, and other notable alumni. Abraham Lincoln High School, along with Bayside High School, Samuel J.", "Abraham Lincoln National Heritage Area The Abraham Lincoln National Heritage Area is a National Heritage Area in central Illinois telling the story of Abraham Lincoln. A National Heritage Area is a federal-designated area intended to encourage historic preservation and an appreciation of the history and heritage of the site.", "Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum documents the life of the 16th U.S. President, Abraham Lincoln, and the course of the American Civil War. Combining traditional scholarship with 21st-century showmanship techniques, the museum ranks as one of the most visited presidential libraries. Its library, in addition to housing an extensive collection on Lincoln, also houses the collection of the Illinois State Historical Library, founded by the state in 1889.", "Abraham Lincoln Statue (Kentucky) The Abraham Lincoln Statue is a historic statue in the Hodgenville Commercial Historic District's public square in Hodgenville, Kentucky. Adolph Alexander Weinman sculpted the statue, as he also did the Lincoln statue at the capitol rotunda at Frankfort, Kentucky. The Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park is nearby.The statue was the result of the Lincoln Monument Commission under the direction of Otis M. Mather, chairman.", "Abraham Lincoln and slavery Abraham Lincoln's position on slavery is one of the central issues in American history.Lincoln often expressed moral opposition to slavery in public and private.Initially, he expected to bring about the eventual extinction of slavery by stopping its further expansion into any U.S. territory, and by proposing compensated emancipation (an offer Congress applied to Washington, D.C.) in his early presidency.", "Abraham Lincoln cultural depictions Since his death in 1865, Abraham Lincoln has been an iconic American figure depicted—usually favorably or heroically—in many forms. Lincoln has often been portrayed by Hollywood, almost always in a flattering light.", "Assassination of William McKinley The 25th President of the United States, William McKinley, was shot and fatally wounded on September 6, 1901, inside the Temple of Music on the grounds of the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. McKinley was shaking hands with the public when he was shot by Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist. The President died on September 14 from gangrene caused by the bullet wounds. McKinley became the third American president to be assassinated, following Abraham Lincoln in 1865 and James A.", "Bixby letter The Bixby letter is a letter sent from the United States President Abraham Lincoln to a bereaved mother of five sons who were thought to have died while fighting for the Union in the American Civil War. The brief, consoling message was written in November 1864 to Lydia Bixby, a widow living in Boston, following a request from Massachusetts Governor John Albion Andrew.", "Charles Leale Dr. Charles Augustus Leale M.D. (March 26, 1842 – June 13, 1932) was a surgeon in the Union Army during the American Civil War.He was the first doctor to arrive at the presidential box at Ford's Theatre on April 14, 1865 after John Wilkes Boothfatally shot President Abraham Lincoln in the back of the head with a Philadelphia Deringer pistol.", "Chin curtain The chin curtain beard (also called a Donegal or Lincoln) is a particular style of facial hair that grows along the jaw line and covers the chin completely. This is not to be confused with the chinstrap beard—a similar style of beard that also grows along the jaw line but does not fully cover the chin.", "Denton Offutt Denton Offutt was a 19th-century American general store operator who hired future President Abraham Lincoln for his first job as an adult in New Salem, Illinois.After Lincoln and his family had moved there from Indiana in 1830, he was hired by Offutt near Decatur, Illinois to take a boatload of cargo downriver to New Orleans for a sum of $60 and 50 cents per day. With his stepbrother John D.", "Doubled die Doubled die is a term in numismatics used to refer to doubling in the design elements of a coin. Doubled dies can appear as an outline of the design or in extreme cases, having legends and dates appear twice in an overlapping fashion.Doubled die error coins can fetch significant prices when they are noticeable to the naked eye or occur in a popular coin series.", "Emancipation Proclamation The Emancipation Proclamation was a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863. In a single stroke, it changed the federal legal status of more than 3 million enslaved persons in the designated areas of the South from \"slave\" to \"free.\" It had the practical effect that as soon as a slave escaped the control of the Confederate government, by running away or through advances of federal troops, the slave became legally free.", "Forced into Glory Forced into Glory: Abraham Lincoln's White Dream (2000) is a book by Lerone Bennett, Jr., an African American scholar and historian, and executive editor of Ebony Magazine for decades. It criticizes President Abraham Lincoln and claims that his reputation as the \"Great Emancipator\" during the American Civil War is undeserved. In his introduction, Bennett wrote: The \"basic idea of the book is simple: Everything you think you know about Lincoln and race is wrong.", "Gettysburg Address The Gettysburg Address is a speech by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, one of the best-known in American history.", "Grace Bedell Grace Greenwood Bedell Billings (November 4, 1848 – November 2, 1936) was an American woman, notable as the person whose correspondence, at the age of eleven, influenced Abraham Lincoln to grow his familiar beard. Lincoln later met with Bedell.", "Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln is a stage show featuring an Audio-Animatronic version of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, best known for being presented at Disneyland since 1965. It was originally showcased as the prime feature of the State of Illinois Pavilion at the 1964 New York World's Fair. One year after its debut at the World's Fair, the show opened at Disneyland, where it has undergone several changes and periods of hiatus over the years. Today Great Moments with Mr.", "Harold Holzer Harold Holzer (born February 5, 1949) is a scholar of Abraham Lincoln and the political culture of the American Civil War Era. He won the prestigious Gilder Lehrman Lincoln Prize in 2015 for his book, Lincoln and the Power of the Press. Holzer served for nine years as co-chairman of the United States Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission (ALBC), appointed to the commission by President Bill Clinton in 2000 and elected co-chair by his fellow commissioners.", "Jerry Dior Jerry Nicholas Dior (May 14, 1932 – May 10, 2015) was an American graphic designer, best known for creating the Major League Baseball logo.", "Knob Creek Farm Knob Creek Farm has been a noncontinuous section of the Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park since 2001; prior to that date it was privately owned. From 1811 to 1816, it was the home of the future President of the United States Abraham Lincoln, who said it was his \"earliest recollection\". The site consists of four buildings, two of which are historical in nature.The total acreage of Knob Creek Farm is 228 acres (92 ha), of which the Lincolns lived on 30 acres (12 ha).", "Lincoln's Birthday Not to be confused with Lincoln DayLincoln's Birthday is a legal holiday in some U.S. states, observed on the anniversary of Abraham Lincoln's birth on February 12, 1809. Arizona, California, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, and New York observe the holiday.", "Lincoln: A Photobiography Lincoln: A Photobiography is an illustrated biography of Abraham Lincoln written by Russell Freedman, and published in 1987. The book won the Newbery Medal in 1988. It was the first nonfiction book to do so in 30 years.The photobiography covers Lincoln's entire life: his childhood, his stint as a lawyer, his courtship and marriage to Mary Todd Lincoln, as well as his ascent from Congressman to President.", "Lincoln Battalion The Lincoln Battalion was the 17th (later the 58th) battalion of the XV International Brigade, a mixed brigade of the International Brigades also known as Abraham Lincoln Brigade (Spanish: Brigada Abraham Lincoln).", "Lincoln Home National Historic Site Lincoln Home National Historic Site preserves the Springfield, Illinois home and a historic district where Abraham Lincoln lived from 1844 to 1861, before becoming the 16th President of the United States. The presidential memorial includes the four blocks surrounding the home and a visitor center.", "Lincoln Oak The Lincoln Oak was an oak tree in Bloomington, Illinois. Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln both gave speeches at the tree during the 1850s. The original Lincoln Oak died in 1976.", "Lincoln Records Lincoln Records was a United States record label in the 1920s.The bulk of material on Lincoln were dance tunes recorded by bands of no particular note. Lincoln Records filled a market niche for people who wanted inexpensive, danceable records of popular tunes and did not particularly care who recorded them. Lincoln records retailed for 50 cents each. The label had a drawing of Abraham Lincoln on the top.", "Lincoln Tomb Lincoln Tomb is the final resting place of the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, and three of their four sons. It is located in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield, Illinois. At the close of the events marking Lincoln's death, his body was placed in a nearby receiving tomb and later in the state tomb. The mausoleum is owned and administered by the State of Illinois as Lincoln Tomb State Historic Site.", "Lincoln Unmasked Lincoln Unmasked: What You're Not Supposed to Know About Dishonest Abe is Thomas DiLorenzo's follow-up to The Real Lincoln, a book highly critical of the Presidency of Abraham Lincoln.", "Lincoln cent The Lincoln cent or Lincoln penny is a cent coin (or penny) (1/100 of a dollar) that has been struck by the United States Mint since 1909. The obverse or heads side was designed by Victor David Brenner, as was the original reverse.", "Lincoln cent mintage figures Below are the mintage figures for the Lincoln penny", "List of photographs of Abraham Lincoln \"Lincoln's features were the despair of every artist who undertook his portrait. The writer saw nearly a dozen, one after another, soon after the first nomination to the presidency, attempt the task. They put into their pictures the large, rugged features, and strong, prominent lines; they made measurements to obtain exact proportions; they \"petrified\" some single look, but the picture remained hard and cold.", "Logan Hay Logan Hay (died 1942) was a prominent Illinois lawyer.", "Louise Taper Louise Taper is a historian and collector of Abraham Lincoln artifacts.She created the exhibition The Last Best Hope of Earth: Abraham Lincoln and the Promise of America which was at the Huntington Library from 1993–1994 and at the Chicago Historical Society from 1996-1997. She also served as an historical consultant for the television mini-series Sandburg’s Lincoln.", "Mary Elizabeth Winstead Mary Elizabeth Winstead (born November 28, 1984) is an American actress and recording artist. Winstead is known for her scream queen roles in the horror films: The Ring Two, Final Destination 3, Black Christmas, Death Proof, The Thing, and Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter, but has also branched out to other genres, including as John McClane's daughter Lucy in Live Free or Die Hard and A Good Day to Die Hard, Ramona Flowers in the comic-to-film adaptation of Scott Pilgrim vs.", "Mary Todd Lincoln Mary Ann Todd Lincoln (December 13, 1818 – July 16, 1882) was the wife of the sixteenth President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, and was First Lady of the United States from 1861 to 1865.A member of a large, wealthy Kentucky family, Mary was well educated. After living in the Todd House and a finishing school during her teens, she moved to Springfield, Illinois where she lived for a time with her married sister Elizabeth Edwards.", "Michael O'Laughlen Michael O'Laughlen, Jr. (3 June 1840 in Baltimore, Maryland - 23 September 1867 in Dry Tortugas National Park, Florida) was a conspirator in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. O'Laughlen's last name was often misspelled by the press and others as O'Laughlin, but he was born Michael O'Laughlen (pronounced Oh-Lock-Lun).", "Nancy Lincoln Nancy Hanks Lincoln (February 5, 1784 – October 5, 1818) is best known as the mother of United States President Abraham Lincoln. Her marriage to Thomas Lincoln also produced a daughter, Sarah Lincoln. When Nancy and Thomas had been married for just over 10 years, the family moved from Kentucky to Spencer County, Indiana. Nancy Lincoln died from milk sickness at the Little Pigeon Creek settlement in Spencer County when Abraham was nine years old.", "Penny (United States coin) The United States one-cent coin, commonly known as a penny, is a unit of currency equaling one-hundredth of a United States dollar. The cent's symbol is ¢. Its obverse has featured the profile of President Abraham Lincoln since 1909, the centennial of his birth. From 1959 (the sesquicentennial of Lincoln's birth) to 2008, the reverse featured the Lincoln Memorial.", "Poetry of Abraham Lincoln The poetry of Abraham Lincoln has been an interesting source into the psyche of this President. In addition to two complete, narrative poems, Abraham Lincoln wrote several small verses throughout his life and possibly a poem in the form of a suicide note.", "Religious views of Abraham Lincoln The religious views of Abraham Lincoln are a matter of interest among scholars and the public. Lincoln grew up in a highly religious Baptist family. He never joined any church, and was a skeptic as a young man and sometimes ridiculed revivalists. He frequently referred to God and had a deep knowledge of the Bible, often quoting it. Lincoln attended Protestant church services with his wife and children, and after two of them died he became more intensely concerned with religion.", "Robert Todd Lincoln Robert Todd Lincoln (August 1, 1843 – July 26, 1926) was an American politician, lawyer, and businessman. He was the first son of President Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd Lincoln.", "Sam & Max Save the World Sam & Max Save the World is a graphic adventure video game developed by Telltale Games. The game was originally released as Sam & Max: Season One before being renamed in early 2009. Save the World was developed in episodic fashion, comprising six episodes that were released for Microsoft Windows over the course of late 2006 and early 2007.", "Samuel J. Seymour Samuel James Seymour (March 28, 1860 – April 12, 1956) was the last surviving person who had been present in Ford's Theatre the night of the assassination of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865. He was from Maryland and lived in Arlington, Virginia in his later years.When Seymour was five, his godmother, Mrs. George S. Goldsboro, took him to see Our American Cousin. He claimed the two sat in the balcony on the side opposite Lincoln's box.", "Samuel Lincoln Samuel Lincoln (date of birth unknown; baptised in Hingham, Norfolk, England, August 24, 1622, as the son of Edward Lincoln; died in Hingham, Massachusetts, May 26, 1690), was progenitor of many notable United States political figures, including his 4th great-grandson, President Abraham Lincoln, Maine governor Enoch Lincoln, and Levi Lincoln, Sr. and Levi Lincoln, Jr., both of whom served as Massachusetts Representatives, Governor and Lieutenant Governor.", "Sarah Bush Lincoln Sarah Bush Lincoln (December 13, 1788 - April 12, 1869) was the second wife of Thomas Lincoln and stepmother of President of the United States Abraham Lincoln. She was born in Kentucky, to Christopher and Hannah Bush. She married her first husband, Daniel Johnston, in 1806, and they had three children. Daniel Johnston died in 1816, and in 1819, she married Thomas Lincoln, joining his family with her three children.", "Sarah Lincoln Grigsby Sarah Lincoln Grigsby (February 10, 1807 – January 20, 1828) was the older sister of the sixteenth president Abraham Lincoln and cared for him when they were young.", "Super Best Friends \"Super Best Friends\" is the third episode of the fifth season of the American animated television series South Park, and the 68th episode of the series overall. It first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on July 4, 2001. In the episode, Stan, Kyle, Cartman and Kenny discover the magician David Blaine performing in South Park and decide to join his cult, the Blaintologists.", "Tad Lincoln Thomas \"Tad\" Lincoln III (April 4, 1853 – July 15, 1871) was the fourth and youngest son of Abraham and Mary Lincoln. The nickname \"Tad\" was given to him by his father, who found him \"as wiggly as a tadpole\" when he was a baby. Lincoln was known to be impulsive and unrestrained, and he did not attend school during his father's lifetime.", "Taney Arrest Warrant The Taney Arrest Warrant is a conjectural controversy in Abraham Lincoln scholarship. The argument is that in late May or early June 1861 President Lincoln secretly ordered an arrest warrant for Roger B. Taney, the Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, but abandoned the proposal.", "The Papers of Abraham Lincoln The Papers of Abraham Lincoln is a long-term documentary editing project dedicated to identifying, imaging, and publishing all documents written by or to Abraham Lincoln during his lifetime (1809-1865). The project began as the Lincoln Legal Papers in 1985; in 2001 the project became the Papers of Abraham Lincoln.", "The Sleeping Sentinel The Sleeping Sentinel is a 1914 American black-and-white silent film that depicted President Abraham Lincoln pardoning a military sentry who had been sentenced to die for sleeping while on duty.In the actual incident during the American Civil War, William Scott, a private in the 3rd Vermont Infantry, fell asleep while on guard duty. He subsequently was arrested, court-martialed, and sentenced to be shot. Lincoln heard about the case, pardoned Scott, and returned him to his unit.", "U.S. presidents on U.S. postage stamps For more than 160 years the one subject that has appeared most frequently on the face of U.S. Postage stamps is that of American Presidents. When the U.S. Post Office released its first two postage stamps in 1847, George Washington, along with Benjamin Franklin, were the two subjects depicted on these premier issues. The advent of Presidents on postage stamps has been definitive to U.S. Postage stamp design since the first issues were released and set the premise that U.S.", "USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72) USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72), is the fifth Nimitz-class aircraft carrier in the United States Navy. It is the second Navy ship to have been named after former President Abraham Lincoln. Her home port is Norfolk, Virginia, and she is a member of the United States Atlantic Fleet. She is administratively responsible to Commander, Naval Air Forces Atlantic, and, operationally served as the flagship of Carrier Strike Group Nine and host to Carrier Air Wing Two until 2012.", "United States five-dollar bill The United States five-dollar bill ($5) is a denomination of United States currency. The current $5 bill features the 16th U.S. President (1861–65), Abraham Lincoln's portrait on the front and the Lincoln Memorial on the back. All $5 bills issued today are Federal Reserve Notes. Five dollar bills are delivered by Federal Reserve Banks in red straps of 100 bills each.The $5 bill is sometimes nicknamed a \\fin\\\".\"", "Ward Hill Lamon Ward Hill Lamon (January 6, 1828 – May 7, 1893) was a personal friend and self-appointed bodyguard of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln. Lamon was famously absent the night Lincoln was assassinated at Ford's Theatre on April 14, 1865, having been sent by Lincoln to Richmond, Virginia.", "Wide Awake Parade The Wide Awake Parade was formed in 1860 by Republicans in the Northern states to help nominate Abraham Lincoln as the President of the United States. As Abraham Lincoln’s ideas of abolishing slavery grew, so did his supporters.", "William G. Greene William G. \"Slicky Bill\" Greene, Jr. (1812–1894) was a friend of Abraham Lincoln and a businessman in Menard County, Illinois. Greene founded Tallula, Illinois in 1857, and Greenview, Illinois is named after him.Greene, along with his brother L.M. Greene, and William F.", "William Wallace Lincoln William Wallace \"Willie\" Lincoln (December 21, 1850 – February 20, 1862) was the third son of Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd Lincoln. He died of an illness at the age of 11. He was named after Mary's brother-in-law Dr. William Wallace.", "XV International Brigade The XV International Brigade was a mixed brigade (Brigada mixta) that fought for the Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War as a part of the International Brigades. Nicknamed Brigada Abraham Lincoln, it mustered at Albacete in Spain, in January 1937, comprising many English-speaking volunteers – arranged into a mostly British Battalion and a mostly North American Lincoln Battalion." ]

[ "Ancestry of Elizabeth II Queen Elizabeth II, present sovereign of the Commonwealth realms, is the daughter of King George VI, the second son of King George V and Queen Mary; and of Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (later Queen Elizabeth, and, after her daughter's accession to the throne, the Queen Mother), the daughter of Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, and his wife, Cecilia Bowes-Lyon, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne.Queen Elizabeth II is the male-line great-granddaughter of Edward VII, who inherited the crown from his mother, Queen Victoria.", "Coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth The coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth as King and Queen of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth and as Emperor and Empress of India took place at Westminster Abbey, London, on 12 May 1937. King George ascended the throne upon the abdication of his brother, King Edward VIII, on 11 December 1936, three days before his 41st birthday.", "Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II The coronation of Queen Elizabeth II as monarch of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Union of South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon took place on 2 June 1953. Elizabeth ascended the thrones of these countries at age 25, upon the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952, and was proclaimed queen by her various privy and executive councils shortly afterwards.", "Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; born 21 April 1926) is the queen of 16 of the 53 member states in the Commonwealth of Nations. She is Head of the Commonwealth and Supreme Governor of the Church of England.Upon her accession on 6 February 1952, Elizabeth became Head of the Commonwealth and queen regnant of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon.", "George VI George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death. He was the last Emperor of India and the first Head of the Commonwealth.As the second son of King George V, he was not expected to inherit the throne and spent his early life in the shadow of his elder brother, Edward.", "Monarchy of the United Kingdom The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom and its overseas territories. The monarch's title is \"King\" (male) or \"Queen\" (female). The current monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952.The monarch and his or her immediate family undertake various official, ceremonial, diplomatic and representational duties." ]

[ "A Queen Is Crowned A Queen Is Crowned is a 1953 British Technicolor documentary film written by Christopher Fry. The film documents the 1953 Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, with a narration of events by Laurence Olivier. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.", "Albert IV, Count of Habsburg Albert IV (or Albert the Wise) (ca. 1188 – December 13, 1239) was Count of Habsburg in the Aargau and a progenitor of the royal House of Habsburg.He was the son of Count Rudolph II of Habsburg and Agnes of Staufen. About 1217 Albert married Hedwig (Heilwig), daughter of Count Ulrich of Kyburg (died 1237) and Anna of Zähringen. Upon the death of his father in 1232 he divided his family's estates with his brother Rudolph III, whereby he retained the ancestral seat at Habsburg Castle.", "Andrew II of Hungary Andrew II (Hungarian: II András, Croatian: Andrija II., Slovak: Ondrej II., Ukrainian: Андрій II; c. 1177 – 21 September 1235), also known as Andrew of Jerusalem, was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1205 and 1235. He ruled the Principality of Halych from 1188 until 1189/1190, and again between 1208/1209 and 1210. He was the younger son of Béla III of Hungary, who entrusted him with the administration of the newly conquered Principality of Halych in 1188.", "Anne, Queen of Great Britain Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714) became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702. On 1 May 1707, under the Acts of Union, two of her realms, the kingdoms of England and Scotland, united as a single sovereign state known as Great Britain. She continued to reign as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland until her death.Anne was born in the reign of her uncle Charles II, who had no legitimate children. Her father, James, was first in line to the throne.", "Anne Caroline Salisbury Anne Caroline Salisbury (1805 – 3 May 1881) was the wife of Edwyn Burnaby, and mother of Edwyn Sherard Burnaby and Caroline Louisa Burnaby.", "Anne Devereux Anne Devereux (c. 1430 in Bodenham – after 25 June 1486), was the daughter of Sir Walter Devereux, the Lord Chancellor of Ireland, and his wife Elizabeth Merbury. Anne's grandfather, Walter, was the son of Agnes Crophull. By Crophull's second marriage to Sir John Parr, Anne was a cousin to the Parr family which included Sir Thomas Parr; father of King Henry VIII's last queen consort, Catherine Parr.", "Burmese (horse) Burmese (1962–1990), a black RCMP Police Service Horse (PSH) mare, was given to Queen Elizabeth II by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and ridden by the Queen for Trooping the Colour for eighteen consecutive years from 1969 to 1986.", "Béla IV of Hungary Béla IV (1206 – 3 May 1270) was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1235 and 1270, and Duke of Styria from 1254 to 1258. Being the oldest son of King Andrew II, he was crowned upon the initiative of a group of influential noblemen in his father's lifetime in 1214. His father, who strongly opposed Béla's coronation, refused to give him a province to rule up until 1220. In this year, Béla was appointed Duke of Slavonia, also with jurisdiction in Croatia and Dalmatia.", "Caroline of Ansbach Wilhelmina Charlotte Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1 March 1683 – 20 November 1737), commonly known as Caroline of Ansbach, was Queen of Great Britain as the wife of King George II.Her father, Margrave John Frederick of Brandenburg-Ansbach, belonged to a branch of the House of Hohenzollern and was the ruler of a small German state, the Principality of Ansbach.", "Christian IX of Denmark Christian IX (8 April 1818 – 29 January 1906) was King of Denmark from 1863 to 1906. From 1863 to 1864, he was concurrently Duke of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg.Growing up as a prince of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, a junior branch of the House of Oldenburg which had ruled Denmark since 1448, Christian was originally not in the immediate line of succession to the Danish throne.", "Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne Claude George Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne KG KT GCVO TD (14 March 1855 – 7 November 1944) was a landowner, the father of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother and the maternal grandfather of Queen Elizabeth II.From 1937 he was known as \"14th and 1st Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne\", because he was the 14th Earl in the peerage of Scotland but the 1st Earl in the peerage of the United Kingdom.", "Cornelius Cure Cornelius Cure (died 1607) was an English-born sculptor of Dutch parentage, being the son of the sculptor, William Cure I.Cure lived and worked in Southwark in Surrey (now London). He held the office of Master Mason to both Queen Elizabeth I and King James I, originally jointly with his father.", "Crown of Queen Elizabeth The Crown of Queen Elizabeth is the platinum crown of Queen Elizabeth, the wife of King George VI. It was manufactured for her coronation in Westminster Abbey in 1937. It is the first crown for a British consort to be made of platinum.The crown was made by Garrard & Co in London, the long term manufacturer of British royal crowns, and modelled partially on the design of the crown of Queen Mary. It consists of four half-arches, in contrast to the eight half-arches of Queen Mary's crown.", "David Glyndwr Tudor Williams Sir David Glyndwr Tudor Williams, QC, DL (22 October 1930 – 6 September 2009), was a barrister and the first full-time Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, 1989–1996.He was first educated at Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Carmarthen, and was a graduate of Emmanuel College, Cambridge (in History and Law). He was a Harkness Fellow at Berkeley and Harvard between 1956 and 1958.", "Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II The Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II was a multinational celebration throughout 2012, that marked the 60th anniversary of the accession of Queen Elizabeth II on 6 February 1952. Queen Elizabeth is queen regnant of 16 sovereign states, known as Commonwealth realms, including the United Kingdom.", "Duke Alexander of Württemberg (1804–1885) Duke Alexander of Württemberg (9 September 1804, Saint Petersburg – 4 July 1885 Tüffer) was the father of Francis, Duke of Teck and the grandfather of Mary of Teck, wife of King George V. His father was Duke Louis of Württemberg, brother of King Frederick I of Württemberg and Empress Maria Feodorovna of Russia.", "Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of Germany Elisabeth of Bavaria (c. 1227 – 9 October 1273), a member of the House of Wittelsbach, was Queen consort of Germany from 1246 to 1254 by her marriage to King Conrad IV of Germany.", "Elizabeth I of England Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, the childless Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII by second wife, Anne Boleyn, who was executed two and a half years after Elizabeth's birth. Anne's marriage to Henry VIII was annulled, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate.", "Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia Elizabeth Stuart (19 August 1596 – 13 February 1662) was, as the wife of Frederick V, Elector Palatine, Electress Palatine, and briefly, Queen of Bohemia. Because her husband’s reign in Bohemia lasted for just one winter, Elizabeth often is referred to as The Winter Queen. She was the second child and eldest daughter of James VI and I, King of Scots, England, and Ireland, and his wife, Anne of Denmark. She was also the granddaughter of Mary, Queen of Scots.", "Elizabeth of Aragon Elizabeth of Aragon, more commonly known as Elizabeth of Portugal, T.O.S.F. (1271 – 4 July 1336; Elisabet in Catalan, Isabel in Aragonese, Portuguese and Spanish), was queen consort of Portugal, a tertiary of the Franciscan Order and is venerated as a saint of the Roman Catholic Church.Elizabeth showed an early enthusiasm for her Faith. She said the full Divine Office daily, fasted and did other penance, as well as attended twice-daily choral Masses.", "Elizabeth of Bosnia Elizabeth of Bosnia (c. 1339 – January 1387) was queen consort and later regent of Hungary, as well as queen consort of Poland. Daughter of Ban Stephen II of Bosnia, Elizabeth married King Louis I of Hungary in 1353. In 1370, she gave birth to a long-anticipated heir, Catherine, and became Queen of Poland when Louis succeeded his uncle, Casimir III. The royal couple had two more daughters, Mary and Hedwig, but Catherine died in 1378.", "Elizabeth of Hungary, Queen of Serbia Elizabeth of Hungary the widow (Hungarian: Erzsébet, Serbian: Јелисавета; c. 1255–1313) was one of younger children of King Stephen V of Hungary and his wife Elizabeth the Cuman. She was a member of the House of Arpad and later became Queen consort of Serbia by her marriage to Stefan Uroš II Milutin of Serbia.", "Elizabeth of Sicily, Queen of Hungary Elisabeth of Sicily (1261–1303) was the youngest child of Charles I of Naples and his first wife Beatrice of Provence.", "Elizabeth the Cuman Elizabeth the Cuman was the Queen consort of Stephen V of Hungary. She was regent of Hungary during the minority of her son in 1272-1277.", "Frances Bowes-Lyon, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne Frances Dora Bowes-Lyon, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne (née Smith; 29 July 1832 – 5 February 1922) was a British noblewoman. She was the paternal grandmother of Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, and thus a great-grandmother of Queen Elizabeth II.Her father was Oswald Smith, of Blendon Hall (7 July 1794 – 18 June 1863), and her mother was Henrietta Mildred Hodgson (c. 1805–1891).", "Francis, Duke of Teck Francis, Duke of Teck GCB GCVO (Francis Paul Charles Louis Alexander; 28 August 1837 – 21 January 1900), until 1863 known as Count Francis von Hohenstein, was a member of the German nobility, and later of the British Royal Family. He was the father of Queen Mary, the wife of King George V, and therefore the present queen's paternal great-grandfather.", "Frederick, Prince of Wales Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales (1 February 1707 – 31 March 1751) was heir apparent to the British throne from 1727 until his death. He was the eldest but estranged son of King George II and Caroline of Ansbach, as well as the father of King George III.Under the Act of Settlement passed by the English Parliament in 1701, Frederick was high in line of succession to the British throne. He moved to Great Britain following the accession of his father, and was created Prince of Wales.", "George III of the United Kingdom George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 1738 – 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two countries on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death. He was concurrently Duke and prince-elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg \"\\Hanover\") in the Holy Roman Empire until his promotion to King of Hanover on 12 October 1814.", "George II of Great Britain George II (George Augustus; German: Georg II. August; 30 October / 9 November 1683 – 25 October 1760) was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) and Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 (O.S.) until his death.George was the last British monarch born outside Great Britain: he was born and brought up in northern Germany.", "Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II The Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II was the international celebration marking the 50th anniversary of the accession of Queen Elizabeth II to the thrones of seven countries, upon the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952, and was intended by the Queen to be both a commemoration of her 50 years as monarch and an opportunity for her to officially and personally thank her people for their loyalty.", "HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913) HMS Queen Elizabeth was the lead ship of the Queen Elizabeth-class of dreadnought battleships, named in honour of Elizabeth I of England. She saw service in both World Wars. She and the other super-dreadnought battleships were the first of their type to be powered by oil instead of coal.", "HMS Queen Elizabeth (R08) HMS Queen Elizabeth is the lead ship of the Queen Elizabeth-class of aircraft carrier, the largest warship ever built for the Royal Navy and capable of carrying up to forty aircraft. She was named by Queen Elizabeth II on 4 July 2014, and is scheduled to be formally commissioned in May 2017, with initial operational capability from 2020.", "History of monarchy in Canada The history of monarchy in Canada stretches from pre-colonial times through to the present day, though Canada's monarchical status is typically seen as beginning with the first European settlements of what is now Canada; Newfoundland was claimed for King Henry VII in 1497 and the establishment of New France by King Francis I took place in 1534.", "Jadwiga of Poland Jadwiga ([jadˈvʲiɡa]), also known as Hedwig (Hungarian: Hedvig; 1373/4 – 17 July 1399), reigned as the first female monarch of the Kingdom of Poland from 1384 to her death. She was the youngest daughter of Louis the Great, King of Hungary and Poland, and his wife, Elizabeth of Bosnia. Jadwiga was a member of the Capetian House of Anjou, but she was even more closely related to the native Piast dynasty of Poland through her ancestors.Her marriage with William of Habsburg was decided in 1375.", "James II of England James II and VII (14 October 1633O.S. – 16 September 1701) was King of England and Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685 until he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland.The second surviving son of Charles I, he ascended the throne upon the death of his brother, Charles II.", "John Yudkin John Yudkin FRSC (8 August 1910 – 12 July 1995) was a British physiologist and nutritionist, and the founding Professor of the Department of Nutrition at Queen Elizabeth College, London. He gained an international reputation with his recommendation of a low-carbohydrate diet for those wishing to lose weight, and with his warnings that excessive consumption of sugar (sucrose) was dangerous to health.", "John of Gaunt John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, KG (6 March 1340 – 3 February 1399) was a member of the House of Plantagenet, the third surviving son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. He was called \"John of Gaunt\" because he was born in Ghent, then rendered in English as Gaunt. When he became unpopular later in life, scurrilous rumours and lampoons circulated that he was actually the son of a Ghent butcher, perhaps because Edward III was not present at the birth.", "Kīnaʻu Princess Kalani Ahumanu i Kaliko o Iwi Kauhipua o Kīnaʻu, also known as Elizabeth Kīnaʻu (c. 1805 – April 4, 1839) was Kuhina Nui of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi as Kaʻahumanu II, Queen regent and Dowager Queen.", "List of Commonwealth visits made by Queen Elizabeth II Queen Elizabeth II became Head of the Commonwealth upon the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952. Since then, she has toured the Commonwealth of Nations and their territories and dependencies widely. She has visited all but two of the most recent member states, Cameroon and Rwanda.Tours of the British Islands are excluded from the list below.", "List of Prime Ministers of Queen Elizabeth II Since succeeding her father on 6 February 1952, Queen Elizabeth II has been head of state of 32 different Commonwealth realms. Currently, there are 16 realms. With the Westminster system of government being a legacy of former British colonial possession, in each realm the Queen's government is headed by a Prime Minister.", "List of participants in Queen Elizabeth II coronation procession The procession for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II was an element of the ceremony in which court, clerical, governmental, and parliamentary officials from around the Commonwealth of Nations moved in a set order of precedence through the streets of London, England, and into Westminster Abbey, where the coronation took place.", "List of royal guests at the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II The following is a list of royal guests at the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, which took place on 2 June 1953.", "List of state visits made by Queen Elizabeth II Since acceding to the thrones in 1952, Queen Elizabeth II has undertaken a number of state and official visits as well as trips throughout the Commonwealth, making her the most widely travelled head of state in history. As the sovereign of more than one independent state, Elizabeth II has represented both Canada and the United Kingdom on state visits, though the former on just two occasions.", "List of things named after Queen Elizabeth II This is a list of places, buildings, roads and other things named for Queen Elizabeth II. It is divided by category, though each item's location is noted in the entry.", "List of titles and honours of Queen Elizabeth II Queen Elizabeth II (born 21 April 1926) has held numerous titles and honours, both during and before her time as monarch of each of her Commonwealth realms. Each is listed below; where two dates are shown, the first indicates the date of receiving the title or award (the title as Princess Elizabeth of Yorkbeing given as from her birth), and the second indicates the date of its loss or renunciation.", "Louis I of Hungary Louis I, also Louis the Great (Hungarian: Nagy Lajos; Croatian: Ludovik Veliki; Slovak: Ľudovít Veľký) or Louis the Hungarian (Polish: Ludwik Węgierski; 5 March 1326 – 10 September 1382), was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1342 and King of Poland from 1370. He was the first child of Charles I of Hungary and his wife, Elizabeth of Poland, to survive infancy.", "Mary, Queen of Scots Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, was Queen of Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567 and Queen consort of France from 10 July 1559 to 5 December 1560.Mary, the only surviving legitimate child of King James V of Scotland, was six days old when her father died and she acceded to the throne.", "Mary II of England Mary II (30 April 1662 – 28 December 1694) was joint Sovereign of England, Scotland, and Ireland with her husband (who was also her first cousin), William III and II, from 1689 until her death. William and Mary, both Protestants, became king and queen regnant, respectively, following the Glorious Revolution, which resulted in the deposition of her Roman Catholic father, James II and VII and recognition of a constitutionalized English Bill of Rights.", "Mary I of England Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558) was the Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 until her death. Her executions of Protestants caused her opponents to give her the sobriquet \"Bloody Mary\".She was the only child of Henry VIII and his first wife Catherine of Aragon who survived to adulthood. Her younger half-brother Edward VI (son of Henry and Jane Seymour) succeeded their father in 1547.", "Mary of Teck Mary of Teck (Victoria Mary Augusta Louise Olga Pauline Claudine Agnes; 26 May 1867 – 24 March 1953) was Queen consort of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Empress consort of India, as the wife of King-Emperor George V.Although technically a princess of Teck, in the Kingdom of Württemberg, she was born and raised in England. Her parents were Francis, Duke of Teck, who was of German extraction, and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, a member of the British Royal Family.", "Notable people of Cuman descent Qutb-ud-din Aibak - founder of the Delhi sultanate.Khan Boniak/Boniek/Bongek/Maniak. Boniak was a khan during the time of Sharukan. He was called \"the Mangy\" by Russians. He led invasions, together with Togortac, on Kyivan Rus’ in 1096, 1097, 1105, and 1107. In 1096 Boniak attacked Kyiv, burned down the princely palace in Berestove, and plundered the Kiev Monastery of the Caves. In 1107 he was defeated by the Kyivan Rus’ princes' forces near Lubny.", "Personal Flag of Queen Elizabeth II The Personal Flag of Queen Elizabeth II is a personal standard of Queen Elizabeth II that can be used on any building, ship, car or aircraft in which she is staying or travelling. It is often used to represent her role as Head of the Commonwealth or as a royal standard in Commonwealth realms that do not have a royal standard of their own. The flag was created in 1960 and first used in 1961 for the Queen's visit to India.", "Personality and image of Queen Elizabeth II Queen Elizabeth II has never given a press interview. Her views on political issues are therefore largely unknown except to those few heads of government in her confidence. Conservative in dress, she is well known for her solid-colour overcoats and matching hats which allow her to be seen easily in a crowd. She attends many cultural events as part of her public role. Her main leisure interests include horse racing, photography, and dogs, especially her Pembroke Welsh corgis.", "Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld (Prince Bernhard Leopold Frederik Everhard Julius Coert Karel Godfried Pieter of Lippe-Biesterfeld) (Born as: Bernhard Friedrich Eberhard Leopold Julius Kurt Carl Gottfried Peter Graf von Biesterfeld; 29 June 1911 – 1 December 2004), later Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, was the husband of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands and father of her four children, including the former Queen of the Netherlands, Princess Beatrix.Although his private life was rather controversial, he was still generally regarded as a charming and popular figure by the majority of the Dutch for his performance as a combat pilot and his activities as a liaison officer and personal aide to the Queen during World War II and for his work during post-war reconstruction.During World War II the German-born prince was part of the London-based Allied war planning councils and saw active service as a Wing Commander (RAF) flying both fighter and bomber planes into combat.", "Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (born Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark on 10 June 1921) is the husband of Queen Elizabeth II. He is the longest-serving consort of a reigning British monarch and the oldest-ever male member of the British royal family.A member of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, Philip was born into the Greek and Danish royal families. He was born in Greece but his family was exiled from the country when he was still an infant.", "Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy LG GCVO (Alexandra Helen Elizabeth Olga Christabel; born 25 December 1936) is the youngest granddaughter of King George V and Queen Mary.The widow of Sir Angus Ogilvy, prior to her marriage she was known as Princess Alexandra of Kent, the first princess to use the territorial designation of Kent since the accession to the throne of her great-great-grandmother Princess Alexandrina Victoria of Kent as Queen Victoria.Princess Alexandra has carried out many royal duties on behalf of her cousin, Queen Elizabeth II.", "Proclamation of accession of Elizabeth II Queen Elizabeth II was proclaimed sovereign throughout her realms after the death of her father, King George VI, who died in the night between 5 and 6 February 1952 while she was in Kenya. Proclamations were made in different realms on 6, 7, 8, and 11 February (depending on geographic location and time zone). The line of succession was identical in all the Commonwealth realms, but the royal title as proclaimed was not the same in all of them.", "Queen Elizabeth's Hospital Queen Elizabeth's Hospital (also known as QEH) is an independent school for boys in Clifton, Bristol, England founded in 1586. Stephen Holliday has served as Headmaster since 2000, having succeeded Dr Richard Gliddon. The Queen is the School's patron, although QEH is named after its original patron Queen Elizabeth I. Known traditionally as \"The City School\", Queen Elizabeth's Hospital was founded by the will of affluent merchant John Carr in 1586, gaining its first Royal Charter in 1590.", "Queen Elizabeth-class battleship The Queen Elizabeth-class battleships were a class of five super-dreadnoughts of the Royal Navy commissioned in 1915–16. The lead ship was named after Elizabeth I of England. These battleships were superior in firepower, protection and speed to their Royal Navy predecessors of the Iron Duke class as well as preceding German classes such as the König class, although the corresponding Bayern-class ships were competitive except for being 2 knots (3.7 km/h) slower.", "Queen Elizabeth 2 Queen Elizabeth 2, often referred to simply as QE2, is an ocean liner built for the Cunard Line which was operated by Cunard as both a transatlantic liner and a cruise ship from 1969 to 2008. She was designed for the transatlantic service from her home port of Southampton, UK, to New York, and was named after the earlier Cunard liner RMS Queen Elizabeth. She served as the flagship of the line from 1969 until succeeded by RMS Queen Mary 2 in 2004.", "Queen Elizabeth Hospital Queen Elizabeth Hospital or Queen Elizabeth's Hospital may refer to one of several institutions named after Queen Elizabeth I, Queen Elizabeth II or Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother:AustraliaQueen Elizabeth Hospital, AdelaideBarbadosQueen Elizabeth Hospital, BridgetownCanadaQueen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Nova ScotiaQueen Elizabeth Hospital, Prince Edward IslandQueen Elizabeth Hospital, MontrealQueen Elizabeth Hospital, TorontoHong KongQueen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong KongMalaysiaQueen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota KinabaluMauritiusQueen Elizabeth Hospital, Rodrigues IslandUnited KingdomQueen Elizabeth Hospital, BirminghamQueen Elizabeth's Hospital, Bristol (a school)Queen Elizabeth Hospital, GatesheadQueen Elizabeth Hospital for Children, LondonQueen Elizabeth Hospital, King's LynnQueen Elizabeth Hospital, Woolwich, London__DISAMBIG__", "Queen Elizabeth II Bridge, Belfast The Queen Elizabeth ll Bridge is a bridge in Belfast, Northern Ireland, not to be confused with the adjacent Queen's Bridge. It is one of eight bridges over the Lagan in the city. It was built in the 1960s.", "Queen Elizabeth II Bridge, British Virgin Islands The Queen Elizabeth II Bridge is a bridge, 70 meters (230 ft) long, that links Beef Island with Tortola in the British Virgin Islands. The original bridge was opened in 1966, and was replaced by a new bridge in 2003.", "Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Award The Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Award is an honour presented annually by the Royal Academy of Dance, to people who have made a significant contribution to the ballet and dance industry. The award was instituted by Dame Adeline Genee in 1953, to mark the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II and her appointment as Royal Patron of the Academy. The first winner of the award was Dame Ninette de Valois, founder of the Royal Ballet, Birmingham Royal Ballet and Royal Ballet School.", "Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal The Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal is a commemorative medal that was instituted to celebrate the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.", "Queen Elizabeth II Court, Regina Queen Elizabeth II Court is the city block containing Regina City Hall, a 16-storey office tower in downtown Regina, Saskatchewan. The city hall is built in the International Style.Opened in 1976, \"[t]he construction manager was Poole Construction Limited and the architect, Joseph Pettick.", "Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal The Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal (French: Médaille du jubilé de diamant de la reine Elizabeth II) or The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Medal is a commemorative medal created in 2012 to mark the sixtieth anniversary of Elizabeth II's accession to the thrones of the Commonwealth realms.", "Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal The Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal (French: Médaille du jubilé de la Reine Elizabeth II) or the Queen's Golden Jubilee Medal was a commemorative medal created in 2002 to mark the fiftieth anniversary of Elizabeth II's accession. The Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal was awarded in Canada to nominees who contributed to public life. The Queen's Golden Jubilee Medal was awarded to active personnel in the British Armed Forces who had completed 5 years of qualifying service.", "Queen Elizabeth II Law Courts, Liverpool The Queen Elizabeth II Law Courts, in Derby County Square, Liverpool, are operated by Her Majesty's Courts Service. The building contains the city's Crown Court which was previously housed in St George's Hall. It also contains Liverpool District Probate Registry and the Liverpool Youth Court.Opened in 1984 it was designed to echo Liverpool Castle which had stood on the same spot between the 13th and 18th Century before being demolished.", "Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden The Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden is located in Hanover Square in downtown Manhattan. It commemorates the 67 British victims of the September 11, 2001 attack on the World Trade Center. It was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on July 6, 2010.Originally planned as The British Memorial Garden, it was officially named The British Garden at Hanover Square by Prince Harry on May 29, 2009.", "Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal The Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal (French: Médaille du jubilé de la reine Élisabeth II) was a commemorative medal created in 1977 to mark the twenty-fifth anniversary of Elizabeth II's accession in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.", "Queen Elizabeth II domestic rate stamp (Canada) The Queen Elizabeth II domestic rate stamp is a definitive stamp issued by Canada Post, and bearing the image of Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada. Seven versions of the stamp have been issued since 2003.", "Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon (4 August 1900 – 30 March 2002) was the wife of King George VI and the mother of Queen Elizabeth II and Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon. She was Queen consort of the United Kingdom and the Dominions from her husband's accession in 1936 until his death in 1952, after which she was known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, to avoid confusion with her daughter.", "Royal Family Order of Queen Elizabeth II The Royal Family Order of Queen Elizabeth II is an honour bestowed on female members of the British Royal Family by Queen Elizabeth II. The order is worn on formal occasions.The Order should not to be confused with the Mistress of the Robes badge of office worn by the Dowager Duchess of Grafton and previously by her predecessor as Mistress of the Robes the Dowager Duchess of Devonshire.", "Royal Standard of the United Kingdom For other monarchs' standards, see Royal Standard.The Royal Standard of the United Kingdom is the flag used by Elizabeth II in her capacity as Sovereign of the United Kingdom and its overseas territories. Different standards are used in the Queen's other realms, and the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom is varied for use in Scotland.Although almost universally called a standard, such flags when used in the United Kingdom are banners of arms, as they comprise the shield of the Royal Arms.", "Royal eponyms in Canada In Canada, a number of sites and structures are named for royal individuals, whether a member of the past French Royal Family, British Royal Family, or present Canadian Royal Family thus reflecting the country's status as a constitutional monarchy under the Canadian Crown. Those who married into the royal family are indicated by an asterisk.", "Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II The Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II marked the 25th anniversary of Queen Elizabeth II's accession to the thrones of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and other Commonwealth realms. It was celebrated with large-scale parties and parades throughout the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth throughout 1977, culminating in June with the official \"Jubilee Days,\" held to coincide with the Queen's Official Birthday.", "Stephen V of Hungary Stephen V (Hungarian: V. István, Croatian: Stjepan V., Slovak: Štefan V; before 18 October 1239 – 6 August 1272, Csepel Island) was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1270 and 1272, and Duke of Styria from 1258 to 1260. He was the oldest son of King Béla IV and Maria Laskarina. King Béla had his son crowned king at the age of six and appointed him Duke of Slavonia.", "Sālote Tupou III Sālote (Mafile‘o Pilolevu; 31 August 1880 – 16 December 1965) Tupou III, KGCP, KGCTG, KGCGT, TMM was the first Queen regnant and third Monarch of the Kingdom of Tonga from 1918 to her death in 1965.", "The Diamond Queen (TV programme) The Diamond Queen is a landmark BBC documentary series, presented by Andrew Marr, which looks at the life of Queen Elizabeth II. The series focuses on her accession, her daily routine, how she is seen as a role model and how she is coping in her 60th year as monarch. The programme features archive footage of the Queen, as well as in-depth footage of her major engagements since the beginning of 2010 to late 2011.", "The Personal Jewel Collection of Elizabeth II The Queen's Jewels (or the King's Jewels, when the monarch is male) are a historic collection of jewels owned personally by the monarch of the Commonwealth realms; currently Queen Elizabeth II. The jewels are separate from the British Crown Jewels. The origin of a royal jewel collection distinct from the official crown jewels is vague, though it is thought that the jewels have their origin somewhere in the sixteenth century.", "Villa Guardamangia Villa Guardamangia, also known as Casa Guardamangia, was built in the early 20th century, in 1900. Important figures who are known to have lived in the Villa are Lord Louis Mountbatten, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Queen Elizabeth II and others.", "Wedding dress of Princess Elizabeth The wedding dress of Princess Elizabeth was worn by the future Queen Elizabeth II at her wedding to Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh on 20 November 1947 in Westminster Abbey. Given the rationing of clothing at the time, she still had to purchase the material using ration coupons. The dress was designed by Norman Hartnell. Hartnell's signature was said to be embroidery, and he enjoyed \"working with soft, floating fabrics, particularly tulle and chiffon, and with plain, lustrous silks\"." ]

[ "2001 Nobel Peace Prize The 2001 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the United Nations and Kofi Annan for \"their work for a better organized and more peaceful world\".", "2009 Nobel Peace Prize The 2009 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to United States President Barack Obama for his \"extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between people\".", "Charles H. Townes Charles Hard Townes (July 28, 1915 – January 27, 2015) was an American Nobel Prize-winning physicist and inventor. Townes was known for his work on the theory and application of the maser, on which he got the fundamental patent, and other work in quantum electronics connected with both maser and laser devices. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 with Nikolay Basov and Alexander Prokhorov.", "Institut de Droit International The Institut de Droit international (IDI; French for \"Institute of International Law\") is an organization devoted to the study and development of international law, whose membership comprises the world's leading public international lawyers. In 1904 the Institute received the Nobel Peace Prize.", "International Peace Bureau The International Peace Bureau (IPB) (French: Bureau International de la Paix), founded in 1891, is one of the world's oldest international peace federations.IPB was founded under the name Permanent International Peace Bureau (Bureau International Permanent de la Paix). From 1912 onward it used the name International Peace Bureau.", "Karolinska Institutet Karolinska Institutet (KI, unofficially known as the Karolinska Institute and in older English texts as the Royal Caroline Institute) is a medical university in Solna within the Stockholm urban area, Sweden, and one of the largest and most prestigious medical universities in the world. It was founded in 1810 on Kungsholmen on the west side of Stockholm; the main campus was relocated decades later to Solna, just outside Stockholm.", "List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates The Norwegian Nobel Committee each year awards the Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian and Swedish: Nobels fredspris) \"to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.\" It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates?oldid=683879293> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Concurrent_MetateM> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Concurrent MetateM is a multi-agent language in which each agent is programmed using a set of (augmented) temporal logic specifications of the behaviour it should exhibit. These specifications are executed directly to generate the behaviour of the agent.", "List of Nobel laureates The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: Nobelpriset, Norwegian: Nobelprisen) are prizes awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.", "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Imperial College London The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation.", "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Johns Hopkins University The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation.", "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with King's College London The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation.", "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Princeton University The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation.", "List of Nobel laureates by country This is a list of Nobel Prize laureates by country. Listings for Economics refer to the related Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. The Nobel Prizes and the Prize in Economic Sciences have been awarded 567 times to 889 recipients, of which 25 awards (all Peace Prizes) were to organizations.", "List of black Nobel laureates The Nobel Prize is an annual, international prize first awarded in 1901 for achievements in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace. An associated prize in Economics has been awarded since 1969. Nobel Prizes have been awarded to over 800 individuals.Blacks have been the recipients in three of six award categories: Peace, Literature, and Economics. The first black recipient, Ralph Bunche, was awarded the Peace Prize in 1950.", "List of female Nobel laureates The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of Chemistry, Physics, Literature, Peace, Physiology or Medicine and Economics. All but the economics prize were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation.", "Michael Nobel Energy Award The Michael Nobel Energy Award is a proposed prize announced in 2007 by some members of the Nobel family and the Nobel Charitable Trust (founded by Michael Nobel, Peter Nobel, Gustaf Nobel and Philip Nobel). It would award innovations in alternative energy technology. It is not yet awarded. The prize would be awarded by the Nobel Charitable Trust and not by the Nobel Foundation, the organization that awards the Nobel Prizes..The plan was announced at nanoTX 07.", "Nobel Charitable Trust The Nobel Charitable Trust (NCT) is a charity set up by some members of the Swedish Nobel family, i.e. descendants of Ludvig Nobel. Its founders are Michael Nobel, Gustaf Nobel, Philip Nobel, and Peter Nobel-Oleinikoff serves as a senior adviser. The trust has announced its intention to award its own prizes.The Chairman of the Nobel Charitable Trust is Gustaf Nobel.", "Nobel Committee A Nobel Committee is a working body responsible for most of the work involved in selecting Nobel Prize laureates. There are five Nobel Committees, one for each Nobel Prize.Four of these committees (for prizes in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, and literature) are working bodies within their prize awarding institutions, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, and the Swedish Academy.", "Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (officially Swedish: Sveriges riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne, or the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel), commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Economics, and as a \"category of the Nobel Prize\" by the Nobel Foundation itself, which owns the name Nobel Prize, though the Foundation itself does not refer to it as such.", "Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian and Swedish: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes created by the Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature.", "Nobel Prize The Nobel Prize (Swedish pronunciation: [nʊˈbɛl], Swedish definite form, singular: Nobelpriset; Norwegian: Nobelprisen) is a set of annual international awards bestowed in a number of categories by Swedish and Norwegian committees in recognition of academic, cultural and/or scientific advances. The will of the Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel established the prizes in 1895. The prizes in Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine were first awarded in 1901.", "Nobel Prize controversies After his death in 1896, the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel established the Nobel Prizes. Nobel's will specified that annual prizes are to be awarded for service to humanity in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. Similarly, the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is awarded along with the Nobel Prizes.", "Nobel Prize in Literature Since 1901, the Nobel Prize in Literature (Swedish: Nobelpriset i litteratur) has been awarded annually to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Alfred Nobel, produced \"in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction\" (original Swedish: den som inom litteraturen har producerat det mest framstående verket i en idealisk riktning).", "Nobel Prize in Physics The Nobel Prize in Physics (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysik) is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who conferred the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics.", "Nobel laureates of India The Nobel Prize is a set of annual international awards bestowed on \"those who conferred the greatest benefit on mankind\" in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace and Economics. Instituted by Alfred Nobel's last will, which specified that his fortune be used to create a series of prizes, now known as the Nobel Prizes.", "Norwegian Nobel Committee The Norwegian Nobel Committee (Norwegian: Den norske Nobelkomité) selects the recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize each year on behalf of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel's estate, based on instructions of Nobel's will.Its five members are appointed by the Norwegian Parliament and today roughly represent the political makeup of that body. In his will, Alfred Nobel tasked the Parliament of Norway with selecting the winners of the Nobel Peace Prize.", "Norwegian Nobel Institute The Norwegian Nobel Institute (Norwegian: Det Norske Nobelinstitutt) was established in 1904 in Kristiania (today Oslo), Norway. It is headed by a Director, and has a newly appointed Research Director.The principal duty of the Nobel Institute is to assist the Norwegian Nobel Committee in the task of selecting the recipient(s) of the annual Nobel Peace Prize and to organize the Nobel award event in Oslo.The institute is situated in the center of the city, just by the side of the Royal Palace.", "Swedish Academy The Swedish Academy (Swedish: Svenska Akademien), founded in 1786 by King Gustav III, is one of the Royal Academies of Sweden. It is known for making the annual decision on who will be the laureate for the Nobel Prize in Literature, awarded in memory of the donor Alfred Nobel.", "Swedish National Bank Sveriges Riksbank, or simply Riksbanken, is the central bank of Sweden. It is the world's oldest central bank and the 3rd oldest bank still in operation. It is sometimes called the Swedish National Bank or the Bank of Sweden (not to be confused with Swedbank, a retail bank)." ]

[ "2005 Nobel Peace Prize The 2005 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to International Atomic Energy Agency and Mohamed ElBaradei \"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way\".", "2006 Nobel Peace Prize The 2006 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank \"for their efforts through microcredit to create economic and social development from below\".", "2013 Nobel Peace Prize The 2013 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, for their \"extensive work to eliminate chemical weapons\". The award citation indicated the organization was awarded the prize, because they “have defined the use of chemical weapons as taboo under international law.", "Ada Yonath Ada E. Yonath (Hebrew: עדה יונת‎, pronounced [ˈada joˈnat]) (born 22 June 1939) is an Israeli crystallographer best known for her pioneering work on the structure of the ribosome. She is the current director of the Helen and Milton A. Kimmelman Center for Biomolecular Structure and Assembly of the Weizmann Institute of Science. In 2009, she received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas A.", "Ahmed Zewail Ahmed Hassan Zewail (Arabic: أحمد حسن زويل‎, IPA: [ˈæħmæd ˈħæsæn zeˈweːl]; born February 26, 1946) is an Egyptian scientist, known as the \"father of femtochemistry\", he won the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on femtochemistry and became the first Egyptian scientist to win a Nobel Prize in a scientific field.", "American Friends Service Committee The American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) is a Religious Society of Friends (Quaker) founded organization working for peace and social justice in the United States and around the world. AFSC was founded in 1917 as a combined effort by American members of the Religious Society of Friends to assist civilian victims of World War I. It continued to engage in relief action in Europe and the Soviet Union after the Armistice of 1918.", "Amnesty International Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty and AI) is a non-governmental organisation focused on human rights with over 7 million members and supporters around the world.", "Bhagwan Mahavir World Peace The Bhagwan Mahavir World Peace Award is a prize from India given by Sarhad organization of Pune City, India. The award will be given every year within South Asian countries to honor the remarkably performed persons of who guard the dignity of human existence. As notably it has awarded to Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Aung San Suu Kyi in 2012 with a prize worth around 1,100,000 Indian Rupee.", "Daniel Kahneman Daniel Kahneman (Hebrew: דניאל כהנמן‎, born March 5, 1934) is an Israeli-American psychologist notable for his work on the psychology of judgment and decision-making, as well as behavioral economics, for which he was awarded the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (shared with Vernon L. Smith).", "Elizabeth Blackburn Elizabeth Helen Blackburn, AC, FRS, FAA, FRSN (born 26 November 1948) is an Australian-American biological researcher at the University of California, San Francisco, who studies the telomere, a structure at the end of chromosomes that protects the chromosome. Blackburn co-discovered telomerase, the enzyme that replenishes the telomere. For this work, she was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, sharing it with Carol W. Greider and Jack W.", "European Union The European Union (EU) is a politico-economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. The EU operates through a system of supranational institutions and intergovernmental-negotiated decisions by the member states. The institutions are: the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the European Council, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Central Bank, the European Court of Auditors, and the European Parliament.", "Frederick Sanger Frederick Sanger, OM, CH, CBE, FRS, FAA (/ˈsæŋər/; 13 August 1918 – 19 November 2013) was a British biochemist who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry twice, one of only two people to have done so in the same category (the other is John Bardeen in Physics), the fourth person overall with two Nobel Prizes, and the third person overall with two Nobel Prizes in the sciences. In 1958, he was awarded a Nobel Prize in chemistry \"for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin\".", "Grameen Bank The Grameen Bank (Bengali: গ্রামীণ বাংক) is a Nobel Peace Prize-winning microfinance organization and community development bank founded in Bangladesh. It makes small loans (known as microcredit or \"grameencredit\") to the impoverished without requiring collateral.", "Günter Blobel Günter Blobel (born May 21, 1936) is a Silesian German biologist and 1999 Nobel Prize laureate in Physiology for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell.", "Harald zur Hausen Harald zur Hausen (born 11 March 1936) is a German virologist and professor emeritus. He has done research on cancer of the cervix, where he discovered the role of papilloma viruses, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008.", "Herbert A. Simon Herbert Alexander Simon (June 15, 1916 – February 9, 2001), a Nobel laureate, was an American political scientist, economist, sociologist, psychologist, and computer scientist whose research ranged across the fields of cognitive psychology, cognitive science, computer science, public administration, economics, management, philosophy of science, sociology, and political science, unified by studies of decision-making.", "Ig Nobel Prize The Ig Nobel Prizes is a parody of the Nobel Prizes and is given out in early October each year for ten unusual or trivial achievements in scientific research.The stated aim of the prizes is to \"honor achievements that first make people laugh, and then make them think\". The awards are sometimes veiled criticism (or gentle satire), but are also used to point out that even the most absurd-sounding avenues of research can yield useful knowledge.", "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific intergovernmental body under the auspices of the United Nations, set up at the request of member governments. It was first established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and later endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly through Resolution 43/53.", "International Atomic Energy Agency The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. The IAEA was established as an autonomous organization on 29 July 1957.", "International Campaign to Ban Landmines The International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) is a coalition of non-governmental organizations working for a world free of anti-personnel mines and cluster munitions, where mine and cluster munitions survivors see their rights respected and can lead fulfilling lives.The coalition was formed in 1992 when six groups with similar interests, including Human Rights Watch, Medico International, Handicap International, Physicians for Human Rights, Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation and the Mines Advisory Group, agreed to cooperate on their common goal.", "International Committee of the Red Cross The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is a humanitarian institution based in Geneva, Switzerland and a three-time Nobel Prize Laureate. State parties (signatories) to the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols of 1977 (Protocol I, Protocol II) and 2005 have given the ICRC a mandate to protect victims of international and internal armed conflicts.", "International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies reaches 160 million people each year through its 189-member National Societies. It acts before, during and after disasters and health emergencies to meet the needs and improve the lives of vulnerable people.", "International Labour Organization The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations agency dealing with labour issues, particularly international labour standards, social protection, and work opportunities for all.", "International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW)' is a non-partisan federation of national medical groups in 63 countries, representing doctors, medical students, other health workers, and concerned people who share the common goal of creating a more peaceful and secure world freed from the threat of nuclear annihilation. The organization's headquarters is in Somerville, Massachusetts.", "Kailash Satyarthi Kailash Satyarthi (born Kailash Sharma; 11 January 1954) is an Indian children's rights and education advocate and an activist against child labour. He founded the Bachpan Bachao Andolan (lit. Save the Childhood Movement) in 1980 and has acted to protect the rights of more than 83,000 children from 144 countries. It is largely because of Satyarthi's work and activism that the International Labour Organization adopted Convention No.", "Linus Pauling Linus Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American chemist, biochemist, peace activist, author, and educator. He published more than 1200 papers and books, of which about 850 dealt with scientific topics. New Scientist reportedly called him one of the 20 greatest scientists of all time, and as of 2000, he was rated the 16th most important scientist in history.", "List of Ig Nobel Prize winners This is a list of Ig Nobel Prize winners from 1991 to the present day.A parody of the Nobel Prizes, the Ig Nobel Prizes are awarded each year in mid-September, around the time the recipients of the genuine Nobel Prizes are announced, for ten achievements that \"first make people laugh, and then make them think.\" Commenting on the 2006 awards, Marc Abrahams, editor of Annals of Improbable Research and co-sponsor of the awards, said that \"The prizes are intended to celebrate the unusual, honor the imaginative, and spur people's interest in science, medicine, and technology.\" All prizes are awarded for real achievements, except for three in 1991 and one in 1994, due to an erroneous press release.", "List of Japanese Nobel laureates Since 1949, there have been twenty-two Japanese (including Japanese born) winners of the Nobel Prize (Swedish: Nobelpriset). The Nobel Prize is a Sweden-based international monetary prize. The award was established by the 1895 will and estate of Swedish chemist and inventor Alfred Nobel. It was first awarded in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace in 1901.", "List of Muslim Nobel laureates The Nobel Prize (Swedish pronunciation: [noˈbɛl], Swedish definite form, singular: Nobelpriset, Norwegian: Nobelprisen) is a set of annual international awards bestowed in a number of categories by Scandinavian committees in recognition of cultural and scientific advances. The will of the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel established the prizes in 1895.", "List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economics The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, officially known as The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (Swedish: Sveriges riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne), is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to researchers in the field of economics. The first award was given in 1969 to Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years.", "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Cornell University The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation.", "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Washington University in St. Louis The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation.", "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the City University of New York The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation.", "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of California, Santa Barbara The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation.", "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Pennsylvania The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation.", "List of prizes known as the Nobel of a field This is a non-exhaustive list of prizes known as \"the Nobel Prize of\" a given field. Several fields of human cultural and scientific development are not included in the Nobel Prizes, because they were not part of Alfred Nobel's will.", "List of prizes named after people This is a list of prizes that are named after people.For other lists of eponyms (names derived from people) see Lists of etymologies.", "Mairead Maguire Mairead Maguire (born 27 January 1944), also known as Mairead Corrigan Maguire and formerly as Mairéad Corrigan, is a peace activist from Northern Ireland. She co-founded, with Betty Williams and Ciaran McKeown, the Women for Peace, which later became the Community for Peace People, an organisation dedicated to encouraging a peaceful resolution of the Troubles in Northern Ireland. Maguire and Williams were awarded the 1976 Nobel Peace Prize.", "Malala Yousafzai Malala Yousafzai S.St (Malālah Yūsafzay, Pashto: ملاله یوسفزۍ‎ [məˈlaːlə jusəf ˈzəj]; born 12 July 1997) is a Pakistani activist for female education and the youngest-ever Nobel Prize laureate. She is known mainly for human rights advocacy for education and for women in her native Swat Valley in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of northwest Pakistan, where the local Taliban had at times banned girls from attending school.", "Muhammad Yunus Muhammad Yunus (Bengali: মুহাম্মদ ইউনূস; born 28 June 1940) is a Bangladeshi social entrepreneur, banker, economist and civil society leader who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for founding the Grameen Bank and pioneering the concepts of microcredit and microfinance. These loans are given to entrepreneurs too poor to qualify for traditional bank loans.", "Médecins Sans Frontières Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) (pronounced [medsɛ̃ sɑ̃ fʁɔ̃tjɛʁ]), or Doctors Without Borders, is an international humanitarian-aid non-governmental organization and Nobel Peace Prize laureate, best known for its projects in war-torn regions and developing countries facing endemic diseases. It was founded in France. The organization is known in most of the world by its localized name or simply as MSF; in Canada and the United States the name Doctors Without Borders is commonly used.", "Nansen International Office for Refugees The Nansen International Office for Refugees (French: Office International Nansen pour les Réfugiés) was an organization established in 1930 by the League of Nations and named after Fridtjof Nansen, soon after his death, which was internationally in charge of refugees from war areas between 1930 and 1939. It is noted for developing the Nansen passport which allowed stateless people to travel between countries. It received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1938.", "Nobel Prize in Chemistry The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Swedish: Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.", "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) administered by the Nobel Foundation, is awarded once a year for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine. It is one of five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, in his will.", "Passano Foundation The Passano Foundation, established in 1945, provides an annual award of (USD) $ 100 000 to an research scientist whose work – done in the United States – is thought to have immediate practical benefits. Many Passano laureates have subsequently won the Nobel Prize.", "Phillip Allen Sharp Phillip Allen Sharp (born June 6, 1944) is an American geneticist and molecular biologist who co-discovered RNA splicing. He shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Richard J. Roberts for \"the discovery that genes in eukaryotes are not contiguous strings but contain introns, and that the splicing of messenger RNA to delete those introns can occur in different ways, yielding different proteins from the same DNA sequence\".", "Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs The Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs is an international organization that brings together scholars and public figures to work toward reducing the danger of armed conflict and to seek solutions to global security threats.", "Quaker Peace and Social Witness Quaker Peace & Social Witness (QPSW), previously known as the Friends Service Council, and then as Quaker Peace and Service, is one of the central committees of Britain Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends - the national organisation of Quakers in Britain. It works to promote British Quakers' testimonies of equality, justice, peace, simplicity and truth.", "Right Livelihood Award The Right Livelihood Award is an international award to \"honour and support those offering practical and exemplary answers to the most urgent challenges facing us today.\" The prize was established in 1980 by German-Swedish philanthropist Jakob von Uexkull, and is presented annually in early December.", "Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences or Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien is one of the Royal Academies of Sweden.", "Shri Mohan Jain Prof. Dr. Shri Mohan Jain is an Indian-born plant biotechnology scientist. He worked several years for the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna where he was part of a team that won the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize for their research on how to use atomic energy for peaceful purposes. He has done research on genetically modified food, mutation breeding, ornamental plants, date palm, and tropical fruits, such as banana.", "Stig Dagerman Prize The Stig Dagerman Prize (Swedish: Stig Dagermanpriset) is a Swedish award given since 1996 by the Stig Dagerman Society and Älvkarleby municipality. It is named in honor of Swedish author Stig Dagerman. The award is given to a person who, or an organization that, in the spirit of Stig Dagerman, supports the significance and availability of the \"free word\" (freedom of speech), promoting inter-cultural understanding and empathy.", "Susumu Tonegawa Susumu Tonegawa (利根川 進 Tonegawa Susumu, born September 6, 1939) is a Japanese scientist who won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1987 for his discovery of the genetic mechanism that produces antibody diversity. Although he won the Nobel Prize for his work in immunology, Tonegawa is a molecular biologist by training.", "Sydney Brenner Sydney Brenner, CH FRS FMedSci (born 13 January 1927) is a South African biologist and a 2002 Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine laureate, shared with Bob Horvitz and John Sulston. Brenner made significant contributions to work on the genetic code, and other areas of molecular biology while working in the Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England.", "The Nobel Peace Prize for Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution The Nobel Peace Prize for Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution (憲法9条にノーベル平和賞を) is a social movement whose aim is to push for the Nobel Peace Prize to be awarded to the citizens of Japan for maintaining the post-war Constitution of Japan, especially Article 9 in particular. It began with the initiative undertaken by a home-maker member of the Executive Committee for The Nobel Peace Prize for Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution (「憲法9条にノーベル平和賞を」実行委員会), who lives in Zama Kanagawa Prefecture.", "Thomas Cech Thomas Robert Cech (born December 8, 1947) is an American chemist who shared the 1989 Nobel prize in chemistry with Sidney Altman, for their discovery of the catalytic properties of RNA. Cech discovered that RNA could itself cut strands of RNA, which showed that life could have started as RNA. He also studied telomeres, and his lab discovered an enzyme, TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase), which is part of the process of restoring telomeres after they are shortened during cell division.", "Torsten Wiesel Torsten Nils Wiesel (born 3 June 1924) is a Swedish neurophysiologist. Together with David H. Hubel, he received the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system; the prize was shared with Roger W. Sperry for his independent research on the cerebral hemispheres.", "UNICEF The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF; /ˈjuːnɨsɛf/ EW-ni-sef) is a United Nations Program headquartered in New York City that provides long-term humanitarian and developmental assistance to children and mothers in developing countries.", "United Nations The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The headquarters of the United Nations is in Manhattan, New York City, and experiences extraterritoriality.", "United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), also known as the UN Refugee Agency, is a United Nations agency mandated to protect and support refugees at the request of a government or the UN itself and assists in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement to a third country. Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland and is a member of the United Nations Development Group. The UNHCR has won two Nobel Peace Prizes, once in 1954 and again in 1981.", "United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights The United Nations Prizes in the Field of Human Rights were instituted by United Nations General Assembly resolution 2217 in 1966. They are intended to \"honour and commend people and organizations which have made an outstanding contribution to the promotion and protection of the human rights embodied in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in other United Nations human rights instruments\".They were first awarded in 1968, and they have been given out at five-year intervals since then.", "Wangari Maathai Wangari Muta Maathai (1 April 1940 – 25 September 2011) was a Kenyan environmental and political activist. She was educated in the United States at Mount St. Scholastica (Benedictine College) and the University of Pittsburgh, as well as the University of Nairobi in Kenya. In the 1970s, Maathai founded the Green Belt Movement, an environmental non-governmental organization focused on the planting of trees, environmental conservation, and women's rights.", "Élie Ducommun Élie Ducommun (19 February 1833, Geneva – 7 December 1906, Bern) was a peace activist." ]

[ "Areva Areva is a French multinational group specializing in nuclear and renewable energy headquartered in Paris La Défense. It is the world's largest nuclear company. Its nuclear technology business group was created by absorbing the nuclear business line of German company Siemens; it has developed the EPR, an advanced 3rd generation pressurized water nuclear reactor.The corporate name \"Areva\" is inspired by the Trappist Santa María la Real monastery in Arévalo in Spain.", "Atomics International Atomics International was a division of the North American Aviation company (later acquired by the Rockwell International company) which engaged principally in the early development of nuclear technology and nuclear reactors for both commercial and government applications.", "Curtiss-Wright The Curtiss-Wright Corporation is an American-based, global diversified product manufacturer and service provider for the commercial, industrial, defense and energy markets. Born in 1929 from the consolidation of Curtiss, Wright, and various supplier companies, by the end of World War II it was the largest aircraft manufacturer in the United States, supplying whole aircraft in large numbers to the U.S. Armed Forces.", "GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy (GEH) is a provider of advanced reactors and nuclear services. It is located in Wilmington, N.C.. Established in June 2007, GEH is a global nuclear alliance created by General Electric and Hitachi. In Japan, the alliance is Hitachi-GE Nuclear Energy, Ltd.", "General Atomics General Atomics is a defense contractor headquartered in San Diego, California, specializing in nuclear physics. General Atomics' research into nuclear fission and nuclear fusion has also had bearing on related technologies, allowing the company to expand into other fields of research and manufacturing. General Atomics develops systems ranging from the nuclear fuel cycle to remotely operated surveillance aircraft, airborne sensors, advanced electric, electronic, wireless, and laser technologies.", "INVAP INVAP S.E. is an Argentine company that provides design, integration, construction and delivery of equipment, plants and devices. The company operates in North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, the Middle East and Africa, and delivers projects for nuclear, aerospace, chemical, medical, petroleum and governmental sectors.INVAP was created in 1976, as a spin-off of the Argentine Atomic Energy Commission, research laboratories division.", "Japan Nuclear Fuel Limited Japan Nuclear Fuel Ltd. (JNFL) (日本原燃 Nihon Gennen) is a nuclear energy company based in Rokkasho, Aomori Prefecture, Japan involved in the production of nuclear fuel, as well as the reprocessing, storage and disposal of nuclear waste.", "List of companies in the nuclear sector This is a list of all large companies which are active along the nuclear chain, from uranium mining, processing and enrichment, to the actual operating of nuclear power plant and waste processing.Other of notable nuclear power groups include American Nuclear Society (United States) Atomic Energy Commission of India (India) Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (Canada) British Energy (United Kingdom) Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (Canada) Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority Électricité de France (France) Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy Australia European Nuclear Education Network (Europe) EURATOM (Europe) Decarbonise SA (Australia) Federal Atomic Energy Agency (Russia) Institute of Nuclear Power Operations International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) National Atomic Energy Commission - CNEA (Argentina) Nuclear Energy Corporation of South Africa (South Africa) Nuclear Energy Institute (United States) Nuclear Industry Association (United Kingdom) Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission and Pakistan Nuclear Society (Pakistan) Russian Federal Atomic Energy Agency (Russia) United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (United Kingdom) Department of Energy (United States) World Nuclear Association (International)↑", "Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project was a research and development project that produced the first nuclear weapons during World War II. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada. From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer was the director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory that designed the actual bombs.", "National Development Complex The National Development Complex (NDC), is a defence and aerospace contractor and a division under the NESCOM. Founded in 1990 at the MoD, the NDC engaged in research and development in space-basedmissile systems and expanded its services towards developing the land-based weapons systems for the army as well as naval systems for the navy.", "Nuclear engineering Nuclear engineering is the branch of engineering concerned with the application of the breakdown (fission) as well as the fusion of atomic nuclei and/or the application of other sub-atomic physics, based on the principles of nuclear physics. In the sub-field of nuclear fission, it particularly includes the interaction and maintenance of systems and components like nuclear reactors, nuclear power plants, and/or nuclear weapons.", "Outline of nuclear technology The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to nuclear technology:Nuclear technology – involves the reactions of atomic nuclei. Among the notable nuclear technologies are nuclear power, nuclear medicine, and nuclear weapons. It has found applications from smoke detectors to nuclear reactors, and from gun sights to nuclear weapons.", "RBMK The RBMK (Russian: Реактор Большой Мощности Канальный Reaktor Bolshoy Moshchnosti Kanalnyy, \"High Power Channel-type Reactor\") is a class of graphite-moderated nuclear power reactor designed and built by the Soviet Union.The RBMK is an early Generation II reactor and the oldest commercial reactor design still in wide operation.", "Rolls-Royce Holdings Rolls-Royce Holdings plc is a British multinational public holding company that, through its various subsidiaries, designs, manufactures and distributes power systems for aviation and other industries. Rolls-Royce Holdings is headquartered in City of Westminster, London. It is the world’s second-largest maker of aircraft engines, and also has major businesses in the marine propulsion and energy sectors.", "TRIGA TRIGA is a class of small nuclear reactor designed and manufactured by General Atomics. The design team for TRIGA, which included Edward Teller, was led by the physicist Freeman Dyson. Dyson says it may be one of the few reactors that ever made a profit for the company that made it, and that many research hospitals have them. Seventy exist worldwide.TRIGA is the acronym of Training, Research, Isotopes, General Atomic.", "Triumph Group Triumph Group, Inc. is an international supplier of aerospace components and systems. Based in Berwyn, Pennsylvania, USA, Triumph engineers, designs, and manufactures aircraft components, systems and accessories." ]

[ "Active Space Technologies Active Space Technologies is a Portuguese company, with main offices in Portugal and Germany, headquartered in Coimbra, which offers products and services in the fields of thermo-mechanical engineering (thermal and structural analysis, design, manufacturing, and testing), electronics engineering (embedded systems, digital control), as well as management support services for technology transfer and development projects (project management, systems engineering, project coordination).", "Alkali-metal thermal to electric converter The alkali-metal thermal-to-electric converter (AMTEC), originally called the sodium heat engine (SHE) was invented by Joseph T. Kummer and Neill Weber at Ford in 1966, and is described in US Patents 3404036, 3458356, 3535163 and 4049877. It is a thermally regenerative electrochemical device for the direct conversion of heat to electrical energy.", "Aluminium Aluminium (or aluminum; see different endings) is a chemical element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal. Aluminium is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon) in the Earth's crust, and the most abundant metal there. It makes up about 8% by weight of the crust, though it is less common in the mantle below.", "Army Nuclear Power Program The Army Nuclear Power Program (ANPP) was a program of the United States Army to develop small pressurized water and boiling water nuclear power reactors to generate electrical and space-heating energy primarily at remote, relatively inaccessible sites. The ANPP had several notable accomplishments, but ultimately it was considered to be \"a solution in search of a problem.\" The U. S.", "Atmea Atmea is a joint venture between Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) and Areva that develops, markets, licenses and sells the ATMEA1 reactor, a new generation III+, medium-power pressurized water reactor (PWR). The company is headquartered in Paris.", "Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) is a Canadian federal Crown corporation and Canada's largest nuclear science and technology laboratory. AECL developed the CANDU reactor technology starting in the 1950s, and in October 2011 licensed this technology to Candu Energy (a wholly owned subsidiary of SNC-Lavalin).Today AECL develops peaceful and innovative applications from nuclear technology through expertise in physics, metallurgy, chemistry, biology and engineering.", "BORAX experiments The BORAX Experiments were a series of safety experiments on boiling water nuclear reactors conducted by Argonne National Laboratory in the 1950s and 1960s at the National Reactor Testing Station in eastern Idaho. They were performed using the five BORAX reactors that were designed and built by Argonne. BORAX-III was the first nuclear reactor to supply electrical power to the grid in the United States in 1955.", "B Reactor The B Reactor at the Hanford Site, near Richland, Washington, USA, was the first large-scale nuclear reactor ever built. The project was commissioned to produce plutonium-239 by neutron activation as part of the Manhattan Project, the United States nuclear weapons development program during World War II. The B reactor was fueled with metallic natural uranium, graphite moderated, and water-cooled. It has been designated a U.S.", "Behavior of nuclear fuel during a reactor accident This page describes how uranium dioxide nuclear fuel behaves during both normal nuclear reactor operation and under reactor accident conditions such as overheating. Work in this area is often very expensive to conduct, and so has often been performed on a collaborative basis between groups of countries, usually under the aegis of the CSNI.", "Boeing The Boeing Company (/ˈboʊ.ɪŋ/) is an American multinational corporation that designs, manufactures, and sells airplanes, rotorcraft, rockets and satellites. It also provides leasing and product support services. Boeing is among the largest global aircraft manufacturers, is the second-largest defense contractor in the world based on 2013 revenue, and is the largest exporter in the United States by dollar value.", "Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant The Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant (Persian: نیروگاه اتمی بوشهر‎‎) is a nuclear power plant in Iran 17 kilometres (11 mi) southeast of the city of Bushehr, between the fishing villages of Halileh and Bandargeh along the Persian Gulf.Construction of the plant was started in 1975 by German companies, but the work was stopped in 1979 after the Islamic revolution of Iran. The site was repeatedly bombed during the Iran–Iraq war.", "CIRUS reactor CIRUS (Canadian-Indian Reactor, U.S.) was a research reactor at the Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC) in Trombay near Mumbai, India. CIRUS was supplied by Canada in 1954, but used heavy water (deuterium oxide) supplied by the United States. It was the second nuclear reactor to be built in India.It was modeled on the Canadian Chalk River National Research X-perimental (NRX) reactor. The 40 MW reactor used natural uranium fuel, while using heavy water as a moderator.", "Canadian Nuclear Association The Canadian Nuclear Association (CNA) was founded in 1960. Its mission is to represent the nuclear industry in Canada.Located in Ottawa, Ontario, the CNA comprises over 100 member companies and organizations from across Canada as well as internationally.", "Candu Energy Inc. Candu Energy Inc. is a Canadian wholly owned subsidiary of Montreal-based SNC-Lavalin Inc., specializing in the design and supply of nuclear reactors, as well as nuclear reactor products and services. Candu Energy Inc. was created in 2011 when parent company SNC-Lavalin purchased the commercial reactor division of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL), along with the development and marketing rights to CANDU reactor technology.Candu Energy Inc. is located in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.", "Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO2) is a colorless, odorless gas vital to life on Earth. This naturally occurring chemical compound is composed of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. Carbon dioxide exists in the Earth's atmosphere as a trace gas at a concentration of about 0.04 percent (400 ppm) by volume. Natural sources include volcanoes, hot springs and geysers and it is freed from carbonate rocks by dissolution in water and acids.", "Chemical Automatics Design Bureau Chemical Automatics Design Bureau (CADB), also KB Khimavtomatika (Russian: Конструкторское бюро химавтоматики, КБХА, KBKhA) is a Russian Design Bureau founded by the NKAP (People’s Commissariat of the Aircraft Industry) in 1941 and led by Semyon Kosberg until his death in 1965. Its origin dates back to a 1940 Moscow carburetor factory, evacuated to Berdsk in 1941, and then relocated to Voronezh city in 1945, where it now operates.", "China National Nuclear Corporation The China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC; Chinese: 中国核工业集团公司; pinyin: Zhōngguó Hé Gōngyè Jítuán Gōngsī) is a state-owned entity founded in 1955 in Beijing. CNNC's president and vice-president are appointed by the Premier of the State Council. However the CNNC is a self-supporting economic corporation, not a government administrative body. It oversees all aspects of China's civilian and military nuclear programs.", "Commercialization Reactor Commercialization Reactor is an international technology commercialization platform tailor-made for R&D results originating from East European universities and institutes to bring innovation to the global market through the proven form of business start-ups.", "Core damage frequency Core damage frequency (CDF) is a term used in probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) that indicates the likelihood of an accident that would cause damage to a nuclear reactor core. Core damage accidents are considered serious because damage to the core may prevent control of the nuclear reaction, which can lead to a nuclear meltdown.", "Electricity Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and flow of electric charge. Electricity gives a wide variety of well-known effects, such as lightning, static electricity, electromagnetic induction and electric current. In addition, electricity permits the creation and reception of electromagnetic radiation such as radio waves.In electricity, charges produce electromagnetic fields which act on other charges.", "Energid Technologies Energid Technologies is an engineering firm providing robotics , machine vision, and remote controlsoftware. Its headquarters are in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It has regional presence in New York, New York; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Tucson, Arizona; Austin, Texas; and Chicago, Illinois. Energid also has an international presence in Bangalore, India. Energid Technologies develops tools for robotic applications in the aerospace, agriculture, transportation, defense, and medical industries.", "Energy In physics, energy is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms, but cannot be created or destroyed. The \"ability of a system to perform work\" is a common description, but it is difficult to give one single comprehensive definition of energy because of its many forms.", "Energy amplifier In nuclear physics, an energy amplifier is a novel type of nuclear power reactor, a subcritical reactor, in which an energetic particle beam is used to stimulate a reaction, which in turn releases enough energy to power the particle accelerator and leave an energy profit for power generation. The concept has more recently been referred to as an accelerator-driven system (ADS) or Accelerator-driven sub-critical reactor.", "Energy development Energy development is a field of endeavor focused on making available sufficient primary energy sources and secondary energy forms to meet the needs of society. These endeavors encompass those which provide for the production of conventional, alternative and renewable sources of energy, and for the recovery and reuse of energy that would otherwise be wasted.", "Engineering Engineering is the application of mathematics, empirical evidence and scientific, economic, social, and practical knowledge in order to invent, design, build, maintain, research, and improve, structures, machines, tools, systems, components, materials, and processes.", "Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station The Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station is a nuclear power plant on the shore of Lake Erie near Monroe, in Frenchtown Charter Township, Michigan on approximately 1,000 acres. All units of the plant are operated by the DTE Energy Electric Company and owned (100 percent) by parent company DTE Energy. It is approximately halfway between Detroit, Michigan, and Toledo, Ohio.", "Flibe Energy Flibe Energy is an American company that intends to design, construct and operate small modular reactors based on liquid fluoride thorium reactor (acronym LFTR; pronounced lifter) technology.", "Gaseous fission reactor A gas nuclear reactor (or gas fueled reactor) is a nuclear reactor in which the nuclear fuel is in a gaseous state rather than liquid or solid. In this type of reactor, the only temperature-limiting materials are the reactor walls. Conventional reactors have stricter limitations because the core would melt if the fuel temperature were to rise too high.", "General Electric General Electric (GE) is an American multinational conglomerate corporation incorporated in New York.", "Generation IV reactor Generation IV reactors (Gen IV) are a set of nuclear reactor designs currently being researched for commercial applications, with depending on the particular design, Technology readiness levels varying between the level requiring a demonstration, to economical competitive implementation. Most of these designs, with the exception of the BN-1200 reactor, are generally not expected to be available for commercial construction before 2030-40.", "Georgia Tech Research Institute The Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI) is the nonprofit applied research arm of the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. GTRI employs around 1,765 people, and is involved in approximately $305 million in research annually for more than 200 clients in industry and government.Initially known as the Engineering Experiment Station, (EES) the organization was proposed in 1929 by W.", "High Flux Australian Reactor The High Flux Australian Reactor (HIFAR) was Australia's first nuclear reactor. It was built at the Australian Atomic Energy Commission (later ANSTO) Research Establishment at Lucas Heights.Based on the DIDO reactor at Harwell in the UK, HIFAR was cooled and moderated by heavy water, and the fuel was enriched uranium. There was also a graphite neutron reflector surrounding the core.", "Hydrogen-moderated self-regulating nuclear power module The hydrogen-moderated self-regulating nuclear power module (HPM), also referred to as the compact self-regulating transportable reactor (ComStar), is a new type of nuclear power reactor using hydride as a neutron moderator. The design is inherently safe, as the fuel and the neutron moderator is uranium hydride UH3, which is reduced at high temperatures (500-800° C) to uranium and hydrogen.", "IHI Corporation IHI Corporation (株式会社IHI, Kabushiki-gaisha IHI), formerly known as Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. (石川島播磨重工業株式会社, Ishikawajima Harima Jūkōgyō Kabushiki-gaisha), is a Japanese company which produces ships, aircraft engines, turbochargers for automobiles, industrial machines, power station boilers and other facilities, suspension bridges and other transport-related machinery.IHI turbochargers, commonly used in passenger automobiles, are manufactured by Ishikawajima-Harima.", "Integral fast reactor The integral fast reactor (IFR, originally advanced liquid-metal reactor) is a design for a nuclear reactor using fast neutrons and no neutron moderator (a \"fast\" reactor). IFR is distinguished by a nuclear fuel cycle that uses reprocessing via electrorefining at the reactor site.IFR development began in 1984 and the U.S. Department of Energy built a prototype, the Experimental Breeder Reactor II. On April 3, 1986, two tests demonstrated the inherent safety of the IFR concept.", "Ishrat Hussain Usmani Ishrat Hussain Usmani, DPhil, NI (Urdu: ڈاکٹر عشرت حيسن عتثمانى; 15 April 1917 – 17 June 1992), best known as Dr. I. H.", "JINED The International Nuclear Energy Development of Japan Co., Ltd (JINED) (国際原子力開発株式会社, Kokusai Genshiryoku Kaihatsu Kabushiki-gaisha), headquartered in Tokyo, is a consortium of thirteen Japanese companies, with the prime purpose of \"proposal and research activities for nuclear power plant project orders in emerging countries\".The thirteen-member consortium was established on 22 October 2010, and its members consist of nine Japanese power companies (Tokyo Electric Power Co, Kansai, Chubu, Hokkaido, Tohoku, Hokuriku, Chugoku, Shikoku, and Kyushu), and three Japanese nuclear power-related manufacturers (Toshiba, Hitachi, and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries). @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JINED?oldid=571610585> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/USS_Omaha_(LCS-12)> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> USS Omaha (LCS-12) will be an Independence-class littoral combat ship of the United States Navy. She will be the fourth ship to be named for Omaha, the largest city in Nebraska. The ceremonial “laying of the keel” was on 18 February 2015, at Mobile, Alabama.", "KAMINI KAMINI (Kalpakkam Mini reactor) is a research reactor at Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research in Kalpakkam, India. Its first criticality was on October 29, 1996. It produces 30 kW of thermal energy at full power.KAMINI is cooled and moderated by light water, and fueled with uranium-233 metal produced by the irradiation of thorium in other reactors.", "Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) in Daejeon, South Korea was established in 1959 as the sole professional research-oriented institute for nuclear power in South Korea, and has rapidly built a reputation for research and development in various fields. In 1995 KAERI designed and constructed the nation's first multipurpose research reactor, HANARO based on the Canadian MAPLE design. KAERI is dedicated to finding a wide range of uses for atomic energy.", "Lead Lead (/lɛd/) is a chemical element in the carbon group with symbol Pb (from Latin: plumbum) and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable and heavy post-transition metal. Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed to air. Lead has a shiny chrome-silver luster when it is melted into a liquid.", "List of nuclear reactors This is an annotated list of all the nuclear reactors in the world, sorted by country, with operational status. The list includes military, commercial and research reactors, excludes nuclear marine propulsion reactors, except those at land installations.", "Lucens reactor The Lucens reactor at Lucens, Vaud, Switzerland, was a small pilot nuclear reactor destroyed by an accident in 1969.In 1962 the construction of a Swiss-designed pilot nuclear power plant began. The heavy-water moderated, carbon dioxide gas-cooled, reactor was built in an underground cavern and produced 30 megawatts of heat (which was used to generate 8.3 megawatts of electricity). It became critical in 1966 and the plant was decommissioned in 1988.", "MERLIN reactor MERLIN reactor was a 10MWt pool-type research reactor at Aldermaston Court, Aldermaston, Berkshire, England which operated from 6 November 1959 until 1962.It was privately owned and operated by Associated Electrical Industries. It was opened by Prince Philip on 6 November 1959.", "MKER The MKER (Russian: МКЭР, Многопетлевой Канальный Энергетический Реактор: Mnogopetlevoy Kanalynyi Energeticheskiy Reaktor, translation: multi-loop pressure tube power reactor), is a development of the RBMK nuclear power reactor. It is a Russian third generation nuclear reactor design.", "MOATA Moata was a 100 kW thermal Argonaut class reactor located at Lucas Heights near Sydney, Australia. Moata went critical at 5:50am on 10 April 1961 and ended operations on 31 May 1995. The reactor was shut down as it was no longer possible, after 34 years, to economically justify its continued operations. It was one of a group of reactors that were designed in the mid 1950s, in the USA by the Argonne National Laboratory.", "MYRRHA The MYRRHA (Multi-purpose hYbrid Research Reactor for High-tech Applications) is a \"first of its kind\" design project of a nuclear reactor coupled to a proton accelerator (a so-called Accelerator-driven system (ADS)). MYRRHA will be a lead-cooled fast reactor with two possible configurations: sub-critical or critical.The project is managed by SCK•CEN, the Belgium center for nuclear energy research.", "Machine (mechanical) Machines employ power to achieve desired forces and movement (motion). A machine has a power source and actuators that generate forces and movement, and a system of mechanisms that shape the actuator input to achieve a specific application of output forces and movement.", "Marcoule Nuclear Site Marcoule Nuclear Site (French: Site nucléaire de Marcoule) is a nuclear plant in the Chusclan and Codolet communes, near Bagnols-sur-Cèze in the Gard department of France, which is in the tourist, wine and agricultural Côtes-du-Rhône region. The plant is around 25 km north west of Avignon, on the banks of the Rhone.Operational since 1956, Marcoule is a gigantic site run by the atomic energy organization Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA) and Areva NC and is known as CEA VALRHO Marcoule.", "Massachusetts Institute of Technology The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1861 in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States, MIT adopted a European polytechnic university model and stressed laboratory instruction in applied science and engineering. Researchers worked on computers, radar, and inertial guidance during World War II and the Cold War.", "Military The military, also called the armed forces, are forces authorized to use deadly force, and weapons, to support the interests of the state and some or all of its citizens. The task of the military is usually defined as defense of the state and its citizens, and the prosecution of war against another state.", "Miniature neutron source reactor The Chinese built Miniature Neutron Source reactor (MNSR) is a small and compact research reactor copied from the Canadian HEU SLOWPOKE-2 design.The MNSR is tank-in-pool type, with highly enriched fuel (~ 90% U235 ). The tank is immersed in a large pool, and the core is, in turn, immersed in the tank. The maximum nominal power is ~ 30 kW, the power being removed by natural convection.", "Mitsubishi APWR This article is about the Mitsubishi Heavy Industry's design. For the Westinghouse AP series, see AP1000.The Mitsubishi advanced pressurized water reactor (APWR) is a generation III nuclear reactor developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries based on pressurized water reactor technology. It features several design enhancements including a neutron reflector, improved efficiency and improved safety systems.", "Mitsubishi FBR Systems Mitsubishi FBR Systems, Inc. (MFBR) is a company formed on July 1, 2007 by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries to develop Fast breeder reactor technology. The establishment of the company was based on the April 2007 decision by the Japanese government to select Mitsubishi as the core company for FBR development.", "Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (三菱重工業株式会社, Mitsubishi Jūkōgyō Kabushiki-kaisha, informally MHI) is a Japanese multinational engineering, electrical equipment, and electronics company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan.MHI's products include aerospace components, air conditioners, aircraft, automotive components, forklift trucks, hydraulic equipment, machine tools, missiles, power generation equipment, ships, and space launch vehicles.", "NASA The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is the United States government agency responsible for the civilian space program as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.President Dwight D. Eisenhower established the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958 with a distinctly civilian (rather than military) orientation encouraging peaceful applications in space science.", "NuScale Power NuScale Power is a private limited liability company headquartered in Portland, Oregon that designs and markets small modular reactors (SMRs). As of 2014, the Department of Energy projected its technology would be commercially available around the year 2025.NuScale was founded based on research funded by the Department of Energy from 2000 to 2003. After funding was cut, scientists with the program obtained related patents in 2007 and started NuScale to commercialize the technology.", "Nuclear Fuel Complex The Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC) was established in 1971 as a major industrial unit of India's Department of Atomic Energy, for the supply of nuclear fuel bundles and reactor core components. It is a unique facility where natural and enriched uranium fuel, zirconium alloy cladding and reactor core components are manufactured under one roof.Natural uranium, mined at Jaduguda Uranium Mine in the Singhbhum area of Jharkhand state, is converted into nuclear fuel assemblies.", "Nuclear Power Demonstration Nuclear Power Demonstration (or NPD) was the first Canadian nuclear power reactor, and the prototype for the CANDU reactor design. Built by Canadian General Electric (now GE Canada), in partnership with Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) and Ontario Hydro (now Ontario Power Generation), it consisted of a single 22 MWe pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR) unit located in Rolphton, Ontario, not far from AECL's Chalk River Laboratories.", "Nuclear Safety, Research, Demonstration, and Development Act of 1980 Nuclear Safety, Research, Demonstration, and Development Act of 1980, 42 U.S.C. § 9701, established nuclear safety policy for nuclear power plants supplying electric energy and electricity generation within the United States. The Act authorized a five year demonstration program simulating conditions with light water nuclear reactors for the observation of control monitoring and phases of operation for nuclear reactor cores. The U.S.", "Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency The Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (原子力安全・保安院, Genshiryoku Anzen Hoanin) was a Japanese nuclear regulatory and oversight branch of the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy under the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI). It was created in 2001 during the 2001 Central Government Reform. It has a main office in Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda, Tokyo that works with the Japanese Atomic Energy Commission as well as providing other functions. It also has regional offices.", "Nuclear lightbulb A nuclear lightbulb is a hypothetical type of spacecraft engine using a fission reactor to achieve nuclear propulsion. Specifically it would be a type of gas core reactor rocket that separates nuclear fuel from coolant/propellant with a quartz wall. It would be operated at such high temperature (approx. 25,000°C) that the vast majority of the electromagnetic emissions would be in the hard ultraviolet range.", "Nuclear power Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power station. The term includes nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion.", "Nuclear power debate The nuclear power debate is a controversy about the deployment and use of nuclear fission reactors to generate electricity from nuclear fuel for civilian purposes. The debate about nuclear power peaked during the 1970s and 1980s, when it \"reached an intensity unprecedented in the history of technology controversies\", in some countries.", "Nuclear power in China As of September 2014, the People's Republic of China has 21 nuclear power reactors operating on 8 separate sites and 28 under construction. Additional reactors are planned, providing 58 GWe of capacity by 2020. China's National Development and Reform Commission has indicated the intention to raise the percentage of China's electricity produced by nuclear power from the current 2% to 6% by 2020 (compared to 20% in the USA and 74% in France).", "Nuclear power in Russia In 2012 total electricity generated in nuclear power plants in Russia was 177.3 TWh, 17.78% of all power generation. The installed gross capacity of Russian nuclear reactors stood at 25,242 MW.The Russian energy strategy of 2003 set a policy priority for reduction in natural gas based power supply, aiming to achieve this through a doubling of nuclear power generation by 2020.", "Nuclear power in South Korea The total electrical generation capacity of the nuclear power plants of South Korea is 20.5 GWe from 23 reactors. This is 22% of South Korea's total electrical generation capacity, but 29% of total electrical consumption. The South Korean nuclear power sector once maintained capacity factors of over 95%.South Korea did have plans for continued expansion, to increase nuclear's share of generation to 60% by 2035.", "Nuclear power in the United Kingdom Nuclear power generates around one sixth of the United Kingdom's electricity, using 16 operational nuclear reactors at nine plants (14 advanced gas-cooled reactors (AGR), one pressurised water reactor (PWR), and one Magnox), as well as a nuclear reprocessing plant at Sellafield.The United Kingdom established the world’s first civil nuclear programme, opening a nuclear power station, Calder Hall at Windscale, England, in 1956.", "Nuclear power in the United States Nuclear power in the United States is provided by 99 commercial reactors with a net summer capacity of 98,621 megawatts (MW), consisting of 65 pressurized water reactors and 34 boiling water reactors, producing a total of 797 terawatt-hours of electricity, which accounted for 19.47% of the nation's total electric energy generation in 2014. As of 2015, there are five new reactors under construction with a gross electrical capacity of 6,218 MW, while 33 reactors have been permanently shut down.", "Nuclear reactor This article is a subarticle of Nuclear power.A nuclear reactor, formerly known as atomic pile, is a device used to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction. Nuclear reactors are used at nuclear power plants for electricity generation and in propulsion of ships. Heat from nuclear fission is passed to a working fluid (water or gas), which runs through turbines. These either drive a ship's propellers or turn electrical generators.", "Nuclear reactor physics Nuclear reactor physics is the branch of science that deals with the study and application of chain reaction to induce a controlled rate of fission in a nuclear reactor for the production of energy.Most nuclear reactors use a chain reaction to induce a controlled rate of nuclear fission in fissile material, releasing both energy and free neutrons.", "Nuclear safety and security Nuclear safety and security covers the actions taken to prevent nuclear and radiation accidents or to limit their consequences. This covers nuclear power plants as well as all other nuclear facilities, the transportation of nuclear materials, and the use and storage of nuclear materials for medical, power, industry, and military uses.The nuclear power industry has improved the safety and performance of reactors, and has proposed new and safer reactor designs.", "Nuclear safety in the United States Nuclear safety in the U.S. is governed by federal regulations issued by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). The NRC regulates all nuclear plants and materials in the U.S. except for of nuclear plants and materials controlled by the U.S. government, as well those powering naval vessels.The 1979 Three Mile Island accident was a pivotal event that led to questions about U.S. nuclear safety.", "Nuclear technology Nuclear technology is technology that involves the reactions of atomic nuclei. Among the notable nuclear technologies are nuclear reactors, nuclear medicine and nuclear weapons. It is also used, among other things, in smoke detectors and gun sights.", "Nukem Technologies Nukem Technologies GmbH is a nuclear engineering and consulting company managing radioactive waste and spent fuel, and decommissioning of nuclear facilities. The company is located in Alzenau, Germany. It was established in 2006 as a subsidiary of Nukem Energy. On 14 December 2009, Nukem Technologies was sold to Russian Atomstroyexport for €23.5 million.Nukem Technologies builds the interim used fuel storage facility and the solid waste facility for the closed Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant.", "OKBM Afrikantov OKBM Afrikantov (full name: OAO I. I. Afrikantov OKB Mechanical Engineering, Russian: Опытное конструкторское бюро машиностроения им. И. И. Африкантова) is a nuclear engineering company located in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. It is a subsidiary of Rosatom.", "Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant The Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant (Finnish: Olkiluodon ydinvoimalaitos) is on Olkiluoto Island, which is on the shore of the Gulf of Bothnia in the municipality of Eurajoki in western Finland. It is one of Finland's two nuclear power plants, the other being the two-unit VVER Loviisa Nuclear Power Plant. The plant is owned and operated by Teollisuuden Voima (TVO), a subsidiary of Pohjolan Voima.The Olkiluoto plant consists of two Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) with 860 MWe each.", "Outline of nuclear power The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to nuclear power:Nuclear power – the use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity. Nuclear power plants provide about 6% of the world's energy and 13–14% of the world's electricity, with the U.S., France, and Japan together accounting for about 50% of nuclear generated electricity.", "Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor The Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor or (PARR), are the three nuclear and two experimental neutron sources located in the PINSTECH Laboratory, Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan. The PARR Reactor is a graphite-moderated, Gas Cooled, nuclear reactor.It is a type of Very high temperature reactor (VHTR), Thermal-neutron reactor and Pool-type reactor. The research reactors consists of three small nuclear reactors.", "R1 (nuclear reactor) R1 was the first nuclear reactor of Sweden. It was a research reactor located at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) campus at Valhallavägen in central Stockholm, in the rock beneath the current-day Q buildings. The reactor was active from July 13, 1954 to June 6, 1970. The reactor was dismantled, and there is nothing left of it today; the reactor hall however still exists.The capacity of the reactor was originally 300 kW but was later increased to 1 MW.", "Radioactive waste Radioactive wastes are wastes that contain radioactive material. Radioactive wastes are usually by-products of nuclear power generation and other applications of nuclear fission or nuclear technology, such as research and medicine.", "Research reactor Research reactors are nuclear reactors that serve primarily as a neutron source. They are also called non-power reactors, in contrast to power reactors that are used for electricity production, heat generation, or maritime propulsion.", "Russian floating nuclear power station Floating nuclear power stations (Russian: плавучая атомная теплоэлектростанция малой мощности, ПАТЭС ММ - lit. floating combined heat and power low-power nuclear station) are vessels projected by Rosatom that present self-contained, low-capacity, floating nuclear power plants. The stations are to be mass-built at shipbuilding facilities and then towed to the destination point in coastal waters near a city, a town or an industrial enterprise.", "SAFARI-1 SAFARI-1 is a 20 MW light water-cooled, beryllium reflected, pool-type research reactor, initially used for high level nuclear physics research programmes and was commissioned in 1965.The reactor is owned and operated by South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (NECSA) at their facility in Pelindaba, South Africa.The reactor is a tank in pool type reactor and is designed to run on enriched uranium. Currently the fuel in use is the remains of the decommissioned South African nuclear weapons.", "Science and technology in China In recent decades science and technology have developed rapidly in China. The Chinese government has placed emphasis through funding, reform, and societal status on science and technology as a fundamental part of the socio-economic development of the country as well as for national prestige.", "Science and technology in Russia Science and technology in Russia developed rapidly since the Age of Enlightenment, when Peter the Great founded the Russian Academy of Sciences and Saint Petersburg State University and polymath Mikhail Lomonosov founded the Moscow State University, establishing a strong native tradition in learning and innovation.In the 19th and 20th centuries the country produced a large number of notable scientists, making important contributions into physics, astronomy, mathematics, computing, chemistry, biology, geology and geography.", "Siemens Siemens AG (German pronunciation: [ˈziːmɛns]) is a German multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Berlin and Munich. It is the largest engineering company in Europe. The principal divisions of the company are Industry, Energy, Healthcare, and Infrastructure & Cities, which represent the main activities of the company.", "South African Nuclear Energy Corporation The South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (Necsa) was established as a public company by the Republic of South Africa Nuclear Energy Act in 1999 and is wholly owned by the State. The name is correctly indicated above, although the sequence of letters in the acronym may be taken as suggesting that the name should be the \"Nuclear Energy Corporation of South Africa\".Necsa replaced the country's Atomic Energy Corporation.", "State-owned enterprise A state-owned enterprise (SOE) otherwise known as a: state-owned company, state-owned entity, state enterprise, publicly owned corporation, government business enterprise, crown corporation, government-owned corporation, commercial government agency, public sector undertaking, or parastatal is a legal entity that undertakes commercial activities on behalf of an owner government.", "Steel Steels are alloys of iron and other elements, primarily carbon, widely used in construction and other applications because of their high tensile strengths and low costs. Carbon, other elements, and inclusions within iron act as hardening agents that prevent the movement of dislocations that otherwise occur in the crystal lattices of iron atoms.The carbon in typical steel alloys may contribute up to 2.1% of its weight.", "Submarine A submarine is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability. The term most commonly refers to a large, crewed, autonomous vessel. It is also sometimes used historically or colloquially to refer to remotely operated vehicles and robots, as well as medium-sized or smaller vessels, such as the midget submarine and the wet sub.", "Thorium-based nuclear power Thorium-based nuclear power is nuclear reactor-based electrical power generation fueled primarily by the nuclear fission of the isotope uranium-233 produced from the fertile element thorium. According to proponents, a thorium fuel cycle offers several potential advantages over a uranium fuel cycle—including much greater abundance on Earth, superior physical and nuclear fuel properties, and reduced nuclear waste production. However, development of thorium power has significant start-up costs.", "Toshiba Toshiba Corporation (株式会社東芝, Kabushiki-gaisha Tōshiba, English /tɵˈʃiːbə/) (commonly referred to as Toshiba, stylized as TOSHIBA) is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Tokyo, Japan.", "Tri Alpha Energy, Inc. Tri Alpha Energy, Inc. (TAE) is an American company based in Foothill Ranch, Lake Forest, California, created for the development of aneutronic fusion power. The company was founded in 1998 by plasma physicists Norman Rostoker from the University of California, Irvine and Hendrik J. Monkhorst from the University of Florida, as a University spin-off based on their scientific work about the Colliding Beam Fusion Reactor (CBFR).", "United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority The United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority is a UK government research organisation responsible for the development of nuclear fusion power. It is an executive non-departmental public body of the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills.On its formation in 1954, the authority was responsible for the UK's entire nuclear program, both civil and defence, as well as the policing of nuclear sites.", "United States Department of Energy The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is a Cabinet-level department of the United States Government concerned with the United States' policies regarding energy and safety in handling nuclear material. Its responsibilities include the nation's nuclear weapons program, nuclear reactor production for the United States Navy, energy conservation, energy-related research, radioactive waste disposal, and domestic energy production.", "United States Navy The United States Navy (USN) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U.S. Navy is currently the largest, most powerful navy in the world, with the highest combined battle fleet tonnage. The U.S. Navy has the world's largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, four in the reserve fleet, and three new class carriers under construction.", "Uranium Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all its isotopes are unstable (with half-lives of the 6 naturally known isotopes, uranium-233 to uranium-238, varying between 69 years and 4.5 billion years).", "VBER-300 The VBER-300 is a proposed compact Russian pressurized water reactor of 300-MWe or more generating capacity designed for remote locations. In particular, it has been proposed for use on the Russian floating nuclear power station (two reactors on a 49,000-tonne barge).The reactor has been proposed for use in water desalination as well as for electrical generation.The VBER-300 would use VVER-type fuel.It was developed by OKBM Afrikantov in cooperation with Kurchatov Institute.", "VVER-TOI The VVER-TOI or WWER-TOI is a design for a two-unit nuclear power plant. It would use VVER-1300/510 water pressurized reactors constructed to meet modern nuclear and radiation safety requirements.According to the results of the President Committee session for upgrading and development of the Russian economy of July 22, 2009, the President of the Russian Federation set out the task for the nuclear industry of optimizing VVER operational characteristics as a priority.", "VVER The Water-Water Energetic Reactor (VVER), or WWER (from Russian: Водо-водяной энергетический реактор; transliterates as Vodo-Vodyanoi Energetichesky Reaktor; Water-Water Power Reactor) is a series of pressurised water reactor designs originally developed in the Soviet Union, and now Russia, by OKB Gidropress. Power output ranges from 300 MWe to 1700 MWe with the latest Russian development of the design.", "Westinghouse Electric Company Westinghouse Electric Company LLC is a US based nuclear power company offering nuclear products and services to utilities internationally, including nuclear fuel, service and maintenance, instrumentation, control and design of nuclear plants. As of 2014 Westinghouse builds and operates approximately one-half of the world's operating nuclear plants. Westinghouse's world headquarters are located in the Pittsburgh suburb of Cranberry Township, Pennsylvania.", "World Nuclear Association The World Nuclear Association (WNA) is the international organization that promotes nuclear power and supports the many companies that comprise the global nuclear industry.", "Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center The Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center is North Korea's major nuclear facility, operating its first nuclear reactors. It is located in the county of Nyŏngbyŏn in North Pyong'an Province, about 90 km north of Pyongyang. The center produced the fissile material for North Korea's nuclear weapon tests in 2006 and 2009, and since 2009 is developing indigenous light water reactor nuclear power station technology.", "ZEEP The ZEEP (Zero Energy Experimental Pile) reactor was a nuclear reactor built at the Chalk River Laboratories near Chalk River, Ontario, Canada (which superseded the Montreal Laboratory for nuclear research in Canada). ZEEP first went critical at 3:45 PM, September 5, 1945." ]

[ "Appam Appam is a type of pancake made with fermented rice batter and coconut milk. It is a common food in the South Indian state of Kerala. It is also popular in Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka. It is eaten most frequently for breakfast or dinner.It is considered as a staple diet and a cultural synonym of the Nasranis (also known as Saint Thomas Christians or Syrian Christians) of Kerala.", "Asafoetida Asafoetida /æsəˈfɛtɨdə/ is the dried latex (gum oleoresin) exuded from the rhizome or tap root of several species of Ferula, a perennial herb that grows 1 to 1.5 m (3.3 to 4.9 ft) tall. The species is native to the deserts of Iran, mountains of Afghanistan, and is mainly cultivated in nearby India.", "Assamese cuisine Assamese cuisine (Assamese: অসমীয়া ৰন্ধন-শৈলী) is the cuisine of Assam. It is a style of cooking that is a confluence of cooking habits of the hills that favor fermentation and drying as forms of food preservation, and those from the plains that provide fresh vegetables and abundance of fish from its many rivers and ponds; both of which are centered on the main ingredient—rice. It is a mixture of different indigenous styles with considerable regional variations and some external influences.", "Banana leaf Banana leaves have a wide range of applications because they are large, flexible, waterproof and decorative. They are used for cooking, wrapping and food serving in a wide range of cuisines of tropical and subtropical areas. Banana leafs are used for decorative and symbolic purposes in numerous Hindu and Buddhist ceremonies. In traditional home building in the tropical areas, roofs and fences are made of thatched dry banana leaves.", "Banana leaf rice Banana leaf rice is a traditional method of serving rice dishes in South Indian cuisine. Due to the migration of South Indians, banana leaf rice can also be found in areas with significant ethnic South Indian diaspora like Malaysia and Singapore.In banana leaf meals, white rice (or parboiled rice in authentic South Indian restaurants) is served on a banana leaf with an assortment of vegetables, pickles, papadum and other regional condiments (usually sour, salty and/or spicy).", "Bebinca Bebinca, also known as bibik or bebinka, is a type of pudding and a traditional Goan, East Indian and Mangalorean dessert. Traditional Bebinca has 16 layers. The ingredients include plain flour, sugar, ghee (clarified butter), egg yolk, coconut milk and almond slivers to garnish. It is also a common dessert in Goan restaurants, and a few outlets in Mumbai and Manglore. Bebinca is served warm with cold ice cream.", "Bengali cuisine Bengali cuisine is a culinary style originating in Bengal, a region in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, which is now divided between Bangladesh and West Bengal. Other regions, such as Tripura, and the Barak Valley region of Assam (in India) also have large native Bengali populations and share this cuisine. With an emphasis on fish, vegetables and lentils are served with rice as a staple diet.", "Bhajji Bhajji, bhaji or bajji, is a spicy Indian snack similar to a fritter, with several variants. Outside the Indian states of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka, such preparations are often known as pakora. It is usually served as a topping with various Indian meals, but has become popular to eat alone as a snack.", "Bhelpuri Bhelpuri (Marathi भेळ) is a savoury Indian snack, and is also a type of chaat. It is made out of puffed rice, vegetables and a tangy tamarind sauce.Bhel is often identified with the beaches of Mumbai, such as Girguam or Juhu. Bhelpuri is thought to have originated within the Gucafes and street food stalls of Mumbai, and the recipe has spread to most parts of India where it has been modified to suit local food availability.", "Bihari cuisine Bihari cuisine (Hindi: बिहारी खाना, Urdu: بِہاری کھانا‎) is eaten mainly in Bihar, Jharkhand, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bangladesh, Nepal, Mauritius, Fiji, some cities of Pakistan, Guyana, and Trinidad and Tobago as these are the places where Bihari people are present. Bihari cuisine is predominantly vegetarian because traditional Bihar society, influenced by Buddhist and Hindu values of non-violence, did not eat eggs, chicken, fish and other animal products.", "Bikanervala Bikanervala is an Indian sweets and snacks manufacturer based in Delhi, India.", "Biryani Biryani (pronounced [bɪr.jaːniː]), sometimes spelt Biriyani or Biriani, is a mixed rice dish from the Indian Subcontinent. It is made with spices, rice and meat or vegetables.", "Black pepper Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit, which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning. When dried, the fruit is known as a peppercorn. When fresh and fully mature, it is approximately 5 millimetres (0.20 in) in diameter, dark red, and, like all drupes, contains a single seed.", "Bombay mix Bombay mix is the name used in the United Kingdom and Ireland for a traditional Indian snack mix known as chiwda, chevdo, bhuso (if made without potato), chevda (चिवडा) or chivdo (चिवडो) in India, or Chanāchura (Odia: ଚନାଚୁର) in Odisha, chanachur (চানাচুর) in Bengal, and chuda by people from Mumbai. The English name originates from the city of Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay), India.", "Bonda Bonda is a typical South Indian snack that has various sweet and spicy versions of it in different regions.", "Boondi Boondi (Rajasthani: बूंदी,Urdu: بوندی‎, bundi) is a Rajasthani snack food made from sweetened, fried chickpea flour. Being very sweet, it can be stored for a week or so. Due to the need for preserving food in arid regions of Rajasthan, boondi laddu are preferred. There is also a savory version, called Khara or Tikha.To make boondi laddu, fried boondi is dipped in sugar syrup.", "Cardamom Cardamom (/ˈkɑrdəməm/), sometimes called cardamon (mostly in the UK), is a spice made from the seeds of several plants in the genera Elettaria and Amomum in the family Zingiberaceae. Both genera are native to Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Nepal, and Pakistan; they are recognised by their small seed pods, triangular in cross-section and spindle-shaped, with a thin, papery outer shell and small black seeds.", "Chaat Chaat (Hindi/Nepali: चाट, Urdu/Punjabi: چاٹ ) is a term describing savory snacks, typically served at road-side tracks from stalls or food carts in India, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh. With its origins in Uttar Pradesh, chaat has become immensely popular in the rest of South Asia. The word derives from Hindi cāṭ चाट (tasting, a delicacy), from cāṭnā चाटना (to lick), from Prakrit caṭṭei चट्टेइ (to devour with relish, eat noisily).", "Chana masala Chana masala [ˈtʃənaː məˈsaːlaː], also known as chole masala or channay or Chholay (plural) is a popular dish in Indian and Pakistani cuisine. The main ingredient is chickpeas (called \"चना\" (chana) or \"छोले\" (chhole) in Hindi-Urdu). It is fairly dry and spicy with a sour citrus note. Chholay are sold as snack food and street food in India and Pakistan.", "Chhena poda Chhena poda (Odia: ଛେନାପୋଡ଼) is a cheese dessert from the state of Odisha in eastern India. Chhena poda literally means burnt cheese in Odia.It is made of well-kneaded homemade fresh cheese chhena, sugar, cashew nuts and raisins, and is baked for several hours until it browns. Chhena poda is the only well known Indian dessert whose flavor is predominantly derived from the caramelization of sugar.", "Chicken tikka Chicken tikka (Hindi: मुर्ग़ टिक्का; [ˌmʊrɣ ˈʈɪkkaː]) is a chicken dish originating in South Asia where it remains popular in India and Pakistan. It is traditionally small pieces of boneless chicken baked using skewers in a clay oven called a tandoor after marinating in spices and yogurt—essentially a boneless version of tandoori chicken. The word tikka means \"bits\" or \"pieces\". It is also a chicken dish served in Punjabi cuisine.", "Chicken tikka masala Chicken tikka masala is a dish of roasted chunks of chicken (chicken tikka) in a spicy sauce. The sauce is usually creamy, spiced and orange-coloured.", "Chinese bhel Chinese Bhel is an Indian fast food originated from Mumbai. Basically as a variation of Indian Noodles, it is widely popular in Mumbai.", "Cuisine of Karnataka The cuisine of Karnataka includes many vegetarian and non-vegetarian cuisines. The Kannada Cuisine is one of the oldest surviving cuisines and traces its origin to Iron Age - ragi and is mentioned in the historical works by Pampa Maha Kavi, sushrutha, etc. The varieties of the karnataka cuisine has influenced the neighbouring states like Tamil Nadu, Andhra pradesh, Kerala and Maharashtra.", "Cuisine of Kerala The cuisine of Kerala, a state in the south west of India, is linked to its history, geography, demography and culture. Kerala cuisine offers a multitude of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes prepared using fish, poultry and red meat with rice a typical accompaniment.", "Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh is from the state of Uttar Pradesh located in Northern India. The cuisine consists of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. Uttar Pradesh has been greatly influenced by Mughal cooking techniques. The Awadhi and Mughlai cuisine of Uttar Pradesh bears similarities to those of Kashmir and Punjab, due to the common influence of the Mughal rule.", "Curry Curry (/ˈkʌri/, plural curries) is a dish originating in the cuisine of the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia. The common feature is the incorporation of complex combinations of spices or herbs, usually including fresh or dried hot chillies . Some limit the use of the term curry to dishes prepared in a sauce, but curries may be \"wet\" or \"dry\".", "Curry powder Curry powder is a spice mix of widely varying composition based on South Asian cuisine. Curry powder and the contemporary English use of the word \"curry\" are Western inventions and do not reflect any specific South Asian food, though a similar mixture of spices used in north South Asia is called garam masala. Curry powder is actually closer to the Tamil sambar powder, and the word \"curry\" is derived from the Tamil word kari meaning \"sauce, relish for rice\".", "Dabbawala A dabbawala; also spelled as dabbawalla or dabbawallah; is a person in India, most commonly in Mumbai, who is part of a delivery system that collects hot food in lunch boxes from the residences of workers in the late morning, delivers the lunches to the workplace, predominantly using bicycles and the railway trains, and returns the empty boxes to the worker's residence that afternoon.", "Dahi vada Dahi vada, also known as dahi bhalla in Punjabi, thayir vadai in Tamil, thayir vada in Malayalam, perugu vada in Telugu, mosaru vade in Kannada, dahi bara in Odia and doi bora in Bengali, is a South Asian chaat, prepared by soaking vadas in thick dahi (yogurt).The hot deep fried vadas are first put in water and then transferred to thick beaten yogurt. For best results, the vadas are soaked for at least a couple of hours before serving.", "Dal makhani Dal makhani \"\\Buttery Lentil\") is a popular dish originating from the Punjab region of India and Pakistan. The primary ingredients in dal makhani are whole black lentil (urad) with red kidney beans (rajma), butter and cream.", "Dhokla Dhokla (Gujarati: ઢોકળા) is a vegetarian food item that originates from the Indian state of Gujarat. It is made with a fermented batter derived from rice and split chickpeas. Dhokla can be eaten for breakfast, as a main course, as a side dish, or as a snack. Dhokla is very similar to Khaman, and the terms are frequently used interchangeably.", "Dosa Dosa is a fermented crepe made from rice batter and black lentils. It is a staple dish in South Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil nadu, Kerala and Telangana. It is also popular in other parts of India, and other countries like Sri Lanka, Mauritius, Myanmar, Nepal, Bangladesh,Malaysia and Singapore.", "Etiquette of Indian dining As in many cultures, proper habits of eating and drinking are very important. Dining etiquette is widely respected in parts of Indian culture, local customs, traditions, and religions. Proper table manners vary from culture to culture, although there are always a few basic rules that are important to follow. Etiquette should be observed when dining in any Indian household or restaurant, though the acceptable standards depend upon the situation.", "Flattened rice Flattened rice (also called beaten rice) is a dehusked rice which is flattened into flat light dry flakes.They are most famously known as \"Pohe\" in malwa region, also they are considered to be originated in the malwa region itself. These flakes of rice swell when added to liquid, whether hot or cold, as they absorb water, milk or any other liquids.", "Food Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for the body. It is usually of plant or animal origin, and contains essential nutrients, such as fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals. The substance is ingested by an organism and assimilated by the organism's cells to provide energy, maintain life, or stimulate growth.Historically, people secured food through two methods: hunting and gathering and agriculture.", "Food Food (TV channel) FOOD FOOD (Hindi: फ़ूड फ़ूड) is an Indian food and lifestyle channel that was launched in January 2011. It is a joint venture between Malaysia based Astro Overseas Limited (Astro), Sanjeev Kapoor and Mogae Consultants. Food Food is available on satellite in India through Tata Sky, Videocon, Airtel and other major cable networks and MSOs across India. The channel is also available in USA, Canada, UAE and Qatar. Food Food is the first Indian channel that is shot entirely in high definition.", "Food Food Maha Challenge Food Food Maha Challenge is an Indian competitive cooking game show on Food Food TV channel. It is produced by FremantleMedia and screens on \"FoodFood channel\". Chef Sanjeev Kapoor and actress Madhuri Dixit serve as the show's main judges. Season 1 of show started airing on FoodFood on every Friday at 1:00 PM IST. The first episode aired on 9 September 2011, and the season one finale was broadcast on 2 December 2011.", "Garam masala Garam masala (from Hindi: गरम मसाला, garam \"\\hot\") and masala (a mixture of spices)) is a blend of ground spices common in North Indian and other South Asian cuisines. It is used alone or with other seasonings. The word garam refers to \"heat\" in the Ayurvedic sense of the word, meaning \"to heat the body\" as these spices, in the Ayurvedic system of medicine, elevate body temperature.", "Garlic chutney Garlic chutney, or belluli chutney is made from fresh garlic, dry or fresh coconut, groundnuts and chillies, green or red, latter sometimes in the powder form. It is used for cooking in many Indian (especially Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Rajasthan and northern Karnataka) and Pakistani homes.The dry, powdered variety can be stored in bottles and will last up to four weeks. It is eaten either dry or mixed with curd, buttermilk or vegetable oil.", "Ghee Ghee is a class of clarified butter that originated in ancient India and is commonly used in South Asian cuisines, traditional medicine, and religious rituals.", "Goan cuisine Goan cuisine consists of regional foods popular in Goa, an Indian state located along India's west coast on the shore of the Arabian Sea. Chicken, lamb, seafood, coconut milk, rice, and local spices are some of the main ingredients in Goan cuisine. The area is located in a tropical climate, which means that spices and flavors are intense. Use of kokum is another distinct feature. Goan food is considered incomplete without fish.", "Gujarati cuisine Gujarati cuisine (Gujarati: ગુજરાતી ભોજન) refers to the cuisine of Gujarat, a state in western India.", "Halwai Halwai or Halwayi (nearest English equivalent is: Confectioner) is a caste of Vaishya varna (community) with traditional primary occupation related to confectionary and sweet-making. The name is derived from an Arabic word Halwa, a popular sweet made of flour, clarified butter (ghee), sugar, almonds, raisins and pistachio nuts and also frequently saffron.", "History of South Asian cuisine The history of South Asian cuisine, which consists of the cuisines of modern-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal, is rich and diverse. As a land that has experienced extensive immigration and intermingling through many millennia, the Indian subcontinent has benefited from numerous food influences.", "Hyderabadi cuisine Hyderabadi cuisine (native: Hyderabadi Ghizaayat) also known as Deccani cuisine of India, was developed after the foundation of Qutb shahi dynasty by Sultan Quli, promoting the native cuisine along with their own. Hyderabadi cuisine had become a princely legacy of the Nizams of Hyderabad State. It is an amalgamation of Mughlai, Turkish and Arabic along with the influence of the native Telugu and Marathwada cuisines.", "Idli Idli /ɪdliː/ is a traditional breakfast in South Indian households. Idli is a savoury cake that is popular throughout India and neighbouring countries like Sri Lanka. The cakes are usually two to three inches in diameter and are made by steaming a batter consisting of fermented black lentils (de-husked) and rice.", "Incense of India India has a rich tradition of using incense in many social and religious occasions since time immemorial. Incense sticks, also known as agarbathi (or agarbatti derived from Sanskrit word Agaravarthi, gara = odour, agar = aroma, varthi = wound ) and joss sticks, in which an incense paste is rolled or moulded around a bamboo stick, is one of the main forms of incense in India.", "Indian Singaporean cuisine Indian Singaporean cuisine refers to food and beverages produced and consumed in Singapore that are derived, wholly or in part, from South Asian culinary traditions. The great variety of Singapore food includes Indian food, which tends to be Tamil cuisine and especially local Tamil Muslim cuisine, although North Indian food has become more visible recently.", "Indian bread Indian breads are a wide variety of flatbreads and crêpes which are an integral part of Indian cuisine. Their variation reflects the diversity of Indian culture and food habits.", "Indian cuisine Indian cuisine encompasses a wide variety of regional cuisines native to India. Given the range of diversity in soil type, climate, culture, ethnic group and occupations, these cuisines vary significantly from each other and use locally available spices, herbs, vegetables and fruits.", "Indian fast food The fast food industry in India has evolved with the changing lifestyles of the young Indian population. The sheer variety of gastronomic preferences across the regions, hereditary or acquired, has brought about different modules across the country. It may take some time for the local enterprise to mature to the level of international players in the field.Many of the traditional dishes have been adapted to suit the emerging fast food outlets.", "Jain vegetarianism Jain vegetarian diet is practiced by the followers of Jain culture and philosophy. It is one of the most rigorous forms of spiritually-motivated diet on the Indian subcontinent and beyond. The Jain cuisine is completely vegetarian and also excludes onions, potatoes, brinjals and garlic, similar to the shojin-ryori Buddhist cuisine of Japan.The strictest forms of Jain diet is practiced by the monastic ascetics; in addition to potatoes it may exclude other root vegetables.", "Jalebi Jalebi, also known as Zulbia, is a sweet popular in countries of South Asia, the Middle East, North Africa (except Morocco) and East Africa. It is made by deep-frying a wheat flour (maida flour) batter in pretzel or circular shapes, which are then soaked in sugar syrup. They are particularly popular in South Asia during Ramadan and Diwali.The sweets are served warm or cold. They have a somewhat chewy texture with a crystallized sugary exterior coating.", "Jolpan Jolpan (Assamese: জলপান), or snacks, are often served at breakfast in the Cuisine of Assam, although they may also be served at Bihu festivals or weddings. The word jolpan includes all the preparations namely jolpan, pitha, laru and tea. Other common jolpans served for breakfast may include roti, luchi, ghugni and sometimes paratha etc. Jolpan are also found in Bengal. The word literally derives from \"water and betel leaf\" but can mean any snack.", "Kashmiri cuisine Kashmiri cuisine (Kashmiri: कॉशुर खयॊन / کأشُر کھٮ۪ن; Kashur khyon) is based on the ancient traditions of Kashmir. The Rigveda mentions the meat eating traditions of this area while the ancient Kashmiri epic, the Nilamat Purana, records that Kashmiris were heavy meat eaters, a habit that persists to this day.It is also eaten among the Kashmiri diaspora in Pakistan.The most notable ingredient in today's Kashmir cuisine is mutton, of which there are over 30 varieties.", "Kerala pachadi Kerala Pachadi is a Kerala vegetable dish. It is a side dish for rice prepared using cucumber or mango. It is served at restaurants along with Vegetable Thali Rice. It is also included with Sadhya, especially with Kerala Onasadhya.", "Khichdi Khichdi (pronounced [ˈkʰɪtʃɽi]) is an Indian preparation made from rice and lentils (dal). Khichdi was the inspiration for the Anglo-Indian dish kedgeree, and is also commonly considered to be the inspiration for the popular Egyptian dish, kushari. In Indian culture, it is considered one of the first solid foods that babies eat.", "Khira sagara Khira sagara (Odia: ଖିର ସାଗର) is an Odia sweet dish that literally translates to ocean of milk in the Odia language. The sweet has depiction in the Hindu mythological scripture about Lakshmi serving Vishnu and Madhusudana with it.Khira sagara consists of marble-sized balls of chhena cheese soaked in sweetened, condensed milk. Saffron and cardamoms are the typical seasonings that are added to this dish.", "Korma Korma (from Turkish kavurma), also spelled kormaa, qorma, khorma, or kurma, is a dish originating in Central Asia consisting of meat or vegetables braised in a spiced sauce made with yogurt, cream, nut or seed paste.", "Kurkure Kurkure is a brand of corn puffs, developed and produced by PepsiCo India, the Indian division of PepsiCo. Named after the Hindi word for \"crunchy\", the snack was developed entirely in India. It was launched in 1999 and has its automated plants at Channo (Punjab), Kolkata, Assam and Pune.", "List of Indian dishes This is a list of Indian dishes. Indian cuisine encompasses a wide variety of regional cuisines native to India. Given the range of diversity in soil type, climate and occupations, these cuisines vary significantly from each other and use locally available spices, herbs, vegetables and fruits. The dishes are then served according to taste in either mild, medium or hot. Indian food is also heavily influenced by religious and cultural choices and traditions.", "List of Indian pickles This is a list of common Indian pickles, which have a wide range of flavours and textures. Indian pickles are generally pickled with oil, vinegar, lemon juice or water. Indian pickles are often made into fresh relish and chutney, which provides additional flavours to food. Many types of foods in Indian cuisine are pickled. Mangoes, gooseberries and lemons are examples of foods that are commonly pickled in Indian cuisine.", "List of Indian spices Indian spices include a variety of spices grown across the Indian subcontinent (a sub-region of South Asia). With different climates in different parts of the country, India produces a variety of spices, many of which are native to the Subcontinent, while others were imported from similar climates and have since been cultivated locally for centuries.Spices are used in different forms - whole, chopped, ground, roasted, sauteed, fried and as topping.", "List of Indian sweets and desserts This is a list of Indian sweets and desserts. Indian sweets and desserts span the regions of Pakistan and Bangladesh as well, since both countries were parts of India before 1947.", "List of snack foods from the Indian subcontinent This is a list of Indian snack foods. Snack foods are a significant aspect of Indian cuisine, and are sometimes referred to as chaat.", "Maharashtrian cuisine Maharashtrian (or Marathi) cuisine is the cuisine of the Marathi people from the state of Maharashtra in India. Maharashtrian cuisine covers a range from having mild to very spicy dishes. Wheat, rice, jowar, bajri, vegetables, lentils and fruit form staples of the Maharashtrian diet. Peanuts and cashews are often served with vegetables. Traditionally, Maharashtrians have considered their food to be more austere than that of other regions in India.", "Malai Malai is an Indian cooking ingredient. It is made by heating non-homogenized whole milk to about 80 °C (180 °F) for about one hour and then allowing to cool. A thick yellowish layer of fat and coagulated proteins forms on the surface, which is skimmed off. The process is usually repeated to remove most of the fat.Malai has about 55% butterfat. Buffalo milk is thought to produce better malai because of its high fat content.", "Malaysian Indian cuisine Malaysian Indian cuisine, or the cooking of the ethnic Indian communities in Malaysia consists of adaptations of authentic dishes from India, as well as original creations inspired by the diverse food culture of Malaysia.", "Malvani Konkani Malvani is a dialect of Konkani with significant Marathi influences and loanwords. Though Malvani does not have a unique script, scripts of the other languages native to the regions its speakers inhabit are used. Devanagari is used by most of the speakers. Malvani is very popular language used for newspaper articles and dramas.", "Malvani cuisine Malvani cuisine is the standard cuisine of the Konkan region of Maharashtra and Goa, and some northern parts of West Karnataka. Although Malvani cuisine is predominantly non-vegetarian, there are many vegetarian delicacies. Although it is an independent cuisine, it overlaps Maharashtrian cuisine and Goan cuisine. Malvan is a town in the Sindhudurg district on the west coast of Maharashtra.Malvan being a coastal area in Konkan, it has its own distinct way of cooking food.", "Manchow soup Manchow soup is a soup popular in Indian Chinese cuisine due to its ease of preparation and hot spicy taste. It is available in large restaurants and street food carts alike.", "Mangalore bajji Mangalore Bajji, as it is referred to in Karnataka (Golibaje(ಗೋಳಿಬಜೆ) in South Canara), is a popular food made from maida, curd, gram flour, rice flour, chopped onion, coriander leaves, coconut, jeera, green chillies, and salt.The ingredients are thoroughly mixed to form a hard batter, then shaped into a small ball and deep fried, preferably in coconut oil. It is often served with chutney. It is also called Golibaje in Tulu.", "Mango The mango is a juicy stone fruit belonging to the genus Mangifera, consisting of numerous tropical fruiting trees, cultivated mostly for edible fruit. The majority of these species are found in nature as wild mangoes. They all belong to the flowering plant family Anacardiaceae. The mango is native to South Asia from where it has been distributed worldwide to become one of the most cultivated fruits in the tropics.", "Masala (spice) Spice mixes are blended spices or herbs. When a certain combination of herbs or spices is called for in many different recipes (or in one recipe that is used frequently), it is convenient to blend these ingredients beforehand. Blends such as chili powder, curry powder, herbes de Provence, garlic salt, and other seasoned salts are traditionally sold pre-made by grocers, and sometimes baking blends such as pumpkin pie spice are also available. These spice mixes are also easily made by the home cook for later use.", "Masala dosa Masala dosa or Masale Dose is a popular South Indian food It is made from rice, potato, methi, curry leaves and served with chutneys and daal. Previously it was one of the most common breakfast in the South and now Masala dosa can be found in rest of India and other parts of the world. It is the most popular variation of dosa. In South India preparation of masala dosa varies from city to city.", "Masala puri Masala puri, or Masalapuri, is an Indian snack which is especially popular in the southern states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. A form of chaat, the dish originated in the state of Uttar Pradesh and has now become famous in Bangladesh and Pakistan. Typically spicy, the dish can also be made sweet based on the requirement.", "Mattar paneer Mattar paneer is a vegetarian north Indian dish consisting of peas and paneer in a tomato based sauce, spiced with garam masala.It is often served with rice and an Indian type of bread (naan, paratha, poori, or roti depending on region). Various other ingredients are often added, such as \"aloo\" (potato), corn, yogurt or cream .", "Momordica charantia Momordica charantia, known as bitter melon, bitter gourd, bitter squash or balsam-pear in English, has many other local names. Goya from Okinawan and karela from Sanskrit are also used by English-language speakers.It is a tropical and subtropical vine of the family Cucurbitaceae, widely grown in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean for its edible fruit, which is extremely bitter.", "Mumbai culture A resident of Mumbai is called a Mumbaikar. People prefer to stay close to a railway station for easy access to the metropolis. Many city-dwellers lead a fast-paced life with very little time for other activities owing to a significant amount of time spent on daily commuting.", "Murukku Murukku is a savoury, crunchy Indian snack. The snack originated in the Tamil Nadu state, and its name derives from the Tamil word for \"twisted\" (Tamil: முறுக்கு), which refers to its shape. Murukku is popular all over India, and also in other countries where Tamil diaspora is present: Sri Lanka, Singapore and Malaysia.Murukku is typically made from rice flour and urad dal flour.", "Muthia Muthia is an Indian food. The name is derived from the way it is made, from the 'gripping' action of the hand. It resembles sausage, but is a vegan dish. It is made up of Chickpea flour, Methi (Fenugreek), Salt, Turmeric, Chili powder, and an optional bonding agent/sweetener such as sugar and oil. It is a very good staple of Gujaratis.", "Mysore pak Mysore pak is a rich sweet dish prepared in butter, from Southern India, usually served as dessert. It originated in Mysore. It is made of generous amounts of ghee, sugar, gram flour, and often cardamom.", "Naan Naan, nan or khamiri is a leavened, oven-baked flatbread found in the cuisines of West, Central and South Asia. With the migration of the Roma people from India, it spread to other parts of West Asia.", "North Indian cuisine North Indian cuisine (Hindi: उत्तर भारतीय व्यंजन, Uttar Bharatiya Vyanjan) is a part of Indian cuisine, from the region of Northern India which includes the Indian states: Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Delhi, Gujarat and West-Central Uttar Pradesh (Awadh and Braj).", "Origins of North Indian and Pakistani foods Most of the food items that define modern North Indian and Pakistani cooking have origins inside the Indian subcontinent though many foods that are now a part of them are based on fruits and vegetables that originated outside the Indian subcontinent.", "Pachadi Pachadi (Telugu: పచ్చడి, Tamil: பச்சடி, Malayalam: പച്ചടി) refers to a traditional South Indian pickle used as side dish. Broadly translated, it refers to food which has been pounded. In Kerala and Tamil Nadu, pachadi is a side dish curry similar to the North Indian achaar.It is made of fresh vegetables and is served as an accompaniment for rice, snacks like idli, dosa, and pesarattu. Many kinds of vegetables are included. Sometimes the peel of a vegetable is used viz.", "Pakhala Pakhaḷa (Odia: ପଖାଳ), Devnagari:पखाळ) is an Odia term for an Indian food consisting of cooked rice washed or little fermented in water. The liquid part is known as Toraṇi. It is popular in Odisha, Bengal, Assam and Chhattisgarh. The Bengali name for this dish is Panta Bhat, in Chhattisgarh its called Bore Bhat and in Assam its called Poita Bhat. Eating pakhal has been recommended to prevent heat stroke in hot weather.", "Pakora Pakora (pronounced [pəkoʊɽaː]), also called pakoda or pakodi, is a fried snack (fritter). Originally from India, it is found across South Asia.", "Paneer Paneer (pronounced [pəniːr]) is a fresh cheese common in Indian cuisine. It is an unaged, acid-set, non-melting farmer cheese or curd cheese made by curdling heated milk with lemon juice, vinegar, or any other food acids. Its crumbly and moist form is called chhena in eastern India and in Bangladesh.", "Panipuri Panipuri (About this sound pānīpūrī ), also called golgappa, is a street snack in several regions of India. It consists of a round, hollow puri, fried crisp and filled with a mixture of flavored water (pani), tamarind chutney, chili, chaat masala, potato, onion and chickpeas.", "Panjiri Panjiri is an Indian and Pakistani sweet snack from the Punjab region treated as a nutritional supplement. It is made from whole-wheat flour fried in sugar and ghee, heavily laced with dried fruits and herbal gums. It is usually eaten in the winters to ward off cold. Panjiri is normally given to nursing mothers. It is considered Hot Food to help with the production of breast milk.", "Papadum Papadum or papad (Tamil: பப்படம் (Odia: ପାମ୍ପଡ) Hindi: पापड़, Punjabi: ਪਾਪਡ, Nepali and Marathi: पापड, Gujarati: પાપડ, Kannada: ಹಪ್ಪಳ happala, Assamese and Bengali: পাপড papod, Malayalam: പപ്പടം pappadam, Telugu: అప్పడాలు appadalu, Urdu: پاپڑ‎) is a thin, crisp disc-shaped Indian and Pakistani food typically based on a seasoned dough usually made from peeled black gram flour (urad flour), fried or cooked with dry heat.", "Papri chaat Papri chaat, paapri chaat or papdi chaat (Urdu: پاپڑی چاٹ ‎) is a north Indian and Pakistani fast food. Chaat, a Hindi word which literally means lick, is used to describe a range of snacks and fast food dishes; papri refers to crisp fried dough wafers made from refined white flour and oil.", "Paratha A paratha is a flatbread that originated in the north of the Indian Subcontinent. It is still quite prevalent in the north of India, where wheat is grown and is the traditional staple of the area. Paratha is an amalgamation of the words parat and atta which literally means layers of cooked dough. Alternative spellings and names include parantha, parauntha, prontha, parontay, porota (in Bengali), palata (pronounced: [pəlàtà]; in Burma), and farata (in Sri Lanka and the Maldives).", "Parsi cuisine Parsi Cuisine refers to the traditional cuisine of the Parsis of India.", "Pav Bhaji Pav bhaji (Marathi: पाव भाजी) is a fast food dish from Maharashtra, India, consisting of a vegetable curry (Marathi:bhaji) served with a soft bread roll (pav).", "Paya (food) Paya (Hindi: पाया) is a traditional South Asian food. It is also served at various festivals and treated to special guests and people who get together. Paaya means feet in Hindi and Urdu.The main ingredients of the dish are the trotters (or hoof) of a cow, goat, buffalo or sheep; cooked with various spices.", "Puffed rice Puffed rice is a type of puffed grain made from rice, commonly used in breakfast cereal or snack foods, and served as a popular street food in India. It is usually made by heating rice kernels under high pressure in the presence of steam, though the method of manufacture varies widely.", "Pulihora Pulihora (Telugu: పులిహోర), or Puliyodhara, or Chitrannam is a very common preparation in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Indian cuisine. Puli means sour taste. Pulihora is also referred to as sour rice. Other names are tamarind rice.", "Punjabi cuisine Punjabi cuisine is associated with food from the Punjab region of India and Pakistan. The cuisine has a rich tradition of many distinct local ways of cooking, out of which one is a special form of tandoori cooking style.The local cuisine of Punjab is heavily influenced by the agriculture and farming lifestyle prevalent from the times of the ancient Harappan Civilization. Locally grown staple foods form the major part of the local cuisine.", "Pure Indian Foods Pure Indian Foods is an organic, grass-fed herbal and spiced ghee manufacturer and distributor headquartered in Princeton Junction, New Jersey. The company was founded by Sandeep Agarwal and his wife in 2008.", "Puri (food) Puri (also spelled poori) is an unleavened deep-fried Indian bread, commonly consumed on the Indian subcontinent. It is eaten for breakfast or as a snack or light meal. It is usually served with a curry or bhaji, as in Puri bhaji.Puri is most commonly served at breakfast. It is also served at special or ceremonial functions as part of ceremonial rituals along with other vegetarian food offered in prayer as prasadam.", "Puttu Puttu (Malayalam: പുട്ട്), pronounced [ˈputtu], (Tamil: புட்டு), (Sinhala පිට්ටු ) is a South Indian and Tamil breakfast dish of steamed cylinders of ground rice layered with coconut. It is highly popular in the Indian state of Kerala as well as in many areas of coastalKanararegion ofKarnataka,Sri Lanka, where it is also known as pittu. Puttu is served with side dishes such as palm sugar or chickpea curry or banana.", "Ragda pattice Ragda patties is a popular Indian fast food which forms part of the street food of Mumbai. This dish is usually served at restaurants that offer Indian fast food along with other dishes available through the day. It is also a main item on menus of food stalls which scatter the city at busy places. These food stalls also serve up other relished snacks such as the equally famous bhel puri, pani puri and dahi puri.", "Rajasthani cuisine Rajasthani cuisine (Hindi: राजस्थानी खाना) was influenced by both the war-like lifestyles of its inhabitants and the availability of ingredients in this arid region. Food that could last for several days and could be eaten without heating was preferred. Scarcity of water and fresh green vegetables have all had their effect on the cooking. It is also known for its snacks like Bikaneri Bhujia, Mirchi Bada and Pyaaj Kachori.", "Ras malai Ras malai or rossomalai (Odia: ରସ ମଲାଈ, রসমালাই, रस मलाई, رس ملائی) is a sweetmeat consumed mainly in India, as well as in Pakistan and Bangladesh. The name ras malai comes from two words in Hindi: ras, meaning \"juice\", and malai, meaning \"cream\". It has been described as \"a rich cheesecake without a crust.\" This dish was invented by the Bengali sweetmeat confectioner and businessman K.C. Das in the year 1930.", "Rasgulla Rasgulla is a syrupy dessert popular in the Indian subcontinent and regions with South Asian diaspora. It is made from ball shaped dumplings of chhena (an Indian cottage cheese) and semolina dough, cooked in light syrup made of sugar. This is done until the syrup permeates the dumplings. The dish originated in East India; the present-day states of Odisha and West Bengal are variously claimed to be the birthplace of the dish.", "Rice and curry Rice and curry is a popular dish in the Southern Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu, as well as in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh.Rice and curry dinner comprises the following: A large bowl of rice, most often boiled, but frequently fried. Sometimes Kiribath, rice cooked in coconut milk, is served. A vegetable curry, perhaps of green beans, jackfruit or leeks.", "Roti Roti is an Indian Subcontinent flat bread, made from stoneground wholemeal flour, traditionally known as atta flour, that originated and is consumed in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. It is also consumed in parts of South Africa, the southern Caribbean, particularly in Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, and Suriname, and Fiji. Its defining characteristic is that it is unleavened. Indian naan bread, by contrast, is a yeast-leavened bread.", "Saag Saag (pronounced [saːg]) or sag is a leaf-based (spinach, mustard leaf, collard greens, basella, etc.) dish eaten in South Asia with bread such as roti or naan, or rice (in Odisha and West Bengal). Saag can be made from spinach, mustard leaves, finely chopped broccoli, or other greens, along with added spices and sometimes other ingredients such as paneer.", "Sago Sago /ˈseɪɡoʊ/ is a starch extracted from the spongy centre, or pith, of various tropical palm stems, especially Metroxylon sagu. It is a major staple food for the lowland peoples of New Guinea and the Moluccas, where it is called saksak, rabia and sagu. A type of flour, called sago flour, is made from sago. The largest supply of sago comes from the East Indies. Large quantities of sago are sent to Europe and North America for cooking purposes.", "Sambar (dish) Sambar is a lentil-based vegetable stew or chowder based on a broth made with tamarind popular in South Indian and Sri Lankan Tamil cuisines, adapted in each to its taste and environment.", "Samosa A samosa (/səˈmoʊsə/) or samoosa is a fried or baked pastry with a savoury filling, such as spiced potatoes, onions, peas, lentils, macaroni, noodles and/or minced meat (lamb, beef or chicken). Pine nuts can also be added. The samosa is claimed to have originated in Central Asia. Its size and consistency may vary, but typically it is distinctly triangular or tetrahedral in shape. Indian samosas are usually vegetarian, and often accompanied by a mint sauce (raita) or chutney.", "Sanjeev Kapoor Sanjeev is an Indian chef and entrepreneur. Kapoor stars in the TV show Khana Khazana, which is the longest running show of its kind in Asia; it broadcasts in 120 countries and in 2010 had more than 500 million viewers. He launched his \"Food Food channel\", in January 2011.", "Saraswat cuisine Saraswat cuisine is the cuisine of the Saraswat Brahmins from the Konkan region on the western coast of India. Saraswat cuisine differs from sub-Saraswat Brahmin sects and region. Saraswat cuisine originally hails from Goa, India. Goan Saraswat cuisine is known throughout the western coast of India. Each variation has its unique flavour and makes uses of different vegetables and fruits available in the region.", "Shankarpali Shankarpali (or shankarpaale) is a snack popular in Maharashtra, India. It is traditionally enjoyed as a treat on the Diwali holiday. It is rich in carbohydrates, making it an instant source of energy.", "Sikkimese cuisine Sikkimese cuisine is one of the popular cuisines coming from Nepal and North-East India. Sikkimese are traditionally rice eaters. Nepalese cuisine are very popular in Sikkim because Sikkim is the only state of India with an ethnic Nepali majority.", "Sindhi cuisine Sindhi cuisine (Sindhi: سنڌي کاڌا) refers to the native cuisine of the Sindhi people from Sindh, Pakistan. The daily food in most Sindhi households consists of wheat-based flat-bread (phulka) and rice accompanied by two dishes, one gravy and one dry. Today, Sindhi food is eaten in many countries including India, where a sizeable number of Hindu Sindhis migrated following the independence in 1947.", "South Asian cuisine South Asian cuisine, also known as Desi cuisine, includes the cuisines from Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.", "South Indian cuisine South Indian cuisine includes the cuisines of the five southern states of India: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Telangana.", "South Indian snacks This is a list of snacks common in South India. Dosa Vada Upma Uttapam Pesarattu Dahi Vada Bajji Bonda Poori Murukku Jhangri", "Street food of Chennai Street food, as in other areas of India, are popular in Chennai, despite the common belief in India that street food is unhealthy. The Idly Sambhar is a popular dish, which is served as breakfast or dinner. Apart from regular South Indian street food, the city's streets are also filled with several North Indian street food outlets, most of them established by North Indian migrants themselves. Gujarathi and Burmese are also available.", "Tamil cuisine Tamil Nadu is famous for its deep belief that serving food to others is a service to humanity, as it is common in many regions of India. The region has a rich cuisine involving both traditional non-vegetarian and vegetarian dishes. It is characterized by the use of rice, legumes and lentils.", "Tandoori chicken Tandoori chicken is a dish originating in the Indian subcontinent. It is widely popular in South Asia, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, the Middle East and the Western world. It consists of roasted chicken prepared with yogurt and spices. The name comes from the type of cylindrical clay oven, a tandoor, in which the dish is traditionally prepared.", "Tarla Dalal Tarla Dalal (June 1936 – 6 November 2013) was an Indian food writer, chef, cookbook author and host of cooking shows. Her first cook book, The Pleasures of Vegetarian Cooking, was published in 1974. Since then she wrote over 100 books and sold more than 3 million books. She also ran the largest Indian food web site, and published a bi-monthly magazine, Cooking & More.", "Thali Thali (Hindi: थाली, Tamil: தட்டு, Nepali: थाली; meaning \"plate\") is an Indian and Nepalese meal made up of a selection of various dishes. It simply means a round platter used to serve food. The idea behind a Thali is to offer all the 6 different flavours of sweet, salt, bitter, sour, astringent and spicy on one single plate. According to Indian food serving customs, a proper meal should be a perfect balance of all these 6 flavours.", "Turmeric Turmeric (Curcuma longa) /ˈtɜrmərɪk/ or /ˈtjuːmərɪk/ or /ˈtuːmərɪk/ is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. It is native to southwest India. It needs temperatures between 20 and 30 °C (68 and 86 °F) and a considerable amount of annual rainfall to thrive.", "Udupi cuisine Udupi cuisine (Tulu: ಉಡುಪಿ ವನಸ್, Kannada: ಉಡುಪಿ ಊಟ) is a cuisine of South India. It forms an important part of the cuisine of Karnataka and takes its name from Udupi, a town on the southwest coast of India in the state of Karnataka. Udupi cuisine has its origin in the Ashta mathas of Udupi founded by Madhvacharya.Udupi cuisine comprises dishes made primarily from grains, beans, vegetables, and fruits.", "Vada (food) Vada [vəɽɑː] is a common term for many different types of savoury fritter-type snacks from South India with a set of common ingredients. Due to their popularity, they have spread throughout the world and are known by various names - for example in South Africa where a large south Indian population is found it is called Vade.", "Vada pav Vada pav (Marathi: वडा पाव), sometimes spelled wada pav or vada paav or vada pao, is a vegetarian fast food dish native to the Indian state of Maharashtra. A simple creation involving a deep fried potato patty with some coriander and spices. It originated as cheap street food in Mumbai, but is now offered in stalls and restaurants throughout India." ]

[ "Aarti Sequeira Aarti Sequeira is an Indian chef and television personality, best known as the winner of the sixth season of Food Network's reality television show, The Next Food Network Star. As a result of that victory, her show Aarti Party premiered on the network on August 22, 2010. She had previously worked as a CNN news producer and in 2008 started the online cooking variety show Aarti Paarti.", "Anglo-Indian cuisine Anglo-Indian cuisine is the often distinct cuisine of the Anglo-Indian community in both the United Kingdom and India, as well as in the United States, Australia, Canada and New Zealand. Some Anglo-Indian dishes derive from traditional British cuisine, such as roast beef, modified by the addition of Indian-style spices, such as cumin and red chillies. Fish and meat are often cooked in curry form with Indian vegetables. Anglo-Indian food often involves use of coconut, yogurt, and almonds.", "Anjum Anand Anjum Anand (born 15 August 1971 in London, England) is a British Indian food writer and TV chef of Indian cuisine.", "Binay Ranjan Sen Binay Ranjan Sen, CIE, ICS (January 1, 1898, Dibrugarh, India - June 12, 1993, Calcutta, India), was an Indian diplomat and Indian Civil Service officer. He served as Director General (1956–1967) of the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). He drew on his experience as relief commissioner (1942–1943) during the Bengal famine of 1943 to build the FAO from a data-gathering bureaucracy into a major force against world hunger.", "Deep Foods Deep Foods is a food manufacturer based in Union Township, Union County, New Jersey that was founded in 1977 when Gujarati delicacies made by Mrs. Bhagwati Amin became popular among her neighborhood families and local grocers. To meet the growing demand, in 1977, Mrs. Amin and her husband began work on what is today Deep Foods Inc. and specializes in frozen prepared Indian foods. The company produces the Tandoor Chef line of frozen food products.", "Del Monte Foods Del Monte Foods, Inc., or simply Del Monte Foods, is a North American food production and distribution company headquartered at 3003 Oak Road, Walnut Creek, California, USA. Del Monte Foods is one of the country's largest producers, distributors and marketers of branded food for the U.S. retail market, generating approximately $1.8 billion of annual sales. Its portfolio of brands includes Del Monte, S&W, Contadina, College Inn, Fruit Burst.", "Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations The Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations (FDPIR) allows Indian Tribal Organizations to operate a food distribution program as an alternative to the Food Stamp Program for those living on or near an Indian reservation.", "Food industry The food industry is a complex, global collective of diverse businesses that supply most of the food consumed by the world population. Only subsistence farmers, those who survive on what they grow, can be considered outside of the scope of the modern food industry.The food industry includes: Agriculture: raising of crops and livestock, and seafood Manufacturing: agrichemicals, agricultural construction, farm machinery and supplies, seed, etc.", "Food processing Food processing is the transformation of raw ingredients, by physical or chemical means into food, or of food into other forms. Food processing combines raw food ingredients to produce marketable food products that can be easily prepared and served by the consumer.", "Food safety Food safety is a scientific discipline describing handling, preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent foodborne illness. This includes a number of routines that should be followed to avoid potentially severe health hazards. In this way Food Safety often overlaps with Food Defense to prevent harm to consumers. The tracks within this line of thought are safety between industry and the market and then between the market and the consumer.", "Food science Food science is the applied science voted to the study of food. The Institute of Food Technologists defines food science as \"the discipline in which the engineering, biological, and physical sciences are used to study the nature of foods, the causes of deterioration, the principles underlying food processing, and the improvement of foods for the consuming public\".", "Food security Food security is a condition related to the supply of food, and individuals' access to it. Concerns over food security have existed throughout history. There is evidence of granaries being in use over 10,000 years ago, with central authorities in civilizations including Ancient China and Ancient Egypt being known to release food from storage in times of famine. At the 1974 World Food Conference the term \"food security\" was defined with an emphasis on supply.", "Fried rice Fried rice is a dish of steamed rice stir-fried in a wok, often mixed with other ingredients, such as eggs, vegetables, and meat. It is sometimes served as the penultimate dish in Chinese banquets, just before dessert. As a homemade dish, fried rice is typically made with leftover ingredients (including vegetables and/or meat) from other dishes, leading to countless variations.Many popular varieties of fried rice have their own specific list of ingredients.", "Hari Nayak Hari Nayak is an Indian chef, restaurateur, author, and a renowned Indian food and culinary consultant. Hari's signature style of cooking is distinctly featured in his best seller cookbook \"Modern Indian Cooking\". Chef Hari has pioneered the next generation of Indian Cooking with his latest cookbook with chef Daniel Bolud. It was named as best of the season by LA times. Haris latest book is My Indian Kitchen: Preparing Delicious Indian Meals without Fear or Fuss by Tuttle Publishing.", "K. T. Achaya K. T. Acharya (Oct 6, 1923 -Sep 5, 2002) was an eminent oil chemist, food scientist, nutritionist and food historian. He is the author of Indian Food: A Historical Companion, The Food Industries of British India, and A Historical Dictionary of Indian Food.", "List of foods This is a categorically-organized list of foods. Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for the body. It is usually of plant or animal origin, and contains essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals.", "Madhur Jaffrey Madhur Jaffrey CBE (Hindi: मधुर जाफ़री madhur jāfrī; born 13 August 1933) is an Indian actress, active in radio, theatre, television and film as well as a food writer, authoring numerous cookbooks and television chef and entrepreneur who, alongside acclaimed performances in such films as Shakespeare Wallah, Six Degrees of Separation and Heat and Dust, introduced the Western world to the many cuisines of India.", "Manju Malhi Manju Malhi is a British-born chef and food writer, specialising in Anglo-Indian cuisine. She was brought up in North West London where she grew up surrounded by Indian culture, traditions and lifestyles. However, she spent several years of her childhood in India where she explored and experienced the vast and varied cuisines of the country.", "National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management The National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM) is a newly established public institution for research, education and catering the need of various stakeholders, e.g. entrepreneurs, food processing industry, exporters, policy makers and government policy. The NIFTEM is being set up by Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI), Government of India at HSIIDC Industrial Estate, Kundli in Sonipat district of Haryana which comes under Delhi NCR.", "Native American cuisine Native American cuisine includes all food practices of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Modern-day native peoples retain a rich culture of traditional foods, some of which have become iconic of present-day Native American social gatherings (for example, frybread). Foods like cornbread, turkey, cranberry, blueberry, hominy and mush are known to have been adopted into the cuisine of the United States from Native American groups.", "Oil-for-Food Programme The Oil-for-Food Programme (OIP), established by the United Nations in 1995 (under UN Security Council Resolution 986) was established to allow Iraq to sell oil on the world market in exchange for food, medicine, and other humanitarian needs for ordinary Iraqi citizens without allowing Iraq to boost its military capabilities.The programme was introduced by United States President Bill Clinton's administration in 1995, as a response to arguments that ordinary Iraqi citizens were inordinately affected by the international economic sanctions aimed at the demilitarisation of Saddam Hussein's Iraq, imposed in the wake of the first Gulf War.", "Outline of food preparation The following outline is provided as an overview of and a topical guide to food preparation:Food preparation – preparing food for eating, generally requires selection, measurement and combination of ingredients in an ordered procedure so as to achieve desired results. Food preparation includes but is not limited to cooking.", "Philip E. Nelson Philip E. Nelson (born 1934) is an American food scientist who is best known for his work in bulk aseptic processing and packaging of food and the use of chlorine dioxide gas and hydrogen peroxide liquid to commercially sterilize food products and food contact surfaces.He is Scholle Chair Professor in Food Processing at the Department of Food Science at Purdue University.", "Pushpesh Pant Pushpesh Pant (born 1947) is a noted Indian academic, food critic and historian. He retired as a Professor of International relations from the Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi.", "Rice Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice). As a cereal grain, it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in Asia.", "Saransh Goila Saransh Goila (born February 17, 1987) is an Indian chef who won Food Food Maha Challenge. He is the author of the acclaimed food travelogue 'India on my Platter'. In 2013 he participated in the show, Sanjeev Kapoor Ke Kitchen Khiladi, which went on air on 16 September 2013 on Sony India. He is the host of the TV Show Roti Rasta aur India and Healthy Fridge on Food Food channel. He is based in New Delhi.", "Spice A spice is a seed, fruit, root, bark, berry, bud or vegetable substance primarily used for flavoring, coloring or preserving food. Spices are distinguished from herbs, which are parts of leafy green plants used for flavoring or as a garnish. Many spices have antimicrobial properties. This may explain why spices are more commonly used in warmer climates, which have more infectious disease, and why the use of spices is prominent in meat, which is particularly susceptible to spoiling.", "Street food Street food is ready-to-eat food or drink sold in a street or other public place, such as a market or fair, by a hawker or vendor, often from a portable food booth, food cart or food truck. While some street foods are regional, many are not, having spread beyond their region of origin. Most street foods are also classed as both finger food and fast food, and are cheaper on average than restaurant meals.", "Take-out Take-out or takeout (in North American and Philippine English); also carry-out (in U.S. and Scottish English); take-away (in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Hong Kong, and Ireland), Imbiss (in German), parcel (in Indian English and Pakistani English), tapau/da bao (in Singapore and Malaysia) refers to prepared meals or other food items, purchased at a restaurant, that the purchaser intends to eat elsewhere.", "Vivek Singh (chef) Vivek Singh (born 6 May 1971) is a London-based Indian chef, restaurateur, and media personality known for his innovative take on Indian cuisine. He is currently the Executive Chef at three London based Indian restaurants, The Cinnamon Club, Cinnamon Kitchen and Cinnamon Soho. Vivek is a regular face on BBC's Saturday Kitchen, and has been featured on television shows including Madhur Jaffrey's Curry Nation, At Home with Rachel Allen and NDTV Good Times – Will Travel for Food.", "Majjige huli Majjige huli is a South Indian food prepared with milk curd. It typically includes vegetables in a buttermilk gravy. Majjige huli is a traditional Sankranti food.", "Khoya paneer Khoya paneer is a popular north Indian dish made with paneer (Indian cottage cheese), khoya (thickened milk), onion, garlic, ginger, tomato and Indian spices. It is a gravy dish and is usually spicy in taste. It is commonly available in restaurants and dhabas serving North Indian food. This dish is commonly eaten with Indian breads like roti and naan." ]

[ "Buraco This article details the rules for Buraco as played in the United States.Buraco is a Rummy-type card game in the Canasta family for four players in fixed partnerships in which the aim is to lay down combinations in groups of cards of equal rank and suit sequences, there being a bonus for combinations of seven cards or more. Buraco is a variation of Canasta which allows both standard melds (groups of cards of the same value) as well as sequences (cards in numerical order in the same suit).", "Canasta Canasta (/kəˈnæstə/; Spanish for \"basket\") is a card game of the rummy family of games believed to be a variant of 500 Rum. Although many variations exist for two, three, five or six players, it is most commonly played by four in two partnerships with two standard decks of cards. Players attempt to make melds of seven cards of the same rank and \"go out\" by playing all cards in their hand.", "HB Arcade Cards HB Arcade Cards is a video game by HB Studios consisting of a collection of six card games (rummy, hearts, euchre, canasta, cribbage, and solitaire) for WiiWare. It was released in North America on July 27, 2009.", "Meld (cards) In card games, a meld is a set of matching cards, typically three or more, that earn a player points and/or allow him to deplete his hand. Melds typically come in sequences of ascending cards belonging to the same suit known as runs (8♠ 9♠ 10♠) or sets/groups of cards of identical rank (8♠ 8♣ 8♥). Other ones may be marriage (e.g. K♥ and Q♥) and bezique (Q♠ and J♦).Melding is typical in games of the Rummy family, such as Canasta and Gin. It is also used in other games such as mahjong.", "Ponytail Canasta Ponytail Canasta is a variation of the card game Canasta. The rules for Canasta were standardized in North America around the 1950s, it was this version of the game that gained worldwide popularity. In many countries, Classic Canasta is still played in more or less its original form, sometimes alongside a number of variations.In North America, however, some players have continued to develop the game." ]

[ "2014 Under-19 Provincial Championship The 2014 ABSA Under-19 Provincial Championship was a rugby union competition held between the Under-19 players from the fourteen provincial rugby unions in South Africa, plus the Limpopo Blue Bulls sub-union. It was contested from 11 July to 25 October 2014.", "500 rum 500 rum, also called pinochle rummy, Michigan rummy, rummy 500 or 500 rummy, is a popular variant of rummy. The game of canasta and several other games are believedTemplate:By whom? to have developed from this popular form of rummy. The distinctive feature of 500 Rum is that each player scores the value of the sets he melds. It may be played by 2 to 8 players, but it is best for 3 to 5.", "Biriba Biriba (Greek: Μπιρίμπα) is the Greek partnership version of a rummy card game of Italian origin called Pinnacola.The Greek name comes probably from the Italian game Biribara, or Biribisso, or Biribi, even if this game is totally different (more similar to the roulette). It is played by two to six players, with two decks and 4 Jokers comprising 108 cards. If 6 players play, one more deck and two 2 jokers more are added.", "CB Tartessos Club Basket Tartessos, more commonly referred to today by its sponsorship name of Canasta Unibasket Jerez, is a professional Basketball team based in Jerez de la Frontera, Andalusia. The team was dissolved in 2010 due to financial problems.", "Canasta (band) Canasta is a Chicago, Illinois-based chamber pop sextet. Their most recent full-length album, The Fakeout, the Tease and the Breather, was released in May 2010 on the label RWIM Chicago. Prior releases include one EP, Find the Time, one full-length CD, We Were Set Up, and one remix album, We Were Mixed Up. Their song, \"Slow Down Chicago\", was used in the trailer for the film Diminished Capacity.", "Canasta uruguaya Canasta uruguaya \"\\Uruguayan Basket\") is a 1951 Mexican film. It was written by Luis Alcoriza.", "Card game A card game is any game using playing cards as the primary device with which the game is played, be they traditional or game-specific. Countless card games exist, including families of related games (such as poker).", "Chan Canasta Chan Canasta (born Chananel Mifelew, 9 January 1920 – 22 April 1999) was a pioneer of mental magic in the 1950s and '60s. Born in Kraków, Poland, he was the son of a Polish-Jewish educator. Most of his family perished in the Holocaust.He was twice married and died in London at the age of 79.", "Cheeses of Mexico Cheeses in Mexico have a history that begins with the Spanish conquest, as dairy products were unknown in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. The Spanish brought dairy animals, such as cattle, sheep, and goats, as well as cheesemaking techniques. Over the colonial period, cheesemaking was modified to suit the mixed European and indigenous tastes of the inhabitants of New Spain, varying by region. This blending and variations have given rise to a number of varieties of Mexican cheeses.", "Conquian Conquian is a card game whose origins are in dispute. Some believe the game originated in Spain hundreds of years ago, and was then brought to Mexico. Others strongly believe the game actually originated in Mexico in the mid-1800s. It was first described as Coon Can in 1887 and then in detail in R. F. Foster's Hoyle in 1897. According to David Parlett, it is an ancestor to all modern rummy games, a kind of proto-Gin Rummy. He also notes that the 1920s American card-game writer Robert F.", "Continental Rummy Continental Rummy (also called Continental, May I?, and Double-deck rummy) is a progressive partnership Rummy card game related to Rumino. It is considered the forerunner of the whole family of rummy games using two packs of cards as one. Its name derive from the fact that it is played throughout the United States, Mexico, Canada, and also in South America.", "Desmoche Desmoche (played in Honduras with slights variations, and known as Conquién) is a popular rummy card game usually played for small stakes which closely resembles other games in the rummy family, like Conquian and gin rummy, more than poker. It was probably devised in Nicaragua in the first half of the 20th century.", "French playing cards French playing cards (jeu de cartes) are cards that use the French suits of trèfles (clovers or clubs♣), carreaux (tiles or diamonds♦), cœurs (hearts♥), and piques (pikes or spades♠). Each suit contains three face cards; the Valet (Knave or Jack), the Dame (Lady or Queen), and the Roi (King). Aside from these aspects, decks can include a wide variety of regional and national patterns which often have different deck sizes.", "Gin rummy Gin rummy, or simply gin, is a two-player card game created in 1909 by Elwood T. Baker and his son C. Graham Baker. According to John Scarne, Gin evolved from 19th-century Whiskey Poker and was created with the intention of being faster than standard rummy but less spontaneous than knock rummy. John Scarne's theory deriving Rummy from Poker through the medium of Whiskey Poker has not gained general acceptance.", "Insert card An insert card is a card that is randomly inserted into packs of a sports card offering. These insert cards are not part of the regular numbering system of a set of sports cards and they tend to have a unique design. Another term for insert cards is chase cards. Insert cards either have their own numbering system (although some insert cards may have no number). Insert cards are found less frequently than base cards.", "Joker (playing card) The Joker is a playing card found in most modern card decks, as an addition to the standard four suits (clubs, diamonds, hearts and spades). Originating in the United States during its civil war, the card is unique in that it lacks an industry-wide standard appearance. Created as a trump card for Euchre, it has since been adopted into many other card games where it may function as a wild card.", "Khanhoo Khanhoo or Kanhu is a non-partnership Chinese card game of the draw-and-discard structure. It was first recorded during the late Ming dynasty as a multi-trick taking game, a type of game that may be as old as T'ienkiu \"\\Heaven and Nines\"), revised in its rules and published in an authorized edition by Emperor Kao Tsung in 1130 AD for the information of his subjects.", "List of Wild Cards characters This is a list of characters from the Wild Cards book series.", "List of traditional card and tile packs This is a list of traditional sets of playing cards or gaming tiles such as mahjong tiles or dominoes. A typical traditional pack of playing cards consists of up to 52 regular cards, organized into 4 suits, and optionally some additional cards meant for playing, such as jokers or tarot trumps. The cards of each suit typically form a hierarchy of ranks. However, some traditional packs, especially from Asia, follow a different scheme.", "Liverpool rummy Liverpool Rummy is a multi-player, multi-round card game similar to other variants of rummy that adds features like buying and going out. It's the same as Contract Rummy, except that if a player manages to cut the exact number of cards required to deal the hand and leave a face-up card, then the cutting player's score is reduced by 50 points.", "Mille (card game) Mille is a two-player card game requiring two standard 52-card decks. Mille is a rummy game similar to canasta in the respects that if a player picks up cards from the discard pile, the player picks up the entire pile, and the only legal melds are three or more cards of a same rank.", "Nasty Canasta Nasty Canasta is a cartoon character and antagonist of the Merrie Melodies and Looney Tunes series who made appearances in three cartoons. Created by animator Chuck Jones, Canasta is depicted as a tough, hulking, and brutish-looking outlaw (normally with a cowboy theme).", "Nasty Canasta (burlesque) Nasty Canasta is a New York City-based Neo-Burlesque performer. She is the producer and host of Sweet & Nasty Burlesque, and the featured performer in the New York branch of Naked Girls Reading.", "Philip Orbanes Philip E. Orbanes is a board game designer, author, founding partner and former president of Winning Moves Games in Danvers, Massachusetts. Orbanes is a graduate of the Case Institute of Technology (now Case Western Reserve University). He was a Senior Vice President for Research and Development at Parker Brothers until the 1990s. Orbanes has also served as Chief Judge at U.S.", "Playing card A playing card is a piece of specially prepared heavy paper, thin cardboard, plastic-coated paper, cotton-paper blend, or thin plastic, marked with distinguishing motifs and used as one of a set for playing card games. Playing cards are typically palm-sized for convenient handling.A complete set of cards is called a pack (UK English), deck (US English), or set (Universal), and the subset of cards held at one time by a player during a game is commonly called a hand.", "Psychomagic (entertainment) In stage magic Psychomagic is accredited to Chan Canasta by many magicians and mentalists. Canasta was a pioneer in the 1950s and 1960s of mentalism.", "Rummy Rummy is a group of matching card games notable for similar gameplay based on the matching cards of the same rank or sequence and same suit. The basic goal in any form of rummy is to build melds which consists of sets, three or four of a kind of the same rank; or runs, three or more cards in sequence, of the same suit. You can also have mixed runs in all types of rummy so long as all 7 cards are in order. The original form of rummy is called Sai rummy or Basic rummy.", "Serbian identity card Serbian identity card (Serbian: Лична карта / Lična karta) is the national identification card used in Serbia. Though the ID card is a primary photo ID, Serbian passport and national Drivers license are used as valid photo IDs for various purposes. It is issued to all Serbian citizens residing in the country above 10 years of age, while it's compulsory for those over the age of 16.", "Shedding-type game A shedding-type card game is a game in which the player's objective is to empty one's hand of all cards before all other players.", "Shuffling Shuffling is a procedure used to randomize a deck of playing cards to provide an element of chance in card games. Shuffling is often followed by a cut, to help ensure that the shuffler has not manipulated the outcome.", "Smart card A smart card, chip card, or integrated circuit card (ICC) is any pocket-sized card with embedded integrated circuits. Smart cards are made of plastic, generally polyvinyl chloride, but sometimes polyethylene terephthalate based polyesters, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene or polycarbonate.Since April 2009, a Japanese company has manufactured reusable financial smart cards made from paper.Smart cards can be either contact or contactless smart card.", "Suit (cards) In playing cards, a suit is one of several categories into which the cards of a deck are divided. Most often, each card bears one of several symbols showing to which suit it belongs; the suit may alternatively or in addition be indicated by the color printed on the card. Most card decks also have a rank for each card and may include special cards in the deck that belong to no suit, often called jokers.", "Trading card A trading card (or collectible card) is a small card, usually made out of paperboard or thick paper, which usually contains an image of a certain person, place or thing (fictional or real) and a short description of the picture, along with other text (attacks, statistics, or trivia). There is a wide variation of different types of cards.", "Wild card (card games) Card games, particularly poker games, may contain one or more cards designated as wild. These may be jokers, or they may be normal ranked and suited cards pressed into wild card duty \"\\deuces wild\" is a common variant). In most cases, the wild card or cards must be agreed upon by all players before the cards are dealt and play commences." ]

[ "Building material Building material is any material which is used for construction purposes. Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, rocks, sand, and wood, even twigs and leaves, have been used to construct buildings. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic.", "Cement-bonded wood fiber Cement-bonded wood fiber is a composite material manufactured throughout the world. It is made from wood (usually waste wood), chipped into a specially graded aggregate that is then mineralized and combined with portland cement.", "Combustibility Combustibility is a measure of how easily a substance will set on fire, through fire or combustion. This is an important property to consider when a substance is used for construction or is being stored. It is also important in processes that produce combustible substances as a by-product. Special precautions are usually required for substances that are easily combustible.", "Cordwood construction Cordwood construction (also called \"cordwood masonry,\" \"stackwall construction\",\"stovewood construction\" or \"stackwood construction\") is a term used for a natural building method in which \"cordwood\" or short pieces of debarked tree are laid up crosswise with masonry or cob mixtures to build a wall.", "External wall insulation An external wall insulation system (or EWIS) is a thermally insulated, protective, decorative exterior cladding procedure involving the use of expanded polystyrene, mineral wool, polyurethane foam or phenolic foam, topped off with a reinforced cement based, mineral or synthetic finish and plaster.The thickness of thermal insulation is dependent on whatever type is required in order to create a partition with a heat transmission factor of U=0.25-0.3 W/m2K.", "House A house is a building that functions as a home for humans ranging from simple dwellings such as rudimentary huts of nomadic tribes and the improvised shacks in shantytowns to complex, fixed structures of wood, brick, or other materials containing plumbing, ventilation and electrical systems. Most conventional modern houses in Western cultures will contain a bedroom, bathroom, kitchen or cooking area, and a living room.", "Insulating concrete form Insulating concrete form or insulated concrete form (ICF) is a system of formwork for reinforced concrete usually made with a rigid thermal insulation that stays in place as a permanent interior and exterior substrate for walls, floors, and roofs. The forms are interlocking modular units that are dry-stacked (without mortar) and filled with concrete. The units lock together somewhat like Lego bricks and create a form for the structural walls or floors of a building.", "List of house types Houses can be built in a large variety of configurations. A basic division is between free-standing or Single-family houses and various types of attached or multi-user dwellings. Both may vary greatly in scale and amount of accommodation provided. Although there appear to be many different types, many of the variations listed below are purely matters of style rather than spatial arrangement or scale. Some of the terms listed are only used in some parts of the English-speaking world.", "Reeves House (Siloam Springs, Arkansas) The Reeves House is a historic house at 321 South Wright Street in Siloam Springs, Arkansas. It is a two story wood frame structure, with a side gable roof, wood clapboards and shingling, and a stone and concrete foundation. Its front facade is dominated by a central projecting clipped-gable section, whose gable is partially finished in diamond-cut wood shingles, and which shelters a second story porch over a broader first-story porch." ]

[ "Albert Kahn (architect) Albert Kahn (March 21, 1869 – December 8, 1942) was the foremost American industrial architect of his day. He is sometimes called the architect of Detroit. In 1943, the Franklin Institute awarded him the Frank P. Brown Medal posthumously.", "Bamboo construction Bamboo can be utilized as a building material as for scaffolding, bridges and houses. Bamboo, like true wood, is a natural composite material with a high strength-to-weight ratio useful for structures. Bamboo has a higher compressive strength than wood, brick or concrete and a tensile strength that rivals steel.Bamboos are some of the fastest-growing plants in the world, due to a unique rhizome-dependent system.", "Beam bridge Beam bridges are the simplest structural forms for bridge spans supported by an abutment or pier at each end. No moments are transferred throughout the support, hence their structural type is known as simply supported.The simplest beam bridge could be a log (see log bridge), a wood plank, or a stone slab (see clapper bridge) laid across a stream. Bridges designed for modern infrastructure will usually be constructed of steel or reinforced concrete, or a combination of both.", "Bear Creek Motel The Bear Creek Motel is a historic motel on United States Route 65 in Bear Creek Springs, Arkansas. It is a single T-shaped stone and concrete building, built in 1936 to replace a wood-framed tourist accommodation that had burned down. The building has a distinctive wave-shaped concrete roof, intended to lure travelers off the road, and houses five guest rooms and an office.", "Booth House (Bedford, New York) The Booth House is a single-story modernist house in Bedford, New York. Built in 1946, the house was American architect Philip Johnson's first residential commission, and is a stylistic precursor to Johnson's better-known 1949 Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut.The house's concrete block and plate glass exterior is supported by steel beams and columns, and its interior features a large masonry fireplace. Its design was influenced by Johnson's mentors.", "Brick A brick is a block or a single unit of a kneaded clay-bearing soil, sand and lime, or concrete material, fire-hardened or air-dried, used in masonry construction.Lightweight bricks (also called \"lightweight blocks\") are made from expanded clay aggregate. Bricks are produced in numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with region and time period, and are produced in bulk quantities. Two basic categories of bricks are fired and non-fired bricks.", "Broad Margin Broad Margin is a private residence in Greenville, South Carolina. The house was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and was built in 1954. It is one of two buildings designed by Wright in South Carolina (the other being the Auldbrass Plantation).It was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.The house is built into the slope of the 2-acre (0.81 ha) lot. It has 12-inch-thick (30 cm) concrete walls. It extensively uses cypress wood throughout including its ceiling of cypress boards.", "Bromley-Mills-Treece House The Bromley-Mills-Treece House is a historic house on Main Street in Marshall, Arkansas. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a cross-gable configuration, clapboard siding, two interior brick chimneys, and a concrete foundation. A single-story porch wraps around two sides of the house, supported by columns on stone piers, with decorative latticework between the bays.", "Builder (United States Navy) Builder (abbreviated as BU) is a United States Navy occupational rating. A builder is responsible for the construction and repair of wood, concrete, and masonry structures. Their work can involve sheet rock, ceramic tile, or painting, while senior personnel deal with material estimates and labor projections.", "Béton brut Béton brut (French pronunciation: ​[betɔ̃ bʁy], raw concrete) is architectural concrete left unfinished or roughly-finished after pouring and left exposed visually. The imprint of the wood or plywood formwork used for pouring is usually present on the final surface.The use of béton brut was pioneer by Auguste Perret and other modern architects. It was used in such buildings as Unité d'Habitation in the early part of the twentieth century.", "Carpentry Carpentry is a skilled trade in which the primary work performed is the cutting, shaping and installation of building materials during the construction of buildings, ships, timber bridges, concrete formwork, etc. Carpenters traditionally worked with natural wood and did the rougher work such as framing, but today many other materials are also used and sometimes the finer trades of cabinetmaking and furniture building are considered carpentry.", "Charles Macdonald Concrete House Museum The Charles Macdonald Concrete House is a two-storey residential structure located in Centreville, Nova Scotia, Canada. It was built entirely out of reinforced concrete in 1910 by Charles Macdonald, a local folk artist and owner of a cement brick factory.", "Church of the Good Shepherd, Nottingham The Church of the Good Shepherd is a Roman Catholic church in Arnold, Nottingham. It is a Grade II* listed building.", "Composite material A composite material (also called a composition material or shortened to composite) is a material made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties that, when combined, produce a material with characteristics different from the individual components. The individual components remain separate and distinct within the finished structure.", "Concrete Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement which hardens over time. Most use of the term \"concrete\" refers to Portland cement concrete or to concretes made with other hydraulic cements, such as ciment fondu.", "Concrete finisher A concrete finisher, is a tradesman who works with concrete. The job entails placing, finishing, protecting and repairing concrete in engineering and construction projects. Concrete finishers are often responsible for setting the concrete forms, ensuring they have the correct depth and pitch. Concrete finishers place the concrete either directly from the concrete wagon chute, concrete pump, concrete skip or wheelbarrow.", "Concrete masonry unit A concrete masonry unit (CMU) – also called concrete brick, concrete block, cement block, besser block, breeze block and cinder block – is a large rectangular block used in building construction.", "Concrete mixer A concrete mixer (also commonly called a cement mixer) is a device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water to form concrete. A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the components. For smaller volume works portable concrete mixers are often used so that the concrete can be made at the construction site, giving the workers ample time to use the concrete before it hardens. An alternative to a machine is mixing concrete by hand.", "Concrete moisture meter A concrete moisture meter is a type of moisture meter used by installers of flooring to measure the moisture levels of concrete. These meters have been used for decades to measure the moisture content in different materials and substances. Concrete meters have evolved from the successful wood moisture meter as flooring contractors tried to use their wood meters to measure the moisture in concrete.", "Concrete pump A concrete pump is a machine used for transferring liquid concrete by pumping. There are two types of concrete pumps.The first type of concrete pump is attached to a truck. or longer units are on semi-trailers. It is known as a boom concrete pump because it uses a remote-controlled articulating robotic arm (called a boom) to place concrete accurately.", "Concrete recycling When structures made of concrete are demolished or renovated, concrete recycling is an increasingly common method of utilizing the rubble. Concrete was once routinely trucked to landfills for disposal, but recycling has a number of benefits that have made it a more attractive option in this age of greater environmental awareness, more environmental laws, and the desire to keep construction costs down.Concrete aggregate collected from demolition sites is put through a crushing machine.", "Concrete ship Concrete ships are ships built of steel and ferrocement (reinforced concrete) instead of more traditional materials, such as steel or wood. The advantage of ferrocement construction is that materials are cheap and readily available, while the disadvantages are that construction labor costs are high, as are operating costs.", "Decorative concrete Decorative concrete is the use of concrete as not simply a utilitarian medium for construction but as an aesthetic enhancement to a structure, while still serving its function as an integral part of the building itself such as floors, walls, driveways and patios.The transformation of concrete into decorative concrete is achieved through the use of a variety of materials that may be applied during the pouring process or after the concrete is cured, these materials and/or systems include but are not limited to stamped concrete, acid staining, decorative overlays, polished concrete, concrete countertops, vertical overlays and more.", "Deep foundation A deep foundation is a type of foundation which transfers building loads to the earth farther down from the surface than a shallow foundation does, to a subsurface layer or a range of depths.A pile is a vertical structural element of a deep foundation, driven deep into the ground at the building site.", "Dionicio Rodriguez Dionicio Rodriguez (1891–1955) was a Mexican-born artist and architect whose work can be seen in Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Maryland, Michigan, New Mexico, Tennessee, and Texas, as well as Washington, D.C. and Mexico City.His work is noted for its unique style of concrete construction that imitates wood, known as Faux Bois (French for false wood).", "Distressing Distressing (or weathered look) in the decorative arts is the activity of making a piece of furniture or object appear aged and older, giving it a \"weathered look,\" and there are many methods to produce an appearance of age and wear. Distressing is viewed as a refinishing technique although it is the opposite of finishing in a traditional sense. In distressing, the object's finish is intentionally destroyed or manipulated to look less than perfect, such as with sandpaper or paint stripper.", "Dust mask A dust mask is a flexible pad held over the nose and mouth by elastic or rubber straps to protect against dusts encountered during construction or cleaning activities, such as dusts from drywall, concrete, wood, fiberglass, silica (from ceramic or glass production), or sweeping. A dust mask can also be worn to protect against allergens.", "Edison Portland Cement Company The Edison Portland Cement Company was a venture by Thomas Edison that helped to improve the Portland cement industry. Edison was developing an iron ore milling process and discovered a market in the sale of waste sand to cement manufacturers. He decided to set up his own cement company, founding it in New Village, New Jersey in 1899, and went on to supply the concrete for the construction of the Yankee Stadium in 1922.", "Faux bois Faux bois (from the French for false wood) refers to the artistic imitation of wood or wood grains in various media. The craft has roots in the Renaissance with trompe-l'œil. It was probably first crafted with concrete using an iron armature by garden craftsmen in France called \"rocailleurs\" using common iron materials: rods, barrel bands, and chicken wire. Early examples of the craft survive at Parc des Buttes-Chaumont opened for an exposition in Paris in 1867.", "Formwork Formwork is the term given to either temporary or permanent molds into which concrete or similar materials are poured. In the context of concrete construction, the falsework supports the shuttering moulds.", "Foundation (engineering) A foundation (or, more commonly, foundations) is the element of an architectural structure which connects it to the ground, and transfers loads from the structure to the ground. Foundations are generally considered either shallow or deep. Foundation engineering is the application of soil mechanics and rock mechanics (Geotechnical engineering) in the design of foundation elements of structures.", "Framing (construction) Framing, in construction is the fitting together of pieces to give a structure support and shape and sometimes is used as a noun such as \"the framing\" or \"framing members\". Framing materials are usually wood, engineered wood, or structural steel.", "Frederick Squires House The Frederick Squires House is a historic house located at 1003 West Church Street in Champaign, Illinois. Owner and architect Frederick Squires created the Craftsman style house in 1927. Squires combined two similar 1870s frame houses, one of which was moved from another site in Champaign, to build his house. In addition to using existing houses to form a new one, Squires used recycled wood, brick, and concrete to complete his new home.", "Green building Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) refers to both a structure and the using of processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. In other words, green building design involves finding the balance between homebuilding and the sustainable environment.", "Gypsum concrete Gypsum concrete is a building material used as a floor underlayment used in wood-frame and concrete construction for fire ratings, sound reduction, radiant heating, and floor leveling. It is a mixture of gypsum plaster, Portland cement, and sand. The brand name Gyp-Crete, a Maxxon Corporation trademark, has come into general use as a term for gypsum concrete by construction professionals and architects.", "House at 712 N. Mill Street The House at 712 N. Mill Street in Fayetteville, Arkansas, is a particularly fine local example of Craftsman/Bungalow style architecture. Built c. 1914, it is a 1-1/2 story wood frame structure, set on a foundation of rusticated concrete blocks. The walls are finished in novelty siding, and there is a shed-roof porch extending across most of its front, supported by slightly-tapered box columns mounted on concrete piers. The area under the porch includes exposed rafter ends.", "Hubert & Ionia Furr House The Hubert & Ionia Furr House is a historic house at 702 Desoto Avenue in Arkansas City, Arkansas. The 1.5 story Dutch Colonial Revival house was built in 1910 by Hubert Furr, a local timber dealer. It has a basically rectangular plan, with a side-gable roof with flared eaves. The first floor is built out of decorative concrete blocks, while the gable ends and roof dormers are clad in wood shingles.", "Interurban Bridge The Interurban Bridge, also known as the Ohio Electric Railroad Bridge. is a historic interurban railway reinforced concrete multiple arch bridge built in 1908 to span the Maumee River joining Lucas and Wood counties near Waterville, Ohio. The span was once the world's largest earth-filled reinforced concrete bridge. It is within the Farnsworth Metropark and is the river crossing of the park's trail system, which connects this park with Bend View and Providence Metroparks.", "John deKoven Hill John deKoven Hill (1920-1996) was an American architect, honorary chairman of the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation and editorial director of House Beautiful magazine.Hill decided to become an architect early on in his life, but not until he visited Taliesin did he become passionate about the design style of Frank Lloyd Wright. Hill skipped his high school graduation ceremony to enroll in the Taliesin Fellowship program on June 17, 1938.", "List of building materials This is a List of building materials. Building materials are used in the mostly bricks construction industry to create buildings and structures.These categories of materials and products are used by American architects and construction project managers to specify the materials and methods used for building projects.", "Lordship Lane, Southwark Lordship Lane is an ancient thoroughfare, once rural, in East Dulwich, a suburb of the London Borough of Southwark in southeast London, England, and forms part of the A2216. It runs north-south from Goose Green to Wood Vale. The Lordship Lane & North Cross Road area now has a wide selection of bars, restaurants and specialist retailers for the 'foodie' market.", "Maxwell-Kirby House The Maxwell-Kirby House is a historic home located at 8671 Northshore Drive in Knoxville, Tennessee. it is also known as William Maxwell House. It was designed in the Colonial Revival style, and is on the National Register of Historic Places. It is currently a private residence.The Robert Maxwell House sits on a rise, facing southeast, at the end of a long gravel drive that travels north and west from Northshore Drive, about ten miles (16 km) from downtown Knoxville, in Knox County, Tennessee.", "McClelland-Grimes Farm McClelland-Grimes Farm is a historic farm located at Morgan Township and Washington Township in Greene County, Pennsylvania. The contributing resources are the brick main house (c. 1873), brick combination ice house / smoke house, timber frame barn (1883), wood frame sheep barn (c. 1890), wood frame wash house (c. 1910), early 20th century corn crib, wood frame scale shed (c. 1940), mid-20th century balloon frame poultry house, poured concrete cistern, and walled spring.", "Mesa House The Mesa House, or Dr. Mesa House, is a historic house on Maxwell St. in Hagåtña, Guam.Built in 1930, it is relatively rare as a pre-World War II house with ifil wood construction. The building is two stories on a 12.6 by 8.4 metres (41 ft × 28 ft) plan. The first floor is concrete, while the second floor is ifil wood in both framing and flooring. The roof is framed in non-ifil wood and covered in corrugated metal.", "Morgan Cottage Morgan Cottage is a historic cure cottage located at Saranac Lake in the town of St. Armand, Essex and Franklin County, New York. It was built between 1915 and 1916 and is a 1 1⁄2-story, wood-frame structure on a concrete foundation. The houses as cobblestone walls to the base of the first story windows and clapboards above. It takes a bungalow form with a broad gable roof, overhanging eaves, stone walls, and inset verandah at the front.", "Old Plantation Flats Light The Old Plantation Flats Light was a lighthouse located in the Chesapeake Bay marking the channel to Cape Charles, Virginia.", "Panelák Panelák (Czech: [ˈpanɛlaːk]) is a colloquial term in Czech and Slovak for a panel building constructed of pre-fabricated, pre-stressed concrete, such as those extant in the former Czechoslovakia and elsewhere in the world.Panelák [plural: paneláky] is derived from the standard Czech: panelový dům or Slovak: panelový dom meaning, literally, \"panel house / prefabricated-sections house\".", "Pavement (architecture) Pavement in construction is an outdoor floor or superficial surface covering. Paving materials include asphalt, concrete, stone such as flagstone, cobblestone, and setts, artificial stone, bricks, tiles, and sometimes wood. In landscape architecture pavements are part of the hardscape and are used on sidewalks, road surfaces, patios, courtyards, etc.Pavement comes from Latin pavimentum meaning a floor beaten or rammed down, through Old French pavement.", "Phoenix Historic Property Register The Phoenix Historic Property Register is the official listing of the historic and prehistoric properties in the city of Phoenix, the capital and largest city, of the U.S. state of Arizona.", "Pile bridge A pile bridge is a structure that uses foundations consisting of long poles (referred to as piles), which are made of wood, concrete or steel and which are hammered into the soft soils beneath the bridge until the end of the pile reaches a hard layer of compacted soil or rock. Piles in such cases are hammered to a depth where the grip or friction of the pile and the soil surrounding it will support the load of the bridge deck.", "Polychrome Historic District The Polychrome Historic District is a national historic district in the Four Corners neighborhood in Silver Spring, Montgomery County, Maryland. It recognizes a group of five houses built by John Joseph Earley in 1934 and 1935. Earley used precast concrete panels with brightly colored aggregate to produce the polychrome effect, with Art Deco details. The two-inch-thick panels were attached to a conventional wood frame.", "Polymer concrete Polymer concrete is part of group of concretes that use polymers to supplement or replace cement as a binder. The types include polymer-impregnated concrete, polymer concrete, and polymer-Portland-cement concrete. Polymers in concrete have been overseen by Committee 548 of the American Concrete Institute since 1971.", "Portland cement Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general use around the world, used as a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco, and most non-speciality grout. It was developed from other types of hydraulic lime in England in the mid 19th century and usually originates from limestone. It is a fine powder produced by heating materials in a kiln to form what is called clinker, grinding the clinker, and adding small amounts of other materials.", "Precast concrete Precast concrete is a construction product produced by casting concrete in a reusable mold or \"form\" which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and lifted into place. In contrast, standard concrete is poured into site-specific forms and cured on site.", "Prestressed concrete Prestressed concrete is a method for overcoming concrete's natural weakness in tension. It can be used to produce beams, floors or bridges with a longer span than is practical with ordinary reinforced concrete. It is often used in commercial and residential construction as a foundation slab.", "Properties of concrete Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but significantly lower tensile strength, and as such is usually reinforced with materials that are strong in tension (often steel). The elasticity of concrete is relatively constant at low stress levels but starts decreasing at higher stress levels as matrix cracking develops. Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, and as it matures concrete shrinks.", "Railroad tie A railroad tie/railway tie/crosstie (North America), or railway sleeper (UK and Australasia) is a rectangular support for the rails in railroad tracks. Generally laid perpendicular to the rails, ties transfer loads to the track ballast and subgrade, hold the rails upright and keep them spaced to the correct gauge.Railroad ties were traditionally made of wood, but pre-stressed concrete is now widely used, especially in Europe and Asia.", "Ready-mix concrete Ready-mix concrete is concrete that is manufactured in a factory or batching plant, according to a set recipe, and then delivered to a work site, by truck mounted in–transit mixers. This results in a precise mixture, allowing specialty concrete mixtures to be developed and implemented on construction sites.", "Reinforced concrete Reinforced concrete (RC) is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength and ductility are counteracted by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength and/or ductility. The reinforcement is usually, though not necessarily, steel reinforcing bars (rebar) and is usually embedded passively in the concrete before the concrete sets.", "Royd House Royd House is a Grade I listed building in Hale, Greater Manchester. It was designed by architect Edgar Wood as his own home and was built between 1914 and 1916. The building is regarded as one of the most advanced examples of early twentieth century domestic architecture. It is one of six Grade I listed buildings in Trafford.Royd House is a 2-storey, y-shaped building with a concrete roof. It has a concave façade and is faced in Portland red stone and Lancashire brick.", "Scrabble School Scrabble School is a historic Rosenwald school for African-American children located near Castleton, Rappahannock County, Virginia. It was built in 1921-1922, and is a one-story, wood-frame building clad in rough-cast stucco siding. The building sits on a poured concrete foundation. It features overhanging eaves, a wood cornice, exposed rafter tails, anddecorative corner brackets in the American Craftsman style. Also on the property are the contributing concrete block coal house/shed (c.", "Screed Screed has three meanings in building construction. 1) a flat board (screed board, floating screed) or a purpose-made aluminium tool used to smooth and true materials like concrete, stucco and plaster after it has been placed on a surface or to assist in flattening; 2) a strip of plaster or wood applied to a surface to act as a guide for a screed tool (screed rail, screed strip, screed batten); 3) the material itself which has been flattened with a screed (screed coat).", "Sentinel Island Light The Sentinel Island Light is a lighthouse in Alaska adjacent to Lynn Canal.", "Shotcrete .Shotcrete is concrete (or sometimes mortar) conveyed through a hose and pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a surface, as a construction technique. It is reinforced by conventional steel rods, steel mesh, and/or fibers. Fiber reinforcement (steel or synthetic) is also used for stabilization in applications such as slopes or tunnelingShotcrete is usually an all-inclusive term for both the wet-mix and dry-mix versions.", "Siding Siding and wall cladding is the exterior material applied to the walls of a house or other building meant to shed water, protect the walls from the effects of weather, insulate, and is a key in the aesthetics of the structure. Some walls such as solid brickwork and masonry veneer are not covered with siding, but some buildings such as log buildings can have siding added.Siding may be formed of horizontal or vertical boards, shingles, or sheet materials.", "Sound transmission class Sound Transmission Class (or STC) is an integer rating of how well a building partition attenuates airborne sound. In the USA, it is widely used to rate interior partitions, ceilings/floors, doors, windows and exterior wall configurations (see ASTM International Classification E413 and E90). Outside the USA, the Sound Reduction Index (SRI) ISO index or its related indices are used.", "Splanch A splanch is a type of single-family home that was popular in the New York metropolitan area from the 1950s through the 1970s.", "Stamped concrete Stamped concrete is concrete that is patterned and/or textured or embossed to resemble brick, slate, flagstone, stone, tile, wood, and various other patterns and textures. Stamped concrete is commonly used for patios, sidewalks, driveways, pool decks, and interior flooring.", "T-beam A T-beam (or tee beam), used in construction, is a load-bearing structure of reinforced concrete, wood or metal, with a t-shaped cross section. The top of the t-shaped cross section serves as a flange or compression member in resisting compressive stresses.", "Tennessee Concrete Association The Tennessee Concrete Association [1] – TCA – was formed in 1986 (originally known as the Tennessee Ready Mixed Concrete Association) with the primary purpose of promoting the increased use of ready mixed concrete ready-mix concrete in Tennessee. Today, the TCA has 50 ready mix concrete producer member companies representing approximately 85% of the annual ready mix production in Tennessee.", "Tongue and groove A strong joint, the tongue and groove joint is widely used for re-entrant angles. The effect of wood shrinkage is concealed when the joint is beaded or otherwise moulded. In expensive cabinet work, glued dovetail and multiple tongue and groove are used.Tongue and groove is a method of fitting similar objects together, edge to edge, used mainly with wood, in flooring, parquetry, panelling, and similar constructions.", "Types of concrete There are many types of concrete, designed to suit a variety or purposes coupled with a range of compositions, finishes and performance characteristics.", "US Coast Guard and Geodetic Survey Seismological and Geomagnetic House The US Coast Guard and Geodetic Survey Seismological and Geomagnetic House, also known as the Forest Service House, is a historic house at 210 Seward Street in Sitka, Alaska. It is a two story wood frame structure, resting on a concrete foundation, with a gambrel roof. The house was built in 1916 by the United States Department of Commerce to house employees of the U.S. National Geodetic Survey working at the Sitka Geomagnetic Observatory.", "Wall plate A plate or wall plate is a horizontal, structural, load-bearing member in wooden building framing.", "Will Price William Lightfoot Price (1861 – October 14, 1916) was an influential American architect, a pioneer in the use of reinforced concrete, and a founder of the utopian communities of Arden, Delaware and Rose Valley, Pennsylvania.", "William E. Ward House The William E. Ward House, known locally as Ward's Castle, is located on Magnolia Drive, on the state line between Rye Brook, New York and Greenwich, Connecticut, United States. It is a reinforced concrete structure built in the 1870s.Ward, a mechanical engineer, built the house with his friend Robert Mook to demonstrate the viability of the material for building. It is the first reinforced concrete building in the United States.", "William H. Grant House (Middleport, Ohio) The William H. Grant House is a historic house in Middleport, Ohio, United States. One of the area's earliest concrete houses, it has been designated a historic site.Built in 1855, the house is constructed of concrete on a foundation of sandstone and topped with a metal roof. Two stories tall, the house is rectangular with a small frame addition to the rear, which was built about ten years after the original part of the house. Born in 1820, William H.", "Wood Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants.It has been used for thousands of years for both fuel and as a construction material. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers (which are strong in tension) embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression.", "Wood economy The existence of a wood economy, or more correctly, a forest economy (since in many countries a bamboo economy predominates), is a prominent matter in many developing countries as well as in many other nations with temperate climate and especially in those with low temperatures. These are generally the countries with greater forested areas. The uses of wood in furniture, buildings, bridges, and as a source of energy are widely known.", "Wood–Armer method The Wood–Armer method is a structural analysis method based on finite element analysis used to design the reinforcement for concrete slabs. This method provides simple equations to design a concrete slab based on the output from a finite element analysis software.", "World of Concrete The World of Concrete is an annual trade show for the commercial construction industry. It is held each year either in the months of January or February for four days in Las Vegas, Nevada. This event is a show where products, resources, and information related to concrete construction are shared and displayed.", "Zula Linklater House The Zula Linklater House is a two-story office building on Second Avenue in downtown Hillsboro, Oregon, United States. Completed in 1923, the Mediterranean style structure is built of concrete, wood, and stucco. Originally constructed for Zula Warren Linklater as a home, it was renovated and turned into office space in 1984. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984." ]

[ "1 Corinthians 11 1 Corinthians 11 is the eleventh chapter of the First Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It was authored by Paul the Apostle and Sosthenes in Ephesus. In this chapter, Paul writes on the conduct of Christians while worshiping together." ]

[ "50s Note: Sometimes the '50s is used as shorthand for the 1950s, the 1850s, or other such decades in various centuries – see List of decadesThis is a list of events occurring in the 50s, ordered by year.=== 50 ====== By place ======= Roman Empire ==== Cologne is raised to the status of a city. Romans learn the use of soap from the Gauls. Utrecht is founded, a Roman fortification (castellum) is constructed at the Rhine border in the present-day Netherlands. Claudius adopts Nero.", "60s Note: Sometimes the '60s is used as shorthand for the 1960s, the 1860s, or other such decades in various centuries – see List of decadesThis is a list of events occurring in the 60s, ordered by year.=== 60 ====== By place ======= Roman Empire ==== The Roxolani are defeated on the Danube by the Romans. Emperor Nero sends an expedition to explore the historical city Meroë (Sudan). Vitellius is (possibly) proconsul of Africa. Agrippa II of the Herodians rules the northeast of Judea.", "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects (1792), written by the 18th-century British feminist Mary Wollstonecraft, is one of the earliest works of feminist philosophy. In it, Wollstonecraft responds to those educational and political theorists of the 18th century who did not believe women should have an education.", "Abdallah ibn Rashid ibn Kawus Abdallah ibn Rashid ibn Kawus was the Abbasid governor of Tarsus and the Cilician borderlands (thughur ash-Shamiya) between the Abbasid Caliphate and the Byzantine Empire in ca. 878.In summer 878, he led 4,000 men in one of the customary raids (ṣā'ifa) against the Byzantine fronter provinces. He first marched against the forts of al-Hasin and al-Maskanin, taking much booty.", "Abrocomas Abrocomas (Greek: Ἀβρόκoμας), one of the satraps of the king Artaxerxes II Mnemon, was sent with an army of 300,000 men to oppose Cyrus the Younger on his march into Upper Asia. On Cyrus's arrival at Tarsus in 401 BC, Abrocomas was said to be on the Euphrates. At Issus four hundred heavy-armed Greeks, who had deserted Abrocomas, joined Cyrus. Abrocomas did not defend the Syrian passes, as was expected, but marched to join the king.", "Abu Thabit Abu Thabit served briefly as governor of Tarsus for the Abbasid Caliphate in 900. Governor Ibn al-Ikhshad left him behind in the city as his deputy and successor when the former went on a raid against the Byzantine Empire in late 899/early 900. Ibn al-Ikhshad was killed during the raid, and Abu Thabit succeeded him. He soon had to face a Byzantine counter-raid, which in March 900 reached the gates of Tarsus.", "Acts 9 Acts 9 is the ninth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records Saul's conversion and the works of Saint Peter. The book containing this chapter is anonymous but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Luke composed this book as well as the Gospel of Luke.", "Acts of Paul The Acts of Paul is one of the major works and earliest pseudepigraphal (noncanonical) series from the New Testament also known as Apocryphal Acts, an approximate date given to the Acts of Paul is 160 CE. The Acts were first mentioned by Tertullian. Tertullian found it heretical because it encouraged women to preach and baptize. The Acts were considered orthodox by Hippolytus but were eventually regarded as heretical when the Manichaeans started using the texts.", "Acts of Uziah The Acts of Uziah is a lost text that may have been written by Isaiah, who was one of King Uzziah's contemporaries. The book is described in 2Chronicles 26:22. The passage reads: \"Now the rest of the acts of Uzziah, first and last, did Isaiah the prophet, the son of Amoz, write.\"This manuscript is sometimes called Second Isaiah or The Book by the prophet Isaiah.[1]", "Ahmad ibn Tughan al-Ujayfi Ahmad ibn Tughan al-Ujayfi was the governor of Tarsus, Antioch, and the Abbasid Caliphate's borderlands in Cilicia (thughur ash-Shamiya) for the semi-autonomous Tulunid dynasty in 891–896.", "Alan F. Segal Alan F. Segal (August 2, 1945 – February 13, 2011) was a scholar of ancient religions, specializing in Judaism's relationship to Christianity.", "Ali ibn Yahya al-Armani 'Alī ibn Yaḥyā al-Armanī was a famed Muslim military commander of the mid-9th century, involved in the border warfare with the Byzantine Empire. He served as governor of Tarsus from ca. 852 until 862, leading several expeditions against the Byzantines. In 862 he was appointed governor of his native Armenia, but was killed in autumn 863 fighting against the Byzantines.", "Ananias of Damascus Ananias (/ænəˈnaɪəs/ AN-ə-NY-əs; Ancient Greek: Ἀνανίας, same as Hebrew חנניה, Hananiah, \"favoured of the LORD\"), was a disciple of Jesus at Damascus mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles in the Bible, which describes how he was sent by Jesus to restore the sight of \"Saul, of Tarsus\" (known later as Paul the Apostle) and provide him with additional instruction in the way of the Lord.", "Ancient road in Tarsus Ancient road ( Turkish: Antik yol) at (36°55′04″N 34°53′33″E extending to 36°55′02″N 34°53′35″E) is the unearthed section of an ancient road in the historical city of Tarsus, Turkey. Tarsus, an ancient city known as the birthplace of Paul the Apostle, is now a major district center in Mersin Province, Turkey. The road was accidentally unearthed in a construction pit in 1993. The construction was abandoned and the road is now surrounded by mesh wire panel for protection.", "April Fool's Day (novel) April Fool's Day is a 1993 book by Australian author Bryce Courtenay. The book is a tribute to the author's son, Damon Courtenay, a haemophiliac who contracted HIV/AIDS through an infected blood transfusion. The title refers to the date of Damon's death, 1 April 1991 (April Fools' Day).Damon was a classic haemophilliac all his life. He attempted to write this book himself but did not have much success. On his death bed, he asked his father to write it for him.", "Arius Arius (Berber: Aryus ; Ancient Greek: Ἄρειος, AD 250 or 256–336) was a Christian ascetic and presbyter of Libyan birth, possibly of Berber extraction, and priest in Alexandria, Egypt, of the church of the Baucalis.", "Athenodoros Cordylion Athenodoros Cordylion (or Athenodorus, Ancient Greek: Αθηνόδωρος Κορδυλίων ; fl. early-mid 1st century BC) was a Stoic philosopher, born in Tarsus.", "Authorship of the Pauline epistles The Pauline epistles are the fourteen books in the New Testament traditionally attributed to Paul the Apostle, although many dispute the anonymous Epistle to the Hebrews as being a Pauline epistle.There is wide consensus, in modern New Testament scholarship, on a core group of authentic Pauline epistles whose authorship is rarely contested: Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians, and Philemon.", "Berdan River The Berdan River, also called the Tarsus River (Latin:Cydnus), is a river in Mersin Province, south Turkey. The historical city of Tarsus is by the river.", "Blue Nights Blue Nights is a memoir written by Joan Didion first published in 2011. It is an account of the death of her daughter, Quintana, who died in 2005 at age 39. Didion also discusses her own feelings on parenthood and aging. The title refers to certain times in the \"summer solstice [...] when the twilights turn long and blue.\" Blue Nights is notable for its \"nihilistic\" attitude towards grief as Didion offers little understanding or explanation of her daughter's death.", "Book of Jarom The Book of Jarom is one of the books that make up the Book of Mormon. According to the text it was written by Jarom, a descendant of the prophet Nephi.The Book of Jarom is very short, only fifteen verses covering the years 399-361 BCE. Jarom was the son of Enos, and the grandson of Jacob, and the great-grandson of Lehi. He kept the commandment of his father to preserve the plates, and in turn he commanded his son Omni to preserve the plates.", "Candy (Southern and Hoffenberg novel) Candy is a 1958 novel written by Maxwell Kenton, the pseudonym of Terry Southern and Mason Hoffenberg, who wrote the book in collaboration for the \"dirty book\" publisher Olympia Press, which published the novel as part of its \"Traveller's Companion\" series. According to Hoffenberg, Terry Southern and I wrote Candy for the money. Olympia Press, $500 flat. He was in Switzerland, I was in Paris. We did it in letters.", "Celil Oker Celil Oker (born 1952 in Kayseri) is a Turkish crime fiction writer.After studying at Talas Amerikan Junior School, he graduated from Tarsus American High School. Subsequently, he moved to Istanbul and studied at Boğaziçi University. After graduating from the English Language and Literature department in 1971, he worked as a translator, journalist and encyclopedia writer. He transferred to advertising as a copywriter in various prominent agencies.", "Christian corporatism Christian corporatism is a societal, economic, or a modern political application of the Christian doctrine of Paul of Tarsus in I Corinthians 12:12-31 where Paul speaks of an organic form of politics and society where all people and components are functionally united, like the human body. Christian corporatism has been supported by the Roman Catholic Church, Protestants, Christian democrats, and others.", "Ciaccio's glands Ciaccio's glands are small tubular accessory lacrimal glands (glandulae lacrimales accessoriae) found in the lacrimal caruncle of the eyelid. They are located in the upper border of the tarsus, approximately in the middle between the extremities of the tarsal glands. Sometimes they are situated slightly above the tarsus.", "Damian of Tarsus Damian (died 924), known in Arabic as Damyanah and surnamed Ghulam Yazman \"\\slave/page of Yazman\"), was a Byzantine Greek convert to Islam, governor of Tarsus in 896–897 and one of the main leaders of naval raids against the Byzantine Empire in the early 10th century.", "Democracy (novel) Democracy, Joan Didion's fourth novel, was published in 1984. Set in Hawaii and Southeast Asia at the end of the Vietnam War, the book tells the story of Inez Victor, wife of U.S.", "Dino (biography) Dino: Living High in the Dirty Business of Dreams is a biography of Dean Martin written by Nick Tosches. It draws heavily from interviews Tosches did with Jerry Lewis and Martin's second wife, and lifelong friend Jeanne Biegger. The story begins with the births of Martin's grandparents in Italy and follows his entire life up to the point of publication.", "Diodorus of Tarsus Diodore of Tarsus (Greek Διόδωρος; died c. 390) was a Christian bishop, a monastic reformer, and a theologian. A strong supporter of the orthodoxy of Nicaea, Diodore played a pivotal role in the Council of Constantinople and opposed the anti-Christian policies of Julian the Apostate. Diodore founded one of the most influential centers of Christian thought in the early church, and many of his students became notable theologians in their own right.", "Discourses of Epictetus The Discourses of Epictetus (Greek: Ἐπικτήτου διατριβαί, Epiktētou Diatribai) are a series of extracts of the teachings of the Stoic philosopher Epictetus written down by Arrian c. 108 AD. There were originally eight books, but only four now remain in their entirety, along with a few fragments of the others.", "Elymas Elymas, also known as Bar-Jesus (gr. Bar-iesou, arc. Bar-Shuma, lat. Bariesu), is a Jewish person in the Acts of the Apostles, chapter 13, in the New Testament. Acts of the Apostles calls him a magus, which the King James Bible here translates as \\sorcerer\\\".\"", "End This Depression Now! End This Depression Now! is a non-fiction book by Paul Krugman, an American economist and Nobel laureate. He also writes a twice-weekly op-ed column for The New York Times and a blog named for his 2007 book The Conscience of a Liberal as well as teaches economics at Princeton University. The book is intended for a general audience and was published by W. W. Norton & Company in April 2012.", "Epistle of James The Epistle of James (Ancient Greek: Ἰάκωβος Iakōbos), the Book of James, or simply James, is one of the twenty-two epistles (didactic letters) in the New Testament.The author identifies himself as \"James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ,\" who is writing to \"the twelve tribes scattered abroad\" (James 1:1).", "Epistle of Pseudo-Titus The Epistle of Pseudo-Titus is a letter allegedly written by Titus, a companion of Paul of Tarsus, to an unidentified ascetic community of Christian men and women which commends the life of chastity and condemns all sexual activity, even that within marriage, as sinful. The epistle is classified under the Apocryphal New Testament and survives only in the Codex Burchardi, an eighth-century Latin manuscript, discovered in 1896 among the homilies of Caesarius of Arles.", "Epistle to Philemon The Epistle of Paul to Philemon, known simply as Philemon, is one of the books of the Christian New Testament. It is a prison letter, co-authored by Paul the Apostle with Timothy, to Philemon, a leader in the Colossian church. It deals with the themes of forgiveness and reconciliation. Paul does not identify himself as an apostle with authority, but as \"a prisoner of Jesus Christ\", calling Timothy \"our brother\", and addressing Philemon as \"fellowlabourer\" and \"brother\".", "Epistle to Titus The Epistle of Paul to Titus, usually referred to simply as Titus, is one of the three Pastoral Epistles (along with 1 Timothy and 2 Timothy) traditionally attributed to Paul the Apostle and is part of the New Testament. It is addressed to Titus and describes the requirements and duties of elders and bishops. Like 2 Timothy, this epistle is considered to be Paul's final instructions to early church leaders before his final departure.", "Epistle to the Galatians The Epistle to the Galatians, often shortened to Galatians, is the ninth book of the New Testament. It is a letter from Paul the Apostle to a number of Early Christian communities in Galatia. Scholars have suggested that this is either the Roman province of Galatia in southern Anatolia, or a large region defined by an ethnic group of Celtic people in central Anatolia. Paul is principally concerned with the controversy surrounding Gentile Christians and the Mosaic Law during the Apostolic Age.", "Epistle to the Philippians The Epistle of Paul and Timothy to the Philippians, often referred to simply as Philippians, is the eleventh book in the New Testament. Paul and Timothy visited Philippi for the first time on Paul's second missionary journey (49–51 AD). Philippi was the location of the first Christian community established in Europe.Biblical scholars are in general agreement that it was written by St. Paul to the church of Philippi, an early center of Christianity in Greece around 62 AD (i.e.", "Epistle to the Romans The Epistle to the Romans, often shortened to Romans, is the sixth book in the New Testament. Biblical scholars agree that it was composed by the Apostle Paul to explain that salvation is offered through the gospel of Jesus Christ. It is the longest of the Pauline epistles and is considered his \"most important theological legacy\".", "Fighter: the True Story of the Battle of Britain Fighter: The True Story of the Battle of Britain (ISBN 1845951069) is a Second World War military history book by English author Len Deighton. First published in 1977, Fighter was Deighton's first history book, he having made his name as a writer of spy fiction. Deighton was encouraged to write the book by his friend, the British historian A.J.P. Taylor, who wrote the introduction to Fighter.", "First Epistle to Timothy The First Epistle of Paul to Timothy, usually referred to simply as First Timothy and often written 1 Timothy, is one of three letters in the New Testament of the Bible often grouped together as the Pastoral Epistles, along with Second Timothy and Titus. The letter, traditionally attributed to the Apostle Paul, consists mainly of counsels to his younger colleague and delegate Timothy regarding his ministry in Ephesus (1:3).", "First Epistle to the Corinthians The First Epistle to the Corinthians (Ancient Greek: Α΄ Επιστολή προς Κορινθίους), often referred to as First Corinthians (and written as 1 Corinthians), is one of the Pauline epistles of the New Testament canon of Christian Bibles.", "First Epistle to the Thessalonians The First Epistle to the Thessalonians, usually referred to simply as First Thessalonians and often written 1 Thessalonians, is a book from the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The first letter to the Thessalonians was probably the first of Paul's letters, probably written by the end of AD 52, making it the oldest book in the New Testament.", "Four Upbuilding Discourses, 1843 Kierkegaard writes these discourses because he's not sure that the other two have done their job. He revisits the story of Job once more but here he puts the emphasis not on what he said but what he did. He \"traced everything back to God; he did not detain his soul and quench his spirit with deliberation or explanations that only feed and foster doubt.\"He then has two discourses, each with the same title as one of his first discourses, in which he wrote about God's perfect gifts from above.", "Fraternidade Rosacruciana São Paulo The Fraternidade Rosacruciana São Paulo \"\\The Saint Paul Rosicrucian Fellowship\" - note that \"Saint Paul\" is a reference to Paul of Tarsus, not to the Brazilian city) is a Christian Rosicrucian esoteric school founded in 1929 by Lourival Camargo Pereira, in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, based on the Max Heindel, Eliphas Levi, Gurdjieff,Pëtr Dem'ǐanovič Uspenskiǐ and Maurice Nicoll teachings.", "Ghostwriter A ghostwriter is a writer who authors books, manuscripts, screenplays, scripts, articles, blog posts, stories, reports, whitepapers, or other texts that are officially credited to another person. Celebrities, executives, participants in timely news stories, and political leaders often hire ghostwriters to draft or edit autobiographies, magazine articles, or other written material. A common form of literature ghostwriters are hired for is a celebrity's memoirs.", "Grand Mosque of Tarsus Tarsus Grand Mosque (Turkish: Tarsus Ulu Cami) is a mosque in Tarsus, Mersin Province, Turkey.", "Helladius of Tarsus Helladius of Tarsus was a Christian bishop of Tarsus. He was condemned at the First Council of Ephesus (431) and appealed to the pope in 433.", "Hellenistic Judaism Hellenistic Judaism was a form of Judaism in the ancient world that combined Jewish religious tradition with elements of Greek culture.", "Hermogenes of Tarsus Hermogenes of Tarsus (Greek: Ἑρμογένης ὁ Ταρσεύς) was a Greek rhetorician, surnamed the polisher (Ξυστήρ). He flourished in the reign of Marcus Aurelius (AD 161–180).", "How Hedley Hopkins Did a Dare How Hedley Hopkins Did a Dare, robbed a grave, made a new friend who might not have really been there at all, and while he was at it committed a terrible sin which everyone was doing even though he didn't know it (ISBN 0-14-132043-5) is a children's book written by Australian author Paul Jennings, and published by Puffin Books in May 2005. The story covers a short time in the life of young Hedley Hopkins, an English immigrant to Australia in the 1950s. The book was launched at St.", "Ibn al-Ikhshad Ibn al-Ikhshad or Ibn al-Ikhshid was the governor of Tarsus for the Abbasid Caliphate from April 898 until his death in battle against the Byzantines in early 900.The name Ibn al-Ikhshad or Ibn al-Ikhshid derives from the Persian title ikhshid.", "Ibn az-Zayyat Ibn az-Zayyat was the governor of Tarsus from ca. 956 until 962 for the Hamdanid emir Sayf al-Dawla.", "It Came from Outer Space (book) It Came From Outer Space was a 2003 publication of four versions of Ray Bradbury's screen treatments written in 1952 for the movie of the same name that was released in 1953. The treatments range from a 37-page outline to a 119-page story. Bradbury did not write the final screenplay.Bradbury's previously unpublished short story \"A Matter of Taste\" was the inspiration for his treatments, and was included in this edition.", "Jason of Tarsus Jason of Tarsus was a Jewish convert and early Christian believer mentioned in the New Testament in Acts 17:5-9 and Romans 16:21. In Acts 17 his house in Thessalonica was used as a refuge by the apostles Paul, Silas, and Timothy.", "Jewish response to The Forty Days of Musa Dagh The Forty Days of Musa Dagh is a 1933 novel by the Austrian-Jewish author Franz Werfel. Based on the events at Musa Dagh in 1915 during the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire, the book played a role in organizing the Jewish resistance under Nazi rule. It was passed from hand to hand in Jewish ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe, and it became an example and a symbol for the Jewish underground throughout Europe. The Holocaust scholars Samuel Totten, Paul Bartrop and Steven L.", "Life Against Death Life Against Death: The Psychoanalytical Meaning of History (1959; second edition 1985) is a book by American classicist Norman O. Brown, a radical analysis and critique of the work of Sigmund Freud. Brown tries to provide a theoretical rationale for a nonrepressive civilization, explores parallels between psychoanalysis and Martin Luther's theology, and draws on revolutionary themes in western religious thought, especially the body mysticism of Jakob Böhme and William Blake.", "List of populated places in Mersin Province Below is the list of populated places in Mersin Province, Turkey by the districts. The first four districts (Akdeniz, Mezitli, Toroslar, and Yenişehir) are actually parts of the city of Greater Mersin. In the following lists, the first place in each district list is the administrative center of that district.", "Manga Hero Manga Hero is an American publisher based in San Rafael, California that publishes graphic novels influence by Japanese manga. The company’s stories typically involve heroic characters that usually come from a Jewish or Christian background. Manga Hero’s current publications include Paul: Tarsus to Redemption, written by Matthew Salisbury and Gabrielle Gniewek, as well as Judith: Captive to Conqueror and Many Are Called both written by Gabrielle Gniewek.", "Marcionism Marcionism was an Early Christian dualist belief system that originated in the teachings of Marcion of Sinope at Rome around the year 144.Marcion believed Jesus was the savior sent by God, and Paul the Apostle was his chief apostle, but he rejected the Hebrew Bible and the God of Israel. Marcionists believed that the wrathful Hebrew God was a separate and lower entity than the all-forgiving God of the New Testament.", "Mersin Catholic Church Catholic Church of Mersin (Turkish: Aziz Antuan Latin Katolik Kilisesi) is a church in Mersin, Turkey. It is in the business quarters of the city at 36°48′04″N 34°38′02″E. At the beginning of the 19th century Mersin was a small village and the Christian population of the region was concentrated in nearby Tarsus (birthplace of St Paul) . But towards the mid 19th century, Mersin flourished as a port of Çukurova (Cilicia).", "Mersin Province The Mersin Province (Turkish: Mersin ili) is a province in southern Turkey, on the Mediterranean coast between Antalya and Adana. The provincial capital is the city of Mersin and the other major town is Tarsus, birthplace of St Paul. The province is part of Çukurova, a geographical, economical and cultural region, that covers the provinces of Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye and Hatay.", "Miami (book) Miami is a 1987 book of social and political analysis by Joan Didion.Didion begins, \"Havana vanities come to dust in Miami.\" The book is an extended report on the generation of Cubans who landed in exile in Miami following the overthrow of President Batista January 1, 1959 and the way in which that community has connected to America and American politics.Granta writes, \"Miami may be the sunniest place in America, but this is Didion's darkest book.\"", "Mr S and the Secrets of Andorra's Box Mr S and the Secrets of Andorra's Box is a 2008 novel by Irish journalist and author Paul Howard, and the eighth in the Ross O'Carroll-Kelly series.", "Nuri Ok Nuri Ok (November 10, 1942 – August 5, 2015) was a Turkish judge. He retired as the Chief Public Prosecutor of the Court of Cassation of Turkey. Ok was born in Tarsus, a town in the Mersin Province.", "P. W. Catanese Paul Catanese is an American author and advertising writer that writes under the pseudonym P. W. Catanese. Catanese is best known for his Books of Umber series, which has been mostly well received. As a teenager Catanese attended Trumbull High School in Trumbull, Connecticut, later attending the University of Connecticut and taking a job with an advertising company in Glastonbury, Connecticut.", "PC-Write PC-Write was a computer word processor and was one of the first three widely popular software products sold via the marketing method that became known as shareware. It was originally written by Bob Wallace in early 1983.PC-Write was a modeless editor, using control characters and special function keys to perform various editing operations. By default it accepted many of the same control key commands as WordStar while adding many of its own features.", "Panaetius Panaetius (/pəˈniːʃiəs/; Greek: Παναίτιος; c. 185 - c. 110/109 BC) of Rhodes was a Stoic philosopher. He was a pupil of Diogenes of Babylon and Antipater of Tarsus in Athens, before moving to Rome where he did much to introduce Stoic doctrines to the city. After the death of Scipio in 129 BC, he returned to the Stoic school in Athens, and was its last undisputed scholarch. With Panaetius, Stoicism became much more eclectic.", "Patrologia Latina The Patrologia Latina (Latin for The Latin Patrology) is an enormous collection of the writings of the Church Fathers and other ecclesiastical writers published by Jacques-Paul Migne between 1841 and 1855, with indices published between 1862 and 1865.", "Paul Roberts (author) Paul Roberts is an American journalist and author of two non-fiction books, The End of Oil (2004) and The End of Food (2008). He had before been a regular contributor to Harper's Magazine and writes primarily about \"the complex interplay of economics, technology, and the natural world.\"", "Paul the Apostle Paul the Apostle (Greek: Παῦλος Paulos; c. 5 – c. 67), originally known as Saul of Tarsus (Hebrew: שאול התרסי‎; Greek: Σαῦλος Ταρσεύς Saulos Tarseus), was an apostle (though not one of the Twelve Apostles) who taught the gospel of Christ to the first-century world. He is generally considered one of the most important figures of the Apostolic Age. In the mid-30s to the mid-50s, he founded several churches in Asia Minor and Europe.", "Paul the Apostle and Judaism The relationship between Paul the Apostle and Second Temple Judaism continues to be the subject of much scholarly research, as it is thought that Paul played an important role in the relationship between Christianity and Judaism as a whole.", "Paul the Apostle and women The relationship between Paul the Apostle and women is an important element in the theological debate about Christianity and women because Paul was the first writer to give ecclesiastical directives about the role of women in the Church. However, there are arguments that some of these writings are post-Pauline interpolations.", "Peter and Paul This article is about a 1981 film. For the saints, please see Feast of Saints Peter and Paul.Peter and Paul is a 1981 biblical drama film starring Anthony Hopkins as Paul of Tarsus and Robert Foxworth as Peter the Fisherman, David Gwillim as Mark and Jon Finch as Luke. It was directed by Robert Day. The film mostly shows the works of Paul, beginning with his being struck down and converted by Jesus on the road to Damascus.", "Phil Callaway Phil Callaway, who has achieved notoriety for his humorous writing and speaking, was born July 26, 1961 in Three Hills, Alberta, Canada. He has written more than 2 dozen books of family humor, children's literature, and novels, as well as hundreds of magazine articles, and is host of the daily radio broadcast Laugh Again.", "Political Fictions Political Fictions is a 2001 book of essays by Joan Didion on the American political process.", "Ralph Keyes (author) Ralph Keyes (1945 - ) is an author and lecturer who has written 16 books including Is There Life After High School?, which was adapted as a musical that opened on Broadway in 1982 and is still produced by theater groups across the United States. His 1995 book The Courage to Write has become a standard work among aspiring writers.Keyes’s books have dealt with topics in popular culture such as risk-taking, time pressure, loneliness, honesty, and human height.", "Rex Shelley Rex Anthony Shelley (27 November 1930 – 21 August 2009) was a Eurasian Singaporean author. A graduate of the University of Malaya in Singapore and Cambridge trained in engineering and economics, Shelley managed his own business and also worked as member of the Public Service Commission (PSC) for over 30 years.", "Rhino What You Did Last Summer Rhino What You Did Last Summer is a 2009 novel by Irish journalist and author Paul Howard, and the ninth in the Ross O'Carroll-Kelly series.", "Rustam ibn Baradu Rustam ibn Baradu or Rustum ibn Bardu, surnamed al-Farghani \"\\from Farghana\"), was a military commander for the Abbasid Caliphate and the governor (wali) of Tarsus from August 905 to 912/3.", "Saint Diomedes Saint Diomedes (Diomede) of Tarsus (d. between 298 and 311 AD) is venerated as a Christian saint and martyr, one of the Holy Unmercenaries. Born in Tarsus, he was a physician by profession. He was a zealous Christian evangelist and was arrested and beheaded under Diocletian at Nicaea.", "Saint Paul's Church, Tarsus Saint Paul's Church is a former Greek Orthodox church in Tarsus, Mersin Province, Turkey.", "Saint Paul (Masaccio) St. Paul is a painting by the Italian Renaissance painter Masaccio. It depicts Paul of Tarsus.A chapel in Santa Maria del Carmine in Pisa commissioned an altarpiece from Masaccio on February 19, 1426 for the sum of 80 florins. Payment for the work was recorded on December 26 of that year. The altarpiece was dismantled and dispersed in the 18th century, but an attempted reconstruction was made possible due to a detailed description of the work by Vasari in 1568.", "Second Epistle to Timothy The Second Epistle of Paul to Timothy, usually referred to simply as Second Timothy and often written 2 Timothy, is one of the three Pastoral Epistles traditionally attributed to Saint Paul, and is part of the New Testament. It is addressed to Timothy.", "Second Epistle to the Corinthians The Second Epistle to the Corinthians, often referred to as Second Corinthians (and written as 2 Corinthians), is the eighth book of the New Testament of the Bible. Paul the Apostle and \"Timothy our brother\" wrote this epistle to \"the church of God which is at Corinth, with all the saints which are in all Achaia\".", "Second Epistle to the Thessalonians The Second Epistle to the Thessalonians, often referred to as Second Thessalonians and written 2 Thessalonians, is a book from the New Testament of the Christian Bible.", "Slouching Towards Bethlehem Slouching Towards Bethlehem is a 1968 collection of essays by Joan Didion and mainly describes her experiences in California during the 1960s. It takes its title from the poem \"The Second Coming\", by W. B. Yeats. The contents of this book are reprinted in Didion's We Tell Ourselves Stories in Order to Live: Collected Nonfiction (2006).", "Tarsus, Mersin Tarsus (/ˈtɑrsəs/; Hittite: Tarsa; Greek: Ταρσός; Armenian: Տարսոն) is a historic city in south-central Turkey, 20 km inland from the Mediterranean. It is part of the Adana-Mersin Metropolitan Area, the fourth-largest metropolitan area in Turkey with a population of 3 million people.", "Tarsus American College Tarsus American College or Tarsus American School (official Turkish name: Özel Tarsus Amerikan Lisesi, also known as Tarsus Amerikan Koleji) is a private coeducational high school located in Tarsus, Province of Mersin, Turkey. It is known for the success of its alumni throughout the world. The Economist (1994) noted that Tarsus American School is in the top ten schools in Turkey, due mainly to the success of its graduates.", "Tarsus Arena The Tarsus Arena (Turkish: Tarsus Spor Salonu) is a multi-sport indoor arena at Tarsus in Mersin Province, Turkey. Built in 1990, it is owned by the Youth Services and Sports Directoriate of Mersin and has a seating capacity of 1,500. It was renovated and modernized for use by the 2013 Mediterranean Games.The venue is situated next to the Tarsus City Stadium. It is suitable for events of badminton, basketball, boxing, karate, volleyball, wrestling etc.", "Tarsus City Stadium Tarsus City Stadium (Turkish: Tarsus Şehir Stadyumu), is a football stadium in Tarsus in Mersin Province, Turkey. It is operated by Directorate of Mersin Youth Services and Sports.It was completely renovated including the rebuilding of the covered stands. Tarsus İdmanyurdu football team play their home matches in the Tarsus City Stadium.", "Tarsus Half Marathon The Tarsus Half Marathon (Turkish: Tarsus Yarı Maratonu) is an annual road running event over the half marathon distance, which is held in March in Tarsus in Mersin Province Turkey.The 2012 edition attracted 1,200 competitors from 16 countries. The elite level competition attracts top level international runners as well as national level runners.", "Tarsus Museum Tarsus Museum is a museum in Tarsus, Mersin Province, in Turkey.", "The Allure of Chanel The Allure of Chanel (French: l'Allure de Chanel) is the memoirs of the French fashion designer Coco Chanel, told to her friend Paul Morand. The book was written in the winter of 1946. It is based on a series of conversations held at a hotel in St. Moritz, Switzerland, where Chanel had invited Morand to write her memoirs. The conversations took place during the evenings and each night Morand stayed up to write notes. The notes were published in French in 1976.", "The Complete Ella Fitzgerald Song Books The Ella Fitzgerald Song Books were a series of eight studio albums released in irregular intervals between 1956 and 1964, recorded by the American jazz singer Ella Fitzgerald, supported by a variety of orchestras, big bands, and small jazz combos.The eight albums are as follows, with arrangers in parentheses: Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Cole Porter Songbook (1956) (Buddy Bregman) Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Rodgers & Hart Songbook (1956) (Bregman) Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Songbook (1957) (Duke Ellington & Billy Strayhorn) Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Irving Berlin Songbook (1958) (Paul Weston) Ella Fitzgerald Sings the George and Ira Gershwin Songbook (1959) (Nelson Riddle) Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Harold Arlen Songbook (1961) (Billy May) Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Jerome Kern Songbook (1963) (Riddle) Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Johnny Mercer Songbook (1964) (Riddle)As stated in the liner notes, Ella and Norman Granz made one final edition to the series in 1981 on Pablo Records with: Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Antonio Carlos Jobim Songbook (Ella Abraça Jobim) (1981) (Erich Bulling)They are considered a cornerstone of 20th century recorded popular music, and as a whole, represent some of the finest interpretations of the greater part of the musical canon known as the Great American Songbook.The New York Times columnist Frank Rich was moved to write a few days after Fitzgerald's death that in the songbook series, she \"performed a cultural transaction as extraordinary as Elvis's contemporaneous integration of white and African-American soul.\"Here was a black woman popularizing urban songs often written by immigrant Jews to a national audience of predominantly white Christians. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Ella_Fitzgerald_Song_Books?oldid=663974098> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Silicone_rubber> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Silicone rubber is an elastomer (rubber-like material) composed of silicone—itself a polymer—containing silicon together with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Silicone rubbers are widely used in industry, and there are multiple formulations.", "The David Kopay Story The David Kopay Story: An Extraordinary Self-Revelation is a 1977 autobiography by David Kopay, written with Perry Deane Young. Simon LeVay writes that the book became a best-seller, and did much to combat the \"sissy-boy\" stereotype of male homosexuality, helping to create a macho image for gay men.", "The Epistle to the Romans (Barth) The Epistle to the Romans (German: Der Römerbrief) is a commentary by Swiss theologian Karl Barth on the New Testament Epistle to the Romans. Disillusioned with both German Protestant Liberalism and Religious Socialism after the outbreak of the World War I in 1914, Barth decided in the summer of 1916 to write a commentary on Paul's Epistle to the Romans as a way of rethinking his theological inheritance. Barth was a pastor in Safenwil at the time.", "The Last Thing He Wanted The Last Thing He Wanted is a novel by Joan Didion. It was published by Alfred A. Knopf in 1996.The story centers around Elena McMahon, a reporter for the Washington Post who quits her job covering the 1984 Presidential primaries to care for her father after her mother's death. In an unusual turn of events, she inherits his position as an arms dealer for the U.S. Government in Central America.", "The Mortal Instruments The Mortal Instruments is a series of six young adult fantasy novels written by Cassandra Clare, the last of which was published May 27, 2014. The Mortal Instruments is chronologically the third series of a proposed five in The Shadowhunter Chronicles.The book series has become one of the most popular within the Young Adult genre of paranormal romance/urban fantasy, but Clare did not originally intend to write the series for teens.", "The Mountain Meadows Massacre (book) The Mountain Meadows Massacre (1950) by Juanita Brooks was the first definitive study of the Mountain Meadows massacre.Brooks, a Mormon historian trained in historical methods, was discouraged from studying the incident, and she suffered some ostracism from fellow Mormons after its publication. Her work was acclaimed by historians, however, leading to her recognition as an exemplary historian of the American West and Mormonism.", "The Oh My God Delusion The Oh My God Delusion is a 2010 novel by Irish journalist and author Paul Howard, and the tenth in the Ross O'Carroll-Kelly series.", "The Psychotechnic League The Psychotechnic League is a future history created by science fiction writer Poul Anderson. The name \"Psychotechnic League\" was coined by Sandra Miesel in the early 1980s, to capitalize on Anderson's better-known Polesotechnic League future history. Anderson published 21 novels, novellas and short stories set in this future between 1949 and 1957, with a 22nd published in 1968. Anderson did not write the stories in chronological order; instead, as Robert A.", "The Red Notebook The Red Notebook is the first of a collection of stories in four parts written by American author Paul Auster. These include The Red Notebook (1995), Why Write? (1996), Accident Report (1999) and It Don't Mean a Thing (2000). They are true stories gathered from Auster's life as well as the lives of his friends and acquaintances and they have all one thing in common: the paradox of coincidence.", "The Return of Depression Economics and the Crisis of 2008 The Return of Depression Economics and the Crisis of 2008 is a non-fiction book by American economist and winner of the Nobel Prize in economics Paul Krugman. The 2008 book is an updated version of his 1999 work, The Return of Depression Economics and draws parallels between the 2008 financial crisis and the Great Depression.", "The Sword of Knowledge The Sword of Knowledge is a trilogy of shared world fantasy novels credited to the authors C. J. Cherryh, Leslie Fish, Nancy Asire, and Mercedes Lackey. The three novels in the series were all published by Baen Books in 1989: A Dirge for Sabis (Cherryh and Fish), Wizard Spawn (Cherryh and Asire), and Reap the Whirlwind (Cherryh and Lackey).", "The Tree of Man The Tree of Man is the fourth published novel by the Australian novelist and 1973 Nobel Prize-winner, Patrick White. It is a domestic drama chronicling the lives of the Parker family and their changing fortunes over many decades.", "The Year of Magical Thinking The Year of Magical Thinking (2005), by Joan Didion (b. 1934), is an account of the year following the death of the author's husband John Gregory Dunne (1932–2003). Published by Knopf in October 2005, The Year of Magical Thinking was immediately acclaimed as a classic book about mourning. It won the 2005 National Book Award for Nonfictionand was a finalist for both the National Book Critics Circle Award and the Pulitzer Prize for Biography/Autobiography.", "Third Epistle to the Corinthians The Third Epistle to the Corinthians is a pseudepigraphical text under the name of Paul the Apostle. It is also found in the Acts of Paul, and was framed as Paul's response to the Epistle of the Corinthians to Paul. The earliest extant copy is Bodmer Papyrus X.In the West it was not considered canonical in the 4th century AD, becoming part of the New Testament apocrypha. In the East, in the Syriac Orthodox Church, Aphrahat (c. 340) treated it as canonical and Ephrem the Syrian (d.", "Thor Power Tool Co. v. Commissioner Thor Power Tool Company v. Commissioner, 439 U.S. 522 (1979), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court upheld IRS regulations limiting how taxpayers could write down inventory. The opinion limited the application of the lower of cost or market method to the two circumstances in the regulations.The taxpayer had reduced the value of its inventory to an amount management asserted was the fair market value, without selling the inventory.", "Three Discourses on Imagined Occasions Søren Kierkegaard published Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses between the years 1843 and 1844 as well as a number of pseudonymous books. His category from Either/Or is to choose and his category from his discourses is the \"single individual\".", "Urkhuz ibn Ulugh Tarkhan Urkhuz ibn Ulugh Tarkhan or ibn Yulugh was a Turkish general of the Abbasid Caliphate and governor of Tarsus and of the borderlands with the Byzantine Empire in Cilicia (thughur ash-Shamiya) in the years 873/4–878.Of Turkic origin, as his patronymic attests, Urkhuz was appointed governor of the borderlands with his seat at Tarsus in the year AH 260 (October 873 – October 874). Ibn Sa'id reports that he mishandled the local populace.", "We Tell Ourselves Stories in Order to Live We Tell Ourselves Stories in Order to Live: Collected Nonfiction is a 2006 collection of nonfiction by Joan Didion. It was released in the Everyman's Library, a series of reprinted classic literature, as one of the titles chosen to mark the series' 100th anniversary. The title is taken from the opening line of Didion's essay \"The White Album\" in the book of the same name. We Tell Ourselves Stories in Order to Live includes the full content of her first seven volumes of nonfiction.", "Weird Heroes Weird Heroes, \"New American Pulp\", was a series of novels and anthologies produced by Byron Preiss in the 1970s that dealt with new heroic characters inspired by the classic pulp magazine characters. And like the pulps, the series was also heavy on art, having many well-known artists illustrate the stories.The series was 'packaged' by Byron Preiss Visual Productions and was published by Pyramid/Jove/HBJ. Four of the books are anthologies, four are novels.", "When God Writes Your Love Story When God Writes Your Love Story: The Ultimate Approach to Guy/Girl Relationships is a 1999 book by Eric and Leslie Ludy, an American married couple. After becoming a bestseller on the Christian book market, the book was republished in 2004 and then revised and expanded in 2009. It tells the story of the authors' first meeting, courtship, and marriage.", "Where I Was From Where I Was From is a 2003 collection of essays by Joan Didion. It concerns the history and culture of California, where Didion was born and spent much of her life. Where I Was From combines aspects of historical writing, journalism, and memoir to present a history of California as well as Didion and her family's own experiences in that state. The book attempts to understand the differences between California's factual history and its perceived reputation.", "Zenaida and Philonella Saints Zenaida (Zenaida of Tarsus) and Philonella (d. circa 100) were traditionally the first Christian physicians after Luke the Evangelist, and the first \"unmercenaries\" (physicians who would not accept fees from their patients). They are particularly venerated in Eastern ChristianityZenaida and Philonella were sisters, born into a well-educated Jewish family and said to be cousins of Paul the Apostle.", "Zeno of Tarsus Zeno of Tarsus (Greek: Ζήνων, Zenon; fl. 200 BC) was a Stoic philosopher and the son of Dioscorides.He was a pupil of Chrysippus, and when Chrysippus died c. 206 BC, he succeeded him to become the fourth scholarch of the Stoic school in Athens.According to Diogenes Laërtius, he wrote very few books, but left a great number of disciples. From what little is known about his philosophical views, he was an orthodox Stoic, but doubted the doctrine of the conflagration of the universe." ]

[ "1896 Summer Olympics The 1896 Summer Olympics (Modern Greek: Θερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 1896, Therinoí Olympiakoí Agó̱nes 1896), officially known as the Games of the I Olympiad, was a multi-sport event held in Athens, Greece, from 6 to 15 April 1896. It was the first international Olympic Games held in the Modern era. Because Ancient Greece was the birthplace of the Olympic Games, Athens was considered to be an appropriate choice to stage the inaugural modern Games.", "1916 Summer Olympics The 1916 Summer Olympics (German: Olympische Sommerspiele 1916), officially known as the Games of the VI Olympiad, were scheduled to be held in Berlin, Germany, but were eventually cancelled due to the outbreak of World War I. Berlin was selected as the host city during the 14th IOC Session in Stockholm on 4 July 1912, defeating bids from Alexandria, Amsterdam, Brussels, Budapest and Cleveland. After the 1916 Games were cancelled, Berlin would eventually host the 1936 Summer Olympics.", "1920 Summer Olympics The 1920 Summer Olympics (Dutch: Olympische Zomerspelen 1920; French: Les Jeux olympiques d'été de 1920; German: Olympische Sommerspiele 1920), officially known as the Games of the VII Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event in 1920 in Antwerp, Belgium.In March 1912, during the 13th session of the IOC, the bid on the behalf of Belgium to host the 1920 Summer Olympics was made by Baron Édouard de Laveleye, president of the Belgian Olympic Committee and of the Royal Belgian Football Association.", "1932 Summer Olympics The 1932 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the X Olympiad, was a major world wide multi-athletic event which was celebrated in 1932 in Los Angeles, California, United States. No other cities made a bid to host these Olympics. Held during the worldwide Great Depression, many nations and athletes were unable to pay for the trip to Los Angeles. Fewer than half the participants of the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam returned to compete in 1932. Even U.S.", "1936 Summer Olympics The 1936 Summer Olympics (German: Olympische Sommerspiele 1936), officially known as the Games of the XI Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event that was held in 1936 in Berlin, Germany. Berlin won the bid to host the Games over Barcelona, Spain, on 26 April 1931, at the 29th IOC Session in Barcelona (two years before the Nazis came to power).", "1944 Summer Olympics The 1944 Summer Olympics, which were to be officially known as the Games of the XIII Olympiad, were cancelled due to World War II. They were to have been held in London, England, United Kingdom, which won the bid on the first ballot in a June 1939 IOC election over Rome, Detroit, Lausanne, Athens, Budapest, Helsinki and Montreal.", "1980 Summer Olympics The 1980 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad (Russian: И́гры XXII Олимпиа́ды, tr. Igry XXII Olimpiady), was an international multi-sport event held in Moscow, Soviet Union, in present day Russia.The 1980 Games were the first to be staged in Eastern Europe, and remain the only Summer Olympics held there.Led by the United States at the insistence of U.S.", "1992 Summer Olympics The 1992 Summer Olympic Games (Spanish: Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992; Catalan: Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992), officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event celebrated in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain in 1992, and which 10 years before, 1982 FIFA World Cup were celebrated in Spain for 13 June to 11 July 1982.", "Athens Athens (/ˈæθɨnz/; Modern Greek: Αθήνα, Athína, [aˈθina]; Ancient Greek: Ἀθῆναι, Athēnai) is the capital and largest city of Greece. Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world's oldest cities, with its recorded history spanning around 3,400 years, and the earliest human presence around the 11th–7th millennium BC. Classical Athens was a powerful city-state that emerged in conjunction with the seagoing development of the port of Piraeus.", "Berlin Berlin (/bərˈlɪn/, German: [bɛɐ̯ˈliːn]) is the capital of Germany and one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.5 million people, it is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany on the banks of Rivers Spree and Havel, it is the centre of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, which has about six million residents from over 180 nations.", "Glasgow bid for the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics Glasgow 2018 was a bid by the city of Glasgow and the British Olympic Association to host the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics.", "Helsinki Helsinki (/ˈhɛlsɪŋki/; Finnish pronunciation: [ˈhelsiŋki]; Swedish: Helsingfors) is the capital and largest city of Finland. It is in the region of Uusimaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. Helsinki has a population of 626,305, an urban population of 1.2 million (31 December 2013), and a metropolitan population of 1.4 million, making it the most populous municipality and urban area in Finland.", "List of Olympic venues in athletics For the Summer Olympics, there are 60 venues that have been or will be used for athletics. These venues have been the main stadium that has also served as host for both the opening and closing ceremonies of the Summer Olympics.", "List of bids for the Summer Olympics The Summer Olympics are the world's largest multi-sport event, and are organized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) every four years. Selection of the host city is done at an IOC Session four to seven years prior to the tournament, in which the IOC members vote between candidate cities which have submitted bids. As of the selection of the 2016 Olympics, 28 games have been held in 22 cities in 19 countries.", "London London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1.12-square-mile (2.9 km2) medieval boundaries and in 2011 had a resident population of 7,375, making it the smallest city in England.", "London Olympics London hosted the Olympic Games in 1908, 1948 and 2012. The 2012 Summer Olympics made London the first city to have hosted the modern Games of three Olympiads. London is the only city in the United Kingdom to have ever hosted the Olympics; the United States is the only country to have hosted Summer Olympics on more occasions than the UK.", "Moscow Moscow (/ˈmɒskaʊ/ or /ˈmɒskoʊ/; Russian: Москва́, tr. Moskva; IPA: [mɐˈskva]) is the capital and the largest city of Russia with 12.2 million residents within the city limits and 16.8 million within the urban area. It is the capital of the Central Federal District and Moscow Oblast. Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, and scientific center in Russia and Eastern Europe, as well as the largest city entirely on the European continent.", "Olympic Games The modern Olympic Games (French: Jeux olympiques) are the leading international sporting event featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games are considered to be the world's foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating.", "Paris Paris (UK: /ˈpærɪs/ PARR-iss; US: /ˈpɛərɪs/ PAIR-iss; French: [paʁi]) is the capital and most-populous city of France. Situated on the Seine River, in the north of the country, it is in the centre of the Île-de-France region, also known as the région parisienne, \"Paris Region\". The City of Paris has an area of 105.4 square kilometres (40.7 square miles) and had a population of 2,241,346 within its city limits in 2014.", "Rome Rome (/ˈroʊm/ ROHM; Italian: Roma [ˈroːma], Latin: Rōma) is a city and special comune (named \"Roma Capitale\") in Italy. Rome is the capital of Italy and of the Lazio region. With 2.9 million residents in 1,285 km2 (496.1 sq mi), it is also the country's largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. The Metropolitan City of Rome has a population of 4.3 million residents.", "Summer Olympic Games The Summer Olympic Games or the Games of the Olympiad (French: Jeux olympiques d'été ), first held in 1896, are an international multi-sport event, occurring every four years, organized by the International Olympic Committee. Medals are awarded in each event, with gold medals for first place, silver for second and bronze for third, a tradition that started in 1904.", "Venues of the 1948 Summer Olympics A total of twenty-five sports venues were used to host the events of the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom. For the first time in the history of the modern Olympic Games, the diving, gymnastics, swimming, and water polo competitions were held indoors. These Games have since been nicknamed the \"Austerity Games\" for the tight control of costs at a time when the host nation was still under rationing, which resulted in a total expenditure of around £750,000.", "Venues of the 2004 Summer Olympics For the 2004 Summer Olympics, a total of thirty-five sports venues were used. Athens hosted the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 that included venues such as Panathinaiko Stadium and the city of Marathon for whom the long-distance race would be named for. From the end of the 1896 Games until the late 1970s, Greece underwent numerous political changes that included the Balkan Wars, two World Wars, a civil war, and a military coup that resulted in a junta that lasted from 1967 to 1974.", "Wembley Stadium (1923) Wembley Stadium /ˈwɛmbli/ (officially known as the Empire Stadium) was a football stadium in Wembley, London, England, that stood on the site now occupied by the New Wembley Stadium, opened in 2007.It was famous for hosting the annual FA Cup finals, five European Cup finals, the 1948 Summer Olympics, the 1966 World Cup Final, the final of Euro 96, Queen's Magic Tour, the 1985 Live Aid concert, and both the 1992 and 1995 Rugby League World Cup Finals." ]

[ "1904 Summer Olympics The 1904 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the III Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event which was celebrated in St. Louis, Missouri, in the United States from August 29 until September 3, 1904, as part of an extended sports program lasting from July 1 to November 23, 1904, at what is now known as Francis Field on the campus of Washington University in St. Louis.", "1940 Summer Olympics The 1940 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XII Olympiad (第十二回オリンピック競技大会, Dai Jūni-kai Orinpikku Kyōgi Taikai), and originally scheduled to be held from 21 September to 6 October 1940, in Tokyo, Japan, were cancelled due to the outbreak of World War II.", "1948 Summer Olympics The 1948 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XIV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event which was held in London, England, United Kingdom. After a 12-year hiatus because of World War II, these were the first Summer Olympics since the 1936 Games in Berlin. The 1940 Games had been scheduled for Tokyo, and then for Helsinki; the 1944 Games had been provisionally planned for London.", "1952 Summer Olympics The 1952 Summer Olympics (Finnish: Kesäolympialaiset 1952) (Swedish: Olympiska sommarspelen 1952), officially known as the Games of the XV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event held in Helsinki, Finland, in 1952. Helsinki had been earlier selected to host the 1940 Summer Olympics, which were cancelled due to World War II. It is the northernmost city at which a summer Olympic Games have been held.", "1956 Summer Olympics The 1956 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVI Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event which was held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, in 1956, apart from the equestrian events, which were held five months earlier in Stockholm. The 1956 Games were the first to be staged in the Southern Hemisphere and Oceania, as well as the first to be held outside Europe and North America. Melbourne is the southernmost city to host the games.", "1960 Summer Olympics The 1960 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVII Olympiad (Italian: Giochi della XVII Olimpiade), was an international multi-sport event held from August 25 to September 11, 1960 in Rome, Italy. Rome had been awarded the organization of the 1908 Summer Olympics, but after the 1906 eruption of Mount Vesuvius, was forced to decline and pass the honors to London.", "1968 Summer Olympics The 1968 Summer Olympics (Spanish: Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1968), officially known as the Games of the XIX Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event held in Mexico City, Mexico, in October 1968.These were the first Olympic Games to be staged in Latin America and the first to be staged in a Spanish-speaking country. They were also the third Games to be held in autumn, after the 1956 Games in Melbourne and the 1964 Games in Tokyo.", "1968 Summer Paralympics The 1968 Summer Paralympics (Hebrew: המשחקים הפאראלימפיים ה-3‎) were the third Paralympic Games to be held. Organised under the guidance of the International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation (ISMGF), they were known as the 17th International Stoke Mandeville Games at the time. The games were originally planned to be held alongside the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, but in 1966, the Mexican government decided against it due to difficulties.", "1976 Summer Olympics The 1976 Summer Olympics, officially called the Games of the XXI Olympiad (French: Les XXIes olympiques d'été), was an international multi-sport event in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in 1976; the first Olympic Games hosted by Canada. Montreal was awarded the rights to the 1976 Games on May 12, 1970, at the 69th IOC Session in Amsterdam, over the bids of Moscow and Los Angeles. Calgary and Vancouver would later host Winter Olympic Games in Canada.", "1984 Summer Paralympics The 1984 International Games for the Disabled, canonically the 1984 Summer Paralympics were the seventh Paralympic Games to be held.", "1988 Summer Olympics The 1988 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad (Hangul: 서울 하계 올림픽; hanja: 서울 夏季 올림픽; RR: Seoul Hagye Ollimpik), were an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul, in which 2 years before, the Asian Games were celebrated, which took place from 20 September – 5 October 1986. They were the second summer Olympic Games to be held in Asia and the first since the 1964 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo, Japan.", "1996 Summer Olympics The 1996 Summer Olympics (French: Les Jeux olympiques d'été de 1996), known officially as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad and unofficially as the Centennial Olympics, was a major international multi-sport event that took place in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, from July 19 to August 4, 1996. A record 197 nations, all current IOC member nations, took part in the Games, comprising 10,318 athletes.", "2000 Summer Olympics The 2000 Summer Olympic Games (French: Les Jeux olympiques d'été de 2000), officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium, were an international multi-sport event which was celebrated between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.", "2002 Commonwealth Games The 2002 Commonwealth Games, officially the XVII Commonwealth Games were held in Manchester, England, from 25 July to 4 August 2002. The 2002 Games were to be hosted in the United Kingdom to coincide with the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II, head of the Commonwealth, and Manchester was selected for the 2002 Games ahead of London.", "2003 Special Olympics World Summer Games The 2003 Special Olympics World Summer Games were hosted in Ireland, with participants staying in various host towns around the island in the lead up to the games before moving to Dublin for the events. Events were held from 21–29 June 2003 at many venues including Morton Stadium, the Royal Dublin Society, the National Basketball Arena, all in Dublin. Croke Park served as the central stadium for the opening and closing ceremonies, even though no competitions took place there.", "2007 Special Olympics World Summer Games The 2007 Special Olympics World Summer Games were held in Shanghai, China.", "2008 Summer Olympics The 2008 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad (Chinese: 第二十九届夏季奥林匹克运动会; pinyin: Dì Èrshíjiǔ Jiè Xiàjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì) and commonly known as Beijing 2008, was a major international multi-sport event that took place in Beijing, China, from 8 to 24 August 2008. A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) competed in 28 sports and 302 events (a total of one event more than the schedule of the 2004 Games).", "2009 Mediterranean Games The 2009 Mediterranean Games, officially the XVI Mediterranean Games (Italian: XVI Giochi del Mediterraneo) and commonly known as Pescara 2009, was a multi-sport event held in Pescara, Italy, from 26 June to 5 July 2009. It was governed by the International Committee of Mediterranean Games (ICMG) (French: Comité international des Jeux méditerranéens). A total of 3,368 athletes (2,183 men and 1,185 women) from 23 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) participated in the Games.", "2010 FEI World Equestrian Games The 2010 FEI World Equestrian Games (officially the 2010 Alltech FEI World Equestrian Games) were held at the Kentucky Horse Park in Lexington, Kentucky, U.S. from September 25 to October 10, 2010. This was the sixth edition of the games, which are held every four years and run by the International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI). For the first time, Para-equestrian events were added in the program.", "2010 Summer Youth Olympics The 2010 Summer Youth Olympics (Chinese: 第一屆夏季青年奧林匹克運動會; pinyin: Dì Yī Jiè Xiàjì Qīngnián Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì Tamil: 2010 கோடைக்கால இளையோர் ஒலிம்பிக் விளையாட்டுக்கள் 2010 Kōṭaikkāla Iḷaiyōr Olimpik Viḷaiyāṭṭukkaḷ Malay: Sukan Olimpik Belia Musim Panas 2010) were the first edition of the Youth Olympic Games (YOG), an international multi-sport and cultural event for youths based on the tradition of the Olympic Games.", "2010 Summer Youth Olympics torch relay The 2010 Summer Youth Olympics torch relay was run from 23 July until 14 August 2010, prior to the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics held in Singapore. The torch relay was termed The Journey of the Youth Olympic Flame, or JYOF, by the Singapore Youth Olympic Games Organising Committee (SYOGOC).", "2012 Summer Olympics The 2012 Summer Olympics, formally the Games of the XXX Olympiad and commonly known as London 2012, was a major international multi-sport event celebrated in the tradition of the Olympic Games, as governed by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). It took place in London, United Kingdom and to a lesser extent across the country from 25 July to 12 August 2012.", "2015 European Games The 2015 European Games, also known as Baku 2015 or Baku 2015 European Games (Azerbaijani: Bakı 2015 Avropa Oyunları), were the inaugural edition of the European Games, an international multi-sport event for athletes representing the National Olympic Committees (NOCs) of Europe. It took place in Baku, Azerbaijan, from 12 to 28 June 2015, and featured almost 6,000 athletes from 50 countries competing in 20 sports.", "2016 Summer Olympics The 2016 Summer Olympics (Portuguese: Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016), officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad, are the thirty-first Summer Olympic Games, the world's largest international multi-sport event that is held every four years. The 2016 Summer Olympics are commonly known as Rio 2016, as this competition will be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.The host city of Rio de Janeiro was announced at the 121st IOC Session held in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 2 October 2009.", "2018 Summer Youth Olympics The Buenos Aires 2018 Summer Youth Olympic Games (Spanish: Juegos Olímpicos de la Juventud de 2018) is the third edition of the Summer Youth Olympics, a major international sports in which culture and education are also of great importance, are due to be celebrated in the tradition of the Summer Olympic Games on 1-12 October 2018 in Buenos Aires, Argentina.", "2019 European Games The 2019 European Games is scheduled to be the second edition of the European Games, a multi-sport event for European athletes, and was proposed to be held in the Netherlands. On 10 June 2015, the Netherlands pulled out of hosting this 2019 Games, citing high cost and insufficient support for the event.", "2024 Summer Olympics The 2024 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXIII Olympiad, are a forthcoming international multi-sport event. Bidding for the games started in 2015, and the host of the Summer Olympic Games will be announced at the 130th International Olympic Committee IOC Session in Lima, Peru in September 2017.", "Amsterdam Amsterdam (English /ˈæmstərdæm/ or /ˌæmstərˈdæm/; Dutch: [ˌʔɑmstərˈdɑm]) is the capital city and most populous city of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Its status as the Dutch capital is mandated by the Constitution of the Netherlands though it is not the seat of the Dutch government, which is The Hague. Amsterdam has a population of 825,080 within the city proper, 1,317,663 in the urban area and 1,590,520 in the metropolitan area. The city region has an approximate population of 2,431,000.", "Argentina at the Olympics Argentina first participated at the Olympic Games in 1900. It has participated at all subsequent Summer Olympics except 1904, 1912 and, owing to its regime’s support for the Moscow boycott, 1980.", "Astana Astana (/əsˈtɑːnə/, US /æsˈtɑːnə/; Kazakh: Астана [astaˈna]) is the capital of Kazakhstan. It is located on the Ishim River in the north portion of Kazakhstan, within Akmola Region, though administrated separately from the region as the city with special status.", "Australia at the Olympics Australia has sent athletes to almost all editions of the modern Olympic Games. Australia has competed in every Summer Olympic Games, and every Winter Olympic Games except for the 1948 edition. The Australian Olympic Committee was founded and recognised in 1895. Edwin Flack was the first athlete to represent Australia at the Olympics.", "Baku Baku (Azerbaijani: Bakı, IPA: [bɑˈcɯ]) is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and of the Caucasus region. Baku is located 28 metres (92 ft) below sea level, which makes it the lowest lying national capital in the world and also the largest city in the world located below sea level. It is located on the southern shore of the Absheron Peninsula, which projects into the Caspian Sea.", "Basketball at the 2004 Summer Olympics Basketball at the 2004 Summer Olympics took place at the Helliniko Olympic Indoor Arena, a part of the Hellinikon Olympic Complex, in Athens, for the preliminary rounds, with the later stages being held in the Olympic Indoor Hall at the Athens Olympic Sports Complex.In each of these Olympic basketball tournaments, 12 teams take part. The host nation (Greece in 2004) automatically receives a berth in the tournament.", "Basketball at the 2012 Summer Olympics Basketball at the 2012 Summer Olympics was held from 28 July to 12 August 2012. The preliminary matches and the women's quarterfinal matches were played in the new Basketball Arena in Olympic Park which seats up to 12,000 spectators. The men's knockout games and the women's games from semifinals onward were played in the North Greenwich Arena.The US men's and US women's teams both successfully defended their Olympic basketball championships of 2008.", "Basketball at the 2016 Summer Olympics Basketball at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil will be held from 6 to 21 August 2016. The preliminary and knockout matches for both men and women will be played inside the first hall of the Olympic Training Center in Olympic Park which seats up to 16,000 spectators.", "Beijing Beijing, formerly Peking, is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world. Its population in 2013 was 21,150,000. The city proper is the 3rd largest in the world. The metropolis, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government, with 14 urban and suburban districts and two rural counties.", "Bids for Olympic Games National Olympic Committees select from within their national territory cities to put forward bids to host an Olympic Games. The staging of the Paralympic Games is automatically included in the bid.", "Bids for the 2000 Summer Olympics Five cities made presentations to the IOC Session in Monte Carlo to host the 2000 Summer Olympics. These were awarded to Sydney, Australia, on 23 September 1993.", "Bids for the 2008 Summer Olympics Ten cities submitted bids to host the 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics that were recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), five of which made the IOC Executive Committee's shortlist. The games were awarded to Beijing, China on July 13, 2001. The other shortlisted cities were Toronto, Paris, Istanbul and Osaka. Beijing won an absolute majority of votes after two rounds of voting, eliminating the need for subsequent rounds of voting.", "Bids for the 2010 Winter Olympics Three cities made the shortlist with their bids to host the 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympics (also known as XXI Olympic Winter Games and the X Paralympic Winter Games), which were awarded to Vancouver, British Columbia, on July 2, 2003. The other shortlisted cities were Pyeongchang and Salzburg.", "Bids for the 2012 Summer Olympics Nine cities submitting bids to host the 2012 Summer Olympics and 2012 Paralympics were recognised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The Committee shortlisted five of them—London, Madrid, Moscow, New York City, and Paris—from which London eventually prevailed; thus becoming the first city to host the Olympic Games for a third time. The bidding process for the 2012 Olympics was considered one of the most hotly contested in the history of the IOC.", "Bids for the 2016 Summer Olympics Seven cities submitted bids for 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics on September 13, 2007, aiming to host the Games of the XXXI Olympiad. All of them were recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on September 14, 2007, becoming Applicant cities. Although several cities submitted to be in consideration to host the 2016 Olympics, including New York City and Los Angeles, on June 4, 2008, the IOC Executive Board shortlisted the four strongest bids to become Candidate cities.", "Boston bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics The Boston 2024 Partnership was a privately backed controversial bid to bring the 2024 Summer Olympics to the city of Boston, Massachusetts. The official proposal was submitted on December 1, 2014. On January 8, 2015, the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) chose Boston to compete with candidates around the world, and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) will select the host city in 2017.Boston beat out Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Washington, DC for the official US bid.", "Brazil at the Olympics Brazil first participated at the Olympic Games in 1920, and has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for the 1928 Games. Brazil has also participated in the Winter Olympic Games since 1992, though to this date no Brazilian athlete has won a medal in winter sports.Brazilian athletes have won a total of 108 medals, with volleyball, sailing and judo as the top medal-producing sports. 2012 was the year with more medals, 17, and 2004 had the most golds with 5.", "Bulgaria at the Olympics Bulgaria first participated at the Olympic Games at the inaugural 1896 Games, with a single gymnast. However, since Charles Champaud was a Swiss national living in Sofia, some sources credit his appearance to Switzerland instead.The Bulgarian Olympic Committee was created in 1923 and first sent a team to the Summer Olympic Games in 1924.", "Canada at the Olympics Canada has sent athletes to every Winter Olympic Games and almost every Summer Olympic Games since its debut at the 1900 games with the exception of the 1980 Summer Olympics, which it boycotted. Canada has won at least one medal at every Olympics in which it has competed.", "Canada at the Summer Olympics Canada has competed at 23 Summer Olympic Games, missing only the inaugural 1896 Summer Olympics and the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics. The nation made its debut at the 1900 Summer Olympics. Canada competes under the IOC country code CAN.Canada has hosted the Summer Olympic Games once, in 1976 in Montreal, and the Winter Olympic Games twice, in Calgary, Alberta in 1988 and Vancouver, British Columbia in 2010.", "Cardiff Cardiff (/ˈkɑrdɪf/; Welsh: Caerdydd [kairˈdiːð, kaˑɨrˈdɨːð]) is the capital and largest city in Wales and the tenth largest city in the United Kingdom. The city is the country's chief commercial centre, the base for most national cultural and sporting institutions, the Welsh national media, and the seat of the National Assembly for Wales.", "Cost of the Olympic Games The Cost of the Olympic Games is a unique megaproject of the host city and country to build the infrastructure and venues to host either the summer or winter games. In modern times, budgets allotted to the hosting the Olympic games have reached into millions and billions of US dollars and often produces profits and losses of the host city.The table below is listing the not so hard costs of the Games.", "Cuba at the Olympics Cuba first participated at the Olympic Games in 1900, and has sent athletes to compete in 19 of 27 Summer Olympic Games overall. Cuban athletes have won a total of 208 medals at the Summer Olympics. Cuban athletes have never participated in the Winter Olympic Games. Cuba is the most successful Olympic team (by total medals won) among those nations who never won medals at Winter Olympics. Cuba has yet to have hosted the Olympic Games.", "Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Olympics Equestrian competitions at the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics were held from August 9 to August 21 at the Hong Kong Sports Institute and Sheung Yue River in Hong Kong. It was the second time the equestrian events were hosted by a member of the IOC other than the member hosting the main games. Unlike 1956, however, the equestrian events were part of the main games, and were held within the same period.", "European Capital of Culture The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one calendar year during which it organises a series of cultural events with a strong European dimension.Preparing a European Capital of Culture can be an opportunity for the city to generate considerable cultural, social and economic benefits and it can help foster urban regeneration, change the city's image and raise its visibility and profile on an international scale.In 1985, former actress Melina Mercouri, then Greece’s Minister of Culture, and her French counterpart Jack Lang came up with the idea of designating an annual Capital of Culture to bring Europeans closer together by highlighting the richness and diversity of European cultures and raising awareness of their common history and values.The Commission of the European Union manages the title and each year the Council of Ministers of the European Union formally designates European Capitals of Culture: more than 40 cities have been designated so far.An international panel of cultural experts is in charge of assessing the proposals of cities for the title according to criteria specified by the European Union.A 2004 study conducted for the European Commission, know as the \"Palmer report\", demonstrated that the choice of European Capital of Culture served as a catalyst for the cultural development and the transformation of the city. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture?oldid=682078964> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Focke-Wulf_Ta_154> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> The Focke-Wulf Ta 154 Moskito was a fast twin-engined German night fighter aircraft designed by Kurt Tank and produced by Focke-Wulf during late World War II. Only a few were produced and proved to have less impressive performance than the prototypes.", "Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics The association football tournament at the 2012 Summer Olympics was held from 25 July to 11 August, and was the only sport to begin before the official opening day of the Olympic Games, two days before the opening ceremony. It was also the only sport to be held at multiple venues outside London (the host city of the Olympics), with Manchester, Glasgow, Newcastle, Coventry and Cardiff all hosting matches. The finals were played at Wembley Stadium.", "Guyana at the 1968 Summer Olympics Guyana competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico. The Games were hosted from October 13 through October 20, with 1,028 participants (785 men and 243 women) representing 92 countries.They fielded five competitors, all men.", "Istanbul Istanbul (/ˌɪstænˈbʊl/; Turkish: İstanbul [isˈtanbuɫ]), once known as Constantinople, is the most populous city in Turkey, and the country's economic, cultural, and historical center. Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia, straddling the Bosphorus strait between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea.", "Laura Hodges Laura (née Summerton) Hodges (born 13 December 1983) is an Australian female professional basketball player, having played in Australia's Women's National Basketball League (WNBL), Europe, and the WNBA. She currently plays for the Adelaide Lightning in the WNBL.She has been a member of Australia women's national basketball team, winning a pair of silver medals with the team at the 2004 Summer Olympics, 2008 Summer Olympics and a bronze at the 2012 Summer Olympics.", "Lauren Jackson Lauren Elizabeth Jackson AO (born 11 May 1981) is an Australian professional basketball player. The daughter of two national basketball team players, Jackson was awarded a scholarship to the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) in 1997, when she was 16. In 1998, she led the AIS side that won the Women's National Basketball League (WNBL) championship.", "Lausanne Lausanne (/loʊˈzæn/, French: [lozan], Italian: Losanna, Romansh: Losanna) is a city in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, and the capital of the canton of Vaud. The city is situated on the shores of Lake Geneva (French: Lac Léman, or simply Le Léman). It faces the French town of Évian-les-Bains, with the Jura mountains to its north-west.", "List of Olympic Games host cities Since the Modern Olympics began in 1896, there have been 27 Summer Olympic Games held in 22 different cities and 22 Winter Olympic Games held in 19 different cities. In addition, three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but were later cancelled due to war: Berlin (summer) in 1916, Tokyo (summer) and Sapporo (winter) in 1940, and London (summer) and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy (winter) in 1944.", "List of Olympic venues in gymnastics For the Summer Olympics, there are 34 venues that have been or will be used for gymnastics. Before World War II, the competitions were held outdoor. Since then with the exception of 1960, gymnastics have taken place indoors.", "List of Paralympic Games host cities Since the Paralympic Games began in 1960, there have been 14 Summer Paralympic Games held in 14 separate cities and 11 Winter Paralympic Games held in 10 separate cities. Three cities have been chosen by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) to host upcoming Games; Rio de Janeiro for the 2016 Summer Paralympics, PyeongChang for the 2018 Winter Paralympics, Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Paralympics and Beijing for the 2022 Winter Paralympics.", "List of Summer Olympics venues: M–N For the Summer Olympics, there were a total of 45 venues starting with the letter 'M' and 19 venues starting with the letter 'N'.", "List of bids for the Winter Olympics The Winter Olympics are a multi-sport event in winter sports organized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) every four years. Selection of the host city is done at an IOC Session four to seven years prior to the tournament, in which the IOC members vote between candidate cities which have submitted bids. As of the selection of the 2018 Olympics, 23 games have been held in 20 cities in 11 countries. Bids have been made by 56 cities in 23 countries.The bid process consists of two rounds.", "List of bids for the Youth Olympics The Youth Olympics are a multi-sport event organized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) every two years, alternating between Summer Youth Olympics and Winter Youth Olympics. Selection of the host city is done by postal voting by the members of the IOC four to five years prior to the tournament, in which the IOC members vote between candidate cities which have submitted bids.", "List of people who have opened the Olympic Games The Olympic Games are an international multi-sport event featuring both summer and winter sports, held every two years with Summer and Winter Olympic Games alternating. During Olympic Games opening ceremonies, the sitting president of the International Olympic Committee will make a speech before inviting a representative from the host country to officially declare that particular Games open.", "Major sports event hosting in Britain during the 2010s The United Kingdom has been awarded, or is bidding to hold, a number of major international sporting events during the 2010s leading to an idea of a 'Golden Decade' in British sport. The idea of the golden decade has been discussed in many newspapers and has been mentioned by former Prime Minister Gordon Brown and Lord Coe.", "Mike Johnson (1990s pitcher) Michael Keith Johnson (born October 3, 1975) is a former professional baseball pitcher. He has pitched all or part of five seasons in Major League Baseball, and has also played in Nippon Professional Baseball, the Korean Baseball Organization, and the CPBL.Johnson was selected by the Toronto Blue Jays in the 1993 amateur draft. He made his Major League Baseball debut on April 6, 1997 with the Baltimore Orioles.and went on to play for the Orioles (1997) and Montreal Expos (1997–2001).", "Multi-sport event A multi-sport event is an organized sporting event, often held over multiple days, featuring competition in many different sports between organized teams of athletes from (mostly) nation-states. The first major, modern, multi-sport event of international significance was the modern Olympic Games.Many regional multi-sport events have since been founded and modeled after the Olympics. Most have the same basic structure.", "Municipal Stadium (Mexico City) Municipal Stadium is a venue located in the Magdalena Mixhuca Sports City area of Mexico City. The venue hosted the field hockey competitions for the 1968 Summer Olympics.Olympic field-hockey games were held at the Municipal Stadium and two adjoining fields at the Magdalena Mixhuca Sports City. Built in 1964 by the Mexico City government, the open stadium has roofed grandstands on each side of the playing field.", "Nanjing Nanjing (About this sound listen; Chinese: 南京, \"Southern Capital\") is the capital of Jiangsu province and the second largest city in eastern China (after Shanghai), with a total population of 8.16 million and a urban population of 6.55 million in 2013. The city whose name means \"Southern Capital\" has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having served as the capitals of various Chinese dynasties, kingdoms and republican governments dating from the 3rd century AD to 1949.", "Nicosia Nicosia (/ˌnɪkəˈsiːə/ NIK-ə-SEE-ə; Greek: Λευκωσία [lefkoˈsi.a]; Turkish: Lefkoşa [lefˈkoʃa]) is the capital and largest city on the island of Cyprus, as well as its main business centre. It is located near the centre of the Mesaoria plain, on the banks of the River Pedieos.Nicosia is the capital and seat of government of the Republic of Cyprus, and as such is the farthest southeast of all EU member states' capitals.", "Olympiastadion (Munich) Olympiastadion (German pronunciation: [oˈlʏmpi̯aˈʃtaːdi̯ɔn]) is a stadium located in Munich, Germany. Situated at the heart of the Olympiapark München in northern Munich, the stadium was built as the main venue for the 1972 Summer Olympics.With an original capacity of 80,000, the stadium also hosted many major football matches including the 1974 World Cup Final and the Euro '88 Final. It hosted the European Cup Finals of 1979, 1993 and 1997.", "Olympic Park An Olympic Park is a sports campus for hosting the Olympic Games. Typically it contains the Olympic Stadium and the International Broadcast Centre. It may also contain the Olympic Village or some of the other sports venues, such as the aquatics complex in the case of the summer games, or the main ice hockey rink for the winter games. The Olympic Park is often part of the \"legacy\" which provides benefit to the host city after the games have ended.", "Olympic Stadium Olympic Stadium is the name usually given to the main stadium of an Olympics. An Olympic stadium is the site of the opening and closing ceremonies. Many, though not all, of these venues actually contain the words Olympic Stadium as part of their names.Olympic Stadium may also be named a multi-purpose stadium which hosts Olympic sports.In the case of the Summer Olympics, athletics competitions are traditionally held in the Olympic Stadium.", "Olympic sports Olympic sports are sports contested in the Summer and Winter Olympic Games. The 2012 Summer Olympics included 26 sports, with two additional sports due to be added to the 2016 Summer Olympics. The 2014 Winter Olympics included seven sports. The number and kinds of events may change slightly from one Olympiad to another. Each Olympic sport is represented by an international governing body, namely an International Federation (IF).", "Outline of Greece The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Greece:Greece – sovereign country located on the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula in Southern Europe. Greece borders Albania, Bulgaria, and the Republic of Macedonia to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east and south of mainland Greece, while the Ionian Sea lies to the west.", "Pan American Games The Pan-American or Pan American Games (also known colloquially as the Pan Am Games) is a major sporting event in the Americas featuring summer sports, in which thousands of athletes participate in a variety of competitions. The competition is held among athletes from nations of the Americas, every four years in the year before the Summer Olympic Games. The only Winter Pan American Games were held in 1990.", "Paula Radcliffe Paula Jane Radcliffe, MBE (born 17 December 1973) is an English long-distance runner. She is the current women's world record holder in the marathon with her time of 2 hours 15 minutes and 25 seconds. She is a three-time winner of the London Marathon (2002, 2003, 2005), three-time New York Marathon champion (2004, 2007, 2008), and won the 2002 Chicago Marathon.Radcliffe is a former world champion in the marathon, half marathon and cross country.", "Rio de Janeiro bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics The Rio de Janeiro bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics was a successful bid to host the Games of the XXXI Olympiad and the XV Paralympic Games, respectively. It was submitted on September 7, 2007, and recognized as an Applicant city by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) one week after.", "Russia at the Olympics Russia has competed at the modern Olympic Games on many occasions, but as different nations in its history. As the Russian Empire, the nation first competed at the 1900 Games, and returned again in 1908 and 1912. After the Russian revolution in 1917, and the subsequent establishment of the Soviet Union in 1922, it would be thirty years until Russian athletes once again competed at the Olympics, as the Soviet Union at the 1952 Summer Olympics.", "Sarajevo Sarajevo (Bosnian pronunciation: [sǎrajeʋo]) is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with an estimated population of 369,534. The Sarajevo metropolitan area, including Sarajevo, East Sarajevo and surrounding municipalities, is home to 688,354 inhabitants.Moreover, it is also the capital of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity, the capital of the Republika Srpska entity, and the center of the Sarajevo Canton.", "Shelley Sandie Shelley Ann Gorman-Sandie (born 22 January 1969 in Melbourne, Victoria) is a retired female basketball player from Australia, who played for the Canberra Capitals. A three-time Olympian she was a member of the national women's team that claimed the bronze medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. She attended the Australian Institute of Sport in 1987.", "South Korea at the Olympics Republic of Korea (South Korea) first participated at the Olympic Games in 1948, and has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for 1980 which they boycotted. South Korea has also participated in every Winter Olympic Games since 1948, except for the 1952 Games.The first Korean athletes to win medals did so at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, when Sohn Kee-chung and Nam Sung-yong won gold and bronze respectively in the men's marathon.", "Soviet Union at the Olympics The Soviet Union first participated at the Olympic Games in 1952, and competed at the Games on 18 occasions since then. At six of its nine appearances at the Summer Olympic Games, the team ranked first in the total number of medals won, it was second by this count on the other two.", "Spain at the Olympics Spain first participated at the Olympic Games in 1900, and has sent athletes to compete in most Summer Olympic Games since 1920. Spain has also participated in every Winter Olympic Games since 1936. Its team is organised by the Spanish Olympic Committee (COE, Comité Olímpico Español) created in 1924.Spain boycotted the 1936 Summer Olympics in Nazi Germany, and also boycotted the 1956 Games in Melbourne because of the Soviet Union's invasion of Hungary.", "Stefan Holm Stefan Christian Holm (born 25 May 1976) is a retired Swedish high jumper. He has won an Olympic gold medal, a silver in the World Championships, and one silver and one bronze medal in the European Championships. His personal records are 2.37 m (7 ft 9.3in) (outdoors, set 2008) and 2.40 m (7 ft 10.49in) (indoors, set 2005).", "Stockholm Stockholm (/ˈstɒkhoʊm, -hoʊlm/; Swedish pronunciation: [ˈstɔkːˈɔlm, ˈstɔkˈhɔlm] (About this sound pronunciation)) is the capital of Sweden and the most populous city in the Nordic region, with 914,909 people living in the municipality, approximately 1.4 million in the urban area, and 2.2 million in the metropolitan area. The city is spread across 14 islands on the coast in the southeast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago and the Baltic sea.", "Suzy Batkovic Suzy Batkovic-Brown (née Batković) (born 17 December 1980 in Lambton, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian women's basketball player. She has played basketball for several European clubs including the French Valenciennes, the Spanish side Ros Casares, the Russian side UMMC Ekaterinburg, and Italian side Cras Basket. In the United States, she has played for the Seattle Storm after having been selected as a first round draft pick in 2003.", "Venues of the 1952 Summer Olympics For the 1952 Summer Olympics, a total of twenty-four sports venues were used. Three of the venues were constructed for the 1940 Summer Olympics, but were postponed in the wake of World War II. Those venues were completed in time for the 1952 Games. The main stadium served as host to the World Athletics Championships in 1983 and in 2005.", "Venues of the 1964 Summer Olympics For the 1964 Summer Olympics, a total of thirty-three sports venues were used. Six of the venues were built before the International Olympic Committee awarded the 1964 Games to Tokyo in 1959. This included two venues that hosted the 1958 Asian Games. There were thirteen new, eight temporary, and five reconstructed and/or renovated venues that were used during the event. During the Olympics, wind and weather had issues with two athletic events.", "Winter Olympic Games The Winter Olympic Games (French: Jeux olympiques d'hiver) is a major international sporting event that occurs once every four years. Unlike the Summer Olympics, the Winter Olympics feature sports practiced on snow and ice. The first Winter Olympics, the 1924 Winter Olympics, was held in Chamonix, France.", "Yugoslavia at the Olympics Teams from Yugoslavia first participated at the Olympic Games in 1920. Previously, several athletes from Croatia, Slovenia and Vojvodina had competed for Austria or Hungary when those countries were part of the Empire of Austria-Hungary." ]

[ "35th NAACP Image Awards The 35th Image Awards, given by NAACP on 5 and 6 March 2004, honored the best in film, television and music for 2003.", "36th NAACP Image Awards The 36th Image Awards, given by NAACP on March 19, 2005, honored the best in film, television and music for 2004.", "37th NAACP Image Awards The 37th Image Awards, given by NAACP on February 26, 2006, honored the best in film, television and music for 2005.The following is a listing of nominees, with winners in bold:", "38th NAACP Image Awards The 38th NAACP Image Awards honored the best in film, television and music for 2006. The show was televised live on March 2, 2007 on Fox at 8 p.m. EST at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. The show was hosted by LL Cool J. The nominees were announced on January 7, 2007, at a press conference in at the Peninsula Hotel in Beverly Hills, California. The winners and nominees are shown below. The winners are indicated in bold.", "40th NAACP Image Awards The 40th NAACP Image Awards honored the best in film, television and music for 2008. The show was televised live on February 12, 2009 on Fox at 8 p.m. EST at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, California.", "41st NAACP Image Awards Below is the list of Nominees for the 2010 NAACP Image Awards. The show was broadcast live on FOX on February 26, 2010, and was hosted Hill Harper and Anika Noni Rose. The nominees are listed below with the winners in BOLD.", "44th NAACP Image Awards All nominees are listed below with the winners listed in bold.", "45th NAACP Image Awards The 45th NAACP Image Awards, presented by the NAACP, honored outstanding representations and achievements of people of color in motion pictures, television, music and literature during the 2013 calendar year. The awards were presented in two separate ceremonies. The first ceremony honoring non-televised categories took place on Friday, February 21, 2014 and was hosted by Rickey Smiley and Kimberly Elise.", "46th NAACP Image Awards The 46th NAACP Image Awards, presented by the NAACP, honored outstanding representations and achievements of people of color in motion pictures, television, music and literature during the 2014 calendar year. The 46th ceremony was hosted by Anthony Anderson and broadcast on TV One. All nominees are listed below with the winners listed in bold.", "List of awards and nominations received by The Wire The Wire has been nominated for a variety of different awards including two Primetime Emmy Awards, fifteen NAACP Image Awards, two Edgar Awards (one win), three Writers Guild of America Awards (one win), one Directors Guild of America Award, and has also won a Peabody Award. The series has been nominated for forty three industry awards and has won eight. It has also topped several critics polls.", "List of awards and nominations received by Ugly Betty This article pertains to the awards, nominations and honors given to the ABC dramedy series Ugly Betty. The series so far has been nominated for 160 awards and won 60 of them, including 3 Emmys, 2 Golden Globes, 2 GLAADs, 5 NAACP Image, 8 ALMAs and 3 Satellite Awards. Of most of these achievements, America Ferrera has won an Emmy, a Golden Globe, a NAACP Image, a SAG, 2 ALMAs (one of them for Entertainer of the Year in 2008), and a Teen Choice breakout award.", "NAACP Image Award An NAACP Image Award is an accolade presented by the American National Association for the Advancement of Colored People to honor outstanding people of color in film, television, music, and literature.Similar to other awards, like the Oscars and the Grammys, the 35 categories of the Image Awards are voted on by the award organization's members (that is, NAACP members).", "NAACP Image Award for Entertainer of the Year The NAACP Image Award winners for Entertainer of the Year:", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Daytime Drama Series The NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Daytime Drama Series has been given every year since the 26th Annual NAACP Image Awards ceremony in 1994.In the lists below, the winner of the award for each year is shown first, followed by the other nominees.", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special:", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Series The NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Series has been given every year since the 26th Annual NAACP Image Awards ceremony in 1994.In the lists below, the winner of the award for each year is shown first, followed by the other nominees.", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series:(Prior to 1995, this category was called \"Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series, Mini-Series or Television Movie.\")", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture:Number of Performances that won or were nominated for Academy AwardsDiana Ross - Lady Sings the BluesAlfre Woodard - Cross CreekWhoopi Goldberg - The Color PurpleAngela Bassett - What's Love Got to Do With It?Keisha Castle-Hughes - Whale RiderPenélope Cruz - VolverSandra Bullock - The Blind SideGabourey Sidibe - PreciousViola Davis - The HelpQuvenzhané Wallis - Beasts of the Southern Wild", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special:Most Wins: Alfre Woodard, Cicely Tyson - 3 winsMost Nominations:", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Album The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding Album:", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Children's Program The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding Children's Program:", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Comedy Series The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding Comedy Series:", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Documentary The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding Motion Documentary:", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Drama Series The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding Drama Series:(Prior to 1995, the award was for \"Outstanding Drama Series, Mini-Series or Television Movie\")", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Duo or Group The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding Duo or Group:", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Gospel Artist The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding Gospel Artist:", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding International Motion Picture The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding International Motion Picture:", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Jazz Artist The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding Jazz Artist:", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work, Children's The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding Literary Work, Children's:", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work, Fiction The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding Literary Work, Fiction:", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work, Nonfiction The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding Literary Work, Nonfiction:", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Male Artist The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding Male Artist:", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Motion Picture The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding Motion Picture:", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding News, Talk or Information – Series or Special The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding News, Talk or Information - Series or Special:", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Performance in a Youth/Children's Series or Special The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding Performance in a Youth/Children's Series or Special:", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Song The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding Song:", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture:Performers that earned or won Academy Award nominations1. Denzel Washington- Glory2. Djimon Hounsou- In America3. Morgan Freeman- Million Dollar Baby4. Jamie Foxx- Collateral5. Djimon Hounsou- Blood Diamond6. Eddie Murphy- Dreamgirls", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series:", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Variety – Series or Special The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding Variety - Series or Special:", "NAACP Image Award – Chairman's Award The NAACP Image Award winners for the Chairman's Award:", "NAACP Image Award – Hall of Fame Award The NAACP Image Award winners for the Hall of Fame Award:", "NAACP Image Award – President's Award The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People presents an annual NAACP Image Award. The following are winners for the President's Award:", "NAACP Theatre Awards The NAACP Theatre Awards are a NAACP member voted awards started in 1991 and presented annually by the Beverly Hills-Hollywood branch of the NAACP to honor outstanding people of color in theatre. The ceremonies usually take place in the Los Angeles area following the presentation ceremonies of the NAACP Image Awards. There are also honorary awards: the President's Award, the Trailblazer Award, the Spirit Award, the Community Service Award and The Lifetime Achievement Award." ]

[ "Blair Underwood Blair Erwin Underwood (born August 25, 1964) is an American television, film, and stage actor and director. He played headstrong attorney Jonathan Rollins on the NBC legal drama L.A. Law for seven years. He has received two Golden Globe Award nominations, three NAACP Image Awards and one Grammy Award. In recent years, he has appeared on The New Adventures of Old Christine, Dirty Sexy Money and In Treatment and was in NBC's The Event.", "Chandra Wilson Chandra Danette Wilson (born August 27, 1969) is an American actress, known for her role as Dr. Miranda Bailey in the ABC television drama Grey's Anatomy since 2005. She made her New York stage debut in 1991 and began to land guest spots on a variety of prime-time television shows. She made her first film appearance in the 1993 film Philadelphia.", "How to Get Away with Murder How to Get Away with Murder (sometimes abbreviated as HTGAWM) is an American television series that premiered on ABC on September 25, 2014. The series was created by Peter Nowalk, produced by Shonda Rhimes and distributed by ABC Studios.Viola Davis stars as a law professor at a prestigious Philadelphia university who, with five of her students, becomes entwined in a murder plot.", "Khandi Alexander Khandi Alexander (born September 4, 1957) is an American dancer, choreographer, and actress. She is best known for the roles of Dr. Alexx Woods in the CBS police procedural series CSI: Miami, as LaDonna Batiste-Williams in HBO drama Treme, and as Catherine Duke in NBC sitcom NewsRadio. She also had a major recurring roles in NBC medical drama ER as Jackie Robbins, sister to Dr. Peter Benton, and as Maya Lewis, Olivia Pope's mother in ABC drama Scandal.", "Kimberly Elise Kimberly Elise Trammel (born April 17, 1967), professionally known as Kimberly Elise, is an American film and television actress. She made her feature film debut in Set It Off (1996), and later received critical acclaim for her performance in Beloved (1998).During her career, Elise has appeared in films such as John Q. (2001), The Manchurian Candidate (2004), Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2005), The Great Debaters (2007), For Colored Girls (2010), and Dope (2015).", "List of accolades received by Django Unchained Django Unchained is a 2012 American western film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino. It stars Jamie Foxx as Django, a freed slave, who teams up with a bounty hunter called Dr. King Schultz (Christoph Waltz) to free his wife from plantation owner Calvin Candie (Leonardo DiCaprio). Django Unchained was screened for the first time at the Directors Guild of America on December 1, 2012.", "List of accolades received by House House is an American television medical drama that originally ran on the Fox network for eight seasons, from November 16, 2004 to May 21, 2012. The show centers around Dr. Gregory House (Hugh Laurie), a drug-addicted, unconventional, misanthropic medical genius who leads a team of diagnosticians at the fictional hospital in New Jersey.", "List of awards and nominations received by Alicia Keys Alicia Keys is an American singer and actress. She graduated from the Professional Performing Arts School in Manhattan as valedictorian at the age of 16 in three years. Although accepted to Columbia University, she dropped out four weeks later to pursue her musical career when she was signed to Columbia Records. Her first album, Songs in A Minor, was released on June 5, 2001.", "List of awards and nominations received by Beyoncé Beyoncé is an American singer, songwriter, actress, and entrepreneur. With a total of 20 awards and 53 nominations from the Grammys for her music (as a solo artist and with Destiny's Child), she is the most nominated woman in Grammy history.", "List of awards and nominations received by Bruno Mars Bruno Mars is an American singer and producer. Mars initially came to prominence as an acknowledged music producer, who wrote lyrics for other artists along with his production team The Smeezingtons. However it was only after being featured on and co-writing B.o.B's \"Nothin' on You\" and Travie McCoy's \"Billionaire\" that he became famous as a musician. His debut album Doo-Wops & Hooligans, was released on October 4, 2010.", "List of awards and nominations received by CeeLo Green CeeLo Green (born 1974) is an American recording artist. He has received a multitude of awards and accolades in recognition of his success in the music industry. This includes five Grammy Awards, one BET Award, one Billboard Music Award, and one Brit Award.", "List of awards and nominations received by Chris Brown Chris Brown is an American recording artist and actor. At the age of 15, he was signed to Jive Records. His first album, Chris Brown, was released on 29 November 2005. It spawned five singles that reached the Billboard Hot 100: \"Run It!\", \"Yo\", \"Gimme That\", \"Say Goodbye\" and \"Poppin'\". The album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Brown's second album, Exclusive, was released on 6 November 2007.", "List of awards and nominations received by Justin Timberlake Justin Timberlake is an American singer, songwriter, actor, and record producer. He has won numerous awards including nine Grammy Awards, four Emmy Awards, seven American Music Awards, three Brit Awards, 10 Billboard Music Awards, and 11 MTV Video Music Awards. He was established as one of the most commercially successful singers of the decade.", "List of awards and nominations received by Kanye West Kanye West, an American rapper, has received 89 awards out of over 352 nominations, including 21 Grammy awards. West's debut album, The College Dropout (2004), spiraled him into the Best Rap Album slot at the 2005 Grammy Awards, three MOBO Awards, and Best New Artist at the BET Awards. His second album, Late Registration (2005), earned him seven Grammy nominations, two nominations at the BRIT Awards, and Best Rapper at the Vibe Music Awards.", "List of awards and nominations received by Mariah Carey Mariah Carey has received many awards and accolades in recognition of her worldwide success in the music industry, among them; 5 Grammy Awards, 21 World Music Awards, 20 American Music Awards, 32 Billboard Music Awards Below is a list of the notable awards she has received.", "List of awards and nominations received by Toni Braxton This is a list of awards and nominations received by Toni Braxton, an American R&B/pop singer.", "List of awards and nominations received by Whitney Houston Whitney Houston has been honored with several awards and accolades recognizing her worldwide success through the music and movie industries.", "S. Epatha Merkerson Sharon Epatha Merkerson (/iˈpeɪθə/; born November 28, 1952), best known as S. Epatha Merkerson, is an American film, stage, and television actress. She has won a Golden Globe, an Emmy Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, an Obie Award and four NAACP Image Awards. She has also received two Tony Award nominations. She is best known for her role as NYPD Lieutenant Anita Van Buren from 1993 to 2010 on the long-running NBC police procedural drama series Law & Order.", "Taraji P. Henson Taraji Penda Henson (born September 11, 1970) is an American actress and singer. Henson studied acting at Howard University and began her Hollywood career in guest-roles on several television shows before making her breakthrough in Baby Boy (2001). In 2005, she starred in Hustle & Flow and played Queenie in David Fincher's The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008), for which she received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.", "Vanessa L. Williams Vanessa Lynn Williams (born March 18, 1963) is an American singer, actress, producer, and former fashion model who is particularly well known for her roles as Wilhelmina Slater in Ugly Betty and Renee Perry in Desperate Housewives. She initially gained recognition as the first African-American woman to win the title of Miss America (during the Miss America 1984 pageant on September 17, 1983).", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding African-American Actors in a Motion Picture:", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series:", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding New Artist The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding New Artist:", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series:", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Female Artist The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding Female Artist:", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Music Video The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding Music Video:", "NAACP Theatre Award – Spirit Award The Spirit Award is an honorary award, one of the NAACP Theatre Awards, an American award scheme run by the NAACP to honor outstanding people of color in theater. The Spirit Award is presented to an individual who is judged by NAACP members to bring energy, tenacity, innovation, commitment, talent, and of course, spirit, to the theater scene.", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series:", "NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture The NAACP Image Award winners for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture:", "Spingarn Medal The Spingarn Medal is awarded annually by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) for outstanding achievement by an African American.The award, which consists of a gold medal, was created in 1914 by Joel Elias Spingarn, Chairman of the Board of the NAACP. It was first awarded to biologist Ernest E. Just in 1915, and has been given most years thereafter.Well-known recipients of the award include: W. E. B.", "Black Movie Awards The Black Movie Awards (BMAs) is an annual ceremony held to recognize achievements of film actors of African descent and to honor films that stand out in their portrayal of Black experience. Founded in 1997, with an inaugural event at the American Black Film Festival (ABFF), it has been televised several times since 2005, including the 2005 ceremony hosted by Cedric the Entertainer and the 2006 ceremony hosted by Tyler Perry.", "Black Reel Awards The Black Reel Awards began in 2000 and were designed to annually recognize and celebrate the achievements of black people in feature, independent and television films." ]

[ "Belgium Belgium (/ˈbɛldʒəm/; Dutch: België About this sound [ˈbɛlɣijə]; French: Belgique About this sound [bɛlʒik]; German: Belgien About this sound [ˈbɛlɡiən]), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a sovereign state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts several of the EU's official seats and as well as the headquarters of many major international organizations such as NATO.", "Currencies of the European Union There are eleven currencies of the European Union as of 2015, the principal currency being the Euro. The Euro is used by the institutions of the European Union and by the Eurozone states, which account for 19 of the 28 member states of the European Union. All but two states are obliged to adopt the currency; Denmark and the United Kingdom, through a legal opt-out from the EU treaties, have retained the right to operate independent currencies within the European Union.", "Cypriot euro coins Cypriot euro coins feature three separate designs for the three series of coins. Cyprus has been a member of the European Union since 1 May 2004, and is a member of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union. It has completed the third stage of the EMU and adopted the euro as its official currency on 1 January 2008.", "Cyprus Cyprus (/ˈsaɪprəs/; Greek: Κύπρος [ˈcipros]; Turkish: Kıbrıs [ˈkɯbɾɯs]), officially the Republic of Cyprus (Greek: Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία; Turkish: Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti), is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Cyprus is the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean, and a member state of the European Union.", "Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union The Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) is an umbrella term for the group of policies aimed at converging the economies of all member states of the European Union at three stages. Both the 19 eurozone states and the 9 non-euro states are EMU members.", "Estonia Estonia (/ɛˈstoʊniə/; Estonian: Eesti [ˈeːsti]), officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia (338.6 km). Across the Baltic Sea lies Sweden in the west and Finland in the north.", "Estonian euro coins Estonian euro coins feature a single design for all eight coins. This is a design by Lembit Lõhmus and features a silhouette map of Estonia together with the word Eesti (Estonia) and twelve stars, symbolic of the European Union, surrounding the map. This was the winning design in a public vote of ten announced in December 2004.Estonian euro coins entered circulation on 1 January 2011.", "Euro The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of the eurozone, which consists of 19 of the 28 member states of the European Union: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain.", "Euro coins There are eight euro coin denominations, ranging from one cent to two euros (the euro is divided into a hundred cents). The coins first came into use in 2002. They have a common reverse, portraying a map of Europe, but each country in the eurozone has its own design on the obverse, which means that each coin has a variety of different designs in circulation at once.", "European Central Bank The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central bank for the euro and administers monetary policy of the Eurozone, which consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world. It is one of the world's most important central banks and is one of the seven institutions of the European Union (EU) listed in the Treaty on European Union (TEU). The capital stock of the bank is owned by the central banks of all 28 EU member states.", "Eurozone The eurozone (About this sound pronunciation ), officially called the euro area, is a monetary union of 19 of the 28 European Union (EU) member states which have adopted the euro (€) as their common currency and sole legal tender.", "Finland Finland (/ˈfɪnlənd/; Finnish: Suomi [suomi]; Swedish: Finland [ˈfɪnland]), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordered by Sweden to the west, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east; Estonia lies to the south across the Gulf of Finland. Finland is part of the geographic region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia and parts of Russia.In 2013, Finland's population was around 5.5 million, with the majority living in its southern regions.", "Greece Greece (/ɡriːs/ GREESS; Greek: Ελλάδα, Elláda [eˈlaða]), officially the Hellenic Republic (Greek: Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Ellīnikī́ Dīmokratía [eliniˈci ðimokraˈti.a]) and known since ancient times as Hellas (/ˈhɛləs/; Greek: Ελλάς, Ellás), is a country located in southeastern Europe. According to the 2011 census, Greece's population is around 10.8 million.", "History of the euro The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999, although it had been a goal of the European Union (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s.", "International status and usage of the euro The international status and usage of the euro has grown since its launch in 1999. When the euro formally replaced 12 currencies on 1 January 2002, it inherited their use in territories such as Montenegro and replaced minor currencies tied to the pre-euro currencies, such as in Monaco. Four small states have been given a formal right to use the euro, and to mint their own coins, but all other usage has been unofficial outside the eurozone (the EU states who have adopted the euro).", "Italy Italy (/ˈɪtəli/; Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica Italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and has a largely temperate climate; due to its shape, it is often referred to in Italy as lo Stivale (the Boot). With 61 million inhabitants, it is the 4th most populous EU member state.", "Kosovo and the euro Kosovo unilaterally adopted the euro as its currency in 2002; however, it is not an official Eurozone member.", "Latvian euro coins Latvia replaced its previous currency, the lats, with the euro on 1 January 2014, after a European Union (EU) assessment in June 2013 asserted that the country had met all convergence criteria necessary for euro adoption.The adoption process began 1 May 2004, when Latvia joined the European Union, entering the EU's Economic and Monetary Union.", "List of currencies in Europe There are 28 currencies currently used in the 50 countries of Europe, all of which are members of the United Nations, except Vatican City, which is an observer. All de facto present currencies in Europe, and an incomplete list of the preceding currency, are listed here.A currency is a medium of exchange, such as money, banknotes, and coins.", "Lithuania and the euro Lithuania is an EU member state which joined the Eurozone by adopting the euro on 1 January 2015.This made it the last of the three Baltic states to adopt the euro, after Estonia (2011) and Latvia (2014). Before then, its currency, the litas, was pegged to the euro at 3.4528 litas to 1 euro.", "Luxembourg Luxembourg /ˈlʌksəmbɜrɡ/ (Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg; German: Luxemburg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in western Europe. It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France to the south. It comprises two principal regions: the Oesling in the north as part of the Ardennes massif, and the Gutland \"\\good country\") in the south. With an area of 2,586 square kilometres (998 sq mi), it is one of the smallest sovereign states in Europe.", "Member state of the European Union The European Union (EU) comprises 28 member states, which are party to the founding treaties of the union and thereby subject to the privileges and obligations of membership. Unlike the members of international organisations, the constituent states of the EU are placed under binding laws in exchange for representation within the common legislative and judicial institutions.", "Montenegro and the euro Montenegro has no currency of its own. From 1996 the Deutsche Mark was the de facto currency in all private and banking transactions and it was formally adopted as Montenegro's currency in November 1999.", "Netherlands The Netherlands (/ˈnɛðərləndz/; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdərˌlɑnt]) is the main \"constituent country\" (Dutch: land) of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a small, densely populated country located in Western Europe with three island territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing maritime borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom and Germany.", "Poland and the euro Poland does not use the euro as its currency.", "Portugal Portugal (/ˈpɔrtʃʉɡəlˌ -tjʉ-/; Portuguese: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa), is a country on the Iberian Peninsula, in southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, being bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The country also holds sovereignty over the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments.", "Republic of Ireland Ireland (/ˈaɪərlənd/; Irish: Éire [ˈeːɾʲə]), also known as the Republic of Ireland (Poblacht na hÉireann), is a sovereign state in north-western Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, located in the eastern part of the island, whose metropolitan area is home to around a third of the country's 4.6 million inhabitants. The state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom.", "Slovak euro coins The Slovak euro coins are the European monetary union euro coins issued by Slovakia since 2009. They feature three separate designs for the three series of coins. Slovakia has been a member of the European Union since May 2004, and is a member of the European Economic and Monetary Union. Slovakia adopted the euro on 1 January 2009, replacing its previous currency, the Slovak koruna.", "Slovenia Slovenia (/slɵˈviːniə/ sloh-VEE-nee-ə; Slovene: Slovenija [slɔˈʋéːnija]), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene: About this sound Republika Slovenija , abbr.: RS), is a nation state in southern Central Europe, located at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes. It borders Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the south and southeast, and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest.", "Spain Spain (/ˈspeɪn/; Spanish: España [esˈpaɲa]), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar; to the north and northeast by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean.", "Sweden and the euro Sweden does not currently use the euro as its currency and has no plans to replace the krona in the near future. Sweden's Treaty of Accession of 1994 made it subject to the Treaty of Maastricht, which obliges states to join the eurozone once they meet the necessary conditions.", "Swedish euro referendum, 2003 A non-binding referendum on introduction of the euro was held in Sweden on 14 September 2003. The referendum failed. As a consequence, Sweden decided in 2003 not to adopt the euro for the time being. Had they voted in favor, Sweden would have adopted euro on 1 January 2006.The ballot text was \"Do you think that Sweden should introduce the euro as currency?\" (Swedish: ”Anser du att Sverige skall införa euron som valuta?”)." ]

[ "2 euro coin The 2 euro coin (€2) is the highest value euro coin and has been used since the introduction of the euro (in its cash form) in 2002. The coin is used in the 22 countries not including the vatican coin which have it as their sole currency (with 20 legally adopting it); with a population of about 332 million. The coin is made of two alloys: the inner part of nickel brass, the outer part of copper-nickel. All coins have a common reverse side and country-specific national sides.", "Austria Austria (/ˈɒːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç]), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich, About this sound listen ), is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.5 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,879 square kilometres (32,386 sq mi).", "Commemorative coins of Malta Malta since its independence in 1964 from the United Kingdom it has issued several commemorative coins denominated in the Maltese Lira. In 1972, as soon as the Maltese placed aside their former colonial’s currency, the British pound and adopted the Maltese lira, Malta issued the first commemorative coin denominated in the Maltese lira.", "Czech Republic and the euro The Czech Republic uses the Czech koruna as its currency and does not participate in European Exchange Rate Mechanism II. It is bound by its 2003 Treaty of Accession to the European Union to join the eurozone once it has satisfied the euro convergence criteria.Although the Czech Republic is economically well positioned to adopt the euro, following the European debt crisis there has been considerable opposition among the public against the adoption of the euro currency.", "Danish euro referendum, 2000 A referendum on joining the euro was held in Denmark on 28 September 2000. It was rejected by 53.2% of voters with a turnout of 87.6%.", "Denmark and the euro Denmark uses the krone as its currency and does not use the euro, having negotiated the right to opt-out from participation under the Maastricht Treaty of 1992. In 2000, the government held a referendum on introducing the euro, which was defeated with 46.8% voting yes and 53.2% voting no.", "Edinburgh Agreement (1992) The Edinburgh Agreement or Edinburgh Decision is a December 1992 agreement reached at a European Council meeting in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, that granted Denmark four exceptions to the Maastricht Treaty so that it could be ratified by Denmark. This was necessary because, without all member states of the European Union ratifying it, it could not come into effect.", "Enlargement of the European Union The process of expanding the European Union (EU) through the accession of new member states began with the Inner Six, who founded the European Economic Community (the EU's predecessor) in 1958, when the Treaty of Rome came into force. Since then, the EU's membership has grown to twenty-eight, with the latest member state being Croatia, which joined in July 2013.The most recent territorial enlargement of the EU was the incorporation of Mayotte in 2014.", "Enlargement of the eurozone The enlargement of the eurozone is an ongoing process within the European Union (EU).", "Euro-Mediterranean Information Society Euro-Mediterranean Information Society (EUMEDIS) is the principal financial instrument of the European Union for the implementation of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership activities. EUMEDIS was initiated in the Barcelona declaration in 1995.", "Euro-Mediterranean free trade area The European Union-Mediterranean Free Trade Area (EU-MED FTA, EMFTA), also called the Euro-Mediterranean Free Trade Area or Euromed FTA, is based on the Barcelona Process and European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). The Barcelona Process, developed after the Barcelona Conference in successive annual meetings, is a set of goals designed to lead to a free trade area in the Mediterranean Region and the Middle East by 2010.", "Euro Alliance of Payment Schemes The Euro Alliance of Payment Schemes (EAPS) is an international alliance of European bank and interbank networks with the aim of creating a pan-European debit card system. The Brussels-based consortium, formally announced in July 2007, includes such members as Electronic Cash in Germany, PagoBancomat/Bancomat in Italy, Multibanco in Portugal, EURO 6000 in Spain, LINK in the United Kingdom and EUFISERV, an ATM system operated internationally by the European Savings Banks Group.", "Euro Banking Association The Euro Banking Association (EBA) is an industry forum for the European payments industry with close to 200 member banks and organisations from the European Union and across the world aimed at fostering and driving pan-European payment initiatives. Through its industry initiatives and the euro payment systems it has delivered, the EBA has been and continues to be a key contributor to the creation of a standardised Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA).", "Euro Plus Pact The Euro-Plus Pact (or Euro+ Pact, also initially called the Competitiveness Pact or later the Pact for the Euro), was adopted in March 2011 under EU's Open Method of Coordination, as an intergovernmental agreement between all member states of the European Union (except Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Sweden and UK), in which concrete commitments were made to be working continuously within a new commonly agreed political general framework for the implementation of structural reforms intended to improve competitiveness, employment, financial stability and the fiscal strength of each country.", "Euro calculator A euro calculator is a very popular type of calculator in European countries (see eurozone) that adopted the euro as their official monetary unit. It functions like any other normal calculator, but it also includes a special function which allows one to convert a value expressed in the previously official unit (the peseta in Spain, for example) to the new value in euros, or vice versa.", "Euro convergence criteria The euro convergence criteria (also known as the Maastricht criteria) are the criteria which European Union member states are required to meet to enter the third stage of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and adopt the euro as their currency.", "Euro sign The euro sign (€) is the currency sign used for the euro, the official currency of the Eurozone in the European Union (EU). The design was presented to the public by the European Commission on 12 December 1996. The international three-letter code (according to ISO standard ISO 4217) for the euro is EUR. In Unicode it is encoded at U+20AC € euro sign (HTML €<dot-separator> €). In English, the sign precedes the value. In some styleguides, but not others, the euro sign is unspaced.", "Eurogroup The Eurogroup is the recognised collective term for informal meetings of the finance ministers of the eurozone, i.e. those member states of the European Union (EU) which have adopted the euro as their official currency.The group has 19 members. It exercises political control over the currency and related aspects of the EU's monetary union such as the Stability and Growth Pact.", "European Common Aviation Area European Common Aviation Area (ECAA) is defined by bilateral agreements between European countries about a single market in aviation services.ECAA agreements between the EU and some external countries were signed on 5 May 2006 in Salzburg, Austria. It would build upon the EU's acquis communautaire and the European Economic Area.", "European Union The European Union (EU) is a politico-economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. The EU operates through a system of supranational institutions and intergovernmental-negotiated decisions by the member states. The institutions are: the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the European Council, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Central Bank, the European Court of Auditors, and the European Parliament.", "European debt crisis The European debt crisis (often also referred to as the Eurozone crisis or the European sovereign debt crisis) is a multi-year debt crisis that has been taking place in the European Union since the end of 2009.", "European integration European integration is the process of industrial, political, legal, economic, social and cultural integration of states wholly or partially in Europe. European integration has primarily come about through the European Union and its policies.", "Euroscepticism Euroscepticism (sometimes euroskepticism or Anti-EUism), should not be confused with Anti-Europeanism, which refers to the rejection of the culture of Europe and Europeanisation, and sentiments, opinions and discrimination against European ethnic groups. Euroscepticism embodies criticism of the European Union (EU), which excludes some European countries (and partially European countries).", "Five economic tests The five economic tests were the criteria defined by the UK treasury under Gordon Brown that were to be used to assess the UK's readiness to join the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union (EMU), and so adopt the euro as its official currency.", "Flag of Europe The Flag of Europe consists of a circle of 12 golden (yellow) stars on an azure background. It is the flag and emblem of the European Union (EU). It is also often used to indicate eurozone countries, and, more loosely, to represent the continent of Europe or the countries of Europe independent of any of these institutions.", "France France, officially the French Republic (French: République française), is a sovereign state comprising territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories.", "Future enlargement of the European Union The future enlargement of the European Union is theoretically open to any European country which is democratic, operates a free market and is willing and able to implement all previous European Union law. Past enlargement has brought membership from six to twenty-eight members since the foundation of the European Union (EU) as the European Economic Community by the Inner Six in 1958.", "Germain Pirlot Germain Pirlot (born 18 March 1943 in Sart-Custinne, Gedinne, Belgium) is a Belgian esperantist and ex-teacher of French and history, presently living in Ostend. He is best known as the inventor of the name euro for the common currency of the European Union (EU).On August 4, 1995, Pirlot sent a letter to then President of the European Commission, Jacques Santer, in which he suggested the name euro to be used for the planned currency of the EU.", "Germany Germany (/ˈdʒɜrməni/; German: Deutschland [ˈdɔʏtʃlant]), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, About this sound listen ), is a federal parliamentary republic in western-central Europe. It includes 16 constituent states and covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres (137,847 sq mi) with a largely temperate seasonal climate. Its capital and largest city is Berlin.", "Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices The Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) is an indicator of inflation and price stability for the European Central Bank (ECB). It is a consumer price index which is compiled according to a methodology that has been harmonised across EU countries. The euro area HICP is a weighted average of price indices of member states who have adopted the euro.", "Liechtenstein Liechtenstein (/ˈlɪktənstaɪn/; LIK-tin-styn; German: [ˈlɪçtn̩ʃtaɪn]), officially the Principality of Liechtenstein (German: Fürstentum Liechtenstein), is a doubly landlocked German-speaking microstate in Central Europe. It is a constitutional monarchy with the rank of principality, headed by the Prince of Liechtenstein.Liechtenstein is bordered by Switzerland to the west and south and Austria to the east and north.", "Maltese euro coins Maltese euro coins feature three separate designs for the three series of coins. Malta has been a member of the European Union since 1 May 2004, and is a member of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union. Malta adopted the euro as its official currency on 1 January 2008, replacing the Maltese Lira. For a period of one month until 31 January, there was a dual circulation for Malta where the Euro and Maltese lira were used alongside each other.", "Marcel Desailly Marcel Desailly (French pronunciation: ​[maʁ.sɛl də.sɑˈji]; born Odenke Abbey; 7 September 1968) is a retired professional footballer. During a successful professional career he represented Marseille, A.C. Milan (winning the UEFA Champions League with both) and Chelsea. On the International stage he was a star of the France national football team squad, with whom he won the 1998 World Cup and Euro 2000.", "Microstates and the European Union There are a number of microstates in Europe. While there is no clear consensus on which political units qualify as \"microstates\", most scholars view Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican City as examples of such states.", "Moldova For \"Moldavians\" see Moldavians (disambiguation)Moldova (/mɒːlˈdoʊvə/; Romanian: [molˈdova]), officially the Republic of Moldova (Romanian: Republica Moldova, About this sound listen ), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. The capital city is Chișinău.Moldova declared independence on August 27, 1991 as part of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The current Constitution of Moldova was adopted in 1994.", "Opt-outs in the European Union In general, the law of the European Union is valid in all of the twenty-eight European Union member states. However, occasionally member states negotiate certain opt-outs from legislation or treaties of the European Union, meaning they do not have to participate in certain policy areas.", "Santer Commission The Santer Commission was the European Commission in office between 23 January 1995 and 15 March 1999. The administration was led by Jacques Santer (former Prime Minister of Luxembourg).The body had 20 members and oversaw the introduction of the euro. It was cut short when the Commission became the first to resign en masse due to allegations of corruption. Some members continued under Manuel Marín until the Prodi Commission was appointed.", "Special member state territories and the European Union Several European Union member states have special territories which, for historical, geographical, or political reasons, enjoy special status within or outside the European Union. These statuses range from no or limited derogation from EU policies, to limited inclusion in EU policies, to none at all. Most of the territories which are outside the EU nonetheless have a special relationship with the EU.", "Stability and Growth Pact The Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) is an agreement, among the 28 Member states of the European Union, to facilitate and maintain the stability of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU).", "Switzerland Switzerland (/ˈswɪtsərlənd/; German: Schweiz [ˈʃvaɪts]; French: Suisse [sɥis(ə)]; Italian: Svizzera [ˈzvittsera]; Romansh: Svizra [ˈʒviːtsrɐ] or [ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ]), officially the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a country in Europe.", "Switzerland–European Union relations The relations between Switzerland and the European Union (EU) are framed by a series of bilateral treaties whereby the Swiss Confederation has adopted various provisions of European Union law in order to participate in the Union's single market.In February 2014, the Swiss voted in a referendum to introduce quotas for all migrants in Switzerland.", "Treaty of Accession 2003 The Treaty of Accession 2003 was the agreement between the member states of the European Union and ten countries (Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia), concerning these countries' accession into the EU (see 2004 enlargement of the European Union).", "Union for the Mediterranean The Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) is a multilateral partnership of 43 countries from Europe and the Mediterranean Basin: the 28 member states of the European Union and 15 Mediterranean partner countries from North Africa, the Middle East and Southeast Europe. It was created in July 2008 as a relaunched Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (the Barcelona Process), when a plan to create an autonomous Mediterranean Union was dropped.", "United Kingdom and the euro The United Kingdom government has announced no plans to adopt the euro, or to replace its currency, the pound sterling. The pound sterling does not participate in the European Exchange Rate Mechanism, a prerequisite for euro adoption." ]

[ "Apsarasas Kangri Apsarasas Kangri is a mountain in the Siachen Karakoram range. With an elevation of 7,245 m (23,770 ft) it is the 96th highest mountain in the world. Apsarasas Kangri is located on the border between Xinjiang, China and the Siachen Glacier region, controlled by India and claimed by Pakistan.The peak was first climbed in 1976. In 1988, an Indian army team climbed the Apsaras I peak. Apsaras II and Apsaras III are listed as \"virgin peaks\" by Indian Mountaineering Foundation.", "Askole Askole, Askoli, or Askoly is a small town located in Shigar Valley, in the most remote region of the Karakoram mountains, in Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan. It is notable as the final settlement before the wilderness of the Karakoram. Askole is the gateway to four of the world's 14 highest peaks known as Eight-thousanders (above 8,000m).", "Batura Muztagh \"Batura\" redirects here. For the Indian bread, see Bhatoora.The Batura Muztagh mountains are a sub-range of the Karakoram mountain range. They are located west of the Hunza Valley in the Gilgit District of the Gilgit-Baltistan province in northern Pakistan.They are the westernmost sub-range of the Karakoram, running from Chalt village in Bar Valley in the east to Kampir Dior in the Kurumbar Valley in the west, and they separate the Pamir and Hindu Kush ranges from the Karakoram range.", "Central Karakoram National Park The Central Karakoram is a mountain area endowed with rich biodiversity, natural beauty and important resources. The Park compasses the world’s largest glaciers, outside the Polar Regions. It was declared as the Central Karakoram National Park (CKNP) in 1993: it covering over 10,557.73 km2 in the Central Karakorum mountain range and the highest park all over the world, it is characterized by extremes of altitudes that range from 2,000 m a.s.l.", "Chogolisa Chogolisa (or Bride Peak) is a mountain in the Karakoram region of Pakistan. It lies near the Baltoro Glacier in the Concordia region which is home to some of the highest peaks of the world. Chogolisa has several peaks, the highest on the SW face (Chogolisa I) rises to 7,665 metres (25,148 ft).", "Distaghil Sar Disteghil Sar or Distaghil Sar is the highest mountain in the Hispar Muztagh, a subrange of the Karakoram mountain range, in Gilgit-Baltistan. It is the 19th highest mountain on earth and the 7th highest peak in Pakistan. The mountain has an about 3 km long top ridge above 7400m with three distinct summits: (north)west 7885m, central 7760 m, and (south)east 7696m or 7535m ([1]).", "Gasherbrum Gasherbrum is a remote group of peaks located at the northeastern end of the Baltoro Glacier in the Karakoram range of the Himalaya on the border of the Chinese-administered Shaksgam Valley and the Gilgit-Baltistan territory of Pakistan. The massif contains three of the world's 8,000 metre peaks (if one includes Broad Peak).", "Gasherbrum I Gasherbrum I (Urdu: گاشر برم -1‎; simplified Chinese: 加舒尔布鲁木I峰; traditional Chinese: 加舒爾布魯木I峰; pinyin: Jiāshūěrbùlǔmù I Fēng), also known as Hidden Peak or K5, is the 11th highest mountain in the world at 8,080 metres (26,510 ft) above sea level. It is located on the Pakistani–Chinese border in Gilgit–Baltistan region of Pakistan and Xinjiang region of China. Gasherbrum I is part of the Gasherbrum massif, located in the Karakoram region of the Himalaya.", "Gasherbrum II Gasherbrum II (Urdu: گاشر برم -2‎; simplified Chinese: 加舒尔布鲁木II峰; traditional Chinese: 加舒爾布魯木II峰; pinyin: Jiāshūěrbùlǔmù II Fēng), also known as K4, is the 13th highest mountain in the world at 8,035 metres (26,362 ft) above sea level. It is the third-highest peak of the Gasherbrum massif, and is located in the Karakoram, on the border between Gilgit–Baltistan province, Pakistan, and Xinjiang, China.", "Gasherbrum IV Gasherbrum IV (Urdu: گاشر برم -4‎; simplified Chinese: 加舒尔布鲁木IV峰; traditional Chinese: 加舒爾布魯木IV峰; pinyin: Jiāshūěrbùlǔmù IV Fēng) is the 17th highest mountain on Earth and the 6th highest in Pakistan. It is one of the peaks in the Gasherbrum massif.The Gasherbrums are a remote group of peaks located at the northeastern end of the Baltoro Glacier in the Karakoram range of the Himalaya. The massif contains three of the world's 8,000 metre peaks (if one includes Broad Peak).", "Hispar Muztagh Hispar Muztagh is a sub-range of the Karakoram mountain range. It is located in the Gojal region of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, north of Hispar Glacier, south of Shimshal Valley, and east of the Hunza Valley. It is the second highest sub-range of the Karakoram, the highest being the Baltoro Muztagh. The highest mountain in the range is Distaghil Sar (7,885m/25,869 ft).", "Hunza Peak Hunza Peak lies in the westernmost subrange of the Karakoram range in Pakistan, along with the Ladyfinger Peak (Bublimating). It lies on the southwest ridge of the Ultar Sar massif, the most southeasterly of the major groups of the Batura Muztagh.", "Karakoram Highway The Karakoram Highway (KKH) is one of the highest paved international roads in the world. It connects Sinkiang Uighur of China and Gilgit–Baltistan of Pakistan across the Karakoram mountain range, through the Khunjerab Pass, located at 36°51′00″N 75°25′40″E, at an elevation of 4,693 metres (15,397 ft).Connecting China's Xinjiang region with Gilgit–Baltistan region of Pakistan, the road is a popular tourist attraction.", "Karakoram Pass The Karakoram Pass (Hindi: क़राक़रम दर्रा; simplified Chinese: 喀喇昆仑山口; traditional Chinese: 喀喇崑崙山口; pinyin: Kālǎkūnlún Shānkǒu) is a 5,540 m or 18,176 ft mountain pass between India and China in the Karakoram Range. It is the highest pass on the ancient caravan route between Leh in Ladakh and Yarkand in the Tarim Basin.", "List of mountain ranges of Pakistan Pakistan is home to many mountains above 7,000 metres (22,970 ft). Five of the world's fourteen mountains taller than 8,000 meters \"\\eight-thousanders\") are in Pakistan, four of which are in Karakoram, near Concordia.Most of Pakistan's high peaks are located in the Karakoram range, the highest of which is K2 (8,611 m), the second highest peak on earth.", "Masherbrum Masherbrum (also known as K1) is located in the Ghanche District, Gilgit Baltistan of Pakistan. At 7,821 metres (25,659 ft) it is the 22nd highest mountain in the world and the 9th highest in Pakistan. It was the first mapped peak in the Karakoram mountain range, hence its name.The meaning of the name \"Masherbrum\" is not entirely clear. It may come from mashadar (muzzle-loading gun) plus brum (mountain), from the resemblance of the double summit to an old muzzle-loader.", "Masherbrum Mountains The Masherbrum Mountains are a subrange of the Karakoram mountain range, in Ghanche District, Baltistan region of the Gilgit-Baltistan province in northern Pakistan.", "Momhil Sar Momhil Sar, at 7,343 metres (24,091 ft) above sea level, is the 64th highest mountain peak in the world. It is situated in the Hispar Muztagh subrange of the Karakoram range, a few kilometres to the north-west of its parent peak Trivor.", "Passu Sar Passu Sar (or Passu Sar, Passu I) is a mountain peak in the Batura Muztagh, a sub-range of the Karakoram mountain range, located in the Gilgit District of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, west of the Hunza Valley. It is the high point of the Passu massif, which also includes Passu Diar (or \"Passu East\", \"Pasu II\").", "Rimo Muztagh The Rimo Muztagh is one of the most remote subranges of the Karakoram range. The southern part of Rimo Muztagh is in the Kashmir portion of far northwestern India, also claimed by Pakistan. The northern half, including the Rimo massif, is in the Siachen area (territory controlled by India). It is far from major towns, and close to the militarily sensitive Siachen Glacier, so it has seen little exploration or climbing activity compared to, for example, the nearby Baltoro Muztagh.", "Saltoro Kangri Saltoro Kangri is the highest peak of the Saltoro Mountains, better known as the Saltoro Range, which is a part of the Karakoram. It is the 31st highest mountain in the world, but it is in a very remote location deep in the Karakoram. It is located on the Actual Ground Position Line between Indian controlled territory in the Siachen region and Pakistani-controlled territory west of the Saltoro Range.", "Saltoro Mountains The Saltoro Mountains are a subrange of the Karakoram Range. They are located in the heart of the Karakoram, on the southwest side of the Siachen Glacier, one of the two longest glaciers outside of the polar regions.", "Sherpi Kangri Sherpi Kangri is a mountain peak in the Karakoram Range. It lies five km south of Ghent Kangri (7,380 m) and ten km northwest of Saltoro Kangri (7,742 m).Sherpi Kangri lies on or very near the Actual Ground Position Line between India and Pakistan.", "Sia Kangri Sia Kangri (7,442 m, 24,370 ft) is a mountain in the Baltoro Muztagh in the Karakoram. Its summit is on the Tibet (China) and Pakistan border. It is the 63rd highest mountain in the world, and the 25th highest in Pakistan. The peak is on the watershed between the Indus River basin and the Tarim Basin. Indira Col is 3 km to the east; between it and Sia Kangri is India’s northernmost point.", "Siachen Glacier The Siachen Glacier (Hindi: सियाचेन ) (Urdu:سیاچین) is located in the eastern Karakoram range in the Himalaya Mountains at about 35.421226°N 77.109540°E / 35.421226; 77.109540, just northeast of the point NJ9842 where the Line of Control between India and Pakistan ends. At 76 km (47 mi) long, it is the longest glacier in the Karakoram and second-longest in the world's non-polar areas.", "Skyang Kangri Skyang Kangri, or Staircase Peak, is a high peak of the Baltoro Muztagh, a subrange of the Karakoram range. It lies on the Pakistan-China border, about 7 km northeast of K2, the world's second-highest mountain. The name \"Staircase Peak\" refers to the East Ridge, which resembles a giant staircase with five steps.", "Yutmaru Sar Yutmaru Sar is a mountain in the Hispar mountain range, a subrange of the Karakoram. At an elevation of 7,283 m (23,894 ft) it is the 88th highest mountain in the world. Yutmaru Sar is located in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. It was first climbed in 1980." ]

[ "Baltoro Kangri Baltoro Kangri (also known as the Golden Throne) is a mountain of the Karakoram mountain range in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Baltoro Kangri is the 82nd highest mountain in the world with an elevation of 7,312 metres (23,990 ft). It lies to the south of the Gasherbrums and east of Chogolisa Peak (7,665 m). The huge Baltoro Glacier (which is one of the largest glaciers outside polar regions) rises from the foot of Baltoro Kangri.", "Baltoro Muztagh The Baltoro Muztagh (simplified Chinese: 巴尔托洛慕士塔格山; traditional Chinese: 巴爾托洛慕士塔格山; pinyin: Bā'ěrtuōluò Mùshìtǎgé Shān) is a subrange of the Karakoram mountain range, in Baltistan region of the Gilgit-Baltistan province in northern Pakistan; and in Xinjiang, China and is claimed by India.", "Batura Sar Batura Sar, also referred to as Batura I, is the 25th highest mountain on earth and the 10th highest in Pakistan. It is the highest peak of the Batura Muztagh, which is the westernmost subrange of the Karakoram range. It forms the apex of the Batura Wall, which is a continuously high part of the backbone of the Batura Muztagh.Alternate forms of the name of this peak are Batura, Batura I, and Batura I East.", "Biafo Glacier The Biafo Glacier is a 67 km (42 mi) long glacier in the Karakoram Mountains of Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan which meets the 49 km (30 mi) long Hispar Glacier at an altitude of 5,128 m (16,824 ft) at Hispar La (Pass) to create the world's longest glacial system outside the polar regions. This highway of ice connects two ancient mountain kingdoms, Nagar (immediately south of Hunza) in the west with Baltistan in the east.", "Bottleneck (K2) The Bottleneck is a location along the South-East Spur, known also as Abruzzi Spur— the most used route to the top of K2, the second-highest mountain in the world, in the Karakoram on the Pakistan/China border.The Bottleneck is a narrow couloir, which is overhung by seracs from the ice field east of the summit. The couloir is located only 400m below the summit, and climbers have to traverse about 100m exposed to the seracs to pass it.", "Concordia (Karakoram) Concordia is the name for the confluence of the mighty Baltoro Glacier and the Godwin-Austen Glacier, in the heart of the Karakoram range of Pakistan. It is located in Baltistan region of Pakistan. The name was applied by European explorers, and comes from this location's similarity to a glacial confluence, also named Concordia, in the Bernese Oberland, part of the Central Alps.Around Concordia are clustered some of the highest peaks in the world.", "Geography of Gilgit-Baltistan Gilgit-Baltistan has been under Pakistan administration since 1947 and was given self-governing status on August 29, 2009 and is now constitutionally an integrated part of Pakistan. Gilgit-Baltistan comprises seven districts within two divisions of Pakistan.", "Geography of Ladakh Ladakh is the highest altitude plateau region in India (much of it being over 3,000 m), incorporating parts of the Himalayan and Karakoram mountain ranges and the upper Indus River valley.The mountain ranges in this region were formed over a period of 45 million years by the folding of the Indian Plate into the stationary landmass of Asia.", "K2 K2, also known as Chhogori/Qogir, Ketu/Kechu, and Mount Godwin-Austen (Native Balti name: Chhoghori; Balti/Tibetan script: ཆོ་གོ་རི); Urdu: چھوغوری), is the second highest mountain in the world at 8,611 metres (28,251 ft), after Mount Everest. It is located on the China-Pakistan border between Baltistan, in the Gilgit–Baltistan region of northern Pakistan, and the Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County of Xinjiang, China.", "Kanjut Sar Kanjut Sar is a mountain located in the Hispar Muztagh, a subrange of the Karakoram mountain range. It lies within the Gilgit-Baltistan province of Pakistan. It is the 26th highest mountain on Earth and the 11th highest in Pakistan.Kanjut Sar consists of two peaks: Kanjut Sar I at 7,760 metres (25,459 ft). Kanjut Sar II, to the south east of I, at 6,831 m (22,411 ft).Kanjut Sar I was first climbed in 1959 by Camillo Pellissier, member of an Italian expedition directed by Guido Monzino.", "Karakoram The Karakoram, or Karakorum (simplified Chinese: 喀喇昆仑山脉; traditional Chinese: 喀喇崑崙山脈; pinyin: Kālǎkūnlún Shānmài; Urdu: سلسلہ کوہ قراقرم‎; Balti: ཁརན ཨ ཀུརམ , Uyghur: كاراكورم‎), is a large mountain range spanning the borders between Pakistan, India and China, located in the regions of Gilgit–Baltistan (Pakistan), Ladakh (India), and southern Xinjiang (China). A part of the complex of ranges from the Hindu Kush to the Himalayan Range, it is one of the Greater Ranges of Asia.", "List of highest mountains There are at least 109 mountains with elevations greater than 7,200 metres (23,622 ft) above sea level. All of these mountains are located in southern and central Asia. Only those summits are included that, by an objective measure, may be considered individual mountains as opposed to subsidiary peaks.", "List of mountains in Pakistan Pakistan is home to 108 peaks above 7,000 metres. and probably as many peaks above 6,000 m. There is no count of the peaks above 5,000 and 4,000 m. Five of the 14 highest independent peaks in the world (the eight-thousanders) are in Pakistan (four of which lie in the surroundings of Concordia; the confluence of Baltoro Glacier and Godwin Austen Glacier).", "Machulo La Machulo La is a mountain view point which is considered the most easiest way to view some of the most highest peaks of Himalayas and Karakoram mountains in a single glance such as K2, Broad Peak, Gasherbrum-I, Gasherbrum-II, Gasherbrum III, Gasherbrum IV, K7, K6 and Nanga Parbat.", "Malubiting Malubiting (also known as Malubiting West) is the second highest peak in the Rakaposhi-Haramosh Mountains, a subrange of the Karakoram range of Pakistan.", "Mamostong Kangri Mamostong Kangri or Mamostang Kangri is the highest peak in the remote Rimo Muztagh, a subrange of the Karakoram range in India near its border with China. It is located about 30 km east-southeast of the snout of the Siachen Glacier.", "Panmah Muztagh The Panmah Muztagh is a subrange of the Karakoram range, in Baltistan, a district of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Its highest peaks are not particularly high by Karakoram standards, but they are exceedingly steep rock spires, unlike many of the peaks in the surrounding subranges. In particular, the highest of the Panmah peaks, Baintha Brakk (The Ogre) (7,285 m/23,901 feet), is a very difficult climb; it has seen only two ascents. The nearby Latok group is of similar difficulty.", "Rakaposhi Rakaposhi (Räkapoşi) (Urdu: راکاپوشی), is a mountain in the Karakoram mountain range in Pakistan. It is situated in the Nagar Valley Nagar District approximately 100 km north of the capital city Gilgit of the Gilgit–Baltistan province of Pakistan. Rakaposhi means \"Snow Covered\" in the local language. Rakaposhi is also known as Dumani (\"Mother of Mist\"). It is ranked 27th highest in the world and 12th highest in Pakistan, but it is more popular for its beauty than its rank might suggest.", "Safar Hai Shart Safar Hai Shart a popular travelogue television show on-aired on Express News (Pakistan). The show was hosted by Waqar Ahmed Malik & Mukkaram Kaleem. Safar hai shart was an exclusive travelogue produced by Waqar Ahmed Malik, completed on nothing else but on Motorbikes. Two guys on bikes explored the wonders of the Karakoram Highway in Pakistan. The Karakoram Highway (KKH) is the highest paved international road in the world and often known as 9th wonder of the world.", "Shigar Shigar is a town in the Baltistan division of Gilgit–Baltistan near Skardu in northern Pakistan. Nearby is the Shigar River. The town is a popular site for tourists and trekkers and contains many historical buildings of architectural significance associated with the Noorbakhshi Sufi community. The town is inhabited mostly by Balti people of Tibetan descent. It is a gateway to great mountain range of Karakoram including K2, the world's 2nd highest peak.", "Shimshal Shimshal شمشال (in Urdu) is a village located in Gojal, Hunza–Nagar District, in the Gilgit–Baltistan region of Pakistan formerly known as Northern Areas of Pakistan. It lies at an altitude of 3,100 m above sea level, and is the highest settlement in Hunza Valley of Pakistan. It is the bordering village that connects Gilgit-Baltistan province of Pakistan with China.", "Snow Dome, Concordia Snow Dome (or Ice Dome) is a mountain in the Karakoram range near Concordia in Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan. It lies in the east of Chogolisa Peak (7,665 m) and in the southwest of Baltoro Kangri (7,312 m).", "South Ghujerab Mountains The South Ghujerab Mountains are a subrange of the Karakoram range in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. The highest peak in the range is Karun Koh, 7,164 m (23,503 ft). This is the only 7,000 metre peak in the range (if indeed it is over 7,000 metres, which is disputed.)On the south, the range is separated from the Hispar Muztagh by the valley of the Shimshal River.", "Taghafari Taghafari or Tagafari is the base camp of Rakaposhi peak from Nagar side. Rakaposhi is a mountain in the Karakoram range of Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan.", "The Crown (mountain) The Crown, also known as Huang Guan Shan and sometimes Crown Peak, is a mountain in the Karakoram mountain range in China. It is located in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. Its summit has an elevation of 7,295 metres (23,934 ft) and it is the highest peak in the Yengisogat subrange of the Karakoram.The summit was first climbed in 1993 by a Japanese party of the Tōkai branch of the Japanese Alpine Club.", "Trans-Karakoram Tract The Trans-Karakoram Tract (Chinese: 喀喇昆仑走廊; pinyin: Kālǎkūnlún zǒuláng) also known as Shaksgam or the Shaksgam Tract is an area of nearly 5,800 km2 (2,239 sq mi) along both sides of the Shaksgam River entirely administered by the People's Republic of China as a part of Kargilik County and Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in the Kashgar Prefecture of Xinjiang Autonomous Region, but claimed by Pakistan until 1963.", "Ultar Ultar Sar (Urdu:آلتر سار) (also Ultar, Ultar II, Bojohagur Duanasir II) is the southeasternmost major peak of the Batura Muztagh, a subrange of the Karakoram range. It lies about 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of the Karimabad, a town on the Karakoram Highway in the Hunza Valley, part of the Gilgit District of Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan.", "Vladas Vitkauskas Vladas Vitkauskas (born on May 7, 1953 in Viduklė, Raseiniai district in Lithuania) became the first Lithuanian and the first mountaineer from the Baltic states to climb the world‘s highest mountain, Mt. Everest (8,848 m, May 10, 1993).Between 1993 and 1996 Vitkauskas climbed the Seven Summits, the highest peaks of all the continents including Mt. Everest (Eurasia), Mt. McKinley (6,194 m, North America), Vinson Massif (4,897 m, Antarctica), Kilimanjaro (5,895 m, Africa), Mt.", "World altitude record (mountaineering) In the history of mountaineering, the world altitude record referred to the highest point on the Earth's surface which had been reached, regardless of whether that point was an actual summit. The world summit record referred to the highest mountain to have been successfully climbed.", "Yengisogat The Yengisogat range (音苏盖提), also known as the Wesm Mountains, is a Chinese subrange of the Karakoram mountain range. It lies north of the Baltoro Muztagh, home of the eight-thousanders of the Karakoram. The highest peak is Huangguan Shan, or Crown Peak, 7,265 m (23,835 ft) (also sometimes given as 7,295 m/23,934 ft).", "Angel Sar Angel Sar or Angel Peak is a mountain in Karakoram range of Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, near K2, the second highest mountain on Earth.", "Karakoram-West Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe The Karakoram-West Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe is a montane grasslands and shrublands ecoregion found in parts of Pakistan, China, Afghanistan, and India." ]

[ "Ameland Ameland (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈaːməlɑnt]; West Frisian: It Amelân) is a municipality and one of the West Frisian Islands off the north coast of the Netherlands. It consists mostly of sand dunes. It is the third major island of the West Frisians. It neighbours islands Terschelling to the West and Schiermonnikoog to the East.", "Bosch (island) Bosch (Dutch pronunciation: [bɔs]) was a West Frisian island in the Wadden Sea. It was situated off the coast of present-day Groningen in the Netherlands, between the islands of Schiermonnikoog and Rottumeroog.Between 1400 and 1570 CE, the island Monnikenlangenoog had split into the islands Bosch and Rottumeroog. Bosch disappeared in the Christmas Flood of 1717.", "Dunes of Texel National Park Dunes of Texel National Park (Dutch: Nationaal Park Duinen van Texel) is a national park located on the Frisian island of Texel in the Netherlands. All dune systems on the western side of the island and the large coastal plains on both the northern and southern points of the island are part of the park. The park covers approximately 43 km2 (17 sq mi) and attained national park status in 2002. The visitor center is located in the natural history museum Ecomare.In 1927 botanist Jac. P.", "Frisia Frisia or Friesland is a coastal region along the southeastern corner of the North Sea in what today is mostly a large part of the Netherlands, including modern Friesland, and smaller parts of Germany. Frisia is the traditional homeland of the Frisians, a Germanic people who speak Frisian, a language group closely related to the English language.", "Frisian Islands The Frisian Islands, also known as the Wadden Islands or Wadden Sea Islands, form an archipelago at the eastern edge of the North Sea in northwestern Europe, stretching from the northwest of the Netherlands through Germany to the west of Denmark.", "Frisians This article is about the modern Frisians, for the ancient Germanic tribe also called Frisians see Frisii.The Frisians are a Germanic ethnic group native to the coastal parts of the Netherlands and Germany. They inhabit an area known as Frisia and are concentrated in the Dutch provinces of Friesland and Groningen and, in Germany, East Frisia and North Frisia (which was a part of Denmark until 1864).", "German Bight The German Bight (German: Deutsche Bucht; Danish: Tyske Bugt; Dutch: Duitse Bocht; West Frisian: Dútske bocht; sometimes also the German Bay) is the southeastern bight of the North Sea bounded by the Netherlands and Germany to the south, and Denmark and Germany to the east (the Jutland peninsula). To the north and west it is limited by the Dogger Bank. The Bight contains the Frisian and Danish Islands.", "Griend Griend (Dutch pronunciation: [ɣrint]; West Frisian: Gryn) is a small uninhabited Dutch island in the Wadden Sea, lying around 12 kilometres south of Terschelling. It is one of the West Frisian Islands, and belongs to the municipality of Terschelling. The island currently has an area of around 0.1 km2.", "Monnikenlangenoog Monnikenlangenoog (Dutch pronunciation: [mɔnɪkə(n)lɑŋə(n)oːx]; English: Monks' Long Island), also called Moenkelangenoe, was a West Frisian island in the Wadden Sea. It was situated off the coast of present-day Groningen in the Netherlands, between the islands of Schiermonnikoog and Borkum.Monnikenlangenoog was 12 to 14 or 15 km long. During summers, the island was used for animal farming, which was of economic importance. In the 14th century, the island was the property of the St.", "Noorderhaaks Noorderhaaks (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌnoːrdərˈɦaːks]), also called Razende bol (Raging ball in Dutch), is an uninhabited Dutch island in the North Sea, a few kilometres west of the Marsdiep which separates the island of Texel from mainland Netherlands.", "North Frisian Islands The North Frisian Islands are a group of islands in the Wadden Sea, a part of the North Sea, off the western coast of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The German islands are in the traditional region of North Frisia and are part of the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park and the Kreis (district) of Nordfriesland. Occasionally Heligoland is also included in this group.Sometimes the North Frisian Islands include also the Danish Wadden Sea Islands on the western coast of Jutland, Denmark.", "Oan Schylge Oan Schylge is the anthem of Terschelling, one of the West Frisian Islands in the northern Netherlands. The lyrics were written in 1855 by Jacob Sijbrands Bakker in the West Frisian dialect spoken on the island. \"Schylge\" is the name of Terschelling in local Frisian, and \"Oan Schylge\" means \"To Terschelling\". The origin of the music is uncertain: Perhaps it has been composed by Hendrik Rotgans (1851–1910), but it could also have been borrowed from an older folk song.", "Richel For the boxer, see Richel HersisiaRichel (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈrɪɣəl]; English: Ridge), or rather De Richel (The Ridge), is a permanently dry sandbank in the Wadden Sea, in the gap between the Dutch islands of Vlieland and Terschelling. It is located about 1 kilometer east of the northernmost point of Vlieland and is administered by the municipality of Vlieland. The sandbank has an average surface area of 116 hectares. It is completely flooded only during extremely high tides.", "Rif (island) Rif (Dutch pronunciation: [rɪf]) is a small, uninhabited, Dutch island in the Wadden Sea, lying between Ameland and Schiermonnikoog, north of Engelsmanplaat. It is one of the West Frisian Islands. The island currently has an area of less than 0.1 km². There are no breeding birds to be found, but it is popular as a high tide resting area, for birds as well as seals.", "Rottum (island group) Rottum (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈrɔtʏm]) is a nature reserve in the Wadden Sea in the Netherlands. It consists of the three West Frisian Islands Rottumerplaat, Rottumeroog, and Zuiderduintjes. As a nature reserve, Rottum receives highest protection status under Dutch Law, admission to the islands is restricted. The Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality and the government organisations Rijkswaterstaat and Staatsbosbeheer share responsibility for the nature reserve.", "Rottumeroog Rottumeroog (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌrɔtʏmərˈoːx]) is an uninhabited island in the Wadden Sea and is part of the Netherlands. The island is one of three West Frisian Islands in the province of Groningen. It is situated between the islands of Rottumerplaat and Borkum.The island originates from the 15th or 16th century. At first the island was used for agriculture by the St. Juliana's Abbey from Rottum. Rottumeroog is now part of the natural reserve Rottum and access to the island is prohibited.", "Rottumerplaat Rottumerplaat (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌrɔtʏmərˈplaːt]) is one of the three islands that make up Rottum in the West Frisian Islands. The island is located in the North Sea off the Dutch coast. It is situated between the islands of Schiermonnikoog and Rottumeroog.Access to the island is prohibited since Rottumerplaat is a resting and forage area for numerous bird species.", "Schiermonnikoog Schiermonnikoog ([ˌsxiːrmɔnəkˈoːx]; West Frisian: Skiermûntseach) is an island, a municipality, and a national park in the northern Netherlands. Schiermonnikoog is one of the West Frisian Islands, and is part of the province of Friesland. It is situated between the islands of Ameland and Rottumerplaat.The island is 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) long and 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) wide and is the site of the Netherlands' first national park. The only village on the island is also called Schiermonnikoog.", "Simonszand Simonszand (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈsimɔnsˌzɑnt]) is a sandbank between the West Frisian Islands of Schiermonnikoog and Rottumerplaat in the Netherlands. It is located in the municipality of Eemsmond in the province of Groningen.", "Skarsterlân Skarsterlân (Dutch: Scharsterland About this sound pronunciation ) is a former municipality in the province of Friesland in the Netherlands. The municipality was created 1 January 1984 by merging the municipalities of Doniawerstal and Haskerland, the part of Utingeradeel consisting of the villages Akmarijp and Terkaple and the village Nieuwebrug that used to belong to Heerenveen. City hall was located in Joure.", "Texel Texel (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈtɛsəl]) is a municipality and an island with a population of 13,641 in the province of North Holland in the Netherlands. It is the largest and most populated island of the West Frisian Islands in the Wadden Sea. The island is situated north of Den Helder, northeast of Noorderhaaks, also known as \"Razende Bol\" and southwest of Vlieland.", "Vlieland Vlieland (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈvlilɑnt]; West Frisian: Flylân) is a municipality and island in the northern Netherlands. The municipality of Vlieland has only one major town: Oost-Vlieland (West Frisian: East-Flylân). It is the second-least densely populated municipality in the Netherlands (after Schiermonnikoog).Vlieland is one of the West Frisian Islands, lying in the Wadden Sea. It is the second island from the west in the chain, lying between Texel and Terschelling.", "Wangerooge Wangerooge is one of the 32 Frisian Islands in the North Sea located close to the coasts of the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark. It is also a municipality in the district of Friesland in Lower Saxony in Germany.Wangerooge is one of the East Frisian Islands.", "West Frisian Islands The West Frisian Islands (Dutch: Waddeneilanden; West Frisian: Waadeilannen) are a chain of islands in the North Sea off the Dutch coast, along the edge of the Wadden Sea.", "Zuiderduintjes Zuiderduintjes (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈzœy̯dərˌdœy̯ncəs]; English: Little Southern Dunes) is an uninhabited island in the Wadden Sea in the Netherlands. It is situated south of Rottumeroog, east of Rottumerplaat, and west of Borkum. The island is one of the three West Frisian Islands in the municipality of Eemsmond and in the province of Groningen.Zuiderduintjes is part of the natural reserve Rottum and access to the island is prohibited." ]

[ "Danish Wadden Sea Islands The Danish Wadden Sea Islands are a group of islands on the western coast of Jutland, Denmark. They have belonged to the new region of Southern Denmark since January 1, 2007. Previously they belonged to the counties of South Jutland and Ribe.The Danish islands differ from the German North Frisian Islands because no Frisians live on the Danish islands.", "Dutch language Dutch (About this sound Nederlands ) is a West Germanic language that is spoken in the European Union by about 23 million people as a first language—including most of the population of the Netherlands and about sixty percent of that of Belgium—and by another 5 million as a second language.Outside of the Low Countries, it is spoken natively by the majority of the population of Suriname, and also holds official status in the Caribbean island nations of Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten.", "Dutch people The Dutch (Dutch: About this sound Nederlanders ), occasionally referred to as Netherlanders, a term that is cognate to the Dutch word for Dutch people, \"Nederlanders\" are a Germanic ethnic group native to the Netherlands. They share a common culture and speak the Dutch language.", "East Frisia East Frisia or Eastern Friesland (German: Ostfriesland; East Frisian Low Saxon: Oostfreesland) is a coastal region in the northwest of the German federal state of Lower Saxony. It is the middle section of Frisia between West Frisia in the Netherlands and North Frisia in Schleswig-Holstein. Administratively Ostfriesland belongs to three districts, namely Aurich, Leer, Wittmund and to the city of Emden. There are 465,000 people living in an area of 3144.26 square kilometres.", "East Frisian jokes In German humour, East Frisian jokes (German: Ostfriesenwitz) belong to the group of jokes about certain nationalities, in this case the East Frisians of northern Germany. The basic structure of these jokes takes the form of a simple question and answer; the question often asking something about the nature of the East Frisian and the humorous reply usually being at the expense of the supposedly stupid and/or primitive East Frisian.", "East Frisians East Frisians (German: Ostfriesen) are, in the wider sense, the inhabitants of East Frisia in the northwest of the German state of Lower Saxony. In the narrower sense the East Frisians are the eastern branch of the Frisians, a Germanic people and belong, together with the Danes, Sorbs, Sinti and Romanies to the recognised minorities in Germany. They are closely related to the Saterland Frisians, who come from East Frisia and moved from the coastal region to the interior.", "Eierland Eierland (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɛiərlɑnt]) is a former island in the Netherlands. It is now the northern part of the island of Texel. The name means \"egg land\", named for the seagull eggs that were collected on the island and sent to Amsterdam.The island of Eierland was a part of Vlieland until the 13th century, when it became a separate island. During the 16th century, a sand bank grew in the sea arm between Texel and Eierland, which eventually was submerged only at extremely high tide.", "Engelsmanplaat Engelsmanplaat (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɛŋəlsmɑnˌplaːt]), or De Kalkman which is its local name, is a small sandbank between the Dutch islands Ameland and Schiermonnikoog.", "Frisian American Frisian Americans are Americans with full or partial Frisian ancestry.Frisians a Germanic ethnic group native to the coastal parts of the Netherlands and Germany. They are closely related to the Dutch and the English. They have their own Frisian languages divided by geographical regions.", "Frisian languages The Frisian /ˈfriːʒən/ languages are a closely related group of Germanic languages, spoken by about 500,000 Frisian people, who live on the southern fringes of the North Sea in the Netherlands, Germany, and Denmark. The Frisian dialects are the closest living languages to English, after Scots. However, modern English and Frisian are unintelligible to each other.", "Frisian literature Frisian literature is works written in the Frisian languages, particularly that of West Frisian spoken in the province of Friesland in the Netherlands, from which most texts were produced or have survived. The first texts written in Frisian emerge around the 13th century. Frisian as a written language has for the most part historically been secondary to Dutch and Latin for all official purposes.", "Fryske Akademy The Fryske Akademy, founded in 1938, is the scientific centre for research and education concerning Friesland (Fryslân in West Frisian) and its people, language and culture, this in its broadest sense. The institution is based in the Coulonhûs and adjacent buildings in Leeuwarden. Together with several other institutes it belongs to the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW). It has about 60 employees.", "Föhr Föhr About this sound pronunciation (Fering North Frisian: Feer; Danish: Før) is one of the North Frisian Islands on the German coast of the North Sea. It is part of the Nordfriesland district in the federal state of Schleswig-Holstein. Föhr is the second-largest North Sea island of Germany and a popular destination for tourists. A town and eleven distinct municipalities are located on the island.", "Germanic languages The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of approximately 500 million people mainly in North America, Oceania, Central Europe, Western and Northern Europe.The West Germanic branch includes the two most widely spoken Germanic languages: English, with approximately 360–400 million native speakers, and German, with over 100 million native speakers.", "Klozum Klozum (or Klozem) is a holiday feast celebrated every 5 December on the Dutch island of Schiermonnikoog. The name literally means \"Uncle Claus\" (as in Saint Nicholas). Despite the name and date, the tradition is not directly related to Sinterklaas, which is also celebrated on 5 December in the Netherlands.", "Languages of Europe Not to be confused with Indo-European languages.Most of the languages of Europe belong to the Indo-European language family. This family is divided into a number of branches, including Romance, Germanic, Baltic, Slavic, Albanian, Celtic, Armenian and Hellenic (Greek). The Uralic languages, which include Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian, also have a significant presence in Europe.", "Languages of the Netherlands The official national language of the Netherlands is Dutch, spoken by almost all people in the Netherlands. Dutch is also spoken and official in Aruba, Belgium, Curaçao, Flanders, Sint Maarten and Suriname. It is a West Germanic, Low Franconian language that originated in the Early Middle Ages (c. 470) and was standardized in the 16th century.There are also some recognized provincial languages and regional dialects.Frisian is a co-official language in the province of Friesland.", "List of islands of Germany This is a list of all offshore islands that belong to Germany, which are found in the North and Baltic Seas.In addition, some islands in inland waters are also listed.", "Middle Frisian language Middle Frisian evolved from Old Frisian from the 16th century and was spoken until c. 1820, considered the beginning of the Modern period of the Frisian languages.Up until the 15th century Old Frisian was a language widely spoken and written in what are now the Netherlands and Germany, but from 1500 onwards it became an almost exclusively oral language, mainly used in rural areas.", "Minsener Oog Minsener Oog, also Minser Oog or Minsener Oldeoog, is an uninhabited East Frisian island that belongs to the parish of Wangerooge in the north German district of Friesland in the state of Lower Saxony. It has been artificially enlarged through the construction of groynes.", "Mudflat hiking Mudflat hiking (Dutch: Wadlopen, German: Wattwandern) is a recreation enjoyed by Dutch, Germans, Danes, and others in the Netherlands, northwest Germany and in Denmark. Mudflat hikers are people who, with the aid of a tide table, use a period of low water to walk and wade on the watershed of the mudflats, especially from the Frisian mainland coast to the Frisian islands.The Wadden Sea, a belt of the North Sea, is well suited to this traditional practice.", "Neßmersiel Neßmersiel belongs to the municipality Dornum in the rural district Aurich in Lower Saxony, Germany. Neßmersiel is located about 5 kilometres northwest of Dornum. From 1867 to 1977, Neßmersiel belonged to Norden (Altkreis Norden).The original port was built about 1570. Grain was shipped to Bremen, Hamburg, the Netherlands and Norway. By 1700, the harbour had to be moved closer to the sea when the original location filled with silt from the dikes. By 1930, the new location was also closed.", "North Frisians North Frisians are, in the wider sense, the inhabitants of the district of Nordfriesland in Schleswig-Holstein. In a narrower sense they are an ethnic sub-group of the Frisians from North Frisia and on Heligoland. This people still uses to some extent the different dialects of the North Frisian language, that belong to the group of Ingvaeonic languages.", "North Sea The North Sea is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between Great Britain, Scandinavia, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. An epeiric (or \"shelf\") sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Sea in the north.", "North Tower (lighthouse) The North Tower is the unofficial name for one of the lighthouses on the Dutch island Schiermonnikoog, one of the Frisian Islands, on the edge of the North Sea; the other is the South Tower. It was built by H.G. Jansen & A. van Rhyn, and was activated in 1854. From the tower, weather reports are issued for the coastal waters. In 1998 it was painted red.", "Pellworm Pellworm (Danish: Pelvorm; North Frisian Polweerm) is a municipality in the district of Nordfriesland, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.Municipality is located on island Pellworm – one of the North Frisian Islands on the North Sea coast of Germany. Its area is 37 km², and its population is roughly 1,200.In medieval times Pellworm was a part of the larger island of Strand which was torn into pieces in a disastrous storm tide in 1634. Other remnants of Strand are Nordstrand and the Halligen.", "Saterland Frisians The Saterland Frisians (German: Saterfriesen) are one of the smallest language groups in Europe. They belong to the eastern branch of the Frisian people and are thus a recognised minority within Germany. They live in the Saterland (Saterland Frisian: Seelterlound), a community in the northern part of Cloppenburg district (Lower Saxony).", "Spiekeroog Spiekeroog is one of the East Frisian Islands, off the North Sea coast of Germany. It is situated between Langeoog to its west, and Wangerooge to its east. The island belongs to the district of Wittmund, in Lower Saxony in Germany. The only village on the island is also called Spiekeroog.The island is part of the Wadden Sea World Heritage Site by the UNESCO and the Wittbülten National Park.Spiekeroog covers an area of 18.25 km2, the shortest distance to the mainland is 5.7 km.", "St. Peter's Flood St. Peter's Flood (Dutch: Sint-Pietersvloed, German: Petriflut) refers to two separate storm tides that struck the coasts of Netherlands and Northern Germany in 1651. During the first storm tide, on 22 February, the East Frisian island of Juist was split in two. During the second disaster, on 4–5 March, the city of Amsterdam was flooded.In the past, the two storm tides were thought to have been a single event.", "Stins A stins (Dutch, pl. stinsen; from West Frisian stienhûs [Dutch steenhuis] \"stone house\", shortened to stins, pl. stinzen) is a former stronghold or villa in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. Many stinsen carry the name \"state\" (related to English 'estate').Stinsen used to belong to noblemen or prominent citizens. Most stinsen were demolished in the 19th century, when maintenance became too expensive.", "Strand (island) Strand was an island on the west coast of Nordfriesland in the Duchy of Schleswig, which was a fiefdom of the Danish crown. Now, the area belongs to Schleswig-Holstein in northern Germany.The island was formed by the Grote Mandrenke, a huge storm tide that occurred on January 16, 1362. Many villages and towns along the Danish coast, such as Rungholt, were lost.", "Terschelling Terschelling (Dutch pronunciation: [tɛrˈsxɛlɪŋ]; West Frisian: Skylge; Terschelling dialect: Schylge) is a municipality and an island in the northern Netherlands, one of the West Frisian Islands. It is situated between the islands of Vlieland and Ameland.Wadden Islanders are known for their resourcefulness in using anything and everything that washes ashore. With few trees to use for timber, most of the farms and barns are built with masts recovered from shipwrecks.", "Vuurduin Vuurduin is a lighthouse on the Dutch island Vlieland. The tower is the top part of the former front light of the leading lights in IJmuiden, designed by Quirinus Harder.The lighthouse was placed on Vlieland in 1909, on top of one of the Voorboetsduin, one of the highest sand dunes (at 45 metres) in the Netherlands. A lookout tower was built next to the lighthouse in 1929. In 1986, the cupola was renovated. While a lighthouse keeper still attends, the lighthouse is fully automated.", "Wadden Sea The Wadden Sea (Dutch: Waddenzee, German: Wattenmeer, Low German: Wattensee or Waddenzee, Danish: Vadehavet, West Frisian: Waadsee) is an intertidal zone in the southeastern part of the North Sea. It lies between the coast of northwestern continental Europe and the range of Frisian Islands, forming a shallow body of water with tidal flats and wetlands. It is rich in biological diversity.", "West Frisian language West Frisian, or simply Frisian (Frysk; Dutch: Fries [ˈfris]) is a language spoken mostly in the province of Friesland (Fryslân) in the north of the Netherlands, mostly by those of Frisian ancestry. It is the most widely spoken of the three Frisian languages.", "Wieringen Wieringen (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈʋiːrɪŋə(n)]) is part of the new municipality of Hollands Kroon, established in 2012 in the province of North Holland in the Netherlands. It is a former municipality in this province, with its name appearing in Roman records of the late 9th and early 10th century." ]

[ "Before the Music Dies Before the Music Dies (B4MD) is a 2006 U.S. documentary film that criticizes the American music industry and the increasing commercialization of the art of music over the past thirty years. The film features interviews and performances from such musicians and groups as Doyle Bramhall II, Erykah Badu, Eric Clapton, Dave Matthews, Branford Marsalis, Elvis Costello, Bonnie Raitt and My Morning Jacket.", "Erykah Badu Erykah Abi Wright (born Erica Abi Wright; February 26, 1971), better known by her stage name Erykah Badu (/ˈɛrɨkə bɑːˈduː/), is an American singer-songwriter, record producer, activist, and actress. Badu's career began after opening a show for D'Angelo in 1994 in her hometown; record label executive Kedar Massenburg was highly impressed with her performance and signed her to Kedar Entertainment. Her first album, Baduizm, was released on February 11, 1997.", "Erykah Badu discography Discography of singer Erykah Badu. Erykah Badu is an American recording artist and actress. Badu's career began after opening a show for D'Angelo in 1994 in her hometown; record label executive Kedar Massenburg was highly impressed with her performance and signed her to Kedar Entertainment. Her first album, Baduizm, was released on February 11, 1997. It spawned three singles: \"On & On\", \"Next Lifetime\" and \"Otherside of the Game\".", "You Got Me (The Roots song) \"You Got Me\" is a song by the hip hop band The Roots, featuring vocals by Erykah Badu (who sings the chorus) and Eve, then known as Eve of Destruction, who raps the second verse but does not appear in the music video. The track was released as a single from the band's fourth studio album, Things Fall Apart (1999).\"You Got Me\" was co-written by musician Jill Scott, who recorded vocals for the song's chorus and bridge." ]

[ "Appletree (song) \"Appletree\" is the third and final single from American neo soul singer Erykah Badu's album Baduizm. The song was released as a U.S. radio promo and as an official single in Europe.", "Back in the Day (Puff) \"Back in the Day (Puff)\" is a song released in 2003 by R&B singer Erykah Badu. It is the second single in support of Worldwide Underground album. The song peaked at no. 62 on the R&B Singles chart in 2004.", "Baduizm Baduizm is the debut album by American R&B and neo soul singer Erykah Badu, released on February 11, 1997 by Kedar Records. After leaving university in order to concentrate on music full-time, Badu then began touring with her cousin, Robert \"Free\" Bradford, where she recorded a 19-song demo, Country Cousins, which attracted the attention of Kedar Massenburg. He set Badu up to record a duet with D'Angelo, \"Your Precious Love,\" and eventually signed her to a record deal with Universal Records.", "Bag Lady \"Bag Lady\" is the first single from singer Erykah Badu's 2000 album Mama's Gun. The song is about a woman who is trying to begin a new relationship but has too much emotional \"baggage\" and can't get close to people. The message of the song is to \"pack light\" and have hope for the future.", "Blues Brothers 2000 Blues Brothers 2000 is a 1998 American musical comedy film that is a sequel to 1980's The Blues Brothers, written and produced by John Landis and Dan Aykroyd. Directed by Landis, the film stars Aykroyd and John Goodman, with cameos by many musicians.", "Cleva \"Cleva\" is the third and final single from American singer Erykah Badu's second studio album, Mama's Gun (2000). It was produced by Badu, J Dilla, and James Poyser, a member of the Soulquarians and Badu's own production team Frequency. The song peaked at number seventy-seven on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. It includes Roy Ayers on vibraphone.", "Danger (Erykah Badu song) \"Danger\" is a song by R&B singer Erykah Badu released in 2003. It is the lead single from her album Worldwide Underground. The song was a modest R&B hit, and is performed often during Badu's live shows. The song samples from, and is an effective sequel to, Badu's 1997 single \"Otherside of the Game,\" set further along in the couple's relationship, after the woman's boyfriend has been arrested.", "Dave Chappelle's Block Party Dave Chappelle's Block Party, also known as Block Party, is a 2005 documentary film hosted and written by comedian Dave Chappelle, and directed by Michel Gondry. Its format is inspired by the documentary Wattstax.The film and its soundtrack are dedicated to the memory of music producer J Dilla who died from lupus one month before the film's release. The film was officially released at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival.", "Frustrated Artist Tour The Frustrated Artist Tour is a club and theater tour by American R&B singer Erykah Badu. During the summer of 2002, Badu at the time was getting writers block from penning songs for her soon to be album Worldwide Underground. Hoping to find inspiration, she set out on a 2-month trek of mainly theaters and small clubs, with additional dates added through the summer til December.", "High School High High School High is a 1996 comedy film about an inner city high school in the Los Angeles, California area, starring Jon Lovitz, Tia Carrere, Mekhi Phifer, Louise Fletcher, Malinda Williams, and Brian Hooks. It is a spoof of movies concerning idealistic teachers being confronted with a class of cynical teenagers, disengaged by conventional schooling, and loosely parodies The Principal, Dangerous Minds, Lean on Me, The Substitute, and Stand and Deliver.", "Honey (Erykah Badu song) \"Honey\" is a song by Erykah Badu, released on December 11, 2007, as the lead single from her 2008 album New Amerykah Part One (4th World War). The song was produced by 9th Wonder and samples singer Nancy Wilson's 1978 song \"I'm in Love\".", "House of D House of D is 2004 coming-of-age comedy-drama film directed by David Duchovny as his directorial debut in film. The film stars Duchovny, Anton Yelchin, Téa Leoni, Erykah Badu, Frank Langella, Zelda Williams, and Robin Williams. It was screened at the 2004 Tribeca Film Festival.", "ICON: The Best of Erykah Badu ICON: The Best of Erykah Badu is a compilation album by American R&B artist Erykah Badu, released in August 2010 under Universal Motown. It's the first compilation of Badu's hit songs throughout her music career. The collection consists of 12 hit songs, as \"On & On\", \"Love of My Life\", You Got Me with The Roots, \"Tyrone\" and \"Bag Lady\".", "James Poyser James Poyser (born 30 January 1967, in Sheffield, England) is a songwriter, musician, producer and a member of hip hop band, The Roots.Poyser has written and produced songs for various legendary and award-winning artists including Erykah Badu, Mariah Carey, John Legend, Lauryn Hill, Common, Anthony Hamilton, D'Angelo, The Roots, and Keyshia Cole.During his career, Poyser has toured, and played live with such distinctive artists as Jay-Z, The Roots, Erykah Badu, and Aretha Franklin.", "Kedar Records Kedar Records is part of Universal Records.", "Live (Erykah Badu album) Live is a live concert album by American singer Erykah Badu, released in 1997 (see 1997 in music). Released in the fall of 1997, with her debut album Baduizm released earlier that year, Live quickly went double platinum with the radio hit \\Tyrone\\\".\"", "Love of My Life (An Ode to Hip-Hop) \"Love of My Life (An Ode to Hip-Hop)\" is the title of a 2002 single by singer Erykah Badu and rapper Common. It spent four weeks at number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart, and reached number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The song also won a Soul Train Lady of Soul Award for Best Solo R&B/Soul Single. It additionally won a Grammy for best R&B song in 2003.The song was featured in the 2002 film Brown Sugar and is found on the film's soundtrack.", "Mama's Gun Mama's Gun is the second studio album by American recording artist Erykah Badu, released November 21, 2000, on Motown Records. Recording sessions for the album took place from 1999 to 2000 at Electric Lady Studios in New York City. A neo soul album, Mama's Gun incorporates funk, soul, and jazz styles. It has confessional lyrics by Badu, which cover themes of insecurity, social issues and personal relationships.", "New Amerykah Part One (4th World War) New Amerykah Part One (4th World War) is the fourth studio album by American recording artist Erykah Badu, released on February 26, 2008, by Universal Motown. It follows her 2003 album Worldwide Underground and a hiatus from recording music.", "New Amerykah Part Two (Return of the Ankh) New Amerykah Part Two (Return of the Ankh) is the 5th studio album by American recording artist Erykah Badu, first released on March 30, 2010, through Universal Motown. It follows her 2003 album Worldwide Underground and a hiatus from recording music. Communicating with several hip hop producers over the Internet, Badu conceived seventy five songs set to be split over three albums with New Amerykah Part One (4th World War) (2008) being the first.", "Next Lifetime \"Next Lifetime\" is a song by Erykah Badu. It is the second single from her début album Baduizm (1997). It was written by Badu and A. Scott. It is a low-tempo ballad with lyrics that describe being in a relationship but longing for another man. At the start of the song, Badu is heard talking to a man about how they can't be together even though they both have feelings for one another.", "On & On (Erykah Badu song) \"On & On\" is the debut single of Neo-Soul singer Erykah Badu, from her 1997 debut album Baduizm. The song won Best Female R&B Vocal Performance at the 1998 Grammy Awards.The hit song spent two weeks at number-one on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and went to #12 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. It was also the first neo soul song to hit number-one on the R&B chart.", "Otherside of the Game \"Otherside of the Game\" is a song by American R&B singer Erykah Badu. It is the third single from her 1997 album Baduizm. The song effectively showcases Badu's debt to jazz as well as soul. It is a ballad with lyrics that tells the story of a conflicted woman in a troubled relationship. She is expecting a baby with her husband, so she feels she must stand by him despite his apparently illegal activities.", "Soldier (Erykah Badu song) \"Soldier\" is a song by Erykah Badu released as the second single from her fifth album, New Amerykah Part One (4th World War). The song was produced by Karriem Riggins. This was strictly a promotional single and did not have a commercial single release or music video. It uses a sample from the Dutch band Solution's album - Divergence.\"Soldier\" was chosen in a poll when Badu asked Okayplayer users what should be the next single from New Amerykah.", "Southern Gul \"Southern Gul\" is a song released in 1999 by R&B/neo soul singer Erykah Badu. It was followed by the single Tyrone, and is not featured on her debut or Live albums. Produced by Rahzel, a former member of The Roots, the song peaked at No. 24 on the US Hot R&B Singles & Tracks chart.", "Sugar Water Festival The Sugar Water Festival was a music festival founded by American recording artists Erykah Badu, Queen Latifah and Jill Scott. The trek played to amphitheaters and arenas in the United States during the summer of 2005 and 2006. It began in 2005 as an event to bring awareness to health issues to African-American women. British duo Floetry opened shows during the 2005 run. The festival was relaunched briefly in 2006 with Kelis opening the show and comedian Mo'Nique hosting the festival.", "Turn Me Away (Get MuNNY) \"Turn Me Away (Get MuNNY)\" is a song by R&B singer Erykah Badu, also the second single from her album New Amerykah Part Two (Return of the Ankh). It was produced by Badu and Karriem Riggins, and is a semi-remake of the song \"You Can't Turn Me Away\", by Sylvia Striplin. The song also contains lyrics from \"Get Money\", as performed by Junior Mafia and The Notorious B.I.G..", "Tyrone (song) \"Tyrone\" is a song by singer Erykah Badu. It was released as the lead single in support of her album Live, and does not feature on her debut album Baduizm. The song was recorded professionally during a Badu concert, and is the version sent to radio. The song has been referenced in other media, most notably in the film Next Friday (1999), when Tyrone (Deebo's accomplice/younger sibling) is making a fake call at a restaurant.", "Window Seat (song) \"Window Seat\" is a song by Erykah Badu. It is the lead single from her album New Amerykah Part Two (Return of the Ankh) (2010). It was produced by Badu and James Poyser. The song is low-tempo ballad with lyrics that concern escapism and longing for a lover. The music video for \"Window Seat\" features Badu walking the streets Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas, slowly stripping to the nude, before being shot by an unseen assassin.", "Worldwide Underground Worldwide Underground is the third studio album by American R&B and neo soul musician Erykah Badu, released September 16, 2003, on Motown Records. Recording sessions for the album took place during 2003, following Badu's period of writer's block and her performing on the Frustrated Artist Tour. Production was handled primarily by production group Freakquency, which consists of Badu, Rashad Smith, James Poyser, and RC Williams.", "Your Precious Love \"Your Precious Love\" is a popular song that was a 1967 hit for Motown singers Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell. Written by Nickolas Ashford and Valerie Simpson and produced by Harvey Fuqua and Johnny Bristol, the doo-wop styled recording features background vocals by Fuqua, Gaye, Terrell and Bristol, and instrumentals by The Funk Brothers. The song peaked at #5 on Billboard Pop Singles chart, #2 on Billboard's R&B Singles chart, and the top 40 on Billboard's Easy Listening survey.", "Jam Tour The Jam Tour is a summer and fall music concert tour in 2009 by American R&B singer Erykah Badu. The tour started on May 24 in Los Angeles, Badu played dates across North America twice and Europe, which ended in Dallas, Texas on October 16. During the North America second leg, Badu was featured as a special guest co-headliner on hip-hop artist Mos Def's Ecstatic Touron select September dates.Prior to the start of tour, Badu performed two shows in April at the New Orleans Jazz Festival." ]

[ "18 foot dinghy The 18 foot Dinghy was used in the 1920 Summer Olympics as a double handed Olympic class. One team was present at the starting line and won the gold. Three races were scheduled, with final places decided by total points with point-for-place scoring for each race. Only one race was sailed and the gold medalist who scored did not finish!", "29erXX The 29erXX is a high performance sailing skiff, it was designed to allow light crews, particularly female crews, to sail twin trapeze boats and as a training boat for the more powerful 49er. The class gained International Sailing Federation Class status in May 2011, but lost it in 2014.", "420 (dinghy) The International 420 Class Dinghy is a double-handed (2 crew) monohull planing dinghy with centreboard, bermuda rig and centre sheeting. The name describes the overall length of the boat in centimetres (the boat is exactly 4.2 metres long). The hull is fibreglass with internal buoyancy tanks. The 420 is equipped with spinnaker and optional trapeze, making teamwork necessary to sail it well. It has a large sail-area-to-weight ratio, and is designed to plane easily.", "470 (dinghy) The 470 (Four-Seventy) is a double-handed monohull planing dinghy with a centreboard, Bermuda rig, and centre sheeting. The name is the overall length of the boat in centimetres (i.e., the boat is 4.70 metres long). The hull is fibreglass with integral buoyancy tanks. The 470 is equipped with spinnaker and trapeze, making teamwork necessary to sail it well.", "49er (dinghy) The 49er and 49er FX is a two-handed skiff-type high-performance sailing dinghy. The two crew work on different roles with the helm making many tactical decisions, as well as steering, and the crew doing most of the sail control. Both of the crew are equipped with their own trapeze and sailing is handled while \"flying\".The 49er was designed by Julian Bethwaite, the son of Frank Bethwaite, designer of the Tasar and the popular Laser 2 classes.", "Australian Sharpie The Australian Sharpie is a 3-person sailing dinghy which has evolved from the 12-square-metre class sailed in the 1956 Olympics in Melbourne, Australia. Australian Sharpies are 19 feet, 11 3⁄4 inches long, with a planing hull and a single mast. Sharpies race with a fully battened mainsail, a jib and a spinnaker.They are sailed competitively in all six Australian states. The Australian Sharpie National Titles is run as a carnival each year rotating from state to state.", "Delta Lloyd Regatta Delta Lloyd Regatta is an annual sailing regatta in Medemblik, the Netherlands. It hosts the Olympic and Paralympic classes.It is part of the 2015 EUROSAF Champions Sailing Cup.", "Dinghy sailing Dinghy sailing is the activity of sailing small boats by using five essential controls: the sails the foils (i.e. the daggerboard or centreboard and rudder and sometimes lifting foils as found on the Moth). the trim (forward/rear angle of the boat in the water) side to side balance of the dinghy by hiking or movement of the crew, particularly in windy weather \"\\move fast or swim\").", "Dragon (keelboat) The Dragon is a one-design keelboat designed by Norwegian Johan Anker in 1929. In 1948 the Dragon became an Olympic Class, a status it retained until the Munich Olympics in 1972. The Dragon's long keel and elegant metre-boat lines remain unchanged, but today Dragons are constructed using the latest technology to make the boat durable and easy to maintain.", "Europe (dinghy) The Europe is a one-person dinghy designed in Belgium in 1960 by Alois Roland as a class legal Moth dinghy. The design later changed into its own one-design class.The dinghy is ideal for sailors weighing 50–75 kilos. The hull is made of fibre glass and weighs 45 kg, fully rigged 60 kg. The dinghy is tapering in the stem and round in the bottom. The sail is made of dacron. The mast is made of carbon fibre and specially designed to the sailor.", "Finn (dinghy) The Finn dinghy is the men's single-handed, cat-rigged Olympic class for sailing. It was designed by Swedish canoe designer, Rickard Sarby, in 1949 for the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. Since the 1952 debut of the boat, the design has been in every summer Olympics, making it one of the most prolific Olympic sailboats as it is the longest serving dinghy in the Olympic Regatta. It currently fills the slot for the Heavyweight Dinghy at the Olympic games.", "Firefly (dinghy) The Firefly is a two-sail, one design, wooden or GRP sailing dinghy with no spinnaker, designed by Uffa Fox in 1938. The first four boats from the production line were named Fe, Fi, Fo and Fum. Number one, Fe, is now owned by the National Maritime Museum Cornwall. Although designed as a double hander, it was selected as the single handed class for the 1948 Olympics but was subsequently replaced by the Finn class.", "Flying Dutchman (dinghy) The Flying Dutchman (FD) is a 20-foot one-design high-performance two-person monohull racing dinghy. Developed in the early 1950s, its large sail area per unit weight allow it to plane easily when sailing upwind. The boat utilizes a trapeze harness for the crew and hiking straps for the skipper to counterbalance the wind force on its sails. It made its Olympic debut at the 1960 Olympics Games.The FD is still one of the fastest racing dinghies in the world.", "Flying Junior The International Flying Junior or FJ is a sailing dinghy which was originally designed in 1955 in the Netherlands by renowned boat designer Van Essen and Olympic sailor Conrad Gülcher. The FJ was built to serve as a training boat for the then Olympic-class Flying Dutchman. The FJ has a beam of \"'11\\ and an overall sail area of 100 square feet (9.3 m2).", "Hans Fogh Hans Marius Fogh (8 March 1938 – 14 March 2014) was one of the most successful competitive sailors in history, with dozens of national and international championships and in many different classes, including two Olympic medals.", "International Sailing Federation The International Sailing Federation (ISAF) is recognized by the International Olympic Committee as the world governing body for the sport of sailing yacht racing. Sailing is a very diverse sport. Competitive sailing takes place in or with many different types of boats including dinghies, windsurfers, multihulls, keelboats (see also sailing yachts), kitesurfing and radio controlled sailing boats.", "Laser (dinghy) The International Laser Class sailboat, also called Laser Standard and the Laser One is a popular one-design class of small sailing dinghy. According to the Laser Class Rules the boat may be sailed by either one or two people, though it is rarely sailed by two. The design, by Bruce Kirby, emphasizes simplicity and performance.", "Laser Radial The Laser Radial is a popular one-design class of small sailing dinghy, originally built by Laser Performance. It is a singlehanded boat, meaning that it is sailed by one person. The Laser Radial is a variant of the Laser Standard, with shorter mast and reduced sail area, allowing light sailors to sail in heavy winds. The International Class is recognised by the International Sailing Federation.", "Nathan Wilmot Nathan Wilmot (born 13 December 1979) is a sailor, and a member of the Australian sailing team. He has won five world titles along with teammate Malcolm Page in the 470 class. They also won the Olympic test event in Qingdao in 2007 and were considered favourites to win the 470 event at the 2008 Summer Olympics. In the Beijing Olympic games they won convincingly on points leading into the medal race which they only had to finish to win first place.", "Olympic sailing classes The Olympic sailing classes were used in the sport of Sailing/Yachting during the Olympic Summer Games since 1896. Since then, 46 different classes have been used.", "Sailing Sailing is combined wind propulsion by means of sails and steering of a craft on water, ice or land. A sailor manages the force of the wind on the sails by adjusting their angle with respect to the moving sailing craft and sometimes by adjusting the sail area.", "Sailing at the 1920 Summer Olympics – 18' Dinghy The 18' Dinghy was a sailing event on the Sailing at the 1920 Summer Olympics program in Ostend. Four races were scheduled. 2 sailors, on 1 boats, from 1 nation entered.", "Sailing at the 1924 Summer Olympics Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad (1896 Olympics in Athens, Greece). With the exception of 1904 and possible 1916 sailing was always a part of the Olympic program.The Sailing program of 1924 consisted of a total of three sailing classes (disciplines). For each of the classes the event an elimination round, semi-finals and finals were scheduled. The French National Monotype 1924 was on the program from 10 to 13 July.", "Sailing at the 1976 Summer Olympics Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad (1896 Olympics in Athens, Greece). With the exception of 1904 and possibly 1916, sailing was always a part of the Olympic program.The sailing program of 1976 consisted of six sailing classes (disciplines). For each class, seven races were scheduled from 19 July 1976 to 27 July 1976 off the coast of Kingston, Ontario, on Lake Ontario. The sailing was done on the triangular-type Olympic courses.", "Sailing at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Finn The Finn was a sailing event on the Sailing at the 1980 Summer Olympics program in Tallinn, USSR. The Finn dinghy is the men's single-handed, cat-rigged Olympic class for sailing. Seven races were scheduled; 21 sailors, on 21 boats, from 21 nations competed.", "Sailing at the 1996 Summer Olympics Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad (1896 Olympics in Athens, Greece). With the exception of 1904 and possibly 1916 sailing was always a part of the Olympic program.The Sailing program of 1996 consisted of a total of ten sailing classes (disciplines). For each class, with the exception of the Soling, eleven races were scheduled from July 22 to August 2, 1996 of the coast of Savannah at the Wassaw Sound (an area of the Atlantic Ocean).", "Sailing at the Summer Olympics Sailing (also known as yachting until 1996) has been one of the Olympic sports since the Games of the I Olympiad, held in Athens, Greece, in 1896. Despite being scheduled in the first Olympic program, the races were canceled due to severe weather conditions. Apart from the 1904 Summer Olympics, sailing has been present in every edition of the Olympic Games.", "Sharpie (boat) For the Australian racing dinghy see: Australian SharpieSharpies are a type of hard chined sailboat with a flat bottom, extremely shallow draft, centreboards and straight, flaring sides. They are believed to have originated in the New Haven, Connecticut region of Long Island Sound, United States. They were traditional fishing boats used for oystering, and later appeared in other areas. With centerboards and shallow balanced rudders they are well suited to sailing in shallow tidal waters.", "Tetsuya Matsunaga Tetsuya Matsunaga (松永 鉄也, Matsunaga Tetsuya, born April 15, 1979 in Kyoto) is a Japanese sailor, who specialized in two-person dinghy (470) class. He represented Japan, along with his partner Taro Ueno, at the 2008 Summer Olympics, and has also been training for Three Bond Sailing Team in Kyoto throughout most of his sporting career under his longtime coach and mentor Kenji Nakamura." ]

[ "12 foot dinghy The International Twelve Foot Dinghy was designed by George Cockshott, an amateur boat designer from Southport, over a century ago. It became the first one-design racing dinghy to achieve international recognition.", "505 (dinghy) The International 505 is a one-design high-performance two-person monohull planing centreboard dinghy, with spinnaker, using a trapeze for the crew. While it is a high-performance boat and demanding in a blow, the 505 is an extraordinarily well-handling craft and is easier to control than many smaller trapeze boats.The genesis of the class began in 1953 with the creation of the 18-foot 'Coronet' dinghy designed by John Westell.", "Anna Tunnicliffe Anna Tunnicliffe (born October 17, 1982) is an American sailor and world-class competitor in the women's single-handed (the Laser Radial) and CrossFit competitor. As a member of the 2008 US Olympic team she won a gold medal in the Women's Laser Radial class.In 2008, she also placed second at the women's world championship of the snipe class held in Roquetas de Mar (Spain). In 2009 and 2011, she won the ISAF Sailing World Cup in Laser Radial.", "Ben Ainslie Sir Charles Benedict Ainslie, CBE (born 5 February 1977), best known as Ben Ainslie, is a British, English competitive sailor.", "Byte (dinghy) The Byte is a small one-design sailing dinghy sailed by one person. It was designed by Canadian Ian Bruce, who also commissioned and marketed the Laser.", "Contender (dinghy) The International Contender is a single-handed high performance sailing dinghy, designed by Bob Miller, latterly known as Ben Lexcen, (Australia) in 1967 as a possible successor to the Finn dinghy for Olympic competition. The Contender is recognized as an International Class by the International Sailing Federation, the governing body of sail boat racing, which administers the class rules.", "Cowan Lake Sailing Association Cowan Lake Sailing Association (CLSA) is a yacht club based at the Cowan Lake State Park in Clinton County, Ohio The club is primarily devoted to one-design racing in the following classes: Flying Scot, Thistle, Highlander, Lightning, MC Scow, Snipe, 420, Laser, and Optimist. During the sailing season of April through October, CLSA runs 65 scheduled races on Sundays and national holidays plus approximately 30 special events and regattas.", "Dinghy A dinghy (or dingey) is a type of small boat, often carried or towed for use as a ship's boat by a larger vessel. It is a loanword from the Bengali ḍiṅgi, Urdu ḍīngī & Hindi ḍieṁgī. Utility dinghies are usually rowboats or have an outboard motor, but while some are rigged for sailing, they are not to be confused with sailing dinghies which are designed first and foremost for this purpose.", "Dinghy racing Dinghy racing is the competitive sport of sailing dinghies. Dinghy racing has affected aspects of the modern dinghy, including hull design, sail materials and sailplan, and techniques such as planing and trapezing.", "Emilia Tsoulfa Emilia Tsoulfa (Greek: Αιμιλία Τσούλφα; born 15 May 1973 in Athens) is a Greek sailing champion.She has participated in over 470 main class events including 2004 Olympic Sailing Competition, where she won gold medal in the women's double-handed dinghy event in the 470 with her pair Sofia Bekatorou (Greece). She has also participated in the 1996 Olympic Sailing Competition in Atlanta, being at the time the first female Greek sailor at the Olympic Games.", "Enterprise (dinghy) The Enterprise is a two-man sloop-rigged hiking sailing dinghy with distinctive blue sails. Despite being one of the older classes of dinghies, it remains popular in the United Kingdom and about a dozen other countries, and is used for both cruising and racing. It has a combination of size, weight, and power which appeals to all ages, and to sailing schools. The Enterprise is accredited as an International Class by the International Sailing Federation, the ISAF.", "Fireball (dinghy) Originally designed by Peter Milne in 1962, the Fireball is a one-design high-performance sailing dinghy. The Fireball is sailed by a crew of two, and sports a single trapeze, symmetric spinnaker and chined hull. The class is strictly controlled, but has adapted to advances in building techniques. The hulls (plywood, FRP or composite) have a strict minimum weight limit of 175 lb (79 kg) (with correctors).", "Fredrik Lööf Max Emil Fredrik Lööf (born 13 December 1969 in Kristinehamn, Sweden) is a Swedish professional sailor who has participated in six Summer Olympics, winning one gold and two bronze medals. He won the gold medal in Star with Max Salminen at the 2012 Summer Olympics and the bronze medals in Finn in the 2000 Summer Olympics and with Anders Ekström in Star in the 2008 Summer Olympics.", "French National Monotype 1924 For the 1924 Olympic Monotype sailing a National Dinghy Class from France was used. Some documents refer to this class as the Meulan and in France as Monotype national. It might originate (or vice versa) as the Scheldejol a Class originated in Antwerp, Belgium and also used in The Netherlands but is a little different at certain measurements. At least more sail area, including a spinnaker and a 10 cm more beam.", "Garda Trentino Olympic Week Garda Trentino Olympic Week is an annual sailing regatta in Riva del Garda, Italy. It hosts the Olympic and Paralympic classes.It is part of the 2015 EUROSAF Champions Sailing Cup.", "Graham Biehl Graham Porter Biehl (born August 31, 1986 in San Diego, California) is an American sailor.In 2003, in Moscow (Russia), he won the Junior World Championship of the Snipe class as a crew of Mikee Anderson-Mitterling, who was elected ICSA College Sailor of the Year in 2005. They were the second American team in history to do so, after Steve Bloemke and Gregg Morton in 1982.Afterwards, he specialized in the 470 class.", "ISO (dinghy) ISO is a former International Sailing Federation (ISAF) class of two-person sailing dinghy with a trapeze and a spinnaker.", "International 14 The International 14 is 14-foot double-handed racing dinghy. The class originated in England in the early part of the 20th century. It is sailed and raced in many countries around the world and was one of the very first true international racing dinghy classes recognised by International Sailing Federation. It has not been very popular over the last 5 years but now that is changeing.", "International Access 2.3 The Access 2.3 is a single-crew cat rigged sailing keelboat, which is recognised by the International Sailing Federation as an international class. It is typically regarded as being a beginner's dinghy.", "International class The designation International Class may be granted by the International Sailing Federation (ISAF) to classes of sail boat that offer a high standard of international competitive sailing and satisfy a number of criteria regarding the number of boats of that class, their international distribution, and the rules, administration and operation of that class's Class Association.The designation Recognized Class may be granted to a class of sail boat that does not yet fulfil all the requirements for designation as an International Class.Classes used in Olympic sailing competition are normally selected from amongst the International Classes.", "J. J. Isler Jennifer J. Isler (born December 1, 1963 in La Jolla, California), best known as J. J. Isler and also known by her maiden name of J. J. Fetter, is an American yachtswoman from San Diego, California, United States. She is a two-time Olympic medalist and a world sailing champion. She was a starting helmsman in the 1995 America’s Cup races.", "Jo Aleh Jo Qesem Ayela Aleh, MNZM (born 15 May 1986) is a New Zealand sailor. She is a national champion, a former world champion, and an Olympic gold medallist.Aleh competes in the two-woman 470 dinghy, a double-handed monohull planing dinghy with a centreboard, Bermuda rig, centre sheeting and length overall of 4.70 metres.", "Jochen Schümann Jochen Schümann (born 8 June 1954 in East Berlin) is a German sailor and olympic champion.He competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, where he won a gold medal in the finn class.He competed in the soling class at the 1988, 1996 and 2000 Summer Olympics, winning two gold medals and one silver medal in this class.", "Kazuto Seki Kazuto Seki (関 一人, Seki Kazuto, born September 11, 1975 in Shizuoka) is a sailing competitor from Japan. He won a bronze medal at the 2004 Athens Olympics with Kenjiro Todoroki in the 470 (dinghy) class.", "Keith Musto Franklyn Keith Musto OBE (born 12 January 1936) is a British sailor and businessman. He competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and won a silver medal in the Flying Dutchman class and was reserve in the Flying Dutchman class for the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich.Musto began sailing aged 15. After National Service, he began work with engineer Ken Pearce and began working on sailing masts and sails.", "Kristine Roug Kristine Roug (born March 12, 1975) is a Danish sailor and Olympic champion.She won a gold medal in the Europe Class at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. Kristine sailed the Europe dinghy between 1990 and 2000. In summer 1994 she won the world championship in theEurope dinghy two weeks later she won ISAF single dinghies for women inthe Laser, and half-year later in January 1995 in New Zealand she wononce again the World Championship.", "Lark (dinghy) The Lark is a two-person, non-trapeze sailing dinghy, designed in 1966 by Michael Jackson (who was also responsible for many National 12 and Merlin Rocket designs). All Larks are made of glass-reinforced plastic (GRP). The Lark is a one-design class which leads to very close racing. The boat is very popular in the UK with a new builder (Ovington boats) signed up in 2010. In the UK the class became very popular through the university team racing circuit.", "Laser 2 The Laser 2 is a double-handed version of the popular Laser one-design class of small sailing dinghy. It is a quick, planing dinghy that differs from the Laser in that it has a jib, symmetric spinnaker and a trapeze for the crew. It was designed by New Zealander Frank Bethwaite and was first launched as a product in Australia then North America in 1979 and in Europe in 1980. The hull is made of GRP (glass reinforced plastic). The rig is a Bermudian rig sloop with spinnaker.", "Lightning (dinghy) For alternate meanings, see Lightning (disambiguation).The Lightning is a sloop rigged sailing dinghy originally designed by Olin Stephens of Sparkman & Stephens in 1938 and was first sailed on Skaneateles Lake, Skaneateles, NY, USA. More than 15,000 Lightnings have been built since then.", "List of Olympic medalists in sailing by class This is a list of Olympic medalists in sailing.", "List of dinghy classes designed before 1960 The following is a list of Dinghy classes designed before 1960.", "Marcelien de Koning Marcelien Bos-de Koning (born 10 May 1978 in Hoorn) is a sports sailor from the Netherlands who represented her country at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Qingdao. With crew member Lobke Berkhout Bos-de Koning took the Silver medal as helmsman in the Women's 470. Bos-de Koning returned as crew member to the 2012 Olympic match regatta's in Weymouth in the Elliott 6m. With helmsman Renee Groeneveld and fellow crew member Annemieke Bes Bos-de Koning took 8th place.", "Margriet Matthijsse Margriet Matthijsse (born 16 April 1977, in Rotterdam) is a sailor from the Netherlands, who represented her country for the first time at the 1996 Olympics in Savannah. Matthijsse took the Silver in the Europe. In the 2000 Olympics in Sydney Matthijsse took her second Silver medal again in the Europe. Matthijsse final Olympic appearance was during the 2004 Olympics in Athens.", "Mark Neeleman Mark Jacobus Louis Neeleman (born 16 April 1959, in Baghdad, Iraq) is a sailor from the Netherlands. Since the Netherlands did boycott the Moscow Olympic Games Neeleman represented his National Olympic Committee at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Tallinn, USSR under the Dutch NOC flag. Neeleman took 8th place in the Finn. In 1984 Summer Olympics, Los Angeles Neeleman did a second attempt in the Finn and finished on the 9th place.", "Mark Reynolds (sailor) Mark J. Reynolds (born November 2, 1955) is an American Star class sailor and Olympic champion. He has sailed Stars since age four, training with his father James Reynolds who was the 1971 World Champion (as crew for Dennis Conner).Reynolds competed at multiple Olympics, medaling in 1988 and 1992. In 1996 he came in eighth.", "Mirror (dinghy) The Mirror is a very popular sailing dinghy, with more than 70,000 built.The Mirror was named after the Daily Mirror, a UK newspaper with a largely working class distribution. The Mirror was from the start promoted as an affordable boat, and as a design it has done a great deal to make dinghy sailing accessible to a wide audience.", "Moth (dinghy) The Moth Class is the name for a small development class of sailing dinghy. Originally a cheap home built sailing boat designed to plane, now it is an expensive largely commercially produced boat designed to hydroplane on foils. Many of the older design Moths still exist and are fun recreational boats but far slower.", "Musto Performance Skiff The Musto Performance Skiff is a single-handed sailing skiff with a length of 4.55m. It features a trapeze, asymmetrical spinnaker, wings and low weight and achieves speeds of over twenty knots which makes it one of the fastest single-handed sailing boats.It was designed in 1999 for the 2000 Olympic Class trials in Quiberon by Joachim Harpprecht where it won every race in the single-handed dinghy competition.", "O-Jolle The O-Jolle – (Olympiajolle) – was created as the Monotype class for the 1936 Olympic Games by designer Hellmut Wilhelm E. Stauch (GER, later RSA). The boat is a Bermuda rig and the hull was originally carvel - later GRP and cold moulded plywood construction were allowed.", "Optimist (dinghy) The Optimist is a small, single-handed sailing dinghy intended for use by children up to the age of 15. Nowadays boats are usually made of Fiberglass, although wooden boats are still built.It is one of the most popular sailing dinghies in the world, with over 150,000 boats officially registered with the class and many more built but never registered.The Optimist is recognized as an International Class by the International Sailing Federation.", "Paul Elvstrøm Paul Bert Elvstrøm (born 25 February 1928 in Copenhagen) is a yachtsman from Denmark. He has won four gold medals at the Olympic Games and won world championships eleven times in eight different types of boat, including Snipe, Soling, Star, Flying Dutchman and Finn.", "Robert Scheidt Robert Scheidt (born April 15, 1973) is a renowned Brazilian sailor, having won two gold medals, two silver medals and a bronze from five Olympic Games and a Star Sailors League Finals. He is one of the most successful sailors at Olympic Games and one of the most successful Brazilian Olympic athletes.", "Sailing (sport) This article is about recreational sailing. For the general activity of propelling a vessel using sails, see Sailing. For other uses, see Sailing (disambiguation).Sailing refers to using sailboats for sporting purposes. It can be recreational or competitive.Sailing is the main variety of yachting, and competitive sailing the main variety of yacht racing.", "Sailing at the 1920 Summer Olympics Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad (1896 Olympics in Athens, Greece). With the exception of 1904 and possible 1916 sailing was always a part of the Olympic program.The Sailing program of 1920 consisted of a total of fourteen sailing classes (disciplines). For each class three races were scheduled from 7 July 1920 to 10 July 1920 off the coast of Ostend at the North Sea.", "Sailing at the 1972 Summer Olympics Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad (1896 Olympics in Athens, Greece). With the exception of 1904 and possible 1916 sailing was always a part of the Olympic program.The Sailing program of 1972 consisted of a total of six sailing classes (disciplines). For each class seven races were scheduled from 29 August 1972 to 8 September 1972 of the coast of Kiel-Schilksee in the Bay of Kiel.", "Sailing at the 1980 Summer Olympics Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad (1896 Olympics in Athens, Greece). With the exception of 1904 and possible 1916 sailing was always a part of the Olympic program.The Sailing program of 1980 consisted of a total of six sailing classes (disciplines). For each class seven races were scheduled from 19 to 29 July 1980 of the coast of Tallinn (district of Pirita, in that time an annexed part of the USSR at the Baltic Sea.", "Sailing at the 1988 Summer Olympics Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the 1896 Olympics in Athens, Greece). With the exception of 1904 and possible 1916 sailing was always a part of the Olympic program.The Sailing program of 1988 consisted of a total of eight sailing classes (disciplines).", "Sailing at the 1992 Summer Olympics Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad (1896 Olympics in Athens, Greece). With the exception of 1904 and possible 1916 sailing was always a part of the Olympic program.The Sailing program of 1992 consisted of a total of ten sailing classes (disciplines). For each class races were scheduled from July 27, 1992 to August 4, 1992 of the coast of Barcelona, Spain on the Mediterranean Sea", "Sailing at the 2000 Summer Olympics The quota for sailing at the 2000 Summer Olympics was 400, of which 124 positions were for men, 92 for women and 184 'open' to men or women. The Sailing Program of 2000 consisted of a total of eleven sailing classes (disciplines). For each class with the exception of the Soling and the 49er, eleven races were scheduled from 17–30 September 2000. For the Soling six fleet races were scheduled followed by a series of match races for the top twelve boats of the fleet race result.", "Sailing at the 2004 Summer Olympics Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport that has been part of the Olympic programme starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad (1896 Olympics in Athens, Greece). With the exception of 1904 and possibly 1916, sailing has always been a part of the Olympic program. The Sailing program in 2004 consisted of eleven disciplines divided over nine sailing classes. For each discipline multiple races were scheduled between 14–28 August 2004 along the coast near Athens.", "Sailing at the 2008 Summer Olympics Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad (1896 Olympics in Athens, Greece). With the exception of 1904 and possible 1916 sailing was always a part of the Olympic program.The Sailing program of 2008 consisted of a total of nine sailing classes (eleven disciplines).", "Sailing at the 2012 Summer Olympics Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad (1896 Olympics in Athens, Greece). With the exception of 1904 and possible 1916 sailing was always a part of the Olympic program.The Sailing program of 2012 consisted of a total of eight sailing classes (ten disciplines). Eleven Fleet races were scheduled from 29 July 2012 to 11 August 2012 of the coast at Weymouth Bay for each event except for the 49er and the Elliott 6m.", "Sailing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Finn The Men's Finn was a sailing event on the Sailing at the 2012 Summer Olympics program in Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy. Eleven races (last one a medal race) were scheduled and completed. 24 sailors, on 24 boats, from 249 nations competed. Ten boats qualified for the medal race.", "Skiff (sailing) A Skiff in a sailing context is a high performance competitive sailing craft.There are a number of different craft which are called skiffs but they are generally small coastal or river boats with a one-person or small crew. Skiffs were originally powered by oars or sails, and sailing skiffs have developed into high performance competitive classes. In Sydney, Australia and in New Zealand the term is used for a number of racing classes (sizes from 6 ft to 23 ft have existed).", "Sunfish (sailboat) The Sunfish sailboat is a personal size, beach launched sailing dinghy utilizing a pontoon type hull carrying a lateen sail mounted to an un-stayed mast.Sunfish was developed by Alcort, Inc. and first appeared around 1952 as the \"next generation\" improvement on their original boat, the Sailfish. In contrast, the Sunfish has a wider beam for more stability, increased freeboard and the addition of a foot-well for a more comfortable sailing position.", "Thomas Hedberg Thomas Hedberg was a British sailor and Olympic Champion. He competed at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp and won a gold medal in the 18 ft. Dinghy class with Francis Richards.", "Vintage Yachting Games The Vintage Yachting Games are an international sailing event for former Olympic classes. The Vintage Games is held every four years.The idea behind the Vintage is to Organize a four yearly high-end event in the calendars of all the former Olympic classes after their discontinuation of the Olympics.", "Willem de Vries Lentsch Willem de Vries Lentsch (10 September 1886, Nieuwendam, North Holland – 6 March 1980, Amsterdam) was a sailor from the Netherlands, who represented his native country at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam in the 12' Dinghy. In 1936, with Bob Maas as helmsmen, De Vries Lentsch took part in the Dutch Star BEM II and took the Bronze.Willem de Vries Lentsch is the younger brother of Gerard de Vries Lentsch and the father of Wim de Vries Lentsch.", "Wolfgang Mayrhofer Wolfgang Mayrhofer (born 1958) is an Austrian competitive sailor and Olympic medalist as well as professor of management at WU in Vienna.He won a silver medal in the Finn class at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. Wolfgang Mayrhofer is sailing since the age of 5. From 1963-1973 he sailed Optimist, the most popular single-handed boat for children below the age of 15; 1969 top-sailor world-wide in the Optimist below the age of 12." ]

[ "Bochum Bochum (German pronunciation: [ˈboːxʊm]; Westphalian: Baukem) is a city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and part of the Arnsberg region. It is located in the Ruhr area and is surrounded by the cities (in clockwise direction) of Herne, Castrop-Rauxel, Dortmund, Witten, Hattingen, Essen and Gelsenkirchen. With a population of nearly 365,000, it is the 16th most populous city in Germany.", "Brakel, Germany Brakel is a town in the district of Höxter in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.", "Breckerfeld Breckerfeld is a town in the district of Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis, in North Rhine-Westphalia, (Germany). It is located in the southeastern-most part of the Ruhr area in northern Sauerland. The town is a member of Regionalverband Ruhr (association).", "Cologne Cologne (English pronunciation: /kəˈloʊn/; German Köln [kœln], Colognian: Kölle [ˈkœɫə]), Germany's fourth-largest city (after Berlin, Hamburg, and Munich), is the largest city both in the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and within the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Area, one of the major European metropolitan areas with more than ten million inhabitants.Cologne is located on both sides of the Rhine River, fewer than eighty kilometers from Belgium.", "Dano-Hanseatic War (1426–35) The Dano-Hanseatic War from 1426–1435 (also: Kalmar War with the Hanseatic League) was an armed trade conflict between the Danish dominated Kalmar Union (Denmark, Norway, Sweden) and the German Hanseatic League (Hansa) led by the Free City of Lübeck.When Danish king Eric opened the Baltic trade routes for Dutch ships and introduced a new toll for all foreign ships passing the Øresund (Sound Dues), six Hanseatic cities (Hamburg, Lübeck, Lüneburg, Rostock, Stralsund, Wismar) declared war, put a naval blockade on Scandinavian harbours and allied with Eric's enemy Henry IV, count of Holstein.", "Dortmund Dortmund ([ˈdɔɐ̯tmʊnt]; Low German: Düörpm [ˈdyːœɐ̯pm̩]; Latin: Tremonia) is an independent city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is in the middle part of the state and is considered to be the administrative, commercial and cultural centre of the region. Its population of 575,944 (2013) makes it the 8th largest city in Germany.", "Duisburg Duisburg (German pronunciation: [ˈdyːsbʊɐ̯k]) is a German city in the western part of the Ruhr Area (Ruhrgebiet) in North Rhine-Westphalia. It is an independent metropolitan borough within Regierungsbezirk Düsseldorf.", "Haltern am See Haltern am See (Haltern at the lake, before December 2001 only Haltern) is a town and a municipality in the district of Recklinghausen, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated on the Lippe and the Wesel–Datteln Canal, approx. 15 kilometres (9 miles) north of Recklinghausen.The town is about 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Düsseldorf.", "Hamm Hamm (German pronunciation: [ˈham], Latin: Hammona) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in the northeastern part of the Ruhr area. As of December 2003 its population was 180,849. The city is situated between the A1 motorway and A2 motorway. Hamm railway station is an important hub for rail transport and renowned for its distinctive station building.", "Hanseatic League The Hanseatic League (also known as the Hanse or Hansa; Low German: Hanse, Dudesche Hanse, Latin: Hansa, Hansa Teutonica or Liga Hanseatica) was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and their market towns. It dominated Baltic maritime trade (c. 1400-1800) along the coast of Northern Europe. It stretched from the Baltic to the North Sea and inland during the Late Middle Ages and early modern period (c.", "Hanseatic People's League The Hanseatic People's League (German: Hanseatischer Volksbund) was a Weimar era political party in Lübeck, Germany. The party was founded in 1926. The party was formed by middle-class sectors that opposed the Social Democrats, in response to the takeover of the mayoral post of Lübeck by the Social Democrats. The Hanseatic People's League proclaimed itself as a 'gathering point for all non-Marxist, i.e. non-SPD/KPD, voters'.", "Hattingen Hattingen is a German town located in northern part of the Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis district, in North Rhine-Westphalia.", "Herford Herford (German pronunciation: [ˈhɛɐ̯fɔɐ̯t]) is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, located in the lowlands between the hill chains of the Wiehen Hills and the Teutoburg Forest. It is the capital of the district of Herford.", "Höxter Höxter (German pronunciation: [ˈhœkstɐ]) is a town in eastern North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany on the left bank of the river Weser, 52 km north of Kassel in the centre of the Weser Uplands. The main town's population is around 15,000, and with outlying centres, about 30,000. It is the seat of the Höxter district.", "Lemgo Lemgo (German pronunciation: [ˈlɛmɡoː]) is a university city in the Lippe district of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, with a population of c. 40,800 (2013).", "Minden Minden is a town of about 83,000 inhabitants in the north-east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The town extends along both sides of the River Weser. It is the capital of the district (Kreis) of Minden-Lübbecke, which is part of the region of Detmold. Minden is the historic political centre of the cultural region of Minden Land. It is widely known as the intersection of the Mittelland Canal and the River Weser.", "Münster Münster (German pronunciation: [ˈmʏnstɐ]; Low German: Mönster; Latin: Monasterium, from the Greek μοναστήριον monastērion, \"monastery\") is an independent city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is in the northern part of the state and is considered to be the cultural centre of the Westphalia region. It is also capital of the local government region Münsterland.", "Neuss Neuss (German pronunciation: [ˈnɔʏs]; spelled Neuß until 1968; Limburgish: Nüss; Latin: Novaesium) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located on the west bank of the Rhine opposite Düsseldorf. Neuss is the largest city within the Rhein-Kreis Neuss district and owes its prosperity to its location at the crossing of historic and modern trade routes. It is primarily known for its historic Roman sites, as well as the annual Neusser Bürger-Schützenfest.", "Osnabrück Osnabrück (German pronunciation: [ɔsnaˈbʁʏk]; Westphalian: Ossenbrügge; archaic English: Osnaburg) is a city in the federal state Lower-Saxony in northwestern Germany. It lies in a valley penned between the Wiehen Hills and the northern tip of the Teutoburg Forest. A population of 154.513 makes Osnabrück the fourth-largest city in Lower Saxony.", "Paderborn Paderborn (German pronunciation: [paːdɐˈbɔʁn]) is a city in eastern North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, capital of the Paderborn district. The name of the city derives from the river Pader and 'born', an old German term for the source of a river. The river Pader originates in more than 200 springs near Paderborn Cathedral, where St. Liborius is buried.", "Recklinghausen Recklinghausen (German pronunciation: [ʁɛklɪŋˈhaʊzən]) is the northernmost city in the Ruhr-Area and the capital of the Recklinghausen district. It borders the rural Münsterland and is characterized by large fields and farms in the north and industry in the south. Recklinghausen is the 60th-largest city in Germany and the 22nd-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia.", "Soest, Germany Soest (German pronunciation: [ˈzoːst], as if it were 'Sohst') is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is the capital of the Soest district. After Lippstadt, a neighbouring town, Soest is the second biggest town in its district.", "Treaty of Stralsund (1370) The Treaty of Stralsund (24 May 1370) ended the war between the Hanseatic League and the kingdom of Denmark. The Hanseatic League reached the peak of its power by the conditions of this treaty.The war began in 1361, when Danish king Valdemar Atterdag conquered Scania, Öland, and Gotland with the major Hanseatic town Visby.", "Treaty of Utrecht (1474) The Treaty of Utrecht was signed in 1474 after the Anglo-Hanseatic War between England and the Hanseatic League.This naval war had begun in 1470 using the naval strategy of commerce raiding in the North sea and the Channel. One of the most successful Man of war was the Peter von Danzig.", "Unna Unna is a town of around 67,000 people in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, the seat of the Unna district.", "Warburg Warburg is a town in eastern North Rhine-Westphalia on the river Diemel near the three-state point shared by Hessen, Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia. It is in Höxter district and Detmold region. Warburg is the midpoint in the Warburger Börde.", "Werl Werl is a town located in the district of Soest in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.", "Wesel Wesel (German pronunciation: [ˈveːzəl]) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is the capital of the Wesel district.", "Winterberg Winterberg is a town in the Hochsauerland district of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and a major winter sport resort of the Wintersport Arena Sauerland." ]

[ "Archbishopric of Bremen The Archdiocese of Bremen (also Archdiocese of Hamburg-Bremen, German: Erzbistum Bremen, not to be confused with the modern Archdiocese of Hamburg, founded in 1994) was a historical Roman Catholic diocese (787–1566/1648) and formed from 1180 to 1648 an ecclesiastical state (continued under other names until 1823), named Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen (German: Erzstift Bremen) within the Holy Roman Empire. The prince-archbishopric consisted of about a third of the diocesan territory.", "Arnhem Arnhem (/ˈɑːnəm/ or /ˈɑːnhɛm/, Dutch: [ˈɑrnɛm] or [ˈɑrnɦɛm], South Guelderish: Èrnem), is a city and municipality, situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands. It is the capital of the province of Gelderland and located on both banks of the river Nederrijn as well as on the Sint-Jansbeek, which was the source of the city's development. Arnhem had a population of 151,356 in 2014 and is one of the larger cities of the Netherlands.", "Bocholt, Germany Bocholt is a city in the north-west of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, part of the district Borken. It is situated 4 km south of the border with the Netherlands. Suderwick is part of Bocholt and is situated at the border annex to Dinxperlo.", "Bremen The City Municipality of Bremen (German: Stadtgemeinde Bremen, IPA: [ˈbʁeːmən]) is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany.A commercial and industrial city with a major port on the River Weser, Bremen is part of the Bremen/Oldenburg Metropolitan Region (2.4 million people). Bremen is the second most populous city in Northern Germany and tenth in Germany.Bremen is a major cultural and economic hub in the northern regions of Germany.", "Brick Gothic Brick Gothic (German: Backsteingotik, Polish: Gotyk ceglany) is a specific style of Gothic architecture common in Northern Europe, especially in Northern Germany and the regions around the Baltic Sea, which do not have natural stone resources.", "Bryggen Bryggen (Norwegian for the Wharf), also known as Tyskebryggen (the German Wharf), is a series of Hanseatic commercial buildings lining the eastern side of the fjord coming into Bergen, Norway. Bryggen has since 1979 been on the UNESCO list for World Cultural Heritage sites.The city of Bergen was founded around 1070 within the original boundaries of Tyskebryggen.", "Burgundian Circle The Burgundian Circle (German: Burgundischer Kreis, Dutch: Bourgondische Kreits, French: Cercle de Bourgogne) was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire created in 1512 and significantly enlarged in 1548.", "Burgundian Netherlands In the history of the Low Countries, the Burgundian Netherlands (French: Pays-Bas Bourguignons, Dutch: Bourgondische Nederlanden, Luxembourgish: Burgundeschen Nidderlanden, Walloon: Bas Payis bourguignons) were a number of Imperial and French fiefs ruled in personal union by the House of Valois-Burgundy and their Habsburg heirs in the period from 1384 to 1482. The area comprised large parts of present-day Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as Luxembourg and parts of northern France.", "Carta Mercatoria The Carta Mercatoria, meaning 'the charter of the merchants', was a 1303 charter granted by Edward I to foreign merchants in England. It guaranteed them freedom to trade, protection under the law, and exemption from tolls on bridges, roads and cities. It also guaranteed no increase in the duty rates they paid.The charter was revoked by Edward II, owing to complaints by English mechants.", "Communist Circle of Breda (Marxist–Leninist) Communist Circle of Breda (marxist-leninist) (in Dutch: Kommunisten Kring Breda (marxistisch-leninistisch)) was a communist group in Breda, the Netherlands.", "Confederation of Cologne The Confederation of Cologne was a medieval military alliance against Denmark signed 1367 by cities of the Hanseatic League on their meeting called Hansetag in Cologne.The hanseatic cities at the southern coast of the Baltic sea had nearly lost the First Danish-Hanseatic War in the Battle of Helsingborg (1362) and made a peace with Denmark at Vordingborg (1365).", "Deventer Deventer (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈdeːvəntər]) is a municipality and city in the Salland region of the Dutch province of Overijssel. Deventer is largely situated on the east bank of the river IJssel, but also has a small part of its territory on the west bank. In 2005 the municipality of Bathmen (pop. 5,000) was merged with Deventer as part of a national effort to reduce bureaucracy in the country.", "Doesburg Doesburg (Dutch About this sound pronunciation ) is a municipality and a city in the eastern Netherlands in the province of Gelderland. Doesburg received city rights in 1237 and had a population of 11,447 in 2014. The city is situated on the right bank of river IJssel, at the confluence of river Oude IJssel. The municipality of Doesburg is part of the Arnhem-Nijmegen agglomeration region.", "Drolshagen Drolshagen is a town belonging to the district of Olpe in the Regierungsbezirk of Arnsberg in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, lying roughly 5 km west of Olpe.", "Duchy of Cleves The Duchy of Cleves (German: Herzogtum Kleve; Dutch: Hertogdom Kleef) was a State of the Holy Roman Empire emerged from the mediaeval Duisburggau. It was situated in the northern Rhineland on both sides of the Lower Rhine, around its capital Cleves and the towns of Wesel, Kalkar, Xanten, Emmerich, Rees and Duisburg bordering the lands of the Prince-Bishopric of Münster in the east and the Duchy of Brabant in the west.", "Dutch annexation of German territory after World War II At the end of World War II, plans were made in the Netherlands to annex German territory as compensation for the damages caused by the war. In October 1945, the Dutch state asked Germany for 25 billion guilders in reparations, but in February 1945 it had already been established at the Yalta Conference that reparations would not be given in monetary form.", "Dutch–Hanseatic War The Dutch–Hanseatic War was a conflict between the Burgundian Netherlands and the Hanseatic League over the latter's control of Baltic shipping.", "Electorate of Cologne The Electorate of Cologne (German: Kurfürstentum Köln), sometimes referred to as Electoral Cologne (German: Kurköln), was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire and existed from the 10th to the early 19th century. It consisted of the temporal possessions of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne (German: Erzbistum Köln). It was ruled by the Archbishop in his capacity as prince-elector.", "Emden Emden is a town and seaport in Lower Saxony in the northwest of Germany, on the river Ems. It is the main town of the region of East Frisia and, in 2011, had a total population of 51,528.", "European Route of Brick Gothic The European Route of Brick Gothic (EuRoB) is a tourist route connecting cities with Brick Gothic architecture in three countries along the Baltic Sea: Denmark, Germany and Poland.Many of the cities also have a history as Hanseatic League city, and some are related to German Ostsiedlung or the Teutonic Order, consequently the route is managed by the German Association for Housing, Urban and Spatial Development.", "Flag of Germany The flag of Germany is a tricolour consisting of three equal horizontal bands displaying the national colours of Germany: black, red, and gold.", "Free City of Lübeck The Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck was a city-state from 1226 to 1937, in what is now the German states of Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.", "Free imperial city In the Holy Roman Empire, the collective term Free and Imperial Cities (German: Freie und Reichsstädte), briefly worded Free imperial city (Freie Reichsstadt, Latin: urbs imperialis libera), was used from the 15th century to denote a self-ruling city that enjoyed a certain amount of autonomy and was represented in the Imperial Diet.", "Frisian languages The Frisian /ˈfriːʒən/ languages are a closely related group of Germanic languages, spoken by about 500,000 Frisian people, who live on the southern fringes of the North Sea in the Netherlands, Germany, and Denmark. The Frisian dialects are the closest living languages to English, after Scots. However, modern English and Frisian are unintelligible to each other.", "Germany–Netherlands relations German-Dutch relations refer to interstate relations between Germany and the Netherlands. Relations were established after 1871.During World War I, the German army refrained from attacking the Netherlands, and thus relations between the two states were preserved. At war's end in 1918, the former Kaiser Wilhelm II fled to the Netherlands, where he lived till his death in 1941.", "Glossary of Nazi Germany This is a list of words, terms, concepts and slogans that were specifically used in Nazi Germany.Some words were coined by Adolf Hitler and other Nazi Party members. Other words and concepts were borrowed and appropriated, and other terms were already in use during the Weimar Republic. Finally, some are taken from Germany's cultural tradition.", "Goslar Goslar is a historic town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the administrative centre of the district of Goslar and located on the northwestern slopes of the Harz mountain range. The Old Town of Goslar and the Mines of Rammelsberg are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.", "Greifswald Greifswald (German pronunciation: [ˈɡʁaɪfsvalt]), officially the University and Hanseatic City of Greifswald (in German Universitäts- und Hansestadt Greifswald), is a city in northeastern Germany.It is situated in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, at an equal distance of about 250 kilometres (160 mi) from Germany's two largest cities, Berlin and Hamburg.", "Groningen Groningen (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɣroːnɪŋə(n)]; Gronings: Grunnen; West Frisian: Grins) is the main municipality as well as the capital city of the eponymous province in the Netherlands. With a population of 197,823 (in 2014), it is the largest city in the north of the Netherlands. An old city, Groningen was the regional power of the northern Netherlands, a semi-independent city-state and member of the German Hanseatic League.", "Göttingen Göttingen (German pronunciation: [ˈɡœtɪŋən]; Low German: Chöttingen) is a university town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the capital of the district of Göttingen. The River Leine runs through the town. In 2011 the population was 116,052.", "Hamburg Hamburg (/ˈhæmbɜrɡ/; German pronunciation: [ˈhambʊʁk], local pronunciation [ˈhambʊɪ̯ç]; Low German/Low Saxon: Hamborg [ˈhambɔːx]), officially Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg (Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg), is the second largest city in Germany and the eighth largest city in the European Union. It is also the thirteenth largest German state.", "Hanseatic Days of New Time The Hanseatic Days of New Time or the Hansa Days of New Time (German: Hansetage der Neuzeit) is an annual international festival of member cities of the Hanseatic League of New Time (also known as the New Hansa).The Hanseatic Days are held annually in one of the member cities of the New Hansa since 1980, when it was decided to re-establish the Hanseatic League and the first Hanseatic Days were held in Zwolle, the Netherlands.", "Hattem Hattem (About this sound pronunciation ) is a municipality and a city in the eastern Netherlands. The municipality had a population of 11,739 in 2014. The municipality includes the hamlet of 't Zand.", "Heinrich Sudermann Heinrich Sudermann (31 August 1520 – 7 September 1591) was an official of the Hanseatic League from Cologne. When the post of Syndic was created in 1556, Sudermann was elected as permanent official with legal training who worked to protect and extend the diplomatic agreements of the Hansa member towns. In 1557 and 1579, revised agreements spelled out the duties of towns and some progress was made.", "Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire (Latin: Sacrum Romanum Imperium, German: Heiliges Römisches Reich) was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806.", "Intercursus Magnus The Intercursus Magnus was a major and long-lasting commercial treaty signed in February 1496 by Henry VII of England and Philip IV, Duke of Burgundy. Other signatories included the commercial powers of Venice, Florence, the Netherlands, and the Hanseatic League.", "Iserlohn Iserlohn (German pronunciation: [iːzɐˈloːn]) is a city in the Märkischer Kreis district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, West Germany. It is the largest city by population and area within the district and the Sauerland region.", "Jürgen Wullenwever Jürgen Wullenwever (c. 1492 – 29 September 1537) was burgomaster of Lübeck from 1533 to 1535, a period of religious, political and trade turmoil.", "Kampen, Overijssel Kampen (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈkɑmpən]) is a municipality, a city and an old Hanseatic city at the lower reaches of the river IJssel in the Dutch province of Overijssel.The municipality of Kampen had a population of 51,278 in 2014 and covers an area of 161.79 km2 (62.47 sq mi). Kampen is located in the North West of Overijssel and is the largest city in this region.", "Kleve Cleves (German: Kleve, Cleves Dutch: Kleff, Dutch: Kleef, French: Clèves, Latin: Clivia), is a town in the Lower Rhine region of northwestern Germany near the Dutch border and the River Rhine. From the 11th century onwards, Cleves was capital of a county and later a duchy. Today, Cleves is the capital of the district of Cleves in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.", "Leo Meyer (producer) Leo Meyer (1873–1944) was a German film producer. He is sometimes also credited as Leo Meijer. Following the Nazi rise to power Meyer, who was Jewish, went into exile and emigrated to the Netherlands where he continued to produce films.Amongst the films that Meyer worked on in Weimar Germany was the war film Westfront 1918", "List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to the Hanseatic League The United Kingdom had a diplomatic representative to the three sovereign Hanseatic cities of Bremen, Hamburg and Lübeck until German unification in 1871. The envoy was usually only a resident, but sometimes he was also minister plenipotentiary to Lower Saxony. He was usually resident at Hamburg, which had long been an important port for British trade, and the staple port of the Company of Merchant Adventurers of London.", "Lübeck The Hanseatic City of Lübeck (pronounced [ˈlyːbɛk], Low German [ˈlyːbɛːk]) is the second-largest city in Schleswig-Holstein, in northern Germany, and one of the major ports of Germany. Situated on the river Trave, it was for several centuries the leading city of the Hanseatic League \"\\Queen of the Hanse\"). Because of its extensive Brick Gothic architecture, it is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.", "Lübeck Cougars The Lübeck Cougars are an American football team from Lübeck, Germany.Th club had its greatest success in 2012 when it played in the German Football League for a season.", "Lüneburg Lüneburg (officially the Hanseatic Town of Lüneburg, German: Hansestadt Lüneburg, pronounced [ˈhan.zə.ʃtat ˈlyː.nə.bʊɐk], Low German Lümborg, Polabian Glain), also called Lunenburg in English, is a town in the German state of Lower Saxony. It is located about 45 km (28 mi) southeast of another Hanseatic city, Hamburg. It is part of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region. The capital of the district of Lüneburg, its population is around 72,000 people.", "Magdeburg Magdeburg (German pronunciation: [ˈmakdəbʊrk]; Low Saxon: Meideborg, [ˈmaˑɪdebɔɐx]) is the capital city of the state of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Magdeburg is situated on the Elbe River and was one of the most important medieval cities of Europe.Emperor Otto I, the first Holy Roman Emperor, founder of the archbishopric of Magdeburg, was buried in the town's cathedral after his death. Magdeburg's version of German town law, known as Magdeburg rights, spread throughout Central and Eastern Europe.", "Maritime Circle Line The Maritime Circle Line (MCL) is a private harbor cruise line and operator in the Port of Hamburg, Germany, established by Gregor Mogi in 2007. The ferry service is operated on a scheduled timetable, connecting a number of Hamburg's maritime visitor attractions in the eastern port area.", "Middle Low German Middle Low German or Middle Saxon (ISO 639-3 code gml) is a language that is the descendant of Old Saxon and the ancestor of modern Low German. It served as the international lingua franca of the Hanseatic League. It was spoken from about 1100 to 1600.", "Nijmegen Nijmegen (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈnɛi̯meːɣə(n)]; Nijmeegs: Nimwegen [ˈnɪmβ̞ɛːxə]), historically anglicized as Nimeguen, is a municipality and a city in the Dutch province of Gelderland.", "Nine Circles Nine Circles is a Dutch-German minimal electronic band. The name originates from the \"Nine Circles of Hell\" from Dante Alighieri's \"Divine Comedy\".", "Northern Germany Northern Germany (German: Norddeutschland) is the region in the north of Germany. Its exact area is not precisely or consistently defined but varies depending on whether one is taking a linguistic, geographic, socio-cultural or historic standpoint.", "Oldenzaal Oldenzaal (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɔldə(n)ˌzaːl]) is a municipality and a city in the eastern province of Overijssel in the Netherlands. It is part of the region of Twente and is close to the German border.It received city rights in 1249. Historically, the city was part of the Hanseatic League as a subsidiary city of the fellow Hanseatic city of Deventer.Located on the A1 motorway from Amsterdam to Germany, Oldenzaal also has a rail connection to Hengelo.", "Ommen Ommen (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɔmən]) is a municipality and a Hanseatic city in the Vecht valley of the Salland region, which is at the heart of the province of Overijssel in the eastern Netherlands. Historical records first name Ommen in the early 12th century and it was officially founded as a city in 1248. The municipality had a population of 17,333 in 2014 and covers an area of 182.01 km2 (70.27 sq mi).", "Outline of Germany The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Germany:Germany – federal parliamentary republic in western-central Europe consisting of 16 constituent states, which retain limited sovereignty. Its capital and largest city is Berlin. With more than 80 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state in the European Union.", "Paul Reckzeh Paul Reckzeh (November 4, 1913 in Berlin – March 31, 1996 in Hamburg) was a physician and Gestapo spy who, at the end of 1943, betrayed the members of the Solf Circle, which he had joined while claiming to be a Swiss doctor. His betrayal lead to the imprisonment and death of many Solf Circle members. In 1950, he was sentenced to 15 years in prison and later lived as a doctor in the GDR.", "Peace of Westphalia The Peace of Westphalia (German: Westfälischer Friede) was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in Osnabrück and Münster.", "Roermond Roermond (Dutch pronunciation: [ruːrˈmɔnt]; Limburgish: Remunj) is a city, a municipality, and a diocese in the southeastern part of the Netherlands.The city of Roermond is a historically important town, on the lower Roer at the east bank of the Meuse river. It received city rights in 1231.", "Rostock Rostock (German pronunciation: [ˈʁɔstɔk]), is the largest city in the north German state Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Rostock is on the Warnow river; the quarter of Warnemünde 12 kilometres (7 miles) north of the city centre is directly at the coast of the Baltic Sea.Rostock is home to one of the oldest universities in the world, the University of Rostock, founded in 1419.The city territory of Rostock stretches for about 20 km (12 mi) along the Warnow to the Baltic Sea.", "Schiffskinder Schiffskinder, literally meaning ship-boys (in German), were the crews of the ships of the Hanseatic League during the late Middle Ages. Schiffskinder and passengers swore allegiance to each other before leaving the harbour. They often fought both on land and at the sea.", "Siege of Deventer (1456) The Siege of Deventer was a siege of Deventer (then a major Hanseatic city) in 1456 during a struggle between Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy and the church, the nobility and cities of the Oversticht (Overijssel).Over the 15th century the Dukes of Burgundy became more and more influential in the Netherlands, striving for a stronger and more centralised grip on the country.", "Simon of Utrecht Simon of Utrecht (Simon van Utrecht, died 14 October 1437) was a warship captain of the Hanseatic League during the Middle Ages. He was probably born in Flanders, but emigrated to Hamburg, Germany, where he received citizenship in 1400. He became famous for capturing the pirate Klaus Störtebeker in 1401.Based on his popularity stemming from his battle against the Likedeelers at Heligoland, he was voted into Hamburg's city council in 1425.", "Stadtarchiv Stralsund The Stadtarchiv Stralsund (City Archives of Stralsund) is the historical Archive of the Hanseatic City of Stralsund and an important municipal archive in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The Stadtarchiv Stralsund ranks among the important communal archives in Europe, as it covers the city's role in the Hanseatic League and the history of Swedish Pomerania.", "Stralsund Stralsund (German pronunciation: [ˈʃtʁaːlzʊnt]), is a Hanseatic city in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is located at the Southern coast of the Strelasund (a sound of the Baltic Sea separating the island of Rugia from the mainland).The Strelasund Crossing with its two bridges and several ferry services connect Stralsund with Rugia.", "Thorn Abbey Thorn Abbey or Imperial Abbey of Thorn was an imperial abbey of the Holy Roman Empire in what is now the Netherlands. The capital was Thorn. It was founded in the 10th century; independence ended in 1794, when it was occupied by French troops. The abbey was reichsunmittelbar and belonged to the Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle.The territory covered about 1.5 square kilometers with 3400 inhabitants in 1790.", "Treaty of Copenhagen (1441) The Treaty of Copenhagen (or the Peace of Copenhagen) was signed in 1441 between the Hanseatic League and the Netherlands, ending the Dutch-Hanseatic War.The accord was developed after Christopher of Bavaria crushed a great peasant uprising in Northern Jutland. The treaty broke the attempted monopoly of Baltic trading routes by the Hanseatic League.", "Wilhelm II, German Emperor Wilhelm II or William II (German: Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albrecht von Preußen; Frederick William Victor Albert of Prussia; 27 January 1859 – 4 June 1941) was the last German Emperor (Kaiser) and King of Prussia, ruling the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918.", "Wismar Wismar (German pronunciation: [ˈvɪsmaʁ]) is a port and hanseatic city in Northern Germany on the Baltic Sea, in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. It is located about 45 km (28 mi) east of Lübeck, 30 km (19 mi) north of Schwerin, and is part of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region. Its natural harbour, located in the Bay of Wismar, is well-protected by a promontory. The population was 42,219 in 2013.", "Yoomiii Yoomiii was a three-member girl group, with two members from Germany and one from the Netherlands.", "Zutphen Zutphen (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈzʏtfə(n)]) is a town in the province of Gelderland in the Netherlands. It lies some 30 km north-east of Arnhem, on the Eastern bank of the river IJssel at the point where it is joined by the Berkel. The name Zutphen (first mentioned in the eleventh century) appears to mean 'zuid-veen', or in English, south-fen.In 2005, the municipality of Zutphen was merged with the municipality of Warnsveld, retaining its name.", "Zwolle Zwolle (Dutch: [ˈzʋɔlə]) is a municipality and the capital city of the province of Overijssel, Netherlands. It has a population around 125,000." ]

[ "Acid house Acid house is a subgenre of house music developed around the mid-1980s by DJs from Chicago. The defining feature of a 'squelching' bass sound was produced using the Roland TB-303 electronic synthesizer-sequencer. Acid house spread to the United Kingdom and continental Europe, where it was played by DJs in the acid house and later rave scenes.", "Alternative dance Alternative dance or indie dance (also referred to as underground dance in the US) is a musical genre that mixes various rock subgenres with electronic dance music. Although largely confined to the British Isles, it has gained American and worldwide exposure through acts such as New Order in the 1980s and The Prodigy in the 1990s.", "Alternative electronic Alternative electronic is a range of lesser-known electronic music genres that are related in some fashion to industrial (and sometimes noise) music. The alternative electronic scene is also closely linked to rock based forms of electronic music, such as electropunk, digital hardcore etc. Music under this term, tends to be popular with the cybergoth and cyberpunk subcultures", "Ambient house Ambient house is a subgenre of house music that first emerged in the late 1980s, combining elements of acid house and ambient music. Tracks in the ambient house genre typically feature four-on-the-floor beat patterns, synth pads, and vocal samples integrated in a style classed as \\atmospheric\\\".\"", "Ambient music Ambient music is a genre of music that puts an emphasis on tone and atmosphere over traditional musical structure or rhythm. Ambient music is said to evoke an \"atmospheric\", \"visual\" or \"unobtrusive\" quality.", "Balearic beat Balearic beat, also known as Balearic house, initially was an eclectic blend of DJ-led dance music that emerged in the mid-1980s. It later became the name of a more specific style of electronic dance music that was popular into the mid-1990s. Balearic beat was named for its popularity among European nightclub and beach rave patrons on the Balearic island of Ibiza, a popular tourist destination.", "Berlin School of electronic music The Berlin School was a style of electronic music that emerged in the 1970s. An offshoot of Krautrock, Berlin School was so named because most of its early practitioners were based in West Berlin, Germany. It was shaped by artists such as Tangerine Dream, Klaus Schulze, and Manuel Gottsching.", "Big beat Big beat is a style of electronic dance music that typically uses heavy breakbeats and synthesizer-generated loops and patterns common to acid house. The term has been used since the mid-1990s by the British music press to describe music by artists such as The Prodigy, The Chemical Brothers, Fatboy Slim, The Crystal Method, Propellerheads, Cut La Roc, Basement Jaxx and Groove Armada.", "Boogie (genre) Boogie (sometimes called post-disco) is a rhythm and blues genre of electronic dance music with close ties to the post-disco style, that first emerged in the United States during the late 1970s to mid-1980s. The sound of boogie defined by bridging acoustic and electronic musical instruments with emphasis on vocals and miscellaneous effects later evolved into electro and house music.", "Bouncy techno Not to be confused with bouncy house / donk.Bouncy techno is a hardcore dance music rave style that developed in the early 1990s from Scotland and North England. Described as an accessible gabber-like form, it was popularised by Scott Brown under numerous aliases. The sound became prominent in the northern United Kingdom rave scene before it broke into the hardcore homeland of the Netherlands through Paul Elstak, where it became known there as happy hardcore (i.e.: happy gabber) and funcore .", "Breakbeat Breakbeat as a term refers to one of two distinct things. Originally it would have referred only to \"A breakbeat\" (1), a section of a song in which, typically, all or at least most of the instruments stop for a period, usually around one bar, except from the drums, which would continue the melody even if altered.", "Breakbeat hardcore Not to be confused with Breakcore.Breakbeat hardcore (a.k.a. oldskool rave hardcore) is a genre of electronic dance music and a derivative of acid house and techno music, of the late 1980s and early 1990s, that combines four-on-the-floor rhythms with breakbeats, and is associated with the UK rave scene. In addition to the including of breakbeats the genre also features shuffled drum machine patterns, upbeat piano rolls and old-school hoover sounds.", "Chill-out music Chill-out music (sometimes also chillout, chill out, or simply chill) is a genre of electronic music and an umbrella term for several styles of electronic music characterized by their mellow style and mid-tempo \"eats—\\chill\" being derived from a slang injunction to \"relax\".Chill-out music emerged in the early and mid-1990s in \"chill rooms\" at dance clubs, where relaxing music was played to allow dancers a chance to \"chill out\" from the more emphatic and fast-tempo music played on the main dance floor.The genres associated with chill-out are mostly ambient, trip hop, nu jazz, ambient house and other subgenres of downtempo. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chill-out_music?oldid=680028654> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/A_Wedding_(opera)> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> A Wedding is a comic opera based on Robert Altman's 1978 film A Wedding and was composed by William Bolcom with a libretto written by Robert Altman and Arnold Weinstein.", "Christian electronic dance music Christian electronic dance music, often shortened to CEDM, is a genre of Christian music. There are generally two styles of CEDM, Christian electronic and Christian dubstep.", "Dance music Dance music is music composed specifically to facilitate or accompany dancing. It can be either a whole musical piece or part of a larger musical arrangement. In terms of performance, the major categories are live dance music and recorded dance music.", "Deep house Deep house is a subgenre of house music that originated in the 1980s, initially fusing elements of Chicago house with 1980s jazz-funk and touches of soul music. Deep house tracks generally have a tempo of between 120 and 125 beats per minute. This style of house music can often have an acoustic feeling. The online music store Beatport is credited with driving the popularity of deep house, but also mislabeling a number of artists in the process and giving rise to the future house genre.", "Detroit techno Detroit techno is a type of techno music that generally includes the first techno productions by Detroit-based artists during the 1980s and early 1990s. Detroit has been cited as the birthplace of techno. Prominent Detroit techno artists include Juan Atkins, Eddie Fowlkes, Derrick May, Kevin Saunderson, Blake Baxter, and Mike Banks.", "Digital hardcore Digital hardcore is a music genre that melds hardcore punk with electronic music such as hardcore techno, industrial, breakcore and drum and bass. The style developed in Germany during the early 1990s, and often has sociological or far-left lyrical themes.", "Drone music Drone music, drone-based music, drone ambient, ambient drone, or simply drone, is a minimalist musical genre that emphasizes the use of sustained or repeated sounds, notes, or tone-clusters – called drones. It is typically characterized by lengthy audio programs with relatively slight harmonic variations throughout each piece compared to other musics. La Monte Young, one of its 1960s originators, defined it in 2000 as \"the sustained tone branch of minimalism\".", "Drop Dead Festival The Drop Dead Festival is the largest DIY festival for \"art-damaged\" music. It has as many as 65 bands per event, and has been known to attract attendees from over 30 countries. Drop Dead is an electro, post-punk, electropunk, and experimental multiple-day festival, annually held in New York, NY and Europe with additional smaller events having formerly been held in Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Boston, and New Jersey.", "Drum and bass Drum & Bass (/ˈdrʌm ənd ˈbeɪs/) (also written as Drum 'n' Bass or Drum and Bass and commonly abbreviated to D&B, DnB or D'n'B) is a genre of electronic music also known as Jungle which emerged in England in the early 1990s. The genre is characterized by fast breakbeats (typically between 150–180 beats per minute) with heavy bass and sub-bass lines.", "Dub (music) Dub is a genre of electronic music which grew out of reggae music in the 1960s, and is commonly considered a subgenre, though it has developed to extend beyond the scope of reggae.", "Dubtronica Dubtronica is electronic dance music influenced by dub music. Early examples from the 1980s are the experimental English dub of On-U Sound Records and Mad Professor. It is also called simply \"dub\" or \"techdub\".Dubtronica consists of electronic beats played in a downbeat manner. It is much lower in speed than techno and generally warmer than dance-oriented electronica. Some tracks use reggae toasters or singers to produce a more accessible form of the music.", "Earthstar (band) Earthstar was an electronic music group originally from Utica, New York, in the United States. Earthstar was encouraged by Krautrock/Kosmische Musik/electronic music artist, composer, and producer Klaus Schulze to relocate to Germany where they were signed by Sky Records. Schulze produced their second and most successful album, French Skyline.", "Electro (music) Electro (short for either electro-funk, or electro-boogie) is a genre of electronic music and early hip hop directly influenced by the use of TR-808 drum machines, and funk sampling. Records in the genre typically feature drum machines and heavy electronic sounds, usually without vocals, although if vocals are present they are delivered in a deadpan manner, often through electronic distortion such as vocoding and talkboxing.", "Electro backbeat Electro backbeat (anthem backbeats or anthem breaks) is a diversion from the collection of subgenres of electronic music, usually characterized by the use of a 4/4 drum pattern. This pattern is accompanied by a loud bass, with synthesizers and various other instruments supplying the ambient effect of a composition. These rhythms may be characterized by their use of syncopation and polyrhythms.", "Electro hop music Electro hop, also known as electronic hip-hop, electronic rap or electro-rap, is a music genre which emerged from the fusion of electronic dance music and hip hop. The electro-hop movement emerged from the underground scene on the East Coast of the United States and gained popularity with artists such as the Black Eyed Peas, Mantronix, Man Parrish, Newcleus and Planet Patrol.In the late 2000s and into the 2010s, electro-hop had gained worldwide commercial success.", "Electroacoustic music Electroacoustic music originated in Western art music around the middle of the 20th century, following the incorporation of electric sound production into compositional practice.", "Electronic Music Midwest Electronic Music Midwest (EMM) is a festival of new electroacoustic music.", "Electronic body music Electronic body music (EBM) is a music genre that combines elements of post-industrial music and electropunk. It first came to prominence in Belgium and was considered a part of the European new wave movement.Original, or original-styled electronic body music is sometimes referred to as old-school EBM and should not be confused with aggrotech, dark electro or industrial music.", "Electronic dance music Electronic dance music (also known as EDM, electronic dance, dance music, club music, or simply dance) is a broad range of percussive electronic music genres produced largely for nightclubs, raves, and festivals. Produced for playback by disc jockeys (DJs), EDM is generally used in the context of a live mix, where a DJ creates a seamless selection of tracks by segueing from one recording to the next.The term \"electronic dance music\" and the initialism \"EDM\" was adopted by the U.S.", "Electronic rock Electronic rock, also commonly referred to as synthrock, electrorock, techno-rock or digital rock, is rock music generated with electronic instruments.", "Electronicore Electronicore (also known as synthcore, trancecore, or simply electronic hardcore) describes a stylistic fusion of post-hardcore and electronic music, specifically electronica. Notable artists of this genre have originated from England, the United States, Australia, Canada, France, Hong Kong and Japan.", "Electropop Electropop is a pop genre primarily consisting of the use of synthesizers and various electronic musical instruments. The genre has seen a revival of popularity and influence since the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s.The term was used during the 1980s to describe a form of synthpop characterized by an emphasized electronic sound.", "Electropunk Electropunk, also known as synthpunk, is a music genre combining elements of electronic music and punk rock.", "Eurodance Eurodance (sometimes known as Euro-NRG or Euro) is a genre of electronic music that originated in the late 1980s primarily in Europe. It combines many elements of techno, hi-NRG, house music and Euro disco. Eurodance production continues to evolve with a more modernized style that incorporates elements from electro music.This genre of music is heavily influenced by the use of rich melodic vocals, either exclusively by itself or inclusively with rapped verses.", "Funkstep Funkstep /ˈfʌŋkstɛp/ is a style of electronic dance music and a subgenre of drum and bass, dubstep and also of funky house.", "Futurepop Futurepop is a form of electronic dance music, an outgrowth of electronic body music, that evolved in the late 1990s with groups like VNV Nation, Covenant, and Apoptygma Berzerk. The term \"futurepop\" was coined while a discussion between VNV Nation lead singer Ronan Harris and Apoptygma Berzerk lead singer Stephan Groth to describe their sound at the time, and that of similar groups.", "German electronic music The electronic music of Germany consists of a number of genres that are popular around the world today.", "Hard trance Hard trance is a subgenre of trance music that originated in Western Europe (Belgium, Germany, and Netherlands) in the early 1990s as the breakbeat hardcore production community began to diversify into new and different styles of electronic music, all influenced by UK hard house, happy hardcore and jungle/drum & bass.", "Hardcore (electronic dance music genre) Hardcore, formerly called hardcore techno, is a subgenre of electronic dance music originating in Europe from the emergent raves in the 1990s. It was initially designed at Rotterdam in Netherlands, derived from techno.", "Hardstyle Hardstyle is an electronic dance genre mixing influences from hardtechno and hardcore. Hardstyle typically consists of a deep, hard-sounding kick drum, intense faded or reversed basslines accompanying the beat, a dissonant synth melody, and detuned and distorted sounds. Many hardcore artists produce hardstyle tracks as well, and many newer Hardstyle tracks are written in compound time (for example older Headhunterz work).", "House music House music is a genre of electronic dance music that originated in Chicago in the early 1980s. It was initially popularized in Chicago, circa 1984. House music quickly spread to other American cities like Detroit, New York City, and Newark – all of which developed their own regional scenes. In the mid-to-late 1980s, house music became popular in Europe as well as major cities in South America, and Australia.", "Industrial music Industrial music is a genre of experimental music that draws on transgressive and provocative themes. The term was coined in the mid-1970s with the founding of Industrial Records by Genesis P-Orridge of Throbbing Gristle and Monte Cazazza; on Throbbing Gristle's debut album The Second Annual Report, they coined the slogan \"industrial music for industrial people\". In general, the style is harsh and challenging.", "Intelligent dance music Intelligent dance music (commonly IDM) is a genre of electronic music that emerged in the early 1990s. It was originally influenced by developments in underground dance music such as Detroit techno and various breakbeat styles that were emerging in the UK at that time. Stylistically, IDM tended to rely upon individualistic experimentation rather than adhering to musical characteristics associated with specific genres of dance music.", "Ishkur's Guide to Electronic Music Ishkur's Guide to Electronic Music is an online guide to electronic music created by Kenneth Taylor. It covers over 100 subgenres, such as terrorcore and chemical breakbeat, diagrammed in a flowchart style. A review in CMJ New Music Monthly praised its \"...ease of navigation, pithy genre descriptions, and fairly accurate audio accompaniment...\"", "Krautrock This article is about the musical genre. For the instrumental by the band Faust, see Faust IVKrautrock is a genre of rock and electronic music that originated in Germany in the late 1960s, with a tendency towards improvisation on minimalistic arrangements. The term was popularized in the English-speaking press.", "Lento Violento Lento Violento, sometimes shortened to simply Lento, is a style of electronic dance music that developed in Italy. Its name means Slow & Violent, as this style typically has a tempo between 70 and 120 BPM. It consists of a hard kick, like the ones present in hardcore or hardstyle, but played at a very slow tempo, with vocal samples and dark and acid sounds or loops.", "List of electronic music genres This is a list of electronic music genres, consisting of genres of electronic music, primarily created with electronic musical instruments or electronic music technology. A distinction has been made between sound produced using electromechanical means and that produced using electronic technology. Examples of electromechanical sound producing devices include the telharmonium, Hammond organ, and the electric guitar.", "List of trance genres This is a list of trance music subgenres. Several crossover with other major forms of electronic music.", "Live electronic music Live electronic music (also known as live electronics and electroacoustic improvisation) is any kind of music that can include the use of electroacoustic instruments, various electronic sound-generating devices, and computers, but which generally excludes the use of prerecorded or sampled material. Initially the practice developed in reaction to sound-based composition for fixed media such as musique concrète, electronic music and early computer music.", "Minimal wave Minimal wave is a contentiously named genre of electronic music which focuses on electronic, pre-MIDI (1982, but not pre-sequencer) instrumentation and themes of sincere, rather than ironic, detachment. It comprises obscure, atypical examples of genres such as new wave, so-called \"minimal\" electronic or synthesizer music, electropunk, synthpop, post-punk, coldwave, electroclash and electropop.", "Musique concrète Musique concrète (French pronunciation: ​[myzik kɔ̃.kʁɛt], meaning \"concrete music\") is a genre of electroacoustic music that is made in part from acousmatic sound, or sound without an apparent originating cause. It can feature sounds derived from recordings of musical instruments, the human voice, and the natural environment as well as those created using synthesizers and computer-based digital signal processing.", "New Beat New beat is an electronic dance music term that was used in the 1980s with two different meanings, one a collective term used in the U.S. for various electronic music styles, and the other a reference to the new beat sound: a particular electronic music genre that flourished in Western Europe during the mid-1980s. New beat is also used as a reference to the wider Belgian underground music scene and subculture during the 1980s.", "New rave New rave (sometimes spelled nu rave or neu rave) is a genre of music that fuse elements of electronic music, new wave, rock, indie, techno, mashup, breakbeat hardcore and electro house. It is most commonly applied to a British-based music scene between 2005 and late 2008 of fast-paced electronica-influenced indie music that celebrated the late 1980s Madchester and rave scenes through the use of neon colours and using the term 'raving' to refer to going nightclubbing.", "New wave music New wave music is a musical genre of pop/rock created in the late-1970s to mid-1980s with ties to 1970s punk rock. The wide range of bands categorized under this term has been a source of much confusion and controversy. The new wave sound of the late 1970s moved away from the smooth blues and rock & roll sounds to create music with a twitchy, agitated feel, choppy rhythm guitars and fast tempos.", "Nortec Nortec (from the combination of \"norteño\" and \"techno\") is a genre of electronic dance music developed in Tijuana (a border city in Baja California, Mexico) that first gained popularity in 2001. Nortec music is characterized by hard dance beats and samples from traditional forms of Mexican music such as Banda sinaloense and Norteño - unmistakably Mexican horns are often used.Different individual projects create nortec music.", "Nu jazz Nu jazz is a genre of contemporary electronic music. The term was coined in the late 1990s to refer to music that blends jazz elements with other musical styles, such as funk, soul, electronic dance music, and free improvisation.", "Oldschool jungle Oldschool jungle, or simply jungle, is a genre of electronic music that incorporates influences from other genres, including breakbeat hardcore and reggae/dub/dancehall. It is one of several types of music often simply referred to as \"jungle\". The fast tempos (150 to 170 bpm), relatively slow and lyrical reggae-derived basslines, breakbeats and other heavily syncopated percussive loops, samples and synthesized effects make up the easily recognizable form of jungle.", "Progressive house Progressive house is a style (subgenre) of house music.REDIRECT Template:Unreliable source? The progressive house style emerged in the early 1990s.REDIRECT Template:Unreliable source? It initially developed in the United Kingdom as a natural progression of American and European house music of the late 1980s.", "Psychedelic trance Psychedelic trance, psytrance or just psy (derived from the Ancient Greek word ψυχή \"psyche\", mind; soul; breath; spirit) is an electronic music style characterized by arrangements of synthetic rhythms and complex layered melodies created by high tempo riffs. By 1998 psytrance had become a mainstream form of music as had the growing trend of Goa trance.Psytrance lies at the hardcore, underground end of the diverse trance spectrum. The genre offers variety in terms of mood, tempo, and style.", "Quebec Connection Quebec Connection is a Canadian electronic music group from Montreal. The band's primary member is producer and musician Nathaniel Hebert, in collaboration with a female vocalist and lyricist who uses the stage name \"Synergy Plus\".The band's debut full length album, 2004's Bonjour Expo, is inspired in part by the retro-futurism of Montreal's Expo 67. The album charted on !earshot's campus radio charts in 2005, and has had airplay on CBC Radio 3.", "Rave music Rave music may either refer to the late 1980s/early 1990s genres of house, acid house and techno, the first genres of music in the world to be played at raves, or any other genre of electronic dance music that may be played at a rave, such as electro house, progressive house, acid techno, trance, psychedelic trance, drum and bass, jungle, dubstep, big beat, breakbeat, breakbeat hardcore, hardcore techno, makina, moombahton, gabber, industrial, jumpstyle, hardstyle and speedcore.", "Sampledelia Sampledelia music is an electronica subgenre that is composed of music samples that were originally unrelated but have been combined into a new piece of music. Sampledelia is one of the musical genres identified by the Music Genome Project, such as in Wen by Nebulo.", "Space music Space music, also called spacemusic, is an umbrella term also associated with preceding styles of relaxing music such as lounge music, easy-listening, and elevator music.According to Stephen Hill, co-founder of a radio show called Hearts of Space, the term is used to describe music that evokes a feeling of contemplative spaciousness.", "Synthpop Synthpop (also known as technopop) is a genre of popular music that first became prominent in the 1980s, features the synthesizer as the dominant musical instrument. It was prefigured in the 1960s and early 1970s by the use of synthesizers in progressive rock, electronic art rock, disco and particularly the \"Krautrock\" of bands like Kraftwerk.", "Tech trance Tech trance, also known as techno-trance or techno/trance, is a subgenre within EDM that draws upon the techno and trance genres as the name suggests.", "Techno Techno is a form of electronic dance music that emerged in Detroit, Michigan, in the United States during the mid-to-late 1980s. The first recorded use of the word techno in reference to a specific genre of music was in 1988.", "Timeline of electronic music genres A timeline of electronic music genres with date of origin, locale of origin, and music samples.", "Trance music Trance is a genre of electronic music that developed in the 1990s in Germany. It is characterized by a tempo of between 125 to mid 140 beats per minute (BPM), repeating melodic phrases, and a musical form that distinctly builds up and down throughout a track.", "Trap music Trap music is a music genre that originated in the early 1990s in the Southern United States. It is typified by its aggressive lyrical content and sound, where the instrumentals are propelled by 808 kick drums or heavy extended sub-bass lines, double-time, triple-time and other faster time division hi-hats, layered synthesizers, and \"cinematic\" strings.In 2012, a new movement of electronic music producers and DJs emerged who began incorporating elements of trap music into their works.", "Uplifting trance Uplifting trance (often synonymous with epic trance, anthem trance, emotional trance, or euphoric trance) is a large subgenre of trance music. The name, which emerged in the wake of progressive trance in 1996, is derived from the feeling which listeners claim to get (often described as a \"rush\"). The genre, which originated in Germany, is massively popular in the trance scene, and is one of the dominant forms of dance music worldwide.", "Witch house (music genre) Witch house (also known as drag or Haunted house) is an occult-themed dark electronic music genre and visual aesthetic that emerged in the late 2000s." ]

[ "1 World Music Festival The 1 World Music Festival was a music event slated to coincide with the Formula One race weekend, 20th and 21 September 2013. The event was to be held at the Marina Barrage in Singapore. The music festival showcases international celebrity talent as well as local Singaporean and regional acts.Top Australian artiste Iggy Azalea is scheduled to headline the festival.", "Aquasella Aquasella is a large techno festival held annually in Spain since 1997. It is organized by La Real Producciones. 2010 had 30,000 attendees.", "Area Festival The Area Festival was a music festival founded by popular electronic musician Moby, who asserted that he was \"in large part, inspired by the ethos of Lollapalooza\",[1] and wished to create a similarly \"genuinely eclectic, interesting, alternative music festival\". Moby organized the first such festival, called Area:One in 2001, and the sequel tour Area2, in 2002. The festival is currently on indefinite hiatus. The festival featured diverse genres of music.", "BAALS Music Festival BAALS is a music festival which is primarily focused on electronic dance music, dance music and jam bands. The festival takes place in the city of Fort Wayne, Indiana and has been organized since 2012. Each year the festival earmarks and donates $5,000 to a local charity, cause or nonprofit. The first edition of the festival took place in 2012 as a downtown block part called House 4 a House.", "Beatport Beatport is an online music store specializing in electronic music and culture. Beatport is a privately held company owned and operated by Beatport LLC and based in Denver, Colorado with offices in Los Angeles, California, San Francisco, Tokyo, Japan and Berlin, Germany. It was founded in 2004, and in 2013 bought by Robert F. X. Sillerman's company SFX Entertainment, for a reported price of slightly over $50 million.", "Beyond Wonderland Beyond Wonderland is an electronic dance festival organized by Insomniac Events. The event has been held in various locations across the west coast including Seattle, San Bernardino, and Mountain View spanning either one or two days.", "Bruce Haack Bruce Clinton Haack About this sound listen (May 4, 1931 – September 26, 1988) was a musician and composer, and a pioneer within the realm of electronic music. He was born in Alberta, Canada.", "Code 64 Code 64 was an electronic music band from Sweden and Norway. Their music can best be described as a mixture of synthpop, electronic body music and electropop.", "Country music Country music is a genre of American popular music that originated in the Southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the southeastern genre of American folk music and Western music. Blues modes have been used extensively throughout its recorded history. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms and harmonies accompanied by mostly string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, dobros and fiddles as well as harmonicas.", "Dark ambient Dark ambient (in the 1980s also referred to as ambient industrial) is a genre of post-industrial music that features foreboding, ominous, or discordant overtones, some of which were heavily inspired by elements of ambient music. The term was coined in the early 1990s by Roger Karmanik to describe the music of Raison d'être and is strongly associated with the Cold Meat Industry record label.", "Data Transmission Data Transmission is a London-based electronic and dance music website founded in February 2008, covering all aspects and all genres of the global scene therein. The aim of the site is to cover all genres without prejudice, combining well-written content and opinion with an element of humour. The site features interviews, articles, a frequently updated news section, reviews, competitions, music videos, video features, podcasts, event listings and a tickets section.", "Discography of the Streets of Rage series The Streets of Rage series of beat 'em up action video games, released by Sega from 1991 to 1994, are known for their memorable in-game chiptune music, produced by noted video game music composer Yuzo Koshiro.", "Doll Factory Doll Factory is an electronic rock/post-punk revival band from Seattle, WA (US). Founded in 1998 (after working together under various names including \"Crown of Thorns\", \"Guernica\", \"Micronism\", and others) by musicians Garrick Antikajian and Chris Roy, the band primarily works as a studio-based duo with Antikajian and Roy handling all writing, performance, and production duties, with additional musicians added to the lineup for live performances.", "Electro-industrial Electro-industrial is a music genre drawing on EBM and post-industrial that developed in the mid-1980s. While EBM has a minimal structure and clean production, Electro-industrial has a deep, complex and layered sound. The style was pioneered by Skinny Puppy, Front Line Assembly, and other groups, either from Canada or the Benelux. In the early 1990s, the style spawned the dark electro genre, and in the mid-/late-1990s, the aggrotech offshoot.", "Electronic musical instrument An electronic musical instrument is a musical instrument that produces sound using electronics. Such an instrument sounds by outputting an electrical audio signal that ultimately drives a loudspeaker.An electronic instrument might include a user interface for controlling its sound, often by adjusting the pitch, frequency, or duration of each note.", "Exit Project File:EXIT project 2.jpgEXIT project is an instrumental, nu jazz, world, IDM, electronic music, art rock, experimental music, and jazz fusion band from Russia. The band created its own unique style which was labeled as art-fusion. Of all the variety of music ever released under EXIT project logo one thing is always common: a subtle mixture of live instruments and electronics. The band is being represented by IKON internationally.", "Experimental music Experimental music is a compositional tradition that arose in the mid-20th century, particularly in North America, of music composed in such a way that its outcome is unforeseeable. The American composer John Cage is seen as one of the more notable composers associated with this music (Grant 2003, 174).", "Funk Funk is a music genre that originated in the mid- to late 1960s when African American musicians created a rhythmic, danceable new form of music through a mixture of soul music, jazz, and rhythm and blues (R&B). Funk deemphasizes melody and harmony and brings a strong rhythmic groove of electric bass and drums to the foreground. Funk songs are often based on an extended vamp on a single chord, distinguishing them from R&B and soul songs, which are built on chord progressions.", "Glam Sam And His Combo Glam Sam And His Combo is an electronic music project by Mats Samuelsson from Stockholm, Sweden.", "Headscan Montreal based duo Headscan fuses futuristic dancefloor oriented music with dark cinematographic soundscapes.", "Herbert Eimert Herbert Eimert (8 April 1897 – 15 December 1972) was a German music theorist, musicologist, journalist, music critic, editor, radio producer, and composer.", "Hip hop music Hip hop music, also called hip-hop or rap music, is a music genre consisting of a stylized rhythmic music that commonly accompanies rapping, a rhythmic and rhyming speech that is chanted. It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements: MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching, break dancing, and graffiti writing.", "Industrial rock Industrial rock is a musical genre that fuses industrial music and specific rock subgenres. Industrial rock spawned and is often confused with industrial metal. The early fusions of industrial music and rock were practiced by a handful of post-punk groups, including Chrome, Killing Joke, Swans, Foetus, and Big Black. Artists such as Nine Inch Nails and Marilyn Manson propelled the genre to mainstream status.", "Jon Appleton Jon Howard Appleton (born January 4, 1939) is an American composer and teacher who was a pioneer in electro-acoustic music. His earliest compositions in the medium, e.g. Chef d'Oeuvre and Newark Airport Rock attracted attention because they established a new tradition some have called programmatic electronic music. In 1970 he won Guggenheim, Fulbright and American-Scandinavian Foundation fellowships.", "Keith Fullerton Whitman Keith Fullerton Whitman (born May 29, 1973) is an American electronic musician who has recorded albums influenced by many genres, including ambient music, drill and bass, and krautrock. He records and performs using many aliases, of which the best-known is Hrvatski (the Croatian word for Croatian). His works under the Hrvatski moniker mainly fell under the 'drill and bass' subgenre of IDM, and were his main musical outlet in the mid-to-late 1990s.", "Life Festival Life Festival is an annual Irish music festival held in Belvedere House and Gardens in Westmeath, Ireland, with arts activities and street performers, from jugglers, fire breathers to magicians. There is a healing area for massage, yoga workshops and reiki.", "List of Christian dance, electronic, and techno artists List of notable electronic, techno, dance and CEDM Contemporary Christian music artists that play Christian electronic music.Note: Because classifying music by subgenre can be arbitrary, many artists appear on multiple lists of music genres. Furthermore, artists listed have had reputable album releases and are widely accepted by DJs & fans of Christian EDM worldwide as electronic artists.", "List of electronic music festivals The following is an incomplete list of music festivals that feature electronic music, which encapsulates music featuring electronic instruments such as electric guitar and keyboards, as well as recent genres such as electronic dance music (EDM). Many of the festivals in this list take place in the United States and Europe, though every year thousands of electronic-focused music festivals are held throughout the world.", "List of experimental musicians This is a list of notable experimental musicians, in alphabetical order by surname.", "List of popular music genres This is a list of the commercially relevant genres in modern popular music. Applicable styles are classified in this list using AllMusic genre categorisation.", "List of styles of music: A–F A B C D E F", "Maquinaria festival Maquinaria Festival is a festival held in Latin America, which gathers different musical styles mixing different forms of art and consciousness. The festival was created on 2008, as Maquinaria Rock Fest, the first festival took place in São Paulo, Brasil with success. On 2009, Maquinaria transform Jockey Club in São Paulo, at the center of art and music. On 2010 the festival landed in Chile. The festival was later expanded to Argentina, Paraguay and Mexico.", "Monstercat Monstercat (formerly known as Monstercat Media) is a Canadian electronic dance music record label based in Vancouver, British Columbia. The label was founded in July 2011 by Mike Darlington, CEO, and Ari Paunonen, COO.Monstercat signs artists for single releases only, rather than exclusivity deals, which lets its artists retain copyright control of their song and the ability to release tracks on other record labels.", "Moonpark Moonpark is an Argentine music festival, held three times annually since 2003. It is held in the Northeast of Buenos Aires city. It is considered one of the most important dance and electronic music festivals in the country.Some of the acts performed during its last editions included Nick Warren, John Digweed, Sasha, Hernán Cattáneo, Satoshi Tomiie, Danny Howells, Carl Cox, Steve Lawler, Danny Tennaglia, James Zabiela, S.O.S.", "Neon International Psychedelic Music & Art Festival Neon Festival is an music biennial held in Turkey. The festival began in the 4th biggest city of Turkey, called Bursa in 2015.", "Neotek Neotek is a Danish electronic band from Copenhagen, combining various genre influences like rock, hip-hop, wave and punk in an all-electronic environment.", "New-age music New-age music is a genre of music intended to create artistic inspiration, relaxation, and optimism.", "Noise music Noise music is a category of music that is characterised by the expressive use of noise within a musical context. This type of music tends to challenge the distinction that is made in conventional musical practices between musical and non-musical sound. Noise music includes a wide range of musical styles and sound-based creative practices that feature noise as a primary aspect.", "Otto Sidharta Otto Sidharta (Born Bandung November 6, 1955) is an Indonesian Composer. He is known for his electronic music.Otto Sidharta finished his post-graduate study in composition and electronic music composition at Sweelinck Conservatorium in Amsterdam under the guidance of Professor Ton de Leeuw. Sidharta's interest in using environmental sounds to express his musical ideas developed when he was a student at the Jakarta Institute of Arts (Institut Kesenian Jakarta).", "Outline of music The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to music:Music – human expression in the medium of time using the structures of sounds or tones and silence. It is expressed in terms of pitch, rhythm, harmony, and timbre.", "Pop music Pop music (a term that originally derives from an abbreviation of \"popular\") is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the Western world during the 1950s and 1960s, deriving from rock and roll.", "Post-industrial music Post-industrial music is a collection of related music genres that emerged in the early 1980s, all of which blended elements of varying styles with the then new genre of industrial music. \"Industrial\" had first been applied to music in the mid-1970s by the Industrial Records label artists. Since then, a number of labels and artists have come to be called \"industrial\".", "Pril Smiley Pril Smiley (born 19 March 1943) is an American composer and pioneer of electronic music.", "Qlimax Qlimax is an annual event held by the Dutch entertainment enterprise, Q-dance. It is considered one of the leading hardstyle events on the calendar and a major attraction of Q-dance and contains some of the most sophisticated production and setup as well as sound system for any event.", "Qwartz Electronic Music Awards The Qwartz Electronic Music Awards recognize new and electronic music with awards and grants in music and technologies categories. An annual event takes place in Paris.", "Sergey Rodionov (composer) Sergey Rodionov (full name Sergey Vladimirovich Rodionov, Russian: Сергей Владимирович Родионов) (born 1952), is one of the most important electroacoustic music composers in Russia. He graduated Evgeny Golubev’s class of composition at Moscow Conservatory in 1975 and began specializing in electronic and computer music at the Academy of Music in Prague (1975-77), the Studio for Electronic Music in Bratislava (1976-78) and the IRCAM in Paris (1978-81).", "Sound Squad New Years Revolutions The Sound Squad is an events company based in Cape Town, South Africa, which focuses on outdoor events, primarily the New Years Revolutions festivals. Sound Squad promotes emerging electronic music by offering a platform for local artists, and encouraging interaction between different genres.", "Speaking in Code Speaking in Code is a character-based documentary directed by Amy Grill about people who are lost in the electronic music lifestyle.Shot in 11 cities and 5 countries, Speaking In Code provides a glimpse into the techno world through the eyes of Modeselektor, the Wighnomy Brothers, Philip Sherburne, Monolake and David Day. The film documents these characters' successes and failures over a three-year period, including the director's struggle to complete the film.", "Stylematic Stylematic is the biggest future festival of Bangladesh. It is an electronic dance music festival which was initiated in January 2014 with a motto of creating a platform to promote, practice, encourage & develop the electronic music scenario of Bangladesh.", "Subatomic Sound System Founded in 1999, Subatomic Sound System brought together musicians, producers, DJs and visual artists from a variety of backgrounds and traditions primarily based in New York City and Brooklyn to form a record label and collective that built on a combination of new music technology and traditional instruments to produce music across a variety of genres, often combining genres, in an effort to adapt 1970s’ Jamaican sound system culture and dub reggae studio techniques to current music genres and forms of live performance.", "Theremin The theremin (/ˈθɛrəmɪn/ THERR-ə-min; originally known as the ætherphone/etherphone, thereminophone or termenvox/thereminvox) is an early electronic musical instrument controlled without physical contact by the thereminist (performer).", "Ultra Chile Ultra Music Festival Chile is a Santiago, Chile based version of the popular North American Ultra Music Festival in Miami.", "Yuzo Koshiro Yuzo Koshiro (古代 祐三, Koshiro Yūzō, born December 12, 1967 in Hino, Tokyo) is a Japanese video game music composer, arranger, and music programmer." ]

[ "1969 (film) 1969 is a 1988 drama film starring Robert Downey, Jr., Kiefer Sutherland, and Winona Ryder. It was written and directed by Ernest Thompson. The original music score is composed by Michael Small. The film deals with the Vietnam War and the resulting social tensions between those who support and oppose the war in small-town America.", "84C MoPic 84C MoPic (also known as 84 Charlie MoPic) is a 1989 American independent war film drama by Patrick Sheane Duncan.", "A Bright Shining Lie (film) A Bright Shining Lie is an 1998 American television film based on Neil Sheehan's book of the same name and the true story of John Paul Vann's experience in the Vietnam War. It stars Bill Paxton, Amy Madigan, Vivian Wu, Donal Logue, Eric Bogosian and Kurtwood Smith and is written and directed by Terry George, and produced by Greg Ricketson.", "A Rumor of War (miniseries) A Rumor of War is a 1980 television miniseries, based on the 1977 autobiography by Philip Caputo about his service in the United States Marine Corps in the early years of American involvement in the Vietnam War.", "A Soldier's Sweetheart A Soldier's Sweetheart is a 1998 movie starring Kiefer Sutherland, Skeet Ulrich, and Georgina Cates. It is based on a short story by Tim O'Brien, \"Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong.\" The story was part of his award winning book, The Things They Carried.The film is only available on VHS, and a petition has been set up at IMDb urging the companies that own the rights to the film to consider reissuing it in DVD format.", "Apocalypse Now Apocalypse Now is a 1979 American epic adventure war film set during the Vietnam War. Produced and directed by Francis Ford Coppola and starring Marlon Brando, Martin Sheen, and Robert Duvall, the film follows the central character, Captain Benjamin L. Willard (Sheen), on a secret mission to assassinate the renegade and presumed insane Colonel Walter E.", "Bat*21 Bat*21 is a 1988 war film directed by Peter Markle, and adapted from the book by William C.. Anderson, novelist and retired United States Air Force colonel. Set during the Vietnam War, the film is a dramatization based upon the rescue of a U.S. signals intelligence expert shot down behind enemy lines in Vietnam. The film stars Gene Hackman and Danny Glover with Jerry Reed, David Marshall Grant, Clayton Rohner, Erich Anderson and Joe Dorsey in supporting roles.", "Born on the Fourth of July (film) Born on the Fourth of July is a 1989 American war drama film adaptation of the best-selling autobiography of the same name by Vietnam War veteran Ron Kovic.Tom Cruise plays Ron Kovic, in a performance that earned him his first Academy Award nomination. Oliver Stone (himself a Vietnam veteran) co-wrote the screenplay with Kovic, and also produced and directed the film.", "Casualties of War Casualties of War is a 1989 drama film directed by Brian De Palma, with a screenplay by David Rabe, based on the actual events of the incident on Hill 192 in 1966 during the Vietnam War. It stars Michael J. Fox and Sean Penn. An article written by Daniel Lang for The New Yorker in 1969, and a subsequent book were the movie's primary sources.", "Cinema of Vietnam The cinema of Vietnam originates in the 1920s, and has largely been shaped by wars that have been fought in the country from the 1940s to the 1970s. Better known Vietnamese language films include Cyclo, The Scent of Green Papaya and Vertical Ray of the Sun, all by French-trained Việt Kiều director Tran Anh Hung.", "Coordinates of Death Coordinates of Death (alternative title Target for Death ; Russian: Координаты смерти, Vietnamese: 'Tọa độ chết') is a 1985 film by Samvel Gasparov (USSR) and Nguyen Xuan Chan (Vietnam). The film, which involved both Soviet and Vietnamese movie makers, is mostly about American brutality during the Vietnam War.", "Dien Bien Phu (film) Diên Biên Phu (French for Điện Biên Phủ) is a 1992 film written and directed by French veteran Pierre Schoendoerffer. With its huge budget, all-star cast, and realistic war scenes produced with the cooperation of the French and Vietnamese armies, Dîen Bîen Phu is regarded by many as one of the more important war movies produced in French filmmaking history.", "Gardens of Stone Gardens of Stone is a 1987 American drama film directed by Francis Ford Coppola, based on the novel of the same title by Nicholas Proffitt. It stars James Caan, Anjelica Huston, James Earl Jones and D. B. Sweeney.", "Good Morning, Vietnam Good Morning, Vietnam is a 1987 American war-comedy film written by Mitch Markowitz and directed by Barry Levinson.Set in Saigon in 1965, during the Vietnam War, the film stars Robin Williams as a radio DJ on Armed Forces Radio Service, who proves hugely popular with the troops, but infuriates his superiors with what they call his \"irreverent tendency\". The story is loosely based on the experiences of AFRS radio DJ Adrian Cronauer.Most of Williams' radio broadcasts were improvised.", "Hair (film) Hair is a 1979 musical war comedy-drama and film adaptation of the 1968 Broadway musical of the same name about a Vietnam war draftee who meets and befriends a tribe of long-haired hippies on his way to the army induction center. The hippies introduce him to their environment of marijuana, LSD, unorthodox relationships and draft dodging.The film was directed by Miloš Forman, who was nominated for a César Award for his work on the film.", "Hamburger Hill Hamburger Hill is a 1987 American war film about the actual assault of the U.S. Army's 3rd Battalion, 187th Infantry Regiment, part of the 3rd Brigade, 101st Airborne Division 'Screaming Eagles', on a well-fortified position, including trenchworks and bunkers, of the North Vietnamese Army on Ap Bia Mountain near the Laotian border.", "Journey from the Fall Journey from the Fall (Vietnamese: Vượt Sóng) is a 2006 independent film by writer/director/editor Ham Tran, about the Vietnamese reeducation camp and boat people experience following the Fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975. This drama was released on March 23, 2007, by ImaginAsian to sold-out screenings. The film is notable for having been financed entirely by the Vietnamese American community.", "Missing in Action (film) Missing in Action is a 1984 action film directed by Joseph Zito and starring Chuck Norris. It is set in the context of the Vietnam War POW/MIA issue. Colonel Braddock, who escaped a Vietnamese prisoner of war camp 10 years earlier, returns to Vietnam to find American soldiers listed as missing in action during the Vietnam War.", "More American Graffiti More American Graffiti is a 1979 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Bill L. Norton. It is a sequel to George Lucas's 1973 film American Graffiti.", "Nam's Angels Nam's Angels is a 1970 action film, that was filmed in the Philippines. This film was directed by Jack Starrett. This film was originally released with the title The Losers.", "Off Limits (1988 film) Off Limits is a 1988 action-thriller film set during the Vietnam War starring Willem Dafoe and Gregory Hines and directed by Christopher Crowe. The term \"off limits\" referred to the area where the original crime took place, an area of Saigon off limits to military personnel. The name of the film was changed to Saigon or Saigon: Off Limits when it was released throughout the rest of the world.The film marks Willem Dafoe's second Vietnam War movie.", "Operation Dumbo Drop Operation Dumbo Drop is a 1995 American war comedy film directed by Simon Wincer that explores war, politics, and animal welfare. The storyline was conceived from a screenplay written by Gene Quintano and Jim Kouf based on a true story by United States Army Major Jim Morris.", "Path to War Path to War is a 2002 American biographical television film, produced by HBO and directed by John Frankenheimer that deals directly with the Vietnam War as seen through the eyes of United States President Lyndon B. Johnson and his cabinet members.", "Platoon (film) Platoon is a 1986 American war film written and directed by Oliver Stone and starring Tom Berenger, Willem Dafoe and Charlie Sheen. It is the first film of a trilogy of Vietnam War films by Stone (followed by 1989's Born on the Fourth of July and 1993's Heaven & Earth). Stone wrote the story based upon his experiences as a U.S. infantryman in Vietnam to counter the vision of the war portrayed in John Wayne's The Green Berets.", "R-Point R-Point (Hangul: 알 포인트) is a 2004 Korean horror film written and directed by Kong Su-chang. Set in 1972 Vietnam, during the Vietnam War, it stars Kam Woo-sung and Son Byung-ho as members of the South Korean military in Vietnam. Most of the movie was shot in Cambodia. Bokor Hill Station plays a prominent part of the movie, in this case doubling as a colonial French plantation.", "Sir! No Sir! Sir! No Sir! is a 2005 documentary by Displaced Films about the anti-war movement within the ranks of the United States Armed Forces during the Vietnam War. The film was produced, directed, and written by David Zeiger. The film had a theatrical run in 80 cities throughout the U.S. and Canada in 2006, and was broadcast worldwide on: Sundance Channel, Discovery Channel, BBC, ARTE France, ABC Australia, SBC Spain, ZDF Germany, YLE Finland, RT, and several others.", "Some Kind of Hero Some Kind of Hero is a 1982 film starring Richard Pryor as a returning Vietnam War veteran having trouble adjusting to civilian life. Soon he is involved in an organized crime heist. It co-stars Margot Kidder and was directed by Michael Pressman.Although James Kirkwood and Robert Boris are jointly credited with the screenplay, in fact the script was Boris’ rewrite of Kirkwood’s adaptation of his novel.", "Street Scenes Street Scenes, also known as Street Scenes 1970 is a documentary directed by Martin Scorsese. It documents two protest rallies against the Vietnam War that took place in May 1970: the Hard Hat Riot on Wall Street in New York City and Kent State/Cambodia Incursion Protest in Washington, D.C. The numerous camera operators do impromptu interviews with the protestors and the spectators. The New York protest turns violent as protestors were attacked by construction workers who supported the war.", "The Anderson Platoon The Anderson Platoon (French: La Section Anderson, released in 1966 in Europe, 1967 in the US) is a documentary feature by Pierre Schoendoerffer about the Vietnam War, named after the leader of the platoon - Lieutenant Joseph B. Anderson - with which Schoendeorffer was embedded. Two decades later, a sequel was released as Reminiscence.", "The Ballad of Andy Crocker The Ballad of Andy Crocker is a 1969 American made-for-television film produced by Thomas/Spelling Productions, which was first broadcast by ABC.The film tells the story of a young man's struggle to reclaim his life after fighting in the Vietnam War. It approaches a surreal, allegorical tale, similar to The Swimmer, starring Burt Lancaster.", "The Boys in Company C The Boys in Company C, directed by Sidney J. Furie, starring Stan Shaw, Andrew Stevens (in his Golden Globe-nominated performance), Craig Wasson, Santos Morales and Michael Lembeck, is a 1978 film about United States Marines in the Vietnam War.It was among the first Vietnam War films to appear after the Vietnam Era, and was also the first role for R.", "The Deer Hunter The Deer Hunter is a 1978 American epic war drama film co-written and directed by Michael Cimino about a trio of Russian American steelworkers and their service in the Vietnam War. The film stars Robert De Niro, Christopher Walken, John Savage, John Cazale, Meryl Streep, and George Dzundza.", "The Fog of War The Fog of War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara is a 2003 American documentary film about the life and times of former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara illustrating his observations of the nature of modern warfare. The film was directed by Errol Morris and features an original score by Philip Glass.", "The Green Berets (film) The Green Berets is a 1968 American war film set in Vietnam, featuring John Wayne, George Takei, David Janssen, Jim Hutton and Aldo Ray, nominally based on the eponymous 1965 book by Robin Moore, though the screenplay has little relation to the book.Much of the film was shot in the summer of 1967 (before the Tet Offensive).Thematically, The Green Berets is strongly anti-communist and pro-Saigon.", "The Iron Triangle (film) The Iron Triangle is a 1989 film about the U.S. \"conflict\" with Vietnam. The story is based on the diary of an unknown Viet Cong Soldier. This unique fact gives the movie a different perspective than many of the other movies about the Vietnam war and makes black and white distinctions about who were the \"good guys\" and \"bad guys\" a little more complicated. The film stars Beau Bridges, Haing S. Ngor, Liem Whatley, Johnny Hallyday, Jim Ishida, and Ping Wu.", "The Last Full Measure (film) The Last Full Measure is a 2004 short film written and directed by Alexandra Kerry, daughter of U.S. Democratic Senator John Kerry. Set in 1973, during the Vietnam War, it explores the emotions of a nine-year-old girl awaiting her father's return from the war. The cast includes 24 stars Xander Berkeley and Reiko Aylesworth.The title is drawn from the Gettysburg Address of President Abraham Lincoln.", "The Odd Angry Shot The Odd Angry Shot is a 1979 war film following the experiences of Australian soldiers during the Vietnam War. The movie, which was shot on location in New South Wales and Queensland, traces the tour of duty of an Australian Special Air Service Regiment reconnaissance team from their departure to their return home to Australia.", "The Park Is Mine (1986 film) The Park Is Mine, is a 1985 made-for-TV movie directed by Steven Hilliard Stern,starring Tommy Lee Jones as a Vietnam War veteran. Mitch (Jones) takes control of Central Park in New York City, in what some would call an act of domestic terrorism and what others might call anti-establishment, to honor those who died and served in the Vietnam War and draw attention to veterans' issues. The film is based on the 1981 novel of the same name (ISBN 978-0385159531) by Stephen Peters.", "The Short-Timers The Short-Timers is a 1979 semi-autobiographical novel by U.S. Marine Corps veteran Gustav Hasford, about his experience in the Vietnam War. It was later adapted into the 1987 film Full Metal Jacket by Hasford, Michael Herr, and Stanley Kubrick. Hasford's novel The Phantom Blooper (1990) was a sequel to The Short-Timers.", "The War at Home (1979 film) The War at Home is a documentary film about the anti-war movement in the Madison, Wisconsin area during the time of the Vietnam War. It combines archival footage and interviews with participants that explore the events of the period on the University of Wisconsin–Madison campus.", "The White Silk Dress The White Silk Dress (Áo lụa Hà Đông in Vietnamese) is a 2006 Vietnamese war film directed by Luu Huynh starring Truong Ngoc Anh and Nguyen Quoc Khanh. With a budget of over 2 million dollars, it is one of the most expensive Vietnamese films ever made.", "They Marched Into Sunlight They Marched Into Sunlight: War and Peace, Vietnam and America, October 1967 is a book written by Pulitzer Prize winner and bestselling author David Maraniss, was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for History in 2004 and won the J. Anthony Lukas Book Prize. It is also being made into a feature film by Universal Pictures, set for release in 2013.The book centers around the Battle of Ong Thanh and a protest at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.", "Troy Evans (actor) Troy Evans (born February 16, 1948) is an American actor who is perhaps best known for his role as Desk Clerk Francis \"Frank\" Martin in the television drama series ER. He has also appeared in the movies Tiger Cruise (Disney Channel original movie), Ace Ventura: Pet Detective, Under Siege, Teen Wolf, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, Black Dahlia, The Frighteners, and View From the Top among others.", "Uncommon Valor Uncommon Valor is a 1983 war film written by Joe Gayton and directed by Ted Kotcheff, about a U.S. Marine officer who puts together a team to try to rescue his son, who he believes is among those still held in Laos after the Vietnam War. The film stars Gene Hackman, Fred Ward, Reb Brown, Robert Stack, Michael Dudikoff, and, in an early screen appearance, Patrick Swayze.", "Vietnam War Story II Vietnam War Story II is a 1988 film that was released direct-to-video. The film consists of three 30 minute segments, each filmed by a different director. The first segment stars Wesley Snipes as a young soldier in the Vietnam War. The film was based on the television series, Vietnam War Story. The films directors are David Burton Morris, Jack Sholder and Michael Toshiyuki Uno.", "Vietnam War in film This article lists notable films related to the Vietnam War.", "War film War film is a film genre concerned with warfare, typically about naval, air, or land battles in the twentieth century, with combat scenes central to the drama. The fateful nature of battle scenes means that war films often end with them. Themes explored include combat, survival and escape, sacrifice, the futility and inhumanity of battle, the effects of war on society, and the moral and human issues raised by war.", "We Were Soldiers We Were Soldiers is a 2002 war film that dramatizes the Battle of Ia Drang on November 14, 1965. The film was directed by Randall Wallace and stars Mel Gibson. It is based on the book We Were Soldiers Once… And Young (1992) by Lieutenant General (Ret.) Hal Moore and reporter Joseph L. Galloway, both of whom were at the battle.", "We Were Soldiers Once… And Young We Were Soldiers Once… And Young is a 1992 book by Lt. Gen. Harold G. Moore (Ret.) and war journalist Joseph L. Galloway about the Vietnam War. It focuses on the role of the First and Second Battalions of the 7th Cavalry Regiment in the Battle of the Ia Drang Valley, the United States' first large-unit battle of the Vietnam War; previous engagements involved small units and patrols (squad, platoon, and company sized units).", "William Nagle (author) William Lawrence Nagle (4 June 1947 - 5 March 2002) was an Australian soldier, author, actor, and screenwriter. His first book, The Odd Angry Shot, written after his return from the Vietnam War and exit from the army,traced the lives of a group of Australian soldiers from their departure from Australia, their rotation in South Vietnam, and return to Australia. The book was made into a movie of the same name." ]

[ "198th Infantry Brigade (United States) The 198th Infantry Brigade, was first formed as part of the United States Army Reserve's 99th Division. It was active from 1967 through 1971 and has been active since 2007 as an Infantry Training Brigade as part of the US Army Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia.", "A Better Tomorrow 3 A Better Tomorrow 3: Love & Death in Saigon (Chinese: 英雄本色3-夕陽之歌; pinyin: Yīngxióng běnsè sān – xīyáng zhī gē; Jyutping: Jing1hung4 bun2sik1 saam – zik6joeng4 zi1 go1) is a 1989 Hong Kong action drama film co-produced and directed by Tsui Hark. It is a loosely-based prequel to John Woo's A Better Tomorrow, though it was released after A Better Tomorrow 2.The film was directed by Tsui Hark, the producer behind the first two films in the series.", "Alice's Restaurant (film) Alice's Restaurant is a 1969 American comedy film co-written and directed by Arthur Penn. It is an adaptation of the 1967 folk song \"Alice's Restaurant Massacree,\" originally written and sung by Arlo Guthrie. The film stars Guthrie as himself, with Pat Quinn as Alice Brock and James Broderick as Ray Brock.", "Awards and decorations of the Vietnam War Awards and decorations of the Vietnam War were military decorations which were bestowed by the major warring parties during the years of the Vietnam War. North Vietnam, South Vietnam and the United States all issued awards and decorations during the conflict.In year 2015 some active duty military members (with at least 40+ years service) can be seen wearing Vietnam War awards, which were earned at the beginning of their military careers (the Vietnam War officially ended in April 1975).", "Beckton Gas Works Beckton Gasworks was a major London gasworks built to manufacture coal gas and other products including coke from coal. It has been variously described as 'the largest such plant in the world' and 'the largest gas works in Europe'. It operated from 1870 to 1969, with an associated by-products works that operated from 1879 to 1970. The works were located on East Ham Level, on the north bank of the Thames at Gallions Reach, to the west of Barking Creek.", "Blind Fury Blind Fury is a 1989 American samurai/action film written by Charles Robert Carner (of Gymkata fame) and directed by Phillip Noyce. It is a loosely based, modernized version of Zatoichi Challenged, the 17th film in the Japanese Zatoichi film series. The film stars Rutger Hauer as Nick Parker, a blind, sword-wielding Vietnam War veteran, who returns to the United States and befriends the son of an old friend.", "Boat People (film) Boat People (Chinese: 投奔怒海; pinyin: Tóubēn Nù Hăi; Cantonese Yale: Tau ban no hoi; literally: \"Into the Raging Sea\") is a Hong Kong film directed by Ann Hui, first shown in theatres in 1982. The film stars George Lam, Andy Lau, Cora Miao, and Season Ma. At the second Hong Kong Film Awards, Boat People won awards for Best Picture, Best Director, Best New Performer, Best Screenplay, and Best Art Direction. It was also screened out of competition at the 1983 Cannes Film Festival.", "Bình Định Province Bình Định (About this sound listen) is a province of Vietnam. It is located in Vietnam's South Central Coast region.", "Cambodian Civil War The Cambodian Civil War was a conflict that pitted the forces of the Communist Party of Kampuchea (known as the Khmer Rouge) and their allies the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and the Viet Cong against the government forces of the Kingdom of Cambodia and, after October 1970, the Khmer Republic, which were supported by the United States (U.S.) and the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam).The struggle was complicated by the influence and actions of the allies of the two warring sides.", "Canada and the Vietnam War Canada did not fight in the Vietnam War and diplomatically it was \"officially non-belligerent\". The country's troop deployments to Vietnam were limited to a small number of national forces in 1973 to help enforce the Paris Peace Accords. Nevertheless, the war had considerable effects on Canada, while Canada and Canadians affected the war, in return.", "Catch-22 (film) Catch-22 is a 1970 satirical comedy-drama war film adapted from the novel of the same name by Joseph Heller.", "Faith of My Fathers (film) Faith of My Fathers is a 2005 American television film, directed by Peter Markle.", "First Blood First Blood is a 1982 American action adventure film directed by Ted Kotcheff. It is co-written by and starring Sylvester Stallone as John Rambo, a troubled and misunderstood veteran who must rely on his combat and survival senses against the abusive law enforcement of a small town. It is based on David Morrell's 1972 novel of the same name and is the first installment of the Rambo series.", "Fall of Saigon The Fall of Saigon was the capture of Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, by the People’s Army of Vietnam and the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (also known as the Việt Cộng) on April 30, 1975.", "First Indochina War The First Indochina War (generally known as the Indochina War in France, and as the Anti-French Resistance War in contemporary Vietnam) began in French Indochina on 19 December 1946 and lasted until 1 August 1954. Fighting between French forces and their Viet Minh opponents in the South dated from September 1945.", "Flight of the Intruder Flight of the Intruder is a 1991 film directed by John Milius, based on the novel of the same name by former Grumman A-6 Intruder pilot Stephen Coonts. The film stars Danny Glover, Willem Dafoe and Brad Johnson.", "Fragging The term fragging was coined by military personnel of the United States during the Vietnam War. Fragging is the assassination or attempted assassination by a soldier of a fellow soldier, usually a superior officer or non-commissioned officer. Initially, the killings were most often attempted with a fragmentation grenade, sometimes making it appear as though the killing was accidental or during combat with the enemy.", "Full Metal Jacket Full Metal Jacket is a 1987 war film directed and produced by Stanley Kubrick. The screenplay by Kubrick, Michael Herr, and Gustav Hasford was based on Hasford's novel The Short-Timers (1979). The film stars Matthew Modine, Adam Baldwin, Vincent D'Onofrio, R. Lee Ermey, Dorian Harewood, Arliss Howard, Kevyn Major Howard, and Ed O'Ross, and its storyline follows a platoon of U.S.", "Gulf of Tonkin incident The Gulf of Tonkin incident (Vietnamese: Sự kiện Vịnh Bắc Bộ), also known as the USS Maddox incident, is the name given to what were originally claimed to be two separate confrontations involving North Vietnam and the United States in the waters of the Gulf of Tonkin. The original American report blamed North Vietnam for both incidents, but eventually became very controversial with widespread claims that either one or both incidents were false, and possibly purposefully so.", "Guy X Guy X is a 2005 black comedy war film directed by Saul Metzstein, based on the novel No One Thinks Of Greenland by John Griesemer. The movie stars Jason Biggs, Natascha McElhone, Jeremy Northam, and Michael Ironside.", "HBO (Asia) HBO Asia (formerly known as MovieVision it was officially launched on 1 May 1992 and officially dissolved on 31 May 1995) is owned by HBO (a Time Warner company). The Singapore-based broadcast network offers a bouquet of channels and services including 24-hour commercial-free subscription movie channels in standard-definition and high-definition – HBO, HBO SIGNATURE, HBO FAMILY, HBO HITS, CINEMAX and RED – as well as HBO GO and HBO ON DEMAND.", "HTV3 HTV3 is a channel of Ho Chi Minh City Television in Vietnam and is administered by Tri Viet Media Corporation (TVM Corp). Originally, HTV3 is set up to reserve type of youth audience. All the shows are broadcast on HTV3 has always copyright from the creator and production of them.", "Hearts and Minds (film) Hearts and Minds is a 1974 American documentary film about the Vietnam War directed by Peter Davis. The film's title is based on a quote from President Lyndon B. Johnson: \"the ultimate victory will depend on the hearts and minds of the people who actually live out there\". The movie was chosen as Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature at the 47th Academy Awards presented in 1975.The film premiered at the 1974 Cannes Film Festival.", "In the Year of the Pig In the Year of the Pig is a 1968 American documentary film about the origins of the Vietnam War, directed by Emile de Antonio. It was nominated for an Academy award for best documentary.The film, which is in black and white, contains much historical footage and many interviews. Those interviewed include Harry Ashmore, Daniel Berrigan, Philippe Devillers, David Halberstam, Roger Hilsman, Jean Lacouture, Kenneth P. Landon, Thruston B.", "Indochina Wars The Indochina Wars (Vietnamese: Chiến tranh Đông Dương) were a series of wars fought in Southeast Asia from 1946 until 1989, between communist Indochinese forces against mainly French, South Vietnamese, American, Cambodian, Laotian and Chinese forces. The term \"Indochina\" originally referred to French Indochina, which included the current states of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. In current use, it applies largely to a geographic region, rather than to a political area.", "Jacob's Ladder (film) Jacob's Ladder is a 1990 American psychological horror film directed by Adrian Lyne, written and produced by Bruce Joel Rubin and starring Tim Robbins, Elizabeth Peña and Danny Aiello.", "Joint warfare in South Vietnam, 1963–69 In the Vietnam War, after the assassinations of Ngo Dinh Diem and John F. Kennedy in late 1963 and the Gulf of Tonkin incident in 1964 and the continuing political instability in the South, the United States made a policy commitment to begin joint warfare in South Vietnam, a period of gradual escalation and Americanization, involving the commitment of large-scale combat forces from the United States and allied countries.", "Legality of the Vietnam War The legality of the Vietnam War refers to the lawfulness of the 1965-1975 U.S. military activity that occurred in Vietnam.", "List of war museums and monuments in Vietnam There are numerous war museums, memorials and monuments in Vietnam, this page presents a partial list of museums and monuments located in Vietnam relating to the First Indochina War and the Second Indochina War. This list is organized by location.", "Lists of allied military operations of the Vietnam War The many allied military operations of the Vietnam War are listed on the following pages, either alphabetically, or chronologically.", "Mickey Mouse in Vietnam Mickey Mouse in Vietnam is a 16mm underground animated short film. The director was Whitney Lee Savage (father of Adam Savage, of Mythbusters fame); the producer and head designer was Milton Glaser. The short was produced under the auspices of a studio named Max Cats and Whittesey Sledge Studios. It features the Disney character Mickey Mouse being shipped to Vietnam during the war. Moments after arriving, he is shot dead.", "Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War Australia's involvement in the Vietnam War, beginning with a small commitment of 30 military advisors in 1962, increased over the following decade to a peak of 7,672 Australian personnel following the Menzies Government's April 1965 decision to upgrade its military commitment to South Vietnam's security.", "National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam The Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, which became the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, was a coalition of antiwar activists formed in 1967 to organize large demonstrations in opposition to the Vietnam War. The organizations were informally known as \"the Mobe\".", "New Zealand in the Vietnam War New Zealand's involvement in the Vietnam War was highly controversial, sparking widespread protest at home from anti-Vietnam War movements modelled on their American counterparts. This conflict was also the first in which New Zealand did not fight alongside the United Kingdom, instead following the loyalties of the ANZUS Pact.New Zealand decided to send troops to Vietnam in 1965 because of Cold War concerns and alliance considerations.", "North Vietnam The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV; Vietnamese: Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa), commonly known in English as North Vietnam, was a Marxist–Leninist government founded in 1945, laying claim to all of Vietnam yet comprising most of North Vietnam from September 1945 to December 1946, controlling pockets of territory throughout the country until 1954, and governing territory north of the 17th parallel until 1976, when the government led by the Communist Party reunified with the Southern Provisional Government governed from Hanoi.As an era of post-dynastic Vietnamese history, the republic was preceded by the Nguyễn dynasty and followed by the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.", "Operation Arc Light Operation Arc Light was the 1965 deployment of B-52F Stratofortresses as conventional bombers from bases in the US to Guam to support ground combat operations in Vietnam.", "Operation Barrel Roll Operation Barrel Roll was a covert U.S. Air Force 2nd Air Division (later the Seventh Air Force) and U.S. Navy Task Force 77, interdiction and close air support campaign conducted in the Kingdom of Laos between 14 December 1964 and 29 March 1973 concurrent with the Vietnam War.The original purpose of the operation was to serve as a signal to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) to cease its support for the insurgency then taking place in the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam).", "Operation Igloo White Operation Igloo White was a covert United States joint military electronic warfare operation conducted from late January 1968 until February 1973, during the Vietnam War. These missions were carried out by the 553rd Reconnaissance Wing, a U.S. Air Force unit flying modified EC-121R Warning Star aircraft, and VO-67, a specialized U.S. Navy unit flying highly modified OP-2E Neptune aircraft.", "Operation Popeye Operation Popeye (Project Popeye/Motorpool/Intermediary-Compatriot) was a highly classified weather modification program in Southeast Asia during 1967-1972. The cloud seeding operation during the Vietnam war ran from March 20, 1967 until July 5, 1972 in an attempt to extend the monsoon season, specifically over areas of the Ho Chi Minh Trail. The operation was used to induce rain and extend the East Asian Monsoon season in support of U.S.", "Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War The movement against the involvement of the United States in the Vietnam War began in the U.S. with demonstrations in 1964 and grew in strength in later years. The U.S. became polarized between those who advocated continued involvement in Vietnam and those who wanted peace.Many in the peace movement were students, mothers, or anti-establishment hippies.", "Outline of the Vietnam War The Vietnam War was a war in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia from 1959 to 30 April 1975. The war was fought between the communist North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other member nations of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO).", "People's Army of Vietnam The Vietnam People's Army (VPA; Vietnamese: Quân Đội Nhân Dân Việt Nam), also known as the Vietnamese People's Army and the People's Army of Vietnam, is the military forces of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. VPA is a part of Vietnam People's Armed Forces. The VPA includes: Ground Force (including Strategic Rear Forces), Navy, Air Force, Border Defense Force, and Coast Guard. However, Vietnam does not have a specific separate Ground Force or Army branch.", "Protests against the Vietnam War Protests against the Vietnam War took place in the 1960s and 1970s. The protests were part of a movement in opposition to the Vietnam War and took place mainly in the United States.", "Rambo: First Blood Part II Rambo: First Blood Part II (also known as Rambo II or First Blood II) is a 1985 American action film directed by George P. Cosmatos and starring Sylvester Stallone, who reprises his role as Vietnam veteran John Rambo. It is the sequel to the 1982 film First Blood, and the second installment in the Rambo film series.", "Republic of China in the Vietnam War The Republic of China (Taiwan) supported South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) during the Vietnam War. Both were anti-communist Asian nations fighting against rival communist regimes, the People's Republic of China and North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam).Since November 1967, the ROC secretly operated a cargo transport detachment to assist the US and the ROV. It was based on existing formation of the 34th squadron of ROC Air force.", "Role of the United States in the Vietnam War The role of the United States in the Vietnam War began after the Second World War and escalated into full commitment during what is termed the Vietnam War from 1959 to 1975.", "STAR Movies STAR Movies is an Asian movie channel owned by STAR TV and Fox International Channels, subsidiaries of 21st Century Fox. Star Movies now has been rebranded to Fox Movies Premium on 1 January 2012, therefore affecting its broadcast areas, except in India, China, Vietnam, Middle East, Taiwan and the Philippines.", "Sino-Vietnamese War The Sino-Vietnamese War (Vietnamese: Chiến tranh biên giới Việt-Trung; simplified Chinese: 中越战争; traditional Chinese: 中越戰爭; pinyin: zhōng-yuè zhànzhēng), also known as the Third Indochina War, was a brief border war fought between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in early 1979. China launched the offensive in response to Vietnam's invasion and occupation of Cambodia in 1978 (which ended the rule of the Chinese-backed Khmer Rouge).", "Terminology of the Vietnam War Various names have been applied what is known as the Vietnam War. These have shifted over time, although Vietnam War is the most commonly used title in English. It has been variously called the Second Indochina War, the Vietnam Conflict and the Vietnam War. In Vietnam it is commonly known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ (Resistance War against America).", "The Expendables (1989 film) The Expendables is a 1989 action film directed by Cirio H. Santiago. It stars Anthony Finetti, Peter Nelson, Loren Haynes and Kevin Duffis. It was written by Philip Alderton.Its running time is 89 minutes. Since the movie is low budget, there is very little information about the movie and it is currently only available through VHS.", "The Land of Vietnamese The land of Vietnamese is an anti-war song, circulated in the Western world in the years of the Vietnam War.This song has appeared once in the movie \"The death Coordinates\" directed by Samvel Gasparov veteran - as the singer Kate Francis sings with the guitar.", "The Odd Angry Shot (book) William L. Nagle's book, The Odd Angry Shot, based on his own experience in 3 SAS Australian Army, portrays the boredom, mateship, humour, and fear of a group of Australian soldiers deployed to South Vietnam in the late 1960s. The book was made into a movie of the same name.", "Truong Tri Truc Diem Trương Tri Trúc Diễm (1987–), born in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam is a super model, actress, goodwill ambassador of UNESCO (2010) and Vietnamese beauty pageant titleholder who was first runner-up of Miss Vietnam Photogenic 2005 pageant. She graduated from PSB Academy of Singapore with a Business Administration degree.", "Viet Rock Viet Rock is a rock musical by Megan Terry that was the precursor to the musical Hair. A violent denunciation of the American involvement in the Vietnam War, the play was described by its author as a \"folk war movie\" comprising scenes of disillusionment and protest to the American military presence in Southeast Asia. Viet Rock is widely considered to be the first rock musical written and performed in the United States, as well as the first protest play about Vietnam.", "Vietnam Veterans Against the War Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW) is a tax-exempt non-profit organization and corporation, originally founded in 1967 to oppose United States policy and participation in the Vietnam War. VVAW says it is a national veterans' organization that campaigns for peace, justice, and the rights of all United States military veterans.", "Vietnam Veterans Memorial The Vietnam Veterans Memorial is a 3-acre (12,000 m²) national memorial in Washington, DC. It honors U.S. service members of the U.S. armed forces who fought in the Vietnam War, service members who died in service in Vietnam/South East Asia, and those service members who were unaccounted for (Missing In Action) during the War.Its construction and related issues have been the source of controversies, some of which have resulted in additions to the memorial complex.", "Vietnam War The Vietnam War (Vietnamese: Chiến tranh Việt Nam), also known as the Second Indochina War, and also known in Vietnam as Resistance War Against America (Vietnamese: Kháng chiến chống Mỹ) or simply the American War, was a Cold War-era proxy war that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975.", "Vietnam War Crimes Working Group The Vietnam War Crimes Working Group (VWCWG) was a Pentagon task force set up in the wake of the My Lai Massacre and its media disclosure, to attempt to ascertain the veracity of emerging claims of war crimes by U.S. armed forces in Vietnam, during the Vietnam War period.The investigation compiled over 9,000 pages of investigative files, sworn statements by witnesses and status reports for top military officers, indicating that 320 alleged incidents had factual basis.", "Vietnam War POW/MIA issue The Vietnam War POW/MIA issue concerns the fate of United States servicemen who were reported as missing in action (MIA) during the Vietnam War and associated theaters of operation in Southeast Asia. The term has also referenced issues related to the treatment of affected family members by the governments involved in these conflicts. Following the Paris Peace Accords of 1973, 591 American prisoners of war (POWs) were returned during Operation Homecoming. The U.S.", "Vietnam War casualties Estimates of casualties in the Vietnam War vary widely. Estimates include both civilian and military deaths in North and South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.The Second Indochina War (aka. the Vietnam War or the American War) began in 1955 and ended in 1975 when North Vietnamese forces captured Saigon.", "Vietnam veteran A Vietnam veteran is someone who served in the armed forces of participating countries during the Vietnam War.The term has been used to describe veterans who were in the armed forces of South Vietnam, the United States armed forces, and countries allied to them, whether or not they were actually stationed in Vietnam during their service.", "Võ Nguyên Giáp Võ Nguyên Giáp (25 August 1911 – 4 October 2013) was a General in the Vietnam People's Army and a politician. He first grew to prominence during World War II, where he served as the military leader of the Viet Minh resistance against the Japanese occupation of Vietnam. Giap was a principal commander in two wars: the First Indochina War (1946–54) and the Vietnam War (1960–75).", "War in Vietnam (1945–46) The War in Vietnam, codenamed Operation Masterdom by the British, and also known as Nam Bộ kháng chiến (English: Southern Resistance War) by the Vietnamese, was a post–World War II armed conflict involving a largely British-Indian and French task force and Japanese troops from the Southern Expeditionary Army Group, versus the Vietnamese communist movement, the Viet Minh, for control of the country, after the unconditional Japanese surrender.The wars in Indochina, for about 45 years, had caught the world's attention during the last part of the 20th century.", "War in Vietnam (1954–59) The 1954 to 1959 phase of the Vietnam War was the era of the two nations. Coming after the First Indochina War, this period resulted in the military defeat of the French, a 1954 Geneva meeting that partitioned Vietnam into North and South, and the French withdrawal from Vietnam, leaving the Republic of Vietnam regime fighting a communist insurgency with USA aid.", "War in Vietnam (1959–63) The 1959 to 1963 phase of the Vietnam War started after the North Vietnamese had made a firm decision to commit to a military intervention in the guerrilla war in the South Vietnam, a buildup phase began, between the 1959 North Vietnamese decision and the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, which led to a major US escalation of its involvement.", "Weapons of the Vietnam War This article is about the weapons used in the Vietnam War, which involved the People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN) or North Vietnamese Army (NVA), National Liberation Front for South Vietnam (NLF) or [Viet Cong] (VC), [National Republic of Vietnam Military Forces], and the armed forces of the United States, Republic of Korea, Philippines, Thailand, and the Australian, New Zealand defence forces, and a variety of irregular troops.Nearly all United States-allied forces were armed with U.S.", "When Hell was in Session When Hell was in Session is a memoir by U.S. Navy Rear Admiral Jeremiah Denton, recounting his experiences as a prisoner of war during the Vietnam War. A United States Naval Aviator, Denton was shot down and captured, spending the next seven years and seven months as a POW. The book was later made into a television movie starring Hal Holbrook." ]

[ "Captain America: Civil War Captain America: Civil War is an upcoming American superhero film featuring the Marvel Comics character Captain America, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is intended to be the sequel to 2011's Captain America: The First Avenger and 2014's Captain America: The Winter Soldier, and the thirteenth installment of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU).", "Captain America: Reborn Captain America: Reborn is a six-issue (originally intended to be five issues) monthly comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics between July 2009 and January 2010. The series was written by Ed Brubaker, and illustrated by Bryan Hitch, with inking by Butch Guice. The series reveals the \"truth\" regarding the death of the original Captain America, Steve Rogers (as told in the story arc \"The Death of Captain America\") and revives him in the contemporary Marvel Universe.", "Captain America: The First Avenger Captain America: The First Avenger is a 2011 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Captain America, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures. It is the fifth installment in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. The film was directed by Joe Johnston, written by Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely, and stars Chris Evans, Tommy Lee Jones, Hugo Weaving, Hayley Atwell, Sebastian Stan, Dominic Cooper, Neal McDonough, Derek Luke, and Stanley Tucci.", "Captain America Captain America is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by cartoonists Joe Simon and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in Captain America Comics #1 (cover dated March 1941) from Timely Comics, a predecessor of Marvel Comics. Captain America was designed as a patriotic supersoldier who often fought the Axis powers of World War II and was Timely Comics' most popular character during the wartime period.", "Captain America and the Falcon Captain America and the Falcon was a comic book series published for fourteen issues in 2004 and 2005 by Marvel Comics. The series' title is a reuse of the cover title of Captain America's solo series during a period in which the Falcon was given second billing on the front cover.", "Fallen Son: The Death of Captain America Fallen Son: The Death of Captain America is a comic book limited series dealing with various superheroes' reactions to the death of Captain America in the Marvel comics universe after the Civil War.The five-issue series is written by Jeph Loeb, with Leinil Yu, Ed McGuinness, John Romita Jr., David Finch, and John Cassaday each illustrating one of the issues.", "Free Spirit (comics) Free Spirit is a fictional character in the Marvel Comics universe. She first appeared in Captain America vol. 1 #431 (September 1994), she was created by Mark Gruenwald and Dave Hoover.", "Jack Kirby Jack Kirby (/ˈkɜrbi/; August 28, 1917 – February 6, 1994), born Jacob Kurtzberg, was an American comic book artist, writer, and editor widely regarded as one of the medium's major innovators and one of its most prolific and influential creators.Kirby grew up poor in New York City, and learned to draw cartoon figures by tracing characters from comic strips and editorial cartoons.", "Jeffrey Mace Jeffrey Solomon \"Jeff\" Mace, also known as the Patriot and Captain America, is a fictional character, a superhero in the Marvel Comics universe, created during the 1940s period which fans and historians call the Golden Age of Comic Books.", "Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-in comics Within the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), Marvel Comics have published a number of tie-in comic books. A comic has been released to tie in with every film and television series set in the MCU so far, with some telling new stories featuring existing characters, and others simply adapting preexisting stories to the comic medium.", "Nomad (comics) Nomad is the name of several fictional characters that have appeared in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The Nomad name and costume was created by writer Steve Englehart and artist Sal Buscema as an alternate identity for the original Captain America, Steve Rogers, in Captain America #180 (December 1974).The identity was revived by writer J. M. DeMatteis for a minor character \"\\Edward Ferbel\") in Captain America #261-263 (September - November 1981).", "Stan Lee Stan Lee (born Stanley Martin Lieber, December 28, 1922) is an American comic book writer, editor, publisher, media producer, television host, actor, and former president and chairman of Marvel Comics.In collaboration with several artists, including Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko, he co-created Spider-Man, the Hulk, the Fantastic Four, Iron Man, Thor, the X-Men, and many other fictional characters, introducing complex, naturalistic characters and a thoroughly shared universe into superhero comic books.", "The Death of Captain America \"The Death of Captain America\" is an eighteen-issue Captain America story arc written by Ed Brubaker with art by Steve Epting and published by Marvel Comics. The arc first appears in Captain America (vol. 5) #25-#42. The first issue of the story arc, Captain America #25, was the highest selling comic for the month of its release. The story arc had wide-sweeping effects throughout the Marvel Universe and was accompanied by the miniseries Fallen Son: The Death of Captain America." ]

[ "Avengers (comics) The Avengers are a fictional team of superheroes appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The team made its debut in The Avengers #1 (Sept. 1963), created by writer-editor Stan Lee and artist/co-plotter Jack Kirby, inspired by the success of DC Comics' Justice League of America.Labeled Earth's Mightiest Heroes, the Avengers originally consisted of Hank Pym, Hulk, Iron Man, Thor, and the Wasp.", "Baron Blood Baron Blood is the name of a series fictional super-villains appearing in the Marvel Universe comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Roy Thomas and Frank Robbins, the original incarnation first appeared in The Invaders #7 (July 1976), a second incarnation created by Thomas and Jackson Guice appeared in Doctor Strange, Sorcerer Supreme volume 3, #10 (Dec.", "Baron Strucker Baron Wolfgang von Strucker is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.Baron Strucker, a former Nazi officer, is one of the leaders of Hydra and an enemy of S.H.I.E.L.D., the Avengers, and the interests of the United States of America and of the free world in general. He has been physically augmented to be nearly ageless.", "Baron Zemo Baron Zemo is the name of two fictional characters, both supervillains, in various Marvel Comics comic books, notably Captain America and the Avengers. The original Baron Zemo was first seen in The Avengers #4 (March 1964); the second Baron Zemo first appeared in Captain America #168 (December 1973).In 2009, Baron Helmut Zemo was ranked as IGN's 40th Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time.Daniel Brühl will portray Baron Helmut Zemo in the 2016 film Captain America: Civil War.", "Black Adam Black Adam is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, and is a primary adversary of the superhero Shazam, formerly known as Captain Marvel. Black Adam was created by Otto Binder & C. C.", "Bucky Bucky is the name used by several different fictional superheroes appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually as a sidekick to Captain America. The original Bucky, James Buchanan \"Bucky\" Barnes, was created by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby and first appeared in Captain America Comics #1 (cover-dated March 1941), which was published by Marvel's predecessor, Timely Comics.", "Captain 3-D Captain 3-D is a fictional character, a superhero in comic books published by Harvey Comics. Created by the team of Joe Simon and Jack Kirby, the character marked an early attempt to produce a 3-D comic book.", "Captain America's shield Captain America's shield is a fictional item appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. It is the primary defensive and offensive piece of equipment used by the Marvel Comics superhero Captain America; he is seldom seen without it. Over the years, Captain America has had the use of several different shields of varying composition and design.", "Captain America in other media Since the 1940s, the comic book character Captain America has been presented in a variety of other media, including serial films, feature films, animations, and video games.", "Captain Boomerang George \"Digger\" Harkness, best known under his alias Captain Boomerang or just Boomerang, is a fictional supervillain who appears in American comic books published by DC Comics. He is an enemy of both Barry Allen and Wally West, who each holds the heroic mantle of the Flash. After Harkness is killed during the 2004 crossover Identity Crisis, his son, Owen Mercer (also known as Owen Harkness), takes over his father's mantle for a period of time until his death.", "Captain Britain Captain Britain (Brian Braddock), is a fictional character, a superhero appearing in the comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Chris Claremont and Herb Trimpe, he first appeared in Captain Britain Weekly #1 (October 1976). The character has been used in stories through the years by many people, most notably Chris Claremont, Alan Davis, and Alan Moore.The character was initially intended to be a British equivalent of Captain America.", "Captain Confederacy Captain Confederacy is an alternate history comic book by Will Shetterly and Vince Stone that was first published in 1986, revived in 1991–92 then published online with new and revised material in 2011. It tells the story of a superhero created for propaganda purposes in a world in which the Confederate States of America won their independence from the United States.", "Captain Easy Captain Easy, Soldier of Fortune was an action/adventure comic strip created by Roy Crane that was syndicated by Newspaper Enterprise Association beginning on Sunday, July 30, 1933. The strip ran for more than five decades until it was discontinued in 1988.", "Captain Euro Captain Euro is a fictional comic book-style superhero character, created in 1999 as a way to promote the European Union, and specifically the Euro, the single European currency that arrived in 2002. The character has been featured on a website (first at captaineuro.com, later at captaineuro.eu) since 1999, but has not appeared in any actual comic books.", "Captain Glory Captain Glory was a character created by Jack Kirby for part of a 12-part series of American comic books published by Topps Comics, with this particular title dated April 1993.Although Kirby had created this character, it was developed by Roy Thomas and Steve Ditko, who provided story and art.John Costanza provided lettering with coloring by Janice Parker.", "Captain Kate Captain Kate, was a US newspaper comic strip created by Jerry and Halle Skelly. Captain Kate was Kate Stevens, a female captain/owner of a trading ship, the Wind Song, in the late 18th century. The comic, written by Jerry's wife Halle Skelly, was distributed by King Features from 1967 to 1972.", "Captain Klutz Captain Klutz is a comic strip character created in 1967 by Don Martin. He is a parody of superhero characters. The character originally saw print in a series of original paperback books done for the Mad magazine paperback line, not the magazine itself.", "Captain Marvel (DC Comics) Captain Marvel, also known as Shazam, is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created in 1939 by artist C. C. Beck and writer Bill Parker, and it first appeared in Whiz Comics #2 (February 1940), published by Fawcett Comics.", "Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell) Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell) is a fictional superhero who appears in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by writer-editor Stan Lee and designed by artist Gene Colan and first appeared in Marvel Super-Heroes #12 (December 1967).The character debuted during the Silver Age of comic books and has made many appearances since then, including a self-titled series and the second volume of the Marvel Spotlight series.", "Carol Danvers Carol Danvers is a fictional character that appears in comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Roy Thomas and designed by artist Gene Colan, Major Carol Danvers first appeared as a member of the United States Air Force in Marvel Super-Heroes #13 (March 1968) and debuted as the first incarnation of Ms. Marvel in Ms.", "Crossbones (comics) Crossbones (Brock Rumlow) is a fictional character, a supervillain in the Marvel Comics universe. He was created by writer Mark Gruenwald and artist Kieron Dwyer in Captain America #359 (October 1989). Crossbones usually appears as a henchman of the Red Skull.", "Dum Dum Dugan Timothy Aloysius Cadwallader \"Dum Dum\" Dugan is a fictional character in the Marvel Comics Universe. He is an officer of S.H.I.E.L.D. and is one of the most experienced members of Nick Fury's team, known for his marksmanship with rifles and impressive physique.", "Falcon (comics) The Falcon (Sam Wilson) is a fictional superhero that appears in comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer-editor Stan Lee and artist Gene Colan, and introduced in Captain America #117 (Sept. 1969), the character is mainstream comics' first African-American superhero. Falcon uses mechanical wings to fly and has limited telepathic and empathic control over birds.", "Flag-Smasher The Flag-Smasher is the name used by two fictional supervillains appearing in the Marvel Comics universe. The original was most often a foe of Captain America while other adversaries of the Flag-Smasher include The Punisher, Moon Knight, Ghost Rider, The Runaways, The Liberteens and Deadpool.", "Frank McLaughlin (artist) Frank McLaughlin (born March 18, 1935) is an American comics artist who co-created the comic book character Judomaster, drew the comic strip Gil Thorp, and assisted on such strips as Brenda Starr and The Heart of Juliet Jones; he also wrote and illustrated books about cartooning and comic art.", "Grand Director The Grand Director (William Burnside), also known as the Captain America of the 1950s, is a fictional character in the Marvel Comics Universe.", "Iron Man Iron Man (Tony Stark) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, as well as its associated media. The character was created by writer and editor Stan Lee, developed by scripter Larry Lieber, and designed by artists Don Heck and Jack Kirby.", "Joe Gill Joseph P. Gill (July 13, 1919 – December 17, 2006) was an American magazine writer and highly prolific comic book scripter. Most of his work was for Charlton Comics, where he co-created the superheroes Captain Atom, Peacemaker, and Judomaster, among others. Comics historians consider Gill a top contender as the comic-book field's most prolific writer. Per historian and columnist Mark Evanier, Gill \"wrote a staggering number of comics. There are a half-dozen guys in his category.", "Joe Simon Joseph Henry \"Joe\" Simon (born Hymie Simon; October 11, 1913 – December 14, 2011) was an American comic book writer, artist, editor, and publisher.", "Justice League The Justice League, also known as the Justice League of America, is the name of a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The League's name was later used as the title for their own eponymous series, which has been published for various periods from 1962 until the present (2015). The Justice League was conceived by writer Gardner Fox, and first appeared in The Brave and the Bold #28 (March 1960).", "Kid Eternity Kid Eternity is a fictional character, a comic book superhero that premiered in Hit Comics #25 written by Otto Binder, drawn by Sheldon Moldoff, and published by Quality Comics in December 1942. All of Quality's intellectual properties were sold to DC Comics in 1956 (though most of the said properties lapsed into public domain by that point), including the character. The character has continued to appear (albeit infrequently) in DC comic books since his revival in the 1970s.In 1956, Everett M.", "Landau, Luckman, and Lake Landau, Luckman, and Lake or LLL is a fictional holding company appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, particularly in the pages of the Wolverine, Uncanny X-Men and Deadpool comic books. Created by writer Chris Claremont, the company was first mentioned in Wolverine #5 (March 1989).Claremont based the name of the organization on the original owners of the Forbidden Planet comic store: Nick Landau, Mike Luckman and Mike Lake.", "List of Captain America titles Captain America is a comic book superhero in the Marvel Comics Universe. Since 1941, he has starred in several ongoing series, as well as a large number of limited series and specials. All stories are published exclusively by Marvel Comics under their standard imprint, unless otherwise noted.", "Loki (comics) Loki is a fictional character that appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is the adoptive brother and archenemy of Thor. He is based on the being of the same name from Norse mythology. The character first appeared historically in Venus No. 6 (August 1949) and in modern day in Journey into Mystery No. 85 (October 1962).", "Madcap (comics) Madcap is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared as a foe of Captain America in Captain America #307 (July 1985).", "Master Man (Marvel Comics) Master Man is the name of three fictional characters that appear in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The original Master Man (Wilhelm Lohmer) first appears in the title Giant-Size Invaders #1 (June 1975) and was created by Roy Thomas and Frank Robbins. The second version (Axl Nacht), first appears in Namor the Sub-Mariner #11 (Feb. 1991) and was created by John Byrne, and a third version (Max Lohmer) debuts in Captain America #18 (July, 2006) by Ed Brubaker and Steve Epting.", "Miss America (Marvel Comics) Miss America is the name of multiple fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Madeline Joyce Frank, the first Miss America, debuted in Marvel Mystery Comics #49 (Nov. 1943), and was created by writer Otto Binder and artist Al Gabriele for Timely Comics, the 1940s precursor of Marvel, in the period fans and historians call the Golden Age of Comic Books. America Chavez, the second Miss America, first appeared in Vengeance #1 (Sept.", "Monica Rambeau Monica Rambeau is a fictional character, a comic book superheroine in the Marvel Comics universe. Initially known as Captain Marvel, the character became a leader of the Avengers. She later used the codenames Photon, Pulsar, and, beginning in 2013, Spectrum.", "Moose & Molly Moose and Molly is an American comic strip by Bob Weber, published by King Features Syndicate. It began on September 20, 1965, as Moose, and retitled Moose Miller six years later. It was renamed Moose and Molly in 1998. Weber based many of Moose's adventures on his own family's experiences.", "Nick Fury Colonel Nicholas Joseph \"Nick\" Fury is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer/artist Jack Kirby and writer Stan Lee, Fury first appeared in Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos #1 (May 1963), a World War II combat series that portrayed the cigar-chomping Fury as leader of an elite U.S. Army unit.", "Peggy Carter Margaret \"Peggy\" Carter is a fictional character appearing in comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually as a supporting character in books featuring Captain America. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby, she first appeared in Tales of Suspense #77 as a World War II love interest of Captain America in flashback sequences. She would later be better known as a relative of Captain America's modern-day on and off love interest, Sharon Carter.", "Prometheus (comics) Prometheus is the name of three fictional characters appearing in comic books published by DC Comics. The first Prometheus debuted in Blue Beetle #3 (Oct. 1986) and was created by Len Wein (writer) and Paris Cullins (pencils). The second version debuted in New Year's Evil: Prometheus (Feb. 1998), and was created by Grant Morrison (writer) and Arnie Jorgensen (pencils). The third and final version first appears in Batman: Gotham Knights #52 (June 2004), and was created by A.J.", "Punisher The Punisher is a fictional antihero that appears in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by writer Gerry Conway and artists John Romita, Sr., and Ross Andru, with publisher Stan Lee providing the name. The Punisher made his first appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #129 (cover-dated Feb. 1974).The Punisher is a vigilante who employs murder, kidnapping, extortion, coercion, threats of violence, and torture in his war on crime.", "Quasar (Wendell Vaughn) Quasar (Wendell Elvis Vaughn) is a fictional superhero that appears in comic books which are set in the Marvel Comics Universe. He is one of Marvel's cosmic heroes, a character whose adventures frequently take him into outer space or other dimensions. However, Quasar deviates from the archetype of the noble, dauntless alien set by such Silver Age cosmic heroes as the Silver Surfer, Adam Warlock and Captain Mar-Vell in that he is an everyman.", "Red Guardian The Red Guardian is the name of several comic book superheroes in the Marvel Comics universe. The Red Guardian is an identity that was created as the Soviet equivalent of Captain America; since the fall of the Soviet Union, the name is no longer officially used, though at least two people have claimed the name.", "Red Skull The Red Skull is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, and is the archenemy of the superhero Captain America. Portrayed as a Nazi agent, the character was created by Joe Simon, Jack Kirby, and France Herron, and first appeared in Captain America Comics #7 (October 1941).The character has been adapted to a variety of other media platforms, including animated television series, video games, and live-action feature films.", "Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos are a fictional World War II unit in comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, they first appeared in Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos #1 (cover dated May 1963). The main character, Sgt. Nick Fury, later became the leader of Marvel's super-spy agency, S.H.I.E.L.D..Occasional other members would join for an issue or two before being killed, transferred, or otherwise leaving (such as Fred Jones in issue #81).", "Sharon Carter Sharon Carter (known alias: Agent 13) is a fictional character, a secret agent in the Marvel Comics universe. She is an ex-field agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. under Nick Fury and the girlfriend of Captain America.In original comic book continuity, Sharon was said to be the younger sister of Peggy Carter, the wartime love interest of Captain America, but she was later retconned as Peggy's niece because of the unaging nature of comic book characters.", "Sin (Marvel Comics) Sin (Sinthea Schmidt) is a supervillain appearing in books published by Marvel Comics as the daughter of the Red Skull. Sin first appeared in Captain America #290 (Feb 1984), and was created by J.M. DeMatteis and Paul Neary.", "Sky Masters Sky Masters of the Space Force was an American, syndicated newspaper comic strip created on September 8, 1958 by writer Dave Wood and penciler Jack Kirby, featuring the adventures of an American astronaut.", "Slaymaster Slaymaster is a fictional comic book character from Marvel Comics's Captain Britain series.", "Spirit of '76 (Marvel Comics) The Spirit of '76 (real name William Naslund) is a fictional comic book character appearing in books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Roy Thomas and artist Frank Robbins as part of a World War II-era superhero team, the Crusaders, and patterned on the DC Comics group the Freedom Fighters, the character first appeared in The Invaders #14 (March 1977). The Spirit of '76 was the equivalent of Freedom Fighters member Uncle Sam, originally a Quality Comics character.", "Steve Ditko Stephen J. \"Steve\" Ditko (born November 2, 1927) is an American comic book artist and writer best known as the artist and co-creator, with Stan Lee, of the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man, and as creator of the supernatural hero Doctor Strange.Ditko studied under Batman artist Jerry Robinson at the Cartoonist and Illustrators School in New York City.", "Superman/Shazam: First Thunder Superman/Shazam: First Thunder is a 2006 comic book mini-series published by DC Comics, written by Judd Winick, with art by Joshua Middleton.The story recounts the first meeting between two DC superheroes, Superman and Captain Marvel. Contrary to the usual popular stereotype, the encounter proves most pleasant as they quickly become staunch allies whose individual differences complement each other well.", "Tales of Suspense Tales of Suspense is the name of an American comic book series and two one-shot comics published by Marvel Comics. The first, which ran from 1959 to 1968, began as a science-fiction anthology that served as a showcase for such artists as Jack Kirby, Steve Ditko, and Don Heck, then featured superheroes Captain America and Iron Man during the Silver Age of Comic Books before changing its title to Captain America with issue #100 (cover-dated April 1968). Its sister title was Tales to Astonish.", "Tri-Sentinel The Tri-Sentinel is a fictional robot who has appeared in the superhero comics of Marvel Comics.", "Tumbler (comics) Tumbler is the name of four fictional character in Marvel Comics.", "U.S. Agent U.S. Agent is a fictional comic book superhero appearing in books published by Marvel Comics, usually those starring Captain America and the Avengers. He was created by Mark Gruenwald and Paul Neary and first appeared in Captain America #323 (November 1986) as Super-Patriot. He was later redesigned as a new incarnation of Captain America and, just a few years later, as U.S.Agent. In 2012, U.S. Agent was ranked 29th in IGN's list of \"The Top 50 Avengers\".", "Ultimate Captain America Ultimate Captain America (Steve Rogers) is a fictional comic book superhero appearing in books published by Marvel Comics. He is an alternative version of the mainstream Marvel continuity Captain America that appears in Marvel's Ultimate line of books. The character first appeared in The Ultimates #1 (March 2002), and was created by writer Mark Millar and artist Bryan Hitch (based upon the original version of the character by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby).", "Ultimates The Ultimates is a fictional group of superheroes that appear in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The team was created by writer Mark Millar and artist Bryan Hitch, and first appeared in The Ultimates #1 (March 2002), as part of the company's Ultimate Marvel imprint. The team is a modern reimagining of the superhero team the Avengers.", "Union Jack (comics) Union Jack is a fictional superhero appearing in the Marvel Universe comic books published by Marvel Comics and Marvel UK. Created by Roy Thomas and Frank Robbins, he first appeared in The Invaders #7 (July 1976), a second incarnation from the same creators appeared in The Invaders #21, and a third incarnation was created by Roger Stern and John Byrne for Captain America Vol.", "Virgil Partch Virgil Franklin Partch (October 17, 1916 – August 10, 1984) was an American magazine gag cartoonist of the 1940s and 1950s, generally signing his work VIP. Additionally, he created the newspaper comic strips Big George and The Captain's Gig.", "Vision (Marvel Comics) The Vision is the name of multiple fictional superheroes appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The first Vision was an alien created by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby that first appeared in Marvel Mystery Comics # 13 (November 1940). The second Vision is an android and a member of the Avengers that first appeared in The Avengers #57 (October 1968) by Roy Thomas, Stan Lee and John Buscema.", "War Machine War Machine (James Rupert \"Rhodey\" Rhodes) is a fictional superhero appearing in comic books set in the Marvel Comics universe. The character of James Rhodes first appeared in Iron Man #118 (January 1979) by David Michelinie, John Byrne, and Bob Layton. The War Machine armor, which became his signature armored battlesuit, was designed by Len Kaminski and Kevin Hopgood.In 2012, War Machine was ranked 31st in IGN's list of \"The Top 50 Avengers\".", "Wash Tubbs Wash Tubbs was an American comic strip created by Roy Crane that ran from April 14, 1924 to January 10, 1988.Initially titled Washington Tubbs II, it originally was a gag-a-day strip which focused on the mundane misadventures of the title character, a bespectacled bumbler who ran a store. However, Crane soon switched from gag-a-day to continuity storylines." ]

[ "Charles Darwin's education Charles Darwin's education gave him a foundation in the doctrine of Creation prevalent throughout the West at the time, as well as knowledge of medicine and theology. More significantly, it led to his interest in natural history, which culminated in his taking part in the second voyage of the Beagle and the eventual inception of his theory of natural selection.", "Charles Darwin's health For much of his adult life, Charles Darwin's health was repeatedly compromised by an uncommon combination of symptoms, leaving him severely debilitated for long periods of time. However, in some ways this may have helped his work, and Charles Darwin wrote \"Even ill-health, though it has annihilated several years of my life, has saved me from the distractions of society and amusement.\"He consulted numerous doctors, but, with the medical science of the time, the cause remained undiagnosed.", "Charles Darwin, Northern Territory Charles Darwin is an eastern suburb in the city of Darwin, in the Northern Territory of Australia.The suburb is named after Charles Darwin National Park, named after Charles Darwin, which is located within the suburb. The suburb was to be developed as a residential and commercial area but was preserved in April 1997 with the creation of Charles Darwin National Park.", "Charles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin, FRS (/ˈdɑrwɪn/; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist and geologist, best known for his contributions to evolutionary theory.", "Charles Darwin (aviator) Squadron Leader Charles John Wharton Darwin DSO RAF (12 December 1894 - 26 December 1941) was a First World War flying ace credited with five aerial victories.", "Charles Darwin (medical student) Charles Darwin (3 September 1758 – 15 May 1778) was the oldest son of Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802) and Mary Howard (1740–70), and was the uncle of the famous naturalist Charles Robert Darwin (though dying before his nephew's birth). He showed considerable promise while studying medicine at the University of Edinburgh, but died while still a student.", "Charles Darwin Research Station The Charles Darwin Research Station (CDRS) is a biological research station operated by the Charles Darwin Foundation. It is located on the shore of Academy Bay in the village of Puerto Ayora on Santa Cruz Island in the Galapagos Islands, with satellite offices on Isabela and San Cristóbal islands.", "Charles Darwin University Charles Darwin University (CDU) is an Australian public university with about 22,083 students as of 2011. It was established in 2003 after the merger of Northern Territory University (NTU) of Darwin, the Menzies School of Health Research and Centralian College of Alice Springs and it was named after Charles Darwin, the celebrated English naturalist. It is a member of the group of 7 Innovative Research Universities in Australia.", "Charles Darwin and the Tree of Life Charles Darwin and the Tree of Life is a 2009 television documentary about Charles Darwin and his revolutionary theory of evolution through natural selection, produced by the BBC to mark the bicentenary of Darwin's birth. It is part of the BBC Darwin Season.", "Charles Darwin bibliography This is a partial list of the writings of Charles Darwin, including his main works. All of his writings are available at The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online: the Table of Contents provides a complete bibliography of his works, including alternative editions, contributions to books & periodicals, correspondence, life, and a complete catalogue of his manuscripts. This is free to read, but not Public Domain, and includes work still under Copyright.", "Charles Galton Darwin Sir Charles Galton Darwin, KBE, MC, FRS (18 December 1887 – 31 December 1962) was an English physicist, the grandson of Charles Darwin. He served as director of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) during the Second World War.", "Charles Waring Darwin (infant) Charles Waring Darwin, who died when he was 18 months old (6 December 1856 – 28 June 1858), was the last of the children of Charles and Emma Darwin, their tenth child and sixth son. He was born and died at the family home of Down House in Kent.There is consensus amongst academics that he had Down's syndrome, which at the time had not been medically described.", "Charles Waring Darwin (soldier) Colonel Charles Waring Darwin CB DL JP (28 August 1855 - 1 August 1928) was a British soldier and landowner.Darwin was the son of Francis Darwin JP DL (né Rhodes) of Elston Hall; his mother Charlotte Maria Cooper Darwin (1827-1885) was the daughter of William Brown Darwin of Elston (1774-1841).", "Commemoration of Charles Darwin Commemoration of Charles Darwin began while he was still on the Beagle survey voyage, and continued with his increasing fame. Many geographical features, species and institutions bear his name. Interest in his work has led to scholarship and publications, nicknamed the Darwin Industry, and his life is remembered in fiction, film and TV productions as well as in numerous biographies.", "Correspondence of Charles Darwin The British naturalist Charles Darwin corresponded with numerous other luminaries of his age and members of his family. These have provided many insights about the nineteenth century, from scientific exploration and travel to religious debate and discussion.", "Darwin: The Life of a Tormented Evolutionist Darwin: The Life of a Tormented Evolutionist is a biography of Charles Darwin by Adrian Desmond and James Moore. It is considered one of three scholarly biographies of Darwin, along with Charles Darwin: The Man and His Influence (1996) by Peter J. Bowler and Janet Browne's two volume biography, Charles Darwin: Voyaging (1995) and Charles Darwin: The Power of Place (2002).", "Darwin Industry The Darwin Industry refers to historical scholarship about, and the large community of historians of science working on, Charles Darwin's life, work, and influence.", "Darwin from Insectivorous Plants to Worms Between 1873 and 1882, the life and work of Charles Darwin from Insectivorous Plants to Worms continued with investigations into carnivorous and climbing plants that had begun with his previous work. Worries about family illnesses contributed to his interest in Galton's ideas of \"hereditary improvement\" (which would later be called Eugenics).", "Darwinism Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by Charles Robert Darwin and others, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.", "Darwin–Wedgwood family The Darwin–Wedgwood family is composed of two interrelated English families, descending from the prominent 18th-century doctor, Erasmus Darwin, and Josiah Wedgwood, founder of the pottery firm, Josiah Wedgwood and Sons, the most notable member of which was Charles Darwin. The family contained at least ten Fellows of the Royal Society and several artists and poets (including the composer Ralph Vaughan Williams).", "Emma Darwin Emma Darwin (née Wedgwood) (2 May 1808 – 7 October 1896) was the wife and first cousin of Charles Darwin, the English naturalist, scientist and author of On the Origin of Species. They were married on 29 January 1839 and were the parents of 10 children, three of whom died at early ages.", "Francis Darwin Sir Francis \"Frank\" Darwin, FLS FRS, (16 August 1848 – 19 September 1925), a son of the British naturalist and scientist Charles Darwin, followed his father into botany.", "List of things named after Charles Darwin Several places, concepts, institutions, and things are namesakes of the English biologist Charles Darwin:PlacesCharles Darwin National ParkCharles Darwin UniversityDarwin College, CambridgeDarwin, Falkland IslandsDarwin, Northern TerritoryDarwin Glacier (California)Darwin Island, Galapagos IslandsDarwin Island (Antarctica)Darwin Sound (Canada)Mount Darwin (California)Mount Darwin (Tasmania)Things named after Darwin in relation to his Beagle voyageCordillera DarwinDarwin's finchesDarwin's frogDarwin SoundMount Darwin (Andes)Scientific names of organismsSome 250 species and several higher groups bear Darwin's name; most are insects.", "More Letters of Charles Darwin More Letters of Charles Darwin, a sequel to The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin of 1887, was a book in two volumes, published in 1903, edited by Francis Darwin and A.C. Seward, containing as the title implies, additional publications of 782 letters from the correspondence of Charles Darwin.The Times noted that \"the two volumes of More Letters of Charles Darwin form a fitting supplement to The Life and Letters\", which it had in turn described as \"one of the best biographies ever written\".", "On the Origin of Species On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Its full title was On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. In the 1872 sixth edition \"On\" was omitted, so the full title is The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life.", "Portraits of Charles Darwin There are many known portraits of Charles Darwin. Darwin came from a wealthy family and became a well-known naturalist and author, and portraits were made of him in childhood, adulthood and old age. Darwin's life (1809–1882) spanned the development of photography, and early portraits of Darwin are drawn or painted, while later portraits are monochrome photographs.", "Religious views of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin's views on religion have been the subject of much interest. His work which was pivotal in the development of modern biology and evolution theory played a prominent part in debates about religion and science at the time, then in the early twentieth century became a focus of the creation-evolution controversy in the United States.Charles Darwin had a non-conformist background, but attended a Church of England school.", "Susannah Darwin Susannah Wedgewood Darwin (née Wedgwood 1765–1817) was the wife of Robert Darwin, and mother of Charles Darwin, and part of the Wedgwood pottery family. She was the daughter of Josiah and Sarah Wedgwood. She gave birth to Charles Darwin on February 12, 1809. In 1817, she started growing ill, with gastrointestinal symptoms that were probably a sign of either a severe ulcer or stomach cancer. She died on 15 July 1817.", "The Autobiography of Charles Darwin The Autobiography of Charles Darwin is the autobiography of the British naturalist Charles Darwin which was published in 1887, five years after his death.Darwin wrote the book, which he entitled Recollections of the Development of my Mind and Character, for his family.", "The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online (or Darwin Online) is a freely-accessible website containing the complete print and manuscript works of Charles Darwin, as well as related supplementary material.", "The Genius of Charles Darwin The Genius of Charles Darwin is a three-part television documentary, written and presented by evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins.It was first shown in August 2008 on Channel 4. It won Best TV Documentary Series 2008 at the British Broadcast Awards in January 2009.", "The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin is a book published in 1887 edited by Francis Darwin about his father Charles Darwin." ]

[ "Anne Darwin Anne Elizabeth \"Annie\" Darwin (2 March 1841 – 23 April 1851) was the second child and eldest daughter of Charles and Emma Darwin.", "Bombing of Darwin The Bombing of Darwin, also known as the Battle of Darwin, on 19 February 1942 was both the first and the largest single attack ever mounted by a foreign power on Australia. On this day, 242 Japanese aircraft attacked ships in Darwin's harbour and the town's two airfields in an attempt to prevent the Allies from using them as bases to contest the invasions of Timor and Java.", "Charles Darwin Reserve Charles Darwin Reserve is a nature reserve in Western Australia.", "Darwin's fox Darwin's fox or Darwin's Zorro (Lycalopex fulvipes) is a small critically endangered canine from the genus Lycalopex. It is also known as the Zorro Chilote or Zorro de Darwin in Spanish and lives on Nahuelbuta National Park, (Araucanía Region), the Valdivian Coastal Range (Los Ríos Region) in mainland Chile and Chiloé Island.Darwin's fox was first collected from San Pedro Island off the coast of Chile by the naturalist Charles Darwin in 1834.", "Darwin, Northern Territory Darwin /ˈdɑrwɨn/is the capital city of the Northern Territory, Australia. Situated on the Timor Sea, Darwin is the largest city in the sparsely populated Northern Territory, with a population of 136,245. It is the smallest and most northerly of the Australian capital cities, and acts as the Top End's regional centre. Darwin was originally a pioneer outpost.Darwin's proximity to South East Asia makes it an important Australian gateway to countries such as Indonesia and East Timor.", "Darwin from Descent of Man to Emotions Between 1868 and 1872, the life and work of Charles Darwin from Descent of Man to Emotions continued with aspects of his intended \"Big Book\" on evolution through natural selection.", "Emma Darwin: A Century of Family Letters Emma Darwin: A Century of Family Letters 1796-1896 is a book in two volumes, edited by Henrietta Litchfield about her mother, Emma Darwin (née Wedgwood) and letters from their family. It was originally privately published in 1904 as Emma Darwin, Wife of Charles Darwin: A Century of Family Letters 1796-1896, but was publicly published under the shorter title in 1915 by John Murray.", "Erasmus Darwin Erasmus Darwin (12 December 1731 – 18 April 1802) was an English physician. One of the key thinkers of the Midlands Enlightenment, he was also a natural philosopher, physiologist, slave-trade abolitionist, inventor and poet. His poems included much natural history, including a statement of evolution and the relatedness of all forms of life. He was a member of the Darwin–Wedgwood family, which includes his grandsons Charles Darwin and Francis Galton.", "Extracts from Letters to Henslow Extracts from Letters to Henslow is an 1835 pamphlet published by John Stevens Henslow at his own expense of extracts from ten letters Charles Darwin sent him while on the HMS Beagle. This pamphlet helped to establish Darwin's reputation amongst renowned scientific publications. However, upon learning of this pamphlet's publication Darwin was \"a good deal horrified\" at Henslow making public \"what had been written without care or accuracy\".", "George Darwin Sir George Howard Darwin KCB FRS (9 July 1845 – 7 December 1912) was an English astronomer and mathematician.", "Henrietta Litchfield Henrietta Emma Litchfield (née Darwin; 25 September 1843 - 17 December 1927) was a daughter of Charles Darwin and his wife Emma Wedgwood.Henrietta was born at Down House, Downe, Kent, in 1843. She was Darwin's third daughter and the eldest daughter to reach adulthood after the eldest, Annie, died aged 10, and a second daughter, Mary, died before she was a month old.", "The Life of Erasmus Darwin The Life of Erasmus Darwin is the 1879 biography of Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802) by his grandson Charles Darwin and the German biologist Ernst Krause.Ernst Krause wrote a paper on the scientific works Erasmus Darwin which was published in the German language journal Kosmos in February 1879.", "William Erasmus Darwin William Erasmus Darwin (27 December 1839 – 8 September 1914) was the first-born son of Charles and Emma Darwin, and the subject of psychological studies by his father. He was educated at Rugby School and Christ's College Cambridge, and later became a banker at Grant and Maddison's Union Banking Company in Southampton. In 1877 he married an American Sara Price Ashburner Sedgwick (1839 – 1902).", "Erasmus Darwin IV Erasmus Darwin MA (7 December 1881 - 24 April 1915), grandson of the naturalist Charles Darwin, was an English businessman and soldier, killed in the First World War.", "Leonard Darwin Major Leonard Darwin (15 January 1850 – 26 March 1943), a son of the English naturalist Charles Darwin, was variously a soldier, politician, economist, eugenicist and mentor of the statistician and evolutionary biologist Ronald Fisher.", "Inception of Darwin's theory The inception of Darwin's theory occurred during an intensively busy period which began when Charles Darwin returned from the survey voyage of the Beagle, with his reputation as a fossil collector and geologist already established.", "Darwin Medal The Darwin Medal is awarded by the Royal Society every alternate year for \"work of acknowledged distinction in the broad area of biology in which Charles Darwin worked, notably in evolution, population biology, organismal biology and biological diversity\". First awarded in 1890, it was created in memory of Charles Darwin and is presented with a £1000 prize.", "List of taxa described by Charles Darwin This is a list of taxa described by Charles Darwin. Many of them are barnacles from his study of that group.", "William Darwin Fox The Reverend William Darwin Fox (23 April 1805 – 8 April 1880) was an English clergyman, naturalist, and a second cousin of Charles Darwin.", "Charles Darwin Trust The Charles Darwin Trust is a British educational charity. The trust was part of a campaign with other organizations to back the bid to make Down House a World Heritage Site.The trust was founded in 1999 by Stephen Keynes.", "Darwin Centennial Celebration (1959) The Darwin Centennial Celebration of 1959 was a worldwide celebration of the life and work of British naturalist Charles Darwin that marked the 150th anniversary of his birth (February 12, 1809), the 100th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species (November 24, 1859), and the 125th anniversary of the second voyage of HMS Beagle.", "Horace Darwin Sir Horace Darwin, KBE, FRS (13 May 1851 – 22 September 1928), a son of the English naturalist Charles Darwin, was a civil engineer. Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.Darwin was born in Down House in 1851, the fifth son and ninth child of the British naturalist Charles Darwin and his wife Emma, the youngest of their seven children that survived to adulthood.He was educated at a private school in Woodbridge, Suffolk and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated BA in 1874.", "Robert Darwin of Elston Robert Darwin of Elston (12 August 1682 — 20 November 1754) was the father of Erasmus Darwin, an English physician and an ancestor of the famous English naturalist and geologist, best known for his contributions to evolution, Charles Robert Darwin. It is with Robert Darwin of Elston that many biographies of his great-grandson begin.In 1718 Darwin discovered the first remains of a Jurassic reptile to be found; a partly fossilised plesiosaur, about 3 m long.", "List of Charles Darwin University people This is an incomplete list of Charles Darwin University people, including alumni and staff.", "Chris Darwin Christopher William Darwin (born 16 March 1961 in London) lives in Australia and works on his goal of halting the global mass extinction of species. He is the ambassador of the charity Bush Heritage Australia. He is the great-great-grandson of Charles Darwin.", "Darwin (unit) The darwin (d) is a unit of evolutionary change, defined by J.B.S. Haldane in 1949. One darwin is defined to be an e-fold (about 2.718) change in a trait over one million years. Haldane named the unit after Charles Darwin.", "Development of Darwin's theory Following the inception of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection in 1838, the development of Darwin's theory to explain the \"mystery of mysteries\" of how new species originated was his \"prime hobby\" in the background to his main occupation of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage.", "BBC Darwin Season The BBC Darwin Season is a series of television and radio programmes commissioned by the BBC to celebrate the bicentenary of the great naturalist Charles Darwin (1809-1882) and the 150th anniversary of the publication of his revolutionary book, On the Origin of Species in November, 1859. In partnership with the Open University, the BBC produced a special documentary, Charles Darwin and the Tree of Life, narrated by David Attenborough, and three major series.", "Darwin 2009: A Pittsburgh Partnership Darwin 2009: A Pittsburgh Partnership was a year-long celebration of the life and work of Charles Darwin and his impact on modern science, that was held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 2009.", "Erasmus Darwin House Erasmus Darwin House in Lichfield, Staffordshire is the former home of the English poet and physician Erasmus Darwin, grandfather of naturalist Charles Darwin. The house is a Grade I listed building, and is now a museum commemorating Darwin's life.Erasmus Darwin, the renowned physician, scientist, inventor, poet, and educationalist lived on Beacon Street from 1758 until 1781.", "Charles Darwin Foundation The Charles Darwin Foundation was founded in 1959, under the auspices of UNESCO and the World Conservation Union. The Charles Darwin Research Station serves as headquarters for The Foundation, and is used to conduct scientific research and promote environmental education. The Station has a team of over one hundred scientists, educators, volunteers, research students, and support staff.The Charles Darwin Foundation is based in Puerto Ayora, Galápagos, Ecuador.", "Darwin, Illinois Darwin is an unincorporated community in Darwin Township, Clark County, Illinois, United States. Darwin is located along the Wabash River across from the state of Indiana.Darwin was named for English naturalist Charles Darwin." ]

[ "Angels & Demons (film) Angels & Demons is a 2009 American mystery thriller film directed by Ron Howard and based on Dan Brown's novel of the same name. It is the sequel to the 2006 film, The Da Vinci Code, also directed by Ron Howard. The novel was published first and The Da Vinci Code followed it. Filming of Angels & Demons took place in Rome, Italy, and the Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City, California.Tom Hanks reprises his role as Professor Robert Langdon.", "Apollo 13 (film) Apollo 13 is a 1995 American historical docudrama film directed by Ron Howard. The film stars Tom Hanks, Kevin Bacon, Bill Paxton, Gary Sinise, and Ed Harris. The screenplay by William Broyles, Jr.", "Captain Phillips (film) Captain Phillips is a 2013 American biographical survival thriller film directed by Paul Greengrass and starring Tom Hanks and Barkhad Abdi.", "Cast Away Cast Away is a 2000 American adventure drama film directed and produced by Robert Zemeckis and starring Tom Hanks as a FedEx employee stranded on an uninhabited island after his plane crashes in the South Pacific. The film depicts his attempts to survive on the island using remnants of his plane's cargo. The film was a critical and commercial success, and Hanks was nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role at the 73rd Academy Awards for his performance.", "Catch Me If You Can Catch Me If You Can is a 2002 American biographical crime drama film based on the life of Frank Abagnale, who, before his 19th birthday, successfully performed cons worth millions of dollars by posing as a Pan American World Airways pilot, a Georgia doctor, and a Louisiana parish prosecutor. His primary crime was check fraud; he became so experienced that the FBI eventually turned to him to help in catching other check forgers.", "Charlie Wilson's War Charlie Wilson's War is a 2007 American comedy-drama film, based on the story of U.S. Congressman Charlie Wilson and CIA operative Gust Avrakotos, whose efforts led to Operation Cyclone, a program to organize and support the Afghan mujahideen during the Soviet–Afghan War.The film was directed by Mike Nichols (his final picture) and written by Aaron Sorkin, who adapted George Crile III's 2003 book Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History.", "Dragnet (1987 film) Dragnet is a 1987 American buddy cop comedy film written and directed by Tom Mankiewicz in his directorial debut, and starring Dan Aykroyd and Tom Hanks. The film is based on the television crime drama of the same name starring Jack Webb. The screenplay, both a parody of and homage to the long-running television series, was written by Dan Aykroyd and Alan Zweibel.", "Every Time We Say Goodbye (film) Every Time We Say Goodbye is a 1986 drama film starring Tom Hanks and Cristina Marsillach. Hanks plays a gentile American in the Royal Air Force, stationed in mandatory Jerusalem, who falls in love with a girl from a Sephardic Jewish family.The movie has the unusual distinction of being partly in the Ladino language; as of July 2006, there were only five movies in the entire Internet Movie Database that are even partially in the Judeo-Spanish language, Ladino.", "Forrest Gump Forrest Gump is a 1994 American epic romantic-comedy-drama film based on the 1986 novel of the same name by Winston Groom. The film was directed by Robert Zemeckis and stars Tom Hanks, Robin Wright, Gary Sinise, Mykelti Williamson, and Sally Field.", "Forrest Gump (character) Forrest Gump is a fictional character who first appears in the 1986 novel by Winston Groom. Forrest Gump also appeared on screen in the 1994 film of the same name directed by Robert Zemeckis. Forrest was portrayed as a child by Michael Humphreys and portrayed as an adult by Tom Hanks, who won an Academy Award for the role. The portrayal of Forrest in the novel is notably different from the portrayal in the film.", "Joe Versus the Volcano Joe Versus the Volcano is a 1990 American romantic comedy film written and directed by John Patrick Shanley and starring Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan. Hanks plays a man who, after being told he is dying of a rare disease, accepts a financial offer to travel to a South Pacific island and throw himself into a volcano on behalf of the superstitious natives.", "Larry Crowne Larry Crowne is a 2011 American romantic comedy film starring Tom Hanks and Julia Roberts. The film was produced and directed by Hanks, who co-wrote its screenplay with Nia Vardalos. The story was inspired by Hanks' time studying at Chabot College. The film tells the story of Larry Crowne, a middle aged man who unexpectedly loses his job and returns to education. It was released on July 1, 2011 in the United States and Canada.", "List of Tom Hanks performances Tom Hanks is an American actor and producer who has had an extensive career in films, television and on the stage. Hanks made his professional acting debut on the stage playing Grumio, in the Great Lakes Theater production of The Taming of the Shrew (1977). He made his film debut with a minor role in the horror film, He Knows You're Alone (1980). In the same year, Hanks appeared in the television series, Bosom Buddies.", "List of awards and nominations received by Tom Hanks Actor, producer and director Tom Hanks has been honored with numerous awards and nominations, including two Oscars for Best Actor for Philadelphia (1993) and Forrest Gump (1994).", "Magnificent Desolation: Walking on the Moon 3D Magnificent Desolation: Walking on the Moon 3D is a 2005 IMAX 3D documentary film about the first humans on the Moon, the twelve astronauts in the Apollo program.It is co-written, produced and directed by Mark Cowen, and co-written, produced by and starring Tom Hanks.", "Mazes and Monsters Mazes and Monsters is a 1982 made-for-TV movie directed by Steven Hilliard Stern about a group of college students and their interest in a fictitious role-playing game (RPG) of the same name.The movie starred a 26-year-old Tom Hanks in his first major leading film role.", "Nothing in Common Nothing in Common is a 1986 comedy-drama film, directed by Garry Marshall. It stars Tom Hanks and Jackie Gleason in what would prove to be Gleason's final film role - he was suffering from colon cancer, liver cancer, and thrombosed hemorrhoids during production.The film, released in 1986, was not a great financial success, but it became more popular as Hanks's fame grew.", "Philadelphia (film) Philadelphia is a 1993 American drama film and one of the first mainstream Hollywood films to acknowledge HIV/AIDS, homosexuality, and homophobia. It was written by Ron Nyswaner, directed by Jonathan Demme and stars Tom Hanks and Denzel Washington.Hanks won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Andrew Beckett in the film, while the song \"Streets of Philadelphia\" by Bruce Springsteen won the Academy Award for Best Original Song.", "Punchline (film) Punchline is a 1988 American comedy film written and directed by David Seltzer and stars Tom Hanks as a talented young comic who helps a housewife, played by Sally Field who wants to break into stand-up comedy.", "Road to Perdition Road to Perdition is a 2002 American crime thriller film directed by Sam Mendes. The screenplay was adapted by David Self, from the graphic novel of the same name by Max Allan Collins. The film stars Tom Hanks, Paul Newman (in his final live-action film role), Jude Law, and Daniel Craig.", "Saving Mr. Banks Saving Mr. Banks is a 2013 period drama film directed by John Lee Hancock from a screenplay written by Kelly Marcel and Sue Smith. Centered on the development of the 1964 film Mary Poppins, the film stars Emma Thompson as author P. L. Travers and Tom Hanks as filmmaker Walt Disney, with supporting performances from Colin Farrell, Paul Giamatti, Jason Schwartzman, Bradley Whitford, Annie Rose Buckley, Ruth Wilson, B. J. Novak, Rachel Griffiths, and Kathy Baker.", "Saving Private Ryan Saving Private Ryan is a 1998 American epic war drama film set during the Invasion of Normandy in World War II. Directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Robert Rodat, the film is notable for its graphic and realistic portrayal of war, and for the intensity of its opening 27 minutes, which includes a depiction of the Omaha Beach assault of June 6, 1944. It follows United States Army Rangers Captain John H.", "Sheriff Woody Sheriff Woody Pride, or simply Woody, is a fictional character in the Toy Story franchise. He is voiced by Tom Hanks in both the movies and short films and by Jim Hanks in other media. He is a stuffed cowboy character that leads the other toys in adventures in the movies. His facial features are based on Tone Thyne, an animator for Disney at the time.", "Sleepless in Seattle Sleepless in Seattle is a 1993 American romantic comedy-drama film directed and co-written by Nora Ephron. Based on a story by Jeff Arch, it stars Tom Hanks as Sam Baldwin and Meg Ryan as Annie Reed.", "Splash (film) Splash is a 1984 American fantasy romantic comedy film directed by Ron Howard, written by Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel, and starring Tom Hanks, Daryl Hannah, John Candy, Eugene Levy, and Dody Goodman. The film involves a young man who falls in love with a mysterious woman who is secretly a mermaid. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay.", "The 'Burbs The 'Burbs is a 1989 American black comedy film directed by Joe Dante starring Tom Hanks, Bruce Dern, Carrie Fisher, Rick Ducommun, Corey Feldman, Wendy Schaal and Henry Gibson. The film was written by Dana Olsen, who also has a cameo in the movie. The film pokes fun at suburban environments and their eccentric dwellers.", "The Bonfire of the Vanities (film) The Bonfire of the Vanities is a 1990 American comedy-drama film adaptation of the best-selling novel of the same name by Tom Wolfe, originally serialized in Rolling Stone. A critical and commercial flop, the movie was directed by Brian De Palma, and stars Tom Hanks as Sherman McCoy, Bruce Willis as Peter Fallow, Melanie Griffith as Maria Ruskin, and Kim Cattrall as Judy McCoy, Sherman's wife.", "The Circle (2016 film) The Circle is an upcoming American science-fiction drama film directed and written by James Ponsoldt, based on the 2013 novel of same name by Dave Eggers. The film stars Tom Hanks, Emma Watson, John Boyega, Karen Gillan, Patton Oswalt, and Bill Paxton. Principal photography began on September 11, 2015 in Los Angeles.", "The Da Vinci Code (film) The Da Vinci Code is a 2006 American mystery-thriller film produced by John Calley and Brian Grazer and directed by Ron Howard. The screenplay was written by Akiva Goldsman and adapted from Dan Brown's 2003 best-selling novel of the same name.", "The Green Mile (film) The Green Mile is a 1999 American fantasy crime drama film directed by Frank Darabont and adapted from the 1996 Stephen King novel of the same name. The film is told in a flashback format and stars Tom Hanks as Paul Edgecomb and Michael Clarke Duncan as John Coffey with supporting roles by David Morse, Bonnie Hunt, and James Cromwell. The film also features Dabbs Greer, in his final film, as the old Paul Edgecomb.", "The Man with One Red Shoe The Man With One Red Shoe is a 1985 comedy film directed by Stan Dragoti, and starring Tom Hanks and Dabney Coleman. It is a remake of a 1972 French film Le Grand Blond avec une chaussure noire starring Pierre Richard and Mireille Darc.", "The Money Pit The Money Pit is a 1986 American comedy film, directed by Richard Benjamin, and starring Tom Hanks and Shelley Long as a couple who attempt to renovate a recently purchased house. It was filmed in New York City and Lattingtown, New York and is a remake of the 1948 film Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House, starring Cary Grant and Myrna Loy.", "The Polar Express (film) The Polar Express is a 2004 American musical christmas fantasy film based on the children's book of the same title by Chris Van Allsburg. Written, produced, and directed by Robert Zemeckis, the film features human characters animated using the live action performance capture technique.The film stars Daryl Sabara, Nona Gaye, Jimmy Bennett, and Eddie Deezen, with Tom Hanks in six distinct roles.", "The Terminal The Terminal is a 2004 American romantic comedy film directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Tom Hanks and Catherine Zeta-Jones. It is about a man who becomes trapped in New York City's JFK International Airport terminal when he is denied entry into the United States and at the same time cannot return to his native country due to a revolution.", "Tom Hanks Thomas Jeffrey Hanks (born July 9, 1956) is an American actor and filmmaker. He is known for his roles in Big (1988), Philadelphia (1993), Forrest Gump (1994), Apollo 13 (1995), Saving Private Ryan, You've Got Mail (both 1998), The Green Mile (1999), Cast Away (2000), The Da Vinci Code (2006), Captain Phillips, and Saving Mr.", "Turner & Hooch Turner & Hooch is a 1989 American comedy-thriller film starring Tom Hanks and Beasley the Dog as the eponymous characters, Turner and Hooch respectively. The film also co-stars Mare Winningham, Craig T. Nelson and Reginald VelJohnson. It was directed by Roger Spottiswoode; the film was originally slated to be directed by Henry Winkler, but he was terminated because of his \"creative differences\".", "Volunteers (film) Volunteers is a 1985 American comedy film directed by Nicholas Meyer and starring Tom Hanks and John Candy in their second film together after Splash (1984).", "You've Got Mail You've Got Mail is a 1998 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Nora Ephron, starring Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan. It was written by Nora and Delia Ephron. The film is about two people in a online romance who are unaware that they are also business rivals. The name of the film is an example of product placement, based on the trademark greeting that AOL users hear when they receive new e-mail." ]

[ "1st Screen Actors Guild Awards The Inaugural Screen Actors Guild Awards aired on NBC from Stage 12, Universal Studios, on February 25, 1995. Unveiled during this evening for the first time was the Guild’s new award statuette, The Actor, as well as the first awards for ensembles in drama series and comedy series which honor all of the actors who are the regulars in television series. From this auspicious beginning the Screen Actors Guild Awards® has been embraced as one of the most prestigious in the entertainment industry.", "2015 Buffalo Bulls football team The 2015 Buffalo Bulls football team represents the University at Buffalo in the 2015 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Bulls are led by first-year head coach Lance Leipold. The team plays their home games at University at Buffalo Stadium and competes as a member of the East Division of the Mid-American Conference.", "Academy Award for Best Actor The Academy Award for Best Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Emil Jannings receiving the award for his roles in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh.", "Albert Finney Albert Finney (born 9 May 1936) is an English actor. Beginning in the theatre, Finney was especially successful in plays by William Shakespeare before he switched to films. He achieved prominence in films in the early 1960s, his debut being The Entertainer, directed by Tony Richardson, who had directed him in theatre plays various times before. He became a leading Free Cinema figure, and has maintained a successful career in theatre, film and television.", "Aliens Adventure Game Aliens Adventure Game is a role-playing game published by Leading Edge Games in 1990.", "Anil Chatterjee Anil Chatterjee (Chattopadhyay) Bengali: অনিল চ্যাটার্জী (চট্টোপাধ্যায়) (25 October 1929 – 17 March 1996) was a Bengali actor in the Bengali cinema during the early fifties through the mid-nineties and is mostly remembered as a character actor. He acted or performed in about 150 movies, including a few in Hindi. He played different shades, though mostly as a character actor, as well as in leading roles and at times as an antagonist, despite the limited opportunities he received.", "Annette Bening Annette Carol Bening (born May 29, 1958) is an American actress. She began her career on the stage and was nominated for the 1987 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for her performance in Coastal Disturbances. A four-time Academy Award-nominee for her roles in the films The Grifters (1990), American Beauty (1999), Being Julia (2004) and The Kids Are All Right (2010), she won a BAFTA Award for American Beauty and Golden Globe Awards for Being Julia and The Kids Are All Right.", "BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Best Actor in a Leading Role is a British Academy Film award presented annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) to recognize an actor who has delivered an outstanding leading performance in a film.", "Barry Diamond Barry Diamond is an American comedian who released one album, Fighter Pilot, on IRS Records in 1983. He continues to perform stand-up comedy today.He has had bit parts in several films and television sitcoms. He played a comedian in an episode of Seinfeld - \"The Movie\", and a major role in 1984's Bachelor Party, which starred Tom Hanks. As a stand-up comedian he was a regular on MTV's The 1/2 Hour Comedy Hour circa 1983.", "Bus Stop (1956 film) Bus Stop is a 1956 American romantic comedy film directed by Joshua Logan for 20th Century Fox, starring Marilyn Monroe, Don Murray, Arthur O'Connell, Betty Field, Eileen Heckart, Robert Bray and Hope Lange.Unlike most of Monroe's movies, Bus Stop is neither a full-fledged comedy nor a musical, but rather a dramatic piece; it was the first film she appeared in after studying at the Actors Studio in New York.", "Carsten Bjørnlund Carsten Bjørnlund (born 28 June 1973 in Copenhagen) is a Danish film and television actor. Bjørnlund's first leading film role was Rasmus in 2008's One-Way Ticket to Korsør. He played one of the leading characters in the second series of Forbrydelsen (The Killing).", "Cate Blanchett Catherine Élise \"Cate\" Blanchett (/ˈblɑːn.tʃət/; born 14 May 1969) is an Australian actress. She has received critical acclaim and many accolades, including two Academy Awards, three Screen Actors Guild Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, and three British Academy Awards. Blanchett has been awarded the Centenary Medal for Service to Australian Society by the Australian government. She was appointed Chevalier of the Order of Arts and Letters by the French government in 2012.", "Charlize Theron Charlize Theron (/ʃɑrˈliːz ˈθɛrən/ shar-LEEZ THERR-ən; Afrikaans pronunciation: [ʃɐrˈlis tron]; born 7 August 1975) is a South African and American actress, producer and fashion model.", "City of Ember City of Ember is a 2008 American science fiction fantasy film based on the 2003 novel The City of Ember by Jeanne DuPrau. It was produced by Walden Media, Playtone, Seth Hanchett, Gary Goetzman, Tom Hanks and Steven Shareshian, directed by Gil Kenan, distributed by 20th Century Fox, written by Caroline Thompson with music by Andrew Lockington and stars Saoirse Ronan, Harry Treadaway, Bill Murray, Mackenzie Crook, Martin Landau, Mary Kay Place, Toby Jones and Tim Robbins.", "Colin Firth Colin Andrew Firth, CBE (born 10 September 1960) is an English actor. His films have grossed more than $3 billion from 42 releases worldwide. He has received an Academy Award, a Golden Globe, two BAFTAs and three Screen Actors Guild Awards, as well as the Volpi Cup.", "David Schwimmer David Lawrence Schwimmer (born November 2, 1966) is an American actor, director, producer and comedian.He was born in Flushing, Queens, New York, and his family moved to Los Angeles when he was 2. He began his acting career performing in school plays at Beverly Hills High School. In 1988, he graduated from Northwestern University with a Bachelor of Arts in theater and speech. After graduation, Schwimmer co-founded the Lookingglass Theatre Company.", "Dempsey Pappion Dempsey Pappion (born August 27, 1979) is an American film actor, known for doing TV series and roles in movies.Pappion was born in Lake Charles, LA. He started his acting career in 1995. His first TV series role was in Undressed and then starred in his first film leading role in The Red Sneakers in 2002 which came on Showtime television (TV) channel. Dempsey is also a gifted voice over actor who has been in animated movies such as \"The Lorax\" and \"Next Avengers: Heroes of Tomorrow\".", "Denzel Washington on screen and stage Denzel Washington is an American actor who made his film debut in Carbon Copy (1981). In 1982, Washington made his first appearance in the medical drama St. Elsewhere as Dr. Philip Chandler. The role proved to be the breakthrough in his career. He starred as Private First Class Melvin Peterson in the drama A Soldier's Story (1984). The film was an adaptation of the Off-Broadway play A Soldier's Play (1981–83) in which Washington had earlier portrayed the same character.", "Eddie Redmayne Edward John David Redmayne, OBE (born 6 January 1982) is an English actor, singer and model. He started his professional career as an actor in both theatre and television roles in the early 2000s and then made his film debut, Like Minds, in 2006.", "Edward Fielding Edward Fielding (March 19, 1875 - January 10, 1945) was an American actor.Edward Fielding appeared in nearly 40 Broadway productions between 1905 and 1939, often in leading roles. He played as a leading man with famous stage actresses like Olga Nethersole, Grace George, Ethel Barrymore and Laura Hope Crews. The tall and dignified-looking actor was especially known for his roles in the works of playwright Henrik Ibsen. Fielding also worked for some time as an actor in London.", "Elvis Presley filmography Elvis Presley (1935–1977) was an American actor and singer who achieved initial success with \"That's All Right\" on Sun Records, and as a performer on the Louisiana Hayride. He came to the attention Hank Snow's former manager Colonel Tom Parker, who convinced RCA Records to sign him. \"Heartbreak Hotel\" was released on the RCA label January 27, 1956, and led to guest appearances on national television shows. Presley appeared in 33 feature films.", "Empire Award for Best Actor The Empire Award for Best Actor is an Empire Award presented annually by the British film magazine Empire to honor an actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role while working within the film industry.", "Frances McDormand Frances Louise McDormand (born June 23, 1957) is an American actress. She married director and writer Joel Coen in 1984 and has starred in several of the Coen brothers' films, including Blood Simple (1984), Raising Arizona (1987), Fargo (1996), The Man Who Wasn't There (2001) and Burn After Reading (2008). McDormand is one of the few performers who have achieved the Triple Crown of Acting. In 1997, she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for Fargo.", "Gilles Kohler Gilles Kohler is a French actor, born November 18, 1948Former Model, Gilles Kohler started out in 1974 as the blonde angel Jean in Marcel Carné's La Merveilleuse visite. Two years later he plays Jean-Pierre, a lover between two women (Claude Jade in a dual role), in The Choice (1976). In the same year he is leading man alongside to Paola Tedesco in Amore grande, amore libero.", "Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama The Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama was first awarded by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association as a separate category in 1951. Previously, there was a single award for \"Best Actor in a Motion Picture\" but the splitting allowed for recognition of it and the Best Actor – Musical or Comedy.The formal title has varied since its inception. In 2005, it was officially called: \"Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama\".", "Gransito Movie Awards 2008 Gransito Movie Awards 2008 is the 8th edition of Gransito Movie Awards, the first Italian online film award.The winners were announced 6 May 2008 on the official site.Best movie- American Gangster (by Ridley Scott, Usa)- Atonement (by Joe Wright, Uk/Fra)- Into the Wild (by Sean Penn, Usa)- Le vite degli altri (di Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck, Ger)- No Country for Old Men (di Joel Coen & Ethan Coen, Usa)Best director- Paul Thomas Anderson (There Will Be Blood)- Joel Coen & Ethan Coen (No Country for Old Men)- Ermanno Olmi (Centochiodi)- Sean Penn (Into the Wild)- Ridley Scott (American Gangster)Best actor in leading role- George Clooney (Michael Clayton)- Daniel Day-Lewis (There Will Be Blood)- Emile Hirsch (Into the Wild)- Viggo Mortensen (La promessa dell'assassino)- Denzel Washington (American Gangster)Best actress in leading role- Cate Blanchett (Elizabeth - The Golden Age)- Julie Christie (Lontano da lei)- Marion Cotillard (La vie en rose)- Keira Knightley (Espiazione)- Meryl Streep (Leoni per agnelli)Best original screenplay- Caramel- Centochiodi- Io non sono qui- La promessa dell'assassino- Le vite degli altri- Onora il padre e la madre- RatatouilleBest adapted screenplay- Espiazione- Into the Wild- No Country for Old MenBest Italian movie- Caos calmo (by Antonello Grimaldi)- Centochiodi (by Ermanno Olmi)- Come l'ombra (by Marina Spada)- Giorni e nuvole (by Silvio Soldini)- Mio fratello è figlio unico (by Daniele Luchetti)Best actor in supporting role- Casey Affleck (L'assassinio di Jesse James per mano del codardo Robert Ford)- Javier Bardem (No Country for old men)- Philip Seymour Hoffman (La guerra di Charlie Wilson)- Heath Ledger (Io non sono qui)- Tom Wilkinson (Michael Clayton)Best actress in supporting role- Cate Blanchett (Io non sono qui)- Helena Bonham Carter (Sweeney Todd: il diabolico barbiere di Fleet Street)- Hafsia Herzi (Cous cous)- Tilda Swinton (Michael Clayton)- Charlize Theron (Nella valle di Elah)Best independent movie- 4 mesi, 3 settimane, 2 giorni (by Cristian Mungiu, Rom)- Caramel (by Nadine Labaki, Lib)- Cous cous (by Abdel Kechiche, Fra)- Io non sono qui (by Todd Haynes, Usa)- Paranoid Park (by Gus van Sant, Usa)Best animated movie- I Simpson - Il film (by David Silverman, Fox, Usa)- Persepolis (by Marjane Satrapi & Vincent Paronnaud, 247 Films, Fra)- Ratatouille (by Brad Bird & Jan Pinkava, Walt Disney/Pixar, Usa)Best cinematography- American Gangster- Espiazione- Il petroliere- Into the Wild- L'assassinio di Jesse James per mano del codardo Robert FordBest make-up- 300- Elizabeth - The Golden Age- La vie en rose- Pirati dei Caraibi: ai confini del mondo- Sweeney Todd: il diabolico barbiere di Fleet StreetBest costume design- Elizabeth - The Golden Age- Espiazione- Hairspray- La città proibita- Sweeney Todd: il diabolico barbiere di Fleet StreetBest set decoration- Across the Universe- American Gangster- Espiazione- Il petroliere- Sweeney Todd: il diabolico barbiere di Fleet StreetBest editing- American Gangster- Il petroliere- Into the Wild- No Country for Old Men- The Bourne UltimatumBest soundtrack- Across the Universe- Espiazione- Into the Wild- Michael Clayton- RatatouilleBest visual effects- Harry Potter e l'Ordine della Fenice- La bussola d'oro- Pirati dei Caraibi: ai confini del mondoBest original song- \"Good morning Baltimore\" (Hairspray)- \"Guaranteed\" (Into the wild)- \"Tear down these houses\" (Parlami d'amore) Best on-screen duo- Cate Blanchett & Clive Owen (Elizabeth - The Golden Age)- Johnny Depp & Helena Bonham Carter (Sweeney Todd)- Tom Hanks & Julia Roberts (La guerra di Charlie Wilson)- Remy & Linguini (Ratatouille)- Denzel Washington & Russell Crowe (American Gangster)Cult sequence- \"Danza del ventre\" (Cous cous) - \"Flashback sull'infanzia di Ego\" (Ratatouille) - \"Sequenza della sauna\" (La promessa dell'assassino)Breakthrough female performance- Amy Adams (actress; Come d'incanto)- Katherine Heigl (actress; Molto incinta)- Hafsia Herzi (actress; Cous cous)- Anamaria Marinca (actress; 4 mesi 3 settimane 2 giorni)- Marjane Satrapi (director and writer; Persepolis)Breakthrough male performance- Paul Dano (actor; Il petroliere)- Elio Germano (actor; Mio fratello è figlio unico)- Emile Hirsch (actor; Into the Wild)- Shia LaBeouf (actor; Disturbia)- Jim Sturgess (actor; Across the Universe)", "Gwyneth Paltrow Gwyneth Kate Paltrow (/ˈɡwɪnɨθ ˈpæltroʊ/; born September 27, 1972) is an American actress, singer, and food writer.Paltrow gained early notice for her work in films such as the psychological thriller Seven (1995), opposite Brad Pitt and the period drama Emma (1996), opposite Jeremy Northam.", "Halle Berry Halle Maria Berry (born Maria Halle Berry; August 14, 1966) is an American actress and former fashion model. She won an Academy Award for Best Actress in 2002 for her performance in the romantic drama Monster's Ball (2001), becoming the first and, as of 2015, the only woman of color to win an Oscar for a leading role. She was one of the highest paid actresses in Hollywood during the 2000s and has been involved in the production of several of the films in which she performed.", "Hank Aaron Henry Louis \"Hank\" Aaron (born February 5, 1934), nicknamed \"Hammer\", or \"Hammerin' Hank\", is a retired American Major League Baseball (MLB) right fielder. He played 21 seasons for the Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves in the National League (NL) and 2 seasons for the Milwaukee Brewers in the American League (AL), from 1954 through 1976. Aaron held the MLB record for career home runs for 33 years, and he still holds several MLB offensive records.", "Hank Bagby Hank Bagby (died 11 December 1993) was originally a singer around Denver in the mid-1940s. He started playing sax in San Francisco in the late 1940s and worked with such musicians as Leo Wright, Kenny Drew, and the late Addison Farmer. In the early 1950s, he worked in Los Angeles with the late Joe Maini, Frank Butler and others. Hank Bagby first started writing seriously while co-leading the Elmo Hope – Hank Bagby Quartet in the late 50s through the early 60s.", "Hank Cheyne Hank Cheyne (born August 13, 1958) is an American actor known for playing Ricardo Torres in the, Aaron Spelling soap opera Sunset Beach (1997-2000)'. He also played the role of Scott LaSalle on Another World (1986–1988) and Anton on Saints & Sinners.Born Henry Edward Garcia, Hank graduated from Santa Clara University in 1980 with a BSC in Business, where he also played varsity baseball. After graduating from Santa Clara, he attended and graduated from UCLA Law School.", "Hank Wilson Henry \"Hank\" Wilson (April 29, 1947, Sacramento, California – November 9, 2008, San Francisco, California) was a longtime San Francisco LGBT rights activist and long term AIDS activist and survivor. The Bay Area Reporter noted that \"over more than 30 years, he played a pivotal role in San Francisco's LGBT history.\" He grew up in Sacramento, and graduated with a B.A. in education from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1971.", "Hank Zipzer (TV series) Hank Zipzer is a children's television series which stars Nick James in the titular role as a 12-year-old dyslexic schoolboy. The show is based on the series of books by Henry Winkler, who plays the character of Mr. Rock, Hank's music teacher. The first series premiered in January 2014 on CBBC and a second and third series have been commissioned. Unlike the books that take place in America, the series takes place in Britain. The second series began airing on 13 August 2015.", "Helen Hunt Helen Elizabeth Hunt (born June 15, 1963) is an American actress, film director, and screenwriter. She starred in the sitcom Mad About You for seven years, and played single mother Carol Connelly in the 1997 romantic comedy film As Good as It Gets, for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress. Some of her other notable films include Twister, Cast Away, What Women Want, Pay It Forward, and The Sessions. She made her directorial debut in 2007 with Then She Found Me.", "Helen Mirren Dame Helen Lydia Mirren, DBE (née Mironoff; born 26 July 1945), is an English actor. Mirren began her acting career with the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1967, and is one of the few performers who have achieved the Triple Crown of Acting, having won the Academy Award for Best Actress in 2007, after two previous nominations, for her performance as Elizabeth II in The Queen.", "Henry Fonda Henry Jaynes \"Hank\" Fonda (May 16, 1905 – August 12, 1982) was an American film and stage actor with a career spanning more than five decades.Fonda made his mark early as a Broadway actor. He also appeared in 1938 in plays performed in White Plains, New York, with Joan Tompkins.", "Hilary Swank Hilary Ann Swank (born July 30, 1974) is an American actress and producer. She has won two Academy Awards for Best Actress and received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2007.Swank made her film debut in a minor role for Buffy the Vampire Slayer, before she made her breakout lead role in the fourth installment of the The Karate Kid franchise, The Next Karate Kid in 1994.", "Home Movies (season 3) The third season of the animated sitcom Home Movies originally began airing in the United States on the Adult Swim programming block for the television network Cartoon Network from August 4, 2002 to May 25, 2003. Co-creators Brendon Small and Loren Bouchard, along with Tom Sydner, served as executive producers for the season.", "Jean Dujardin Jean Dujardin (French: [ʒɑ̃ dy.ʒaʁ.dɛ̃]; born 19 June 1972) is a French actor, director, producer and comedian. He began his career as a stand-up comedian in Paris before starting his acting career guest-starring in comedic television programs and films. He starred in Michel Hazanavicius's OSS 117: Cairo, Nest of Spies and its sequel OSS 117: Lost in Rio as secret agent Hubert Bonisseur de La Bath.", "Jim Carrey James Eugene Redmond \"Jim\" Carrey (/ˈkæri/; born January 17, 1962) is a Canadian-American actor, comedian, impressionist, screenwriter, and film producer. Known for his highly energetic slapstick performances, he has been described as one of the biggest movie stars in Hollywood.Carrey first gained recognition in 1990 after landing a recurring role in the sketch comedy In Living Color.", "Jim Hanks James Mathew Hanks (born June 15, 1961 in Shasta, California) is an American actor, voice actor, and filmmaker. He has played numerous minor roles in film and guest appearances on television, and often substitutes doing voice work for his brother Tom Hanks. He has produced, directed, and filmed several short films.", "Jishnu Jishnu Raghavan Alingkil, known mononymously as Jishnu, is an Indian film actor who appears in Malayalam films. Having appeared as a child artist in the movie Kilipatt in the year 1987, Jishnu made his film debut in a leading role in the blockbuster movie Nammal in 2002. His performance in the film earned him Mathrubhumi Award and Kerala Film Critics Award for the Best Male Debut.", "Jodie Foster Alicia \"Jodie\" Christian Foster (born November 19, 1962), is an American actress, director, and producer who has worked in films and on television. She has often been cited as one of the best actresses of her generation.Foster began her career aged three years old as a child model in 1965, and two years later moved to acting in television series with an appearance in the sitcom Mayberry R.F.D..", "Johnny Depp John Christopher \"Johnny\" Depp II (born June 9, 1963) is an American actor, producer, and musician. He has won the Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actor.", "Julia Roberts Julia Fiona Roberts (born October 28, 1967) is an American actress and producer. She became a movie star after headlining the romantic comedy Pretty Woman (1990), which grossed $464 million worldwide.", "Julie Christie Julie Frances Christie (born 14 April 1940) is a British actress. A pop icon of the \"swinging London\" era of the 1960s, she has won the Academy, Golden Globe, BAFTA, and Screen Actors Guild Awards.Christie's breakthrough film role was in Billy Liar (1963). In 1966, she won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in the 1965 film Darling. That same year, she starred as Lara in Doctor Zhivago.", "Kapus Kondyachi Goshta Kapus Kondyachi Goshta is a 2014 Indian Woman oriented as well as an agricultural related movie written by Prasad Namjoshiand directed by Mrunalini Bhosale. He is popular on television and has acted in several Marathi movies. It features Makarand Anaspure, Samidha Guru and Bharat Ganeshpure in the lead roles. Supporting roles are played by Gauri Konge, Mohini Kulkarni and Netra Mali . The film is produced by Ravindra alias Nitin Bhosale .", "Kevin Spacey Kevin Spacey Fowler (born July 26, 1959), better known as Kevin Spacey, is an American actor, film director, writer, producer, and comedian. He began his career as a stage actor during the 1980s before obtaining supporting roles in film and television.", "Leading actor A leading actor, leading actress, star, or simply lead, plays the role of the protagonist of a film or play. The word lead may also refer to the largest role in the piece and leading actor may refer to a person who typically plays such parts or an actor with a respected body of work.", "Leading lady Leading lady is an term often applied to the leading actress in the performance if her character is the protagonist. It is also an informal term for the actress who plays a secondary lead, usually a love interest, to the leading actor in a film or play. A leading lady can also be an actress of renown. For example, Lynn Fontanne and Helen Hayes were both referred to as the \"leading lady of the theatre\" in their time.", "List of Animaniacs episodes The following is an episode list for the Warner Bros. animated television series Animaniacs. The series premiered on Fox Kids on September 13, 1993, and then began airing on The WB as part of its \"Kids' WB\" afternoon programming block from 1995 to 1998. Episodes reran on The Hub as of 2013.Currently, all 99 episodes are available on DVD. A feature-length direct-to-video movie, Wakko's Wish, was released on December 21, 1999, but is not included on the list.", "List of Californication episodes Californication is a television series starring David Duchovny as Hank Moody, a famous writer trying to juggle his career, his relationship with his daughter and his ex-girlfriend, as well as his appetite for sex. The series debuted on Showtime on August 13, 2007 in the United States and ran for a total of 84 episodes over seven seasons. Its creator and executive producer was Tom Kapinos.", "List of accolades received by Forrest Gump Forrest Gump is a 1994 epic romantic comedy-drama film based on the 1986 novel of the same name by Winston Groom. The film premiered in Los Angeles, California on June 23, 1994 and was released into the United States and Canada on July 6, 1994, opening into 1,595 domestic theaters and earning $24,450,602 on its first weekend. Forrest Gump grossed $677 million and was at its time the fourth highest grossing film of all time (behind only E.T.", "List of actors who have played comic book characters There have been several movies and live-action television shows based on comic books since comic books debuted in the late 1930s. These movies and shows include those based on the comic books featuring Superman, Batman and Spider-Man, as well as many more. This is a list of actors who have played comic book characters such as those named.", "List of awards and nominations received by Paul Newman This is a list of awards and nominations for Paul Newman, whose acting career in motion pictures, television, and on stage spanned over 50 years. He won an Academy Award (which was Best Actor in a Leading Role for The Color of Money) and was nominated on nine other occasions.", "Living Steel Living Steel was a high-tech role-playing game published by Leading Edge Games and based on their Phoenix Command game system. The rules were presented first as a box set in 1987 and then republished in a single hardbound book in 1988, but they are now long out of print and their publisher defunct.The game was notable for its highly unusual setting and (like all Phoenix Command-based games) the realism and complexity of its rules.", "Meryl Streep Mary Louise \"Meryl\" Streep (born June 22, 1949) is an American actress. A three-time Academy Award winner, she is widely regarded as one of the greatest film actors of all time. Streep made her professional stage debut in The Playboy of Seville in 1971, and went on to receive a 1976 Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actress in a Play for A Memory of Two Mondays/27 Wagons Full of Cotton.", "Michael Douglas on stage and screen American actor and producer Michael Douglas began his film career with an uncredited role in Cast a Giant Shadow (1966). In the same year he played a small role in the play Bedford Forrest. His performance in Hail, Hero! (1969) earned him a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Male Newcomer. He won the 1971 Theatre World Award for Pinkville. During 1972–76, he played the lead role in the TV series The Streets of San Francisco.", "Mickey Rooney Mickey Rooney (born Joseph Yule, Jr.; September 23, 1920 – April 6, 2014) was an American actor of film, television, Broadway, radio, and vaudeville.", "Minas Hatzisavvas Minas Hatzisavvas, born in 1948, is a Greek actor. He has played in many movies, tv series and theatre plays with great success. He initially studied in Rene Simon drama school in France and then he studied in National Theatre of Greece Drama School in Athens. He played his first role in 1965 in Ancient Theatre of Dodona. It was the role of Paris in Rhesus of Euripides. His debut in cinema was in 1970.", "Natalie Portman Natalie Portman (born Neta-Lee Hershlag; Hebrew: נטע-לי הרשלג‎; June 9, 1981) is an Israeli-born American (with dual citizenship) actress, producer, and director. Her first role was in the 1994 action thriller Léon: The Professional, opposite Jean Reno, but mainstream success came when she was cast as Padmé Amidala in the Star Wars prequel trilogy (released in 1999, 2002 and 2005). In 1999, she enrolled at Harvard University to study psychology while still working as an actress.", "Nicolas Cage Nicolas Kim Coppola (born January 7, 1964), known professionally as Nicolas Cage, is an American actor and producer. He has performed in leading roles in a variety of films, ranging from romantic comedies and dramas to science fiction and action films.", "Packson Ngugi Packson Ngugi is a Kenyan actor. He has played roles in plays and movies, and appeared in Kenyan TV commercials. He hosted a TV show, Omo Pick A Box, in the late 1990s.", "Paul Hume (game designer) Paul Hume has been designing role-playing games since the mid 1970s. He co-wrote, with Bob Charrette, Bushido, Aftermath!, and Daredevils for Fantasy Games Unlimited. He is also a co-author of Shadowrun, among other games.", "Peter Kastner Peter Kastner (1 October 1943 – 18 September 2008) was a Canadian-born actor who achieved prominence as a disaffected youth in movies of the 1960s. His first leading role was in the 1964 Canadian film Nobody Waved Goodbye, which was a semi-improvised, documentary-style look at middle-class teenagers. He played an alienated young man, the son of a prosperous automobile dealer, who drifts into petty thievery.", "Philip Seymour Hoffman Philip Seymour Hoffman (July 23, 1967 – February 2, 2014) was an American actor, director, and producer of film and theater. Best known for his distinctive supporting and character roles – typically lowlifes, bullies, and misfits – Hoffman was a regular presence in films from the early 1990s until his death at age 46.Drawn to theater as a teenager, Hoffman studied acting at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts.", "Phoenix Command Phoenix Command was a role-playing game system published by Leading Edge Games, and copyrighted by Barry Nakazono and David McKenzie. Various versions of the system featured in the games Morning Star Missions, Living Steel, and Aliens Adventure Game.Phoenix Command had extremely detailed rules in an attempt to realistically simulate combat.", "Places in the Heart Places in the Heart is a 1984 American drama film written and directed by Robert Benton about a U.S. Depression-era Texas widow who tries to save the family farm with the help of a blind white man and a poor black man. It stars Sally Field, Lindsay Crouse, Ed Harris, Amy Madigan, John Malkovich, Danny Glover, and Terry O'Quinn. It was filmed in Waxahachie, near Dallas, Texas.", "Poul Reichhardt Poul David Reichhardt (2 February 1913 – 31 October 1985) was a Danish actor, well known for his roles in Danish 1940s/50s comedies. Later on, he also played more serious and varied roles; he has also starred in Huset på Christianshavn, Matador and as various minor characters in the Olsen Gang films.For almost thirty years Reichhardt was a leading Danish heroic charmer in movies and partly also on stage.", "Reese Witherspoon Laura Jeanne Reese Witherspoon (/ˈriːz ˈwɪðərspuːn/; born March 22, 1976) is an American actress and producer. She began her career as a child actress, starring in The Man in the Moon in 1991. In 1996, she appeared in Freeway and starred in Pleasantville in 1998.", "Renée Zellweger Renée Kathleen Zellweger (/rəˈneɪ ˈzɛl.wɛ.ɡər/; born April 25, 1969) is an American actress and producer. She has received critical acclaim and many accolades, including an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award, three Golden Globe Awards, and three Screen Actors Guild Awards.", "Rough Crossing Rough Crossing is a 1984 comedic play by British playwright Tom Stoppard, \"freely adapted from Ferenc Molnár's Play at the Castle\". Set on board the SS Italian Castle, it follows world-renowned playwrights Sandor Turai and Alex Gal in their attempts to preserve, with the assistance of the unorthodox cabin steward Dvornichek, the relationship of their composer, Adam Adam, and his love, the leading lady Natasha Navratilova, despite the interference of lothario actor Ivor Fish.", "Russell Crowe Russell Ira Crowe (born 7 April 1964) is an actor, film producer and musician. Although a New Zealand citizen, he has lived most of his life in Australia and identifies himself as an Australian.", "Sandra Bullock Sandra Annette Bullock (/ˈbʊlək/; born July 26, 1964) is an American actress and film producer. She is one of Hollywood's highest-paid actresses, and is the recipient of one Academy Award from two nominations, and one Golden Globe Award from five nominations. She was named the \"Most Beautiful Woman\" by People magazine in 2015.Bullock made her acting debut with a minor role in the 1987 thriller Hangmen.", "Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role The Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role is an award given by the Screen Actors Guild to honor the finest acting achievements in film.Note: \"†\" indicates the winner of the Academy Award for Best Actor. \"‡\" indicates a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor. \"††\" indicates the winner of the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. \"‡‡\" indicates a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.", "Susan Sarandon Susan Abigail Sarandon (/səˈrændən/; née Tomalin; born October 4, 1946) is an American actress. She is an Academy Award and BAFTA Award winner who is also known for her social and political activism for a variety of liberal causes. She was appointed a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador in 1999 and received the Action Against Hunger Humanitarian Award in 2006.Sarandon began her career in the 1970 film Joe, before appearing in the soap opera A World Apart (1970–71).", "Talaat Zakaria طلعت زكريا محمد يوسف born December 18, 1960 in Al-Iskandariya(الإسكندرية),) is an Egyptian comedic actor. In 1984, Talaat graduated from The Higher Institute of Dramatic Art of Egypt and began his acting career by taking bit roles in many movies, plays, and television shows.In 2005 Talaat earned his big break when he played his first leading role in the film (Haha w Tofaha) with the famous Egyptian Actress Yasmin Abdulaziz.", "That Thing You Do! That Thing You Do! is a 1996 American musical comedy drama film written, directed by, and co-starring Tom Hanks. Set in the summer of 1964, the movie tells the story of the rise and fall of a one-hit wonder pop band. The film also resulted in a musical hit with the song \"That Thing You Do\".", "The Ant Bully (film) The Ant Bully is a 2006 American computer-animated adventure fantasy comedy film written and directed by John A. Davis based on the 1999 children's book of the same name by John Nickle. It, featuring the voices of Zach Tyler Eisen, Julia Roberts, Nicolas Cage, Meryl Streep and Paul Giamatti, was produced by Tom Hanks and Gary Goetzman's Playtone, John A. Davis and Keith Alcorn's DNA Productions and released in theatres on July 28, 2006 by Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures.", "The Great Buck Howard The Great Buck Howard is a 2008 American comedy-drama film directed by Sean McGinly that stars Colin Hanks and John Malkovich. Tom Hanks also appears as the father of his real-life son's character. The character Buck Howard is inspired by the mentalist The Amazing Kreskin, whose popularity was at its height in the 1970s. The film premiered at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival on January 18, 2008. It is the first Walden Media film to be distributed by Magnolia Pictures.", "The Real Inspector Hound The Real Inspector Hound is a short, one-act play by Tom Stoppard. The plot follows two theatre critics named Moon and Birdboot who are watching a ludicrous setup of a country house murder mystery, in the style of a whodunit. By chance, they become involved in the action causing a series of events that parallel the play they are watching.The play was written between 1961 and 1962, drawing on Stoppard's experiences as a Bristol theatre critic.", "The Shawshank Redemption The Shawshank Redemption is a 1994 American drama film written and directed by Frank Darabont and starring Tim Robbins and Morgan Freeman. Adapted from the Stephen King novella Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption, the film tells the story of Andy Dufresne, a banker who is sentenced to life in Shawshank State Prison for the murder of his wife and her lover despite his claims of innocence.", "The Shop Around the Corner The Shop Around the Corner is a 1940 American romantic comedy film produced and directed by Ernst Lubitsch and starring James Stewart, Margaret Sullavan, and Frank Morgan. The screenplay was written by Samson Raphaelson based on the 1937 Hungarian play Parfumerie by Miklós László.", "The Weathered Underground The Weathered Underground is a 2010 interactive film starring Michael Ciraco and Brea Grant. It was written and directed by David N. Donihue who also played two roles.", "Todd Waring Todd Waring (born April 28, 1955) is an American actor, best known for reprising the Tom Hanks roles in both the TV series version of Nothing in Common as well as the TV movie Splash, Too. He has played minor roles in various television shows and movies, including The Stiller and Meara Show, Wings and Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.In 2007, he appeared in the short films Wilted, Dr.", "Tom Alan Robbins Tom Alan Robbins is an American actor. He recently returned to the role of Pumba in The Lion King, a role he originated at its Broadway opening. Before returning to The Lion King, he appeared in the Broadway production of Is He Dead?, a comedy written by Mark Twain, as Hans von Bismarck, a role which he originated in 2007.", "Tom Aldredge Thomas Ernest Aldredge (February 28, 1928 – July 22, 2011) was an American television, film and stage actor, best known for various appearances in movies, theatre and television, with a notable role as Hugh De Angelis on The Sopranos. He also appeared in the television shows Damages as Uncle Pete and Ryan's Hope. He won a Daytime Emmy Award for playing the role of Shakespeare in Henry Winkler Meets William Shakespeare (1978).", "Tom Chadbon Tom Chadbon (born 27 February 1946) is an English actor, who has spent the larger part of his career appearing on British television. While principally a character actor, he has occasionally had leading or recurring roles.Among his more regular work, he helmed all 10 episodes of 1995's Crown Prosecutor, playing the almost-titular Lenny Monk. He also enjoyed substantial recurring roles in Chancer, The Liver Birds, Where the Heart Is, and Wire in the Blood.Chadbon was born in Luton.", "Tom Hiddleston Thomas William \"Tom\" Hiddleston (born 9 February 1981) is an English actor. He is best known for his role as Loki in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, appearing in Thor (2011), The Avengers (2012), and Thor: The Dark World (2013). He has also appeared in Steven Spielberg's War Horse (2011), The Deep Blue Sea (2011), Woody Allen's romantic comedy Midnight in Paris (2011), the 2012 BBC series Henry IV, Henry V, and the romantic vampire film Only Lovers Left Alive (2013).", "Tom Selleck Thomas William \"Tom\" Selleck (born January 29, 1945) is an American actor and film producer. He is best known for his starring role as the private investigator Thomas Magnum in the television series Magnum, P.I. (1980–1988), based in Hawaii. He also plays Police Chief Jesse Stone in a series of made-for-TV movies based on Robert B. Parker novels.", "Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play The Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play is an honor presented at the Tony Awards, a ceremony established in 1947 as the Antoinette Perry Awards for Excellence in Theatre, to actors for quality leading roles in a Broadway play. The awards are named after Antoinette Perry, an American actress who died in 1946.", "Toy Story That Time Forgot Toy Story That Time Forgot is a Christmas-themed 22-minute television special that aired on ABC on December 2, 2014. It was written and directed by Steve Purcell and produced by Galyn Susman. Michael Giacchino composed the music for the special. Most of the regular cast from the Toy Story series reprised their roles, including Tom Hanks as Woody, Tim Allen as Buzz Lightyear, Kristen Schaal as Trixie, Wallace Shawn as Rex, Timothy Dalton as Mr. Pricklepants, Don Rickles as Mr.", "Typecasting (acting) In television, film, and theatre, typecasting is the process by which a particular actor becomes strongly identified with a specific character; one or more particular roles; or, characters having the same traits or coming from the same social or ethnic groups.", "Viola Davis Viola Davis (born August 11, 1965) is an American actress and producer. She won the 2001 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for her role as Tonya in the original production of King Hedley II, and the 2010 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her role as Rose Maxon in the revival of Fences.", "Wentworth Miller Wentworth Earl Miller III (born June 2, 1972) is an American actor, model, screenwriter and producer. He rose to prominence following his role as Michael Scofield in the Fox series Prison Break, for which he received a Golden Globe Award nomination for best actor in a leading role. He made his screenwriting debut with the 2013 thriller film Stoker." ]

[ "Augsburg Augsburg (German pronunciation: [ˈʔaʊ̯ksbʊʁk]) is a city in the south-west of Bavaria, Germany. It was a Free Imperial City for over 500 years.It is a university town and home of the Regierungsbezirk Schwaben and the Bezirk Schwaben. Augsburg is an urban district and home to the institutions of the Landkreis Augsburg. It is the third-largest city in Bavaria (after Munich and Nuremberg) with a population of 284,000 citizens.", "Berlin Berlin (/bərˈlɪn/, German: [bɛɐ̯ˈliːn]) is the capital of Germany and one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.5 million people, it is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany on the banks of Rivers Spree and Havel, it is the centre of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, which has about six million residents from over 180 nations.", "Bielefeld Bielefeld (German pronunciation: [ˈbiːləfɛlt]) is a city in the Ostwestfalen-Lippe Region in the north-east of North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany.", "Bochum Bochum (German pronunciation: [ˈboːxʊm]; Westphalian: Baukem) is a city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and part of the Arnsberg region. It is located in the Ruhr area and is surrounded by the cities (in clockwise direction) of Herne, Castrop-Rauxel, Dortmund, Witten, Hattingen, Essen and Gelsenkirchen. With a population of nearly 365,000, it is the 16th most populous city in Germany.", "Bonn Bonn (German pronunciation: [ˈbɔn]), officially the Federal City of Bonn, is a city on the banks of the Rhine and northwest of theSiebengebirge (Seven Mountains) in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, with a population of 311,287 within its administrative limits. Bonn serves alongside the capital Berlin as the seat of government of Germany.", "Braunschweig Braunschweig or Brunswick (German pronunciation: [ˈbʁaʊ̯nʃvaɪ̯k]; Low German: Brunswiek [ˈbrɔˑnsviːk]; English: Brunswick), is a city of 250,556 people, located in the state of Lower Saxony, Germany. It is located north of the Harz mountains at the farthest navigable point of the Oker river, which connects to the North Sea via the rivers Aller and Weser.", "Bremen The City Municipality of Bremen (German: Stadtgemeinde Bremen, IPA: [ˈbʁeːmən]) is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany.A commercial and industrial city with a major port on the River Weser, Bremen is part of the Bremen/Oldenburg Metropolitan Region (2.4 million people). Bremen is the second most populous city in Northern Germany and tenth in Germany.Bremen is a major cultural and economic hub in the northern regions of Germany.", "Cologne Cologne (English pronunciation: /kəˈloʊn/; German Köln [kœln], Colognian: Kölle [ˈkœɫə]), Germany's fourth-largest city (after Berlin, Hamburg, and Munich), is the largest city both in the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and within the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Area, one of the major European metropolitan areas with more than ten million inhabitants.Cologne is located on both sides of the Rhine River, fewer than eighty kilometers from Belgium.", "Demographics of Berlin In December 2013, the city-state of Berlin had a population of 3,517,424 registered inhabitants (+47, 800) in an area of 891.82 square kilometers (344.33 sq mi). The city's population density was 3,944 inhabitants per km². Berlin is Germany's largest city and the second most populous city in the European Union, as calculated by city-proper population.Berlin's urban area stretches beyond the city limits, comprising about 3.7 million people in 2001.", "Demographics of Germany The demography of Germany is monitored by the \"Statistisches Bundesamt\" (Federal Statistical Office of Germany). According to the first census since the reunification, Germany's population was counted to be 80,219,695 on May 9, 2011, making it the 16th most populous country in the world. Germany's population is characterized by zero or declining growth, with an ageing population and smaller cohort of youths.", "Dortmund Dortmund ([ˈdɔɐ̯tmʊnt]; Low German: Düörpm [ˈdyːœɐ̯pm̩]; Latin: Tremonia) is an independent city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is in the middle part of the state and is considered to be the administrative, commercial and cultural centre of the region. Its population of 575,944 (2013) makes it the 8th largest city in Germany.", "Dresden Dresden (German pronunciation: [ˈdʁeːsdən]; Upper Sorbian: Drježdźany) is the capital city of the Free State of Saxony in Germany. It is situated in a valley on the River Elbe, near the Czech border.Dresden has a long history as the capital and royal residence for the Electors and Kings of Saxony, who for centuries furnished the city with cultural and artistic splendor. The city was known as the Jewel Box, because of its baroque and rococo city center.", "Duisburg Duisburg (German pronunciation: [ˈdyːsbʊɐ̯k]) is a German city in the western part of the Ruhr Area (Ruhrgebiet) in North Rhine-Westphalia. It is an independent metropolitan borough within Regierungsbezirk Düsseldorf.", "Düsseldorf Düsseldorf (German: [ˈdʏsl̩dɔɐ̯f], Low German: Düsseldörp [ˈdʏsl̩dœɐ̯p]) is the capital city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and center of the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region with a population of 11 million people.Düsseldorf is an international business and financial centre and renowned for its fashion and trade fairs. Located within the Blue Banana, the city is headquarters to five Fortune Global 500 and several DAX companies.", "Essen Essen (German pronunciation: [ˈʔɛsn̩]; Latin: Assindia) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Its population of approximately 567,000 (as of 31 December 2012) makes it the 9th-largest city in Germany.", "Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main (German pronunciation: [ˈfʁaŋkfʊɐ̯t am ˈmaɪ̯n] ) is the largest city in the German state of Hesse (Hessia) and the fifth-largest city in Germany, with a 2015 population of 731,095 within its administrative boundaries. The urban area called Frankfurt Rhein-Main has a population of 2,221,910. The city is at the centre of the larger Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region which has a population of 5,500,000 and is Germany's second-largest metropolitan region. Since the enlargement of the European Union in 2013, the geographic centre of the EU is about 40 km (25 mi) to the east.", "Gelsenkirchen Gelsenkirchen (German pronunciation: [ˌɡɛlzn̩ˈkɪʁçn̩]) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in the northern part of the Ruhr area. Its population in 2012 was c. 257,600.Gelsenkirchen was first documented in 1150, but it remained a tiny village until the 19th century, when the Industrial Revolution led to the growth of the entire area.", "Hamburg Hamburg (/ˈhæmbɜrɡ/; German pronunciation: [ˈhambʊʁk], local pronunciation [ˈhambʊɪ̯ç]; Low German/Low Saxon: Hamborg [ˈhambɔːx]), officially Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg (Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg), is the second largest city in Germany and the eighth largest city in the European Union. It is also the thirteenth largest German state.", "Hanover Hanover or Hannover (/ˈhænəvər/; German: Hannover, pronounced [haˈnoːfɐ]), on the River Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), Germany and was once by personal union the family seat of the Hanoverian Kings of Great Britain, under their title as the dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg (later described as the Elector of Hanover). At the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the Electorate was enlarged to become the capital of the Kingdom of Hanover.", "Karlsruhe Karlsruhe (German pronunciation: [ˈkaɐ̯lsˌʁuːə]; formerly Carlsruhe) is the second-largest city in the state of Baden-Württemberg, in southwest Germany, near the Franco-German border. It has a population of 296,033. Karlsruhe Palace was built in 1715, and the city is now the seat of the two highest courts in Germany: the Federal Constitutional Court and the Federal Court of Justice.", "Leipzig Leipzig (/ˈlaɪpsɪɡ/; German: [ˈlaɪptsɪç]) is the largest city in the federal state of Saxony, Germany. It has a population of 544,479 inhabitants (1,001,220 residents in the larger urban zone). Leipzig is located about 150 kilometers (93 miles) south of Berlin at the confluence of the White Elster, Pleisse, and Parthe rivers at the southerly end of the North German Plain.Leipzig has been a trade city since at least the time of the Holy Roman Empire.", "List of cities in Germany by population This is a list of cities in Germany by population. In Germany, a city (Großstadt) is officially defined as an administration unit with a population greater than 100,000. The federal capital is shown in yellow, state capitals (except Schwerin, which does not meet the list criterion) in light blue.This list deals exclusively with the areas within city administrative boundaries.", "Mannheim Mannheim (German pronunciation: [ˈmanhaɪm] About this sound listen , Palatine German: Monnem or Mannem) is a city in the southwestern part of Germany, the third-largest in the German state of Baden-Württemberg after Stuttgart and Karlsruhe. Mannheim is among the twenty largest cities in Germany, with a 2012 population of approximately 295,000 inhabitants.", "Munich Munich (/ˈmjuːnɪk/; also /ˈmjuːnɪx/ in UK English; German: München, pronounced [ˈmʏnçn̩], Bavarian: Minga [ˈmɪŋ(ː)ɐ]) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Bavaria, on the banks of River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps. Munich is the third largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg, with a population of around 1.5 million.", "Mönchengladbach Mönchengladbach (German pronunciation: [mœnçn̩ˈɡlatbax]), formerly known as München Gladbach is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.", "Nuremberg Nuremberg (/ˈnjʊərəmbɜrɡ/; German: Nürnberg German pronunciation: [ˈnʏrnbɛrk]) is a city on the Pegnitz river and the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal in the German state of Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Franconia, about 170 kilometres (110 mi) north of Munich. It is the second-largest city in Bavaria (after Munich), and the largest in Franconia (Franken). The population as of February 2015, is 517,498, which makes it Germany's fourteenth-largest city.", "Stuttgart Stuttgart (/ˈʃtʊtɡɑrt/; German pronunciation: [ˈʃtʊtɡaʁt], Swabian: Schduagert [ˈʃd̥ua̯ɡ̊ɛʕt]) is the capital and largest city of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southwest Germany. The sixth-largest city in Germany, Stuttgart has a population of 600,068 (October 2014) while the greater Stuttgart Metropolitan Region has a population of 5.3 million (2008), being the fourth-biggest in Germany after the Rhine-Ruhr area, Berlin/Brandenburg and Frankfurt/Rhine-Main.", "Wiesbaden Wiesbaden (German pronunciation: [ˈviːsˌbaːdn̩]) is a city in central western Germany and the capital of the federal state of Hesse.", "Wuppertal Wuppertal (German pronunciation: [ˈvʊpɐtaːl]) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in and around the river Wupper valley, and is situated east of the city of Düsseldorf and south of the Ruhr area. With a population of approximately 350,000, it is the largest city in the Bergisches Land. Wuppertal is known for its steep slopes, its woods and parks, and its suspension railway, the Wuppertal Schwebebahn. Two-thirds of the total municipal area of Wuppertal is green space." ]

[ "10th of Ramadan City El Asher City or Tenth of Ramadan City (Arabic: مدينة العاشر من رمضان‎) is a city located in Sharqia governorate in Egypt and follows the Urban Communities Authority. It is one of the cities of the first generation, and one of the largest new industrial cities, located close to the city of Cairo. It was created by Presidential Decree No.", "Aachen Aachen (German pronunciation: [ˈʔaːxən]), also known as Bad Aachen (Ripuarian: Óche, Limburgish: Aoke, French: Aix-la-Chapelle, Dutch: Aken, Latin: Aquisgranum) is a German spa and border town located between the Eifel, South Limburg (Netherlands) and High Fens (Belgium) regions in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.", "Abdul Hafeez Kardar Abdul Hafeez Kardar (Urdu: عبد الحفیظ کاردار ‎) About this sound pronunciation or Abdul Kardar (17 January 1925 – 21 April 1996) was an international cricketer, who is one of the only three players to have played Test cricket for both India and Pakistan, the other two being Amir Elahi and Gul Mohammad. He became the first captain of the Pakistan cricket team and is widely regarded as a father figure of Pakistan's cricket.", "Afragola Afragola [afraˈɡoːla] (Neapolitan: Afravóla; Afragolese dialect: Afraóra) is a city and comune in the Metropolitan City of Naples, southern Italy. It is one of the 100 largest Italian cities (the ones that have a population of more than 63,000 inhabitants).The communal territory, measuring 18 square kilometres (7 square miles), borders the municipalities of Acerra, Casalnuovo di Napoli, Caivano, Cardito and Casoria, forming a single metropolitan area of around 100,000 inhabitants.", "Al-Qa'im (town) Al-Qa'im (القائم) is an Iraqi town located nearly 400 km northwest of Baghdad near the Syrian border and situated along the Euphrates River, and located in the Al Anbar Governorate. It has a population of about 250,000 and is the center of the Al-Qa'im District.The Al-Qa'im region has some of the richest soil in the Middle East.", "Albert Trott Albert Edwin Trott (6 February 1873 – 30 July 1914) was a Test cricketer for both Australia and England. He was named as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1899. He is believed to be the only batsman to have struck a ball over the top of the Lord's Pavilion. He is also one of only two players to take two hat-tricks in the same first-class innings, the other being Joginder Rao.", "Aldi Aldi (stylized as ALDI) is a leading global discount supermarket chain with over 10,000 stores in 18 countries, and an estimated turnover of more than €50bn. Based in Germany, the chain was founded by brothers Karl and Theo Albrecht in 1946 when they took over their father's store in Essen which had been in operation since 1913; it is one of the world's largest privately owned companies.", "Amir Elahi Amir Elahi (Urdu: عامر الہی) About this sound pronunciation (1 September 1908 – 28 December 1980) was one of the fourteen cricketers who have played Test cricket for more than one country. Born in Lahore, Pakistan, he played one Test for India. After Pakistan acquired Test match status in 1952-3, he played 5 Tests for Pakistan as a leg break googly bowler with modest success.", "Anderson Cummins Anderson Cleophas Cummins (b. 7 May 1966 in Packers Valley, Christ Church, Barbados) is a former international cricketer who represented both the West Indies and Canada. He was primarily a fast-medium bowler.Having made his name playing for Barbados, it was expected Cummins would make his Test match debut for the West Indies in their first-ever match against South Africa at the Kensington Oval in Barbados in 1992. However, the selectors eventually opted for Kenny Benjamin instead.", "Babimost Babimost [baˈbʲimɔst] (German: Bomst) is a small town in Poland in the Lubusz Voivodeship, Zielona Gora County.Area: 3,6 km², Population: 4,300 (2001), City rights: 1397Until 1945 Babimost (German: Bomst) was part of Germany. In 1871 the town had 2272 inhabitants, of whom 1042 were Catholics (mostly Poles), 1070 were Evangelical Lutherans (mostly Germans) and 160 Jewish.", "Bacău Bacău (Romanian pronunciation: [baˈkəw], German: Barchau, Hungarian: Bákó; Turkish: Baka) is the main city in Bacău County, Romania. At the 2011 census it had a population of 172,697, making it the 15th largest city in Romania. The city is situated in the historical region of Moldavia, at the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains, and on the Bistrița River (which meets the Siret River about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the south of Bacău). The Ghimeș Pass links Bacău to the region of Transylvania.", "Baltic Germans The Baltic Germans (German: Deutsch-Balten, or Baltendeutsche) were mostly ethnically German inhabitants of the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, in what today form the countries of Estonia and Latvia. (Lithuania, now considered a Baltic state, followed a completely different historical path and some of its cities were home to a small German trading class, but never a German noble or ruling class.) The Baltic German population never made up more than 10% of the total.", "Betzenweiler Betzenweiler is a municipality in the Biberach district of Baden-Württemberg, in southwestern Germany.The 9.70 square kilometre area is between the Federseebasin and the Bussen, the largest mountain in central Swabia.The official language is German, day-to-day conversations by almost all of its inhabitants are in Swabian dialect.Relative to its size of ca.", "Billy Midwinter William \"\\Billy\") Evans Midwinter (19 June 1851 in St Briavels, Gloucestershire, England – 3 December 1890 in Melbourne, Australia) was a cricketer who played four Test matches for England, sandwiched in between eight Tests that he played for Australia.", "Billy Murdoch William Lloyd \"Billy\" Murdoch (18 October 1854 – 18 February 1911) was an Australian cricketer who captained the Australian national side in 16 Test matches between 1880 and 1890. This included four tours of England, one of which, in 1882, gave rise to The Ashes.Although Victorian-born, Murdoch was raised in Sydney, and played his Australian domestic cricket for New South Wales, making his first-class debut in 1875.", "Bonnevoie Bonnevoie (Luxembourgish: Bouneweg, German: Bonneweg) is an area of south-eastern Luxembourg City, in southern Luxembourg. It is divided between the quarters of North Bonnevoie-Verlorenkost and South Bonnevoie. It is the biggest neighbourhood in the city, with more than 15,000 inhabitants.Famous people born in, or residents of Bonnevoie include: John E.", "Bulgarian American Bulgarian Americans are Americans of Bulgarian descent.For the 2000 United States Census, 55,489 Americans indicated Bulgarian as their first ancestry, while 92,841 persons declared to have Bulgarian ancestry.", "Campingkirche Campingkirche is a German term for church service during summer holiday. The Lutheran and Roman Catholic churches in Germany offer spiritual guidance and church services on campsites. Some have existed for more than 30 years.", "Chinese Brazilian Chinese Brazilians (Portuguese: Sino-brasileiro or Chinês-brasileiro; Chinese: 巴西华人 or 巴西华裔) are people of Chinese ancestry who were born in or have immigrated to Brazil. The Chinese Brazilian population was estimated to be approximately 250,000.It is known that there were Chinese in Brazil as far as the late 18th century. Rugendas painted a depiction of Chinese Tea planters in Rio de Janeiro during the period of the Portuguese Royal family in Brazil.", "Clayton Lambert Clayton Benjamin Lambert (born 10 February 1962 in Berbice, British Guiana) is a cricketer for the West Indies and the United States.Lambert first appeared in the West Indies team for a One Day International against England in Georgetown, against whom he also made an unsuccessful Test match debut at The Oval in 1991.", "Delitzsch Delitzsch (German pronunciation: [ˈdeːlɪtʃ], Slavic: delč or delčz for hill) is a town in the Free State of Saxony in Germany. With more than 26,000 inhabitants, it is the largest town in the district of Nordsachsen.Archaeological evidence outside the town limits points to a settlement dating from the Neolithic Age. The first documented mention of Delitzsch dates from 1166 and later became the elector's residence in the 17th and 18th centuries.", "Dietzenbach Dietzenbach is the seat of Offenbach district in the Regierungsbezirk of Darmstadt in Hesse, Germany and lies roughly 12 km southeast of Frankfurt am Main on the river Bieber. Before the Second World War, the current town was a farming village with not quite 4,000 inhabitants. However, after the war, there was a considerable upswing in the population due to refugees settling in the community. From the 1970s onwards, Dietzenbach’s population rose rapidly, reaching some 33,000 by 2006.", "Dirk Nannes Dirk Peter Nannes (born 16 May 1976) is a professional cricketer who has played internationally for both Australia and the Netherlands, one of the few players to represent multiple international teams. From Melbourne, Nannes was a freestyle skier before beginning his cricket career, and competed in mogul events at two FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cups. Beginning in Victorian Premier Cricket, he made his first-class debut for Victoria during the 2005–06 season, aged 29.", "Dougie Brown Douglas Robert Brown (born 29 October 1969) is a former Scottish cricketer, currently employed as a coach for Warwickshire C.C.C.. He is an all-rounder who has represented both England and Scotland at One Day International level. He is a regular summariser for the BBC's cricket coverage including Test Match Special.", "Ed Joyce Edmund Christopher Joyce (born 22 September 1978) is an Irish cricketer who has played for both the Irish and English national cricket teams. After beginning his career with Middlesex, he moved to Sussex in 2009. A left-handed batsman and occasional right-arm bowler of medium pace, Joyce is widely regarded as one of the best cricketers produced by Ireland. After qualifying to play for England, Joyce was a member of the squad in the 2006–07 Ashes series and 2007 World Cup.", "Engels, Saratov Oblast Engels (Russian: Энгельс; IPA: [ˈɛnɡʲɪlʲs]), named after Friedrich Engels, is a port city on the Volga River in Saratov Oblast, Russia, located across from Saratov, the administrative center of the oblast, and since 1965 connected to it with a bridge. Population: 202,419 (2010 Census).", "Entella Entella (Greek: Ἔντελλα), was an ancient city in the interior of Sicily, situated on the left bank of the river Hypsas (modern Belice), and nearly midway between the two seas, being about 40 km from the mouth of the Hypsas, and much about the same distance from the north coast of the island, at the Gulf of Castellamare. It was a very ancient city, and apparently of Sicanian origin, though the traditions concerning its foundation connected it with the Elymi and the supposed Trojan colony.", "Eoin Morgan Eoin Joseph Gerard Morgan (born 10 September 1986) is an Irish cricketer who captains the England national cricket team in One Day Internationals and Twenty 20 International. A left-handed batsman, he plays county cricket for Middlesex and has been selected for England's Test, ODI and Twenty20 squads. He originally represented his native Ireland at international level before switching to play for England.", "Eric Carle Eric Carle (born June 25, 1929) is an American designer, illustrator, and writer of children's books. He is most famous for The Very Hungry Caterpillar, a picture book with few words that has been translated into more than 62 languages and sold more than 41 million copies. Since it was published in 1969 he has illustrated more than 70 books, most of which he also wrote, and more than 132 million copies of his books have been sold around the world.", "Erlangen Erlangen (German pronunciation: [ˈɛrlaŋən]; East Franconian: Erlang) is a Middle Franconian city in Bavaria, Germany. It is located north-west of Nuremberg at the confluence of the river Regnitz and its large tributary, the Untere Schwabach.", "Ernst Thälmann Island Ernst Thälmann Island (German: Ernst-Thälmann-Insel, Spanish: Cayo Ernesto Thaelmann or Cayo Blanco del Sur) is a 15 kilometre long and 500 metre wide Cuban island in the Gulf of Cazones named for German Communist politician and activist Ernst Thälmann. It contains highly developed reef formations with a high degree of biodiversity and hosts a number of endangered species, including black coral and various ornamental reef fish species.", "Ethnic groups in Omaha, Nebraska Various ethnic groups in Omaha, Nebraska have lived in the city since its organization by Anglo-Americans in 1854. Native Americans of various nations lived in the Omaha territory for centuries before European arrival, and some stayed in the area. The city was founded by white Anglo-Saxon Protestants from neighboring Council Bluffs, Iowa.", "Eurogame A German-style board game, also referred to as a German game, Euro game, or Euro-style game, is any of a class of tabletop games that generally have simple rules, short to medium playing times, indirect player interaction and abstract physical components.", "Faymonville Faymonville (Walloon: Faimonveye) is a town in Liège, Belgium, part of the municipality of Waimes. Its inhabitants are nicknamed the \"Turks\" by the neighbouring towns and villages. It is believed that the inhabitants refused to join the crusades against the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century, and were called as Turks consequently.", "Frank Hearne Frank Hearne (23 November 1858 in Ealing, England – 14 July 1949 in Cape Town, South Africa) was a cricketer and a member of the Hearne family of cricketers.One of the few men to play Test cricket for more than one country, he played for both England and South Africa.At Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town, in March 1892, he made his debut for South Africa having already appeared twice for his native England.", "Frank Mitchell (sportsman, born 1872) Frank Mitchell (13 August 1872 – 11 October 1935) was a cricketer and rugby union player.", "Gavin Hamilton (cricketer) Gavin Mark Hamilton (born 16 September 1974) is an all-round cricketer who played one Test for England and has appeared in a number of One Day Internationals for Scotland. Hamilton was awarded the Scotland captaincy in April 2009 following the resignation of Ryan Watson, and subsequently retired in 2010.", "Gemeindepolizei Gemeindepolizei (GemPo), is the German name for a municipal law enforcement agency. This article deals with the municipal police forces of Nazi Germany. Municipalities with more than 2,000 residents, not having a State police presence, had to have a municipal police department. The Mayors were police commissioners. Under them the municipal police departments were led by professional chiefs of police.", "Gera Gera is the third-largest city in Thuringia, Germany, located 55 kilometres (34 miles) south of Leipzig, 75 km (47 miles) east of Erfurt and 120 km (75 miles) west of Dresden. Together with the neighbour-cities Chemnitz, Zwickau and Plauen it forms a polycentric old-industrial textile and metal production region with more than 1 million inhabitants, while the city itself has a population of 95,000.Gera was first mentioned in 995 and developed to a city during the 13th century.", "Geraint Jones Geraint Owen Jones MBE (born 14 July 1976) is a former Papua New Guinean-born, Australian-raised English cricketer of Welsh descent. Until August 2006 he was the first-choice wicketkeeper for England in both Test and One-day cricket, but fell behind Chris Read, Paul Nixon, Matt Prior and Tim Ambrose. He also played international cricket for Papua New Guinea.", "German Argentine German Argentines (German: Deutschargentinier, Spanish: germanoargentino) are Argentine citizens of German ancestry. The term \"German\" usually refers to ethnic Germans who immigrated to Argentina from Germany, Austria, France, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Russia, Switzerland, former Yugoslavia and elsewhere in Europe (though only the descendants of Volga and citizens count). Some German Argentines, or their ancestors, originally settled in Brazil, and then later immigrated to Argentina.", "German names for Central European towns This article deals with the historic German language names of towns and cities in Central Europe.Many place names in Central Europe, mostly in the former German Empire and Austria-Hungary, but now located in non-German-speaking countries, have traditionally had equivalents in the German language.", "Gul Mohammad This article is about the cricket player, for the Guantanamo detainee see Mohammad Gul. For the former shortest man in the world, see Gul Mohammed.Gul Mohammad About this sound pronunciation , sometimes referred to as Gul Mahomed, (15 October 1921, Lahore – 8 May 1992, Lahore) played Test cricket for India and Pakistan. He was educated at Islamia College, Lahore. Gul Mohammad was a small man who stood only 5' 5, but a brilliant attacking left-handed batsman and fine fielder in the covers.", "Halle-Neustadt Halle-Neustadt (popularly known as HaNeu, pronounced Ha-Noi) was a city in the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) . It was established as a new town on May 12, 1967, as an independent and autonomous city. The population in 1972 was 51,600 and in 1981 was more than 93,000. On May 6, 1990, Halle-Neustadt merged back into Halle again. The population has halved since then and was about 45,157 inhabitants on December 31, 2010.", "Hans Biebow Hans Biebow (December 18, 1902 – April 24, 1947) was the chief of German Nazi administration of the Łódź Ghetto in occupied Poland.Biebow's early life is summarized by the following curriculum vitae which he submitted to the German Ghetto Administration (German: Gettoverwaltung) on 10 May 1940:After working as a coffee importer in his hometown of Bremen, Biebow became the overseer of the Łódź Ghetto.", "Housing in Portugal Housing in Portugal is generally similar to housing in the rest of Europe. However, some specificities exist. Portugal has the highest rate of rural population in Western Europe, which means that roughly a third of the Portuguese families live in farms or properties outside urban areas. Another characteristic is that most of the urban population is actually suburban. The metropolitan areas of Lisbon and Porto each have over 2 million inhabitants.", "Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi Iftikhar Ali Khan, sometimes I.A.K. Pataudi (16 March 1910 – 5 January 1952) was the 8th Nawab of Pataudi and the captain of the India national cricket team for the tour to England in 1946.", "Illkirch-Graffenstaden Illkirch-Graffenstaden (French pronunciation: ​[ilkiʁʃ ɡʁafɛnʃtadɛn]) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France. It is the second-largest suburb of the city of Strasbourg, and is adjacent to it on the south-southwest.", "Iranian Aluminium Company The first Producer of Aluminium in Iran, is Located at 5 Th km of Arak – Tehran Rd. The area of the plant is 232 hactares and annual production capacity is 120000 TPY consisting of different pure ingots in the shapes of T-bar, 1000Lb, Casting alloys, Billets with different size, Slab and E.C ingots.About 11000 fabrication plants and work shops with more then 250000 personnel are working in industries affiliated to aluminium.", "J. J. Ferris John James Ferris (21 May 1867 in Sydney – 17 November 1900 in Durban), a left-arm swing bowler, was one of the few cricketers to play Test cricket for more than one country.Born in Sydney, Australia, Ferris made his first-class debut for New South Wales against Alfred Shaw's touring English team on his home ground in 1886/87. He took seven wickets in the match, including five in the second innings, and after several more good displays was selected for the first Test, also at Sydney.", "James Irwin James Benson \"Jim\" Irwin (March 17, 1930 – August 8, 1991), (Col, USAF), was an American astronaut, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, and a United States Air Force pilot. He served as Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 15, the fourth human lunar landing. He was the eighth person to walk on the Moon and the first, and youngest, of those astronauts to die.", "Jamsheed Marker Jamsheed Kaikobad Ardeshir Marker, HI (b. 24 November 1922), is a veteran Pakistani diplomat. He is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as having been \"ambassador to more countries than any other person\". He speaks English, Urdu, Gujarati, French, German and Russian, and was Pakistan's top envoy to the United States and more than a dozen other countries for more than three decades and earned the distinction as the \"world's longest-serving ambassador\".", "John Traicos Athanasios John Traicos (born 17 May 1947) is a former cricketer who represented South Africa and Zimbabwe at international level. He was primarily an off spin bowler, and is one of a small number of cricketers to have played at the highest level for more than one country.Traicos was born in Zagazig, Egypt in 1947 where his father Tryphon worked in the family business. He is of Greek descent, his father having been born in Lemnos, Greece and his maternal grandmother in Kalymnos, also in Greece.", "Kepler Wessels Kepler Christoffel Wessels (born 14 September 1957) is a former South African cricketer who captained South Africa after playing 24 Tests for Australia. He was the first man to have played One Day International cricket for two countries.He was a left-handed opening batsman. He played first-class cricket for Orange Free State, Western Province, Northern Transvaal, Eastern Province and Griqualand West in South Africa, for Queensland in Australia and Sussex in England.", "Kivikko Kivikko (Swedish: Stensböle) is the name of a quarter of Helsinki, the capital of Finland. Part of the Mellunkylä district, it was built during the 1990s and the first decade of the 2000s. The quarter is located on the west side of Kontula, an important subregional centre and will have a population of 5000 once completed.Kivikko is especially favoured by families with children. 14% of the inhabitants are immigrants or have immigrant roots, which is more than in most of Helsinki.", "Kopargaon Kopargaon is a town and municipality located in the Ahmednagar district of the Indian state of Maharashtra. Kopargaon is located about 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) from the holy town of Shirdi. Kopargaon Itself is also a holy place. The only temple of Daityaguru Shukracharya (Demons Guru) is located at kopargaon. During that time a vidya called Sanjivani Viday was performed here to make alive to dead person.", "Lay All Your Love on Me \"Lay All Your Love on Me\", is a song recorded by Swedish pop group ABBA in 1980 for their Super Trouper album. It was released only as a 12-inch single in 1981 in limited territories, rather than as a standard 7-inch record. At the time, it was the highest selling 12-inch record in UK chart history, where it peaked at number 7.", "Linxia City Linxia City (simplified Chinese: 临夏市; traditional Chinese: 臨夏市; pinyin: Línxià Shì), once known as Hezhou (Chinese: 河州; pinyin: Hézhōu; Wade–Giles: Ho-chou), is a county-level city in the province of Gansu of the People's Republic of China, and the capital of the multi-ethnic Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture.", "List of cities and towns in Greenland before 2008 This is a list of cities, towns and settlements in Greenland.The English term 'city' hardly applies to any populated area in Greenland (although several places in Greenland are considered \"cities\"), as the most populated place is Nuuk with 14,501 inhabitants. In Greenland they distinguish two kinds of settled areas: by (Danish for 'town') and bygd (Danish for 'settlement'). The seat of each municipality is a by, whereas every other settlement in a municipality is a bygd.", "List of cities and towns in Hungary Hungary has 3152 localities as of July 1, 2009. 328 towns (Hungarian term: város, plural: városok; the terminology doesn't distinguish between cities and towns – the term town is used in official translations) and 2824 villages (Hungarian: község, plural: községek). The number of towns can change, since villages can be elevated to town status by act of the President.", "List of cities in Denmark by population The population is measured by Statistics Denmark for cities, defined by administrative areas, which is defined as a contiguous built-up area with a maximum distance of 200 meters between houses, unless further distance is caused by public areas, cemeteries or similar. Furthermore, to obtain by-status, the area must have at least 200 inhabitants and limited by administrative borders. All cities with a population of 20,000 or more. Part of the Copenhagen urban area (Danish: Hovedstadsområdet).", "List of cities in Mongolia This is a list of cities in Mongolia.The following table includes cities of more than 7,500 inhabitants, their names in English transliteration and Mongolian. The results are from the census of January 5, 2000 as well as from a population estimation for the end of 2008.", "List of cities in the European Union with more than 100,000 inhabitants This is a list of cities in the European Union with more than 100,000 inhabitants.The following table lists all towns in the European Union that currently have a population greater than 100,000.Warning note: census methods may significantly vary from one country to another. Present table (Feb 2013) use heterogeneous definitions for cities depending on countries, sometimes counting only narrow municipal, sometimes counting larger urban areas including adjacent municipalities.", "List of cities in the Netherlands by province This is a list of large cities and towns in the Netherlands, sorted by province. There are no words in the Netherlands which exactly correspond to the English concept of a 'town'. Either one lives in a 'gehucht' (hamlet, settlement, smaller than a village), a 'dorp' (village), or a 'stad' (city). While there is no official 'city status' in Dutch law (see City rights in the Netherlands), the general consensus is that a city constitutes a population of more than 30,000–50,000 inhabitants..", "List of cricketers who have played for two international teams Twenty-four cricketers have represented two countries during their international careers. Of those, fourteen have played Test cricket for two different nations, nine have played One Day International (ODI) cricket for two countries, and four have played Twenty20 International (T20I) matches for two countries. Four men have represented two countries across multiple formats.", "List of minor planets: 249001–250000 This is a list of minor planets with numbers 249001–250000.", "List of postal codes in China Postal codes (邮政编码 or 邮编/郵政編碼 or 郵編; Pinyin: yóuzhèng biānmǎ or yóubiān) in China are a numeric six-digit system for the whole country.The first two digits show the province, province-equivalent municipality, or autonomous region; the third digit the postal zone; the fourth digit the prefectures or prefecture-level city; the last two digits the delivery post office.Hong Kong and Macau, which have their own postal systems, have Chinese postcodes. However, they are not widely used.", "List of towns and cities in Aarhus Municipality Statistcs Denmark defines towns or cities as areas with more than 200 residents in a continuous settlement with no more than 200 meters between residential structures. In 2015 there were 19 such areas in Aarhus Municipality, the largest being the city of Aarhus with some 260.000 inhabitants while some 50.000 people lived in urban areas elsewhere in the municipality. In 2013 Beder and Malling were officially counted as a single conurbation for the first time.", "List of towns and cities with 100,000 or more inhabitants This is a list of towns and cities in the world believed to have 100,000 or more inhabitants, as of 2008.", "Lists of cities Lists of cities:", "Luke Ronchi Luke Ronchi (/ˈrɒŋki/ RONG-ki; born 23 April 1981) is a professional cricketer who plays internationally for the New Zealand national side, having earlier also represented Australia. He plays for Wellington in New Zealand domestic matches, and has played Twenty20 matches for the Mumbai Indians, Perth Scorchers and SomersetBorn in Dannevirke in the Manawatu-Wanganui region of New Zealand, Ronchi emigrated to Perth, Western Australia, with his family at an early age.", "Marie Kondo Marie Kondo (近藤 麻理恵, Kondo Marie) is a Japanese organizing consultant and author. She has written four books on organizing, which have sold more than two million copies altogether and have been translated from Japanese into languages including Korean, Chinese, French, German, and English. In particular, her book The Life-Changing Magic of Tidying Up: The Japanese Art of Decluttering and Organizing has been published in more than 30 countries.", "Mering Mering is a municipality in the district Aichach-Friedberg, in Bavaria, Germany. It is located on the river Paar.First mentioned in records in 1021, Mering has a long history.The growing town with its more than 12700 inhabitants (2007) profits from its good location between Munich and Augsburg. Engine of this growing popularity is the main railway station which connects Mering directly within 30 minutes to Munich and within 15 minutes to Augsburg.", "Moluccans Moluccans refer to the original, indigenous inhabitants of the Maluku Islands, also called the Moluccas, which have been part of Indonesia since 1949. Moluccans are a blanket term for many ethnic and linguistic groups inhabiting the island groups.Moluccans were originally Melanesian in origin. However, a long history of trade and seafaring has resulted in a high degree of mixed blood ancestry among Moluccans. Austronesian peoples added to the native Melanesian population around 2000 BCE.", "Morbi Morbi or Morvi is a city and a municipality in Morbi district in the Indian state of Gujarat. It was a Princely State ruled by the Jadeja clan of Rajputs until Indian independence in 1947. It is situated on the Kathiawar peninsula. In 1981, the city's population was determined to be 73,327. Its chief products are cotton and grain.", "More German than the Germans The assimilated Jewish community in Germany, prior to World War II, has been described as \"more German than the Germans\". Originally, the comment was a \"common sneer aimed at people\" who had \"thrown off the faith of their forefathers and adopted the garb of their Fatherland\". The German assimilation, following The Enlightenment, was \"unprecedented\".The quote is sometimes ascribed to Chaim Weizmann.", "Mortar Board Mortar Board is an American national honor society whose purpose is to recognize outstanding students dedicated to the values of scholarship, leadership, and service. The Cornell University Der Hexenkreis chapter, founded in 1892, is the oldest and predates the national society's founding in 1918.", "Mülheim Mülheim an der Ruhr (German pronunciation: [ˈmyːlhaɪm an deːɐ̯ ʁʊːɐ̯]), also described as \"City on the River\", is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany. It is located in the Ruhr Area between Duisburg, Essen, Oberhausen and Ratingen.", "Münster Münster (German pronunciation: [ˈmʏnstɐ]; Low German: Mönster; Latin: Monasterium, from the Greek μοναστήριον monastērion, \"monastery\") is an independent city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is in the northern part of the state and is considered to be the cultural centre of the Westphalia region. It is also capital of the local government region Münsterland.", "Nordstern Nordstern (En: \"North Star\"), often erroneously referred to as Neu Drontheim (En: \"New Trondheim\") , was the Nazi plan for the creation of a new German metropolis in German-occupied Norway during World War II. It was planned to have a population of around 250,000–300,000 inhabitants.The building site of the city was located 15–20 km (9.3–12.4 mi) southwest of the Norwegian city of Trondheim.", "Operation Bamberg Operation Bamberg was an anti-partisan operation during the Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany. The pilot project for offensive anti-partisan fighting was the operation Bamberg in the area of Hłusk-Pariczi-Oktiabrskij to the south of Bobrujsk, in the eastern Polesie.", "Outline of Germany The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Germany:Germany – federal parliamentary republic in western-central Europe consisting of 16 constituent states, which retain limited sovereignty. Its capital and largest city is Berlin. With more than 80 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state in the European Union.", "PJP4 PJP4 is an oilfield services company headquartered in Reynosa, Mexico with operations in more than 8 countries in the Americas. The company employs more than 1000 people across its operations, from the U.S. through Venezuela. PJP4 claims to have a daily production of over 250000 barrels of petroleum and 350 million normal cubic feet of natural gas. The company is certified ISO 9001:2008, OHSAS 18001 and ISO 14001.", "Pabst Plan The Pabst Plan (German: Neue deutsche Stadt Warschau, \"New German city of Warsaw\") was a Nazi German urban plan to reconstruct the city of Warsaw as a Nazi model city. Named after its creator Friedrich Pabst, the Nazis' \"Chief Architect for Warsaw\", who did not work on the plan, the plan assumed that Warsaw, the historical capital of Poland and a city of 1.5 million inhabitants, would be completely destroyed and rebuilt as a small German town of not more than 130,000 inhabitants.", "Panachage Panachage is the name given to the procedure – sometimes provided for in elections conducted according to the party-list proportional representation system – which allows voters to distribute their votes between individual candidates from different party lists.", "Parabolic fractal distribution In probability and statistics, the parabolic fractal distribution is a type of discrete probability distribution in which the logarithm of the frequency or size of entities in a population is a quadratic polynomial of the logarithm of the rank (with the largest example having rank 1).", "Pennsylvania Dutch Country Pennsylvania Dutch Country, also called the Deitscherei in Deitsch, refers to an area of southeastern Pennsylvania, United States that by the American Revolution had a high percentage of Pennsylvania Dutch inhabitants. Religiously, there was a large portion of Lutherans. There were also German Reformed, Moravian, Amish, Mennonite, and other German Christian sects.", "Port of Yingkou The Port of Yingkou is an international seaport in Yingkou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China. It is the second-largest port in northeast China and the tenth-largest nationwide.", "Poverty in Germany Poverty in Germany refers to people living in relative poverty in Germany.During the last decades the number of people living in poverty has been increasing. Children are more likely to be poor than adults. There has been a strong increase in the number of poor children. In 1965 only one in 75 children lived on welfare, in 2007 one in 6 did.Poverty rates differ by states.", "Proposed new capital of Egypt The proposed new capital of Egypt is a large-scale project announced by Egyptian housing minister Mostafa Madbouly at the Egypt Economic Development Conference on 13 March 2015.The new, yet-unnamed city is to be located 45 kilometers (28 miles) east of Cairo and just outside the Second Greater Cairo Ring Road in a currently largely undeveloped area halfway to the seaport city of Suez.", "Płock Płock (pronounced [pwɔt͡sk]) is a city on the Vistula river in central Poland. It is located in the Masovian Voivodeship (since 1999), having previously been the capital of the Płock Voivodeship (1975–1998). According to the data provided by GUS on 30 June 2009 there were 126,675 inhabitants in the city. Its full ceremonial name is the Princely Capital City of Płock or the Ducal Capital City of Płock (Stołeczne Książęce Miasto Płock) included in the preamble to the City Statute.", "Richard Harrington (photographer) Richard Harrington, OC (February 24, 1911 – October 11, 2005) was a Canadian photographer. He is best known for his photographs taken in the Canadian Arctic between 1948 and 1953.Born in Hamburg, Germany, he immigrated to Canada in the mid-1920s. During his career he traveled to more than 100 countries and his photographs have appeared in more than 24 books.", "Roelof van der Merwe Roelof Erasmus van der Merwe (born 31 December 1984) is a professional cricketer who has played internationally for both South Africa and the Netherlands, one of the few players to represent multiple international teams. From Johannesburg, van der Mewe made his first-class and one-day debuts for Northerns during the 2006–07 season, before moving into franchise cricket with Titans the following season. An all-rounder he bowls left-arm orthodox spin and is a right-handed middle-order batsman.", "Rowan Milburn Rowan Claire Milburn (born 18 June, 1977 in Mosgiel) is a former international cricketer who appeared for both New Zealand women and Netherlands women in women's One Day International cricket. She has played for Canterbury Magicians and Otago Sparks in the State League. She is the daughter of former New Zealand Test cricketer Barry Milburn.", "Salzgitter Salzgitter (German pronunciation: [zalt͡sˈɡɪtɐ]) is an independent city in southeast Lower Saxony, Germany, located between Hildesheim and Braunschweig. Together with Wolfsburg and Braunschweig, Salzgitter is one of the seven Oberzentren of Lower Saxony (roughly equivalent to a metropolitan area). With 109,142 inhabitants and 223.94 square kilometres (86.46 sq mi) (as of 30 January 2004), its area is the largest in Lower Saxony and one of the largest in Germany.", "Sammy Guillen Simpson (Sammy) Clairmonte Guillen (24 September 1924 – 1 March 2013) was one of the few men to have played Test cricket for two countries. He played five Tests for the West Indies and three for New Zealand in the 1950s, one of which was the New Zealand team's first victory, over the West Indies.Guillen held the further rare distinction of also playing in the final of New Zealand's premier association football competition, the Chatham Cup, gaining a runners-up medal for Western AFC in 1954.", "Sammy Woods Samuel Moses James \"Sammy\" Woods (13 April 1867 – 30 April 1931) was an Australian sportsman who represented both Australia and England at Test cricket, and appeared thirteen times for England at rugby union, including five times as captain. He also played at county level in England at both soccer and hockey. At cricket—his primary sport—he played over four hundred first-class matches in a twenty-four-year career.", "Schönwalde Kreis Frankenstein Schönwalde Kreis Frankenstein (German) was a farm community in the county of Frankenstein located West of the city of Frankenstein (German). After World War II, Schoenwalde Kreis Frankenstein was inhabited by Polish people after the German population was forced to leave. The area was renamed in Polish as Budzow (Ząbkowice, Śląskie, Wroclaw, Poland).", "Secondary city A \"secondary city\" often follows after a primate city and can be seen in the urban hierarchy.Secondary cities have between “500,000 to 3 million inhabitants, but are often unknown outside of their national or regional context. Secondary cities in the Global South will undergo massive expansions in the next few decades, comparable to city growth in Europe and North America one to two hundred years ago.", "Swabians Swabians (Schwaben) are an ethnic German people who are native to or have ancestral roots in the cultural and linguistic region of Swabia, which is now mostly divided between the modern states of Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria, in southwest Germany.The name is ultimately derived from the medieval Duchy of Swabia, one of the German stem duchies, representing the territory of Alemannia, whose inhabitants were interchangeably called Alemanni or Suebi.This territory would include all of the Alemannic German areal, but the modern concept of Swabia is more restricted, due to the collapse of the duchy of Swabia in the 13th century.", "Søndre Nordstrand Søndre Nordstrand is a district of the city of Oslo, Norway. It has 37,913 inhabitants and the highest rate of immigrant population at 49.2% (expected to reach 50% by the summer of 2012). It is also the southernmost borough of Oslo, bordering Nordstrand.More than 50% of its inhabitants have immigrant background. It is the first municipality of Oslo and of Norway that has a majority-minority population.", "Taiwan News Taiwan News was founded June 6, 1949 as China News, offering news reports and editorials printed on a stencil press. At the time it was the only English-language daily newspaper in Taiwan. In 1960 the newspaper switched to block printing in a full-size page format.James Wei, the founder of China News, was with the newspaper until 1965.", "Temara Temara (Arabic: تمارة‎) is a coastal city in Morocco. It is part of the Wilaya Rabat -Salé, and is located directly south of Rabat on the Atlantic coast, in the suburban area of the capital. The city has 250,000 inhabitants as of 2010. It is twinned with Saint Germain en Laye, France. The city has beaches and a small pleasure port.", "Tschilp Tschilp is a Hamburg/Germany-based indie rock band. Members are Wibke Tiarks(Guitar/Singer), Nina Istok(Drums/Metallophon) and Kerstin Schroedinger (Bass/Singer). They use guitars, drums, bass and a repetitiontool.Tschilp have made music together since 2002. Since then they've been travelling around Europe with friends, such as 60 stories from Canada, karl-heinz from Hamburg or ninetynine from Australia and have played more than 100 concerts.They release their records on Fidel Bastro.", "Ulm Sparrow The Ulm Sparrow (Ger. Ulmer Spatz) is a landmark in and symbol of the German city of Ulm.According to legend, the inhabitants of Ulm needed a particularly large beam for the construction of Ulm Minster, but could not get it through the city gate. As they were about to tear the gate down, they noticed a sparrow carrying a straw for its nest; which turned it from crosswise to lengthwise in its beak.", "Upemba Depression Upemba Depression or Kamalondo Depression which is more commonly known by its French name Dépression de l'Upemba is a large marshy bowl area (depression) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo comprising some fifty lakes, including 22 of relatively large size including Lake Upemba (530 km²) and Lake Kisale (300 km²).", "Uttam Nagar Situated in West Delhi, Uttam Nagar is an area with dense population. Uttam Nagar has the pincode 110059. Uttam Nagar is mainly consists of several villages which are completely urbanized now. Since the advent of the Delhi Metro in the area, population has increased much faster here. The proximity with Metro, Airport and Gurgaon makes this area special.Around 75 percent of people living here are Hindus & 20 percent are Muslims.", "Westphalia, Missouri Westphalia is a city in Osage County, Missouri, United States. The population was 389 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Jefferson City, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area.Westphalia is heavily influenced by the German heritage of the majority of its inhabitants. Many of the early settlers of the area came from the Westphalia region of Germany, hence the name. Many buildings are influenced by nineteenth-century German architecture, and streets are labeled in both English and German.", "Wickede (Dortmund) Wickede is the easternmost borough in the city of Dortmund, Germany.Until 1830 Wickede was a village with a purely peasant population. With the beginning of industrialization Wickede's population grew. Today it has 15,398 inhabitants , which makes it one of the more populous boroughs of Dortmund.Wickede was incorporated into Dortmund in 1928. Today it is a part of the Stadtbezirk \"\\City District\") Brackel and it borders the towns of Unna and Holzwickede.", "World's largest cities Determining the world's largest cities depends on which definitions of \"city\" and \"size\" are used, and how those definitions are applied. The \"size\" of a city can refer to its land area, but it is more typically the population. How one defines the land area of a city is key to determining its population.", "Świebodzin Świebodzin [ɕfjɛˈbɔd͡ʑin] (German: Schwiebus) is a town in western Poland with 21,757 inhabitants (2004). It is the capital of Świebodzin County. Since the Local Government Reorganization Act of 1998, Świebodzin has been part of Lubusz Voivodeship. It was formerly part of the Zielona Góra Voivodeship (1975–1998).Świebodzin was part of the German territory east of the Oder–Neisse line which was annexed by Poland in 1945.", "Żary Żary [ˈʐarɨ] (German: Sorau, Lower Sorbian: Žarow) is a town in western Poland with about 39,900 inhabitants (2006), situated in the Lubusz Voivodeship (since 1999, previously in Zielona Góra Voivodeship (1975–1998)). It is the administrative seat of the Gmina Żary, although not part of it.Żary is located in the east of the historic Lower Lusatia region, in the borderland with the Silesian lowlands and Greater Poland, roughly outlined by the Bóbr and Oder rivers." ]

[ "Asian elephant The Asian or Asiatic elephant (Elephas maximus) is the only living species of the genus Elephas and is distributed in Southeast Asia from India in the west to Borneo in the east. Three subspecies are recognised—Elephas maximus maximus from Sri Lanka, the Indian elephant or E. m. indicus from mainland Asia, and E. m. sumatranus from the island of Sumatra. Asian elephants are the largest living land animals in Asia.Since 1986, E.", "Asiatic lion The Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica), also known as the Indian lion or Persian lion, is a lion subspecies that exists as a single population in India's Gujarat state.", "Barbary lion The Barbary lion (Panthera leo leo), sometimes referred to as the Atlas lion, North African lion or Numidian lion, was an African lion population native to North Africa, including the Atlas Mountains, that is now considered extinct in the wild.It is believed that the last wild Barbary lions died out or were killed in the 1950s and early 1960s.", "Bear Bears are mammals of the family Ursidae. Bears are classified as caniforms, or doglike carnivorans, with the pinnipeds being their closest living relatives. Although only eight species of bears are extant, they are widespread, appearing in a wide variety of habitats throughout the Northern Hemisphere and partially in the Southern Hemisphere.", "Brown bear The brown bear (Ursus arctos) is a large bear distributed across much of northern Eurasia and North America and (with the polar bear) is the largest land-based predator on earth. There are several recognized subspecies within the brown bear species.While the brown bear's range has shrunk and it has faced local extinctions, it remains listed as a least concern species by the IUCN with a total population of approximately 200,000.", "California sea lion The California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) is a coastal eared seal native to western North America. It is one of five species of sea lion. Its natural habitat ranges from southeast Alaska to central Mexico, including the Gulf of California. Sea lions are sexually dimorphic, males are larger than females, and have a thicker neck and protruding crest. They mainly haul-out on sandy or rocky beaches, but they also frequent manmade environments such as marinas and wharves.", "Chimpanzee Chimpanzees (sometimes called chimps) are one of the two species of the genus Pan, the other being the bonobo. Together with gorillas, they are the only exclusively African species of great ape that are currently extant. Native to sub-Saharan Africa, both chimpanzees and bonobos are currently found in the Congo jungle.", "Elephant Elephants are large mammals of the family Elephantidae and the order Proboscidea. Two species are traditionally recognised, the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) and the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), although some evidence suggests that African bush elephants and African forest elephants are separate species (L. africana and L. cyclotis respectively). Elephants are scattered throughout sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.", "Lion The lion (Panthera leo) is one of the five big cats in the genus Panthera and a member of the family Felidae. The commonly used term African lion collectively denotes the several subspecies found in Africa. With some males exceeding 250 kg (550 lb) in weight, it is the second-largest living cat after the tiger.", "Monkey Monkeys are haplorhine \"\\dry-nosed\") primates, a paraphyletic group generally possessing tails and consisting of approximately 260 known living species. Many monkey species are tree-dwelling (arboreal), although there are species that live primarily on the ground, such as baboons. Most species are also active during the day (diurnal).", "Sea lion Sea lions are sea mammals characterized by external ear flaps, long foreflippers, the ability to walk on all fours, and short, thick hair. Together with the fur seals, they comprise the family Otariidae, eared seals, which contains six extant and one extinct species (the Japanese sea lion) in five genera. Their range extends from the subarctic to tropical waters of the global ocean in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, with the notable exception of the northern Atlantic Ocean.", "White tiger The white tiger is a pigmentation variant of the Bengal tiger, which is reported in the wild from time to time in the Indian states of Assam, Bengal, Bihar, Sunderbans and especially in the former State of Rewa." ]

[ "African marsh harrier The African marsh harrier (Circus ranivorus) is a bird of prey belonging to the harrier genus Circus. It is found in southern, central and eastern Africa from South Africa north to South Sudan with a vagrant record from Nigeria. It is particularly common in the Okavango Delta in Botswana (Simmons 1997).", "American Circus Corporation The American Circus Corporation consisted of the Sells-Floto Circus, the Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus, the John Robinson Circus, the Sparks Circus, and the Al G. Barnes Circus. It was owned by Jerry Mugivan, Bert Bowers and Ed Ballard. They sold the company in 1929 to John Nicholas Ringling for $1.7 million ($23.3 million today). With that acquisition, Ringling owned virtually every traveling circus in America.", "Arne Arnardo Arne Arnardo (12 October 1912 – 4 May 1995), born Arne Otto Lorang Andersen, was a Norwegian circus performer and -owner, generally referred to as the \"circus king\" of Norway. He escaped with the circus at an early age, took the stage name \"Arnardo\", and developed proficiency in several different acts. In 1949, he opened his own circus, under the name of Cirkus Arnardo.", "Asian black bear The Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus, previously known as Selenarctos thibetanus) is also known as moon bear and white-chested bear. It is a medium-sized bear species and largely adapted to arboreal life. It is found in the Himalayas, in the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent, Korea, northeastern China, the Russian Far East, the Honshū and Shikoku islands of Japan, and Taiwan.", "Barnum's Kaleidoscape Barnum's Kaleidoscape was an American circus staged by Feld Entertainment, the owners of Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, at a start-up cost of $10 million. It ran for one season, 1999-2000.Inspired by both European traditions and the contemporary circus movement, it was the first Ringling show to be held under a tent since 1956 and also its first one-ring presentation in more than a century.", "Beaman (cryptid) Tales about the existence of the Beaman Monster in Kansas City have been around for more than a century. There is no proof, however, that such a creature exists. The common tale goes that in 1904, a circus train derailed. During the crash its animals escaped, but were quickly retrieved. Unfortunately, one of the biggest and most-feared animals, a \"12-foot-tall gorilla\" had eluded capture. The tales claim that the Beaman Monster was the offspring of the circus animal escapee.", "Bushbuck The bushbuck is the most widespread antelope in Sub-Saharan Africa, and is found in rain forests, montane forests, forest-savanna mosaics and bush savannaforest and woodland. Recently, genetic studies have shown that the bushbuck is, in fact, a complex of two geographically and phenotypically distinct species.", "Camel A camel is an even-toed ungulate within the genus Camelus, bearing distinctive fatty deposits known as \"humps\" on its back. The two surviving species of camel are the dromedary, or one-humped camel (C. dromedarius), which inhabits the Middle East and the Horn of Africa; and the bactrian, or two-humped camel (C. bactrianus), which inhabits Central Asia.", "Carl Hagenbeck Carl Hagenbeck (June 10, 1844 – April 14, 1913) was a German merchant of wild animals who supplied many European zoos, as well as P. T. Barnum. He created the modern zoo with animal enclosures without bars that were closer to their natural habitat. The transformation of the zoo architecture initiated by him is known as the Hagenbeck revolution.", "Cat The domestic cat (Felis catus or Felis silvestris catus) is a small, usually furry, domesticated, and carnivorous mammal. They are often called housecats when kept as indoor pets or simply cats when there is no need to distinguish them from other felids and felines.", "Charles Edward Ringling Charles Edward Ringling (December 2, 1863 – December 3, 1926) was one of the Ringling brothers, who owned the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus. He was in charge of production and greatly admired by the employees, who called him \"Mr. Charlie\" and sought his advice and help even for personal problems.", "Ciniselli Circus Circus Ciniselli (Russian: Цирк Чинизелли) was the first brick-built circus in Russia; it is situated beside the Fontanka in Saint Petersburg.The building, which still stands, was opened on 26 December 1877, with a large stage (13 meters in diameter) and stables (housing 150 horses). The architect was Vasily Kenel.The Italian circus performer Gaetano Ciniselli (1815-1881) first visited Saint Petersburg in 1847, as part of the troupe of Alessandro Guerra.", "Circomedia Circomedia is a school for contemporary circus and physical theatre based in Bristol, England. The school offers a variety of training courses and workshops that teach circus skills in the context of physical theatre, performance and creativity.It was founded in 1993 by Bim Mason and Helen Crocker, rising out of the ashes of Fooltime, Britain’s first circus school. It is financially supported by Arts Council South West and a range of other funding.Since 2004, Circomedia has been based in St.", "Circus A circus is a company of performers that may include clowns, acrobats, trained animals, trapeze acts, musicians, hoopers, tightrope walkers, jugglers, unicyclists and other object manipulation and stunt-oriented artists. The term 'circus' also describes the performance which has followed various formats through its 150-year modern history. Philip Astley is credited with being the 'father' of the modern circus when he opened the first circus in 1768 in England.", "Circus (building) The Roman circus (from Latin, \"circle\") was a large open-air venue used for public events in the ancient Roman Empire. The circuses were similar to the ancient Greek hippodromes, although circuses served varying purposes and differed in design and construction. Along with theatres and amphitheatres, Circuses were one of the main entertainment sites of the time.", "Circus (song) \"Circus\" is a song recorded by American singer Britney Spears for her sixth studio album of the same name (2008). It was released on December 2, 2008, by Jive Records as the second single from the album. Written by Dr. Luke, Claude Kelly and Benny Blanco, \"Circus\" is a metaphor for the public's perception of Spears' life. After she listened to the track for the first time, she felt inspired to create an album and a tour with a circus theme.", "Circus Circus Las Vegas Circus Circus Las Vegas is a hotel and 123,928 sq ft (11,513.3 m2) casino located on the Las Vegas Strip in Winchester, Nevada. It is owned and operated by MGM Resorts International. Circus Circus features circus acts and carnival type games daily on the Midway.Circus Circus is the largest permanent big top in the world.", "Circus Circus Reno Circus Circus Reno is a hotel and casino located in Reno, Nevada. It is owned and operated by MGM Resorts International (sale to Eldorado Resorts pending).", "Circus Hall of Fame Wallace Circus and American Circus Corporation Winter Quarters, also known as Peru Circus Farm or Valley Farms, is located in Peru, Indiana. It was associated with the Wallace Circus. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987.The site is now the home of the International Circus Hall of Fame, which honors important figures in circus history. The museum exhibits posters, wagons and models, including a miniature replica of the 1934 Hagenbeck Wallace Circus.", "Circus Juventas Circus Juventas (formerly Circus of the Star) is a youth performing arts circus school located in Saint Paul, Minnesota, serving youth throughout the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area. The organization was founded in 1994 by Dan and Betty Butler, and offers circus arts training to young people ranging from 3 to 21 years old.Emulating the style of Cirque du Soleil, Circus Juventas's first show was at Saint Paul's Highland Fest in 1995.", "Circus Maximus The Circus Maximus (Latin for greatest or largest circus, in Italian Circo Massimo) is an ancient Roman chariot racing stadium and mass entertainment venue located in Rome, Italy. Situated in the valley between the Aventine and Palatine hills, it was the first and largest stadium in ancient Rome and its later Empire. It measured 621 m (2,037 ft) in length and 118 m (387 ft) in width, and could accommodate over 150,000 spectators.", "Circus Smirkus Circus Smirkus is a non-profit, award-winning, international youth circus founded in 1987 by Rob Mermin. Based in Greensboro, Vermont, the mission of Circus Smirkus is to promote the skills, culture and traditions of the traveling circus and to inspire youth to engage in the circus arts.", "Circus Time Circus Time was a variety program presented in the United States by television network ABC as part of its 1956-57 season.Circus Time was not an actual circus broadcast but rather a circus-themed program, in which both traditional circus acts and more traditional mainstream forms of entertainment were presented. The host, or \"ringmaster\" in the show's parlance, was ventriloquist Paul Winchell, who was \"assisted\" by his dummies Jerry Mahoney and Knucklehead Smiff.", "Circus World Museum The Circus World Museum is a large museum complex in Baraboo, Wisconsin, devoted to circus-related history. The museum, which features not only circus artifacts and exhibits, but also hosts daily live circus performances throughout the summer, is owned by the Wisconsin Historical Society and operated by the non-profit Circus World Museum Foundation. The museum was the major participant in the Great Circus Parade held from 1963 to 2009.", "Circus music Circus music (also known as carnival music) is any sort of music that is played to accompany a circus, and also music written that emulates its general style. The most common type of circus music is the circus march, or screamer, which are marches played at very fast tempos.", "Circus of the Stars Circus of the Stars was an annual television special, broadcast by the CBS network in the United States, in which celebrities performed circus-type acts. There were 19 shows in total, the first being broadcast in 1977 and the last in 1994. Over the years the series featured many leading movie and television stars. Towards the end of its life the program title was changed slightly.", "Circus school Circus schools are institutions that offer professional and sometimes degree-level training in various circus skills such as acrobatics, aerial arts, object manipulation, and other specialized physical skills. The rise of the circus school as a venue for the transmission of traditional circus arts and the formalized research of new acts is a relatively recent phenomenon in the history of the circus.", "Circus train A circus train is a modern method of conveyance for circus troupes. One of the larger users of circus trains is the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus (RBBX), a famous American circus formed when the Ringling Brothers Circus purchased the Barnum and Bailey Circus in 1907.In 1872 the P.T. Barnum Circus had grown so large that it was decided that they would only play at large venues, and that they would travel by train. P.T.", "Cirkidz Cirkidz is a youth circus school based in Bowden in the South Australian capital of Adelaide. It was originally founded by Tony Hannan and Michael Lester in 1985 as a workshop project to provide alternative opportunities for recreation for disadvantaged young people in Adelaide’s industrial inner-western suburbs. An initial 6-month project was so successful it was continued, to the point where in 2015, Cirkidz celebrates its 30th birthday.", "Cladotaenia circi Cladotaenia circi is a tapeworm of the genus Cladotaenia that has birds of prey as its definitive host, such as the western marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus), hen harrier (Circus cyaeneus), and peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) in Europe. It has been found at low frequences in small mammals, such as the bank vole (Myodes glareolus) and common vole (Microtus arvalis) in Hungary and the marsh rice rat (Oryzomys palustris) in Florida.", "Clyde Beatty Clyde Beatty (June 10, 1903 - July 19, 1965) joined the circus as a cage cleaner as a teen and became famous as a lion tamer and animal trainer. He also became a circus impresario who owned his own show that later merged with the Cole Bros. Circus to form the Clyde Beatty-Cole Bros. Circus.", "Collins Zoo Collins Zoo", "Comedy Circus Comedy Circus is an Indian reality-based comedy show that aired on Sony Entertainment Television.", "Contemporary circus Contemporary circus, or nouveau cirque (as it was originally known in French-speaking countries), is a genre of performing art developed in the later 20th century in which a story or a theme is conveyed through traditional circus skills. Animals are rarely used in this type of circus, and traditional circus skills are blended with a more character-driven approach.", "Continental Circus Berlin The Continental Circus Berlin is a touring circus featured in the UK and presented by the European Entertainment Corporation during the summertime.The Continental Circus Berlin also goes under the shortened name of Circus Berlin.The Circus usually consists of 20-30 cast members, which include clowns, acrobats, tightrope walkers, and other circus artists.The Circus is operated by the same organization that presents the Moscow State Circus.", "Cyr wheel A Cyr wheel is a large metal ring that rotates gyroscopically as person 'spins' it. It acts in a similar way to a coin/penny, but every movement and motion is caused by the person inside it.The Cyr wheel (also known as the roue Cyr, mono wheel, or simple wheel) is an acrobatic device popularized in the early 21st century.", "Dingo The dingo (Canis lupus dingo) is a free-ranging dog found mainly in Australia. Its exact ancestry is debated, but dingoes are generally believed to be descended from semi-domesticated dogs from East or South Asia, which returned to a wild lifestyle when introduced to Australia. As such, it is currently classified as a subspecies of the grey wolf, Canis lupus. The Australian name has therefore sometimes been applied to similar dogs in Southeast Asia or America believed to be close relatives.", "Dog The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris) is a domesticated canid which has been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes.Although initially thought to have originated as a manmade variant of an extant canid species (variously supposed as being the dhole, golden jackal, or gray wolf), extensive genetic studies undertaken during the 2010s indicate that dogs diverged from other wolf-like canids in Eurasia 40,000 years ago.", "Dolly Jacobs Dolly Jacobs (born c. 1957 in Sarasota, Florida) is an American circus aerialist. She is the daughter of famed circus clown Lou Jacobs and former New York fashion model turned circus performer Jean Rockwell Jacobs. She began her circus career in 1975 and has been working ever since. She was a featured performer with Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus. She and her husband, fellow circus performer Pedro Reis, founded Circus Sarasota in 1997.", "Eyles' harrier Eyles' harrier is an extinct bird of prey which lived in New Zealand. This species was named for Jim Eyles, paeleontologist and former director of the Nelson Provincial Museum and the West Coast Museum. It was presumably very similar to the living swamp harrier.It was an example of island gigantism, as an adult female weighed around 2.5 to 3 kg (5.5 to 6.6 lb), over twice as much as a swamp harrier.", "Ezekiel Ox Ezekiel Ox (born Alan James Davies, Colac, Victoria) is an Australian entertainer, singer/songwriter, film maker, actor and political activist. He is currently the a vocalist and songwriter for Over-Reactor, Ox & Marze, Sekht and The Steven Smith Experience. He was previously the singer of Mammal. He was a founding member of the committee for Musicians Against Police Violence (MAPV) in Melbourne.", "Flocke Flocke (German pronunciation: [ˈflɔkə]) is a female polar bear who was born in captivity at the Nuremberg Zoo in Nuremberg, Germany on 11 December 2007. A few weeks after her birth, she was removed from her mother's care after concerns were raised for her safety. Although the zoo had established a strict non-interference policy with its animals, officials chose to raise the cub by hand.", "Frank Buck (animal collector) Frank Howard Buck (March 17, 1884 – March 25, 1950) was a hunter and collector of wild animals, as well as a movie actor, director, writer and producer. He is known for his book Bring 'Em Back Alive and his 1930s and 1940s jungle adventure movies including: Wild Cargo, Jungle Cavalcade, Jacare, Killer of the Amazon, many of which included staged \"fights to the death\" between formidable beasts.", "Full Scale (band) Full Scale (formerly known as Full Scale Deflection) was an Australian alternative metal band that formed in Perth, Western Australia in 1998. The band relocated to Melbourne, Victoria in 2001.Full Scale released two Extended Plays; Black Arrows and White Arrows both in 2003 on Popstar Records. They also released a self-titled studio album issued in 2005 on Columbia Records called Full Scale.", "Giraffe The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) is an African even-toed ungulate mammal, the tallest living terrestrial animal and the largest ruminant. Its species name refers to its camel-like shape and its leopard-like colouring. Its chief distinguishing characteristics are its extremely long neck and legs, its horn-like ossicones, and its distinctive coat patterns. It is classified under the family Giraffidae, along with its closest extant relative, the okapi.", "Goat The domestic goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of goat domesticated from the wild goat of southwest Asia and Eastern Europe.The goat is a member of the family Bovidae and is closely related to the sheep as both are in the goat-antelope subfamily Caprinae. There are over 300 distinct breeds of goat. Goats are one of the oldest domesticated species, and have been used for their milk, meat, hair, and skins over much of the world.", "Grévy's zebra The Grévy's zebra (Equus grevyi), also known as the imperial zebra, is the largest extant wild equid and the largest and most endangered of the three species of zebra, the other two being the plains zebra and the mountain zebra. Named after Jules Grévy, it is the sole extant member of the subgenus Dolichohippus. The Grévy's zebra is found in Kenya and Ethiopia.", "Hachaliah Bailey Hachaliah Bailey (pronounced heck-a-LIE-uh) (Jul 31, 1775 – Sep 2, 1845) is the eponym of Bailey's Crossroads, Virginia and a relative to several famous individuals involved in early American circuses. In 1808, he purchased an elephant which he named \"Old Bet\" that became the first circus elephant in the United States.", "Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus The Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus was a circus that traveled across America in the early part of the 20th century. At its peak, it was the second-largest circus in America next to Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus. It was based in Peru, Indiana.", "Harrier (bird) A harrier is any of the several species of diurnal hawks forming the Circinae sub-family of the Accipitridae family of birds of prey. Harriers characteristically hunt by flying low over open ground, feeding on small mammals, reptiles, or birds. The young of the species are sometimes referred to as ring-tail harriers.", "Harry Lewiston Harry Lewiston (April 2, 1900 – June 1, 1965; legal name Israel Harry Jaffe) was an American showman, freak show director, and barker. He wrote his memoirs under his stage name, published posthumously in 1968 as Freak Show Man: the Autobiography of Harry Lewiston, as told to Jerry Holtman.", "Hedgehog A hedgehog is any of the spiny mammals of the subfamily Erinaceinae, in the order Erinaceomorpha. There are seventeen species of hedgehog in five genera, found through parts of Europe, Asia, Africa and New Zealand (by introduction). There are no hedgehogs native to Australia, and no living species native to the Americas. Hedgehogs share distant ancestry with shrews (family Soricidae), with gymnures possibly being the intermediate link, and have changed little over the last 15 million years.", "Hen harrier The hen harrier (Circus cyaneus) or northern harrier (in the Americas) is a bird of prey. It breeds throughout the northern parts of the northern hemisphere in Canada and the northernmost USA, and in northern Eurasia. This species is polytypic, with two subspecies. Marsh hawk is a historical name for the American form.It migrates to more southerly areas in winter.", "Henry Ringling North Henry Ringling North (12 November 1909 – 2 October 1993) was the vice president, treasurer, director and operations chief, while his brother, John Ringling North, was the president and chairman of the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.", "Horse The horse (Equus ferus caballus) is one of two extant subspecies of Equus ferus. It is an odd-toed ungulate mammal belonging to the taxonomic family Equidae. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature, Hyracotherium, into the large, single-toed animal of today. Humans began to domesticate horses around 4000 BC, and their domestication is believed to have been widespread by 3000 BC.", "Indian elephant The Indian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus) is one of three recognized subspecies of the Asian elephant and native to mainland Asia. Since 1986, Elephas maximus has been listed as Endangered by IUCN as the population has declined by at least 50% over the last 1 to -1 years or three generations. Asian elephants are threatened by habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation.", "Irvin Feld Irvin Feld (May 9, 1918 – September 6, 1984) was an American businessman. He was the head of Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus and founder of Feld Entertainment. He was a music promoter who is credited with discovering Paul Anka.", "James Anthony Bailey James Anthony Bailey (July 4, 1847 – April 11, 1906), born James Anthony McGinnis, was an American circus ringmaster.", "Jean Baptiste Casmiere Breschard Jean Baptiste Casmiere Breschard (John B. Breschard) was a circus owner and equestrian performer in the Circus of Pepin and Breschard.Frenchman Breschard reintroduced the circus clown to the United States in 1807. Mme. Breschard, wife of Jean Baptiste, was a premier equestrienne and is described in numerous sources as being one of the early businesswomen in the USA. Mme. Breschard is arguably the first nationally recognized professional sportswoman in the United States.", "John Bill Ricketts John Bill Ricketts (died 1799) was an Englishman who brought the first modern circus to the United States.", "List of circus fires Fire disasters in circuses include:Hartford circus fire, July 6, 1944 in ConnecticutNiterói circus fire, December 17, 1961 in Brazil1981 Bangalore circus fire", "List of circus skills Circus skills are a group of pursuits that have been performed as entertainment in circus, sideshow, busking or variety/vaudeville/music hall shows. Most circus skills are still being performed today. Many are also practiced by non-performers as a hobby.Circus schools and instructors use various systems of categorization to group circus skills by type.", "List of circuses and circus owners There have been many famous modern circuses since the first modern circus was staged by Philip Astley in London on January 9, 1768. Some of them are better known by the name of their principal owner. The following is an alphabetical list of both circuses and owners. For more information on circuses in general see Circus, or for information regarding the ancient Roman circus, see Circus Maximus.", "List of individual elephants This is a list of historical elephants by name.", "Lists of mammals by region The following are the regional mammal lists by continent. Some are full species lists, others, particularly continental lists, have just the families.", "MGM Distribution MGM Distribution (Metropolitan Groove Merchants) is the largest independent distributor of Australian music and music related merchandise and was established in April 1998 by Sebastian Chase.MGM Distribution was specifically set up as a distribution hub to service independent labels and artists. MGM Distribution is totally focused on a specific agenda - dealing with retail, promoting its releases to retail, ensuring that orders are filled correctly and dispatched expediently.", "Mammal (band) Mammal were an Australian band that formed in March 2006. Mammal rose up the ranks of the Australian music scene very quickly. Their first self-titled EP was recorded soon after the band came together. Their debut live album \"Vol:1 The Aural Underground\" was recorded just 4 months after the band started touring at a sold out show at The Evelyn Hotel on 2 February 2007. Mammal also released a single titled \"Slaves/Nagasaki in Flames\" AA side, featuring 3 songs.", "Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoi Boulevard, or Nikulin's Circus, is located on Tsvetnoi Boulevard in the Tverskoy District of central Moscow. It was the only circus in the city between 1926 and 1971, and still remains the most popular one.The circus building was opened as the Solomonsky Circus on 20 October 1880. The circus is one of the oldest circuses in Russia.", "Moscow State Circus The title Moscow State Circus is used for a variety of circuses.", "Nathans Circus Nathans Circus, also known as Welch & Nathans' Circus was a series of circuses operated by the Nathans family in the 1850s. His acts included the Colonel Routh Goshen.", "National Circus Project National Circus Project is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit educational organization in the United States. The organization was founded in 1984 by JeanPaul Jenack and Meryl Schaffer to teach circus skills in school, as a way to combine physical movement and the arts.Program specialists are recruited from the professional circus world, variety arts and educational organizations, such as physical education colleges and the Academy of Circus Arts in the UK.", "Next in Line (Dead Letter Circus song) \"Next in Line\" is the third single by Australian progressive/alternative rock band Dead Letter Circus. It was preceded by the singles \"Reaction\" (also featured as a B-side to \"Next in Line\") and \"Disconnect and Apply\". It was released on the first of November, 2008, and was distributed, like the Dead Letter Circus EP, through MGM Distribution. Like the band's EP, the whole of \"Next in Line\" was available for purchase through the iTunes Store.", "Olmen Zoo Olmen Zoo is a zoo in the Belgian village Olmen which is part of the town of Balen.The zoo was opened in 1976 by Louis Roothooft, a former captain. He used to live near Antwerp where he had a private collection of foreign animals. He bought some land in Olmen and moved his animals to the new location. The Olmen Zoo was founded. As Roothooft loved the circus a big circus tent was soon placed. Each day the animal carers did performance acts with the animals.", "Oribi Oribi (Ourebia ourebi, known as oorbietjie in Afrikaans) are graceful slender-legged, long-necked small antelope found in grassland almost throughout sub-Saharan Africa.", "Pablo Fanque Pablo Fanque (born William Darby 28 February 1796 in Norwich, England; died 4 May 1871 in Stockport, England) was an English circus proprietor and equestrian performer who became the first non-white British circus owner in Britain.", "Pallid harrier The pale or pallid harrier (Circus macrourus) is a migratory bird of prey of the harrier family. It breeds in southern parts of eastern Europe and central Asia (such as Iran) and winters mainly in India and southeast Asia. It is a very rare vagrant to Great Britain and western Europe, although remarkably a juvenile wintered in Norfolk in the winter of 2002/2003.This medium-sized raptor breeds on open plains, bogs and heathland. In winter it is a bird of open country.", "Papuan harrier The Papuan harrier (Circus spilothorax) is a bird of prey native to New Guinea which belongs to the harrier genus Circus. It is commonly classified as a subspecies of the eastern marsh harrier (Circus spilonotus) of eastern Asia. However it may be a separate species or alternatively a subspecies of the swamp harrier (Circus approximans) of Australasia. It is thinly scattered across the whole of New Guinea except for the Vogelkop peninsula in the west.", "Phantom kangaroo Periodically, reports of kangaroos, wallabies, or their accompanying footprints have been made in places where one would not expect them—specifically, areas where there is no native population. Some explanations put forth are escaped zoo or circus animals (as in the UK), or publicity stunts by local businesses using photographs from Australia. Others suggest outbreaks of such sightings are a form of mass hysteria.", "Piccadilly Circus Piccadilly Circus is a road junction and public space of London's West End in the City of Westminster, built in 1819 to connect Regent Street with Piccadilly. In this context, a circus, from the Latin word meaning \"circle\", is a round open space at a street junction.Piccadilly now links directly to the theatres on Shaftesbury Avenue, as well as the Haymarket, Coventry Street (onwards to Leicester Square), and Glasshouse Street.", "Pinniped Pinnipeds (/ˈpɪnəˌpɛdz/), (from Latin pinna fin and pes, pedis foot) commonly known as seals, are a widely distributed and diverse clade of carnivorous, fin-footed, semiaquatic marine mammals. They comprise the extant families Odobenidae (whose only living member is the walrus), Otariidae (the eared seals: sea lions and fur seals), and Phocidae (the earless seals, or true seals). There are 33 extant species of pinnipeds, and more than 50 extinct species have been described from fossils.", "Pinnipeds in popular culture Pinnipeds (from Latin pinna, wing or fin, and ped-, foot) or fin-footed mammals are a widely distributed and diverse group of semi-aquatic marine mammals. Seals, sea lions, and walruses are popular pinnipeds in the media. They are often portrayed balancing beach balls on their noses and clapping with their flippers. At least three professional sports teams in the San Francisco, California area have been known as \"the Seals\".", "Proconsul (primate) Proconsul is an extinct genus of primates that existed from 23 to 25 million years ago during the Miocene epoch. Fossil remains are present in Eastern Africa including Kenya and Uganda. Four species have been classified to date: P. africanus, P. gitongai , P. major and P. meswae. The four species differ mainly in body size.", "Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus is an American circus company billed as The Greatest Show on Earth. The company was started in 1919 when the circus created by James Anthony Bailey and P. T. Barnum was merged with the Ringling Brothers Circus. The Ringling brothers purchased the Barnum & Bailey Circus in 1907, but ran the circuses separately until they were finally merged in 1919.", "Ringling Brothers Circus The Ringling Brothers Circus was a circus founded in the United States in 1884 by five of the seven Ringling Brothers: Albert, August, Otto, Alfred T., Charles, John), and Henry. In 1907 it acquired the Barnum & Bailey Circus, merging them in 1919 to become Ringling Brothers Barnum and Bailey Circus, promoted as The Greatest Show on Earth.", "Ringling brothers The Ringling brothers were seven siblings who transformed their small touring company of performers into one of America's largest circuses in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Born in McGregor, Iowa and raised in Baraboo, Wisconsin, they were the children of Heinrich Friedrich August Ringling (1826–1898), of Hanover, Germany, and Marie Salome Juliar (1833–1907), of Ostheim, France.", "Sells Floto Circus The Sells Floto Circus was a combination of the Floto Dog & Pony Show and the Sells Brothers Circus that toured with sideshow acts in the United States during the early 1900s.", "Serge (llama) Serge the llama (born 29 June 2005, Saint-Nazaire) is a llama in the circus Cirque Franco-Italien of John Beautour and internet meme. Serge was named after the French singer Serge Lama, who described the choice of name as \"genius\".During the night of 30 to 31 October, while the circus was performing in Bordeaux, the llama was taken from its cage by a group of five youngsters returning from a disco. They took the llama out for a walk, posted some pictures on social media, and took it on a tram.", "Slippery the Sea Lion Slippery the Sea Lion was a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) who in June 1958 escaped from a marine mammal park in London, Ontario, Canada. The animal swam down the Thames to Lake St. Clair, and down the Detroit River to Lake Erie, finally being caught near Sandusky, Ohio by employees of the Toledo Zoo. The escape and subsequent sightings generated a considerable media frenzy, which was exploited by the owners of Storybook Gardens, the sea lion's home.", "Spotted hyena The spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), also known as the laughing hyena, is a species of hyena, currently classed as the sole member of the genus Crocuta, native to Sub-Saharan Africa. It is listed as Least Concern by the IUCN on account of its widespread range and large numbers estimated between 27,000 and 47,000 individuals. The species is however experiencing declines outside of protected areas due to habitat loss and poaching.", "Stoat The stoat (Mustela erminea), also known as the short-tailed weasel, is a species of Mustelidae native to Eurasia and North America, distinguished from the least weasel by its larger size and longer tail with a prominent black tip. The name ermine is often, but not always, used for the animal in its pure white winter coat, or the fur thereof. In the late 19th century, stoats were introduced into New Zealand to control rabbits.", "Sydonia Sydonia is an alternative rock/metal band formed in 1997 in Melbourne, Victoria. The band consists of Dana Roskvist, Adam Murray, Sean Bailey and Sam Haycroft. The band was famed for their use of plungers as melee weapons.The band has released 4 EPs (Sojourn, I'd Say No, Subordinate, (Man)ipulate) as well as the full-length album Given To Destroyers through MGM. Several singles have had airplay on Triple J, Triple M and Channel V.", "The Flying Fruit Fly Circus The Flying Fruit Fly Circus is Australia's national youth circus and the only full-time circus school in Australia. It is on the Murray River in the twin cities of Albury-Wodonga right on the Victoria/New South Wales border.", "The Greatest Show on Earth The Greatest Show on Earth is a 1952 American drama film produced and directed by Cecil B. DeMille, shot in Technicolor, and released by Paramount Pictures. Set in the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, the film stars Betty Hutton and Cornel Wilde as trapeze artists competing for the center ring, and Charlton Heston as the circus manager running the show.", "The Invisible Circus (circus troupe) The Invisible Circus is a group of circus performers from Bristol and London in the United Kingdom.", "Thomson's gazelle The Thomson's gazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii) is one of the best-known gazelles. It is named after explorer Joseph Thomson and is sometimes referred to as a \"tommie\". It is considered by some to be a subspecies of the red-fronted gazelle and was formerly considered a member of the genus Gazella within the subgenus Eudorcas, before Eudorcas was elevated to genus status.", "Tiger The tiger (Panthera tigris) is the largest cat species, reaching a total body length of up to 3.38 m (11.1 ft) over curves and exceptionally weighing up to 388.7 kg (857 lb) in the wild. Its most recognisable feature is a pattern of dark vertical stripes on reddish-orange fur with a lighter underside. The species is classified in the genus Panthera with the lion, leopard, jaguar and snow leopard. Tigers are apex predators, primarily preying on ungulates such as deer and bovids.", "Triton Troupers Circus Triton Troupers Circus is both a professional quality circus show performed every year since 1972, and a college affiliated Circus Arts continuing education program.", "Unicorn The unicorn is a legendary animal that has been described since antiquity as a beast with a large, pointed, spiraling horn projecting from its forehead. The unicorn was depicted in ancient seals of the Indus Valley Civilization and was mentioned by the ancient Greeks in accounts of natural history by various writers, including Ctesias, Strabo, Pliny the Younger, and Aelian.", "Valentin Gneushev Valentin Gneushev (born December 20, 1951) is a Russian circus director and choreographer.Gneushev was born in the city of Nizhny Tagil in the Serdlovsk region.He studied to be a clown at the Moscow State Circus School and later graduated from the Russian Academy of Theatrical Arts as an artistic director.The first circus act he worked on, the aerial group performance “Cranes” (1985), was an instant success. It was on tour in many countries and received various awards.", "Victor Pépin Victor Adolphus Pépin (March 8, 1780 – 1845) was an American circus performer and circus owner most famous for being a partner in the Circus of Pépin and Breschard. The Circus of Pépin and Breschard can thus be considered the first American circus and Pépin the first American circus impresario.", "Vulcana Women's Circus Vulcana Women's Circus is an Australian circus, created with the aim of training women and girls in the circus arts. The company was founded in 1995 at West End in Brisbane, by Antonella Casella in Brisbane, Australia, the company was named after the famous British strongwoman Vulcana.The company has three main activities, which often overlap. \"Vulcademy\" - an in-house circus school open to women over the age of 18.", "William Batty William Batty (1801–1868) was an equestrian performer, circus proprietor, and longtime operator of Astley's Amphitheatre in London. Batty was one of the most successful circus proprietors in Victorian England, and helped launch the careers of a number of leading Victorian circus personalities, such as Pablo Fanque, the versatile performer and later circus proprietor (best known today from his mention in The Beatles song \"Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!\"), and W.F.", "William Washington Cole William Washington Cole (1847 – March 10, 1915), was part owner of the Barnum & Bailey Circus." ]

[ "Rembrandt Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (/ˈrɛmbrænt, -brɑːnt/; Dutch: [ˈrɛmbrɑnt ˈɦɑrmə(n)soːn vɑn ˈrɛin]; 15 July 1606 – 4 October 1669) was a Dutch painter and etcher. He is generally considered one of the greatest painters and printmakers in European art and the most important in Dutch history.", "Sea of Galilee The Sea of Galilee, also Kinneret, Lake of Gennesaret, or Lake Tiberias (Hebrew: יָם כִּנֶּרֶת, Judeo-Aramaic: יַמּא דטבריא, Arabic: بحيرة طبريا‎), is the largest freshwater lake in Israel, and it is approximately 53 km (33 mi) in circumference, about 21 km (13 mi) long, and 13 km (8.1 mi) wide. The lake has a total area of 166.7 km2 (64.4 sq mi) at its fullest, and a maximum depth of approximately 43 m (141 feet).", "The Storm at Sea Storm at Sea is an oil-on-panel by Flemish renaissance artist Pieter Bruegel the Elder, painted in c. 1569. It is currently held and exhibited at the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna.", "The Storm on the Sea of Galilee The Storm on the Sea of Galilee is a painting from 1633 by the Dutch Golden Age painter Rembrandt van Rijn that was in the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum of Boston, Massachusetts, United States, prior to being stolen in 1990. The painting depicts the miracle of Jesus calming the storm on the Sea of Galilee, as depicted in the fourth chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is Rembrandt's only seascape." ]

[ "1633 in art Events from the year 1633 in art.", "1950 Snow in Israel The year 1950 saw the most widespread snow in Israel's history since the beginning of the meteorological measurements in 1870. During the event, it was snowing in most of Israel, from north to south.", "Amirim Amirim (Hebrew: אֲמִירִים, lit. Treetops) is a moshav in the Galilee established by vegetarians. Today 150 families live on the moshav. Amirim is located 650 m. above sea level on a hill overlooking the Sea of Galilee. It is 15 km. from Safed.", "Aqil Agha Aqil Agha al-Hasi (given name also spelled Aqil, Aqila, Akil or Akili; surname sometimes spelled Aga) (died 1870) was the semi-autonomous local ruler of northern Palestine in the mid-19th century, during Ottoman rule.", "Art theft Art theft is usually for the purpose of resale or for ransom (sometimes called artnapping). Stolen art is sometimes used by criminals as collateral to secure loans. Only a small percentage of stolen art is recovered—estimates range from 5 to 10%. This means that little is known about the scope and characteristics of art theft.", "Calming the storm Calming the storm is one of the miracles of Jesus in the Gospels, namely in Mark 4:35-41, Luke 8:22-25 and Matthew 8:23-27. This episode is distinct from Jesus' walk on water which also involves a boat on the lake and appears later in the narrative, in chapter 14 of Matthew.According to the Gospels, one evening Jesus and his disciples were crossing the Sea of Galilee in a boat, when a furious storm came up, with the waves breaking over the boat, so that it was nearly swamped.", "Dead Sea Transform The Dead Sea Transform (DST) fault system, also sometimes referred to as the Dead Sea Rift, is a series of faults that run from the Maras Triple Junction (a junction with the East Anatolian Fault in southeastern Turkey) to the northern end of the Red Sea Rift (just offshore of the southern tip of the Sinai Peninsula). The fault system forms the transform boundary between the African Plate to the west and the Arabian Plate to the east.", "Elinard de Bures Elinard de Bures was a French noble of Bures-sur-Yvette, Île-de-France in the service of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. He was the Prince of Galilee, a title which he inherited from his uncle, William I of Bures.", "Eternal Father, Strong to Save \"Eternal Father, Strong to Save\" is a hymn traditionally associated with seafarers, particularly in the maritime armed services. Written in 1860, its author William Whiting was inspired by the dangers of the sea described in Psalm 107. It was popularized by the Royal Navy and the United States Navy in the late 19th century, and variations of it were soon adopted by many branches of the armed services in the United Kingdom and the United States.", "Galilee, Rhode Island Galilee is a fishing village on Point Judith within the town of Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA, and is notable for being home to the largest fishing fleet in Rhode Island and for being the site of the Block Island Ferry. The village is directly across the harbor from Jerusalem, Rhode Island. Galilee, Rhode Island is named after the Biblical Galilee, which was the original home region of Jesus Christ, who grew up in Nazareth, a village in the Galilee region of Israel on the Sea of Galilee.", "Galilee Galilee (Hebrew: הגליל‎, transliteration HaGalil; Arabic: الجليل‎, translit. al-Jalīl) is a region in northern Israel which overlaps with much of the administrative Northern District and Haifa District of the country.", "Galilee earthquake of 1837 The Galilee earthquake of 1837, often called the Safed earthquake, shook the Galilee on January 1 and is one of a number of moderate to large events that have occurred along the Dead Sea Transform (DST) fault system that marks the boundary of two tectonic plates; the African Plate on the west and the Arabian Plate on the east.", "Galilee earthquake of 363 The Galilee earthquake of 363 was a pair of severe earthquakes that shook the Galilee and nearby regions on May 18 and 19. The maximum perceived intensity for the events was estimated to be VII (Very strong) on the Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik scale. The earthquakes occurred on the portion of the Dead Sea Transform (DST) fault system between the Dead Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba.", "Gamla Gamla (Hebrew: גמלא‎) was an ancient Jewish city on the Golan Heights, believed to have been founded as a Seleucid fort during the Syrian Wars. The site of a Roman siege during the Great Revolt of the 1st century CE, Gamla is a symbol of heroism for the modern state of Israel and an important historical and archaeological site. It lies within the current Gamla nature reserve and is a prominent tourist attraction.", "Geography of Israel The geography of Israel is very diverse, with desert conditions in the south, and snow-capped mountains in the north. Israel is located at 31°30′N 34°45′E at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea in western Asia. It is bounded to the north by Lebanon, the northeast by Syria, the east by Jordan and the West Bank, and to the southwest by Egypt. To the west of Israel is the Mediterranean Sea, which makes up the majority of Israel's 273 km (170 mi) coastline and the Gaza Strip.", "Gerrit Braamcamp Gerrit Braamcamp (18 November 1699, Amsterdam - 17 June 1771, Amsterdam) was a successful Roman Catholic distiller, timber merchant and art collector from the Netherlands. One of the most important merchants in Amsterdam, he built a timber yard and shipyard at one end of the Hoogte Kadijk, opposite the Dutch East India Company's own shipyard.Over thirty years he created a major collection of Dutch and Flemish art, totally around 380 works, though only a few of these are now in Dutch museums.", "Gervaise of Bazoches Gervaise of Bazoches (died May 1108), Prince of Galilee and Lord of Tiberias, was a crusader on the First Crusade.Before the crusade, he was the advocate of Mont-Notre-Dame and brother of Hugh, lord of Bazoches-sur-Vesles. In the Holy Land, he was an officer of Baldwin I of Jerusalem, who conferred Galilee on him after the death of Hugh of Saint Omer.", "Ginosar Ginosar (Hebrew: גִּנּוֹסַר), (Latin: Gennesaret), is a kibbutz on the western banks of the Sea of Galilee in Israel. Located north of Tiberias on Highway 90, it falls under the jurisdiction of Emek HaYarden Regional Council. In 2006 it had a population of 472.", "Hippos \"Sussita\" redirects here. For the automobile, see Autocars Co.Hippos (Ancient Greek: Ἵππος, \"horse\") is an archaeological site in Israel, located on a hill overlooking the Sea of Galilee. Between the 3rd century BC and the 7th century AD, Hippos was the site of a Greco-Roman city, which then declined under Muslim rule and was abandoned after an earthquake in 749. Besides the fortified city itself, Hippos controlled two port facilities on the lake and an area of the surrounding countryside.", "Hugh of Saint Omer Hugh of Saint Omer (also Hugh of Falkenberg or Hugh of Fauquembergues, died 1106) was the Prince of Galilee and Lord of Tiberias from 1101 to his death. Fauquembergues and Saint Omer are both situated near each other. Hugh was lord of the former and his family, which was to gain fame in subsequent Crusades, hailed from the latter.Born in Thérouanne, Hugh accompanied Baldwin of Boulogne on the First Crusade and into Mesopotamia in 1098, where he carved out the County of Edessa.", "Hula Valley The Hula Valley (Hebrew: עמק החולה‎, translit. Emek HaHula; also transliterated as Huleh Valley) is an agricultural region in northern Israel with abundant fresh water. It is a major stopover for birds migrating along the Syrian-African Rift Valley between Africa, Europe, and Asia. The marshland around Lake Hula, a breeding ground for mosquitoes carrying malaria, was drained in the 1950s. A small section of the valley was later reflooded in an attempt to revive a nearly extinct ecosystem.", "Ingøy Church Ingøy Church (Norwegian: Ingøy kirke) is a parish church in Måsøy Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. It is located in the village of Ingøy on the island of Ingøya. The church is part of the Måsøy parish in the Hammerfest deanery in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland. Like most other churches in Finnmark, Ingøy church was burned down by the Germans during the evacuation of Finnmark in 1944.", "Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum The Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum (ISGM) or Fenway Court, as the museum was known during Isabella Stewart Gardner's lifetime, is a museum in the Fenway-Kenmore neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, located within walking distance of the Museum of Fine Arts (although the Museum of Fine Arts's Huntington Avenue location was constructed after Fenway Court) and near the Back Bay Fens.", "Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum theft The Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum theft was an art theft that occurred in the early hours of March 18, 1990, at the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston, Massachusetts. A pair of thieves disguised as Boston police officers tricked the museum security guards into granting them access to the building. The thieves proceeded to tie up the guards and steal thirteen works of art. The event lasted 81 minutes, which happened as the city was preoccupied with Saint Patrick's Day celebrations.", "Jacob J. Hinlopen Jacob J. Hinlopen (1582 – 1629 in Amsterdam) lived in a house with Hinlopen in the gable, now at 155 Nieuwendijk. He traded in cloth and Indian wares. In 1602 he was co-founder of the Dutch East India Company in Enkhuizen, his descendants inherited very old stocks. He also was the first person of Flemish origin, that in 1617 obtained a seat in the City Council.", "Jacques Specx Jacques Specx (Dutch: [ˈʒɑk ˈspɛks]; 1585 – 22 July 1652) was a Dutch merchant, who founded the trade on Japan and Korea in 1609. Jacques Specx received the support of William Adams to obtain extensive trading rights from the Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu on August 24, 1609, which allowed him to establish a trading factory in Hirado on September 20, 1609. He was the interim governor in Batavia between 1629 - 1632. There his daughter Saartje Specx was involved in a scandal.", "Jesus Trail The Jesus Trail is a 65 km (40 mi) hiking and pilgrimage route in the Galilee region of Israel that traces the route Jesus may have walked, connecting many sites from his life and ministry. The main part of the trail begins in Nazareth and passes through Tzippori, Cana (Kafr Kanna), the Horns of Hattin, Mount Arbel Cliffs, the Sea of Galilee, Capernaum, Tabgha, and the Mount of Beatitudes. An alternate return route passes by Tiberias, the Jordan River, Mount Tabor, and Mount Precipice.", "Jesus walking on water Jesus walking on water is one of the miracles attributed to Jesus in the New Testament. There are accounts of this in three of the Gospels.This story, following the miracle of the feeding of the five thousand, tells how Jesus sent the disciples by ship back to the other side of the Sea of Galilee while he remained behind, alone, to pray. Night fell and the sea arose as the ship became caught in a wind storm.", "Kinneret College The Kinneret College on the Sea of Galilee (Hebrew: המכללה האקדמית כנרת בעמק הירדן), or simply Kinneret College, is a college located on the southern shores of the Sea of Galilee in northern Israel.The College was established in 1965 by the regional council of the kibbutzim in the area. The students in the College come from all parts of Israel but especially from the Galilee.", "Life of Jesus in the New Testament The four canonical gospels of the New Testament are the primary sources of information for the narrative of the life of Jesus. However, other parts of the New Testament, such as the Pauline epistles which were likely written decades before them, also include references to key episodes in his life such as the Last Supper.", "List of paintings by Rembrandt The following is a list of paintings by Rembrandt that are generally accepted as autograph by the Rembrandt Research Project.", "List of seas The word sea can, aside from referring to the World Ocean, also mean a specific, much smaller body of water, such as the North Sea or the Red Sea. There is no sharp distinction between a sea in this sense and an ocean, though seas are generally smaller, and are often partly (as marginal seas) or wholly (as inland seas) bordered by land. However, the Sargasso Sea has no coastline and lies within a circular current, the North Atlantic Gyre.", "List of stolen paintings List of famous stolen paintings are valuable paintings that have been stolen and gained publicity. The paintings listed are from masters of Western art which are valued in millions of dollars. For a list of most expensive paintings, see List of most expensive paintings.", "Lost artworks For lost literary works, see Lost work.", "Lower Galilee The Lower Galilee (Hebrew: הגליל התחתון‎, translit. HaGalil HaTaḥton), is a region within the North District of Israel. The Lower Galilee reaches from Jezreel Valley in the south to the Upper Galilee (Beit HaKerem Valley) in the north. Its eastern border is the Jordan River and the Sea of Galilee. Its western border is the Zvulun Valley and Acre.The Lower Galilee is the southern part of the Galilee. It's called \"Lower\" since it is less mountainous than the Upper Galilee.", "Lower Galilee Regional Council The Lower Galilee Regional Council (Hebrew: מועצה אזורית הגליל התחתון‎, Mo'atza Azorit HaGalil HaTahton) is a regional council in northern Israel that encompasses most of the settlements in the Lower Galilee.", "Marine art Marine art or maritime art is any form of figurative art (that is, painting, drawing, printmaking and sculpture) that portrays or draws its main inspiration from the sea. Maritime painting is a genre that depicts ships and the sea—a genre particularly strong from the 17th to 19th centuries.", "Marjorie Holmes Marjorie Holmes (1910—2002) was an American columnist and best-selling Christian author of 134 books, 32 of which were best sellers. Holmes is known best for her biblical trilogy which began with the novel Two From Galilee, a love story about Mary and Joseph, published by Fleming H. Revell.", "Mark 4 Mark 4 is the fourth chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It contains the Parable of the Sower, with its explanation, and the parable of The Mustard Seed. Both of these parables are paralleled in Matthew and Luke, but this chapter also has a parable unique to Mark, the Seed Growing Secretly.", "Matthew 4:14–15 Matthew 4:14–15 are the fourteenth and fifteenth verse of the fourth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. In the previous verses Jesus returned to Galilee after hearing of the arrest of John the Baptist and then left Nazareth for Capernaum.", "Meron, Israel Meron (Hebrew: מֵירוֹן, Meron) is a moshav (cooperative village) on the slopes of Mount Meron, in the Upper Galilee in northern Israel near Safed, and within municipal jurisdiction of the Merom HaGalil Regional Council. Meron is most famous for the tomb of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai, and is the site of annual mass public commemoration of Lag Ba'omer.The association of Meron with the ancient Canaanite city of Merom or Maroma is generally accepted by Archeologists.", "Ministry of Jesus In the Christian gospels, the ministry of Jesus begins with his baptism in the countryside of Roman Judea and Transjordan, near the river Jordan, and ends in Jerusalem, following the Last Supper with his disciples. The Gospel of Luke (3:23) states that Jesus was \"about 30 years of age\" at the start of his ministry.", "Miracles of Jesus The miracles of Jesus are the supernatural deeds attributed to Jesus in Christian and Islamic texts. The majority are faith healing, exorcisms, resurrection of the dead and control over nature.In the Synoptic Gospels (Mark, Matthew, and Luke), Jesus refuses to give a miraculous sign to prove his authority.", "Nahal Amud The Nahal Amud (Hebrew: נחל עמוד‎), also known as the Wadi Amud, is a stream in the Upper Galilee that spills into the Sea of Galilee. The stream's source, Ramat Dalton, is located 800 meters above sea level. Its drainage basin includes the peaks of Mount Canaan (955 meters) and Mount Meron (1,204 meters) and flows south through eastern Galilee to the northwest part of the Sea of Galilee – a height of less than 200 meters below sea level.", "Night in paintings (Western art) The depiction of night in paintings is common in Western art. Paintings that feature a night scene as the theme are mostly portraits and landscapes. Some artworks involve religious or fantasy topics using the quality of dim night light to create mysterious atmospheres. They tend to illustrate the illuminating effect of the light reflection on the subjects under either moonlight or artificial light sources.", "Odo of Montbéliard Odo of Montbéliard (also known as Eudes) was a leading baron of the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem in the early 13th century. He often held the highest offices in the kingdom including bailli (viceroy) and constable (commander of the army).Odo was the son or nephew of Walter of Montbéliard who was a regent of the kingdoms of Jerusalem and Cyprus.", "Oil painting Oil painting is the process of painting with pigments that are binded with a medium of drying oil. Commonly used drying oils include linseed oil, poppy seed oil, walnut oil, and safflower oil. Different oils confer various properties to the oil paint, such as less yellowing or different drying times. Certain differences are also visible in the sheen of the paints depending on the oil.", "Operation Olive Leaves Operation Olive Leaves (Hebrew: מבצע עלי זית‎ Alei Zayit) also known as Operation Kinneret (the Israeli name for the Sea of Galilee) was an Israeli reprisal operation undertaken on December 10–11, 1955, against fortified Syrian emplacements near the north-eastern shores of the Sea of Galilee. The raid was prompted by repeated Syrian attacks on Israeli fishing in the Sea of Galilee. The successful operation resulted in the destruction of the Syrian emplacements.", "Principality of Galilee The Principality of Galilee was one of the four major seigneuries of the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, according to 13th-century commentator John of Ibelin. The direct holdings of the principality were around Tiberias, in Galilee proper, but with all its vassals, the lordship covered all Galilee and southern Phoenicia (today Lebanon). The lordship of Galilee had a disproportionate number of sub-vassals. The independent Sidon was located between Galilee's holdings.", "Raymond III, Count of Tripoli Raymond III of Tripoli (1140 – September/October 1187) was Count of Tripoli from 1152 to 1187 and Prince of Galilee and Tiberias in right of his wife Eschiva.", "Red Sea–Dead Sea Canal The Red Sea–Dead Sea Conduit (Canal), sometimes called the Two Seas Canal, is a proposed conduit (pipes and brine canal) which would run from the Red Sea to the Dead Sea. It will provide potable water to Jordan, Israel and the Palestinian territories, bring sea water to stabilise the Dead Sea water level and generate electricity to support the energy needs of the project.", "Scenes from the Passion of Christ Scenes from the Passion of Christ is an oil painting on a panel of Baltic oak, painted c.1470 by German-born Early Netherlandish painter Hans Memling. The painting shows 23 vignettes of the Life of Christ combined in one narrative composition without a central dominating scene: 19 episodes from the Passion of Christ, the Resurrection, and 3 later appearances of the risen Christ (to Mary Magdalene, on the road to Emmaus, and at the Sea of Galilee).", "Sea A sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land. More broadly, the sea (with the definite article) is the interconnected system of Earth's salty, oceanic waters—considered as one global ocean or as several principal oceanic divisions. The sea moderates Earth's climate and has important roles in the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle.", "Sea of Galilee Boat The Sea of Galilee Boat, also known as the Jesus Boat, was an ancient fishing boat from the 1st century CE (the time of Jesus), discovered in 1986 on the north-west shore of the Sea of Galilee in Israel. The remains of the boat, 27 feet (8.27 meters) long, 7.5 feet (2.3 meters) wide and with a maximum preserved height of 4.3 feet (1.3 meters), first appeared during a drought, when the waters of the Sea (actually a great fresh-water lake) receded.", "Seascape A seascape is a photograph, painting, or other work of art which depicts the sea, in other words an example of marine art. By a backwards development, the word has also come to mean the view of the sea itself, and be applied in planning contexts to geographical locations possessing a good view of the sea.", "Sepphoris Sepphoris (Ancient Greek: Σέπφωρις), also known as Tzipori (Hebrew: צִפּוֹרִי), Diocaesaraea (Ancient Greek: Διοκαισάρεια), Saffuriya (Arabic: صفورية‎, also transliterated Safurriya and Suffurriye), and in Crusader times as La Sephorie, is a village and an archeological site located in the central Galilee region of Israel, 6 kilometers (3.7 mi) north-northwest of Nazareth. It lies 286 m above sea level and overlooks the Beit Netofa Valley.", "Star of the Sea Painted Church The Star of the Sea Painted Church in Kalapana, Hawai'i was built in 1927-1928 under the direction of the Belgian Catholic missionary priest Father Evarist Gielen, who painted the upper section of the church interior.In 1990, the church was moved to its present location just ahead of an advancing lava flow. It is located on Highway 130 between mile marker 19 and 20, and is open to the public without charge seven days a week from 9:00 AM to 4:00 PM.", "Storm A storm is any disturbed state of an environment or astronomical body's atmosphere especially affecting its surface, and strongly implying severe weather.", "Storm tides of the North Sea A storm tide is a tide with a high flood period caused by a storm. Storm tides can be a severe danger to the coast and the people living along the coast. The water level can rise to more than 5 metres (17 ft) above the normal tide.The North Sea, especially the Netherlands, northern Germany and Denmark is particularly susceptible to storm tides. The coastline of the German Bight forms an L-shape facing northwest.", "Tel Kabri Tel Kabri (Hebrew: תֵל כַבְרִי; Arabic: تَلْ ألْقَهوَة‎, Tell al-Qahweh, \"the mound of coffee\") is an archaeological site, home to one of the largest Middle Bronze (MB) Age (2,100–1,550 BC) Canaanite palaces in ancient Israel, and the largest such palace excavated as of 2014.", "The Concert (Vermeer) The Concert (c. 1664) is a painting by Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer. The 69-centimeter-high by 63-centimeter-wide picture depicts a man and two women playing music. It belongs to the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston, but was stolen in 1990 and remains missing. It is thought to be the most valuable unrecovered stolen painting, with a value estimated at over $200,000,000.", "The Land of the Silver Apples The Land of the Silver Apples is a fantasy novel for children, written by Nancy Farmer and published by Atheneum in 2007. It is a sequel to The Sea of Trolls, second in a series of three (as of 2013) known as the Sea of Trolls series.The title refers to the \"silver apples of the moon\" associated with the land of faerie in W. B. Yeats' poem \"The Song of Wandering Angus\". The book received the Emperor Norton Award (2007).", "The Struggle (Tenth Avenue North album) The Struggle is the third studio album from the American contemporary Christian music band Tenth Avenue North. It was released on August 21, 2012 and reached No. 1 on Billboard's Christian and rock charts. It has received significant critical acclaim.", "Tiberias Tiberias (/taɪˈbɪəriəs/; Hebrew: טְבֶרְיָה, Tveria, Tiveria About this sound (audio) ; Arabic: طبرية‎, Ṭabariyyah; Greek: Τιβεριάς Tiberiás, Modern Greek: Τιβεριάδα Tiveriáda) is an Israeli city on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee (called \"the Kinneret\" in Hebrew), Lower Galilee, Israel.", "Tour de Israel The Tour de Israel was a four-day cycling competition held in Israel and modeled on the Tour de France.The race was held over a 622-kilometer (386 mi) route beginning in Nahariya in northern Israel, and ending in the resort city of Eilat on the Red Sea.The event was sponsored by the Israeli Tourism Ministry and was a two-person team competition, featuring nine separate categories based on gender and age: Men; Women; Mixed Gender; Adults, Masters and Grand Masters.", "Upper Galilee The Upper Galilee (Hebrew: הגליל העליון‎, HaGalil Ha'Elion) is a geographical-political term in use since the end of the Second Temple period, originally referring to a mountainous area overlapping the present northern Israel and southern Lebanon, its borders being the Litani river in the north, the Mediterranean Sea in the west, the Beit HaKerem valley and Lower Galilee in the south and the Jordan river and Hula Valley in the east.In present-day Israeli terminology, the term is mainly used in reference to the northern part of the Galilee, that is under Israeli sovereignty.", "Walter of Saint Omer Walter of Saint Omer (French: Gautier de Saint-Omer; about 1110 – 1174), also known as Walter of Fauquembergues or Walter of Tiberias, was the son of William II of Saint Omer and Melisinde of Picquigny, and Prince of Galilee and Tiberias.In 1130 Walter married Echiva de Bures, Princess of Galilee and Tiberias, daughter of Prince Godfrey de Bures.", "Wildlife of Israel The wildlife of Israel includes the flora and fauna of Israel, which is extremely diverse due to the country's location between the temperate and the tropical zones, bordering the Mediterranean Sea in the west and the desert in the east. Species such as the Syrian Brown Bear and the Arabian ostrich have become extinct in Israel due to hunting and loss of habitat. As of May 2007, 190 nature reserves have been established in Israel.", "William, Lord of Tiberias William was the Lord of Tiberias and titular Prince of Galilee from 1187 until his death at an unknown date. He supported Guy of Lusignan over Conrad of Montferrat for the Kingdom of Jerusalem and joined Guy in besieging Acre in April 1189. He was the second son of Eschiva of Bures (1118–1187) and Walter of Saint-Omer (1110–1174), he was possible a favorite of his stepfather Raymond III of Tripoli. He was one of the nobles to escape from the battle of Hattin, he died before 1204.", "William II of Bures William II of Bures (died 1158) was a Crusader lord of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. He was Prince of Galilee from 1148 to his death as successor of his brother Elinard.William is a poorly known figure. It is known that he was a nephew of William I of Bures and as this William is only known to have one brother, Godfrey, it is presumed that William and his three known brothers and one sister were children of his.William was succeeded in Galilee by his sister Eschiva.", "William I of Bures William of Bures (died 1142) was a French crusader from Bures-sur-Yvette, Ile-de-France.He arrived in the Kingdom of Jerusalem before 1115, with his brother Geoffrey. They were vassals of Joscelin I of Edessa.In 1119 they took part in a raid into Turkish territory over the Jordan River, and Geoffrey was killed.", "Woes to the unrepentant cities Woes to the unrepentant cities are preached by Jesus in Matthew and Luke against three cities of Galilee.Matthew says:The three cities mentioned lay just north of the Sea of Galilee. Chorazin is not otherwise mentioned in the Gospels. Bethsaida is where Philip, Andrew, and Peter were from, and where Jesus healed a blind man.", "Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit, BWV 14 Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit (Were God not with us at this time), BWV 14, is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach. He composed the chorale cantata in Leipzig in 1735 for the fourth Sunday after Epiphany and first performed it on 30 January 1735. The text is based on the hymn by Martin Luther, published in 1524." ]

[ "12-String Blues 12-String Blues (sub-titled Live at the Scholar), is the first album by American guitarist Leo Kottke, released in 1969.", "Bill Johnson (blues musician) Bill Johnson (born Halifax, Nova Scotia) is a Canadian blues guitarist, singer-songwriter, and music educator. After a long career as a sideman and guitarist, in the 1990s he began touring with The Bill Johnson Band. They released their second album, Live, in 2006, which led to Johnson being nominated for Best Guitarist at the Maple Blues Awards. He self-released his third solo album, Still Blue, in 2010, which was nominated for Blues Album of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2012.", "Blind Blake Arthur \"Blind\" Blake (1896 – December 1, 1934) was an American blues and ragtime singer and guitarist. He is known for his series of recordings for Paramount Records between 1926 and 1932 and the mystery surrounding his life.", "Blind Boy Fuller Blind Boy Fuller (born Fulton Allen, July 10, 1907 – February 13, 1941) was an American blues guitarist and vocalist. He was one of the most popular of the recorded Piedmont blues artists with rural Black Americans, a group that also included Blind Blake, Josh White, and Buddy Moss.", "Blues Blues is a genre and musical form that originated in African-American communities in the \"Deep South\" of the United States around the end of the 19th century. The genre is a fusion of traditional African music and European folk music, spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads.", "Blues rock Blues rock is a musical genre combining elements of blues and rock. It is mostly an electric ensemble-style music with instrumentation similar to electric blues and rock. From its beginnings in the early- to mid-1960s, blues rock has gone through several stylistic shifts and along the way inspired hard rock, Southern rock, and heavy metal.", "Bob Brunning Robert \"Bob\" Brunning (29 June 1943 – 18 October 2011) was a British musician who was, as a small part of a long musical career, the original bass guitar player with the blues rock band Fleetwood Mac.", "Brown-eyed soul Brown-eyed soul is a subgenre of soul music or rhythm and blues created and performed in the United States mainly by Latinos in Southern California during the 1960s, continuing through to the early 1980s. The genre of soul music occasionally draws from Latin, and often contains rock music influences. This contrasts with blue-eyed soul, soul music performed by non-Hispanic white artists.", "Canadian blues Canadian blues is the blues and blues-related music (e.g., blues rock) performed by blues bands and performers in Canada. There are hundreds of local and regionally based Canadian blues bands and performers, that perform mainly in their home city or town. A smaller number of bands or performers have achieved national or international prominence, and have appeared at major festivals in Canada, the US, and in Europe.", "Carl Martin (musician) Carl Martin (April 1 or 15, 1906 – May 10, 1979) was an American Piedmont blues musician and vocalist, who was capable with a variety of instruments and musical styles.Martin was born in Big Stone Gap, Virginia, United States.", "Christoffer Andersen Christoffer \"Kid\" Andersen (born January 15, 1980) is a Norwegian blues guitarist. Andersen moved to the United States as a 21-year-old in 2001, and became a figure on the West Coast blues scene. He played in Charlie Musselwhite's band and got a Blues Music Award (formerly W.C. Handy Award) for best contemporary blues album for Charlie Musselwhite's Delta Hardware.", "Country blues Country blues (also folk blues, rural blues, backwoods blues, or downhome blues) is acoustic, mainly guitar-driven forms of the blues, that mixes blues elements with characteristics of folk. After blues' birth in the Southern United States, it quickly spread throughout the country (and elsewhere), giving birth to a host of regional styles. These include Memphis, Detroit, Chicago, Texas, Piedmont, Louisiana, West Coast, St.", "Dave Hole Robert David \"Dave\" Hole (born 30 March 1948, Heswall, Cheshire, United Kingdom) is an Australian slide guitarist known for his style of playing rock and roll and blues music. In 1990 he issued Short Fuse Blues which brought him to the attention of United States label, Alligator Records. Two of his albums have appeared on Billboard Top Blues Albums, Steel on Steel (1995) peaked at No. 13 and Ticket to Chicago (1997) reached No. 15.", "Deborah Coleman Deborah Coleman (born October 3, 1956, Portsmouth, Virginia) is an American blues guitarist, songwriter and singer. Coleman won the Orville Gibson Award for \"Best Blues Guitarist, Female\" in 2001, and was nominated for a W.C. Handy Blues Music Award nine times.", "Delta blues The Delta blues is one of the earliest styles of blues music. It originated in the Mississippi Delta, a region of the United States that stretches from Memphis, Tennessee in the north to Vicksburg, Mississippi in the south, Helena, Arkansas in the west to the Yazoo River on the east. The Mississippi Delta area is famous both for its fertile soil and its poverty. Guitar and harmonica are the dominant instruments used, with slide guitar (usually on the steel guitar) being a hallmark of the style.", "Dutch Tilders Dutch Tilders (29 August 1941 – 23 April 2011), born Mattheus Frederikus Wilhelmus Tilders, anglicised as Matthew Tilders, was a Netherlands-born Australian blues singer-songwriter and guitarist. He performed and released material as a solo artist and also issued a blues-rock album with Kevin Borich, The Blues Had a Baby and They Called It Rock'n'Roll (November 1980). He has toured with John Mayall (1974), Brownie McGhee (1976, 1980s), and Taj Mahal (1986, 1990s).", "Electric blues Electric blues refers to any type of blues music distinguished by the use of electric amplification for musical instruments. The guitar was the first instrument to be popularly amplified and used by early pioneers T-Bone Walker in the late 1930s and John Lee Hooker and Muddy Waters in the 1940s. Their styles developed into West Coast blues, Detroit blues, and post-World War II Chicago blues, which differed from earlier, predominantly acoustic-style blues.", "Elmore James Elmore James (January 27, 1918 – May 24, 1963) was an American blues guitarist, singer, songwriter and band leader. He was known as King of the Slide Guitar, but he was also noted for his use of loud amplification and his stirring voice.", "Freddie King Freddie King (September 3, 1934 – December 28, 1976) was an influential American blues guitarist and singer. He is often mentioned as one of \"the Three Kings\" of electric blues guitar along with Albert King and B.B. King.Freddie King based his guitar style on Texas and Chicago influences and was one of the first bluesmen to have a multi-racial backing band at live performances. He is best known for singles such as \"Have You Ever Loved A Woman\" (1960) and his Top 40 hit \"Hide Away\" (1961).", "Gene Kelton Gene Kelton (10 April 1953 – 28 December 2010) was an American guitarist, harmonica player and singer-songwriter, based in Houston, Texas. He played Americana, blues-rock, Southern rock and rockabilly music.", "Grant Austin Taylor Grant Austin Taylor (born May 9, 1995) is an American rock and blues guitarist from Norfolk, Virginia. He started playing guitar at the age of 6 and made his performing debut at the opening of the Town Point Park in his hometown with the alternative rock band Better Than Ezra on May 30, 2003.", "Guitar Slim, Jr. Guitar Slim, Jr. (born Rodney Glynn Armstrong, 1951, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States) is an American New Orleans blues guitarist and singer. Over his lengthy playing career, Slim Jr., has worked with various blues musicians. His debut album, Story of My Life (1988), was nominated for a Grammy Award.", "Hill country blues Hill country blues (also known as North Mississippi hill country blues or North Mississippi blues) is a regional style of country blues. It is characterized by a strong emphasis on rhythm and percussion, steady guitar riffs, few chord changes, unconventional song structures, and heavy emphasis on the \"groove\" - more affectionately known as \"the hypnotic boogie.\"Hill country refers to the northern region of Mississippi bordering Tennessee.", "Howard Luedtke Howard Luedtke, also known as Howard \"Guitar\" Luedtke, is an American blues guitarist, singer, songwriter and musician. Luedtke is considered one of the best slide guitar players in the American midwest, and currently tours with his band Howard \"Guitar\" Luedtke & Blue Max.Blue Max is a Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin based blues-rock band that has been performing in the upper Midwest for the past two decades. Luedtke interprets the blues material by Johnny Winter, John Lee Hooker and Willie Dixon.", "It Hurts Me Too \"It Hurts Me Too\" is a blues standard that is \"one of the most interpreted blues [songs]\". First recorded in 1940 by American blues musician Tampa Red, the song is a mid-tempo eight-bar blues that features slide guitar. It borrows from earlier blues songs and has been recorded by many blues and other artists.", "Joe Bonamassa Joe Bonamassa (born May 8, 1977) is an American blues rock musician, singer and songwriter.Bonamassa opened for B.B. King when he was only 12 years old. In the last 13 years Bonamassa has put out 15 solo albums through his independent record label, J&R Adventures. Eleven of his solo albums have reached #1 on the Billboard Blues charts.He has played alongside such artists as Stephen Stills, Eric Clapton, Foreigner, Buddy Guy, Steve Winwood, Warren Haynes, and Derek Trucks among others.", "Johnny B. Moore Johnny B. Moore (born Johnny Belle Moore, January 24, 1950, Clarksdale, Mississippi) is an American Chicago blues and electric blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He was a member of Koko Taylor's backing band in the mid-1970s, but has recorded nine solo albums since 1987. Moore's music retains a link to the earlier Chicago blues of Jimmy Reed and Muddy Waters, who also travelled to the Windy City from the Mississippi \"elta.\\If Johnny B.", "Jonny Lang Jonny Lang (born Jon Gordon Langseth, Jr., January 29, 1981) is an American blues, gospel, and rock singer, songwriter, guitarist and recording artist. Lang's music is notable for both his unusual voice, which at 13 was compared to that of a 40-year-old blues veteran, and for his guitar solos. His solo patterns have especially been noted for his frequent use of wide vibratos. He has five albums that charted on the top 50 of the Billboard 200 chart and has won a Grammy Award for Turn Around.", "Keb' Mo' Keb' Mo' (born Kevin Moore, October 3, 1951) is a three-time American Grammy Award-winning blues musician. He is a singer, guitarist, and songwriter, currently living in Nashville, Tennessee, with his wife Robbie Brooks Moore. He has been described as \"a living link to the seminal Delta blues that travelled up the Mississippi River and across the expanse of America\". His post-modern blues style is influenced by many eras and genres, including folk, rock, jazz and pop.", "Kelly Hoppe Kelly \"Mr. Chill\" Hoppe is a Canadian musician from Windsor, Ontario. From 1994 to 2004, Hoppe was a member of Canadian blues rock band Big Sugar. He is currently a member of the roots band Mr. Chill and The Witnesses. In 2010 Hoppe rejoined Big Sugar.", "Luther Johnson (Guitar Junior) Luther Johnson (born April 11, 1939, Itta Bena, Mississippi, United States) is an American Chicago blues singer and guitarist, who performs under the name Luther \"Guitar Junior\" Johnson. He is not to be confused with Luther \"Snake Boy\" Johnson or Luther \"Houserocker\" Johnson from Atlanta or Lonnie \"Guitar Junior\" Brooks.Johnson moved to Chicago with his family in 1955. During the 1960s, he performed with Magic Sam. He also performed in Muddy Waters's band from 1972 to 1980.", "Maxwell Street Jimmy Davis Maxwell Street Jimmy Davis (March 2, 1925 – December 28, 1995) was an American electric blues singer, guitarist and songwriter. He played with John Lee Hooker, recorded an album for Elektra Records in the mid-1960s, and remained a regular street musician on Maxwell Street, Chicago, for over 40 years.He was also known as Jewtown Jimmy, and is best remembered for his songs \"Cold Hands\" and \"4th And Broad\".", "New Orleans blues New Orleans blues, is a subgenre of blues music and a variation of Louisiana blues that developed in the 1940s and 1950s in and around the city of New Orleans, rooted by the rich blues roots of the city going back generations earlier. Strongly influenced by jazz and incorporated Caribbean influences, it is dominated by piano and saxophone but has also produced major guitar bluesmen.", "North Mississippi Allstars North Mississippi Allstars is an American southern rock/blues band from Hernando, Mississippi, founded in 1996. The band is composed of brothers Luther Dickinson (guitar, vocals) and Cody Dickinson (drums, keyboards, electric washboard), and Chris Chew (electric bass guitar). In addition to the guitar, Dickinson also plays a cigar box guitar called the \"lowebow.\"A \"lowebow\" is a variation of the cigar box guitar, created by John Lowe in the 1990s.", "Origins of the blues Little is known about the exact origin of the music now known as the blues. No specific year can be cited as the origin of the blues, largely because the style evolved over a long period and existed in approaching its modern form before the term blues was introduced and before the style was thoroughly documented. Ethnomusicologist Gerhard Kubik traces the roots of many of the elements that were to develop into the blues back to the African continent, the \"cradle of the blues\".", "Peter Green (musician) Peter Green (born Peter Allen Greenbaum; 29 October 1946) is a British blues rock guitarist and the founder of the band Fleetwood Mac.", "Piedmont blues Piedmont blues (also known as East Coast, or Southeastern blues) refers primarily to a guitar style, the Piedmont fingerstyle, which is characterized by a fingerpicking approach in which a regular, alternating thumb bass string rhythmic pattern supports a syncopated melody using the treble strings generally picked with the fore-finger, occasionally others. The result is comparable in sound to ragtime or stride piano styles.Blues researcher Peter B.", "Pink Anderson Pinkney \"Pink\" Anderson (February 12, 1900 – October 12, 1974) was an American blues singer and guitarist.", "Rhythm and blues Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s.", "Sidewalk Blues Sidewalk Blues (subtitled Blues, Rags, Jazz & Spirituals) is an album by American guitarist Tim Sparks, released in 2009. It marks a return to 'roots' music for Sparks after three albums of klezmer and jazz recordings on the Tzadik Records label.", "Skiffle Skiffle is a music genre with jazz, blues, folk and roots influences, usually using homemade or improvised instruments. Originating as a term in the United States in the first half of the 20th century, it became popular again in the UK in the 1950s, where it was mainly associated with musician Lonnie Donegan.", "Steve James (blues musician) Steve James (born July 15, 1950, Manhattan, New York City, United States) is an American folk blues musician. A multi-instrumentalist, singer, and songwriter, James operates in the fields of acoustic and folk blues. Without the benefit of promotion from a major record label, James has secured his fan base from consistent touring.", "Sylvester Weaver Sylvester Weaver (July 25, 1896 or 1897 – April 4, 1960) was an American blues guitar player and pioneer of country blues.", "Texas blues Texas blues is a subgenre of blues. It has had various style variations but typically has been played with more swing than other blues styles.Texas blues differs from styles such as Chicago blues in its use of instruments and sounds, especially the heavy use of the guitar. Musicians such as Stevie Ray Vaughan contributed by using various types of guitar sounds such as southern slide guitar and different melodies of blues and jazz.", "The Merle Travis Guitar The Merle Travis Guitar was the first solo guitar album by Merle Travis, recorded in 1955 when Travis was at the peak of his performing abilities and released on January 1, 1956. Together with another Capitol release of the previous year, Back Home, it introduced the style of guitar playing that came to be known as Travis picking to a wide public of finger-style guitarists and folk music enthusiasts.", "Vic Briggs Victor Harvey Briggs III (born 14 February 1945 in Twickenham, Middlesex, England) is a former blues and rock musician, best known as the lead guitarist with Eric Burdon and The Animals during the 1966-1968 period. Briggs currently plays classical Indian and Hawaiian music.", "Walkin' Cane Mark Walkin' Cane Mark (born August 26, 1967) is an American blues vocalist and harmonica player and recording artist, based in Phoenix, Arizona, United States." ]

[ "African blues Many scholars and ethnomusicologists point to Africa as the origins of the Blues. Albums such as African Blues by Ali Farka Toure have a noticeable African and American Blues influence.The death of Malian guitar legend Ali Farka Touré has inspired a new round of speculation about the roots of the blues in Africa. Touré famously argued that the beloved American genre was \"nothing but African,\" a bold assertion.", "Alec Seward Alec Seward (March 16, 1902 – May 11, 1972) was an American Piedmont and country blues singer, guitarist and songwriter. Some of his records were released under pseudonyms, such as Guitar Slim, Blues Servant Boy, King Blues and Georgia Slim. His best remembered recordings were \"Creepin' Blues\" and \"Some People Say\".", "American popular music American popular music had a profound effect on music across the world. The country has seen the rise of popular styles that have had a significant influence on global culture, including ragtime, blues, jazz, swing, rock, bluegrass, country, R&B, doo wop, gospel, soul, funk, heavy metal, punk, disco, house, techno, salsa, grunge and hip hop.", "Ana Popović Ana Popović (Serbian Cyrillic: Ана Поповић, born May 13, 1976 in Belgrade) is a Memphis, Tennessee-based Serbian blues guitarist and singer.", "Andres Levin Andres Levin is a Venezuelan-born American record producer, bandleader, filmmaker, recording engineer and philanthropist. Levin won a Grammy Award in 2009 for his production of the In the Heights Cast Recording. His Grammy-nominated Latin fusion band Yerba Buena was founded along with Cuban-American singer Cucu Diamantes.Levin has been called the \"master-chef of urban fusion\" by the Los Angeles Times.", "Andrew Winton Andrew Winton (born February 1972, Perth) is an independent and solo Australian musician who combines acoustic guitar, lap slide, dobro and seven-string lap guitar/bass (the Wintonbeast), with hollers and stomp.Winton's sound has been likened to a cross between Ben Harper, Sting, Kelly-Joe Phelps and Harry Manx.Winton currently lives in Perth with Karen (his wife, manager and percusionist/vocalist) and their three children.Winton is a brother of the author Tim Winton and has a sister, Sharyn O'Neill, who is the current Director-General of the Western Australian Department of Education.Winton also works part-time as a high school chaplain in Perth.", "Andy Silvester Andy Silvester (born 16 June 1947, Kidderminster, Worcestershire, England) is a British bassist and multi-instrumentalist. Silvester has played in various bands during his career, most notably as co-founder of both Chicken Shack and Big Town Playboys as well as a tenure in the British blues band Savoy Brown and Los Angeles based soft rock ensemble, Wha-Koo.", "Any Colour You Like \"Any Colour You Like\" is the eighth track from English progressive rock band Pink Floyd's 1973 album, The Dark Side of the Moon. It is an instrumental written by David Gilmour, Richard Wright and Nick Mason, making it one of three tracks on the album that Roger Waters did not receive writing credit for, the last Pink Floyd track that Waters had no part in writing while he was still a member, and the last Pink Floyd studio track credited to Mason until The Endless River.", "Banjo music Banjo Music is a genre of music that consists exclusively, or primarily of, the banjo. Banjo music can be played as a solo, or it can be played with a band. Banjo music can be played with all types of banjos (four, five, or six string).", "Barbecue Bob Robert Hicks, better known as Barbecue Bob (September 11, 1902 – October 21, 1931) was an early American Piedmont blues musician. His nickname came from the fact that he was a cook in a barbecue restaurant. One of the two extant photographs of Bob show him playing his guitar while wearing a full length white apron and cook's hat.", "Bassline A bassline (also known as a bass line or bass part) is the term used in many styles of popular music, such as jazz, blues, funk, dub and electronic, or traditional music, for the low-pitched instrumental part or line played by a rhythm section instrument such as the electric bass, double bass, cello, tuba or keyboard (piano, Hammond organ, electric organ, or synthesizer). It is also used sometimes in classical music.", "Beat music Beat music, British beat, or Merseybeat (after bands from Liverpool and nearby areas beside the River Mersey) is a pop and rock music genre that developed in the United Kingdom in the early 1960s. Beat music is a fusion of rock and roll (mainly Chuck Berry guitar style and the midtempo beat of Lubbock sound artists like Buddy Holly), doo-wop, skiffle and R&B.", "Blind Willie McTell Blind Willie McTell (born William Samuel McTier; May 5, 1898 – August 19, 1959) was a Piedmont and ragtime blues singer and guitarist. He played with a fluid, syncopated fingerstyle guitar technique, common among many exponents of Piedmont blues, although, unlike his contemporaries, he came to use twelve-string guitars exclusively. McTell was also an adept slide guitarist, unusual among ragtime bluesmen.", "Blues Breakers with Eric Clapton Blues Breakers is a blues LP recorded by John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers in 1966, the first studio album and the second overall credited to John Mayall, who teamed up for the first time in a studio release with ex-Yardbird Eric Clapton (their next and last time will be for six tracks of 1971's double LP Back to the Roots).It is also known as Beano because of its cover photograph showing Clapton reading The Beano, a British children's comic.", "Blues Saraceno Blues Saraceno (born October 17, 1971) is an American rock guitarist, composer and music producer, currently residing in Los Angeles, California. He was discovered by Guitar for the Practicing Musician magazine at the age of 16, which assisted him in releasing instrumental recordings on an independent basis. Saraceno's high profile as a gifted guitar virtuoso and musician opened the doors to an early career as a first-call guitar sideman and session musician.", "Blues dance Blues dancing is a family of historical dances that developed alongside and were danced to blues music, or the contemporary dances that are danced in that aesthetic.", "Blues scale The term blues scale refers to several different scales with differing numbers of pitches and related characteristics.", "Bob Brozman Bob Brozman (March 8, 1954 – April 23, 2013) was an American guitarist and ethnomusicologist.Brozman was born to a Jewish family living on Long Island, New York. He began playing the guitar when he was 6.He performed in a number of styles such as gypsy jazz, calypso, blues, ragtime, Hawaiian music, and Caribbean music. Brozman also collaborated with musicians from diverse cultural backgrounds such as India, Africa, Japan, Papua New Guinea and Réunion.", "Bob Log III Bob Log III (born November 21, 1969) is an American slide guitar one-man band. During performances, he plays old Silvertone archtop guitars, wears a full body human cannonball suit, and a motorcycle helmet wired to a telephone receiver, which allows him to devote his hands and feet to guitar and drums. The spectacle has been described as a blues punk guitar dance party.He tours over 150 shows a year in more than 30 countries.", "British blues British blues is a form of music derived from American blues that originated in the late 1950s and which reached its height of mainstream popularity in the 1960s, when it developed a distinctive and influential style dominated by electric guitar and made international stars of several proponents of the genre including The Rolling Stones, Eric Clapton, Fleetwood Mac and Led Zeppelin.", "Brooks Williams Brooks Williams (born November 10, 1958) is an American acoustic guitarist and singer/songwriter. His style combines roots, jazz, blues, classical, and folk. He has released some albums consisting of contemporary folk music, and some consisting of instrumental guitar music. Most recently his albums have featured blues music.He tours extensively both in the US and the UK.", "California Guitar Trio California Guitar Trio (CGT) is a band of threeguitar players founded in 1991. The three—Paul Richards of Salt Lake City, Utah, Bert Lams of Affligem, Belgium, and Hideyo Moriya of Tokyo, Japan—met at a 1987 Guitar Craft course, in which Robert Fripp instructed them in the New Standard Tuning (NST).", "Chain (band) Chain are an Australian blues band formed in Melbourne as The Chain in late 1968 with a lineup including guitarist, vocalist Phil Manning; they are sometimes known as Matt Taylor's Chain after lead singer-songwriter and harmonica player, Matt Taylor. Their January 1971 single \"Black and Blue\", which became their only top twenty hit, was recorded by Chain line-up of Manning, Taylor, drummer Barry Harvey and bass guitarist Barry Sullivan.", "Charlie Parr Charlie Parr is an American country blues musician, born in Austin, Minnesota, United States. He started his music career in Duluth, Minnesota. His influences include Charlie Patton, Bukka White, Reverend Gary Davis, Dave Van Ronk, and Mississippi John Hurt. He plays a National resonator guitar, a fretless open-back banjo, and a 12-string guitar often in the Piedmont blues style.", "Crow Black Chicken Crow Black Chicken are a three-piece blues rock band from Clonmel/Cork, Ireland composed of Christy O'Hanlon (vocals, guitar), Stephen McGrath (bass) and Gev Barrett (drums, vocals).", "Detroit blues Detroit blues is blues music played by musicians resident in Detroit, Michigan, particularly that played in the 1940s and 1950s. Detroit blues originated when Delta blues performers migrated north from the Mississippi Delta and Memphis, Tennessee to work in Detroit's industrial plants in the 1920s and 1930s. Typical Detroit blues was very similar to Chicago blues in style.", "Drew Nelson (musician) Drew Nelson is a Canadian blues singer, songwriter, guitarist and recording artist. Nelson is particularly known for his slide guitar playing. He has been playing professionally for nearly forty years.", "Earl Hooker Earl Hooker (January 15, 1929 – April 21, 1970) was an American Chicago blues guitarist, perhaps best known for his slide guitar playing. Considered a \"musician's musician\", Hooker performed with blues artists such as Sonny Boy Williamson II, Junior Wells, and John Lee Hooker (a cousin) as well as fronting his own bands. An early player of the electric guitar, Hooker was influenced by the modern urban styles of T-Bone Walker and Robert Nighthawk.", "Eric Steckel Eric Steckel (born 1990) is an American blues guitarist and singer.", "Etta Baker Note: For the African American civil rights activist, see Ella Baker.Etta Baker (March 31, 1913 – September 23, 2006) was an American Piedmont blues guitarist and singer from North Carolina, United States.", "Fender Blues Junior The Blues Junior is a tube guitar amplifier introduced in 1995 by the Fender company. It is aimed at achieving the warm, tube-driven tone common in many styles of American blues and blues rock dating back to the 1950s, while remaining both portable and affordable. Fender frequently releases limited editions of the Blues Junior. All have the same electronic components and specifications but have cosmetic changes and often a different speaker, at varying prices.", "Ferre Grignard Ferre Grignard (13 March 1939 – 8 August 1982) was a Belgian skiffle-singer from Antwerp who surprised the world in 1965 with his international hits \"Ring Ring, I've Got To Sing\" and \"My Crucified Jesus\".", "Gary Clark, Jr. Gary Lee Clark, Jr. (born February 15, 1984) is an American guitarist and actor based in Austin, Texas. Clark shared the stage with various legends of rock and roll, and has stated that he is \"influenced by blues, jazz, soul [and] country, as well as hip hop\". Clark's musical trademarks are his distorted guitar sound and smooth vocal style.", "Goree Carter Goree Chester Carter or Christer Carter (December 31, 1930 – December 29, 1990), known as Goree Carter, was an American singer, guitarist, drummer, songwriter and soldier.", "Grandfather Child Grandfather Child is a rock band based in Houston, Texas. Using lap steel guitar instead of the traditional two electric guitar line-up, Grandfather Child has created a sound that mixes country, Gospel, as well as rhythm and blues.", "Guitar The guitar is a popular musical instrument classified as a string instrument with anywhere from 4 to 18 strings, usually having 6. The sound is projected either acoustically or through electrical amplification (for an acoustic guitar or an electric guitar, respectively). It is typically played by strumming or plucking the strings with the right hand while fretting (or pressing against the fret) the strings with the left hand.", "Guitar Ray & The Gamblers Guitar Ray & The Gamblers are an Italian blues band founded in 2002. Since 2006, the band members have consisted of Ray Scona on vocals and guitar, Gab D on bass guitar, Henry Carpaneto on piano and Marco Fuliano on the drums. The core of the band is Ray Scona, guitarist and singer, born in 1963 in Chiavari (Genova). Scona began playing at the age of thirteen, and—30 years later—still carries his first Fender Stratocaster on tour.", "Harmonica Shah Harmonica Shah (born Thaddeus Hall, March 31, 1946 in Oakland, California) is an American Detroit and electric blues harmonicist and singer. His playing was influenced by Junior Wells, Jimmy Reed, Little Walter, Lazy Lester, and Little Sonny.", "Harvey Mandel Harvey Mandel (born March 11, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, United States) is an American guitarist known for his innovative approach to electric guitar playing. A professional at twenty, he played with Charlie Musselwhite, Canned Heat, The Rolling Stones, and John Mayall before starting a solo career. Mandel is one of the first rock guitarists to use two-handed fretboard tapping.", "Homemade Jamz Blues Band Homemade Jamz Blues Band is an American, Tupelo, Mississippi-based blues trio, consisting of siblings Ryan (vocal and guitar), Kyle (bass) and Taya (drums) Perry. In December 2007, the trio made music history as the youngest blues band to achieve a record deal: the Toronto-based NorthernBlues Music signed the band when Ryan was aged 16, Kyle was 14 and Taya was 9.", "Irish Coffee (band) Irish Coffee are a hard rock band from Aalst, East Flanders, Belgium, that officially started playing in 1970. They are best remembered for their single \"Masterpiece\" which made it to the Belgian charts. The band's music was a combination of hard rock and blues rock, with searing lead guitar parts and strong vocals. The band broke up in 1975 but reformed in 2002 with a new organist and bassist.", "Jam band Jam bands are musical groups whose live albums and concerts relate to a unique fan culture that began in the 1960s with The Grateful Dead, and continued with The Allman Brothers Band, which had lengthy jams at concerts. The performances of these bands typically feature extended musical improvisation \"\\jams\") over rhythmic grooves and chord patterns, and long sets of music that can often cross genre boundaries. The Grateful Dead continued to grow their fanbase in the second half of the 1980s.", "Jesse Rivest Jesse Rivest is a Canadian singer-songwriter currently residing in New Zealand (2008). His main instruments are voice and guitar. He has toured British Columbia, as well as Australia and New Zealand as a solo performer.", "Jump blues Jump blues is an up-tempo blues usually played by small groups and featuring horns. It was very popular in the 1940s, and the movement was a precursor to the arrival of rhythm and blues and rock and roll. More recently, there was renewed interest in jump blues in the 1990s as part of the swing revival.", "Kansas City blues Kansas City blues is a genre of blues music. It has spawned the Kansas City Blues & Jazz festival and the Kansas City Blues Society.", "Kelly Joe Phelps Kelly Joe Phelps (born October 5, 1959, Sumner, Washington, United States) is an American musician and songwriter. His music has been characterized as a mixture of delta blues and jazz.", "L-pop L-pop (an abbreviation for Lao popular music) is a musical genre consisting of pop, rock, hip hop, electronic, and R&B music.", "List of electric blues musicians The electric blues is a type of blues music distinguished by the amplification of the guitar, the bass guitar, and/or the harmonica and other instruments. Electric blues is performed in several regional subgenres, such as Chicago blues, Texas blues, Delta blues and Memphis blues. Though most interpretations of electric blues have a solemn tone through the common uses of the minor pentatonic scale, slow backing, and extended soloing periods, that extend through all subgenres.", "Louisiana blues Louisiana blues is a genre of blues music that developed in the period after World War II in the state of Louisiana. It is generally divided into two major subgenres, with the jazz-influenced New Orleans blues based on the musical traditions of that city and the slower tempo swamp blues incorporating influences from zydeco and Cajun music from around Baton Rouge.", "Marshall Lawrence Marshall Lawrence (born 1956) is a Canadian musician. Lawrence is often referred to as the \"Doctor of the Blues\", as he also works as a psychologist.", "Matt Murphy (blues guitarist) Matt \"Guitar\" Murphy (born December 29, 1929) is an American blues guitarist.", "Memphis blues The Memphis blues is a style of blues music that was created in the 1910s – 1930s by Memphis-area musicians like Frank Stokes, Sleepy John Estes, Furry Lewis and Memphis Minnie. The style was popular in vaudeville and medicine shows, and was associated with Memphis' main entertainment area, Beale Street. W.C. Handy, the \"Father of the Blues\" published The Memphis Blues. In lyrics, the phrase is often used to describe a depressed mood.", "Mississippi John Hurt John Smith Hurt, better known as Mississippi John Hurt (July 3, 1893 or March 8, 1892 — November 2, 1966) was an American country blues singer and guitarist.Raised in Avalon, Mississippi, Hurt taught himself how to play the guitar around age nine. Singing to a melodious finger-picked accompaniment, he began to play local dances and parties while working as a sharecropper. He first recorded for Okeh Records in 1928, but these recordings were commercial failures.", "Neil Fallon Neil Patrick Fallon (October 25, 1971 in Portsmouth, Virginia) is the lead singer and occasional rhythm guitarist, keyboardist and percussionist for the rock band Clutch, and lead singer for The Company Band.", "Nick Katzman Nick Katzman (born 1951) is an American blues musician. Katzman was born in New York City, and lives in both Manhattan and Berlin, Germany. He plays in a variety of musical genres, including Chicago blues, Mississippi blues, Texas blues, and ragtime.", "One Way Out (song) \"One Way Out\" is a blues song first recorded and released in the early-mid-1960s by Sonny Boy Williamson II and Elmore James, an R&B hit under a different name for G.L. Crockett (who also recorded as \"G. Davy Crockett\") in the mid-1960s, and then popularized to rock audiences in the early 1970s and onward by The Allman Brothers Band.", "Origins of rock and roll Rock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States in the early to mid-1950s. It derived most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music.", "Orville Johnson Orville Johnson is an American resonator guitar player and musician, born in 1953 in Edwardsville, Illinois. He came up in the St. Louis, Missouri music scene and now lives in Seattle, Washington. A frequent session musician, he also has released a number of solo and group albums.", "Pat Wictor Pat Wictor (born 1966, Caripito, Venezuela) is an American blues and folk musician, guitarist, singer/songwriter, and recording artist. Known for his ethereal style, he was nominated for Emerging Artist of the Year in 2006 by the Folk Alliance, and has released a number of solo albums. In 2010 Wictor co-founded the folk trio Brother Sun, with singer-songwriters Joe Jencks and Greg Greenway, and the band has since released two full albums and toured extensively.", "Poor Boy Blues \"Poor Boy Blues\" or \"Poor Boy, Long Ways From Home\" is a traditional blues song of unknown origin. As with most traditional blues songs, there is great variation in the melody and lyrical content as performed by different artists.", "Power trio A power trio is a rock and roll band format having a lineup of guitar, bass and drums, leaving out the second guitar or keyboard that are used in other rock music quartets and quintets to fill out the sound with chords. While one or more band members typically sing, power trios emphasize instrumental performance and overall impact over vocals and lyrics.", "Progg Progg, a contraction of the Swedish word for \"progressive music\" (progressiv musik), was a left-wing and anti-commercial musical movement in Sweden that had its roots in the late 1960s, and its golden age in the 1970s. It should not be confused with the English expression progressive music or progressive rock. Progg is not a genre.", "Punk blues Punk blues (or blues punk) is a fusion genre of punk rock and blues. Punk blues musicians and bands usually incorporate elements of related styles, such as protopunk and blues rock. Its origins lie strongly within the garage rock sound of the 1960s and 1970s.Punk blues can be said to favor the common rawness, simplicity and emotion shared between the punk and blues genres. Chet Weise, singer/guitarist of The Immortal Lee County Killers stated, \"Punk and blues are both honest reactions to life.", "R. L. Burnside Not to be confused with R. H. Burnside, stage director.R. L. Burnside (November 23, 1926 – September 1, 2005) was an American blues singer, songwriter, and guitarist who lived much of his life in and around Holly Springs, Mississippi. He played music for much of his life, but did not receive much attention until the early 1990s.", "Randy Holden Randy Holden (born July 2, 1945) is a guitarist best known for his involvement with the West Coast blues rock group Blue Cheer on their third album, New! Improved! Blue Cheer (1969).", "Rock and roll Rock and roll (often written as rock & roll or rock 'n' roll) is a genre of popular music that originated and evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s, primarily from a combination of predominantly African-American genres such as blues, boogie woogie, jump blues, jazz, and gospel music, together with Western swing and country music.", "Rock music Rock music is a genre of popular music that originated as \"rock and roll\" in the United States in the 1950s, and developed into a range of different styles in the 1960s and later, particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States. It has its roots in 1940s' and 1950s' rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music.", "Rockabilly Rockabilly is one of the earliest styles of rock and roll music, dating to the early 1950s in the United States, especially the South. As a genre it blends the sound of Western musical styles such as country with that of rhythm and blues, leading to what is considered \"classic\" rock and roll. Some have also described it as a blend of the bluegrass style with rock and roll.", "Roots rock Roots rock is rock music that looks back to rock's origins in folk, blues and country music. It is particularly associated with the creation of hybrid subgenres from the later 1960s including country rock and Southern rock, which have been seen as responses to the perceived excesses of dominant psychedelic and developing progressive rock.", "Rudy Rotta Rudy Rotta (born 14 October 1950) is an Italian blues guitarist who lives near Verona.", "Saiichi Sugiyama Saiichi Sugiyama (born 1960 in Tokyo, Japan) is a British-based guitarist, singer and composer, best known for his writing and performing collaborations with Pete Brown, the lyricist for Cream since 2002 to date.", "Saint Blues Guitar Workshop Saint Blues Guitar Workshop is a manufacturer of high-end Boutique Electric Guitars from Memphis, Tennessee. The company was born out of the custom guitar division of Strings & Things Music store in Memphis and rose early with a tide of support from prominent guitar players from around the world, but originally only lasted for a 5-year run in the 1980s.", "Slide guitar Slide guitar is a particular method or technique for playing the guitar. The term slide refers to the motion of the slide along the strings. Instead of altering the pitch of the strings in the normal manner (by pressing the string against frets), an object called a \"slide\" is placed upon the string to vary its vibrating length, and pitch.", "Sonny Black For the German rapper who uses Sonny Black as a pseudonym see Bushido, for the American mafioso see Dominick Napolitano.Bill Boazman redirects hereSonny Black is a leading acoustic guitarist based in the UK, who plays blues, rags and original compositions usually fingerstyle or slide. \"Sonny Black\" is a pseudonym adopted when he began the first \"Sonny Black's Blues Band\".", "Soul blues Soul blues is a style of blues music developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s that combines elements of soul music and urban contemporary music. Singers and musicians who grew up listening to the traditional electric blues of artists such as Muddy Waters, Bo Diddley, Jimmy Reed and Elmore James; soul singers such as Sam Cooke, Ray Charles and Otis Redding; and gospel music wanted to bridge their favorite music together. Bobby Bland was one of the pioneers of this style.", "Soulganic Soulganic is an independent Soul quartet that is based in Charlotte, North Carolina. Soulganic also liberally infuses Latin, Funk, Rock, Blues and Jazz elements into its music. The band consists of Cory McClure (drums, keyboards), Ryan McKeithan (acoustic and electric guitars, vocals), Anthony Rodriguez (lead vocals, bass guitar), and Lucas Torres (percussion).", "Soulmate (band) Soulmate is a blues rock band from Shillong, Meghalaya, India. The band is primarily made up of Rudy Wallang (guitar/vocals/songwriter) and Tipriti TIPS Kharbangar (vocals/guitar), although they frequently team up with session musicians (on drums, bass, organ and possibly other backup instruments) when on tour. Tipriti is considered as one of the finest female singers to have emerged from North East India and Wallang is considered one of the most respected blues guitarists of India.", "Southern rock Southern rock is a subgenre of rock music and a genre of Americana. It developed in the Southern United States from rock and roll, country music, and blues, and is focused generally on electric guitar and vocals. Although the origin of the term Southern rock is unknown, \"many people feel that these important contributors to the development of rock and roll have been minimized in rock's history.\"The Allman Brothers Band played blues rock with long jams.", "St. Louis blues (music) St. Louis blues is a type of blues music. It is usually more piano-based than other forms of the blues, and is closely related to the jump blues, ragtime and piano blues. It is sometimes performed to a \"Saint Louis shuffle\" beat; a drum rhythm with heavy on-the-beat accents.", "Stefan Grossman Stefan Grossman (born April 16, 1945) is an American acoustic fingerstyle guitarist and singer, music producer and educator, and co-founder of Kicking Mule records. He is known for his instructional videos and Vestapol line of videos and DVDs.", "Stephen Dale Petit Stephen Dale Petit (born 19 April 1969) is an American-born guitarist, singer, songwriter and New Blues musician.Petit's blues guitar experience started at a young age in California and continued through drug addiction, alcoholism, homelessness, and subsequent recovery.", "Still of the Night (song) \"Still of the Night\" (also known as \"In the Still of the Night\") is a song by the English band Whitesnake. It was released as the third single from their hugely successful self titled 1987 album. It reached #16 in the U.K., #18 on the U.S. Mainstream Rock Tracks and #79 on the Billboard Hot 100 when it was released on 9 March 1987.", "Sue Foley Sue Foley (born March 29, 1968, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian blues singer and guitarist.", "Swamp blues Swamp blues, sometimes the Excello sound, is a subgenre of blues music and a variation of Louisiana blues that developed around Baton Rouge in the 1950s and which reached a peak of popularity in the 1960s. It generally has a slow tempo and incorporates influences from other genres of music, particularly the regional styles of zydeco and Cajun music.", "Tedeschi Trucks Band The Tedeschi Trucks Band — formerly known as the Derek Trucks & Susan Tedeschi Band — is a blues rock group based in Jacksonville, Florida, USA. Formed in 2010, the band is led by husband-and-wife musicians Derek Trucks and Susan Tedeschi, and primarily features members from their solo groups. Their debut album, Revelator (2011), won the 2012 Grammy Award for Best Blues Album.", "The Blasters For others with this name, see Blasters (disambiguation).The Blasters are a rock and roll band formed in 1979 in Downey, California, by brothers Phil Alvin (vocals and guitar) and Dave Alvin (guitar), with bass guitarist John Bazz and drummer Bill Bateman. Phil Alvin explained the origin of the band's name: \"I thought Joe Turner’s backup band on Atlantic records – I had these 78s – I thought they were the Blues Blasters. That ends up it was Jimmy McCracklin.", "The Border Surrender The Border Surrender are an English rock band based in North London. The band members are Keith Austin (vocals and guitar), Simon Shields (vocals, guitar, bass guitar and mandolin), Johnny Manning (keyboards, melodica, glockenspiel & accordion) and Mark Austin (drums and vocals). They are signed under Smoky Carrot Records.", "The Derek Trucks Band The Derek Trucks Band is an American jam band founded by young slide guitar prodigy, Derek Trucks, who began playing guitar and touring with some of blues and rock music's elite when he was just nine years old. After experimenting as an adolescent with musicians he met between tours and recording sessions, Trucks founded The Derek Trucks Band in 1994.", "The Prime Movers (Michigan band) The Prime Movers were a blues band based in the Ann Arbor, Michigan, formed in 1965. The band originally consisted of Michael Erlewine (lead singer, harmonica), Dan Erlewine (lead guitar), Robert Sheff (keyboards), Robert Vinopal (bass), and Michael \"Spider\" Wynn (drums). Vinopal left soon after the band's formation and was replaced by Jack Dawson. Wynn left a short time later and was replaced by James Osterberg, who would later become famous as Iggy Pop.", "The Reverend Peyton's Big Damn Band The Reverend Peyton's Big Damn Band is a three-piece American country blues band from Brown County, Indiana, living in a rural area north of Nashville, Ind., and south of Bean Blossom. They play more than 250 dates per year at venues ranging from bars to festivals. To date, they have released seven albums and one EP. On February 17, 2015 they released their next album So Delicious on the newly revived Yazoo Records label.", "The Twisters For the Chilean group, see Los Twisters.The Twisters are a Canadian blues band formed in 1994 in North Vancouver. They are signed to Toronto's NorthernBlues Music.", "The Wandas the WANDAS are an American rock band based out of Boston Massachusetts composed of Keith McEachern, Brent Battey, Ross Lucivero, William Bierce and Greg Settino.New Interface (a design with friends for the future) is the band's follow up to their critically acclaimed self-titled record The Wandas (album). New Interface (a design with friends for the future), released June 25, 2013, was produced by Joel Ford of Ford & Lopatin and mixed by Patrick Krief of The Dears.", "Tom Doughty Tom Doughty is an English, Cheshire-based lap steel acoustic guitarist and singer-songwriter, who has released three albums. His style is free-flowing and improvisational, drawing from the blues, folk and jazz-swing standards. He has played at venues all over the United Kingdom and frequently visits the United States.", "Wagnerian rock Wagnerian rock is a musical term originally coined by writer and producer Jim Steinman (to describe Meat Loaf's Bat Out of Hell trilogy of albums) referring to the merger of twentieth century rock and roll and nineteenth-century opera reminiscent of Richard Wagner and of Spector's Wall of Sound. The term is sometimes used ambiguously in rock writing, referring to a bombastic Teutonic style, or fantasy lyrics.", "West Coast blues The West Coast blues is a type of blues influenced by jazz and jump blues, with strong piano-dominated sounds and jazzy guitar solos, which originated from Texas blues players who relocated to California in the 1940s. West Coast blues also features smooth, honey-toned vocals, frequently crossing into urban blues territory." ]

[ "Alpina B10 Biturbo The Alpina B10 BiTurbo is a high performance version of the BMW 5 Series E34 executive car built by Alpina. Beginning production in 1989, the B10 BiTurbo was based on the 535i and received several upgrades by Alpina, being the fastest production sedan in the world at the time of its introduction.", "Artega GT The Artega GT is a mid-engined, rear wheel drive 2-seat sports car produced by German manufacturer Artega between 2009 and 2012. The GT was Artega's first and only model.", "Audi 100 The Audi 100 and Audi 200 are executive cars manufactured for model years 1968–1994 by Audi, a division of the Volkswagen Group. The C2 and C3 models of the Audi 100 were sold in the United States as the Audi 5000 until 1988.", "Audi 920 The Audi 920 was a car introduced in 1938 by Audi to replace the Audi Front UW 225. Its engine was a shortened version of the eight-cylinder in-line engine used by sister company Horch. The car was planned to occupy a niche in the Auto Union range between the large Horch products and the middle market cars produced by Wanderer.", "Audi A2 The Audi A2 (internally designated Typ 8Z) is a compact MPV-styled supermini car, with a five-door hatchback body style and four or five seats, produced by the German manufacturer Audi from November 1999 to August 2005.", "Audi A4 The Audi A4 is a line of compact executive cars produced since late 1994 by the German car manufacturer Audi, a subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group.The A4 has been built in four generations and is based on the Volkswagen Group B platform. The first generation A4 succeeded the Audi 80. The automaker's internal numbering treats the A4 as a continuation of the Audi 80 lineage, with the initial A4 designated as the B5-series, followed by the B6, B7, B8 and the B9.", "Audi A5 The Audi A5 (internally designated Typ 8T) is a compact executive car produced by the German automobile manufacturer Audi since 2007. The A5 range comprises the coupé, cabriolet, and \"Sportback\" (a four-door liftback featuring a roof line with a steeply raked rear window with integrated trunk lid) versions of the fourth generation (B8) Audi A4 saloon and estate models.", "Audi A6 The Audi A6 is an executive car made by the German automaker Audi AG, now in its fourth generation. As the successor to the Audi 100, the A6 is manufactured in Neckarsulm, Germany – and is available in saloon and wagon configurations, the latter marketed by Audi as the Avant.All generations of the A6 have offered either front-wheel drive or Torsen-based four-wheel drive – marketed by Audi as their quattro system.", "Audi A8 The Audi A8 is a four-door, full-size, luxury sedan car manufactured and marketed by the German automaker Audi since 1994. Succeeding the Audi V8, and now in its third generation, the A8 has been offered with both front- or permanent all-wheel drive—and in short- and long-wheelbase variants. The first two generations employed the Volkswagen Group D platform, with the current generation deriving from the MLB platform.", "Audi Coupé (B2) The Audi Coupé (B2, Typ 81/85) was a two-door coupé produced and sold by Audi from 1980 to 1988. It was offered as a less expensive version of its turbocharged, permanent four-wheel drive Audi Quattro without turbocharger(s) or four wheel drive. Later, quattro was added as an option (Typ 85). Typ 81 was the internal model code for front-wheel drive Audi Coupés.", "Audi Le Mans quattro The Audi Le Mans quattro was a sports car styled concept car, developed by Audi, for presentation at the 2003 Frankfurt Motor Show, as a result of Audi's three successive wins at the arduous 24 Hours of Le Mans endurance motor race in 2000, 2001, and 2002.", "Audi Q5 The Audi Q5 (Typ 8R) is a compact luxury crossover manufactured and marketed by Audi since 2008, using the Audi MLP platform (Modular Longitudinal Platform) which debuted on the 2007 Audi A5 coupé.", "Audi Quattro The Audi Quattro is a road and rally car, produced by the German automobile manufacturer Audi, part of the Volkswagen Group. It was first shown at the 1980 Geneva Motor Show on 3 March. Production of the original version continued through 1991.", "Audi R8 The Audi R8 (Typ 42) is a mid-engine, 2-seater super car, which uses Audi's trademark quattro permanent all-wheel drive system. It was introduced by the German automaker Audi AG in 2006.The car is exclusively designed, developed, and manufactured by Audi AG's high performance private subsidiary company, quattro GmbH, and is based on the Lamborghini Gallardo platform.", "Audi RS 2 Avant The Audi RS2 Avant was a limited edition, high-performance Audi five-door, five-seat estate car (station wagon), manufactured from March 1994 to July 1995. Collaboratively designed as a joint venture between Audi AG and Porsche and built on Audi's 80 Avant, designated internally as P1 (instead of B4/8C that it was based on).", "Audi RS 4 The Audi RS4 quattro is the top tier and highest performing version of some specific generations of the Audi A4 range of automobiles. It is a sports-focused compact executive car (often called sport compact in some countries), produced by Audi's high-performance private subsidiary quattro GmbH, in limited numbers, for German car manufacturer AUDI AG, part of the larger Volkswagen Group.", "Audi Roadjet The Audi Roadjet is a concept car developed by the German manufacturer Audi, and was officially unveiled at the 2006 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Michigan. It is a study of a sporty and luxurious mid-size hatchback. According to Audi, this study is a technology demonstrator of innovative electronic systems that will be built into the production models in the next few years.", "Audi S4 The Audi S4 is the high performance variant of Audi's compact executive car A4. The original Audi S4, built from 1991 until 1994, was a performance-oriented version of Audi's 100 saloon/sedan.", "Audi S5 The Audi S5 is the high-performance variant of Audi's A5.", "Audi S6 The Audi S6 is the high performance variant of the Audi A6, an executive car produced by German automaker Audi. It went on sale in 1994, shortly after the \"A6\" designation was introduced, replacing the \"100\" nameplate.The original S6 (Ur-S6) was largely the same car as the outgoing, original Audi S4 (C4) (Ur-S4), with the only visible differences being new body-cladding and badging.", "Audi Type A The Audi Type A was introduced in 1910. It is considered to be the oldest vehicle under the Audi name. A total of 140 vehicles were produced. In 1911 the type A was succeeded by the Audi Type B.", "Audi Type B The Audi Type B was introduced in 1910 as a successor to the Audi Type A, there was an overall 360 of the Type B built. It used a four-cylinder, two-block inline engine with 2.6 Litres of displacement. It developed 28 PS (21 kW; 28 hp) through a four-speed countershaft gearbox and a propeller shaft, which drove the rear wheels. The car had a ladder frame and two leaf-sprung solid axles.", "Audi Type C The Audi Type C was introduced in 1912. It became popular with the German people and Army, being brought back into production for a couple of years after the war. Its performance, handling and reliability along with rally successes greatly raised Audi's profile, and the Type C was a commercial success. 1,116 cars were produced.It featured a four cylinder in-line engine with a displacement of 3,564 cc, with a maximum output of 35 PS (26 kW; 35 hp) at 1800 rpm.", "Audi Type D The Audi Type D was introduced in 1911. The vehicle had a four-cylinder in-line engine with 4.7 litres of displacement. It developed 45 PS over a four-speed countershaft gearbox and a propeller shaft, which drove the rear wheels. The car had a ladder frame and two leaf-sprung solid axles. The Type D was available as a four-seat touring car or four-door sedan.Until 1920, only 53 copies of the car were built.", "Audi Type E The Audi Type E was a passenger car introduced by Audi in 1913. It was the largest pre-war car from Audi.The vehicle had a four-cylinder two-block in-line engine with 5,699 cc of displacement. It developed over a four-speed countershaft gearbox and a propeller shaft, which drove the rear wheels. The claimed maximum output was 55 PS (40 kW; 54 hp) at 1650 or 1750 rpm, supporting a top speed of 90 km/h (56 mph).", "Audi Type G The Audi Type G is a passenger car produced by Audi between 1914 and 1923. It is Audi's smallest and least powerful pre-war car.The vehicle had a four-cylinder two-block in-line engine with 2,084 cc of displacement with which developed a maximum of 22 PS (16 kW; 22 hp) at 1900 rpm. Power was transmitted to the rear wheels through a four-speed countershaft gearbox and a steel propeller shaft. A top speed of 65 km/h (40 mph) was claimed.", "Audi Type K The Audi Type K was a car introduced by Audi at the Berlin Motor Show in September 1921. Since the end of the war Audi had till now produced only cars of pre-war design, so that the Type K was the first post-war Audi design to be offered. The Type K entered production in 1922 and was withdrawn in 1925, by which time the company had commenced production, in 1924, their Type M model which can be seen as a larger replacement for the Type K.", "Audi Type M The Audi Type M was a large, well constructed, reliable, fast and very expensive car first presented at the Berlin Motor Show in 1923 and produced by Audi between 1924 and 1927.The vehicle had a six-cylinder in-line engine with 4,655 cc of displacement. The engine incorporated several innovative features including overhead valves. It developed a maximum of 70 PS (51 kW; 69 hp) at 3,000 rpm. Power was transmitted to the rear wheels through a four-speed transmission.", "Audi Type P The Audi Type P was a small two-door sedan/saloon car introduced by Audi in 1931. It was discontinued by 1932.", "Audi Type R The Audi Type R was a large, well-constructed, reliable, fast and expensive car produced by Audi between 1928 and 1932 as a successor to the Audi Type M.The Type R closely resembled the predecessor model, which had been perceived as too expensive. In reality the Type R was a little smaller than the Type M, its specification was less lavish and its price was lower.", "Audi Type SS The Audi Type SS was a large, eight-cylinder-powered sedan/saloon car introduced by Audi in 1929 in succession to the Type R \"Imperator\".Jørgen Skafte Rasmussen, the Danish-born entrepreneurial industrialist who had purchased Audi-Werke in 1928, had previously, in 1927, purchased the manufacturing plant of the bankrupt Detroit-based Rickenbacker business and shipped it home to Germany. He installed it in a factory he owned just outside Zschopau, near to Audi's own Zwickau plant.", "Audi Type T The Audi Type T was a large, 6-cylinder-powered sedan/saloon car introduced by Audi in 1931. It was in most respects a scaled-down version of the manufacturer's Type SS \"Zwickau\", which had appeared two years earlier.Jørgen Skafte Rasmussen, the Danish-born entrepreneurial industrialist who had purchased Audi-Werke in 1928, had previously, in 1927, purchased the manufacturing plant of the bankrupt Detroit-based Rickenbacker business and shipped it home to Germany.", "Audi V8 The Audi V8 (Typ 4C) is a four-door, full-size, luxury sedan, built by Audi in Germany from 1988 to 1993, as the company's flagship model. It was the first car from Audi to use a V8 engine, and also the first Audi to combine a quattro system with an automatic transmission. Early cars used 3.6-litre V8s, while later cars featured a 4.2-litre version of the engine.", "BMW 1 Series The BMW 1 Series is a series of compact luxury cars manufactured by the German automaker BMW since 2004. Successor to the BMW Compact, it has been produced in four different body styles.", "BMW 1 Series (E87) The first-generation BMW 1 Series is a compact executive car produced by the German automaker BMW since 2004, when it replaced the BMW 3 Series Compact as the smallest and least expensive vehicle in the BMW range.", "BMW 1 Series (F20) The second generation BMW 1 Series range comprises three-door hatchback (model code F21) and five-door hatchback (F20) models. Like its E87 predecessor, it uses a longitudinally-mounted engine, aluminum multi-link suspension and a rear-wheel drive chassis (however some models are available with all-wheel drive).Transmission options are a six-speed manual or an eight-speed ZF 8HP automatic.", "BMW 2 Series (F22) The BMW 2 Series Coupé and Cabrio are luxury compact coupés and convertibles produced by German manufacturer BMW since 2013; they are part of the 2 Series lineup.Although it is the successor of the 1-Series coupé, it is continuing the BMW 02 coupés as a successor in that segment. The name, 2-Series, is based on BMW's rationalization of its model designations reserving odd numbers for 4-door sedans and even numbers for 2-door coupés and coupé-like cars.", "BMW 3/15 The BMW 3/15 was BMW's first car, produced in its first version as a \"Dixi\" between 1927 and 1929 and then, following BMW's acquisition of the Dixi business in October 1928, in three subsequent versions as BMWs from July 1929 till March 1932, when BMW gave up the licence under which the Austin designed cars were produced.9,307 Dixi 3/15s were manufactured between 1927 and 1929, which was almost as many cars as all the earlier Dixi models together.18,976 BMW 3/15s were manufactured between 1929 and 1932.", "BMW 3/20 The BMW 3/20 PS was the first BMW automobile designed entirely by BMW. It was manufactured from 1932 to 1934, replacing the 3/15 model that was initially an Austin 7 manufactured under licence from the Austin Motor Company.The engine used in the 3/20 was based on the Austin Seven engine used in the 3/15, but its crankshaft ran in plain bearings instead of roller bearings and had an 80 mm (3.1 in) stroke, generating a displacement of 788 cc (48.1 cu in).", "BMW 303 The BMW 303 was a small family saloon produced by BMW in 1933 and 1934. It was the first BMW motor car with a six-cylinder engine and the first BMW motor car with the \"kidney grille\" associated with the brand.", "BMW 3200 CS The BMW 3200 CS was a sports touring car manufactured by BMW between January 1962 and September 1965. It was designed by Bertone and was introduced at the 1961 Frankfurt Motor Show. More than five hundred were built.The 3200 CS was the final variation on BMW's early postwar luxury platform that began with the 501 introduced in 1951. The styling of the 3200 CS influenced the 2000 CS coupe version of the New Class and the later New Six coupes.", "BMW 320 The BMW 320 was a saloon car manufactured by BMW from 1937 to 1938. It replaced the 319-based BMW 329.The 320 was built on a shortened BMW 326 frame and used a 326 engine with a single carburettor and an output of 45 hp (34 kW).", "BMW 321 The BMW 321 is a compact six-cylinder sedan produced by the Bavarian firm between 1938 and 1941. After 1945, production of the 321 resumed at the Eisenach plant and continued until 1950.", "BMW 326 The BMW 326 is a medium-sized sedan produced by BMW between 1936 and 1941, and again briefly, under Soviet control, after 1945. The 326 was BMW's first four-door sedan. It had an innovative design and sold well despite its relatively high price. It also had an unusually involved afterlife.", "BMW 327 The BMW 327 is a medium sized touring coupé produced by the Bavarian firm between 1937 and 1941, and again produced after 1945. It sat on a shortened version of the BMW 326 chassis.", "BMW 328 The BMW 328 is a sports car made by BMW between 1936 and 1940, with the body design credited to Peter Szymanowski, who became BMW chief of design after World War II (although technically the car was designed by Fritz Fiedler).", "BMW 335 (1939–41) The BMW 335 is a six-cylinder sports sedan produced by the Bavarian firm between 1939 and 1941.", "BMW 3 Series The BMW 3 Series is a compact executive car manufactured by the German automaker BMW since May 1975. Successor to the BMW New Class, it has been produced in six different generations and in five different body styles. It is BMW's best-selling model, accounting for around 30% of the BMW brand's annual total sales (excluding motorbikes). The BMW 3 Series has won numerous awards throughout its history.", "BMW 3 Series (E21) BMW E21 is the body designation for the first BMW 3 Series compact executive car, produced by the German automaker BMW from 1975 to 1983. This series was the immediate successor to the BMW 2002 and was superseded by the BMW E30.", "BMW 3 Series (E30) The BMW E30 is a compact executive car which was produced by BMW from 1982 to 1993. All variants used a rear-wheel-drive layout with the exception of the all-wheel-drive 325iX. The BMW M3 was first introduced on the E30 platform. The E30 was released in 1982 and was replaced by the BMW E36 in 1992. BMW continued to produce the cabriolet (convertible) E30 well into 1992 and the Touring until June 1993.The cars were powered by a range of inline 4-cylinder and inline 6-cylinder engines.", "BMW 3 Series (E36) The BMW E36 is the third generation of the 3 Series compact executive cars produced by BMW. Development began in July 1981, with the final design being frozen in 1988. It was introduced in October 1990 (as a 1991 model) for Europe and in April 1991 (as a 1992 model) for US and Canada. It was the successor to the E30 3 Series and was eventually replaced by the E46 3 Series in 1998, though E36 coupes were still produced for the 1999 model year. The E36 experienced enormous success in the market.", "BMW 3 Series (E46) The BMW E46 is the fourth generation of the 3 Series compact executive cars, produced by BMW. It was produced from 1998 when it succeeded the BMW E36.The E46 was released in May 1998 to worldwide markets in the sedan body style. In 1999, a coupé and touring body style became available to all markets, and the sedan was released in the United States. A convertible and hatchback body style was released in 2000, the latter only for Europe, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.", "BMW 3 Series (E90) The BMW E90 series is the fifth generation of the BMW 3 Series range of compact executive cars, including saloon, estate (designated as E91, marketed as Touring), coupé (E92), and coupé cabriolet (E93) configurations. A high-performance BMW M3 version of the E90, E91, E92, and E93 was also available. Production was between 2004 and 2013.The BMW E90 series was the best-selling entry-level luxury car in Canada and the United States.", "BMW 3 Series (F30) The BMW F30 is an internal corporate chassis designation for the BMW 3 series of cars. The series is the sixth generation of the BMW 3 Series range of compact executive cars. It is the successor to the E90 model and was unveiled by automaker BMW on October 14, 2011 in Munich, Germany.The world premiere was broadcast live over the internet through Facebook. It was released as a 2012 model and has been on sale since early 2012. The F30 sedan was launched on February 11, 2012 by BMW Press.", "BMW 3 Series Compact The BMW 3 Series Compact was a compact executive car, basically a truncated liftback version of the BMW 3 Series, produced by the German automaker BMW between 1993 and 2004. Initially based on the BMW E36 platform, it switched to the BMW E46 platform in 2001. Production of the 3 Series Compact ceased in 2004 when it was succeeded by the 1 Series.The car was available in 316i, 316g (compressed natural gas), 318ti, 318tds (diesel) and later as a 323ti.", "BMW 3 Series Gran Turismo The BMW 3 Series Gran Turismo (also referred to as the BMW 3-series GT or F34) is a variation of the manufacturer's 3 series model, marketed as a more independent model.It is based on the V3 automobile platform and is the first generation of BMW's Progressive Activity Coupe (PAC) series. The concept debuted at the 2009 Frankfurt Auto Show as a Concept 3 Series Gran Turismo (3 GT). The V3 is meant to appeal to BMW customers looking for a smaller sportier version of the 5 series GT.", "BMW 4 Series (F32) The BMW F32 series is the first generation of the BMW 4 Series range of compact executive cars. It is the successor to the E92 model of the 3 Series range.", "BMW 501 The BMW 501 was a luxury saloon car manufactured by BMW from 1952 to 1958. Introduced at the first Frankfurt Motor Show in 1951, the 501 was the first motor car to be manufactured and sold by BMW after the Second World War. The 501 and its derivatives, including the V8 powered BMW 502, were nicknamed “Baroque Angels” by the German public.", "BMW 503 The BMW 503 is a two door 2+2 grand touring automobile from the 1950s. BMW developed the 503 alongside their 507 roadster in an attempt to sell a significant number of luxury cars in the United States. The 503 and 507 cost about twice their projected price and did not recover their costs. During production from May 1956 to March 1959, 413 units of the 503 were built. Even though it was a top and prestige model it resulted in heavy losses for BMW.", "BMW 507 The BMW 507 is a roadster that was produced by BMW from 1956 to 1959. Initially intended to be exported to the United States at a rate of thousands per year, it ended up being too expensive, resulting in a total production figure of 252 cars and heavy losses for BMW.", "BMW 5 Series The BMW 5-Series is an executive luxury car manufactured by German automaker BMW since 1972. The car is in its sixth generation and sold in sedan and touring body styles. It is BMW's second best-selling model after the 3-Series and in 2010 produced about 50% of the BMW's profits.On January 29, 2008, the 5 millionth 5-Series was manufactured, a 530d Saloon in Carbon Black Metallic.", "BMW 5 Series (E12) The BMW E12 BMW 5-Series was made between 1972 and 1981. The E12 was the first series to bear the 5 Series name: the '5' denoting BMW's fifth 'New Class' platform. Designed as a replacement for the popular BMW New Class mid-size sedan, the E12 5-Series models were smaller than the large BMW E3 sedan but larger than the two-door 2002 models. The E12 was replaced by the BMW E28 5 Series in 1981, although production continued until 1984 in South Africa.", "BMW 5 Series (E28) The BMW E28 BMW 5-Series was made between 1981 and 1988. It replaced the BMW E12 in 1981 and was replaced by the BMW E34 in 1989. E28 Production started in July 1981 and ended in December 1987. The E28 was still sold in North America as a 1988 Model Year car while Europe received the E34 in early 1988. A limited edition model was also sold in South Africa from mid-1987 to the end of 1988.", "BMW 5 Series (E34) The BMW E34 is the version of the BMW 5 Series automobile sold from February 1988 to 1995 with the Touring model ending June 1996. It replaced the BMW E28 in 1988 and was replaced by the E39 in 1996. Development ran from July 1981 to late 1987, with design specifications being chosen in 1982 and finalized for production in mid-1985.In the North-American market the E34 succeeded the BMW E28 in May 1988 with two models. The 525i used the BMW M20 engine while the 535i used the larger M30.", "BMW 5 Series (E39) The BMW 5 Series (E39) is the generation of BMW 5 Series made between 1995 and 2003. The E39 series was the successor of the BMW 5 Series (E34) in 1995, and was replaced by the E60 in 2003. Sales to Germany and most of Western Europe began in 1995, and by 1996 sales to the rest of the world had commenced. A mid-generational refresh appeared in 2000, featuring minute detail changes.", "BMW 5 Series (E60) The BMW 5 Series E60 is a mid-size luxury sports sedan that replaced the BMW 5 series, E39, in 2003. The related E61 platform is used for the station wagon while the BMW M5 variant was one of the highest performance sedans on the market. In March 2010 the E60 and E61 platforms were replaced by the BMW F10 platform.", "BMW 5 Series (F10) The sixth generation of the BMW 5 Series the (F10) debuted 23 November 2009 as a 2010 model. The Station Wagon/Touring version carries the chassis code F11, while the Gran Turismo hatchback style is known by F07. This chassis is shared with the 7 Series (F01) and the 6 Series (F12/F6).", "BMW 5 Series Gran Turismo The BMW 5 Series Gran Turismo (also referred to as the BMW 5 Series GT) is a mid-size luxury car from BMW.", "BMW 600 The BMW 600 is a four-seat microcar produced by BMW from mid-1957 until November 1959. Partially based on the BMW Isetta two-seater, it was BMW's first postwar four seat economy car. It was not a sales success, but it began the design process for its more successful successor, the BMW 700.", "BMW 6 Series The BMW 6 Series is a series of luxury grand tourers produced by the German automaker BMW.The first was the E24, being derived from the first generation 7 Series, the BMW E23. The E24 was launched in 1976 to replace the 3.0CS & 3.0CSi (E9). In 2003, 14 years after production ceased, BMW released the all new E63/E64 which was available as a coupé and convertible, based on the chassis of the E60 5 Series sedan.", "BMW 6 Series (E24) The E24 BMW 6 Series coupé was produced/sold by German automaker BMW (Bayerische Motoren Werke) from 1976 to 1988 (1989 in the US) model years. After a 16-year hiatus, the 6-Series reappeared with the 2004 E63 6 Series.", "BMW 6 Series (E63) The BMW E63/E64 6 Series is the chassis designation for the second generation BMW 6 Series. The BMW E63/E64 replaced the BMW E24 6 Series 14 years after production had ended, whilst adding a convertible to the lineup. The BMW E63/E64 6 Series uses a shortened chassis from the BMW E60 5 Series (which formed the fifth generation BMW 5 Series), and shares similar functions including the BMW iDrive.", "BMW 6 Series (F06/F12/F13) The BMW F06/F12/F13 6 Series is a grand tourer/executive coupe automobile manufactured by BMW. BMW unveiled information and pictures in September 2010 of the Concept 6 Series, which was introduced at the 2010 Paris Motor Show.", "BMW 700 The BMW 700 was a small rear-engined car produced by BMW in various models from August 1959 to November 1965. It was the first BMW automobile with a monocoque structure. The 700 was a sales success at a time when BMW was close to financial ruin. The 700 was also successful in its class in motorsport, both in its stock form and as the basis of a racing special called the 700RS.More than 188,000 were sold before production ended in November 1965.", "BMW 7 Series The BMW 7 Series is a line of full-size luxury vehicles produced by the German automaker BMW. Introduced in 1977, it is BMW's flagship car and is only available as a sedan or extended-length limousine. The 7 Series traditionally introduces technologies and exterior design themes before they trickle down to smaller sedans in BMW's lineup.", "BMW 7 Series (E23) The BMW E23 is the first BMW 7 Series luxury car, produced by the German automaker BMW. Replacing the BMW E3 large sedan, the E23 was produced for ten years from 1977 to 1987 and was replaced by the BMW E32 7 Series in 1986. The L7 continued to be offered in the United States for another year even though the last E23 built in Germany was produced in August 1986, eventually getting fully replaced by the long wheelbase versions of the E32.", "BMW 7 Series (E32) After almost 7 years in development since September 1979, in July 1986, BMW introduced the second generation of the 7 series, known internally as the E32. Aimed at the high end of the luxury market, the car offered some of the latest innovations in automotive technology, and (beginning in 1987) a new, top-of-the-line V12 engine. First BMW featuring EDC III Electronic Damper Control.", "BMW 7 Series (E38) The BMW E38 model was the basis for the 1995 through 2001 BMW 7 Series automobiles. In early 1988, development began on the third generation 7-series codenamed \"Entwicklung 99\". From 1989 to 1990 styling work was done, when Boyke Boyer's concept design was chosen and further refined into production form with engineers. During 1991, the final production design for the new 7-series was approved by the board 36 months ahead of production.", "BMW 7 Series (E65) The BMW E65 is the chassis designation for the fourth generation 7 Series full-size luxury sedan produced by BMW.", "BMW 7 Series (F01) The BMW F01 is the current BMW 7 series that went into production in September 2008. The long-wheelbase model, codenamed BMW F02, is 14 cm (5.5 in) longer than the BMW F01.", "BMW 7 Series (G11) The BMW G11/G12 is the sixth generation of the BMW 7 series. Its production started in 2015.The sixth generation of the 7 Series was revealed on June 10, 2015 at BMW's headquarters in Munich.", "BMW 8 Series The BMW 8 Series (chassis code: E31) is a Grand Tourer built by BMW from 1989 to 1999 powered by either a V8 or V12 engine. While it did supplant the original E24 based 6 Series in 1991, a common misconception is that the 8 Series was developed as a successor.", "BMW ActiveE The BMW ActiveE is a demonstration electric car based on the BMW 1 Series small family cars. It is the second vehicle after the Mini E to be developed under BMW Group’s Project i. The electric drive system is the latest addition to BMW’s EfficientDynamics programme.", "BMW CS Concept The BMW CS Concept is a concept car was first displayed by the German car manufacturer BMW in 2007 at the Shanghai Auto Show. BMW claimed that CS Concept could be produced, following positive initial comments in 2007 by BMW dealers. This was followed up in 2008 by an announcement by BMW that the concept goes into production in the form of the BMW Gran Turismo. BMW later cancelled in November 2008 because of financial reasons.", "BMW Concept 7 Series ActiveHybrid The BMW Concept 7 Series ActiveHybrid is a concept vehicle developed by BMW and presented at the Paris Motor Show in October 2008. It is BMW's first mild hybrid and second hybrid concept vehicle after the BMW Concept X6 ActiveHybrid, BMWs first full hybrid revealed at the 2007 Frankfurt Motor Show. Both models will be ready for mass production at the end of 2009.", "BMW Dixi The Dixi was the first car made by BMW.Dixi was the brand name of cars made by Automobilwerk Eisenach (Eisenach car factory) starting in 1904. In the difficult economic climate of the 1920s the company found it hard to sell its 6/24 and 9/40 models. So the manufacturer decided to enter the small car market, and in 1927 signed a licensing agreement with the Austin Motor Company to build a variant of the Austin 7.", "BMW E9 The BMW New Six CS (internal name BMW E9) was a two-door coupé built for BMW by Karmann from 1968 to 1975. It was developed from the New Class-based BMW 2000 CS coupé, which was enlarged to hold the BMW M30 straight-6 engine used in the E3 sedan.The E9 platform, especially the 3.0 CSL homologation special, was very successful in racing, especially in European Touring Car Championship and the Deutsche Rennsport Meisterschaft. This helped to establish BMW's status as a sporty driver's car.", "BMW Goldfish V16 The BMW V16 engine known as the project Goldfish is a SOHC 32-valve V16 6.7 litre prototype automotive piston engine based on BMW M70 V12 engine.", "BMW Hydrogen 7 The BMW Hydrogen 7 is a limited production hydrogen vehicle built from 2005-2007 by German automobile manufacturer BMW. The car is based on BMW’s traditional gasoline powered BMW 7 Series (E65) line of vehicles, and more specifically the 760Li. It uses the same 6 litre V-12 motor as does the 760i and 760Li; however, it has been modified to also allow for the combustion of hydrogen as well as gasoline, making it a bivalent engine.", "BMW M10 The BMW M10 was a straight-4 SOHC piston engine produced from 1962 to 1988 with displacements ranging from 1499 cc to 1990 cc. The engine was a commercial success for the Bavarian carmaker, with over 3.5 million produced in almost three decades across many BMW models. It was also used as the basis for the turbocharged BMW M12 motorsport engine, which for instance was used by Brabham-BMW in the Formula One racing series.", "BMW M1 The BMW M1 (E26) is a sports car produced by German automaker BMW from 1978 to 1981.In the late 1970s, Italian manufacturer Lamborghini entered into an agreement with BMW to build a production racing car in sufficient quantity for homologation, but conflicts arose that prompted BMW to produce the car themselves. The result was sold to the public, from 1978 to 1981, as the BMW M1. It is the only mid-engined BMW to be mass-produced.", "BMW M20 The BMW M20 was a straight-six SOHC piston engine produced from 1977-1993. Like the larger capacity M30 engine it was produced alongside, the M20 has 12 valves (two per cylinder). While the M30 camshaft is chain driven, the M20 camshaft and auxiliary shaft are driven by a timing belt. Initially released with a carburetor, later models used Bosch fuel injection.", "BMW M21 The BMW M21 was a 2.4 L diesel straight-6 engine.It was introduced in 1983 with the BMW M20 design as its basis.", "BMW M30 The BMW M30 (early models are sometimes referred to as \"M06\") is a straight-6 SOHC piston engine which was used over a 28-year lifespan over many BMW models. Ward's have rated the M30 as one of the \"Top Engines of the 20th Century\".It has been given the nicknames of 'Big Six' and 'Senior Six', following the introduction of the smaller BMW M20 straight-six in the late 1970s.", "BMW M3 The BMW M3 is a high-performance version of the BMW 3-Series, developed by BMW's in-house motorsport division, BMW M.M3 models have been derived from the E30, E36, E46, E90/E92/E93, and F80 3-series, and sold with coupe, saloon and convertible body styles.", "BMW M40 The BMW M40 is an inline-four SOHC piston engine which replaced the M10 and was produced from 1987–1995. It uses a camshaft belt like the 6 cylinder M20. Displacement ranges from 1.6 L to 1.8 L.", "BMW M41 The BMW M41 was a straight-4 Diesel indirect injection engine produced from 1994 through 2000 .Applications: 1994–2000 E36 318tds", "BMW M43 The BMW M43 is a straight-4 SOHC piston engine which replaced the M40 and was produced from 1991-2002. Displacement ranges from 1.6 L to 2.0 L.", "BMW M44 The BMW M44 is a straight-4 DOHC piston engine which replaced the M42 and was produced from 1996-2001. Compared with the M42, the M44 has an extra 6% displacement. As per the M42, the M44 has a dual length intake manifold (called \"DISA\" by BMW).", "BMW M50 The BMW M50 is a straight-6 DOHC piston engine which replaced the BMW M20 and was produced from 1990 to 1996.Compared with its M20 predecessor, the M50 features twin camshafts and 4 valves per cylinder. The M50 uses an iron block with an alloy head.In September 1992, the M50 was upgraded to the M50TU \"\\technical update\"), which added variable valve timing (called VANOS by BMW).The E36 M3 was powered by the S50 engine series, which is based on the M50.", "BMW M51 The BMW M51 is a straight-6 Diesel indirect injection engine produced from July 1991 through February 2000.The \"td\" stands for \"turbodiesel\" while \"tds\" refers to \"intercooled turbodiesel\".Applications: 1991-1996 E36 325td (M51D25 UL) 1996-1998 E36 325td (M51D25TU UL) 1993-1996 E36 325tds (M51D25 OL) 1996-1998 E36 325tds (M51D25TU OL) 1992-1996 E34 525td (M51D25 UL) 1991-1996 E34 525tds (M51D25 OL) 1996-2000 E39 525tds (M51D25TU OL) 1996-2000 E39 525td (M51D25 UL) 1996-2000 E38 725tds (M51D25TU OL) 1995-2001 Land Rover Range Rover 2.5 D/DSE 1995-2001 Opel Omega 1992 UMM Alter II (Very rare model only one was made, the car was made in Portugal with the engine, gearbox and electronics being made and fitted in at BMW's Munich plant)", "BMW M52 The BMW M52 is a straight-6 DOHC piston engine which replaced the M50. The M52 was produced from 1994-2001.Compared with its M50 predecessor, the M52 uses an aluminium block.", "BMW M54 The BMW M54 is a straight-6 DOHC piston engine which replaced the M52 and was produced from 2000 to 2006. The main differences between the M54 and its M52TU predecessor are , aside from a non-return fuel system and that the North American engines no longer use an iron block.", "BMW M5 The BMW M5 is a high performance version of the 5 Series executive car built by the Motorsport division of BMW. Beginning production in 1986, the first incarnation of the M5 was hand-built utilizing the 535i chassis and a modified BMW M1 engine, being the fastest production sedan in the world at the time of its introduction.", "BMW M60 The BMW M60 is a V8 DOHC piston engine which was BMW's first V8 in over 25 years and was produced from 1992 to 1996. It was replaced with the M62 engine.", "BMW M62 The BMW M62 is a V8 DOHC piston engine which replaced the M60 and was produced from 1994 to 2005. Compared with its M60 predecessor, the M62 features Alusil cylinder liners (in markets where high sulphur fuel was sold) and a single row timing chain. In 1998, variable valve timing (called VANOS by BMW) was added to the M62.", "BMW M6 The BMW M6 is a high-performance version of the 6 Series coupe/convertible, designed by the motorsport division of BMW. The BMW M6 was produced from 1983-1989, 2005-2010 and 2012-present.", "BMW M70 The BMW M70 is a V12 SOHC piston engine which was BMW's first production V12 and was produced from 1988-1996.", "BMW M78 The BMW M78 is a straight-six OHV piston engine. It is the first straight-six automobile engine produced by BMW. The engine initially had the same bore and stroke as the four cylinder engine from the BMW 3/20; the bore spacing was increased to allow for further increases in bore and to provide for more crankshaft bearings. The engine was designed by Fritz Fiedler.", "BMW M Roadster The BMW M Roadster is the BMW M performance model of the BMW Z3 and BMW Z4 convertibles. It was produced between 1998 and 2002 and again during the 2006-2008 model years. All models were produced in the Greer, South Carolina manufacturing facility, though the complete M engine was imported from Germany.", "BMW N20 The BMW N20 is a turbocharged straight-4 DOHC gasoline piston engine which replaced the N52 and BMW N53 straight-6 engines, and has been in production since 2011-present.The N20 features a twin-scroll turbocharger, variable valve timing (called VANOS by BMW), variable valve lift (called valvetronic by BMW) and direct injection.", "BMW N42 The BMW N42 is a straight-4 DOHC piston engine which replaced the M43 and was produced from 2001-2007.Compared with its M43 predecessor, the N42 features a DOHC valvetrain and variable valve timing (called VANOS by BMW) and variable valve lift (called valvetronic by BMW).", "BMW N43 The BMW N43 is a straight-4 DOHC piston engine which replaced the N42 and was sold from 2007-2011.Compared with its N42 predecessor, the N43 features direct injection. The N43 was sold alongside the N45 engine (which does not have valvetronic or direct injection) and the N46 (which does not have direct injection) straight-4 engines.", "BMW N46 The BMW N46 is a straight-4 DOHC piston engine which replaced the N42 and was produced from 2004 to present (as of August 2012). The N46 was sold alongside the N45 (which does not have valvetronic) and N43 (which has direct-injection) straight-4 engines.", "BMW N47 BMW N47 is a four-cylinder common rail diesel engine from BMW, with many improvements over its predecessor, the BMW M47. In 2014 it is due to begin being replaced with the B47.", "BMW N52 The BMW N52 is a straight-6 DOHC piston engine which replaced the M54 and was produced from 2004 to 2011. Compared with its M54 predecessor, the N52 features variable valve lift (called Valvetronic by BMW) and also Dual VANOS, a continuous variable valve timing control for both inlet and exhaust camshafts. The N52 crankcase is made entirely of magnesium and aluminum.", "BMW N53 The BMW N53 is a straight 6 DOHC piston engine which was produced from 2007 to 2011. It was released in 2007 in the facelifted BMW 5 Series (E60/E61) and the BMW 3 Series (E90/E91/E92/E93). Compared with its N52 predecessor which was port-injected, the N53 uses direct injection (consisting of Piëzo-electric injectors directly in the cylinder) with a stratified lean mixture operation.The N53 has variable valve timing (called double vanos by BMW).", "BMW N54 The BMW N54 is a direct injection turbocharged straight-6 automobile engine. It debuted at the 2006 Geneva Motor Show and was launched in late 2006 as a high-performance option for the BMW 3-Series, first to be released along with the new 3-series E92 Coupé, to be followed closely by other existing 3-series models, then with other BMW series as well.", "BMW N62 The BMW N62 is a V8 DOHC piston engine which replaced the M62 and was produced from 2002–present. Compared with its M62 predecessor, it features variable valve timing for both the inlet and exhaust camshafts (called double-VANOS by BMW) and variable valve lift (called valvetronic by BMW). Like the M62, it has 4 valves per cylinder and fracture-split forged powdered metal connecting rods.The N62 did not have a high-performance derivative, unlike the preceding M62 and succeeding N63.", "BMW N63 The BMW N63 is a twin turbo DOHC V8 piston engine which replaced the (naturally aspirated) N62 and was produced from 2008–present. It was launched in the 2008 BMW X6 xDrive50i, and later the F01 BMW 750i. The location of the intake and exhaust manifolds are reversed compared to a traditional V8. The BMW Motorsport division version of this engine, called S63, debuted in the X5M and X6M and later appeared in the M5 and M6. Alpina also uses a variant of this engine on the 2011 Alpina B7 and B5.", "BMW N73 The BMW N73 is a V12 DOHC piston engine which replaced the M73 and was produced from 2003–2008.", "BMW N74 The BMW N74 is a twin-turbocharged V12 DOHC piston engine which replaced the N73 and was produced from 2009-present (as of November 2013).", "BMW New Class The BMW New Class (German: Neue Klasse) was a line of compact sedans and coupes produced by German automaker BMW between 1962 and 1977. The New Class ensured BMW's solvency after the company's financial crises of the 1950s and established the identity of BMW automobiles as sports sedans. The term New Class referred to the 1.5–2–liter class of automobiles from which BMW had been absent since World War II.The New Class began in 1962 with the 1500, a new automobile with a new engine.", "BMW New Class coupé The BMW New Class coupé, sold as the BMW 2000C or the BMW 2000CS, was a coupé built by Karmann for BMW from 1965 to 1969. Based on the New Class platform, the 2000C and 2000CS introduced the 2.0 L version of the M10 engine. The later E9 coupés, including the 3.0CSL, were based on a stretched 2000CS chassis.", "BMW New Six The BMW New Six is a line of six-cylinder luxury cars produced by the German automaker BMW from 1968 to 1977. The series, which used the M30 engine, was introduced as a response to the Mercedes-Benz-dominated large luxury car class and was very important in establishing BMW's reputation as a maker of sporting, luxury sedans. A two-door coupé version was produced alongside. Racing versions of the coupé enhanced BMW's reputation in auto racing.", "BMW OHV V8 engine The BMW OHV V8 engine was the first V8 engine made by BMW. This engine is usually named by the fact that it was the only pushrod-driven overhead valve V8 ever produced by BMW. All subsequent BMW V8 engines would use double overhead camshafts and fuel injection, but the development of the next V8 engine by BMW would not take place for more than three and a half decades.", "BMW P60B40 The P60B40 is the V8 Powerplant of the E46 BMW GTR. The race engine config in the ALMS GTR produced 444-470HP.", "BMW R75 For the 1970s 750 cc motorcycle see BMW R75/5The BMW R75 is a World War II-era motorcycle and sidecar combination produced by the German company BMW.In the 1930s BMW were producing a number of popular and highly effective motorcycles. In 1938 development of the R75 started in response to a request from the German Army.Preproduction models of the R75 were powered by a 750 cc side valve engine, which was based on the R71 engine.", "BMW S85 The BMW S85B50 is a DOHC V10 piston engine which replaced the S62 and was produced from 2005-2010. Used in the E60 M5 sedan, E61 M5 touring and E63/64 M6 coupé, it was inspired by BMW's previous Formula 1 involvement.", "BMW Vision ConnectedDrive The Vision ConnectedDrive is a two-seater sports car concept built by BMW featuring new advanced driver assistance aids. It had its world premiere at the 2011 Geneva Motor Show. Unlike previously named Vision concept cars, BMW has no intention to build this vehicle, but to show off its latest design and technology developments.", "BMW X-Coupe The X-Coupe was a concept crossover coupe from BMW, debuting at the 2001 North American International Auto Show in Detroit. Based upon the BMW X5 chassis, the X-Coupe featured an aluminium body and a 3.0 litre turbo-diesel engine. The BMW X-Coupe has debuted at the 2001 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, it is based on the BMW X5 chassis, it was a crossover coupe. Unlike the BMW X5, the X-Coupe had an aluminium body, a trunk opening downwards and two doors that swing outward.", "BMW X1 The BMW X1 is a compact crossover manufactured and marketed worldwide by BMW since 2009 in rear-wheel-drive (sDrive) and all-wheel-drive (xDrive) configurations — now in its second generation. X1 production followed the concept debut at the 2008 Paris Motor Show.", "BMW X3 The BMW X3 is an compact luxury crossover SUV manufactured by German automaker BMW since 2003. Based on the BMW 3 Series platform, and now in its second generation, BMW markets the crossover as a Sports Activity Vehicle, the company's proprietary descriptor for its X-line of vehicles. The first generation X3 was designed by BMW in conjunction with Magna Steyr of Graz, Austria—who also manufactured all X3s under contract to BMW.", "BMW X5 The BMW X5 is a midsize luxury SUV (Sport Utility Vehicle) (J-segment in Europe) produced by BMW. The first generation of the X5, with the chassis code E53, made its debut in 1999. It was BMW's first SUV (Sport Utility Vehicle), also known as \"Four-by-Four\" (4x4) in the UK, which featured 4WD all-wheel drive and was available with either manual or automatic transmission.", "BMW X5 (E53) The BMW E53 is the first-generation BMW X5 mid-sized luxury crossover SUV. It was produced from 1999-2006 and was replaced by the BMW E70. The E53 was developed at a time when BMW still owned Land Rover and as such shares many components and designs with both the Land Rover Range Rover L322 model (specifically the Hill Descent System and Off Road Engine Management system) and the BMW E39 5-series (specifically engines and electronic systems).", "BMW X6 The BMW X6 is a mid-size luxury crossover by German automaker BMW. The first generation (E71) was released for sale in April 2008 for the 2009 model year The X6 was marketed as a Sports Activity Coupé (SAC) by BMW. It combines the attributes of an SUV (high ground clearance, all-wheel drive and all-weather ability, large wheels and tires) with the stance of a coupé (styling featuring a sloping roof). It was based on the previous generation BMW 5 and 6-series.", "BMW Z1 The BMW Z1 was a two-seat roadster automobile developed by BMW. It was produced from March 1989 to June 1991. The Z1 featured doors which dropped down into the door sills. A total of 8,000 cars were produced. All the Z1s were left-hand drive.", "BMW Z3 The BMW Z3 was BMW's first mass produced mass market roadster, and was the first new BMW model to be manufactured in the United States. E36/7 refers to the roadster variant of the Z3 which was introduced in 1995, and E36/8 refers to the coupe variant of the Z3 which was released in 1999. The Z in Z1, Z3, Z4, Z8 stands for Zukunft, which is German for future.", "BMW Z4 The BMW Z4 is a rear-wheel drive sports car by the German car maker BMW. It follows a line of past BMW roadsters such as the BMW Z1, BMW 507, BMW Z8, and the BMW Z3. The Z4 replaces the Z3. First generation production started in 2002 at BMW USA's Greer, South Carolina plant, with production of both roadster and coupe forms. When debuted, it won Automobile Magazine \"Design of the Year Award\".", "BMW Z4 (E85) The first generation of the BMW Z4 was designed by Danish BMW-designer Anders Warming from mid-1998 to March 1, 2000. The Z4 was introduced at the Paris Auto Show in 2002, and went on sale in November of the same year for the 2003 model year. It is a physically larger, completely redesigned successor to the Z3. Initially, it was only available as a roadster with the 2.5L or 3.0L inline six-cylinder engines.", "BMW Z4 (E89) The BMW E89 Z4 is the chassis code of the current second generation BMW Z4. Unlike its predecessor, the BMW E89 Z4 features an automatic retractable hardtop convertible roof like the Mercedes SLK, and can be raised and lowered in under 19 seconds. Since the BMW E89 Z4 had a retractable hardtop, there are no longer separate roadster and coupé versions of the car.", "BMW Z8 The BMW Z8 is a roadster produced by German automaker BMW from 1999 to 2003. It was given the E52 BMW model code.The Z8 was the production variant of the 1997 Z07 concept car. The car design was the effort of a design team led by Chris Bangle. The exterior was designed by Henrik Fisker and the interior by Scotty Lempert. The Z07 originally was designed as a styling exercise intended to evoke and celebrate the 1956-'59 BMW 507 and to celebrate the millennium change.", "BMW Z Models The BMW Z Models traditionally are roadsters manufactured by the German automaker BMW beginning with the Z1. The Z range has been produced in four different series with five generations, including coupe variants, one super car, and one concept. The 1989 Z1 was a limited production European run for BMW, whereas the 1996 Z3 was the first mass-produced roadster for BMW. The original Z in Z1 stood for Zukunft (German for future). The only current Z model is the second generation of the Z4 series.", "BMW i3 The BMW i3, previously Mega City Vehicle (MCV), is a five-door urban electric car developed by the German manufacturer BMW. The i3 is part of BMW's \"Project i\" and was launched as a new brand, BMW i.", "BMW i8 The BMW i8, first introduced as the BMW Concept Vision Efficient Dynamics, is a plug-in hybrid sports car developed by BMW. The 2015 model year BMW i8 has a 7.1 kWh lithium-ion battery pack that delivers an all-electric range of 37 km (23 mi) under the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC).", "Bentley Continental Flying Spur (2005) The Bentley Continental Flying Spur is a four-door variant of the Bentley Continental GT coupé. The Bentley Continental Flying Spur was introduced in 2005. This car shares its platform with the Volkswagen Phaeton, and its powertrain components are related to those on the Audi A8 and S8. It was designed by the same team as produced the Continental GT and Continental GTC.", "Bertone Birusa The Bertone Birusa is a concept car based on the BMW Z8. The Birusa had many new technological advances such as a glass sunroof that filters UV rays from the passengers of the car and a multilingual Voice control system that allows the driver to control many features. The Birusa features a 5.0-liter V8 with 400 bhp (298 kW; 406 PS), and also has 11 Bose speakers.", "Blitzen Benz In 1909, the Blitzen Benz was a race car built by Benz & Cie in Mannheim, Germany, that broke the world's land speed record in 1910. It was one of six cars built to improve its aerodynamics, with a 21,504 cm3 (1,312.3 in3), 200 hp (149.1 kW) inline four engine enlarged from the company's Grand Prix racer. Of the six Blitzen-Benz ever made, two survive—Mercedes-Benz owns one, while the other belongs to a U.S.", "Brabus C V8 The Brabus C V8 is a high-performance automobile made by automobile manufacturer Brabus. It is based on the Mercedes-Benz C-Class but is far more powerful.", "Brabus Rocket The Brabus Rocket is a modified version of the Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class (C219), produced by Brabus since 2006. Fitted with a 6.2 litre twin-turbocharged version of the Mercedes-Benz M275 V12 engine, the Rocket produced 730 PS (540 kW; 720 hp) initially, but was later uprated to 800 PS (588 kW; 789 hp) in 2011. It was replaced by the Brabus Bullit, which was based on the Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204).", "Cadillac Catera The Cadillac Catera is a full-size, four-door, five passenger luxury sedan manufactured from 1996–2001 in Rüsselsheim, Germany by Opel, and marketed in the United States as a rebadged variant of the Opel Omega by Cadillac — reaching 95,000 sales over four model years.A Sport model was offered beginning in 1999 with eight-way power adjustable seats, heated front seats, 17-inch wheels, driver's seat memory, audible theft-deterrent system, three-channel garage door opener, high-intensity discharge headlamps, and a rear spoiler.", "Citroën Traction Avant The Citroën Traction Avant (French pronunciation: ​[tʁaksjɔ̃ aˈvɑ̃]) is an executive car produced by the French manufacturer Citroën from 1934 to 1957. About 760,000 units were produced.", "DKW F10 The DKW F10 was a car sold by DKW of Ingolstadt, West Germany, during the early part of 1950 only. It was the first postwar car produced by the firm, though it utilized the F8 chassis design of 1939-1942, albeit slightly modified. The Baur coachbuilding firm of Stuttgart supplied the bodies, which were more modern than those normally seen on 1939-1942 F8 models.A total of 22 F10 chassis were produced at the very end of 1949, with 174 being completed during the first half of 1950.", "E-Wolf e2 The e-Wolf e2 is a concept car announced by German manufacturer e-Wolf. It is expected to be launched in 2011.", "ERuf Model A The eRuf Model A is an all-electric sports car made by German automobile manufacturer Ruf Automobile. The car is powered by a UQM Technologies propulsion system (a UQM PowerPhase 150). The car has a top speed of 225 kilometers per hour (140 mph) and it’s capable of making 150 kW (204 PS; 201 hp) and 479 lb·ft (649 N·m) of torque .", "Edelsbrunner Automobile München Edelsbrunner Automobile München was a small Bavarian car company based in Munich, Germany.At the beginning of 1990 the company began producing a small series of two cars in the style of the thirties. Inspired by legendary driver Tazio Nuvolari, the first Roadster was the EAM Nuvolari S1.", "Ford Consul The Ford Consul is a car that was manufactured by Ford UK from 1951 to 1962. The name was later revived for a model produced by Ford in both Britain and Germany from 1972 to 1975.Between 1951 and 1962 the Consul was the four-cylinder base model of the three-model Ford Zephyr range, comprising Consul, Zephyr and Zephyr Zodiac.", "Ford Eifel The Ford Eifel is a car manufactured by Ford Germany between 1935 and 1940. It initially complemented and then replaced the Ford Köln. It was itself replaced by the Ford Taunus.Between 1937 and 1939 it was also assembled in Hungary and Denmark. The Eifel was derived from the Ford Model C (Europe) 1934 platform, and is also related to the Dagenham built 1938 Ford Prefect 1939 Ford Anglia.The model was named after the Eifel mountain range in western Germany.", "Ford Escort (Europe) The Ford Escort is a small family car that was manufactured by Ford Europe from 1968 to 2004. The Ford Escort name was also applied to several different small cars produced in North America by Ford between 1981 and 2003. Ford has relaunched the Ford Escort on the Chinese car market in 2014.", "Ford Focus (first generation) The Ford Focus is a compact car manufactured by Ford since 1998. Ford began sales of the Focus to Europe in July 1998 and in North America during 1999 for the 2000 model year.In Europe, New Zealand, and South Africa, the Focus replaced the various Ford Escort models sold in those markets. In Asia and Australasia, it replaced the Ford Laser.", "Ford Kuga The Ford Kuga is a compact sport utility vehicle (SUV) produced by Ford since 2007. It is based on the C1 platform, that also forms the underpinnings of the Ford Focus and Ford C-MAX. Both front-wheel drive and four-wheel drive are offered.", "Ford Köln Not to be confused with the Ford FK 1000 from 1953 which was also named Ford Köln.The Ford Köln is an automobile that was produced by Ford Germany from 1933 until 1936 at its Cologne plant.", "Ford Model Y The Ford Model Y is an automobile that was produced by Ford Britain, Ford SAF and Ford Germany from 1932 to 1937. It was the first Ford automobile specifically designed for markets outside the United States, replacing the Model A in Europe.", "Ford P7 The Ford P7 is a range of large family saloons/sedans that were produced by Ford Germany between Autumn 1967 and December 1971.", "Ford Taunus The Ford Taunus is a family car that was sold by Ford Germany throughout Europe. Models from 1970 onward were similar to the Ford Cortina in the United Kingdom. The model line was named after the Taunus mountain range in Germany and was first made in 1939 and continued through several versions until 1994.", "Ford Taunus G93A The Ford Taunus G93A is a small family car that was produced by Ford Germany between 1939 and 1942 in succession to the Ford Eifel. It was the first car developed at Cologne by Ford Germany which previously had built cars originated by Ford businesses in the US or the UK.", "Ford Taunus P1 The Ford Taunus 12 M is a small family car that was produced by Ford Germany from 1952 until 1962. Between 1955 and 1959 it was joined by the larger-engined Ford Taunus 15M.", "Ford Taunus P2 The Ford Taunus 17 M is a middle sized family saloon/sedan that was produced by Ford Germany between August 1957 and August 1960. The Taunus 17M name was also applied to subsequent Ford models which is why the car is usually identified, in retrospect, as the Ford Taunus P2.", "Ford Taunus P3 The Ford Taunus 17 M is a middle sized family saloon/sedan that was produced by Ford Germany between September 1960 and August 1964. The Taunus 17M name had been applied to the car’s predecessor and it would apply also to subsequent Ford models which is why the 17M introduced in 1960 is usually identified, in retrospect, as the Ford Taunus P3.", "Ford Taunus P4 The Ford Taunus 12 M is a small family car that was produced by Ford Germany between September 1962 and August 1966.The Taunus 12M name had been used for the car’s predecessor and it would apply also to subsequent Ford models which is why the 12M introduced in 1962 is usually identified, in retrospect, as the Ford Taunus P4.", "Ford Taunus P5 The Ford Taunus 17 M is a middle-weight family saloon/sedan that was produced by Ford Germany between 1964 and 1967. The entire range was first presented in September 1964 and volume production of the two and four door saloons/sedans began in November 1964.", "Ford Taunus P6 The Ford Taunus 12 M is a range of small family saloons/sedans that were produced by Ford Germany between 1966 and 1970. There were two different engine sizes in the 12M. Two larger engines were available in the otherwise very similar Ford Taunus 15 M. From the outside the 15M was differentiated by its grill and rectangular headlights from the 12M which had round front lights. A complicating feature was the availability, at extra cost, of one of the larger engines from the 15M in the 12M.", "Ford Taunus TC The Ford Taunus TC is a range of large family cars that were built by Ford Germany from 1970 until 1982. The Taunus TC was based on Ford UK's Cortina range, with the \"TC\" badge standing for Taunus Cortina.", "Gumpert Apollo The Gumpert Apollo is a sports car produced by German automaker Gumpert Sportwagenmanufaktur GmbH in Altenburg. Gumpert entered into Administration in August 2012, though production continues with the company attending the 2013 Geneva Motor Show.", "Heinkel Kabine The Heinkel Kabine was a microcar designed by Heinkel Flugzeugwerke and built by them from 1956 to 1958. Production was transferred under licence to Dundalk Engineering Company in Ireland in 1958 but the licence was withdrawn shortly afterwards due to poor quality control. Production restarted in 1960, again under licence, under the Trojan 200 name by Trojan Cars Ltd. in the UK, and continued until 1966.The Heinkel Kabine were also assembled from 1959 to 1962 under licence by Los Cedros S.A.", "Holden Astra The Holden Astra is a compact car marketed by Holden in Australia. Spanning six generations, the original, Australia-only Astra of 1984 was a derivative of the locally produced Nissan Pulsar, as was the 1987 Astra. It was succeeded by the Holden Nova in 1989—another unique-to-Australia model line. From 1995, the Holden Astra name was used in New Zealand, for a badge engineered version of the Opel Astra, which had been sold locally as an Opel since 1993.", "Isdera Imperator 108i The Isdera Imperator 108i was a low-volume German supercar produced from 1984 to 1993. The Imperator 108i was born out of the Mercedes-Benz CW311 concept car from 1978. Eberhard Schulz, who formerly worked as a design engineer for Mercedes-Benz, headed an engineering company that designed the CW311 concept.", "Isetta The Isetta is an Italian-designed microcar built under license in a number of different countries, including Spain, Belgium, France, Brazil, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Because of its egg shape and bubble-like windows, it became known as a bubble car, a name later given to other similar vehicles.In 1955, the BMW Isetta became the world's first mass-production car to achieve a fuel consumption of 3 L/100 km (94 mpg-imp; 78 mpg-US).", "MAN Lion's Chassis MAN Lion's Chassis is a series of modular chassis made to replace most of MAN's rear-engined low-entry, intercity and coach chassis. It was first introduced at the IAA Commercial Vehicles 2008 in Hanover. MAN prospected both two- and tri-axle low-entry, two-axle intercity and two- and tri-axle coach versions. The first of the intercity version appeared in 2008, the two-axle low-entry in 2009 and both coach versions in 2010. The tri-axle low-entry version may have been abandoned.", "Markranstädter Automobilfabrik The Markranstädter Automobilfabrik is a former producer of automobiles from Markranstädt, Germany, which was active between 1909 and 1923.Hugo Ruppe founded the Markranstädter car factory in 1909, producing cars that were sold under the brand name MAF. The first model was the Type D 4 from 1909 to 1913. Its air-cooled four-cylinder engine with 1192 cc provided 12 PS. The Type F 5 followed in 1913 with 1375 cc and 14 hp, and the G 6 with 1620 cc and 16 hp.", "Maybach 57 and 62 The Maybach 57 (chassis no. W240) and 62 (chassis no. V240) were the first automobile models of the Maybach brand since the brand's revival by DaimlerChrysler AG (now Daimler AG). They are derived from the Benz Maybach concept car presented at the 1997 Tokyo Motor Show. The concept car was based on the Mercedes-Benz S-Class sedan, as are the eventual production models. The Luxury Brand Status Index 2008 voted the Maybach first place, ahead of Rolls-Royce and Bentley.", "Meillerwagen The Meillerwagen (English: Meiller Vehicle) was a German World War II trailer used to transport a V-2 rocket from the 'transloading point' of the Technical Troop Area to the 'launching point', to erect the missile on the Brennstand (English: firing stand), and to act as the service gantry for fuelling and launch preparation.The unofficial 'Meillerwagen' name was often used in official documents and refers to a parts supplier for the trailer, Meiller-Kipper GmbH of Munich, Germany (founded 1850).", "Melkus Melkus was a marque of single seat racing cars and sport cars founded by the race driver Heinz Melkus in Dresden in East Germany. The company existed from 1959 to 1986, and then from 2009 to 2012. The cars originally used engines from Wartburgs and many of the other parts came from Wartburgs and Trabants. The racing cars competed in Formula 3, Formula Junior and Formula Ford.", "Mercedes-Benz Mercedes-Benz (German pronunciation: [mɛɐ̯ˈt͡seːdəs ˈbɛnt͡s]) is a German automobile manufacturer, a multinational division of the German manufacturer Daimler AG. The brand is used for luxury automobiles, buses, coaches, and trucks.", "Mercedes-Benz 320A The Mercedes-Benz 320A is a cabriolet built by German automobile manufacturer Mercedes-Benz between 1938 and 1942. The new model was lower, longer and broader than its predecessor Mercedes-Benz 290 of type W18, the production of which started on 1933. The new model was displayed for the first time at the Berlin Auto Show on 1937.", "Mercedes-Benz 380 (1933) The Mercedes-Benz Typ 380 is an eight cylinder powered automobile introduced by the German manufacturer Mercedes-Benz at the Berlin Motor Show in February 1933. It was withdrawn from production during 1934. Several models with similar names were produced by Mercedes-Benz during the 1930s (and again in the 1980s), so that in retrospect the car is frequently identified using the manufacturer's Works Number as the Mercedes-Benz W22.", "Mercedes-Benz 500K The Mercedes 500K (type W29) is a grand touring car built by Mercedes-Benz between 1934 and 1936. First exhibited at the 1934 Berlin Motor Show, it carried the factory designation W29. Distinguished from the 500 sedan by the \"K\" for Kompressor (German for supercharger) only fitted to these performance cars, it succeeded the Mercedes-Benz 380 introduced just the previous year.", "Mercedes-Benz 770 The Mercedes-Benz 770, also known as the Großer Mercedes (large Mercedes) was a large luxury car built by Mercedes-Benz from 1930 to 1943. It is probably best known from archival footage of high-ranking Nazi officials before and during World War II, including Adolf Hitler, Hermann Göring, Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich.", "Mercedes-Benz A-Class The Mercedes-Benz A-Class is a compact car produced by the German automobile manufacturer Mercedes-Benz. The first generation (W168) was introduced in 1997, the second generation model (W169) appeared in late 2004, and the third generation model (W176) was launched in 2012.Originally launched only as a five-door hatchback in 1997, the second generation W169 introduced a three-door hatchback.", "Mercedes-Benz Atego The Mercedes-Benz Atego is a range of light/lightweight general-purpose rigid truck introduced by Mercedes-Benz in 1997.Designated 970, it is available in weights of 7.5 to 16 metric tonnes (t) and is powered by a straight 4- or 6-cylinder engine.", "Mercedes-Benz B-Class The Mercedes-Benz B-Class is a compact MPV introduced by German automaker Mercedes-Benz. It is essentially an enlarged A-Class keeping some of the engines, but with other more powerful ones available. It has the same basic suspension system.", "Mercedes-Benz C-Class The Mercedes-Benz C-Class is a line of compact executive cars produced by Daimler AG. Introduced in 1993 as a replacement for the 190 (W201) range, the C-Class was the smallest model in the marque's lineup until the A-Class arrived in 1997. The C-Class is built at Mercedes-Benz factories in Sindelfingen and Bremen, Germany as well as numerous satellite factories in other countries.", "Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204) The Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W204) is a range of compact executive cars which were produced by the German automaker Mercedes-Benz from 2007 (as a 2008 model) to 2014. It was the successor to the W203 and was eventually replaced by the W205 in 2014, though W204 coupes were still produced for the 2016 model year. The W204 was produced in sedan (saloon), station wagon (estate), and coupé versions. The coupé was released in 2011 alongside the facelifted W204 sedan and station wagon.", "Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W205) The Mercedes-Benz W205 is a compact executive car which is being produced by the German automaker Mercedes-Benz from 2014, under the C-Class model names. The W205 was preceded by the W204. The W205 is available in sedan (W205) and station wagon (S205) configurations.The W205 is the first car to use the all-new Modular Rear-wheel drive Architecture (MRA) platform. The new structure is significantly lighter using aluminum extensively throughout the body, resulting in a 220-pound weight decrease.", "Mercedes-Benz CL-Class The Mercedes-Benz CL-Class was a line of luxury grand tourers produced by the German automaker Mercedes-Benz, produced from 1992 to 2013. The name CL stands for the German Coupé Leicht (Coupé-Light) or Coupé Luxusklasse (Coupé-Luxury)The CL-Class is the coupé derivative of the S-Class full-size luxury saloon, upon which it shares the same platform.", "Mercedes-Benz CL-Class (C215) The second generation of the Mercedes-Benz CL-Class is the C215-chassis coupé of 2000–2006. It is based on the 1999–2006 Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W220), though it rides on an 8-inch (203 mm) shorter wheelbase.", "Mercedes-Benz CLK-Class The Mercedes-Benz CLK-Class is a series of mid-size luxury coupés and convertibles produced by German car manufacturer Mercedes-Benz in two generations, respectively based on the W202 and W203 platforms of the C-Class. It was positioned below the Mercedes-Benz CL-Class and SL-Class, but above the SLK-Class. The CLK name derives from the German Coupé Leicht Kompakt (or Kurz), translated Coupé-Light-Short.", "Mercedes-Benz CLK GTR The Mercedes-Benz CLK GTR is a sports car and race car that was built by Mercedes-AMG, performance and motorsports arm of Mercedes-Benz. Intended for racing in the new FIA GT Championship series in 1997, the CLK GTR was designed primarily as a race car, with the road cars necessary in order to meet homologation standards being secondary in the car's design.", "Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class The Mercedes-Benz CLS is a four-door mid-size luxury gran coupe originally launched in 2004 and based on the W211 E-Class and was internally designated as the W219. The second generation CLS-Class was introduced in September 2010 and production started in the beginning of 2011.The CLS slots above the E-Class and below the S-Class.", "Mercedes-Benz E-Class The Mercedes-Benz E-Class is a range of executive cars manufactured by Mercedes-Benz in various engine and body configurations produced since 1993. Prior to 1993, Mercedes-Benz offered the same category of car under a non-unified naming structure. The E initially stood for Einspritzmotor (German for fuel injection engine); a new feature in volume production vehicles at the time that the E-Class first appeared, with the E as a suffix to the engine nomenclature (e.g. 230E) in the 1960s.", "Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W210) The Mercedes-Benz W210 is an executive car which was produced by the German automaker Mercedes-Benz from 1995 through 2002 (production of the wagon variant (codenamed S210) carried over to the 2003 model year). They were sold under the E-Class model names in both sedan (saloon) and station wagon body types. In 1988, W210 development started three years after the W124's introduction.", "Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W212) The Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W212 and S212) series represent the fourth-generation of the Mercedes-Benz E-Class range of executive cars, including sedan (W212) and station wagon (S212) configurations. Sold since 2009 (as a 2010 model), it is the successor to the W211/S211 E-Class models. Coupe and convertible models of the E-Class of the same vintage are W204 C-Class derived and known as the C207 and A207. A high-performance E63 AMG version of the W212 and S212 are available as well since 2009.", "Mercedes-Benz GLC-Class Mercedes-Benz GLC-Class is a small luxury SUV produced by Mercedes-Benz, being introduced for the \"2016\" car model year, which means that information was being dissemtinated by 2015 and even production and distribution of models are happening in the previous year. Reviews of the vehicle hit the automotive press as early as the Summer of 2015, and produced a body of knowledge about the vehicle with a somewhat commercial flavor prior to its availability to the public.", "Mercedes-Benz GLK-Class The Mercedes-Benz GLK (codename X204) was a compact luxury crossover SUV that went on sale from the autumn of 2008 after its public debut at the 2008 Beijing Auto Show alongside the competing Audi Q5.The name GLK is an acronym for Geländewagen Luxus Kompaktklasse, taking its name from larger Mercedes-Benz GL-Class, which in turn was named after the G-Wagen or Geländewagen. Thus, the GL is the luxury-oriented version of the G, and GLK is the compact version of the GL.", "Mercedes-Benz R107 and C107 The Mercedes-Benz R107 and C107 are automobiles which were produced by Mercedes-Benz from 1971 through 1989, being the second longest single series ever produced by the automaker, after the G-Class. They were sold under the SL (R107) and SLC (C107) model names as the 280 SL, 280 SLC, 300 SL, etc. up to the 560 SL.The R107 replaced the W113 SL-Class in 1971 and was replaced by the R129 SL-Class in 1989. The SLC replaced the W111 Coupé in 1971 and was replaced by the C126 S-class coupe in 1981.", "Mercedes-Benz S-Class The Mercedes-Benz S-Class, formerly known as Sonderklasse (German for \"special class\"), is a series of flagship vehicles produced by the German automaker Mercedes-Benz, a division of German company Daimler AG. The classification was officially introduced in 1972 with the W116 S-Class, which succeeded previous Mercedes-Benz models dating to the mid-1950s. The S-Class has served as the top model for Mercedes for over fifty years in its various incarnations.", "Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W220) For a complete overview of all S-Class models see Mercedes-Benz S-Class.The Mercedes-Benz W220 was a series of flagship sedans which constituted the Mercedes-Benz S-Class during the early to mid-2000s. Development for the W220 S-Class started in 1992, with the final design, helmed by Steve Mattin being approved in 1994 and frozen for production in the first half of 1995. The completed prototypes were presented in June 1998.", "Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W221) The Mercedes-Benz W221 is a chassis code of S-Class, the successor of the Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W220) and the predecessor of the Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W222). The S-Class are the flagship vehicles of Mercedes-Benz and each generation typically introduces a range of technical innovations and developments that over time will find their way into smaller cars.The vehicle was unveiled at the 2005 Frankfurt Motor Show.", "Mercedes-Benz SL-Class The Mercedes-Benz SL-Class (formerly known as the SL Roadster prior to 1994) is a grand touring roadster manufactured by Mercedes since 1954. The designation SL derives from the German Sportlich-Leicht, (English: Sport Lightweight) and was first applied to the 300SL, often referred to as the 'Gullwing' due to its gullwing or upward-opening doors.The term SL refers to the marketing variations of the vehicle, including the numerous engine configurations spanning six design generations.", "Mercedes-Benz SL-Class (R230) The R230 generation of Mercedes-Benz SL-Class was introduced at the 2001 Frankfurt Motor Show and 2001 Bologna Motor Show, replacing the R129. The R230 underwent revisions in 2006 and 2008, and was superseded by the new SL-Class R231 in 2011.", "Mercedes-Benz SL-Class (R231) R231 is a chassis code for the current generation of the Mercedes-Benz SL-Class roadster, replacing the R230. The car was released in March 2012 and uses Mercedes-Benz's new 4.6 litre V8 engine with a power output of 435 hp (324 kW). AMG version of the roadster will follow.", "Mercedes-Benz SSK The Mercedes-Benz SSK is a roadster built by German automobile manufacturer Mercedes-Benz between 1928 and 1932. Its name is an abbreviation of Super Sport Kurz, German for \"Super Sport Short\", as it was a short wheelbase development of the earlier Mercedes-Benz S. The SSK's extreme performance and numerous competitive successes made it one of the most highly regarded sports cars of its era.", "Mercedes-Benz Vario The Mercedes-Benz Vario (model designation W670) was a full-size commercial heavy van manufactured by Mercedes-Benz between 1996 and 2013.", "Mercedes-Benz W02 The Mercedes-Benz W02 was a midsize six-cylinder two-litre-engined automobile introduced by Daimler-Benz at the Berlin Motor Show in October 1926.", "Mercedes-Benz W03 The Mercedes-Benz W03 was a large six-cylinder-engined automobile introduced as the Mercedes-Benz 12/55 PS and, initially, as the Mercedes-Benz Typ 300, by Daimler-Benz at the Berlin Motor Show in October 1926.", "Mercedes-Benz W08 The Mercedes-Benz Nürburg 460 was introduced in Autumn 1928, Mercedes-Benz's first eight cylinder passenger car. Designated model W 08 was by the factory, it remained in production with various modifications and upgrades until the later summer of 1939, the longest lived Mercedes-Benz model of the 1920s and 30s.", "Mercedes-Benz W108 See Mercedes-Benz S-Class for a complete overview of all S-Class models.The Mercedes-Benz W108 and W109 are luxury cars produced by Mercedes-Benz from 1965 through to 1972 and 1973 in North America only. The line was an update of the predecessor W111 and W112 fintail sedans. The cars were successful in West Germany and in export markets including North America and Southeast Asia. During the seven-year run, a total of 383,361 units were manufactured.", "Mercedes-Benz W110 The W110 was Mercedes-Benz's entry level line of midsize automobiles in the mid-1960s. One of Mercedes' \"Fintail\" (German: Heckflosse) series, the W110 initially was available with either a 1.9 L M121 gasoline or diesel inline-four .", "Mercedes-Benz W111 See Mercedes-Benz S-Class for a complete overview of all S-Class models.The Mercedes-Benz W111 was a chassis code given to a range of Mercedes' vehicles produced between 1959 and 1971, including 4-door sedans (1959-1968) and 2-door coupes and cabriolets (1961 to 1971). Introduced as inline 6-cylinder cars with 2.2-litre engines, the W111 spawned two lines of variants: entry-level vehicles sharing its chassis and bodies but 4-cylinder engines were designated the W110.", "Mercedes-Benz W114 The Mercedes-Benz W114 and W115 models are a series of coupes and sedans introduced in 1968 by Mercedes-Benz, manufactured through model year 1976, and distinguished in the marketplace by nameplates designating their engines.W114 models featured six-cylinder engines and were marketed as the 230, 250, and 280, while W115 models featured four-cylinder engines and were marketed as the 200, 220, 230, and 240.All were styled by Paul Bracq, featuring a three-box design.", "Mercedes-Benz W116 The Mercedes-Benz W116 is a series of flagship luxury sedans produced from September 1972 until 1979. The W116 automobiles were the first Mercedes-Benz models to be officially called S-Class, although earlier sedan models had already unofficially been designated with the letter 'S' - for Sonderklasse or \"special class.\"", "Mercedes-Benz W11 The Mercedes-Benz W11 was a midsize six-cylinder automobile introduced by Daimler-Benz it 1929. It was developed from the Mercedes-Benz W02 first seen in 1926, and the W11 shared its chassis and bodywork with the W02, but the W11 came with a larger more powerful engine, a new name and a wider list of “standard bodies” from which customers could choose.The new car was also sold as the Mercedes-Benz 10/50 PS and as the Mercedes-Benz Typ Stuttgart 260.", "Mercedes-Benz W124 W124 is the Mercedes-Benz internal chassis-designation for the 1984 to 1995/96 version of the Mercedes-Benz E-Class. The W124 models replaced the W123 models after 1984 and were succeeded by the W210 E-Class after 1995.In North America, the W124 was sold for the 1985 through to 1996 model years.", "Mercedes-Benz W128 The Mercedes-Benz W128 was a 6-cylinder luxury car produced by Mercedes-Benz from 1958 to 1960. It was available in sedan, coupé, or cabriolet body styles. Its main model, the 220SE, was the last of the \"Ponton\" series which had design roots and styling cues beginning in 1953 with the Mercedes-Benz 180 sedan (W120 chassis).The 220SE featured a unitized body/frame construction and fully independent suspension.", "Mercedes-Benz W136 The Mercedes-Benz W136 was Mercedes-Benz's line of inline-four cylinder automobiles from the mid-1930s into the 1950s. The model 170 V made its public debut as successor to the W15 Typ 170 in February 1936.", "Mercedes-Benz W140 The Mercedes-Benz W140 is a series of flagship vehicles that were manufactured by the German automotive company Mercedes-Benz. On November 16, 1990, Mercedes-Benz unveiled the W140 S-Class via press release, later appearing in several February and March editions of magazines. The W140 made its public debut at the Geneva Motor Show in March 1991, with the first examples rolling off the production line in April 1991 and North American examples on August 6, 1991.", "Mercedes-Benz W142 The Mercedes-Benz W 142 was a six-cylinder passenger car launched in February 1937, as a successor to the Mercedes-Benz Typ 290 (Mercedes-Benz W 18). The car was launched using the name Mercedes-Benz Typ 320, but is in retrospect commonly referred to using its Mercedes-Benz works number, \"W142\" which gives a more unambiguously unique nomenclature.", "Mercedes-Benz W143 The Mercedes-Benz Typ 230 n was introduced by Mercedes-Benz in 1937 as a successor to the Typ 230 (W 21). It was one of several models over the space of nearly eight decades to be sold with a name along the lines \"Mercedes-Benz 230\", and is therefore in retrospect more normally named according to its internal works designation as the Mercedes-Benz W 143", "Mercedes-Benz W153 The Mercedes-Benz W 153 was a luxury six cylinder passenger car built in parallel with the W 143 from 1938, and first presented in public at the Berlin Motor Show early in 1939.", "Mercedes-Benz W15 The Mercedes-Benz W15 is an automobile produced by Mercedes-Benz from 1931 to 1936.", "Mercedes-Benz W180 See Mercedes-Benz S-Class for a complete overview of all S-Class models.The Mercedes-Benz W180 is an inline 6-cylinder sedan, coupé, and convertible made from 1954 to 1959. The models associated with the W180 chassis code were the 220a and 220S. The W180 was one in a series of Mercedes-Benz models to informally receive the \"Ponton\" nickname. This was in reference to the unibody-type, pontoon-shaped exterior styling which was also featured on the later W128 line.", "Mercedes-Benz W18 The Mercedes-Benz W18 was a six-cylinder automobile introduced as the Mercedes-Benz Typ 290 in 1933. It was a smaller-engined successor to the manufacturer’s Typ 350 / 370 Mannheim model. In terms of the German auto-business of the 1930s it occupied a market position roughly equivalent to that filled by the Mercedes-Benz E-Class in the closing decades of the twentieth century.", "Mercedes-Benz W191 The Mercedes-Benz 170 S was a luxury car produced from 1949 until 1955 in various gasoline and diesel powered forms. It initially appeared with a 1.8 liter version of the 1.7 liter inline-four cylinder M136 engine used in the slightly smaller production type 170 V. It was the first Mercedes-Benz to carry in its name the suffix “S” (for Sonder modell (Special model) denoting a superior level of comfort and quality.", "Mercedes-Benz W201 The Mercedes-Benz W201 is a compact executive car manufactured by Mercedes-Benz from 1982 to 1993, positioned below the Mercedes-Benz E-Class and S-Class — and marketed under variants of the Mercedes-Benz 190 nameplate.The W201 featured a patented rear 5-link suspension, subsequently used in E and C class models, front and rear anti-roll bars, anti-dive and anti-squat geometry — as well as available airbags, ABS brakes and seatbelt pretensioners.The W201 enjoyed strong sales in Europe but fared poorly in the United States.", "Mercedes-Benz W21 The Mercedes-Benz W 21 was a six-cylinder passenger car launched in 1933 using the name Mercedes-Benz Typ 200. It was one of several Mercedes-Benz models known, in its own time, as the Mercedes-Benz 200 (or sometimes, in this case, as the Mercedes-Benz Typ(e) 200) and is therefore in retrospect more commonly referred to using its Mercedes-Benz works number, “W21”.The car was a development upmarket from the manufacturer’s W15, itself introduced two years earlier.", "Mercury Capri The Mercury Capri is an automobile that was marketed in North America by Mercury. The Mercury Capri was sold in the US as three distinctly different cars over three decades. The Capri for the 1971–74 model years and Capri II for 1976–77 were Ford captive imports made by Ford of Europe in Germany. At its peak, Capri sales in North America were the highest for any import model except the Volkswagen Beetle.", "Messerschmitt KR175 The Messerschmitt KR175 bubble car (1953–1955) was the first vehicle built by Messerschmitt under its 1952 agreement with Fritz Fend. In concept, although not in actual design, it was an extended version of the Fend Flitzer invalid carriage. Approximately 15,000 were built before it was replaced by the Messerschmitt KR200 in 1956.", "NSU Ro 80 The NSU Ro 80 is a four-door, front-engine sedan manufactured and marketed by the West German firm NSU from 1967 until 1977. Noted for innovative, aerodynamic styling by Claus Luthe and a technologically advanced powertrain, the Ro 80 featured a 113 bhp (84 kW; 115 PS), 995 cc twin-rotor Wankel engine driving the front wheels through a semi-automatic transmission with an innovative vacuum system.", "Neoplan Centroliner The NEOPLAN Centroliner is a series of low floor bus which was first unveiled in 1997, and mainly built by NEOPLAN Bus GmbH for the European market. At the time when it was first released, it adopted contemporary technologies like Controller Area Network.The product range of Centroliner included: midibus, full-size/articulated single-decker, and three-axle double-decker, in different body lengths.", "Neoplan Jumbocruiser The NEOPLAN Jumbocruiser was an articulated double-deck multi-axle city coach built by NEOPLAN Bus GmbH between 1975 and 1992. At 18 meters in length, 2.50m wide and 4m in height, it is in the Guinness World Records as the world's largest bus with a capacity for 170 passengers.", "Neoplan Megaliner The NEOPLAN Megaliner is a double-deck multi-axle luxury touring coach built by the German coach manufacturer NEOPLAN Bus GmbH.", "Neoplan N407 Neoplan N407 was a small size bus built by Neoplan, and was the smallest among the Neoplan N400-series buses. It was first showed in 1983, when for long time on German market there was no short low-capacity bus. The bus can carry 52 passengers on board, including 27 passengers with seats.In 1986 model had frontwall facelift, the engine was replaced too.Neoplan N407 is used on buslines with a little stream of passengers or in small cities.", "Neoplan Skyliner The NEOPLAN Skyliner is a double-deck multi-axle luxury touring coach built by the German coach manufacturer and MAN SE subsidiary NEOPLAN Bus GmbH.", "Neue Automobil Gesellschaft Neue Automobil-Gesellschaft (NAG) was a German automobile manufacturer in Berlin. In 1915 it was renamed Nationale Automobil-Gesellschaft (NAG).In 1902, German electrical company AEG purchased the coachbuilding side of Kühlstein under engineer Joseph Vollmer, renaming it NAG. The company's first two cars were reliable, if unoriginal: the two-cylinder Typ A and 5.2 liter (317ci) four-cylinder Typ B, both with chain drive, which resembled contemporary Mercédès.", "Opel Admiral The Opel Admiral is a luxury car made by the German car manufacturer Opel from 1937 to 1939 and again from 1964 to 1977.", "Opel Agila The Opel Agila (from Lat. agilis, \"agile\") is a city car produced under the German marque Opel from 2000 to 2015, as a rebadged variant of the Suzuki Wagon R+ (first generation) and the Suzuki Splash (second generation). It has been marketed under the Vauxhall marque in the United Kingdom.Its first generation was classified as a city car, whereas the second generation is a mini MPV, and the car was replaced in March 2015 by the Opel Karl (known as the Vauxhall Viva in the UK).", "Opel Ascona The Opel Ascona is a large family car produced by the German automaker Opel from 1970 to 1988. It was produced in three separate generations from 1970 to 1988, beginning with rear-wheel drive and ending up as a front-wheel drive J-car derivative.", "Opel Astra The Opel Astra (Lat: Stars) is a compact family car (C-segment in Europe) engineered and manufactured by the German automaker Opel since 1991.It is branded as Vauxhall Astra in the United Kingdom and the Buick Excelle XT in China. The Holden Astra was discontinued in Australia and New Zealand in 2009, because exchange rates made the car uncompetitive, and was replaced by the Holden Cruze.", "Opel Calibra The Opel Calibra is a sports car, which was engineered and produced by German automaker Opel between 1989 and 1997, but sold until 1999 in the United Kingdom as the Vauxhall Calibra by Vauxhall. It was also marketed as the Chevrolet Calibra in South America by Chevrolet, and the Holden Calibra in Australia and New Zealand by Holden.The Calibra was introduced to counter the Japanese sports coupés, of the late 1980s and early 1990s.", "Opel Combo The Opel Combo is a leisure activity vehicle from the German automaker Opel. The Combo first appeared in 1993, a second generation model was introduced in 2001, and the third has been manufactured from December 2011, based on the Fiat Doblò.", "Opel Corsa The Opel Corsa is a supermini car engineered and produced by the German manufacturer Opel since 1982. It has also been sold under a variety of other brands (most notably Vauxhall, Chevrolet, and Holden) and also spawned various derivatives in different markets. Its current fifth generation is built in Spain and in Germany. However, despite its global presence, it has never been sold in the United States or Canada.", "Opel Diplomat The Opel Diplomat is a luxury car manufactured by Opel. Opel's top-ranging models were traditionally the Admiral and Kapitän, introduced in 1938 and 1937 respectively.In 1964, these models were joined, in the so-called \"KAD\" (Kapitän, Admiral, Diplomat) range, by the new Opel Diplomat. In most respects the three were badge-engineered versions of the same new vehicle.", "Opel Flextreme The Opel Flextreme is a diesel plug-in hybrid concept compact hatchback created by Opel in 2008. The Opel Flextreme shares the same GM E-Flex platform as the Chevrolet Volt (front engine, four door).It is based on the same GM E-Flex series hybrid platform used in the Chevrolet Volt, but using a diesel rather than gasoline engine. It can travel 55 kilometres (34 mi) on its lithium-ion battery before a small diesel engine starts charging the battery.", "Opel Frogster The Opel Frogster was a 2001 concept car created by Opel. It premièred at the 2001 Frankfurt Motor Show. The Frogster could be transformed from an convertible to an roadster or an pickup truck by using a built-in PDA, which was mounted between the two front seats. The Frogster was mainly targeted towards younger buyers. There are no plans for the Frogster to go into production.", "Opel GT The Opel GT is a two-seat sports car first presented as a styling exercise in 1965 at the Paris and Frankfurt motor shows, and introduced as a production model late in 1968 by the German automaker Opel. It relied partly on components from the contemporary Opel Kadett B and had a body made by French contractor Brissonneau & Lotz.", "Opel GTC The Opel Gran Turismo Coupé Concept, abbreviated as Opel GTC Concept, is an Opel concept car which was speculated to be a hypothetical Opel Vectra coupé. The GTC premiered at the 77th Geneva Motor Show. The Opel GTC is a grand tourer alongside the Opel Flextreme GT/E.", "Opel Insignia The Opel Insignia (from Latin insigne = the emblem/coat of arms) is a large family car engineered and produced by the German automaker Opel. Production of the Insignia began in 2008 as a replacement for the Vectra and Signum. The vehicle is known as the Vauxhall Insignia in the United Kingdom, and as the Buick Regal in China and North America.", "Opel Kadett The Opel Kadett is a small family car produced by the German automobile manufacturer Opel between 1937 and 1940, and then again from 1962 until 1991 (the Cabrio continued until 1993), when it was replaced by the Opel Astra.", "Opel Kadett A The Opel Kadett was re-introduced by Opel in 1962, with deliveries beginning on 2 October, a little more than 22 years after the original model was discontinued in May 1940. Like the original Kadett, the new car (designated the \"Kadett A\") was a small family car, although it was now available in 2-door saloon, 3-door Car-A-Van (estate) and coupé versions.", "Opel Kadett B The Opel Kadett B was launched by Opel at the Frankfurt Motor Show in late summer 1965. The Kadett B was larger all-round than the Kadett A: 5% longer both overall and in terms of the wheelbase, 7% wider and 9% heavier (unladen weight), albeit 10 mm (0.39 in) lower in basic standard \"Limousine\" (sedan/saloon) form. Production ended in July 1973, with the successor model introduced a month later following the summer shut-down, in August.", "Opel Kadett C The Opel Kadett C is a small family car which was produced by the German automobile manufacturer Opel from 1973 to 1979. The Kadett C, which was the third generation of the Opel Kadett, was released in August 1973, and was Opel's version of the General Motors' \"T-Car\". It was the last small Opel to feature rear-wheel drive, and remained in production at Opel's Bochum plant until July 1979, by which time Opel had produced 1,701,076.", "Opel Kapitän The Opel Kapitän is an executive car made in several different generations by the German car manufacturer Opel from 1938 to 1970.", "Opel Karl The Opel Karl is a city car designated by Opel as their entry model for the line-up. It replaced the Agila in December 2014. In Great Britain, it is marketed as the Vauxhall Viva, and in continental Europe as Opel Karl – after Adam Opel's oldest son Carl.The car is built in South Korea, with a starting price of under £8,000, and fuel consumption reaching 4.3 L/100 km (66 mpg-imp) with a 1.0 L (999 cc) direct injection engine making 55 kW (75 PS).", "Opel Laubfrosch The Opel 4 PS, popularly known as the Opel Laubfrosch (Opel Treefrog), is a small two-seater car introduced by the auto maker Opel early in 1924. Subsequently, various versions of the little Laubfrosch were produced until it was replaced by the Opel 1.2 litre.Initially introduced as the Opel 4/12 PS, and manufactured at Opel’s Rüsselsheim plant, this was the first German car to be assembled on a Ford inspired production line.", "Opel Manta The Opel Manta is a rear-wheel-drive sports coupé motor vehicle built by Opel from 1970 to 1988.", "Opel Meriva The Opel Meriva is a multi-purpose vehicle (MPV) engineered and produced by the German manufacturer Opel, from May 2003 to present. Its first generation was classified as a mini MPV, whereas the second generation is a compact MPV.In the United Kingdom, it is marketed as the Vauxhall Meriva, while in South America, the first generation was marketed as the Chevrolet Meriva.", "Opel Olympia The Opel Olympia is a compact car produced by the German automaker Opel from 1935 to 1940, from 1947 to 1953 and again from 1967 to 1970.The 1935 Olympia was Germany's first mass-produced car with an all-steel unitized body (monocoque). This revolutionary technology reduced the weight of the car by 180 kilograms (400 lb.) compared to its predecessor. Production of the unibody design required new production methods and materials.", "Opel Omega The Opel Omega is an executive car engineered and manufactured by the German automaker Opel between 1986 and 2003. The first generation, the Omega A (1986–1993), superseded the Opel Rekord, was voted European Car of the Year for 1987, and was available as a saloon or estate.", "Opel Patent Motor Car The Opel Patent Motor Car, System Lutzmann (Opel Patentmotorwagen „System Lutzmann“ in German) is the first car from the German automaker Opel. Only 65 vehicles were produced from 1899 to 1902.", "Opel Regent The Opel Regent is a luxury car from the German carmaker Opel introduced in November 1928 and available as a four-door limousine and two-door coupe. The official name was Opel 24/110 (24 Steuer-PS/110 PS nominal).The 5,400 mm (212.6 in) long Regent was available from 25,000 Reichsmark, and had an eight-cylinder engine with 6 litre capacity that allowed a top speed of 130 km/h (80.8 mph).In March 1929, General Motors bought 80% of the share capital of Adam Opel AG.", "Opel Rekord The Opel Rekord was a large family car/executive car which was built in eight generations by the German car manufacturer Opel. Between 1953 and 1986, approximately ten million were sold.In 1986, the Rekord was replaced by the Opel Omega.", "Opel Rekord Series C The Opel Rekord Series C is a large family car that was introduced in August 1966, by Opel as a replacement for the short-lived Opel Rekord Series B. It was slightly larger all round than its predecessor, from which it inherited most of its engines. It continued in production until replaced by the Opel Rekord Series D at the end of 1971.The Rekord C's 4 1⁄2-year production run was longer than that of any previous generation of Opel Rekord, and during that period 1,276,681 were produced.", "Opel Rekord Series E The Opel Rekord Series E is a large family car that replaced the Rekord D on Opel's Rüsselsheim production lines in August 1977, following the end of the summer vacation plant shut-down.", "Opel Senator The Opel Senator is a full-size luxury car produced by the German automaker Opel, two generations of which were sold in Europe from 1978 until 1993.", "Opel Signum The Opel Signum is a large family car that was engineered and manufactured by the German automaker Opel from 2003 to 2008. It was almost exclusively sold in Europe. In the United Kingdom, it was rebadged and sold under the Vauxhall Signum name. The Signum was largely based on the Opel Vectra, and used the long-wheelbase version of the GM Epsilon platform, also used by Vectra Caravan.The car was based on an unusual concept of a very large hatchback with a nearly vertical tailgate.", "Opel Super 6 The Opel Super 6 is a Luxury car built by the German car manufacturer Opel between 1937 and 1938. The car was equipped with a 2,5 litre straight-6 with a top speed of 115 km/h (71 mph). It was available in three different versions, a 4-door sedan, a 2-door coupé and a 2-door cabriolet.An interesting detail was the windscreen wiper drive which received its power via a mechanical linkage from the camshaft, a solution which Opel continued to use in post-war Rekord models until 1957.", "Opel Tigra The Opel Tigra name has been applied to two different cars engineered and produced by the German automaker Opel, both based on different iterations of the Corsa supermini, the first built in Spain, the second in France. The first Tigra was a small 2+2 coupé, produced from 1994 to 2000. The later hard-topped convertible roadster model was introduced in 2004.", "Opel Vectra The Opel Vectra is a large family car that was engineered and produced by the German automaker Opel. In the United Kingdom, the car was sold under the Vauxhall marque as the Vauxhall Cavalier and later as the Vauxhall Vectra, from 1995 onwards.", "Opel Zafira The Opel Zafira, also as the Zafira Tourer since 2011, is a compact multi-purpose vehicle (MPV) produced by the German car manufacturer Opel, since January 1999. The third generation, launched in 2011, is classified as a large MPV.It has also been marketed under the Vauxhall marque in the United Kingdom, the Holden marque in Australia, as well as under a number of other market-specific brands and names.", "Porsche 550 The Porsche 550 was a racing sports car produced by Porsche from 1953-1956.", "Porsche 911 The Porsche 911 (pronounced Nine Eleven or German: Neunelf) is a two-door, 2+2 high performance sports car made since 1963 by Porsche AG of Stuttgart, Germany. It has a rear-mounted six cylinder boxer engine and all round independent suspension. It has undergone continuous development, though the basic concept has remained little changed.", "Porsche 911 (classic) The original Porsche 911 (pronounced nine eleven, German: Neunelfer) was a luxury sports car made by Porsche AG of Stuttgart, Germany. The famous, distinctive, and durable design was introduced in autumn 1963 and built through 1989. It was succeeded by a modified version, internally referred to as Porsche 964 but still sold as Porsche 911, as are current models.Mechanically, the 911 was notable for being rear engined and air-cooled.", "Porsche 911 GT2 The Porsche 911 GT2 was a high performance sports car built by the German manufacturer Porsche from 1993 to 2012. It was based on the 911 Turbo, and uses a similar twin-turbocharged engine, but features numerous upgrades, including engine upgrades, larger brakes, and stiffer suspension calibration. The GT2 is significantly lighter than the Turbo due to its use of rear-wheel drive instead of all-wheel drive, and the lightening or removal of interior components.", "Porsche 914 The Porsche 914 or VW-Porsche 914 was a mid-engined, targa-topped two-seat roadster designed, manufactured and marketed collaboratively by Volkswagen and Porsche from 1969 to 1976.", "Porsche 924 The Porsche 924 is a luxury sports car which was produced by Porsche AG of Germany from 1976 to 1988. A two-door, 2+2 coupé, the 924 replaced the 914 as the company's entry-level model, and was the model that finally retired the 912. In production terms, the 924 was the first Porsche model powered by a water-cooled, front-mounted engine although the similarly configured 928 was designed first.", "Porsche 928 The Porsche 928 is a luxury GT car which was produced by Porsche AG of Germany from 1978 to 1995.", "Porsche 944 The Porsche 944 is a luxury sports car that was built by Porsche from 1982 to 1991. It used the 924 platform that remained in production until 1988. The 944 was intended to last into the 1990s, but major revisions planned for a 944 \"S3\" model were eventually combined into the 968 instead, which replaced the 944. The 944 was available in coupé or cabriolet body styles, with either naturally aspirated or turbocharged engines.", "Porsche 964 The Porsche 964 is the company's internal name for the Porsche 911 manufactured and sold between 1989 and 1994. Designed by Benjamin Dimson in 1986, it featured significant styling revisions over previous 911 models, most prominently the more integrated bumpers. It was the first generation 911 to be offered with Porsche's optional Tiptronic automatic transmission and all wheel drive as options.", "Porsche 991 The Porsche 991 is the internal designation for the seventh generation Porsche 911 which was unveiled at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show on 15 September as the replacement for the 997. The 991 is an entirely new platform, only the third since the original 911 launched in 1963 (the 996 of 1999 was the second new platform). The design has taken an evolutionary step, in keeping with the previous generation 997 and 996.", "Porsche 993 993 is the company's internal name for the version of the Porsche 911 model manufactured and sold between late 1993 and early 1998 (model years 1995-1998 in the United States), replacing the 964. Its discontinuation marked the end of air-cooled Porsches, with the 993 being not just the last air-cooled 911, but also the last of the hand built 911s.", "Porsche 996 996 is the internal designation for the Porsche 911 model manufactured with first model year 1997 and last 2004. It was replaced by the Type 997 in model year 2005.The 996 had little in common with its predecessor, with the first new chassis platform since the original 911 and a new water-cooled engine.", "Porsche Boxster The Porsche Boxster is a mid-engined two-seater roadster built by Porsche. The Boxster is Porsche's first road vehicle to be originally designed as a roadster since the 550 Spyder.The first-generation Boxster (the 986) was introduced in late 1996; it was powered by a 2.5 litre flat six-cylinder engine. The design was heavily influenced by the 1992 Boxster Concept. In 2000, the base model was upgraded to a 2.7 litre engine and the new Boxster S variant was introduced with a 3.2 litre engine.", "Porsche Carrera GT For other Porsche models carrying Carrera name, please see Porsche CarreraThe Porsche Carrera GT (Project Code 980) is a mid-engined supercar that was manufactured by Porsche between 2004–2007 in Leipzig, Germany. Sports Car International named the Carrera GT number one on its list of Top Sports Cars of the 2000s, and number eight on Top Sports Cars of All Time list.", "Porsche Macan The Porsche Macan (Type 95B) is a luxury compact crossover utility vehicle (CUV) manufactured by the German car manufacturer Porsche.", "Porsche Panamera The Porsche Panamera (type number 970) is a luxury four-door sedan. It is front-engined with two-wheel drive, with all-wheel drive versions also available.The Porsche Panamera production model was unveiled at the 13th Auto Shanghai International Automobile Show in Shanghai, China, on April 2009. In 2011, hybrid and diesel versions were launched. In April 2013, a facelift to the Panamera was announced, launching again at the Auto Shanghai show.", "Sachsenring P240 The Sachsenring P240 was a luxury car built by the VEB Kraftfahrzeugwerk Horch Zwickau in East Germany between 1955 and 1959. The early preproduction models can be identified by the grill, which is divided in two and has vertical bars.Despite a provision issued by the Comecon limiting production of luxurious cars in Czechoslovakia to no more than 300 per year, Tatra was making more than that.", "Selve Selve Automobilwerke AG was a car maker located in Hameln (near Hannover, Germany). After World War I, the Northern German Automobile Works (Norddeutsche AutomobilWerke), which made the Colibri car and the Sperber, was absorbed by the Selve firm, which was already producing Basse & Selve engines for the automotive industry. The first cars produced were the 6/24 horsepower 1-1/2 liter engine displacement and the 8/32 horsepower 2 liter model.", "Smart (automobile) smart Automobile is a division of Daimler AG that manufactures and markets the smart Fortwo and smart Forfour. The official trademarked name is \"smart\" with all lowercase letters (\"Smart\" is incorrect spelling). Headquartered in Böblingen, Germany, smart has marketed a range of microcar and subcompact vehicles, with its primary assembly plants located in Hambach, France and Novo Mesto, Slovenia.", "Stoewer Stoewer was a German automobile manufacturer before World War II whose headquarters were in Stettin (Now Szczecin, Poland).The first company was founded by the Stoewer brothers, Emil (lived 1873 - 1942) and Bernhard (1875 - 1937) in 1896 for manufacturing sewing machines in Stettin. In 1899, the Stoewer brothers founded the firm Gebrüder Stoewer, Fabrik für Motorfahrzeugen and started to produce automobiles.", "TMG EV P001 The TMG EV P001 is a road-legal electric vehicle developed by Toyota Motorsport GmbH. It is based on a Radical chassis as modified for e-Wolf, with two EVO Electric axial flux motors powered by a 350 kg (770 lb) lithium-ceramic battery pack. It was developed originally for a customer in 2010.TMG's performance claims include a top speed of 260 km/h (160 mph), 0–50 km/h (31 mph) in 1.8 seconds, and 0–100 km/h (62 mph) in 3.9 seconds.", "Trabant The Trabant /trəˈbɑːnt/ is a car that was produced by former East German auto maker VEB Sachsenring Automobilwerke Zwickau in Zwickau, Saxony. It was the most common vehicle in East Germany, and was also exported to countries both inside and outside the Eastern Bloc.", "Trabant 601 The Trabant 601 (or Trabant P601 series) was a Trabant model produced by VEB Sachsenring in Zwickau, Sachsen. It was the third generation of the model, built for the longest production time, from 1963 to 1990. As a result, it is the best-known Trabant model and often referred to simply as \"the Trabant\" or \"the Trabi\". During this long production run, 2,818,547 Trabant 601s were produced overall and it was the most common vehicle in former East Germany.", "Veritas (automobile) Veritas was a West German post World War II sports and race car company, located in the village of Hausen am Andelsbach, near Sigmaringen, Baden-Württemberg, later at Meßkirch and Muggensturm and moved finally to the Nürburgring.The company was founded by Ernst Loof, Georg Meier and Lorenz Dietrich who initially re-built and tuned pre-war BMW 328 cars using components supplied by a customer, turning them into BMW-Veritas cars.", "Volkswagen CC The Volkswagen CC (originally known as the Volkswagen Passat CC in its first generation) is a four-door sedan version of the Volkswagen Passat with a \"stylized sweeping roofline\" reducing rear headroom and cargo space. It debuted in January 2008 at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit.", "Volkswagen Corrado The Volkswagen Corrado is a sport compact car developed by the German manufacturer Volkswagen, built at the Karmann factory in Osnabrück, Germany. It was designed by Herbert Schäfer and was produced between 1 September 1988 and 31 July 1995.", "Volkswagen Crafter The Volkswagen Crafter, introduced in 2006 and built by Daimler AG, is the largest 3 to 5 tonne van sold by Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles.", "Volkswagen Derby Volkswagen Derby was the name originally given by German automaker Volkswagen to its booted saloon (three-box) version of the first-generation Volkswagen Polo, between 1977 and 1981. Later in the mid-90's, the Derby name was used outside Europe by Mexico's Volkswagen subsidiary, in order to introduce a new saloon car to its domestic market.", "Volkswagen EA489 Basistransporter The Volkswagen EA489 Basistransporter was a small front-wheel drive platform truck with a front-mounted Volkswagen air-cooled engine.", "Volkswagen Golf The Volkswagen Golf is a small family car produced by the German manufacturer Volkswagen since 1974, marketed worldwide across seven generations, in various body configurations and under various nameplates – as the Volkswagen Rabbit in the United States and Canada (Mk1 and Mk5), and as the Volkswagen Caribe in Mexico (Mk1).The original Golf Mk1 was a front-wheel drive, front-engined replacement for the air-cooled, rear-engined, rear-wheel drive Volkswagen Beetle.", "Volkswagen Golf Mk1 The Volkswagen Golf Mk1 is a small family car, the first generation of the Volkswagen Golf and the successor to the Volkswagen Beetle. Presented in May 1974, it was intended by Volkswagen as a modern front-wheel-drive, hatchback replacement for the aging Beetle.", "Volkswagen Golf Mk2 The Volkswagen Golf Mk2 is a compact car, the second generation of the Volkswagen Golf and the successor to the Volkswagen Golf Mk1. It was Volkswagen's volume seller from 1983 and remained in (German) production until late 1992. The Mk2 was larger than the Mk1; its wheelbase grew slightly (+ 75 mm (3.0 in)), as did exterior dimensions (length + 180 mm (7.1 in), width + 55 mm (2.2 in), height + 5 mm (0.2 in)). Weight was up accordingly by about 120 kg (260 lb).", "Volkswagen Golf Mk3 The Volkswagen Golf Mk3 is a small family car, the third generation of the Volkswagen Golf and the successor to the Volkswagen Golf Mk2. It was launched in Europe in November 1991 (though not in the United Kingdom until March 1992), and in North America in the spring of 1994. The delay in North America was due to Volkswagen's decision to supply U.S. and Canadian dealerships with Mk3 Golfs (and A3 Jettas) from the VW plant in Puebla, Mexico.", "Volkswagen Golf Mk4 The Volkswagen Golf Mk4 (or VW Typ 1J) is a compact car, the fourth generation of the Volkswagen Golf and the successor to the Volkswagen Golf Mk3.", "Volkswagen Golf Mk5 The Volkswagen Golf Mk5 (also known as the VW Typ 1K) is a compact car, the fifth generation of the Volkswagen Golf and the successor to the Volkswagen Golf Mk4. Built on the Volkswagen Group A5 (PQ35) platform, it was unveiled at the Frankfurt Motor Show in October 2003 and went on sale in Europe one month later. .The Golf Mk5 was replaced in 2009 by the Mk6.", "Volkswagen Golf Mk6 The Volkswagen Golf Mk6 (or VW Typ 5K) is a compact car, the sixth generation of the Volkswagen Golf and the successor to the Volkswagen Golf Mk5. It was unveiled at the Paris Auto Show in October 2008. Volkswagen released pictures and information on 6 August 2008, prior to the official unveiling. The vehicle was released to the European market in the winter of 2008.", "Volkswagen Karmann Ghia The Volkswagen Karmann Ghia is a sports car marketed in 2+2 coupe (1955–1974) and convertible (1957–1974) body styles by Volkswagen. The Karmann Ghia combined the chassis and mechanicals of the Type 1 (Beetle) with styling by Luigi Segre of the Italian carrozzeria Ghia and hand-built bodywork by the German coach-builder Karmann.The Karmann Ghia was internally designated the Typ 14.", "Volkswagen Passat (B4) The B3 Passat was heavily facelifted in 1993 and although it was designated B4, it was not an all-new model. The facelift resulted in every external body panel being changed, except for the roof and glasshouse, with most obvious exterior change seeing the re-introduction of a grille to match the style of the other same-generation Volkswagen models of the era, such as the Mk3 Golf and Jetta.", "Volkswagen Passat (B6) The Volkswagen B6 Passat debuted at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2005, and launched in Europe in the summer of 2005.", "Volkswagen Passat (B8) The Volkswagen Passat (B8) is a Mid-size car manufactured by Volkswagen that is available in a 4-door saloon and 5-door estate body style sold as \"Variant.\" It was first introduced at the Volkswagen Design Center Potsdam on 3 July 2014. The B8 is the eighth-generation model in the Volkswagen Passat series and the first passenger vehicle of Volkswagen Group to be based on a stretched version of the MQB platform.", "Volkswagen Phaeton The Volkswagen Phaeton /ˈfeɪtən/ FAY-tən is a full-size (F-segment in Europe) luxury sedan/saloon manufactured by German automaker Volkswagen, described by Volkswagen as their \"premium class\" vehicle.", "Volkswagen Polo The Volkswagen Polo (pronounced [ˈfɔlksˌvaːgən ˈpoːloː]) is a supermini car produced by the German manufacturer Volkswagen since 1975. It is sold in Europe and other markets worldwide in hatchback, sedan and estate variants.The Polo was introduced in 1975, and as of 2011 has been produced over five generations with intermittent facelifts. Related Volkswagen Group models include the Škoda Fabia, SEAT Ibiza and Audi A1.The Volkswagen Polo won the 2010 World Car of the Year.", "Volkswagen Polo G40 The Volkswagen Polo Mk2 and Polo Mk2F were available as supercharged G40 models - called the Volkswagen Polo G40 (sometimes also called Volkswagen Polo GT G40, Volkswagen Polo G-40, or simply Volkswagen Polo G).", "Volkswagen Polo Mk2 The Volkswagen Polo Mk2 is the second generation of the Volkswagen Polo supermini, it was produced from late 1981 until 1994. It received a major facelift in 1990 and was available in three different bodystyles, including a controversial \"kammback\"-styled hatchback.", "Volkswagen Polo Mk3 The Volkswagen Polo Mk3 is the third generation of the Volkswagen Polo supermini car and was produced from 1994 until late 1999 and some models in 2000. It was available in hatchback, sedan and wagon body styles. It shared the same platform and initially a similar design as the contemporary Seat Ibiza (hatchback) and Seat Córdoba (sedan and wagon) models.The hatchback underwent a major facelift in 2000, while the sedan and the wagon received only minor refinements.", "Volkswagen Polo Mk4 The Volkswagen Polo Mk4 is the fourth generation of the Volkswagen Polo supermini car produced by the German manufacturer Volkswagen. It was marketed from early 2002 to 2009 in most countries except Brazil and the USA. It is still manufactured in South Africa, where it is sold as the Polo Vivo. The Mk4 replaced the Volkswagen Polo Mk3, while the Polo Vivo replaced the Citi Golf.", "Volkswagen Scirocco The Volkswagen Scirocco is a sport compact coupe produced by the German manufacturer Volkswagen, undergoing two generations of development between 1974 and 1992 and reintroduced in a third generation in August 2008.", "Volkswagen Taro In January 1989, Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles introduced a 1 tonne pickup truck, called the Volkswagen Taro, to complement the half tonne Caddy pickup / panel van ranges, and the 1 tonne Transporter van and chassis cab ranges. The name \"tarō\" is a suffix used in Japanese to denote the oldest brother or son, or the first-born son of a family.The Taro though, was a project of badge engineering. The Taro was a rebadged Toyota Hilux - fully engineered and designed by Toyota.", "Volkswagen Tiguan Volkswagen Tiguan is a compact crossover vehicle (CUV) manufactured by German automaker Volkswagen using the PQ35 platform of the Volkswagen Golf. All Tiguans feature two-row seating and four-cylinder engines.The Tiguan debuted as a concept vehicle at the November 2006 Los Angeles International Auto Show and in production form at the 2007 Frankfurt Motor Show.", "Volkswagen Touareg The Volkswagen Touareg (German pronunciation: [ˈtuːaʁɛk]) is a mid-size luxury crossover SUV produced by German automaker Volkswagen since 2002 at the Volkswagen Bratislava Plant. The vehicle was named after the Tuareg people, a Berber-speaking group in North Africa.", "Volkswagen Touran The Volkswagen Touran (Typ 1T) is a compact MPV based on a vertically stretched fifth generation Volkswagen Golf Mk5, and sold in Europe and other select markets. It was launched in 2003 to fill a gap in Volkswagen's model lineup, below the Sharan large MPV. The vehicle is delivered in five- or seven-seat versions.", "Volkswagen Type 14A (Hebmüller Cabriolet) The Volkswagen Type 14A (commonly known as the Hebmüller Cabriolet or simply Heb) is a German automobile produced after the Second World War.After the war, Hebmüller and Sohn, a coachbuilding firm in Wuppertal, Germany, like most German companies of the time, lacked business. During this time, British Army Major Ivan Hirst of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) was running Volkswagen.", "Volkswagen Type 2 (T3) The Volkswagen Type 2 (T3) was the third generation of the Volkswagen Transporter and was marketed under various nameplates worldwide – including as the Transporter or Caravelle in Europe, Microbus in South Africa, and as the Vanagon in North and South America.Larger and heavier than its predecessor, the T2, – and with a more squared and less rounded styling – the T3 was manufactured in Germany from 1979 until 1990." ]

[ "1986 Formula One season The 1986 Formula One season was the 37th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1986 Formula One World Championship which commenced on 23 March and ended on 26 October after sixteen races. The Formula One World Championship for Drivers was won by Alain Prost and the Formula One World Championship for Manufacturers was awarded to Williams.", "2012 Armor All Bathurst 12 Hour The 2012 Armor All Bathurst 12 Hour was an endurance race for GT3 cars, GT4 cars, Group 3E Series Production Cars and Dubai 24 Hour cars. The event, which was staged at the Mount Panorama Circuit, near Bathurst, in New South Wales, Australia on 26 February 2012, was the tenth running of the Bathurst 12 Hour, and the sixth since the race was revived in 2007.There were 25 starters in the race, the smallest field since the inaugural Bathurst 12 Hour event in 1991.", "20 Year 20 (XX) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus and Cotta (or, less frequently, year 773 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 20 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "AMC Javelin The AMC Javelin is a front-engine, rear wheel drive, two-door hardtop manufactured and marketed by AMC in two generations, 1968-1970 and 1971-1974. Styled by Dick Teague, the Javelin was available in a range of trim and engine levels, from economical pony car to muscle car variants.", "A War You Cannot Win A War You Cannot Win is the sixth studio album by American heavy metal band All That Remains. The album was released on 6 November 2012 through Razor & Tie.The album has some tracks which have a melodic metalcore sound and some with a standard metal sound which have only singing.Album sold over 25,000 copies in the United States in its first week of release to land at position No. 13 on The Billboard 200 chart. Currently the album has sold over 115,000 copies to date.", "A Whiter Shade of Pale \"A Whiter Shade of Pale\" is the debut single by the English rock band Procol Harum, released 12 May 1967. The record reached number one in the UK Singles Chart on 8 June 1967, and stayed there for six weeks. Without much promotion, it reached No. 5 on the US charts.", "All I Want Is You (Carly Simon song) \"All I Want Is You\" is the 4th and final single from Carly Simon's 1987 album Coming Around Again. The song was co-written by Simon and frequent collaborator Jacob Brackman.", "All Mixed Up (The Cars song) \"All Mixed Up\" is a song by The Cars and the final track on their 1978 self-titled debut album. It was written by bandleader Ric Ocasek.", "All That All That is an American live-action, sketch comedy-variety show created by Brian Robbins and Mike Tollin. All That first aired on the Nickelodeon cable television network on April 16, 1994, as a \"sneak peek\" and debuted as a regular series on December 24, 1994.", "All That (season 9) This is the 9th season of All That and the third season of the relaunch era. This season aired from late 2003 until early 2004. This season had only 15 episodes.Many changes happened before the start of this season. Bryan Hearne left the show after two seasons to focus on his music. During the off-season Nickelodeon advertised a competition called \"R U All That?: Nickelodeon's Search for the Funniest Kid in America\". It was a nationwide search to find a new cast member.", "All That (song) \"All That\" is a song recorded by Canadian singer Carly Rae Jepsen for her forthcoming third studio album, Emotion (2015), included as its fifth track. It was written by Jepsen, Ariel Rechtshaid and Devonté Hynes, while production was handled by Rechtshaid.Upon its release, \"All That\" was praised for the '80s influence in the song.", "All the Way... A Decade of Song All the Way… A Decade of Song is the first English-language greatest hits album by Canadian recording artist Celine Dion. Released by Sony Music Entertainment on November 12, 1999, it features nine previously released and seven new recordings. Dion worked on new songs mainly with David Foster, other producers include: Max Martin, Kristian Lundin, Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange, James Horner, and Matt Serletic.All the Way... A Decade of Song garnered positive reviews from music critics.", "Anthology (Carly Simon album) Anthology is singer-songwriter Carly Simon's 26th album, and first anthology album, released in November 2002. It is a two-disc set with all the songs personally picked by Simon. Over the course of the two discs, every one her studio albums (up until that point) is represented with at least one song (not including her just-released Christmas album or her 1993 opera, Romulus Hunt: A Family Opera, on which she only actually performs on one track).", "Autograss Autograss racing is the biggest form of amateur motor racing in Britain with more competitors than any other. It takes place at venues throughout England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. It has been going in some form or another since the 1960s, although only became an official motorsport in Autograss is car racing on natural surfaces such as grass or mud . It is usually held on 400 metre oval tracks although this varies.", "BA-3/6 The BA-3 (Russian: Broneavtomobil 3) was a heavy armored car developed in the Soviet Union in 1933, followed by a slightly changed model BA-6 in 1936. Both were based mostly on BA-I, the most important development being the new turret, same as in the T-26 m 1933 and BT-5 tanks, and also equipped with the 45 mm main gun. Around 180 BA-3 cars were built at the Izhorskij and Vyksunskij factories, until production ended in 1935.", "BMW M47 The BMW M47 and Rover Group M47R are diesel straight-4 engines. Variants were manufactured by BMW from 1998 to 2007. BMW gradually adopted high-pressure common rail fuel injection systems over the lifetime of the M47.", "BMW N45 The BMW N45 is a straight-4 DOHC piston engine which replaced the BMW N42 and was produced from 2004-2011.Compared with its N42 predecessor, the N45 does not have valvetronic variable valve lift. As the N42, the N45 has variable valve timing (called VANOS by BMW). The N45 was sold alongside the N43 (which has direct injection) and the N46 (which has valvetronic) straight-4 engines.", "BMW N55 The BMW N55 is a turbocharged direct injection straight-6 DOHC piston engine that has been in production since 2009, being initially launched in the BMW 535i Gran Turismo (F07).The N55 generally replaced the N54 in most applications, especially after the release of the N55HP in 2011 for 2012 models, but high-output versions of the N54 remain in production.While having the same displacement and peak power output as the N54, the N55 is 15% more fuel efficient, has lower emissions, less turbo lag and better low-rev torque.", "BMW Nazca C2 The BMW Nazca C2 (also known as Italdesign Nazca C2) was a 1992 concept sports car. The car was designed by famed automotive engineering company Italdesign, home of Giorgetto Giugiaro, and features a similar frontal design of a BMW. It was an evolution of the previous concept the Nazca M12 from 1991. The engine used was a modified version of the 5.0 liter V12 used in the BMW 8 Series tuned by Alpina. It originally had 380 HP. The car had a top speed of 193 mph (311 km/h).", "BMW X5 (E70) The BMW E70 is second-generation BMW X5 mid-size luxury crossover SUV. It replaced the BMW X5 (E53) in November 2006. It is manufactured alongside the new, 2009 BMW X6 at BMW's Greer, South Carolina plant in the USA and BMW's facility in Toluca, Mexico.", "Baja SAE Baja SAE is an intercollegiate design competition run by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). Teams of students from universities all over the world design and build small off-road cars. The cars all have engines of the same specifications.", "Bar Ilan Responsa Project The Bar Ilan Responsa Project (the Global Jewish Database) is a collection of Jewish texts in Hebrew, released on CD by the Bar-Ilan University (in Ramat Gan, Israel).", "Beru (company) BERU Group is a listed public company since October 1997. The company is the leading manufacturer of diesel cold start systems with an estimated worldwide market share of 40% for glow plugs. In the field of ignition technology for petrol engines, BERU is one of the four major manufacturers in Europe. BERU makes electronics for cars. The company also produces sensor technology and ignition systems for the oil and gas burner industry.", "Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design is Israel's national school of art. Established in 1906 by Jewish artist and sculptor Boris Schatz, Bezalel is the oldest institution of higher education in Israel.", "Brabus Bullit The Brabus Bullit is an automobile designed and made by Brabus. It is the successor to the Brabus Rocket, based on the Mercedes CLS. It is based on the new generation Mercedes C-Class but has been tuned to have 720 bhp (537 kW; 730 PS). It is also known as the Brabus Bullit Black Arrow or the Brabus Black Arrow.Performance Figures:720 bhp (537 kW; 730 PS).Top speed: 224 mph (360 km/h)0-60 mph (97 km/h) 3.9 seconds.", "Brooklin Models Brooklin Models Limited, started in 1974, is the largest producer of handmade 1:43 scale miniature models of vintage American cars, trucks, and other vehicles. Brooklin Models is located in Bath, England, and all models are currently produced there (Mateo 2007). Unlike high-volume, mass-produced models, all of Brooklin's models are hand-built in small quantities, and most of its models are made using white metal.", "Cameri Theater The Cameri Theater (Hebrew: התיאטרון הקאמרי‎, HaTeatron HaKameri), established in 1944 in Tel Aviv, is one of the leading theaters in Israel, and is housed at the Tel Aviv Performing Arts Center.The Cameri, Tel Aviv's municipal theater, stages up to ten new productions a year, in addition to its repertoire from previous years.", "Carly Simon Carly Elisabeth Simon (born June 25, 1945) is an American singer-songwriter, musician and children's author. She first rose to fame in the 1970s with a string of hit records; her 13 Top 40 U.S. hits include \"Anticipation\" (No. 13), \"You Belong To Me\" (No. 6), \"Coming Around Again\" (No. 18), and her four Gold certified singles \"Jesse\" (No. 11), \"Mockingbird\" (No. 5), a duet with James Taylor, \"You're So Vain\" (No. 1), and \"Nobody Does It Better\" (No.", "Carly Simon discography The discography of Carly Simon, an American singer-songwriter, musician, and children's author, consists of 23 studio albums, 1 live album, 8 compilation albums, 2 holiday albums, 4 soundtrack albums, and 41 singles, on Elektra Records, Warner Bros. Records, Epic Records, Arista Records, Rhino Entertainment, Columbia Records, Hear Music, and Iris Records, with special releases on Qwest Records, Angel Records, and Walt Disney Records.", "Cars (film) Cars is a 2006 American computer-animated comedy-adventure sports film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Directed and co-written by John Lasseter, it is Pixar's final independently-produced motion picture before its purchase by Disney.", "Cars (franchise) Cars is a CGI animated film series and Disney media franchise set in a world populated by anthropomorphic vehicles. The franchise began with the 2006 film, Cars, produced by Pixar and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures. The film was followed by a sequel in 2011. DisneyToon Studios produced a 2013 spin-off film Planes, and a 2014 sequel Planes: Fire & Rescue.", "Cars for wheelchair users Cars for wheelchair users are small car specifically designed for people who use wheelchairs, which can accommodate the wheelchair without the need for the user to change seats. They differ from adapted automobiles. Several models are currently being produced: Chairiot solo has been developed and sold in North America by Chairiot Mobility Inc., based in Riverside, California.", "Citroën C-Métisse The Citroën C-Métisse is a concept car produced by the French car manufacturer Citroën. It was first introduced in 2006 at the Paris autoshow.", "Clouds in My Coffee Clouds In My Coffee is singer-songwriter Carly Simon's 21st album (and her first box set) released in 1995. It is a three-disc, 58 song career retrospective box set that spans Carly's career from 1965 to 1995. Also included are nine previously unreleased or hard-to-find songs. The booklet includes numerous photographs and extensive liner notes by Simon.The album's title is taken from a refrain in Simon's song \"You're So Vain.\"", "Coming Around Again (album) Coming Around Again is singer-songwriter Carly Simon's 14th album, and 13th studio album, released in 1987. It is her first of many albums for Arista Records. The title track was written for and featured, along with \"Itsy Bitsy Spider\", in the 1986 film Heartburn.The title song peaked at #18 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Simon's twelfth Top 40 hit in the USA. Additionally, it was a top 10 hit in the UK. The album itself reached #25 in both the US and the UK.", "Complete Best (Celine Dion album) Complete Best is a greatest hits album by Canadian singer Celine Dion, released on 27 February 2008 in Japan. It reached number three on the Oricon Albums Chart, was certified Gold by the RIAJ and has sold 173,100 copies in Japan in 1998.", "Complete Greatest Hits (The Cars album) Complete Greatest Hits is a compilation album by the new wave band The Cars, released in 2002 by Elektra Records and Rhino Records, and contains 20 singles in chronological order of their original release.", "Dancing with a Dead Man Dancing with a Dead Man is the second studio album by the Australian rock band Calling All Cars, released on 5 August 2011. It was selected as Triple J's Feature Album in that month. The song \"Reptile\" was nominated as APRA song of the year.", "Degania Alef Degania Alef (Hebrew: דְּגַנְיָה א', D'ganya Alef) is a kibbutz in northern Israel. It falls under the jurisdiction of the Emek HaYarden Regional Council. Degania was Israel's first kibbutz. It was established in 1909 in Ottoman Palestine.", "Double Life (song) \"Double Life\" is a single by the American rock band The Cars from their second album Candy-O.", "Drive (The Cars song) \"Drive\" is a 1984 song by The Cars, the third single from the band's Heartbeat City album released in March 1984 and their biggest international hit. Written by Ric Ocasek, the track was sung by bassist Benjamin Orr and produced by Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange with the band. Upon its release, \"Drive\" became The Cars' highest charting single in the United States, peaking at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart; on the Adult Contemporary chart, the song went to number one.", "Electric car An electric car is an automobile that is propelled by one or more electric motors, using electrical energy stored in rechargeable batteries or another energy storage device. Electric motors give electric cars instant torque, creating strong and smooth acceleration. They are also around three times as efficient as cars with an Internal combustion engine.The first electric cars were produced in the 1880s.", "Emotion (Carly Rae Jepsen album) Emotion (stylized as E•MO•TION) is the third studio album by Canadian singer Carly Rae Jepsen. It was released on June 24, 2015 in Japan and was released on August 21, 2015 in North America and worldwide through 604 Records, School Boy Records, and Interscope Records.", "Ezer Mizion Ezer Mizion or Ezer Mitzion (Hebrew: עזר מציון‎, literal translation: \"Aid from Zion\") is an Israeli health support organization offering a wide range of medical and social support services for Israel's sick, disabled and elderly. One of Ezer Mizion's most important services is its world's largest Jewish Bone Marrow Donor Registry. this registry was extended significantly by Moti and Bracha Ziser who founded \"Oranit house\" (a center for cancer patients and their families).", "For We Are Many For We Are Many (sometimes written as …For We Are Many) is the fifth studio album by the heavy metal band All That Remains. Released on October 12, 2010, it is the third album by the band to be produced by the Killswitch Engage guitarist, Adam Dutkiewicz, who also produced This Darkened Heart and The Fall of Ideals.", "Ford Capri The Ford Capri is a fastback coupé that was built by Ford Motor Company from 1969 to 1986, It was designed by American Philip T. Clark, famous for being one of the main designers of the Ford Mustang, which until 2010 was an unknown fact. Using the mechanical components from the Ford Cortina and intended as the European equivalent of the Ford Mustang for the European markets, the Capri went on to be a highly successful car for Ford, and sold nearly 1.9 million units in its lifetime.", "Ford Cougar The Ford Cougar is a large coupé car that was produced between 1998 and 2002 by Ford Europe, and sold in the United States from 1999 to 2002 as the Mercury Cougar. The car was originally intended to be the third-generation Probe, but after a rationalisation of the three coupés available in the United States, the Probe name was dropped in favour of the Cougar.", "Ford Fusion (Americas) The Ford Fusion is a mid-size car produced by Ford. Introduced in the 2006 model year, it placed second in a Car and Driver ranking of top-selling mid-size cars, which described it as \"Not your father's Taurus\" The 2010 model was awarded the Motor Trend Car of the Year and its hybrid version won the 2010 North American Car of the Year Award.", "Ford Fusion (Europe) The European Ford Fusion is a vertically stretched version of the Ford Fiesta supermini that was produced by Ford Europe from 2002 to 2012.The design includes elements of both estates and multi-purpose vehicles.", "Ford Model A (1927–31) The Ford Model A (also colloquially called the A-Model Ford or the A, and A-bone among rodders and customizers) was the second huge success for the Ford Motor Company, after its predecessor, the Model T. First produced on October 20, 1927, but not sold until December 2, it replaced the venerable Model T, which had been produced for 18 years.", "Ford Model T The Ford Model T (colloquially known as the Tin Lizzie, Tin Lizzy, T‑Model Ford, Model T, or T) is an automobile that was produced by Ford Motor Company from October 1, 1908, to May 26, 1927.", "Ford Orion The Ford Orion is a small family car that was built by the automaker Ford Europe from 1983 to 1993. A total of 3,534,239 Orions were sold throughout the car's 10-year life.The Ford Orion was based on the Ford Escort, but instead of the Ford Escort's hatchback, the Ford Orion had a separate boot, making it a saloon. Visually the Ford Orion's notch-back rear end and greater rear overhang make it readily distinguishable from its sibling.", "Ford Torino Talladega The Ford Torino Talladega is a car that was produced by Ford only during the first few weeks of 1969. Ford's Talladega was named after the Talladega Superspeedway racetrack in Alabama, which also made its debut in 1969. The Ford Talladega was a special, more aerodynamic version of the Ford Torino / Fairlane Cobra.", "Ford Transit The Ford Transit is a range of light commercial vehicle produced by Ford since 1965. Sold primarily as a cargo van, the Transit is also built as a passenger van (marketed as the Tourneo since 1995), minibus, cutaway van chassis, and as a pickup truck.", "GT4 (Bremen) The Bremish GT4 is a GT4 type tramcar that was built in two main versions from 1959 to the 1980s.In the 1950s and 1960s, the Bremish tram company Bremer Straßenbahn, like many other German tram companies, changed old two-axle tramcars for modern ones on bogies. The cars could be longer, if they were articulated. In Bremen, like at the same time in Stuttgart, articulated cars on only two bogies were constructed by the local manufacturer Hansa Waggonbau.", "Gerl Gerl is a German manufacturer of wood crafts. The artist Egon Gerl is known by celebrities and politicians as a specialist for unique and extraordinary designs.Gerl Manufactur was established in 1992 as a private company in Landshut in Bavaria, Germany. The company is a family-owned business and only produces a few crafts every year.", "Getrag 260 transmission The Getrag 260 (RPO M35) was a 5-speed manual transmission incorporated in BMW and General Motors vehicles between 1984 and 2005. It coexisted in the market with the lighter-duty Getrag 240, and more expensive Getrag 265 models.", "Give Me All Night \"Give Me All Night\" is the 2nd single from Carly Simon's 1987 album Coming Around Again. The song was written by Simon and produced by Paul Samwell-Smith.", "Goggomobil Goggomobil was a series of microcars produced in the Bavarian town Dingolfing after World War II by Glas.Glas produced three models on the Goggomobil platform: the Goggomobil T sedan, the Goggomobil TS coupé, and the Goggomobil TL van. The engine was an air-cooled, two-stroke, two-cylinder unit originally displacing 250 cc, but later available in increased sizes of 300 cc and 400 cc. It had an electric pre-selective transmission built by Getrag and a manual clutch.", "Good Times Roll \"Good Times Roll\" is a song by American rock band The Cars. It is the first track from their 1978 debut album The Cars. With its slow, lumbering rhythm, the track became a modest hit when it was released as a single in 1979. It has since appeared on many of The Cars' compilation albums.", "Greatest Hits (The Cars album) Greatest Hits is a compilation album by the new wave rock band The Cars. It was released in October 1985 on Elektra Records. \"Tonight She Comes,\" a previously unreleased song, was issued as a single in 1985 to support this greatest hits package. The album was a commercial success, going six-times platinum.", "HaGashash HaHiver HaGashash HaHiver (Hebrew: הגשש החיוור‎, lit. The Pale Tracker) were an Israeli comedy group. Often called HaGashashim (The Trackers), they are considered a classic of Israeli entertainment and the most influential comedy act in the history of Israel.", "HaKfar HaYarok HaKfar HaYarok (Hebrew: הכפר הירוק, lit. \"The Green Village\"‎) is a youth village in Israel, located at the south of Ramat HaSharon.", "Habima Theatre The Habima Theatre (Hebrew: הבימה - התיאטרון הלאומי‎, lit. \"The Stage\"), is the national theatre of Israel and one of the first Hebrew language theatres. It is located in Habima Square in the center of Tel Aviv.", "Heartbeat City Heartbeat City is the fifth studio album by American rock band the Cars. Released in 1984, it was produced by Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange. Picking up a positive commercial response, the Cars had many tracks getting airplay, and singles \"Drive\" and \"You Might Think\" in particular both became Top 10 hits.", "Herpa Herpa, or Herpa Miniaturmodelle GmbH, is a German manufacturer of die-cast model aircraft under the Herpa Wings trademark and plastic car models under the Herpa Cars & Trucks trademark. The mainstay of Herpa Wings is in the 1/500 scale, although models are also produced in the 1/400, 1/200, and 1/1000 scales as well.", "Hesder Hesder (in Hebrew: \"arrangement\"; also Yeshivat Hesder ישיבת הסדר) is an Israeli yeshiva program which combines advanced Talmudic studies with military service in the Israel Defense Forces, usually within a Religious Zionist framework. These yeshivot allow religious Jews to fulfill the ideal of full and active participation in the defense of the Israeli people, while still engaging in Torah study during their formative years.", "Historic Stock Car Racing Series The Historic Stock Car Racing Series (HSCRS) is an auto racing organization based on the west coast of the United States founded by San Jose, California businessmen John Davis in 1994 with a mandate to register, preserve, restore and continue showcasing authentic NASCAR Winston Cup Series stock cars in friendly competition.The cars that are raced by HSCRS members are retired and now-privately owned Winston Cup (now Sprint Cup) stock cars, with a few Busch Grand National stock cars grandfathered into the group.", "Hold, Hold, Fire Hold, Hold, Fire is the debut studio album by Australian rock band Calling All Cars, released on 12 March 2010. Hold, Hold, Fire was also nominated as Best Hard Rock release at the 2010 Jägermeister Australian Independent Music awards.", "Holden Barina The Holden Barina is a subcompact automobile sold since 1985 by Holden in Australasia. Each of the six generations have been badge-engineered versions of various General Motors vehicles, namely Suzuki Cultus, Opel Corsa, and Daewoo Kalos. Barina is an Australian aboriginal word meaning \\summit\\\".\"", "I Care 4 U I Care 4 U is a posthumous compilation album by American R&B recording artist Aaliyah. Following the release of Aaliyah's self-titled third album in July 2001, she died in a plane crash after shooting the music video for the song \"Rock the Boat\" in the Bahamas on August 25. Blackground Records and Universal Music decided to release a posthumous record that included songs from her studio albums and previously unreleased tracks and demos, recorded between 1993 and 2001.", "Israel Democracy Institute The Israel Democracy Institute (IDI, Hebrew: המכון הישראלי לדמוקרטיה‎), established in 1991, is an independent, nonpartisan, nonprofit think tank in Jerusalem, Israel. It goals are to formulate policies and initiate reforms to strengthen democratic values in Israel.", "Israel Exploration Society The Israel Exploration Society (IES) (Hebrew:החברה לחקירת ארץ ישראל ועתיקותיה - Hakhevra Lekhakirat Eretz Yisrael Va'atikoteha), originally the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society, is a society devoted to historical, geographical and archaeological research of the Land of Israel. The society was founded in 1914.", "Israel Philharmonic Orchestra The Israel Philharmonic Orchestra (abbreviation IPO; Hebrew: התזמורת הפילהרמונית הישראלית, ha-Tizmoret ha-Filharmonit ha-Yisre'elit), formerly Palestine Orchestra is the leading symphony orchestra in Israel.", "Israeli Andalusian Orchestra The Israeli Andalusian Orchestra- Ashdod (Hebrew: התזמורת האנדלוסית הישראלית ‎ Arabic: الأوركسترا الإسرائيلية الأندلسية‎) is an award-winning Israeli orchestra founded in 1994 in Ashdod, Israel. The orchestra is composed of around 30 musicians and lyricists mainly of Tunisian, Moroccon and Russian origin and features traditional Sephardic Jewish-Arab and Andalusian music and poetry, combining classical Arab-Andalusian and European instruments.", "Just What I Needed: The Cars Anthology Just What I Needed: The Cars Anthology is a two-disc, career-spanning compilation album of songs by the new wave rock group The Cars. It features most of the band's singles, as well as many album tracks, B-sides and unreleased tunes.", "Keller (automobile) The Keller was an automobile produced by the Keller Motors Corporation of Huntsville, Alabama, United States, between 1947 and 1950. It was based on the earlier Bobbi-Kar produced by the Bobbi Motor Car Corp. of San Diego, California.", "Kia Sportage The Kia Sportage is a compact crossover vehicle built by the South Korean manufacturer Kia since 1993.", "Lada Riva The VAZ-2105, VAZ-2104 and VAZ-2107 (collectively known as the Lada Riva in the United Kingdom and the Lada Nova in much of continental Europe) are a series of medium-sized family cars built by Russian car manufacturer AvtoVAZ, introduced in 1980 in the Soviet Union, and progressively in other European markets through the early 1980s and sold in saloon and estate versions.", "Law of increasing costs In economics, the law of increasing costs is a principle that states that once all factors of production (land, labor, capital) are at maximum output and efficiency, producing more will cost more than average. As production increases, the opportunity cost does as well. The best way to look at this is to review an example of an economy that only produces two things - cars and oranges.", "Lightning McQueen Lightning McQueen, typically referred to by his surname McQueen, is an anthropomorphic racecar in the animated Pixar film Cars (2006), its sequel Cars 2 (2011), and TV shorts known as Cars Toons. He is based on generic NASCAR vehicles, but with design influences from the Mazda Miata and Dodge Viper.", "List of All That sketches This is a List of sketches on the Nickelodeon variety show All That.", "List of Auf Wiedersehen, Pet episodes This is a list of episodes of the British television series Auf Wiedersehen, Pet.", "List of Black Lagoon episodes Black Lagoon is an anime series adapted from the titular manga series by Rei Hiroe. Directed by Sunao Katabuchi and produced by Madhouse, it consists of two seasons produced for television, and one in original video animation format. The two seasons, each twelve episodes in length, are titled Black Lagoon— which was co-produced by Shogakukan—and Black Lagoon: The Second Barrage. The OVA, titled Black Lagoon: Roberta's Blood Trail, consists of only five episodes.", "List of Top Gear (U.S.) episodes The following is a complete episode list of the History Channel television series Top Gear. As of October 21, 2014, there have been 62 episodes broadcast. The show is currently presented by Tanner Foust, Adam Ferrara, Rutledge Wood, and The Stig.", "Little Trees Little Trees are disposable air fresheners in the shape of a stylized evergreen tree, marketed for use in cars. They are made of a material very similar to beer coasters and are produced in a variety of colors and scents. They are most commonly seen hanging from rear-view mirrors on front windshields.These air fresheners were invented in 1952 in Watertown, New York by Swiss-born businessman Julius Sämann. They are manufactured in the US by the Car-Freshner corporation.", "Low (David Bowie album) Low is the eleventh studio album by British musician David Bowie, co-produced by Bowie and Tony Visconti. Widely regarded as one of Bowie's most influential releases, Low was the first of the \"Berlin Trilogy\", a series of collaborations with Brian Eno (though the album was mainly recorded in France and only mixed in West Berlin). The experimental, avant-garde style would be further explored on \"Heroes\" and Lodger. The album's working title was New Music Night and Day.", "Manufacturers Association of Israel The Manufacturers Association of Israel (MAI) (Hebrew: התאחדות התעשיינים בישראל‎) is the representative body of all industrial sectors in Israel: private, public, kibbutz and government industries. The MAI has a membership of over 2,000 organizations and industrial plants, which are responsible for more than 95% of the industrial production in Israel.", "Maurer-Union Maurer-Union was a German car maker located in Nuremberg. From 1900-1910 Maurer-Union produced 300 to 400 cars per year. It was one of the first manufacturers that introduced automatic transmission using a friction drive.", "Mazda 767 The Mazda 767/767B are prototype racing cars that were built by Mazdaspeed for the 24 Hours of Le Mans running under the IMSA-spec GTP class. The 767 replaced the 757 in 1988, upgrading to a newer and larger 4-rotor 13J Wankel engine which produced nearly 600 hp (450 kW).Two 767s were entered at 1988 24 Hours of Le Mans, finishing 17th and 19th overall, however they finished behind a sole 757 which was able to finish 15th.", "Mercedes-AMG GT The Mercedes-AMG GT (C190) and GTS (C120) is a 2-door, 2-seat sports car produced by Mercedes-AMG since 2014. It is the second sports car developed entirely in-house by Mercedes-AMG.", "Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W211) The Mercedes-Benz W211 is a chassis designation for the Mercedes-Benz E-Class, produced from 2002 through 2009. The W211 models replaced the W210 E-Class models and were superseded by the Mercedes-Benz W212 in 2009.", "Mercury Cyclone Spoiler II The Mercury Cyclone Spoiler II is a muscle car that was produced by Mercury in early 1969. The Mercury Cyclone Spoiler II was a special, more aerodynamic version of the Mercury Cyclone. It was produced specifically to make Mercury even more competitive in NASCAR stock car racing, and was sold to the public only because homologation rules required a minimum number of cars (500 in 1969) be produced and made available for sale to the public.", "Merkur Scorpio The Merkur Scorpio is a modified version of the European Ford Scorpio with 4 doors and liftgate (hatchback). It was manufactured between 1987 and 1989 and sold by Merkur as 1988 and 1989 models. It first went on sale in the United States in May 1987 but was discontinued in October 1989. It was unsuccessful in the American market for a variety of reasons and some contemporary observers blamed poor marketing of the brand and model for its quick demise.", "Ned's Newt Ned's Newt is a Canadian/German animated series produced by Nelvana and TMO-Loonland. The program aired on Teletoon from 1997 to 1999 and its also aired in Canada. In the United States, the program aired on Fox Kids from 1998 to 1999. Teletoon Retro started airing reruns of all 39 half-hour episodes on September 5, 2011.", "Neot Kedumim Neot Kedumim, the Biblical Landscape Reserve in Israel (Hebrew: נאות קדומים‎ is a Biblical garden and nature preserve located near Modi'in, mid-way between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, Israel.", "Now That's What I Call Music! 50 (U.S. series) Now That's What I Call Music! 50 is the 50th edition of the Now! series in the United States, released on May 6, 2014. The album features 21 tracks including the Billboard Hot 100 number-one hits, \"Happy\", \"Dark Horse\" and \"All of Me\".A special deluxe edition includes 14 additional tracks from previously released volumes of the series as selected through an online voting process.The album sold 153,000 copies and debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 albums chart.", "Okapi (knife) The Okapi is a lockback or slipjoint knife originally produced in 1902 for export to Germany's colonies in Africa. The knife takes its name from the giraffe-like central African okapi.Okapi knives are no longer produced in Germany; in 1988, Okapi South Africa (then trading as All Round Tooling) bought the trademark and tooling and began producing the Okapi line of knives in South Africa.", "Phenol-soluble modulin Phenol-soluble modulins (PSM) are a family of protein toxins that are soluble in phenols, that are produced by CA-MRSA, and which are thought to be a possible cause of severe infections.Non-methicillin resistant bacteria were not found to produce these toxins. Although PSM toxins are produced in all methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, the more virulent CA-MRSA strains are typically associated with higher production.", "Production car racing Production car racing, Showroom stock racing, Street Stock, Pure Stock, or U-Car racing includes all categories of auto racing where unmodified (or very lightly modified) cars race each other, outright and also in classes. Cars usually have a protective roll cage and run race tires (either slicks or radial). Some freedoms are allowed, like gearbox coolers, giving the cars increased performance and components longevity.", "Reflections: Carly Simon's Greatest Hits Reflections: Carly Simon's Greatest Hits is singer-songwriter Carly Simon's 28th album, and fourth greatest-hits album, released in 2004. The album compiles 19 of Simon's top hits, ranging from her 1971 self-titled debut album Carly Simon, through 1994's Letters Never Sent, presented in chronological order. The compilation also includes a bonus track, \"Amity\", a duet with her daughter Sally Taylor, from the soundtrack to the 1999 film Anywhere but Here.", "Renault Master The Renault Master is an upper-medium size van produced by the French manufacturer Renault since 1980, now in its third generation. It replaced the earlier Saviem SG3 light trucks. The (around the GVW 3.5 tonne segment) Opel has sold versions of the second and third series vans as the Opel Movano in mainland Europe and Vauxhall Movano in the United Kingdom.", "Renault Trafic The Renault Trafic is a light commercial vehicle produced by the French automaker Renault since 1981. It is also marketed as the Nissan Primastar and Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro in Europe. Previous versions of the Renault Trafic have been sold by Chevrolet and the original generation is now sold in India by Tata Motors.Vauxhall has confirmed that they will produce the next generation Vivaro at the GM Manufacturing Luton plant in 2013.", "Roof module A roof module is a complete top for a convertible. Such tops can be a softtop or a retractable hardtop which is produced by specialized convertible top suppliers and supplied to the OEMs. The OEMs finally are completing their cars in their own production lines with these tops to a convertible.Depending on the OEM it is possible that these suppliers are working as a full service vehicle supplier and are producing the complete cars (e.g. Karmann, Heuliez or Pininfarina).", "Shake It Up & Other Hits Shake It Up & Other Hits is a budget compilation album of The Cars' songs, released by Rhino Records in 2001.", "Shake It Up (The Cars album) Shake It Up is the fourth studio album by American rock band The Cars, released in 1981. It was the last album by the Cars to be produced by Roy Thomas Baker. A much more pop-oriented album than its predecessor, its title track became their first Billboard top ten hit.", "SmILE SmILE is a showcase car designed for Greenpeace in 1996 to demonstrate how fuel efficient a car can be. The name stands for \"Small, Intelligent, Light, Efficient'. It is based on the Renault Twingo, halving its fuel consumption to 3.3 l/100km (30 km/l or 85 mpg (imperial) / 68 mpg (US)). An important issue in the design was that it should use off-the-shelf technology (parts and know-how). As a result, in mass production it should not cost significantly more than a 'heavier' equivalent.", "Smart Fortwo The Smart Fortwo is a rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive, 2-seater, 2-door hatchback city car manufactured and marketed by the Smart division of Daimler AG, introduced in 1998, now in its third generation.", "Smartville, Hambach, France Smartville is a purpose-built factory complex in Hambach, France, established in 1994 as a joint venture of Daimler-Benz and the Swiss watch manufacturer Swatch to produce the Smart car. Today it is fully owned by Daimler AG.Smartville Hambachfrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (translation from article originally in German)The \"smart\" production site in Hambach (France) with its 2,000 workers is among the most modern automobile production plants.", "Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel (Hebrew: החברה להגנת הטבע‎, HaHevra LeHaganat HaTeva), or SPNI, is an Israeli non-profit environmental organization working to preserve plants, animals, and natural environments that represent bio-diversity, by protecting the lands and waters needed for their survival, and is Israel's oldest and largest conservation organization.", "Suzanne Dellal Center for Dance and Theater The Suzanne Dellal Center for Dance and Theater (Hebrew: מרכז סוזן דלל למחול ולתיאטרון‎) is a center for dance in Israel, located in Neve Tzedek, Tel Aviv.", "The Cars (album) The Cars is the eponymous debut studio album by the American new wave rock band the Cars. It was released on June 6, 1978 on Elektra Records. The album, which featured the three charting singles \"Just What I Needed,\" \"My Best Friend's Girl,\" and \"Good Times Roll,\" as well as an abundance of radio hits, was a major success for the band, remaining on the charts for 139 weeks. It has been recognized as one of the band's greatest albums.", "The Essentials (The Cars album) The Essentials by The Cars is a compilation of hits released by WEA International in 2005.", "The Original Mono Recordings The Original Mono Recordings is a box set compilation album of recordings by Bob Dylan, released in October 2010 on Legacy Recordings, catalogue 88697761042. It consists of Dylan's first eight studio albums in mono on nine compact discs, the album Blonde on Blonde being issued on two discs in its original vinyl format. It does not include the singles collection Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits released during the same time span.", "The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of \"The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of\" is the third single from Carly Simon's 1987 album Coming Around Again. The song was written by Simon and produced by John Boylan.", "The Voice of Germany (season 1) The Voice of Germany (season 1) is a German reality talent show that premiered on 24 November 2011 on ProSieben and Sat.1. Based on the reality singing competition The Voice of Holland, the series was created by Dutch television producer John de Mol. It is part of an international series.", "The Voice of Germany (season 3) The Voice of Germany (season 3) is a German reality talent show that premiered on 17 October 2013 on ProSieben and Sat.1. Based on the reality singing competition The Voice of Holland, the series was created by Dutch television producer John de Mol. It is part of an international series.Xavier Naidoo and Rea Garvey have been replaced with Max Herre and Samu Haber, singer of the Finnish pop-rock band Sunrise Avenue. This season adopted the Knockout round as seen in the US version of The Voice.", "The Waiting One \"The Waiting One\" is a song by American melodic metalcore band All That Remains. The song was released as the third and final single from the band's fifth studio album For We Are Many. No music video was produced for the song.", "Timeline of alcohol fuel Ethanol, an alcohol fuel, is an important fuel for the operation of internal combustion engines that are used in cars, trucks, and other kinds of machinery.Ethanol was first isolated from wine in approximately 1100 and was found to burn shortly thereafter. These early solutions distilled from wine-salt mixtures were referred to as aqua ardens (burning water) or aqua flamens (flaming water) and had such low alcohol content that they burned without producing noticeable heat.", "Tom Coronel Tom Romeo Coronel (born 5 April 1972) is a Dutch professional racing driver. Tom's twin brother Tim is also a racer, just like their father Tom Coronel Sr. His most important results are winning the Marlboro Masters of Formula 3 race in 1997, the Formula Nippon championship in 1999, and the 2006 and 2009 World Touring Car Championship Independents' Trophy.He is currently still racing in the WTCC, where he won his first WTCC race in Okayama, Japan in 2008.", "Top Gear (series 1) The first series of the relaunched television series Top Gear was broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC Two starting on 20 October 2002, and concluding on 29 December 2002, and contained 10 episodes. The series included presenters Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond and Jason Dawe. This was Dawe's only series as a presenter on Top Gear.", "Top Gear (series 10) The tenth series of Top Gear was broadcast between 7 October 2007 and 23 December 2007, containing 10 episodes. It was claimed that between the filming of the ninth and tenth series, rival motoring magazine Fifth Gear broke into the Top Gear premises and burnt down the Cool Wall. However, it was later revealed that the incident was a publicity stunt dreamed up between old friends Clarkson and Vicki Butler-Henderson. The opening episode of the series mentions the incident.", "Top Gear (series 11) The eleventh series of Top Gear was broadcast between 22 June 2008 and 27 July 2008, in show's usual time slot of 8pm on Sunday on BBC Two. The series consists of six episodes. This series included a revised title sequence, following the same visual style as with the sequence used for Series 8 through 10, but incorporating footage from the two prior series. A new character (Top Gear Stunt Man) was introduced in the first episode of the series.", "Top Gear (series 13) The thirteenth series of Top Gear started airing on 21 June 2009, with the usual presenting team of Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond, James May and The Stig. The series contained 7 episodes. Despite forced budget cuts, series 13 contained new challenges, new power tests, more foreign travel and more races. Features include the Top Gear Race to the North, a race from London to Edinburgh between steam locomotive No.", "Top Gear (series 15) The fifteenth series of Top Gear started airing on BBC Two and BBC HD on 27 June 2010, and concluded on 1 August 2010, with the usual presenting team of Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond, James May and The Stig. Prior to the series, the channel advertised the show's return by featuring a home video originally published to YouTube. In the clip, the parents of a young boy see the Top Gear crew filming the motorhome challenge.", "Top Gear (series 20) The twentieth series of British motoring programme Top Gear started airing on BBC Two on 30 June 2013 with the usual presenting team of Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond, James May and The Stig.", "Vauxhall Astra The Vauxhall Astra is a small family car that has been built by Vauxhall since 1979. For its first two generations, the nameplate was applied to right-hand drive versions of the Opel Kadett for use in the UK. Since 1991, Opel has used the Astra nameplate on its B/C-platform. General Motors' Saturn division in the USA also offered a Belgian-built version of the Astra as a captive import from late 2007 until Saturn was discontinued following GM's 2010 bankruptcy.", "Vauxhall Belmont An unrelated vehicle, Holden Belmont, was manufactured by Holden, GM's Australian subsidiary in the 1970s.The Vauxhall Belmont was a saloon car sold in the United Kingdom by Vauxhall between January 1986 and July 1991. It was equivalent to a saloon version of the award-winning Opel Kadett E, launched in the autumn of 1984, whose other body styles were marketed in the United Kingdom as Vauxhall Astra.", "Vauxhall Carlton The Vauxhall Carlton is an executive car that was sold by Vauxhall in the United Kingdom from 1978 to 1994.", "Vauxhall Cavalier The Vauxhall Cavalier is a large family car sold primarily in the UK by Vauxhall from 1975 to 1995.", "Visio.M Visio.M is a joint research project at the Technische Universitaet Muenchen (TUM) to develop concepts to produce electric cars that are efficient, safe, and inexpensive. Lead manager of the project is BMW AG. Daimler AG is also participating in the consortium.", "Wingate Institute The Wingate Institute (Hebrew: מכון וינגייט‎), officially Orde Wingate Institute for Physical Education and Sports (Hebrew: המכון לחינוך גופני ולספורט \"\\ש אורד וינגייט‎), is a sports training facility located south of Netanya, Israel, established in 1957. Named after Orde Wingate, the facility serves as the host facility for numerous Israeli national teams as well as a military training base.In 1989, the institute was awarded the Israel Prize, for sport.", "Women's International Zionist Organization The Women's International Zionist Organization (WIZO; Hebrew: ויצו, Vitzo‎), is a volunteer organization dedicated to social welfare in all sectors of Israeli society, the advancement of the status of women, and Jewish education in Israel and the Diaspora.", "Yad Vashem Yad Vashem (Hebrew: יָד וַשֵׁם) is Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust.Established in 1953, Yad Vashem is located on the western slope of Mount Herzl on the Mount of Remembrance in Jerusalem, 804 meters (2,638 ft) above sea level and adjacent to the Jerusalem Forest.", "You're All I've Got Tonight \"You're All I've Got Tonight\" is a song by the American rock band the Cars, from their debut album, The Cars. Like \"Bye Bye Love\" and \"Moving in Stereo\", two other songs from the album, it continues to receive airplay on classic rock stations today despite never having been released as a single (although it did see release as the B-side to \"All Mixed Up\" in the Netherlands).", "Youth Aliyah Youth Aliyah (Hebrew: עלית הנוער, Aliyat Hano'ar) is a Jewish organization that rescued thousands of Jewish children from the Nazis during the Third Reich. Youth Aliyah arranged for their resettlement in Palestine in kibbutzim and youth villages that became both home and school.", "ZF 8HP transmission The ZF 8HP is an eight-speed automatic transmission, designed and built by ZF Friedrichshafen's subsidiary in Saarbrücken.", "ZF 9HP transmission The ZF 9HP is a nine-speed automatic transmission built by ZF Friedrichshafen AG subsidiary ZF Transmissions in Gray Court, South Carolina. It is a front-transverse transmission, used in front-wheel drive and all-wheel drive vehicles. ZF claims that it is able to save an average of 16% in fuel compared with current 6-speed automatic transmissions. The gear ratio spread is 9.81:1.", "Zooropa Zooropa /zuːˈroʊpɑː/ is the eighth studio album by rock band U2. Produced by Flood, Brian Eno, and The Edge, it was released on 5 July 1993 on Island Records. Inspired by the band's experiences on the Zoo TV Tour, Zooropa expanded on many of the tour's themes of technology and media oversaturation.", "Škoda 440 The Škoda 440 and the similar 445 and 450 are cars that were produced by AZNP in Czechoslovakia between 1955 and 1959. In Czechoslovakia, vehicles were known under popular name Spartak.The three models are all powered by inline four-cylinder engines.", "Škoda Superb The current Škoda Superb is a large family car that has been produced by the Czech car manufacturer Škoda Auto since 2001.The first generation of the modern Superb, produced from 2001 to 2008, was based on the B5 platform of the Volkswagen Passat, but was elongated by 10 cm (3.9 in). The second generation Superb used a stretched version of the PQ46 platform from the then-current Passat, and was introduced in 2008. The third, and current, generation entered production in 2015." ]

[ "A Goofy Movie A Goofy Movie is a 1995 American animated musical comedy film, produced by Disney MovieToons, and released in theaters on April 7, 1995 by Walt Disney Pictures. The film features characters from The Disney Afternoon television series Goof Troop; the film itself acts as a sequel to the TV show.Directed by Kevin Lima, the film's plot revolves around the father-son relationship between Goofy and Max as Goofy believes that he's losing Max.", "Disney's Extremely Goofy Skateboarding Disney's Extremely Goofy Skateboarding is a game created in September 2001 for PC. In this game, players are able to play as either Goofy or Max, from the Disney animated TV series, Goof Troop. The game had players skateboard through four \"worlds\", which consist of three levels each.The soundtrack for the game was devised by composer Jack Wall in early 2001.", "Goof Troop Disney's Goof Troop is an animated comedy television series from The Walt Disney Company featuring Goofy as a father figure and bonding with his son Max, and Pete, as his neighbor. Created by Peter Montgomery, the main series of 65 episodes ran in syndication from 1992 to 1993 on The Disney Afternoon, while an additional thirteen episodes ran on Saturday mornings on ABC. One Christmas special was also produced, which ran in syndication.", "Goofy Goofy is a funny-animal cartoon character created in 1932 at Walt Disney Productions. Goofy is a tall, anthropomorphic dog, and typically wears a turtle neck and vest, with pants, shoes, white gloves, and a tall hat originally designed as a rumpled fedora. Goofy is a close friend of Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck and is one of Disney's most popular characters.", "Goofy Goat Antics Goofy Goat Antics is a 1931 Ted Eshbaugh cartoon produced by Van Beuren Studios.", "Goofy and Wilbur Goofy and Wilbur is a cartoon produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by RKO Radio Pictures on March 17, 1939. It was the first cartoon which featured Goofy in his first solo role without Mickey Mouse and/or Donald Duck. In this cartoon Goofy goes fishing with his pet grasshopper, Wilbur, only for persistent bad luck to befall the duo. The cartoon is notable for its high level of japery throughout, and its remarkable sequence of 13 consecutive pratfalls.", "List of Goof Troop episodes The following is an episode list for the Walt Disney Television Animation produced series Goof Troop. The series, which featured the antics and (mis-)adventures of Goofy, his son Max and his neighbor Pete, along with Pete's family (wife Peg, son P.J. and daughter Pistol), ran for a total of 79 episodes.Goof Troop was originally previewed on The Disney Channel in the spring of 1992. An hour-long pilot special \"Forever Goof\" aired in syndication on September 5.", "Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers is a direct-to-video animated family comedy film adaptation of the novel The Three Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas, père. As the title suggests, it features Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, and Goofy as the three musketeers.", "Mickey Mouse (TV series) Mickey Mouse is an American animated comedy television series produced by Disney Television Animation. It features classic cartoon characters Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Donald Duck, Daisy Duck, Goofy, Pluto, and Pete in contemporary settings such as Paris, Venice, Tokyo and New York.", "Paul Murry Paul Murry (November 25, 1911 – August 4, 1989) was an American cartoonist and comics artist. He is best known for his Disney comics, which appeared in Dell Comics and Gold Key Comics from 1946 to 1984.Like many Disney comic book artists Murry started his career working at the Walt Disney Studios. During his time there he was an assistant to legendary animator Fred Moore.", "Ted Eshbaugh Ted Eshbaugh was an American animated filmmaker whose work includes The Wizard of Oz, Goofy Goat Antics, The Sunshine Makers, and Sammy Salvage (1943) Goofy Goat Antics (1930) The Wizard of Oz (1933) Pastry Town Wedding (1934) The Sunshine Makers (1935) Tea Poat Town (1938) Wonder bakers at the World's Fair (1939) Mr.", "Walt Disney Walter Elias \"Walt\" Disney (/ˈdɪzni/; December 5, 1901 – December 15, 1966) was an American entrepreneur, cartoonist, animator, voice actor, and film producer. As a prominent figure within the American animation industry and throughout the world, he is regarded as a cultural icon, known for his influence and contributions to entertainment during the 20th century. As a Hollywood business mogul, he and his brother Roy O." ]

[ "A Knight for a Day A Knight for a Day is a 1946 Disney short film starring Goofy. Directed by Jack Hannah, this 7-minute animated comedy short was written Bill Peet. While classified as a Goofy cartoon, Goofy himself is not used in this film, but his lookalikes are used as a basis for all the characters.", "An Extremely Goofy Movie An Extremely Goofy Movie (also known as A Goofy Movie 2), is a 2000 American direct-to-video animated comedy film made by Walt Disney Pictures. Directed by Douglas McCarthy, it is the sequel to the 1995 film A Goofy Movie, featuring the return of characters from the television series Goof Troop. The story follows Max's freshman year at college, which is compounded by his father's presence when Goofy arrives at the same college to get a degree because of his failure to complete college.", "Annie Award for Best Animated Home Entertainment Production The Annie Award for Best Animated Home Entertainment Production is awarded annually by ASIFA-Hollywood, a non-profit organization that honors contributions to animation, to the best animated direct-to-video film of the year. It is one of the Annie Awards, which honor contributions to animation, including but not limited to producers, directors, and voice actors. The Annie Awards were created in 1972 by June Foray to honor individual lifetime contributions to animation.", "Aquamania For the mode in the computer game, see PacMania IIIAquamania is a cartoon produced by The Walt Disney Company in 1961. This cartoon was the last from Disney's \"Golden Era\" which featured Goofy as a solo star, and the first time the xerography animation-technique was used in a Goofy cartoon. Aquamania basically combined Goofy's three familiar areas in his career: sports, fatherhood, and documentary-subject.", "Art Babbitt Arthur Harold Babitsky (October 8, 1907 – March 4, 1992), better known as Art Babbitt, was an American animator, best known for his work at The Walt Disney Company. He received over 80 awards as an animation director and animator, and also developed the character of Goofy. Babbitt worked as an animator or animation director on such films as The Three Little Pigs (1933), Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937), Fantasia (1940), and The Incredible Mr. Limpet (1964), among others.", "Beagle Boys The Beagle Boys are a group of fictional characters from the Scrooge McDuck universe. Created by Carl Barks, they are a gang of criminals who constantly try to rob Scrooge McDuck. Their introduction and first appearance was in Terror of the Beagle Boys, in Walt Disney's Comics and Stories #134, although in this story they only appear in the last frame and have no lines. They appear again in the next issue in a similar fashion, in The Big Bin on Killmotor Hill.", "Brian Pimental Brian Pimental (born in 1964) is an American veteran story artist, director and screenwriter of animated films. He is best known for directing Bambi II.Having started his career at Walt Disney Feature animation as a trainee on Oliver & Company, he went on to become a story artist on Beauty and the Beast, for which he created the \"Be Our Guest\" sequence as well as the \"Human Again\" sequence which was featured in both the Broadway play and the extended version of the film.", "Carson Van Osten Carson Van Osten (born September 24, 1946) is an American comics creator and musician. Van Osten studied at the Philadelphia College of Art. In 1966, he played in the band Woody's Truck Stop, before forming the rock group Nazz with Todd Rundgren in 1967. Van Osten was the band's bass guitarist. He quit The Nazz in 1969.Later, Van Osten became a writer and artist of Disney comics.", "Chip 'n' Dale Chip and Dale (also rendered as Chip 'n' Dale or Chip an' Dale) are two chipmunk cartoon characters created in 1943, at Walt Disney Productions. Their names are a pun based on the name of the famous 18th-century cabinet maker Thomas Chippendale. This was suggested by Bill \"Tex\" Henson, a story artist at the studio.Chip is the logical schemer while Dale is the goofy, dim-witted one.", "Chris Matheson (screenwriter) Chris Matheson is an American film director and screenwriter. He is best known for his collaborations with fellow screenwriter Ed Solomon, together creating the Bill & Ted franchise, writing the two films Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure and Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey.", "Clarabelle Cow Clarabelle Cow is a Disney fictional character within the Mickey Mouse universe of characters. Clarabelle Cow was created by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks in 1928. Clarabelle is one of Minnie Mouse's best friends and is usually depicted as the girlfriend of Horace Horsecollar, although she has also been paired with Goofy occasionally.", "Dick Kinney Richard Timothy \"Dick\" Kinney (15 December 1916 in Utah – 24 March 1985 in Glendale, California) was an American animator and comic book writer. His comic book work was mostly on Donald Duck and Scrooge McDuck stories. He was the writer who, along with artist Al Hubbard, created Fethry Duck and Hard Haid Moe.", "DisneyToon Studios DisneyToon Studios, originally Disney MovieToons and was also Disney Video Premieres, is an American animation studio which creates direct-to-video and occasional theatrical animated feature films. The studio is a division of Walt Disney Animation Studios, with both being part of The Walt Disney Studios. The studio has produced 47 feature films, beginning with DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp (1990), and its latest being Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast (2015).", "Disney Comics Disney Comics was a comic book publishing company operated by The Walt Disney Company which ran from 1990 to 1993. It was connected with W. D. Publications, Inc., which was a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company that published \"Disney Comics\" during that time span. W. D. Publications, Inc. created Disney Comics in 1990 so that The Walt Disney Company would not have to rely on outside publishers such as Gladstone Publishing.", "Donald Duck Donald Duck is a cartoon character created in 1934, at Walt Disney Productions. Donald is an anthropomorphic white duck with a yellow-orange bill, legs, and feet. He typically wears a sailor shirt and cap with a black or red bow tie. Donald is most famous for his semi-intelligible speech and his mischievous and temperamental personality.", "Donovan Cook Donovan R. Cook III is an American film director, best known for creating, directing and producing the animated series 2 Stupid Dogs and directing the Disney animated features Return to Never Land and Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers.Donovan Cook was born in 1968.", "Double Dribble (film) Double Dribble is a 1946 Disney theatrical cartoon short that spoofs the sport of basketball and stars Goofy. It is directed by Jack Hannah.", "Father's Lion Father's Lion is an animated short film in the Goofy series, produced in Technicolor by Walt Disney Productions and released to theaters on January 4, 1952 by RKO Radio Pictures. The film tells the story of Goofy taking his son camping and teaching him how to hunt.The film was directed by Jack Kinney and features Pinto Colvig as Goofy and Bobby Driscoll as Goofy's son, Goofy Junior. Voices for the narrator and the lion were uncredited.", "Frank Duck Brings 'Em Back Alive Frank Duck Brings 'Em Back Alive is a 1946 animated short film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by RKO Radio Pictures. In this installment of the Donald & Goofy series, Donald Duck appears as \"Frank Duck\", a jungle explorer determined to capture a live \"wild man\", played by Goofy.", "George Johnson (actor) George Johnson is an American voice actor, who was best known as the voice of Goofy in the late 1930s and 1940s.", "Goofy's Fun House Goofy's Fun House is a video game released for the PlayStation in 2001.", "Goofy's Hysterical History Tour Goofy's Hysterical History Tour is a video game released in September 28, 1993 for the Sega Genesis by Absolute Entertainment.", "Goofy's Sky School Goofy's Sky School (formerly Mulholland Madness) is a steel wild mouse roller coaster at the Paradise Pier section of Disney California Adventure in Anaheim, California. The ride is based on Disney's animated cartoon \"Goofy's Glider\". The rethemed attraction opened on July 1, 2011.", "Goofy (band) Goofy (구피) is a K-pop group who achieved minor successes from their albums.", "Goofy Adventures Goofy Adventures is a comic book published by Disney Comics featuring Goofy as the main character. In this comic book Goofy appears in different parody type stories. This comic book lasted for 17 issues from April 1990 to August 1991, edited by David Seidman.Goofy Adventures is the only regular comic book that Disney actually planned to cancel.", "Goofy Gophers The Goofy Gophers are animated cartoon characters in the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons. The gophers, named Mac and Tosh, are small and brown with tan bellies and buck teeth. They both have British accents. Their names are puns on the surname \\Macintosh.\\\"\"", "Goofy Gymnastics Goofy Gymnastics is a cartoon released by Walt Disney Animation Studios on September 23, 1949 starring Goofy.", "Goofy Ridge, Illinois Goofy Ridge, Illinois is a census-designated place in Quiver Township, Mason County, Illinois, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 350. Goofy Ridge is given Topeka mailing addresses.According to an American Journal article Passing Gas: And Other Towns Along the American Highway (ISBN 1580084567) by Gary Gladstone, Goofy Ridge got its name thus:Years back it was just The Ridge, a camp near the river bank where moonshiners and other carousers met weekly to do their drinking.", "Gyro Gearloose Gyro Gearloose is a fictional character, an anthropomorphic chicken created by Carl Barks for The Walt Disney Company. He is part of the Duck universe, appearing in comic book stories as a friend of Donald Duck, Scrooge McDuck and anyone who is associated with them. He was also a frequent star of the animated DuckTales. He first appeared in the Carl Barks comic Gladstone's Terrible Secret (Walt Disney's Comics and Stories #140).", "Haunt (comics) Haunt is a fictional comic book superhero who appeared in a self-titled ongoing series published by Image Comics. Created by Todd McFarlane and Robert Kirkman, the series debuted in October 2009 and ended in December 2012 after 28 issues. The comic was originally written by Kirkman with pencils by Ryan Ottley, layouts by Greg Capullo, and inks by McFarlane.", "Hold That Pose Hold That Pose is a 1950 American animated cartoon produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by RKO Radio Pictures. The film's plot centers on Goofy trying to get a job as a wildlife photographer but ends up causing trouble in a grizzly bear's pen at a zoo. This is also Humphrey the Bear's debut appearance.", "Horace Horsecollar Horace Horsecollar is a cartoon character created in 1929 by Ub Iwerks and Walt Disney. Horace is a tall anthropomorphic black horse and is one of Mickey Mouse's best friends. Characterized as a cheerful know-it-all, Horace helped Mickey on his sleuthing expeditions in the comics before Goofy assumed that role.", "How to Fish How to Fish is an animated short produced by Walt Disney Productions and first released in December 9, 1942. It stars Goofy and was directed by Jack Kinney.", "How to Hook Up Your Home Theater How to Hook Up Your Home Theater is a 2007 theatrical cartoon from Walt Disney Animation Studios, directed by Kevin Deters and co-directed by Stevie Wermers-Skelton. This is the first theatrical Goofy solo cartoon short made in 46 years, since Aquamania. In the style of Goofy's \"Everyman\" cartoons of the 1950s, this short follows Goofy as he buys and then sets up his home theater system, to watch football.", "How to Play Baseball How to Play Baseball is a cartoon released by Walt Disney Animation Studios in September 1942, produced at the request of Samuel Goldwyn and first shown to accompany the 1942 feature film The Pride of the Yankees.", "How to Play Golf How to Play Golf is a 1944 short animated Walt Disney Productions film directed by Jack Kinney. Eight minutes long, it was distributed by RKO, and was a part of a series where Goofy learned to play various sports.", "Humphrey the Bear Humphrey the Bear is a cartoon character created by the Walt Disney studio in 1950. He first appeared in the Goofy cartoon Hold That Pose, in which Goofy tried to take his picture. After that he appeared in four classic Donald Duck cartoons: Grin and Bear It, Bearly Asleep, Rugged Bear, and Beezy Bear. Disney gave him his own series in 1955, but only two films resulted (Hooked Bear and In the Bag) before Disney discontinued making theatrical short subjects.", "Jymn Magon Jymn Magon (/dʒɪm ˈmeɪɡɒn/, born December 7, 1949 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American television and film writer.He spent 17 years at Walt Disney Studios, first producing children's records, then later moving to Walt Disney TV Animation. He created, story edited, and wrote on such shows as Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears, DuckTales, Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers, TaleSpin, Darkwing Duck, Goof Troop, Quack Pack and The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh.", "Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance (キングダム ハーツ 3D [ドリーム ドロップ ディスタンス], Kingudamu Hātsu Surī Dī [Dorīmu Doroppu Disutansu], stylized Kingdom Hearts 3D [Dream Drop Distance]) is an action role-playing game developed and published by Square Enix exclusively for the Nintendo 3DS, revealed at E3 2010. The game is the seventh installment in the bestselling Kingdom Hearts series and was released in Japan on March 29, 2012.", "Latka Gravas Latka Gravas is a fictional character on the television sitcom Taxi portrayed by Andy Kaufman. A sweet-natured and lovable-but-goofy mechanic, Latka was based on a character Kaufman created known as Foreign Man.In 1977, the producers of Taxi saw Kaufman's Foreign Man act at The Comedy Store. They had already created the main characters for the pilot but they enjoyed Kaufman so much they immediately offered him a role based on the character.", "Lion Down Lion Down is a 1951 Goofy cartoon featuring Goofy and Louie the Mountain Lion. The film's plot centers on Goofy and Louie competing for a comfortable place to rest. The film is Louie's third appearance.", "List of Disney's House of Mouse episodes The following is a list of episodes of House of Mouse, an American animated television series that ran on ABC & Toon Disney from January 13, 2001 to December 24, 2003.", "Max Goof Maximilian \"Max\" Goof is a fictional character who is the son of the popular Disney character Goofy. He first appeared in the 1992 television series Goof Troop as a preteen. He later appeared as a teenager in the spin-off movie A Goofy Movie (1995) and its direct-to-video sequel An Extremely Goofy Movie (2000). He appeared as a child in the direct-to-video film Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas (1999) and as a young adult in its sequel Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas (2004).", "Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas is a direct-to-video animated Christmas movie made by Walt Disney Home Video and won the Award for Best Animated Feature Film at the 5th Kecskemét Animation Film Festival in 1999. The video features Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Pluto, Pete, Goofy, Max, Donald Duck, Daisy Duck, Huey, Dewey and Louie, Scrooge McDuck, Mortimer Mouse, Figaro the Kitten and Chip 'n Dale with cameos by Owl, Clarabelle Cow, Horace Horsecollar, and a Beagle Boy.", "Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (season 1) The first season of Mickey Mouse Clubhouse aired between May 5, 2006 (2006-05-05) and July 27, 2007 (2007-07-27) on Playhouse Disney.", "Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (season 2) The second season of Mickey Mouse Clubhouse aired between January 26, 2008 (2008-01-26) and February 20, 2010 (2010-02-20) on Playhouse Disney.", "Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (season 3) The third season of Mickey Mouse Clubhouse ran June 19, 2010 (2010-06-19) – September 28, 2012 (2012-09-28) on Playhouse Disney, and later on Disney Junior.", "Motor Mania Motor Mania is a cartoon made by Walt Disney Productions in 1950. In this madcap motoring animation, Goofy (during his \"Everyman\" period) transforms into a Mr. Hyde-type split personality, when he gets behind the wheel and provides the lowdown on how not to drive safely.", "No Smoking (1951 film) No Smoking is a cartoon made by Walt Disney Productions in 1951, featuring Goofy. This cartoon is another episode of the \"Goofy the Everyman\" series of the 1950s. This cartoon begins by tracing the brief history of smoking, including how Christopher Columbus brought tobacco to Europe from the Native Americans, and then moves on to Goofy, as \"George Geef\" in this cartoon, trying unsuccessfully to drop the smoking habit. This cartoon, because of its content, was kept off from TV broadcasts.", "Pete (Disney) Pete (also called Peg-Leg Pete, Big Bad Pete and Black Pete, among other names) is an anthropomorphic cartoon character created in 1925 by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. He is a character of The Walt Disney Company and often appears as a nemesis and the main antagonist in Mickey Mouse universe stories. He was originally an anthropomorphic bear but with the advent of Mickey Mouse in 1928, he was defined as a cat.", "Peter Emmerich Peter Emmerich (born November 5, 1973) an acclaimed illustrator having an extensive relationship with The Walt Disney Co.Born in New York City, he was raised in Brooklyn and attended Xaverian High School, and then The Fashion Institute of Technology. Upon graduating from The Fashion Institute of Technology he began his career with The Walt Disney Co. as a character artist for Walt Disney Consumer Products.", "Pinto Colvig Vance DeBar \"Pinto\" Colvig (September 11, 1892 – October 3, 1967) was an American vaudeville actor, radio actor, newspaper cartoonist, prolific movie voice actor and circus performer, whose schtick was playing the clarinet off-key while mugging. Colvig was the original Bozo The Clown, as well as the original voice of the Disney character Goofy. In 1993, he was posthumously created a Disney Legend for his contributions to Walt Disney films including Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Dumbo.", "Pippo (airplane) Pippo was a mythical plane, unique to Northern Italy, that flew during World War II. An example of oral history, Pippo is not well documented even in Italy.Pippo had a distinctive buzz, was rarely if ever seen and flew mainly at night. If people were faithful to the Fascists, they considered it an Allied plane. If people were supporters of the Allies, it was thought to be a Luftwaffe or Italian Air Force aircraft.", "Pluto (Disney) Pluto, also called Pluto the Pup, is a cartoon character created in 1930 by Walt Disney Productions. He is a yellow orange-color, medium-sized, short-haired dog with black ears. Unlike most Disney characters, Pluto is not anthropomorphic beyond some characteristics such as facial expression, though he did speak for a short portion of his history. He is Mickey Mouse's pet. Officially a mixed-breed dog, he made his debut as a bloodhound in the Mickey Mouse cartoon The Chain Gang.", "Polar Trappers Polar Trappers is a 1938 Donald Duck and Goofy cartoon set in the South Pole, where the duo are trapping polar animals. This is the first cartoon that Donald Duck and Goofy appear without Mickey Mouse.", "Runaway Brain Runaway Brain is an animated short film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation Paris, France, and starring Mickey Mouse and Minnie Mouse. In the short, Mickey is desperate to earn money to pay for an anniversary gift for Minnie. He applies as a lab assistant for Dr. Frankenollie, but finds he is looking for a donor to switch brains with the monster he created.", "Saludos Amigos Saludos Amigos (Hello, Friends in English) is a 1942 animated feature package film produced by Walt Disney and released by RKO Radio Pictures. It is the sixth animated feature in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series. It is the first of six package films made by Walt Disney Animation Studios in the 1940s. Set in Latin America, it is made up of four different segments; Donald Duck stars in two of them and Goofy stars in one.", "Silly Philly Silly Philly was the first comic strip by Bil Keane, most noted for the long-running single-panel (weekdays) and Sunday (strip) comic Family Circus. In 1947, Keane created the Sunday strip while working for the Philadelphia Bulletin. The main character was a goofy, juvenile William Penn, who had somehow jumped down from his 37' statue on the tower of City Hall in Philadelphia and become something of a scamp.", "Sport Goofy in Soccermania Sport Goofy in Soccermania is an animated Television Special produced by Walt Disney Company in 1987. Originally aired on NBC. During its TV debut it was preceded by a mockumentary showing past Goofy cartoons of him always getting everything wrong, and leading into the cartoon special where the audience is finally shown a competent, athletic Goofy who is the hero.", "Tad Stones Tad Stones (born c.1952 in Burbank, California) is an American animator, screenwriter, producer and director best known for his work for The Walt Disney Company, where he worked from 1974 to 2003. His most notable credits for Disney include creating, writing and producing the animated series Darkwing Duck and producing Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers, Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears, Aladdin and Buzz Lightyear of Star Command.", "The Art of Skiing The Art of Skiing is a Goofy cartoon made by Walt Disney Productions in 1941. It has historical significance as the first cartoon to use the goofy holler, as well as being the short that led to the \"How To\" series, beginning with How to Play Baseball and continuing with How to Hook Up Your Home Theater.", "The Barnstormer The Barnstormer is a junior roller coaster. It is located in the Storybook Circus section of the Magic Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort. The Barnstormer featuring the Great Goofini is the successor to The Barnstormer at Goofy's Wiseacre Farm which closed in February 2011 as part of the Fantasyland expansion.", "The Grasshopper and the Ants (film) The Grasshopper and the Ants is a 1934 American animated short film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by United Artists. Part of the Silly Symphonies series, the film is an adaptation of The Ant and the Grasshopper, one of Aesop's Fables.", "The Olympic Champ The Olympic Champ is a 1942 Goofy cartoon which explains the events in Track and field at the Olympic Games", "The Talking Mickey Mouse The Talking Mickey Mouse, was an animated character toy, created by Worlds of Wonder in 1986, and based on the Disney character Mickey Mouse. Worlds of Wonder was also responsible for Teddy Ruxpin.", "The World According to Goofy The World According To Goofy was a parade at Disneyland which ran five months in 1992. It contained floats showing the history of the world with Goofy-esqe characters portraying real ones. For example one of the floats showed a large dinosaur that had some of Goofy's features. The parade was shown in celebration of Goofy's 60th \\birthday\\\".\"", "Two Weeks Vacation Two Weeks Vacation is a 1952 American animated short film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by RKO Radio Pictures. The cartoon follows Goofy on an ill-fated vacation trip traveling cross country. It was directed by Jack Kinney and features the voices of Pinto Colvig as Goofy and Alan Reed as the narrator and a hitchhiker." ]

[ "Aachen Cathedral Aachen Cathedral, frequently referred to as the \"Imperial Cathedral\" (in German: Kaiserdom), is a Roman Catholic church in Aachen, Germany. The church is the oldest cathedral in northern Europe and was known as the \"Royal Church of St. Mary at Aachen\" during the Middle Ages. For 595 years, from 936 to 1531, the Aachen chapel was the church of coronation for 30 German kings and 12 queens. The church is currently the episcopal seat of the Diocese of Aachen, so named in 1802.", "Abacus (architecture) In architecture, an abacus (from the Greek abax, slab; or French abaque, tailloir; plural abacuses or abaci) is a flat slab forming the uppermost member or division of the capital of a column, above the bell. Its chief function is to provide a large supporting surface, tending to be wider than the capital, to receive the weight of the arch or the architrave above.", "Acroterion An acroterion or acroterium is an architectural ornament placed on a flat base called the acroter or plinth, and mounted at the apex of the pediment of a building in the classical style. It may also be placed at the outer angles of the pediment; such acroteria are referred to as acroteria angularia (angulāria means ‘at the corners’).The acroterion may take a wide variety of forms, such as a statue, tripod, disc, urn, palmette or some other sculpted feature.", "Aedicula In ancient Roman religion, an aedicula (plural aediculae) is a small shrine. The word aedicula is the diminutive of the Latin aedes, a temple building or house.Many aediculae were household shrines that held small altars or statues of the Lares and Penates. The Lares were Roman deities protecting the house and the family household gods.", "Ancient Roman architecture Ancient Roman architecture developed different aspects of Ancient Greek architecture and newer technologies such as the arch and the dome to make a new architectural style. Roman architecture flourished throughout the Empire during the Pax Romana.", "Ancient Rome Ancient Rome was an Italic civilization that began on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC.", "Aqua Claudia Aqua Claudia (Classical Latin: [ˈakwa ˈklawdɪa]) was an aqueduct of ancient Rome that, like the Anio Novus, was begun by Emperor Caligula (12 AD – 41 AD) in 38 AD and finished by Emperor Claudius (10 BC – 54 AD) in 52 AD. The Aqua Claudia was built between the dates of 38 AD to 52 AD, which was approximately 14 years. Its main springs, the Caeruleus and Curtius, were situated 300 paces to the left of the thirty-eighth milestone of the Via Sublacensis.", "Aqueduct of Segovia The Aqueduct of Segovia (or more precisely, the aqueduct bridge) is a Roman aqueduct and one of the most significant and best-preserved ancient monuments left on the Iberian Peninsula. It is located in Spain and is the foremost symbol of Segovia, as evidenced by its presence on the city's coat of arms.", "Arch An arch is a curved structure that spans a space and may or may not support weight above it. Arch may be synonymous with vault but vault may be distinguished as a continuous arch forming a roof. Arches appeared as early as the 2nd millennium BC in Mesopotamian brick architecture and their systematic use started with the Ancient Romans who were the first to apply the technique to a wide range of structures.", "Arch bridge An arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch. Arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side. A viaduct (a long bridge) may be made from a series of arches, although other more economical structures are typically used today.", "Architecture of Provence The Architecture of Provence includes a rich collection of monuments from the Roman Empire; Cistercian monasteries from the Romanesque Period, medieval palaces and churches; fortifications from the time of Louis XIV, as well as numerous hilltop villages and fine churches.", "Architecture of Rome Rome's architecture over the centuries has greatly developed, especially from the Classical and Imperial Roman styles to modern Fascist architecture. Rome was once the world's main epicentres of classical architecture, developing new forms such as the arch, the dome and the vault. The Romanesque style in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries was also widely used in Roman architecture, and later the city became one of the main centres of Renaissance and Baroque architecture.", "Architecture of Scotland in the Roman era The architecture of Scotland in the Roman era includes all building within the modern borders of Scotland, from the arrival of the Romans in northern Britain in the first century BCE, until their departure in the fifth century. Although Ptolemy indicated that there were 19 \"towns\" in Caledonia, north of the Roman province of Britannia, no clear evidence of urban settlements has been found and these were probably hillforts.", "Architecture of the United Kingdom The architecture of the United Kingdom, or British architecture, consists of an eclectic combination of architectural styles, ranging from those that predate the creation of the United Kingdom, such as Roman, to 21st century contemporary. England has seen the most influential developments, though Ireland, Scotland, and Wales have each fostered unique styles and played leading roles in the international history of architecture.", "Arènes de Lutèce The Arènes de Lutèce are among the most important remains from the Gallo-Roman era in Paris (known in antiquity as Lutetia, or Lutèce in French), together with the Thermes de Cluny. Lying in what is now the Quartier Latin, this amphitheater could once seat 15,000 people, and was used to present gladiatorial combats.Constructed in the 1st century AD, this amphitheater is considered the longest of its kind constructed by the Romans.", "Augusta Raurica Augusta Raurica is a Roman archaeological site and an open-air museum in Switzerland located on the south bank of the Rhine river about 20 km east of Basel near the villages of Augst and Kaiseraugst. It is the site of the oldest known Roman colony on the Rhine.", "Barrel vault A barrel vault, also known as a tunnel vault or a wagon vault, is an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve (or pair of curves, in the case of a pointed barrel vault) along a given distance. The curves are typically circular in shape, lending a semi-cylindrical appearance to the total design. The barrel vault is the simplest form of a vault: effectively a series of arches placed side by side, i.e., one after another.", "Basilica The Latin word basilica (derived from Greek βασιλικὴ στοά, Royal Stoa, the tribunal chamber of a king) has three distinct applications in modern English. The word was originally used to describe an open, Roman, public court building, usually located adjacent to the forum of a Roman town. By extension it was applied to Christian buildings of the same form and continues to be used in an architectural sense to describe those buildings with a central nave and aisles.", "Basilica of San Lorenzo, Milan The Basilica of San Lorenzo Maggiore is an important place of catholic worship located in Milan, within the ring of canals, originally built in Roman times and subsequently rebuilt several times over a number of centuries. Located close to the mediaeval Ticino gate, it is one of the oldest churches in Milan. It is near the city park called Basilicas Park, which includes both the Basilica of San Lorenzo and the Basilica of Sant'Eustorgio, as well as the Roman Colonne di San Lorenzo.", "Baths of Agrippa The Baths of Agrippa (Thermae Agrippae) were a structure of ancient Rome, built by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, the first of the great thermae constructed in the city. In their first form, constructed at the same time as the first Pantheon and on axis with it, as a balaneion (βαλανεῖον), they were apparently a hot-air bath with a cold plunge, not unlike a sauna.", "Baths of Trajan The Baths of Trajan were a massive thermae, a bathing and leisure complex, built in ancient Rome starting from 104 AD and dedicated during the Kalends of July in 109. Commissioned by Emperor Trajan, the complex of baths occupied space on the southern side of the Oppian Hill on the outskirts of what was then the main developed area of the city, although still inside the boundary of the Servian Wall. The architect of the complex is said to be Apollodorus of Damascus.", "Byzantine architecture Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, also known as the Later Roman or Eastern Roman Empire. This terminology is used by modern historians to designate the medieval Roman Empire as it evolved as a distinct artistic and cultural entity centered on the new capital of Constantinople rather than the city of Rome and environs.", "Campus Agrippae The Campus Agrippae is the area within the boundaries of ancient Rome named after Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. A number of construction projects were developed within its perimeters, including the Porticus Vipsania, built by his sister, Vipsania Polla, and finished by Augustus, which ran along the western perimeter, against the Via Lata. There was also a race course.", "Cella A cella (from Latin for small chamber) or naos (from the Greek ναός, \"temple\"), is the inner chamber of a temple in classical architecture, or a shop facing the street in domestic Roman architecture (see domus). Its enclosure within walls has given rise to extended meanings, of a hermit's or monk's cell, and since the 17th century, of a biological cell in plants or animals.", "Church of the Santissima Annunciata, Riccia The Church of the Santissima Annunciata or Annunziata is a 14th-century Roman Catholic religious structure located on Via Zaburri in the town of Riccia, Province of Campobasso in the region of Molise, Italy.", "Classical architecture Classical architecture usually denotes architecture which is more or less consciously derived from the principles of Greek and Roman architecture of classical antiquity, or sometimes even more specifically, from the works of Vitruvius. Different styles of classical architecture have arguably existed since the Carolingian Renaissance, and prominently since the Italian Renaissance.", "Coffer A coffer (or coffering) in architecture, is a series of sunken panels in the shape of a square, rectangle, or octagon in a ceiling, soffit or vault. A series of these sunken panels were used as decoration for a ceiling or a vault, also called caissons \"'boxes\\), or lacunaria (\"spaces, openings\"), so that a coffered ceiling can be called a lacunar ceiling: the strength of the structure is in the framework of the coffers.", "Colonne di San Lorenzo The Colonne di San Lorenzo or Columns of San Lorenzo are prominent Roman ruins, located in front of the Basilica of San Lorenzo in central Milan, region of Lombardy, Italy.", "Colosseum The Colosseum or Coliseum, also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre (/kɒləˈsiːəm/ kol-ə-SEE-əm; Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium; Italian: Anfiteatro Flavio [anfiteˈatro ˈflavjo] [äɱːfit̪eˈäːt̪ro ˈfläːvjo] or Colosseo [kolosˈsɛo] [koloˈs̪ːɛːo]), is an oval amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy.", "Colossus of Nero The Colossus of Nero (Colossus Neronis) was a 30-metre (98 ft) bronze statue that the Emperor Nero (37–68 AD) created in the vestibule of his Domus Aurea, the imperial villa complex which spanned a large area from the north side of the Palatine Hill, across the Velian ridge to the Esquiline Hill. It was modified by Nero's successors into a statue of the sun god Sol. It is last mentioned in the 4th century AD.", "Column of Marcus Aurelius The Column of Marcus Aurelius (Latin: Columna Centenaria Divorum Marci et Faustinae, Italian: Colonna di Marco Aurelio) is a Roman victory column in Piazza Colonna, Rome, Italy. It is a Doric column featuring a spiral relief: it was built in honour of Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius and modeled on Trajan's Column.", "Column of Phocas The Column of Phocas (Italian: Colonna di Foca) is a Roman monumental column in the Roman Forum of Rome, Italy. Erected before the Rostra and dedicated or rededicated in honour of the Eastern Roman Emperor Phocas on August 1, 608, it was the last addition made to the Forum Romanum. The fluted Corinthian column stands 13.6 m (44 ft) tall on its cubical white marble socle.", "Corinthian order The Corinthian order is the last developed of the three principal classical orders of ancient Greek and Roman architecture. The other two are the Doric order which was the earliest, followed by the Ionic order. When classical architecture was revived during the Renaissance, two more orders were added to the canon, the Tuscan order and the Composite order.", "Cryptoporticus In Ancient Roman architecture a cryptoporticus (from Latin crypta and porticus) is a covered corridor or passageway. The usual English is \"cryptoportico\". The cryptoportico is a semi-subterranean gallery whose vaulting supports portico structures aboveground and which is lit from openings at the tops of its arches.", "De architectura De architectura (English: On architecture, published as Ten Books on Architecture) is a treatise on architecture written by the Roman architect Vitruvius and dedicated to his patron, the emperor Caesar Augustus, as a guide for building projects. The work is one of the most important sources of modern knowledge of Roman building methods, as well as the planning and design of structures, both large (aqueducts, buildings, baths, harbours) and small (machines, measuring devices, instruments).", "Diocletian's Palace Diocletian's Palace (Croatian: Dioklecijanova palača, pronounced [diɔklɛt͡sijǎːnɔʋa pǎlat͡ʃa]) is an ancient palace built by the Roman emperor Diocletian at the turn of the fourth century AD, that today forms the center of the city of Split.", "Domus In ancient Rome, the domus (plural domūs, genitive domūs or domī) was the type of house occupied by the upper classes and some wealthy freedmen during the Republican and Imperial eras. It could be found in almost all the major cities throughout the Roman territories. The modern English word domestic comes from Latin domesticus, which is derived from the word domus. The word dom in modern Slavic languages means \"home\" and is a cognate of the Latin word, going back to Proto-Indo-European.", "Doric order The Doric order was one of the three orders of ancient Greek or classical architecture; the other two canonical orders were the Ionic and the Corinthian.", "Eifel Aqueduct The Eifel Aqueduct was one of the longest aqueducts of the Roman Empire.The aqueduct, constructed in AD 80, carried water some 95 kilometres (59 mi) from the hilly Eifel region of what is now Germany to the ancient city of Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium (present-day Cologne). If the auxiliary spurs to additional springs are included, the length was 130 kilometres (81 mi). The construction was almost entirely below ground, and the flow of the water was produced entirely by gravity.", "Engaged column In architecture, an engaged column is a column embedded in a wall and partly projecting from the surface of the wall, sometimes defined as semi or three-quarter detached.", "Exedra In architecture, an exedra is a semicircular recess or plinth, often crowned by a semi-dome, which is sometimes set into a building's facade. The original Greek sense (ἐξέδρα, a seat out of doors) was applied to a room that opened onto a stoa, ringed with curved high-backed stone benches, a suitable place for a philosophical conversation.", "Fishbourne Roman Palace Fishbourne Roman Palace is in the village of Fishbourne, Chichester in West Sussex. The large palace was built in the 1st century AD, around thirty years after the Roman conquest of Britain on the site of a Roman army supply base established at the Claudian invasion in 43 AD. The rectangular palace surrounded formal gardens, the northern half of which have been reconstructed.", "Flavian Amphitheater (Pozzuoli) The Flavian Amphitheater (Anfiteatro flaviano puteolano), located in Pozzuoli, is the third largest Roman amphitheater in Italy. Only the Roman Colosseum and the Capuan Amphitheater are larger. It was likely built by the same architects who previously constructed the Roman Colosseum. The name Flavian Amphitheater is primarily associated with the Roman Colosseum.", "Flavian Palace The Flavian Palace, also known as Domus Flavia, is a part of the vast residential complex of the Roman Emperors on the Palatine Hill in Rome.", "Forum of Augustus The Forum of Augustus is one of the Imperial forums of Rome, Italy, built by Augustus. It includes the Temple of Mars Ultor.", "Forum of Caesar The Forum of Caesar, also known as Forum Iulium or Forum Julium, Forum Caesaris, is a forum (or plaza) built by Julius Caesar near the Forum Romanum in Rome in 46 BC.", "Gardens of Sallust The Gardens of Sallust (Latin: Horti Sallustiani) were Roman gardens developed by the Roman historian Sallust in the 1st century BC. The landscaped pleasure gardens occupied a large area in the northwestern sector of Rome, in what would become Region VI, between the Pincian and Quirinal hills, near the Via Salaria and later Porta Salaria. The modern rione is now known as Sallustiano.", "Getty Villa The Getty Villa in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, USA, is one of two locations of the J. Paul Getty Museum. The Getty Villa is an educational center and museum dedicated to the study of the arts and cultures of ancient Greece, Rome, and Etruria. The collection has 44,000 Greek, Roman, and Etruscan antiquities dating from 6,500 BC to 400 AD, including the Lansdowne Heracles and the Victorious Youth.", "Glyptothek The Glyptothek is a museum in Munich, Germany, which was commissioned by the Bavarian King Ludwig I to house his collection of Greek and Roman sculptures (hence γλυπτο- glypto- \"sculpture\", from the Greek verb γλύφειν glyphein \"to carve\"). It was designed by Leo von Klenze in the Neoclassical style, and built from 1816 to 1830. Today the museum is a part of the Kunstareal.", "Greco-Roman world The Greco-Roman world, Greco-Roman culture, or the term Greco-Roman (/ˌɡrɛkoʊˈroʊmən/ or /ˌɡrɛkəˈroʊmən/; spelled Graeco-Roman in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth), when used as an adjective, as understood by modern scholars and writers, refers to those geographical regions and countries that culturally (and so historically) were directly, long-term, and intimately influenced by the language, culture, government and religion of the ancient Greeks and Romans.", "Groin vault A groin vault or groined vault (also sometimes known as a double barrel vault or cross vault) is produced by the intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults. The word \"groin\" refers to the edge between the intersecting vaults. Sometimes the arches of groin vaults are pointed instead of round. In comparison with a barrel vault, a groin vault provides good economies of material and labour.", "Hadrian's Villa The Hadrian's Villa (Villa Adriana in Italian) is a large Roman archaeological complex at Tivoli, Italy. It is a property of the Republic of Italy, and directed and run by the Polo Museale del Lazio since December 2014.", "History of Roman and Byzantine domes The History of Roman and Byzantine domes traces the architecture of domes throughout the ancient Roman Empire and its medieval continuation, today called the Byzantine Empire. Domes were important architectural elements in both empires and had widespread influence on contemporary and later styles, from Russian and Ottoman architecture to the Italian Renaissance and modern revivals.", "History of architecture The history of architecture traces the changes in architecture through various traditions, regions, overarching stylistic trends, and dates. The branches of architecture are civil, sacred, naval, military, and landscape architecture.", "History of lighthouses The history of lighthouses refers to the development of the use of towers, buildings, or other types of structure, as an aid to navigation for maritime pilots at sea or on inland waterways.", "Imbrex and tegula The imbrex and tegula (plurals imbrices and tegulae) were overlapping roof tiles used in ancient Greek and Roman architecture as a waterproof and durable roof covering. They were made predominantly of fired clay, but also sometimes of marble, bronze or gilt.", "Insula (building) In Roman architecture, an insula (Latin for \"island,\" plural insulae) was a kind of apartment building that housed most of the urban citizen population of ancient Rome, including ordinary people of lower- or middle-class status (the plebs) and all but the wealthiest from the upper-middle class (the equites).", "Library of Celsus The library of Celsus is an ancient Roman building in Ephesus, Anatolia, now part of Selçuk, Turkey. It was built in honour of the Roman Senator Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus (completed in 135 AD) by Celsus' son, Gaius Julius Aquila (consul, 110 AD).", "List of Roman bridges The Romans were the world's first major bridge builders. The following list constitutes an attempt to list all known Roman bridges, many of which still survive to this day.A Roman bridge in the sense of this article includes any of these features:Roman archesRoman pillarsRoman foundationsRoman abutmentsRoman roadwayRoman cutwatersAlso listed are bridges which feature substantially Roman material (spolia), as long as the later bridge is erected on the site of a Roman precursor.", "List of Roman dams and reservoirs This is a list of Roman dams and reservoirs. The study of Roman dam-building has received little scholarly attention in comparison to their other civil engineering activities, even though their contributions in this field have been ranked alongside their expertise in constructing the well-known Roman aqueducts, bridges, and roads.Roman dam construction began in earnest in the early imperial period.", "List of Roman domes This is a list of Roman domes. The Romans were the first builders in the history of architecture to realize the potential of domes for the creation of large and well-defined interior spaces. Domes were introduced in a number of Roman building types such as temples, thermae, palaces, mausolea and later also churches.", "List of Roman triumphal arches For the history of triumphal arches, see Triumphal arch.For post-Roman triumphal arches, see List of post-Roman triumphal arches.This is a list of Roman triumphal arches. All currently surviving Roman arches date from the imperial period (1st century BC onwards). They were preceded by honorific arches set up under the Roman Republic, none of which survive. Triumphal arches were constructed across the Roman Empire and remain one of the most iconic examples of Roman architecture.", "List of ancient Greek and Roman monoliths This is a list of ancient monoliths found in all types of Greek and Roman buildings.It contains monoliths which werequarried, but not moved quarried and movedquarried, moved and lifted clear off the ground into their position (architraves etc.)quarried, moved and erected in an upright position (columns etc.)Transporting was done by land or water (or a combination of both), in the later case often by special-built ships such as obelisk carriers.", "List of ancient Greek and Roman roofs The list of ancient roofs comprises roof constructions from Greek and Roman architecture ordered by clear span. Most buildings in classical Greece were covered by traditional prop-and-lintel constructions, which often needed to include interior colonnades. In Sicily truss roofs presumably appeared as early as 550 BC.", "List of ancient architectural records The list of ancient architectural records consists of record-making architectural achievements of the Greco-Roman world from ca. 800 BC to 600 AD.", "List of ancient spiral stairs The list of ancient spiral stairs contains a selection of Greco-Roman spiral stairs constructed during classical antiquity. The spiral stair is a type of stairway which, due to its complex helical structure, has been introduced relatively late into architecture.", "List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire This is a list of aqueducts in the Roman Empire.", "Lullingstone Roman Villa Lullingstone Roman Villa is a villa built during the Roman occupation of Britain, situated near the village of Eynsford in Kent, south eastern England. Constructed in the 1st century, perhaps around A. D. 80-90, the house was repeatedly expanded and occupied until it was destroyed by fire in the 5th century. The occupants were wealthy Romans or native Britons who had adopted Roman customs.Some evidence found on site suggests that about A. D.", "Maison Carrée The Maison Carrée (French for \"square house\") is an ancient building in Nîmes, southern France; it is the best preserved Roman temple façade to be found anywhere in the territory of the former Roman Empire.", "Mausoleum of Galla Placidia The Mausoleum of Galla Placidia is a Roman building in Ravenna, Italy. It was listed with seven other structures in Ravenna in the World Heritage List in 1996. The UNESCO experts describe it as \"the earliest and best preserved of all mosaic monuments, and at the same time one of the most artistically perfect\".", "Metope (architecture) In classical architecture, a metope (μετόπη) is a rectangular architectural element that fills the space between two triglyphs in a Doric frieze, which is a decorative band of alternating triglyphs and metopes above the architrave of a building of the Doric order. Metopes often had painted or sculptural decoration; the most famous example are the 92 metopes of the Parthenon marbles some of which depict the battle between the Centaurs and the Lapiths.", "Mondoñedo Cathedral The Cathedral of Mondoñedo is the Roman Catholic cathedral in the town of Mondoñedo, region of Galicia, Spain.", "Newport Arch Newport Arch is the name given to the remains of a 3rd-century Roman gate in the city of Lincoln, Lincolnshire. It is reputedly the oldest arch in the United Kingdom still used by traffic.", "Opus incertum Opus incertum (irregular work) was an ancient Roman construction technique, using irregularly shaped and randomly placed uncut stones or fist-sized tuff blocks inserted in a core of opus caementicium.Initially it consisted of more careful placement of the coementa (rock fragments and small stones mixed with concrete), making the external surface as plain as possible. Later the external surface became plainer still by reducing the amount of concrete and choosing more regular small stones.", "Opus latericium Opus latericium (Latin for \"brick work\") is an ancient Roman form of construction in which coarse-laid brickwork is used to face a core of opus caementicium. Opus latericium was the dominant form of wall construction in the imperial era. In the time of the architectural writer Vitruvius, opus latericium seems to have designated structures built using unfired mud bricks.", "Opus mixtum Opus mixtum (Latin: \"mixed work\"), or Opus vagecum and Opus compositum, was an ancient Roman construction technique. It can consist in a mix of opus reticulatum and at the angles and the sides of opus latericium. It can also consist of opus vittatum and opus testaceum. Opus mixtum was used in particular during the age of Emperor Hadrian (2nd century AD).", "Opus reticulatum Opus reticulatum (also known as reticulated work) is a form of brickwork used in ancient Roman architecture. It consists of diamond-shaped bricks of tuff, referred to as cubilia, placed around a core of opus caementicium.", "Opus vittatum Opus vittatum, also called Opus listatum was an ancient Roman construction technique introduced at the beginning of the fourth century, made by parallel horizontal courses of tuff blocks alternated with bricks. This technique was adopted during the whole 4th century, and is typical of the works of Maxentius and Constantine.", "Ostia Antica Ostia Antica is a large archeological site, close to the modern suburb of Ostia, that was the location of the harbour city of ancient Rome, which is approximately 30 kilometres (19 miles) to the northeast. \"Ostia\" (plur. of \"ostium\") is a derivation of \"os\", the Latin word for \"mouth\". At the mouth of the River Tiber, Ostia was Rome's seaport, but due to silting the site now lies 3 kilometres (2 miles) from the sea.", "Outline of classical architecture The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to classical architecture:Classical architecture – architecture of classical antiquity, that is, ancient Greek architecture and the architecture of ancient Rome. It also refers to the style or styles of architecture influenced by those. For example, most of the styles originating in post-renaissance Europe can be described as classical architecture.", "Palermo Cathedral Palermo Cathedral is the cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Palermo, located in Palermo, Sicily, southern Italy. As an architectural complex, it is characterized by the presence of different styles, due to a long history of additions, alterations and restorations, the last of which occurred in the 18th century.", "Palladian architecture Palladian architecture is a European style of architecture derived from and inspired by the designs of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). That which is recognised as Palladian architecture today is an evolution of Palladio's original concepts. Palladio's work was strongly based on the symmetry, perspective and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.", "Pantheon, Rome The Pantheon (/ˈpænθiən/ or US /ˈpænθiɒn/;Latin: Pantheon, from Greek Πάνθεον meaning \"every god\") is a building in Rome, Italy, on the site of an earlier building commissioned by Marcus Agrippa during the reign of Augustus (27 BC – 14 AD). The present building was completed by the emperor Hadrian and probably dedicated about 126 AD.", "Pediment A pediment is an element in classical, neoclassical and baroque architecture, and derivatives therefrom, consisting of a gable, originally of a triangular shape, placed above the horizontal structure of the entablature, typically supported by columns. The tympanum, or triangular area within the pediment, was often decorated with relief sculpture depicting scenes from Greek and Roman mythology or allegorical figures.", "Peribolos In ancient Greek and Roman architecture, a peribolos was a court enclosed by a wall, especially one surrounding a sacred area such as a temple, shrine, or altar.", "Peripteros Peripteros (Greek: Περίπτερος) is the special name given to a type of ancient Greek or Roman temple surrounded by a portico with columns. It refers to the useful element for the architectural definition of buildings surrounded around their outside by a colonnade (pteron) on all four sides of the cella (naos), creating a four-sided arcade (peristasis). By extension, it also means simply the perimeter of a building (typically a classical temple), when that perimeter is made up of columns.", "Peristyle In Hellenistic Greek and Roman architecture a peristyle (/ˈpɛrəˌstaɪl/; from Greek περίστυλος) is a columned porch or open colonnade in a building surrounding a court which contains an internal garden. Tetrastoon (from Greek τετράστῳον, \"four arcades\") is another name for this feature. In the Christian ecclesiastical architecture that developed from Roman precedents, a basilica, such as Old St Peter's in Rome, would stand behind a peristyle forecourt that sheltered it from the street.", "Pont du Gard The Pont du Gard is an ancient Roman aqueduct that crosses the River Gardon in the south of France. Located near the town of Vers-Pont-du-Gard, the bridge is part of the Nîmes aqueduct, a 50-kilometer system built in the first century AD to carry water from a spring at Uzès to the Roman colony of Nemausus (Nîmes) Because of the uneven terrain between the two points, the mostly underground aqueduct followed a long, winding route that called for a bridge across the gorge of the Gardon.", "Porta Nigra The Porta Nigra (Latin for black gate) is a large Roman city gate in Trier, Germany. It is today the largest Roman city gate north of the Alps. It is designated as part of the Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St. Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier UNESCO World Heritage Site.The name Porta Nigra originated in the Middle Ages due to the darkened colour of its stone; the original Roman name has not been preserved. Locals commonly refer to the Porta Nigra simply as Porta.", "Portico A portico (from Italian) is a porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls. This idea was widely used in Ancient Greece and has influenced many cultures, including most Western cultures.Some noteworthy examples of porticos are the East Portico of the United States Capitol, the portico adorning the Pantheon in Rome and the portico of University College London.", "Pteron Pteron (Gr. πτερον – pteron — wing) is an architectural term used by Pliny the Elder for the peristyle of the tomb of Mausolus, which was raised on a lofty podium, and so differed from an ordinary peristyle raised only on a stylobate, as in Greek temples, or on a low podium, as in Roman temples.", "Pula Arena The Pula Arena is the name of the amphitheatre located in Pula, Croatia. The Arena is the only remaining Roman amphitheatre to have four side towers and with all three Roman architectural orders entirely preserved. It was constructed in 27 BC – 68 AD and is among the six largest surviving Roman arenas in the World.", "Renaissance architecture Renaissance architecture is the architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 17th centuries in different regions of Europe, demonstrating a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture. Stylistically, Renaissance architecture followed Gothic architecture and was succeeded by Baroque architecture.", "Roman Architectural Revolution The Roman Architectural Revolution, also known as the concrete Revolution, was the widespread use in Roman architecture of the previously little-used architectural forms of the arch, vault, and dome. For the first time in history, their potential was fully exploited in the construction of a wide range of civil engineering structures, public buildings, and military facilities.", "Roman Catholic Marian churches Roman Marian churches are religious buildings dedicated to the veneration of the Blessed Virgin Mary. These churches were built throughout the history of the Catholic Church, and today they can be found on every continent except Antarctica. The history of Marian church architecture tells the unfolding story of the development of Roman Catholic Mariology.The construction and dedication of Marian churches is often indicative of the Mariological trends within a period, such as a papal reign.", "Roman Empire The Roman Empire (Latin: Imperium Rōmānum; Classical Latin: [ɪmˈpɛ.ri.ũː roːˈmaː.nũː] Ancient and Medieval Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων Basileia tōn Rhōmaiōn) was the post-Republican period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia.", "Roman aqueduct The Romans constructed numerous aqueducts in order to bring water from distant sources into their cities and towns, supplying public baths, latrines, fountains and private households. Waste water was removed by complex sewage systems and released into nearby bodies of water, keeping the towns clean and free from effluent.", "Roman art Roman art refers to the visual arts made in Ancient Rome and in the territories of the Roman Empire. Roman art includes architecture, painting, sculpture and mosaic work. Luxury objects in metal-work, gem engraving, ivory carvings, and glass, are sometimes considered in modern terms to be minor forms of Roman art, although this would not necessarily have been the case for contemporaries.", "Roman brick Roman brick can refer either to a type of brick originating in Ancient Rome and spread by the Romans to the lands they conquered; or to a modern type inspired by the ancient prototypes. In both cases, it characteristically has longer and flatter dimensions than those of standard modern bricks.", "Roman bridge Roman bridges, built by ancient Romans, were the first large and lasting bridges built. Roman bridges were built with stone and had the arch as the basic structure (see arch bridge). Most utilized concrete as well, which the Romans were the first to use for bridges.", "Roman concrete Roman concrete, also called opus caementicium, was a material used in construction during the late Roman Republic through the whole history of the Roman Empire. Roman concrete was based on a hydraulic-setting cement with many material qualities similar to modern portland cement. By the middle of the 1st century, the material was used frequently as brick-faced concrete, although variations in aggregate allowed different arrangements of materials.", "Roman engineering Romans are famous for their advanced engineering accomplishments, although some of their own inventions were improvements on older ideas, concepts and inventions. Technology for bringing running water into cities was developed in the east, but transformed by the Romans into a technology inconceivable in Greece. The architecture used in Rome was strongly influenced by Greek and Etruscan sources.", "Roman technology Roman technology is the engineering practice which supported Roman civilization and made the expansion of Roman commerce and Roman military possible for almost three quarters of a millennium (753 BC–476 AD).The Roman Empire had one of the most advanced set of technologies of its time, some of which was lost during the turbulent eras of Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages.", "Roman temple Ancient Roman temples are among the most visible archaeological remains of Roman culture, and are a significant source for Roman architecture. Their construction and maintenance was a major part of ancient Roman religion. The main room (cella) housed the cult image of the deity to whom the temple was dedicated, and often a small altar for incense or libations.", "Roman theatre (structure) Roman theaters derive from and are part of the overall evolution of earlier Greek theaters. Indeed, much of the architectural influence on the Romans came from the Greeks, and theatre structural design was no different from other buildings. However, Roman theatres have specific differences, such as being built upon their own foundations instead of earthen works or a hillside and being completely enclosed on all sides.", "Roman villa Roman villa is a term used to describe a Roman country house built for the upper class during the Roman republic and the Roman Empire.", "Romanesque Revival architecture Romanesque Revival (or Neo-Romanesque) is a style of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century inspired by the 11th and 12th century Romanesque architecture.", "Romanesque architecture Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches. There is no consensus for the beginning date of the Romanesque style, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the late 10th century, this later date being the most commonly held. It developed in the 12th century into the Gothic style, marked by pointed arches.", "Rome Rome (/ˈroʊm/ ROHM; Italian: Roma [ˈroːma], Latin: Rōma) is a city and special comune (named \"Roma Capitale\") in Italy. Rome is the capital of Italy and of the Lazio region. With 2.9 million residents in 1,285 km2 (496.1 sq mi), it is also the country's largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. The Metropolitan City of Rome has a population of 4.3 million residents.", "San Giorgio, Campobasso San Giorgio is an ancient, Romanesque architecture style, Roman Catholic church in the hill-town of Campobasso, in the province of the same name, Region of Molise, Italy.", "Santa Costanza Santa Costanza is a 4th-century church in Rome, Italy, on the Via Nomentana, which runs north-east out of the city. According to the traditional view, it was built under Constantine I as a mausoleum for his daughter Constantina (also known as Constantia or Costanza) who died in 354 AD. His other daughter Helena, wife of Julian, who died in 360 AD, was also buried here. In the Middle Ages it was dedicated as a church to Santa Costanza (Saint Constance), who was regarded as a saint.", "St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna St. Stephen's Cathedral (more commonly known by its German title: Stephansdom) is the mother church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna and the seat of the Archbishop of Vienna, Christoph Cardinal Schönborn, OP. The current Romanesque and Gothic form of the cathedral, seen today in the Stephansplatz, was largely initiated by Duke Rudolf IV (1339–1365) and stands on the ruins of two earlier churches, the first a parish church consecrated in 1147.", "Stylobate In classical Greek architecture, a stylobate (Greek: στυλοβάτης) is the top step of the crepidoma, the stepped platform upon which colonnades of temple columns are placed (it is the floor of the temple).", "Suspensura Suspensura, the architectural term given by Vitruvius to piers of square bricks (about 20 cm X 20 cm) that supported a suspended floor of a Roman bath covering a hypocaust cavity through which the hot air would flow.", "Synagogue of Trieste The Synagogue of Trieste (Italian: Tempio Israelitico di Trieste) is a Jewish house of worship located in Trieste, northern Italy.", "Taenia (architecture) A taenia (Latin taenia; derived from the Ancient Greek ταινία (tainía): \"band\" or \"ribbon\") is a small \"fillet\" molding near the top of the architrave in a Doric column.In classical architecture, the entire structure above the columns is called the entablature.", "Temple of Antoninus and Faustina The Temple of Antoninus and Faustina is an ancient Roman temple in Rome, adapted to the church of San Lorenzo in Miranda. It stands in the Forum Romanum, on the Via Sacra, opposite the Regia.", "Temple of Bacchus The temple of Bacchus may refer to any temple to the Roman wine god Bacchus or to temples of other gods with which he was equated in antiquity, such as the Greek Dionysus. In particular, the Temple of Bacchus at Baalbek, a World Heritage site, is one of the best preserved and grandest Roman temple ruins in the world. It and its ornamentation served as an influential model for Neoclassical architecture.", "Temple of Caesar The Temple of Caesar or Temple of Divus Iulius (Latin Aedes Divi Iuli or Templum Divi Iuli, Italian Tempio del Divo Giulio) also known as Temple of the Deified Julius Caesar, delubrum, heroon or Temple of the Comet Star, is an ancient structure in the Roman Forum of Rome, Italy, located near the Regia and the Temple of Vesta.", "Temple of Castor and Pollux The Temple of Castor and Pollux (Italian: Tempio dei Dioscuri) is an ancient edifice in the Roman Forum, Rome, central Italy. It was originally built in gratitude for victory at the Battle of Lake Regillus (495 BC). Castor and Pollux (Greek Polydeuces) were the Dioscuri, the \"twins\" of Gemini, the twin sons of Zeus (Jupiter) and Leda. Their cult came to Rome from Greece via Magna Graecia and the Greek culture of Southern Italy.", "Temple of Concord The Temple of Concord in the ancient city of Rome was a temple dedicated to the Roman goddess Concordia at the western end of the Roman Forum. The temple was vowed in 367 BC by Marcus Furius Camillus but was not actually built until 167 BC. It was destroyed and restored multiple times in its history, and its final restoration, between 7 and 10 AD under the future Roman Emperor Tiberius, is described in Pliny the Elder's Natural History.", "Temple of Venus Genetrix The Temple of Venus Genetrix is a ruined temple in the Forum of Caesar, Rome, dedicated to the Roman goddess Venus Genetrix, the goddess of motherhood and domesticity. It was dedicated to the goddess in 46 BCE by Julius Caesar.", "Temple of Venus and Roma The Temple of Venus and Roma Latin: Templum Veneris et Romae is thought to have been the largest temple in Ancient Rome. Located on the Velian Hill, between the eastern edge of the Forum Romanum and the Colosseum, it was dedicated to the goddesses Venus Felix \"\\Venus the Bringer of Good Fortune\") and Roma Aeterna (\"Eternal Rome\"). The architect was the emperor Hadrian and construction began in 121. It was officially inaugurated by Hadrian in 135, and finished in 141 under Antoninus Pius.", "Temple of Vesta The Temple of Vesta (Latin Aedes Vestae, Italian Tempio di Vesta) is an ancient edifice in Rome, Italy, located in the Roman Forum near the Regia and the House of the Vestal Virgins. The temple's most recognizable feature is its circular footprint. Since the worship of Vesta began in private homes, the architecture seems to be a reminder of its history. The extant temple used Greek architecture with Corinthian columns, marble, and a central cella.", "Theatre of Pompey The Theatre of Pompey (Latin: Theatrum Pompeii, Italian: Teatro di Pompeo) was a structure in Ancient Rome built during the later part of the Roman Republican era. It was completed in seven years, and was dedicated early in 55 BC before the structure was fully completed. It was one of the first permanent (non-wooden) theatres in Rome. The building itself was a part of a multi-use complex that included a large quadriporticus directly behind the scaenae frons.", "Theatre of ancient Rome The theatre of ancient Rome was a diverse and interesting art form, ranging from festival performances of street theatre and acrobatics, to the staging of Plautus's broadly appealing situation comedies, to the high-style, verbally elaborate tragedies of Seneca.", "Thermae In ancient Rome, thermae (from Greek θερμός thermos, \"hot\") and balneae (from Greek βαλανεῖον balaneion) were facilities for bathing. Thermae usually refers to the large imperial bath complexes, while balneae were smaller-scale facilities, public or private, that existed in great numbers throughout Rome.Most Roman cities had at least one, if not many, such buildings, which were centres not only for bathing, but socializing.", "Thermes de Cluny The Thermes de Cluny are the ruins of Gallo-Roman thermal baths lying in the heart of Paris' 5th arrondissement, and which are partly subsumed into the Musée national du Moyen Âge - Thermes et hôtel de Cluny.The present bath ruins constitute about one-third of a massive bath complex that is believed to have been constructed around the beginning of the 3rd century.", "Tower of Hercules The Tower of Hercules (Galician and Spanish: Torre de Hércules) is an ancient Roman lighthouse on a peninsula about 2.4 kilometers (1.5 mi) from the centre of A Coruña, Galicia, in north-western Spain. Until the 20th century, the tower itself was known as the \"Farum Brigantium\". The Latin word farum is derived from the Greek pharos for the Lighthouse of Alexandria. The structure is 55 metres (180 ft) tall and overlooks the North Atlantic coast of Spain.", "Trajan's Column Trajan's Column (Italian: Colonna Traiana, Latin: COLVMNA·TRAIANI) is a Roman triumphal column in Rome, Italy, that commemorates Roman emperor Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars. It was probably constructed under the supervision of the architect Apollodorus of Damascus at the order of the Roman Senate. It is located in Trajan's Forum, built near the Quirinal Hill, north of the Roman Forum.", "Tribune (architecture) Tribune is an ambiguous — and often misused — architectural term which can have several meanings. Today it most often refers to a dais or stage-like platform, or — in a vaguer sense — any place from which a speech can be prominently made.", "Triumphal arch A triumphal arch is a monumental structure in the shape of an archway with one or more arched passageways, often designed to span a road. In its simplest form a triumphal arch consists of two massive piers connected by an arch, crowned with a flat entablature or attic on which a statue might be mounted or which bears commemorative inscriptions. The main structure is often decorated with carvings, sculpted reliefs, and dedications.", "Villa A villa was originally an ancient Roman upper-class country house. Since its origins in the Roman villa, the idea and function of a villa have evolved considerably. After the fall of the Roman Republic, villas became small farming compounds, which were increasingly fortified in Late Antiquity, sometimes transferred to the Church for reuse as a monastery. Then they gradually re-evolved through the Middle Ages, into elegant upper-class country homes.", "Villa Jovis Villa Jovis \"\\Villa of Jupiter\"; also Villa Iovis, sometimes misspelled Villa Ionis) is a Roman palace on Capri, southern Italy, built by emperor Tiberius and completed in AD 27. Tiberius mainly ruled from there until his death in AD 37.Villa Jovis is the largest of the twelve Tiberian villas on Capri mentioned by Tacitus. The entire complex, spanning several terraces and a difference in elevation of about 40 m, covers some 7,000 m² (1.7 acres).", "Villa delle Vignacce Villa delle Vignacce, or the \"Villa of the Vineyards\", was one of the largest in the southern suburbs of ancient Rome, located on via Lemonia, in the Parco degli Acquedotti, or Acqueduct Park. Constructed in the 2nd century AD, and showing signs of restoration in the 4th century, it still remains one of Rome’s lesser documented villas, despite the extensive ruins being available in Rome’s largest public park.", "Villa of the Mysteries The Villa of the Mysteries or Villa dei Misteri is a well preserved ruin of a Roman Villa which lies some 400 metres northwest of Pompeii, southern Italy.", "Villa rustica Villa rustica (countryside villa) was the term used by the ancient Romans to denote a villa set in the open countryside, often as the hub of a large agricultural estate (latifundium). The adjective rusticum was used to distinguish it from an urban or resort villa. The villa rustica would thus serve both as a residence of the landowner and his family (and retainers) and also as a farm management centre.", "Vitruvius Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (born c. 80–70 BC, died after c. 15 BC), commonly known as Vitruvius, was a Roman author, architect, civil engineer and military engineer during the 1st century BC, known for his multi-volume work entitled De Architectura.By his own description Vitruvius served as an artilleryman, the third class of arms in the military offices.", "Église Notre-Dame de l'Assomption, Rouffach The Église Notre-Dame de l'Assomption (Our Lady of the Assumption Church) is the parish church of the town of Rouffach in southern Alsace and one of the largest medieval churches in the Haut-Rhin département of France. The church is also known as Saint-Arbogast Church (Église Saint-Arbogast).It lies on the \"Route Romane d'Alsace\". Although work started in the 11th century and was carried on with interruptions until 1870, the building remains unfinished." ]

[ "Alinda Alinda (Ἄλινδα) was an ancient inland city of Caria in Anatolia. It is situated on a hilltop which commands the modern-day town of Karpuzlu, Aydın Province, in western Turkey, and overlooks a fertile plain.Alinda could have been an important city since the second millennium BC and has been associated with Ialanti that appears in Hittite sources (J. Garstang, p. 179).It was this fortress which was held by the exiled Carian Queen Ada.", "Almudena Cathedral Santa María la Real de La Almudena is the Catholic cathedral in Madrid, the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madrid. It was consecrated by Pope John Paul II in 1993.", "Antoninus Pius Antoninus Pius (Latin: Titus Fulvus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius; born 19 September, 86 AD – died 7 March, 161 AD), also known as Antoninus, was Roman Emperor from 138 to 161. He was one of the Five Good Emperors in the Nerva–Antonine dynasty and the Aurelii.He acquired the name Pius after his accession to the throne, either because he compelled the Senate to deify his adoptive father Hadrian, or because he had saved senators sentenced to death by Hadrian in his later years.", "Architecture of Croatia The architecture of Croatia has roots in a long history: the Croats have inhabited the area for fourteen centuries, but there are important remnants of earlier periods still preserved in the country.", "Architecture of England The architecture of England refers to the architecture practiced in the territory of the present-day country of England, and in the historic Kingdom of England.", "Architecture of Germany The architecture of Germany has a long, rich and diverse history. Every major European style from Roman to Post Modern is demonstrated, including renowned examples of Carolingian, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical and Modern architecture.Centuries of fragmentation of Germany into principalities and kingdoms caused a great regional diversity and favoured vernacular architecture.", "Architecture of Istanbul The Architecture of Istanbul describes a large mixture of structures which reflect the many influences that have made an indelible mark in all districts of the city. The ancient part of the city (the historic peninsula) is still partially surrounded by the Walls of Constantinople, erected in 5th century by the Emperor Theodosius II to protect the city from invasion.", "Architecture of Portugal Architecture of Portugal refers to the architecture practiced in the territory of present-day Portugal since before the foundation of the country in the 12th century.", "Architecture of metropolitan Detroit The architecture of metropolitan Detroit, Michigan continues to attract the attention of architects and preservationists alike. With one of the world's recognizable skylines, Detroit's waterfront panorama shows a variety of architectural styles. The city's historic Art Deco skyscrapers blend with the post-modern neogothic spires of One Detroit Center.", "Baroque architecture Baroque architecture is the building style of the Baroque era, begun in late 16th-century Italy, that took the Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical and theatrical fashion, often to express the triumph of the Catholic Church and the absolutist state.", "Benevento Benevento [beneˈvɛnto] About this sound listen (Neapolitan: Beneviento) is a city and comune of Campania, Italy, capital of the province of Benevento, 50 kilometres (31 mi) northeast of Naples. It is situated on a hill 130 metres (430 ft) above sea-level at the confluence of the Calore Irpino (or Beneventano) and the Sabato. It is also the seat of a Roman Catholic archbishop.Benevento occupies the site of the ancient Beneventum, originally Maleventum or still earlier Maloenton.", "Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels The Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, informally known as COLA or the Los Angeles Cathedral, is a Latin Church cathedral of the Roman Catholic Church in Los Angeles, California, United States of America. Opened in 2002, the cathedral serves as the mother church for the Archdiocese of Los Angeles. It is also the cathedra seat of Archbishop José Horacio Gómez.The structure replaced the Cathedral of Saint Vibiana, which was severely damaged in the 1994 Northridge earthquake.", "Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption, Oaxaca The Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption (Spanish: Catedral Metropolitana de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción), located in the city of Oaxaca de Juarez, Oaxaca, Mexico, is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Antequera, Oaxaca. Its construction began in 1535 and it was consecrated on July 12, 1733. It is dedicated to Our Lady of the Assumption.", "Church architecture Church architecture refers to the architecture of buildings of Christian churches. It has evolved over the two thousand years of the Christian religion, partly by innovation and partly by imitating other architectural styles as well as responding to changing beliefs, practices and local traditions.", "Classical order \"An Order in architecture is a certain assemblage of parts subject to uniform established proportions, regulated by the office that each part has to perform\".The Architectural Orders are the ancient styles of classical architecture, each distinguished by its proportions and characteristic profiles and details, and most readily recognizable by the type of column employed. Three ancient orders of architecture—the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian—originated in Greece.", "Czech Renaissance architecture Czech Renaissance architecture refers to the architectural period of the early modern era in Bohemia, Moravia and Czech Silesia, which then comprised the Crown of Bohemia and today constitute the Czech Republic.", "Cádiz Cádiz (/kəˈdɪz/, Spanish: [ˈkaðiθ]; see other pronunciations below) is a city and port in southwestern Spain. It is the capital of the province of Cádiz, one of eight which make up the autonomous community of Andalusia.Cádiz, the oldest continuously inhabited city in Spain and one of the oldest in western Europe, has been a principal home port of the Spanish Navy since the accession of the Spanish Bourbons in the 18th century. The city is a member of the Most Ancient European Towns Network.", "EUR, Rome EUR is a residential and business district in Rome, Italy located south of the city centre. The area was originally chosen in 1930s as the site for the 1942 world's fair which Benito Mussolini planned to open to celebrate twenty years of Fascism, the letters EUR standing for Esposizione Universale Roma. The project was originally called E42 after the year in which the exhibition was planned to be held.", "First Unitarian Church of Detroit The First Unitarian Church of Detroit was located at 2870 Woodward Avenue in Midtown Detroit, Michigan. Built between 1889 and 1890, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The original Unitarian congregation sold the building in 1937. It was destroyed by fire May 10, 2014.", "Glossary of ancient Roman religion The vocabulary of ancient Roman religion was highly specialized. Its study affords important information about the religion, traditions and beliefs of the ancient Romans. This legacy is conspicuous in European cultural history in its influence on later juridical and religious vocabulary in Europe, particularly of the Western Church.", "Granada Cathedral Granada Cathedral, or the Cathedral of the Incarnation (Spanish: Catedral de Granada, Santa Iglesia Catedral Metropolitana de la Encarnación de Granada) is the cathedral in the city of Granada, capital of the province of the same name in the Autonomous Region of Andalusia, Spain. The cathedral is the seat of the Archdiocese of Granada.", "Huelva Cathedral The Cathedral of Huelva began as the Roman Catholic church affiliated with the adjacent former convent of La Merced in Huelva, region of Andalusia, Spain.", "Islamic architecture Islamic architecture encompasses a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day. What today is known as Islamic architecture owes its origin to similar structures already existing in Roman, Byzantine and Persian lands which the Muslims conquered in the 7th and 8th centuries. Further east, it was also influenced by Chinese and Indian architecture as Islam spread to Southeast Asia.", "Labrum (architecture) The labrum in architecture was a large water-filled vessel or basin with an overhanging lip. Marble labrums were a common feature of Roman thermae.", "Llíria Llíria (Valencian pronunciation: [ˈʎiɾia]; Spanish: Liria) is a medium-sized town off the CV35 motorway to the north of Valencia, Spain. Known as Edeta in ancient Iberian times, it is the musical capital of the region.", "Medieval architecture Medieval architecture is architecture common in Medieval Europe.", "Mogadishu Cathedral Mogadishu Cathedral is a Roman Catholic cathedral located in Mogadishu, Somalia. When still operational, it served as the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Mogadiscio. In 2013, the Diocese announced plans to refurbish the building.", "Neoclassical architecture Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century. In its purest form it is a style principally derived from the architecture of Classical antiquity, the Vitruvian principles and the architecture of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio.In form, Neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts.", "Ostrogothic Kingdom The Ostrogothic Kingdom was established by the Ostrogoths in Italy and neighbouring areas from 493 to 553.In Italy the Ostrogoths, led by Theoderic the Great, killed and replaced Odoacer, a Germanic soldier, erstwhile-leader of the foederati in northern Italy, and the de facto ruler of Italy, who had deposed the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, Romulus Augustulus, in 476.", "Pamplona Cathedral The Cathedral of Royal Saint Mary (Santa María la Real) is the Roman Catholic cathedral of the archdiocese of Pamplona, Spain. The current 15th century Gothic temple replaced an older Romanesque one. Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of other two previous churches. The Neoclassical façade was designed by Ventura Rodríguez in 1783. It has a 13th-14th-century Gothic cloister, that gives access to two other Gothic rooms: the Barbazan chapel and the refectory.", "Peristasis (architecture) The Peristasis (Greek: Περίστασις) was a four-sided porch or hall of columns surrounding the cella in an ancient Greek peripteros temple. This allowed priests to pass round the cella (along a pteron) in cultic processions. If such a hall of columns surrounds a patio or garden, it is called a peristyle rather than a peristasis. In ecclesial architecture, it is also used of the area between the baluster of a Catholic church and the high altar (what is usually called the sanctuary or chancel).", "Plasencia Cathedral Cathedral of Plasencia or Catedral de Asunción de Nuestra Señora is the Roman Catholic cathedral located in the town of Plasencia, Region of Extremadura, Spain.", "Polish Cathedral style The Polish Cathedral architectural style is a North American genre of Catholic church architecture found throughout the Great Lakes and Middle Atlantic regions as well as in parts of New England. These monumentally grand churches are not necessarily cathedrals, defined as seats of bishops or of their dioceses.Polish Cathedral churches generally have large amounts of ornamentation in the exterior and interior, comparable only to the more famous Churrigueresque or Spanish Baroque style.", "Pre-Romanesque art and architecture Pre-Romanesque art and architecture is the period in European art from either the emergence of the Merovingian kingdom in about 500 CE or from the Carolingian Renaissance in the late 8th century, to the beginning of the 11th century Romanesque period.", "Roman Britain Roman Britain (Latin: Britannia or, later, Britanniae, \"the Britains\") is the name given to the areas of the island of Great Britain that were governed by the Roman Empire, from AD 43 to 409 or 410.Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 and 54 BC as part of his Gallic Wars. The Britons had been overrun or culturally assimilated by other Celtic tribes during the British Iron Age and had been aiding Caesar's enemies.", "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit (Latin: Archidioecesis Detroitensis) is an archdiocese of the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church covering (as of 2005) the Michigan counties of Lapeer, Macomb, Monroe, Oakland, St. Clair, and Wayne. It is the metropolitan archdiocese for the Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of Detroit, which includes all dioceses in the state of Michigan.", "Roman Catholic Diocese of Davenport The Roman Catholic Diocese of Davenport (Latin: Dioecesis Davenportensis) is a diocese of the Catholic Church for the southeastern quarter of the U.S. state of Iowa. There are 11,438 square miles (29,620 km2) within the diocese.", "Ruin value Ruin value (German: Ruinenwert) is the concept that a building be designed such that if it eventually collapsed, it would leave behind aesthetically pleasing ruins that would last far longer without any maintenance at all. The idea was pioneered by German architect Albert Speer while planning for the 1936 Summer Olympics and published as \"The Theory of Ruin Value\" (Die Ruinenwerttheorie), although he was not its original inventor.", "Sacred architecture Sacred architecture (also known as religious architecture) is a religious architectural practice concerned with the design and construction of places of worship and/or sacred or intentional space, such as churches, mosques, stupas, synagogues, and temples. Many cultures devoted considerable resources to their sacred architecture and places of worship. Religious and sacred spaces are amongst the most impressive and permanent monolithic buildings created by humanity.", "Saints Peter and Paul Roman Catholic Church Complex Saints Peter and Paul Roman Catholic Church Complex is located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The complex was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 for its architectural significance.", "San Filippo Neri, Turin San Filippo Neri is a late-Baroque style, Roman Catholic church located in Turin, region of Piedmont, Italy. The church is located on Via Maria Vittoria 5; the left flank of the nave faces the Turin Academy of Sciences. The church is still used for services.", "San Quintino, Parma The San Quintino is a Renaissance style, Roman Catholic church located in Parma, Italy.", "Sant'Agostino, Matelica Sant'Agostino is a Baroque style, Roman Catholic church located in Matelica, Province of Macerata, region of Marche, Italy.", "Santa María de Melque Santa María de Melque is a church in the border municipality of San Martín de Montalbán in the province of Toledo (in Spain), 30 km south of the capital, and equidistant from the towns of La Puebla de Montalbán and Gálvez, between the brook Ripas and the river Torcón, a tributary of the river Tagus.Of the entire complex, recently restored, the church stands out, exemplary Mozarabic-Visigothic, as the most important religious monument of the Early Middle Ages in Spain.Currently, the church, which occupies the center of the complex, and the center of interpretation which has been installed in the adjoining rooms, also restored, can be visited.", "Scupi Scupi is an archaeological site located between Zajčev Rid (Зајчев Рид 'Rabbit Hill') and the Vardar River, several kilometers from the center of Skopje, in the Republic of Macedonia. A Roman military camp was founded here in the second century BC on the site of an older Dardanian settlement. It became later Colonia Flavia Aelia Scupi and many veteran legionnaires were settled there.", "Spanish architecture Spanish architecture refers to architecture carried out in any area in what is now Spain, and by Spanish architects worldwide. The term includes buildings within the current geographical limits of Spain before this name was given to those territories (whether they were called Iberia, Hispania, Al-Andalus or were formed of several Christian kingdoms). Due to its historical and geographical diversity, Spanish architecture has drawn from a host of influences.", "St. Boniface Roman Catholic Church St. Boniface Roman Catholic Church was a Roman Catholic church located at 2356 Vermont Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. It was also known as St. Boniface-St. Vincent Roman Catholic Church. The church was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1983 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989, but was subsequently demolished.", "St. Mary's Basilica (Phoenix) Saint Mary's Basilica, officially named The Church of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Phoenix, was founded in 1881 and staffed by the Franciscan Friars since 1895. The church was completed in 1914, dedicated in 1915, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places as St. Mary's Church in 1978.", "St. Michael the Archangel Church, Kaunas St. Michael the Archangel's Church or the Garrison Church (Lithuanian: Įgulos bažnyčia) is a Roman Catholic church in the city of Kaunas, Lithuania, closing the perspective of the Laisvės alėja, the main pedestrian street. It was built between 1891 and 1895 when Kaunas was part of the Russian empire, in Neo-Byzantine style largely for the use of the Russian Orthodox garrison of Kaunas Fortress.", "Tabularium The Tabularium was the official records office of ancient Rome, and also housed the offices of many city officials. Situated within the Roman Forum, it was on the front slope of the Capitoline Hill, below the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, to the southeast of the Arx and Tarpeian Rock.Within the building were the remains of the temple of Veiovis. In front of it were the Temples of Vespasian & Concord, as well as the Rostra and the rest of the forum.", "Tudela Cathedral Cathedral of Tudela or Catedral de Santa Maria is the Roman Catholic cathedral located in Plaza Vieja in the center of Tudela, Region of Navarre, Spain.", "Vestibule (architecture) A vestibule /ˈvɛstɨbjuːl/ is an anteroom (antechamber) or small foyer leading into a larger space, such as a lobby, entrance hall, passage, etc., for the purpose of waiting, withholding the larger space view, reducing heat loss, providing space for outwear, etc. The term applies to structures in both modern and historical architecture since ancient times." ]

[ "Abra Moore Abra Moore (born June 8, 1969 in San Diego, California) is a folk-styled rock singer-songwriter. Her 1997 album Strangest Places included the hit \"Four Leaf Clover\", which received airplay in Midwest U.S. radio markets and VH1 and MTV2 rotation, and charted on the Billboard Hot 100.", "Adrianne León Adrianna Therese León (born March 15, 1987) is an American singer-songwriter, chef, personal fitness trainer, model and actress. She is the co-founder and lead vocalist of the rock band Caught Crimson. León began writing songs for the soap opera General Hospital.", "Aimee Mann Aimee Mann (born September 8, 1960) is an American rock singer, singer-songwriter, bassist and guitarist. She was the bassist and a vocalist for the band 'Til Tuesday during the 1980s and since then she has primarily released albums and performed as a solo musician.", "Aja Kim Aja Kim is an American singer and songwriter.", "Alanis Morissette Alanis Nadine Morissette (born June 1, 1974) is a Canadian-American alternative rock singer-songwriter, guitarist, record producer, and actress. She has won 16 Juno Awards and seven Grammy Awards, was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards. Morissette began her career in Canada, and as a teenager recorded two dance-pop albums, Alanis (1991) and Now Is the Time (1992), under MCA Records Canada. Her first international album was the rock-influenced Jagged Little Pill, released in 1995.", "Alanna Clarke Alanna Clarke is a Canadian singer/songwriter, guitarist, and piano player based in Cochrane, Alberta. She won the Calgary Breakfast Television Spotlight. Clarke was winner of the Toast 'n Jam Battle of the Bands 2007 held at Canada Olympic Park. She also won the Don Weldon Award for most promising performer at the Calgary Stampede Talent Search in 2008. In the Cochrane Youth Talent Festival she won two years in row. Her first demo CD, titled Kissing Booth, was released in 2006.", "Alannah Myles Alannah Myles (born December 25, 1958) is a Canadian singer-songwriter and the daughter of Canadian broadcast pioneer William Douglas Byles (1914–1988), who was inducted into the Canadian Association of Broadcasters' Hall of Fame in 1997.She changed her surname to Myles at age 19 after deciding to pursue a career in entertainment.", "Alexa Wilkinson Alexa Wilkinson is an American singer-songwriter, guitarist and trumpet player with two albums to her name: 2007's Lullaby Appetite, partly co-written by Josh Kelley, and Lions, released in 2008. She has toured with a number of indie musicians, including Josh Kelley, Todd Carey, Jonathan Clay, Keaton Simons and Kate Voegele,. Alexa Wilkinson's song, 'Miles Away' was featured on MTV's The Hills.", "Alicja Trout Alicja Trout is a Memphis-based American rock guitarist, singer, songwriter and artist.She is best known for her work with the synth-heavy Lost Sounds, which she started with Jay Reatard. Her current band, the River City Tanlines, were named an essential Memphis band by Spin Magazine in December 2007.Trout also owns and operates Contaminated Records, her own independent record label. In 2009 she was featured on the MTV show $5 Cover.", "Alis Lesley Alis Lesley (born Alice Lesley, April 20, 1938) is an American former rockabilly singer, once billed as \"the female Elvis Presley.\"Lesley was born in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Her family later moved to Phoenix, Arizona, where she attended Phoenix Junior College. She majored in television and radio, and began singing rockabilly while a student. She was discovered by Kathryn Godfrey, a popular Phoenix television personality and the sister of Arthur Godfrey. With Ms.", "Alison Mosshart Alison Nicole Mosshart (born November 23, 1978) is an American singer, songwriter, artist, and occasional model best known as the lead vocalist for the indie rock band The Kills and blues rock band The Dead Weather. She started her musical career in 1995 with the Florida punk rock band Discount which disbanded in 2000.", "Amaia Montero Amaia Montero Saldías (born August 26, 1976), also known as the original vocalist of the Basque-Spanish pop-band La Oreja de Van Gogh between 1996 and 2007, is a singer/songwriter from Basque Country, Spain, who has sung in a variety of languages, including Basque, Spanish, Catalan, Italian, French and English among others.Amaia was the lead member and singer in the first four and most successful studio albums of \"La Oreja de Van Gogh\", such albums were, Dile al sol (1998), El viaje de Copperpot (2000), Lo que te conté mientras te hacías la dormida (2003) and Guapa (2006). @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaia_Montero?oldid=663285737> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Perry_Owens> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Commodore Perry Owens (July 29, 1852 - May 10, 1919) was an American-born lawman and gunfighter of the Old West. One of his many exploits was the Owens-Blevins Shootout in Arizona Territory during the Pleasant Valley War.", "Amanda Overmyer Amanda Lindsay Overmyer (born October 26, 1984) is an American rock singer-songwriter from Camden, Indiana who was the eleventh place finalist on the seventh season of American Idol. Following her run on Idol, Overmyer released her debut album Solidify on December 10, 2008 and is currently working on her second album with her band.", "Amber (singer) Marie-Claire \"Amber\" Cremers (born September 17, 1969) is a Dutch-born German singer, songwriter, label owner and executive producer. She is best known for her hits \"This Is Your Night\", \"If You Could Read My Mind\", and \"Sexual (Li Da Di)\".", "Amie Miriello Amie Miriello is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist. She was the lead singer of the rock band Dirtie Blonde. Miriello is now a member of the group SO & SO.In 2008, Miriello's first solo album, I Came Around, was released on Jive Records Bellasonic label. Singer-songwriter and American Idol judge Kara DioGuardi co-wrote some of the songs on the album.", "Amy Millan Amy Millan (born December 3, 1973) is a Canadian indie rock singer and guitarist. She records and performs with the bands Stars and Broken Social Scene as well as having a successful solo career. Her second solo album, Masters of the Burial, was released by Arts & Crafts Productions in September 2009.", "Ana Matronic Ana Lynch (born August 14, 1974), known by her stage name Ana Matronic, is an American singer, best known as the female lead singer for Scissor Sisters.", "Anastacia Anastacia Lyn Newkirk (born September 17, 1968) is an American singer, songwriter and producer. Her debut record Not That Kind, released in 2000 was an international success, particularly in Europe as well as Australia, where the lead single \"I'm Outta Love\" became the biggest selling song of the year. Awarded as the 'World's Best-Selling New Female Pop Artist' in 2001, her commercial success continued with 2001's Freak of Nature. The album reached No.", "Anne Preven Anne Preven is a Grammy and Academy Award nominated American songwriter, musician, and record producer. As a member of the alternative rock band Ednaswap, she co-wrote \"Torn\" which was covered by Natalie Imbruglia and became a worldwide number one airplay song, spending 14 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay Chart in the US.", "Annie Hardy Annie-Summer Hardy (born June 5, 1981) is the lead vocalist, guitarist, and songwriter for the American rock act Giant Drag.Previously signed to Interscope Records, she was voted one of NME's \"50 Coolest People,\" and has received major news coverage in NME, Spin, MTV News and Rolling Stone, among others.", "Annie Haslam Annie Haslam (born 8 June 1947 in Bolton, Lancashire, England) is an English vocalist, songwriter, and painter. She is best known as the lead singer of progressive rock band Renaissance since 1971, and for her long and diverse solo singing career. She has a five-octave vocal range. From 2002, Haslam has developed a parallel career as a visual artist, producing paintings on canvas, painted musical instruments, and giclées.", "Anouk (singer) Anouk Teeuwe (Dutch pronunciation: [aːˈnuk ˈteːuʋə]; born 8 April 1975), professionally known by the mononym Anouk, is a Dutch singer-songwriter and record producer.", "Aria Crescendo Aria Crescendo is a French singer, songwriter, and yoga teacher, best known for being a member of pop group The Paradiso Girls.", "Aslı Gökyokuş Aslı Gökyokuş (born October 26, 1977, İstanbul) is a Turkish singer.", "Avril Lavigne Avril Ramona Lavigne (/ˈævrɨl ləˈviːn/; French pronunciation: ​[avʁil laviɲ]; born 27 September 1984) is a Canadian-French singer and songwriter. She was born in Belleville, Ontario, and spent most of her youth in the town of Greater Napanee. By the age of 15, she had appeared on stage with Shania Twain; by 16, she had signed a two-album recording contract with Arista Records worth more than $2 million.", "Aya Kamiki Aya Kamiki (上木 彩矢, Kamiki Aya, born September 10, 1985, in Sapporo, Hokkaido) is a Japanese singer-songwriter. Her style ranges from pop, rock to rhythm and blues. She resides in Osaka, and is signed with Tokyo-based AVEX recording label. She speaks moderate Chinese, and because of this, she has a notable fanbase in China.", "Aylin Aslım Aylin Aslım (born 14 February 1975 in Lich, Hesse) is a Turkish singer and songwriter.Aylin was born in Lich, Hessen, Germany into a Turkish family but moved back to Turkey when she was only one year old. She sang in several rock and electronica bands in several clubs in Istanbul. Her first album Gelgit -released in 2001 was more of an electronic album. However, she switched back to rock for her later releases, one of which is her second album, \"Gülyabani\", was released in 2005.", "Becca (musician) Rebecca \"BECCA\" Emily Hollcraft or simply as Bec Hollcraft (born May 9, 1989) is an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist. Also known as BECCA-chan. As of 2012 she is a singer in the rock band Stars In Stereo.", "Becky Stark Becky Stark is an artist, singer, songwriter and entertainer from Los Angeles, California. She is the voice of the band Lavender Diamond. In an article about Stark in the New York Times called \"North American Songbird,\" Zoe Wolf wrote \"Picture Lucille Ball and Tinkerbell engaged in a duet and you have an apt metaphor for the neo-folk singer Becky Stark, who suggests an impish fairy from a faraway land. \"", "Bilinda Butcher Bilinda Jayne Butcher (born 16 September 1961) is an English musician and singer-songwriter, best known as the vocalist and guitarist of the shoegaze band My Bloody Valentine.", "Blaire Reinhard Blaire Reinhard is a singer, pianist, and songwriter from Morristown, New Jersey. She is the granddaughter of trumpet player and Tonight Show bandleader Doc Severinsen. On September 7, 2012, her single \"No Nothing\" with Curtis & Reinhard reached #92 on the iTunes US Pop Music Chart.", "Bonnie Lou Bonnie Lou (born Mary Joan Kath, October 27, 1924, in Towanda, Illinois) is an American rock and roll and country music singer. A musical pioneer, Bonnie Lou is recognized as one of first female rock and roll singers. She is also one of the first artists to gain crossover success from country to rock and roll. She was the \"top name\" on the first country music program regularly broadcast on a national TV network.", "Bonnie Tyler Bonnie Tyler (born Gaynor Hopkins; 8 June 1951) is a Welsh singer. She spent seven years performing in pubs and clubs around South Wales before being signed to RCA Records in 1975. Tyler is known for her distinctive husky voice, resulting from an operation to remove vocal nodules in the mid-1970s.Tyler rose to fame in the late 1970s with the release of Country singles \"Lost in France\" and \"It's a Heartache\".", "Britta Phillips Britta Phillips (born June 11, 1963) is an American musician, songwriter, actress and voice actor.She is perhaps best known as the singing voice of the title character of the 1980s animated series Jem; and as a member of the bands Luna and as one half of the duo Dean and Britta, both with her husband Dean Wareham. Her acting credits include the 1988 film Satisfaction.", "Brody Dalle Brody Dalle (born Bree Joanna Alice Robinson; 1 January 1979) is an Australian-born singer-songwriter and guitarist. She is best known as the lead singer and guitarist of punk rock band the Distillers and later alternative rock band Spinnerette.", "Carole Facal Carole Facal, is a Canadian singer-songwriter from Quebec. She writes and performs mainly in French under the stage name Caracol.", "Carole Pope Carole Pope is a British-born Canadian rock singer-songwriter, whose provocative blend of hard-edged new wave rock with explicit homoerotic and BDSM-themed lyrics made her one of the first openly lesbian entertainers to achieve mainstream fame. She is the sister of Emmy Award-winning television producer and screenwriter Elaine Pope.", "Cassandra Ford Cassandra Ford (born 17 February 1981 in Manila, Philippines) is a visual artist and co-founder/original lead singer of The Vincent Black Shadow.", "Charmaine Brooks Charmaine Brooks is a Canadian rock singer and songwriter born in Stratford, Ontario, Canada.", "Cherie Currie Cherie Ann Currie (born November 30, 1959) is an American musician, singer, songwriter, actress and artist. Currie was the lead vocalist of the Runaways, a rock band from Los Angeles, in the mid-to-late 1970s. After the Runaways, she became a solo artist. Then she teamed up with her identical twin sister, Marie Currie, and released an album with her. They released a duet \"Since You Been Gone\" which charted number 95 on US charts. Their band was called Cherie and Marie Currie.", "Chi Coltrane Chi Coltrane (Chi is pronounced \"shy\"; born November 16, 1948 in Racine, Wisconsin) is best known as an American rock-pop-jazz songwriter, pianist, and singer.", "Chrissie Hynde Christine Ellen \"Chrissie\" Hynde (born September 7, 1951) is an American musician who is best known as a founding member of the rock band The Pretenders.Inspired by hippie counter-culture, Hynde worked in London with Malcolm McLaren and Vivienne Westwood at their punk-themed clothing store, SEX. In 1978, she formed her own band, The Pretenders, with Pete Farndon, James Honeyman-Scott and Martin Chambers.", "Christina Billotte Christina Billotte is an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist. She is known for her involvement in the punk music scene in Washington DC, as a performer and organizer. She is included in Venus Zine's list The Greatest Female Guitarists of All Time.", "Christina Booth Christina Maria Booth (born 1965) is a Welsh progressive rock vocalist and singer-songwriter.Since its inception in 2001, she has been the lead vocalist for the Welsh progressive rock band Magenta, in which she collaborates with Rob Reed.Before that, she collaborated with Reed as part of Trippa, and also his project Cyan. She has previously been credited under her maiden name as Christina Murphy, and now often is credited simply as Christina.", "Cree Summer Cree Summer Francks (born July 7, 1969), best known as Cree Summer, is an American Canadian actress, voice actress and singer.She is best known for her role as college student Winifred \"Freddie\" Brooks on the NBC sitcom A Different World.", "Danielia Cotton Danielia Cotton (born September 24, 1967) is an American rock singer, songwriter and guitarist from Hopewell, New Jersey. Danielia comes from a musical family. She is the daughter of jazz vocalist Wenonah Brooks and the niece of jazz vocalists Jeannie Brooks and Carol Brooks-Meyners. She is married to Sam Roberts, a New York-based attorney with Legal Aid.", "Deanna Johnston Deanna Johnston is a Canadian musician from Kingston. She is perhaps best known as a contestant on the reality television show Rock Star: INXS. Johnston has appeared on television.", "Debbie Harry Deborah Ann \"Debbie\" Harry (born July 1, 1945) is an American singer-songwriter and actress, best known as the lead singer of the new wave and punk rock band Blondie. She recorded several number one singles with Blondie and is sometimes considered the first rapper to chart at number one in the United States as well, due to her work on \"Rapture\". She has also had success as a solo artist, and in the mid-1990s she recorded and performed with The Jazz Passengers.", "Diane Ray Diane Ray (1 September 1945, Gastonia, North Carolina) is an American pop and rock and roll singer of the early 1960s. She is best known for her 1963 hit single, \"Please Don't Talk to the Lifeguard\". Without any further chart presence, Ray remains a one-hit wonder.", "Dilana Dilana Robichaux is a singer, songwriter, and performer who lives in Los Angeles, California. She is best known as the runner-up contestant on the CBS reality television show Rock Star: Supernova. She was the lead singer for Tracii Guns' version of L.A. Guns for a brief period in 2011.", "Dinah Cancer Dinah Cancer (born August 28, 1960) is the stage name of Mary Ann Sims, a vocalist, best known for her band 45 Grave, which helped found the musical genre known as \\deathrock\\\".\"", "Dolores O'Riordan Dolores Mary Eileen O'Riordan /oʊˈrɪərdən/ (born 6 September 1971) is an Irish musician, singer, songwriter and guitarist. She led the rock band The Cranberries to worldwide success for thirteen years before the band took a break starting in 2003, reuniting in 2009.Her first solo album Are You Listening? was released in May 2007 and was followed up by No Baggage in 2009.", "Donita Sparks Donita Sparks (born April 8, 1963) is a vocalist, guitarist, and songwriter. In addition to performing with her most recent band Donita Sparks and The Stellar Moments, she is the co-founder (along with Suzi Gardner) of the band L7. Sparks released her debut solo record Transmiticate in February 2008. Her work has been featured in films such as Natural Born Killers, Serial Mom, and Brokeback Mountain, and video games such as Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas and Rock Band 2.", "Donna Summer LaDonna Adrian Gaines (December 31, 1948 – May 17, 2012), better known by her stage name, Donna Summer, was an American singer, songwriter, and painter. She gained prominence during the disco era of the late-1970s. A five-time Grammy Award winner, she was the first artist to have three consecutive double albums reach No. 1 on the United States Billboard album chart and charted four number-one singles in the U.S. within a 12-month period.", "Dulcie Younger Dulcie Younger is a female rockabilly singer and songwriter, who first ventured out on the Los Angeles roots music scene in 2002. She has since become one of the most well-known modern female rockabilly \"ingers.\\Kitty, Kitty...GROWL!\", Dulcie Younger's first album, was released in 2004.", "Edyta Bartosiewicz Edyta Bartosiewicz (born January 11, 1965 in Warsaw) is a Polish rock singer, composer, and songwriter. Her career has been awarded by five Fryderyks. In Poland, she's known for her highly reflective and unusual lyrics.", "Ekaterina Ryabova Ekaterina Dmitrievna \"Katya\" Ryabova (Russian: Екатерина Дмитриевна \"Катя\" Рябова, born 4 August 1997) is a Russian singer. She is from Shchyolkovo, but now resides in Yubileyny.", "Elis Paprika Elis Paprika (real name Erika Elizabeth Nogues; May 8, 1980) is an independent singer-songwriter from Guadalajara, Mexico. She has been an active and important part of Mexico’s Rock scene since 2004. She has performed 3 times at Auditorio Nacional in México City, along with Julieta Venegas in 2007, Belanova in 2008, and Juan Gabriel in 2009. She has performed in three Vive Latino Festivals in México City, first in 2006, in 2011, and again in 2014.", "Emily Jane White Emily Jane White is a songwriter, pianist and guitarist from California who released her first album in 2007.", "Ewelina Flinta Ewelina Flinta (born 24 October 1979 in Lubsko) is a Polish singer. She has performed at Przystanek Woodstock and Teatr Buffo. She rose to fame by coming second in the first season of the television show Idol.", "Fiona Apple Fiona Apple McAfee Maggart (born September 13, 1977) is an American singer-songwriter, pianist and record producer. Classically trained on piano as a child, Apple began composing her own songs when she was eight years old. Her debut album, Tidal, written when Apple was seventeen, was released in 1996 and received a Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance (with an additional six nominations) for the single \"Criminal\". She followed with When the Pawn...", "Flor (singer) Florencia \"Flor\" Caserta (born April 13, 1984) is an Argentine female pop and rock singer.", "Florence Welch Florence Leontine Mary Welch (born 28 August 1986) is an English musician, singer, and songwriter. She is best known as the lead vocalist of the indie rock band Florence + the Machine. Florence + the Machine's debut album, Lungs, was released in 2009; on 17 January 2010, the album reached the top position in the UK after being on the chart for 28 consecutive weeks. Lungs won the Brit Award for Best British Album in 2010.", "Geeta Dutt Geetā Dutt (born Geetā Ghosh Roy Chowdhuri) (23 November 1930 – 20 July 1972) was a prominent singer in India, born in Faridpur before the Partition of India. She found particular prominence as a playback singer in Hindi cinema. She also sang many modern Bengali songs.", "Geri X Geri X (born 6 May 1989) is a Bulgarian-born singer-songwriter whose music shows influences of several genres including folk, psychedelic rock, Americana, and post-rock. She has garnered a sizable fan base and critical acclaim in the Tampa Bay music scene.", "Gin Wigmore Virginia Claire \"Gin\" Wigmore (born 6 June 1986) is a New Zealand singer-songwriter. Featuring on the Smashproof single \"Brother\" in 2009, Wigmore went on to release her debut album Holy Smoke, in 2009, and her second, Gravel & Wine, in 2011. Her third album, Blood to Bone, was released on June 26, 2015.", "Giorgia Gueglio Giorgia Gueglio (born 1973) is an Italian singer and founding member of the heavy metal band Mastercastle.", "Go Betty Go Go Betty Go is an all-female pop punk band from Los Angeles that, along with bands such as Union 13, Los Abandoned, The Dollyrots, and Left Alone, have been prominent in the Southern California Chicano Punk scene that started in the mid-2000s and continues today.", "Grace Slick Grace Slick (née Wing; born October 30, 1939) is an American singer, songwriter, artist, and former model, best known as one of the lead singers of the rock groups The Great Society, Jefferson Airplane, Jefferson Starship, and Starship, as well as for her work as a solo artist from the mid-1960s to the mid-1990s.", "Hayley Williams Hayley Nichole Williams (born December 27, 1988) is an American singer, songwriter and musician who is best known as the lead vocalist, occasional keyboardist and primary songwriter of the American rock band Paramore.", "Holly Hull Holly Hull (born Holly-Anne Hull, 17 October 1994, Camberley, Surrey, England) is an English teen singer who won the Disney Channel UK talent search My Camp Rock in April 2009, after being voted for by viewers. She is mentored by specialist vocal coach, Martin-Gwyn Williams and was a member of the West End Kids song & dance troupe from 2006 to 2013.", "Holly Ross Holly Ross was the guitarist and lead vocalist from Angelica; an all-female punk rock band from Lancaster, England.Her singing was described as \"soft as butter Lancastrian tones.\"Since the split of Angelica in 2002, Ross concentrated on her personal life and career until returning to music in 2006, with a new band formed with husband David Blackwell called The Lovely Eggs.", "Holly Woods Anne Elizabeth \"Holly\" Woods is an American rock singer whose notable works include five platinum albums by the rock band Toronto.", "Ilona (singer) Ilona (born January 24, 1985) is a singer-songwriter born and raised in Bogotá, Colombia. Her beginnings in music were through presentations on the public transport bus service in Bogotá when she was 15 years old, and her surprised audience gave her money. Ilona played with her guitar on public places and eventually established a band with a bassist and a drummer with whom she performed regularly in bars in the city.", "Ivana Peters Ivana Peters (Serbian Cyrillic: Ивана Петерс), born Ivana Pavlović (Ивана Павловић, August 22, 1974, in Belgrade, SFR Yugoslavia) is a Serbian Pop rock singer-songwriter, composer and musician, the leader of pop rock band Negative.", "Janet Gardner Janet Gardner (born Janet Patricia Gardner on March 17, 1962 in Juneau, Alaska, USA) is an American rock singer. She is best-known as the lead singer and rhythm guitarist of the all-woman hard rock band Vixen.", "Janis Martin Janis Darlene Martin (March 27, 1940 – September 3, 2007) was an American rockabilly and country music singer. She was one of the few women working in the male-dominated rock and roll music field during the 1950s and one of country music's early female innovators. Martin was nicknamed the Female Elvis for her dance moves on stage, similar to those of Elvis Presley.", "Jemina Pearl Jemina Pearl Abegg (born June 20, 1987), known by the stage name Jemina Pearl, is an American singer, formerly the frontwoman of Be Your Own Pet, a punk rock band she started when she was 16.She appeared in the television series Gossip Girl with a musical performance together with Thurston Moore covering the Ramones classic \"Sheena Is a Punk Rocker.Her debut solo album, Break It Up, was released on October 6, 2009.", "Jenny Warren Jenny Warren is an American female singer, best known as the co-founder of the all-female tribute band The Iron Maidens.", "Joan Armatrading Joan Anita Barbara Armatrading, MBE (/ˈɑrməˌtreɪdɪŋ/, born 9 December 1950) is a British singer-songwriter and guitarist.As a three-time Grammy Award-nominee, Armatrading was nominated twice for BRIT Awards as Best Female Artist. She also received an Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Contemporary Song Collection in 1996. In a recording career spanning 40 years, Armatrading has released 18 studio albums, as well as several live albums and compilations.", "Joan Jett Joan Jett (born Joan Marie Larkin; September 22, 1958) is an American rock guitarist, singer, songwriter, producer and occasional actress, best known for her work with Joan Jett & the Blackhearts, preceded by success with The Runaways, including their hit song \"Cherry Bomb\". The Blackhearts' record \"I Love Rock 'n' Roll\", was No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 from March 20 to May 1, 1982.", "Josipa Lisac Josipa Lisac (pronounced [jɔ̌sipa lǐːsat͡s]; born 14 February 1950) is an eminent Croatian female singer.", "K. Juno K. Juno is a rock singer and songwriter from Japan.", "Kasia Nosowska Katarzyna (Kasia) Nosowska (born August 30, 1971, Szczecin) is the lead singer of the Polish rock band Hey. She is also known for her solo career, which in contrast to Hey's guitar-driven rock delves more into electronica. Apart from penning Hey's lyrics, she is also a columnist in several Polish magazines.She received many awards and holds the record for the largest number of Fryderyk awards, including multiple wins in categories Author of the Year and Female Vocalist of the Year.", "Kate Bush Catherine \"Kate\" Bush, CBE (born 30 July 1958) is an English singer-songwriter, musician, dancer and record producer known for her ambitious, eclectic music and idiosyncratic performances.Bush first came to note in 1978 when, at the age of 19, she topped the UK Singles Chart for four weeks with her debut single, \"Wuthering Heights\", becoming the first female artist to achieve a UK number-one with a self-written song.", "Kate Ceberano Catherine \"Kate\" Ceberano (/səˈbrɑːnoʊ/, born 17 November 1966) is an Australian singer. She achieved success in the soul, jazz and pop genres, as well as in her brief forays into musicals—with Jesus Christ Superstar—and film. She has also achieved success as a songwriter, with the hit \"Pash\" receiving a gold sales certification in 1998.Ceberano was the artistic director of the Adelaide Cabaret Festival in 2012, 2013 and 2014.", "Kate Fenner Kate Fenner is a Canadian musician, currently based in New York City. The New York Times describes her vocal stylings as having a \"lusty, alternative, Joni Mitchell-ish sound.\" She was one of the primary singers and songwriters for the Canadian alternative rock band Bourbon Tabernacle Choir in the 1980s and 1990s. After its dissolution, Fenner continued performing as duo with her former Bourbon bandmate Chris Brown.", "Kate Maki Kate Maki is a Canadian singer-songwriter.", "Kati Kovács Kati Kovács (born 25 October 1944), is a Ferenc Liszt and Kossuth Award-winning Hungarian pop-rock singer, performer, lyricist and actress.Probably the most famous singer of Hungary, with dozens of recorded albums, awards and presentations indoor/abroad, international recognition and a very active career until today.Her voice type is Mezzosoprano. Hungarian musical critics have praised her raspy and very strong voice, and they've called her: \"The Best Female Voice of Hungary\".", "Kazuha Oda Kazuha Oda is a singer-songwriter born in Japan, spent her childhood in Brazil and USA. She started out as a solo singer and has worked with wide variety of performers including Grammy winner Bob James. During her debut in Japan as a solo singer, she worked on numerous projects including: 6 albums, 5 singles, and contributed to over 10 compilation albums ranging from Classic to Heavy Metal music.", "Kerli Kerli Kõiv ([ˈkerli ˈkɤ.iʋ]; born 7 February 1987), usually referred to mononymously as Kerli, is an Estonian recording artist and songwriter. Born in Elva, Estonia, Kerli entered multiple singing competitions before being signed to Island Records in 2006 by LA Reid. In 2007, she released her debut self-titled extended play and in 2008, released her debut studio album, Love Is Dead, the latter of which charted on the Billboard 200.", "Kimberley Dahme Kimberley Dahme (born 22 April 1966) is a rock/country music singer and songwriter who was best known as a member of the rock band Boston. She played rhythm guitar and provides vocals.", "Lachi (artist) Lachi is a vocalist, songwriter, composer, multi-instrumentalist and author based in New York City. Having released numerous albums and singles, Lachi's music is often described as Pop, Pop Rock, or Singer Songwriter.", "Lana Lane Lana Lane is a North American rock singer. She sings lead in her eponymous band, and has sung backing vocals for the band Rocket Scientists and guest sung on Ayreon and Erik Norlander albums.She is married to music producer Erik Norlander, who co-produces her albums with her at their own studio, Think Tank Media in Woodland Hills, California.", "Laura Hubert Laura Hubert is a Canadian rock and jazz singer. She was the lead vocalist for the alternative rock group Leslie Spit Treeo in the 1980s and 1990s, and has subsequently released three solo jazz CDs.", "Laura Jane Grace Laura Jane Grace (born Thomas James Gabel, November 8, 1980) is an American musician best known as the founder, lead singer, songwriter and guitarist of the punk rock band Against Me!. Starting as a solo act in 1997, Against Me! expanded into a quartet and released six studio albums, experiencing breakthrough success with 2007's New Wave and 2010's White Crosses. Grace also released a solo EP, Heart Burns, in 2008.", "Linda Hopper Linda Elizabeth Hopper is the vocalist for the Atlanta, Georgia-based rock group Magnapop. Her pop punk/power pop vocal style helped to define the band's sound and she has co-written their minor hit singles \"Slowly, Slowly\" and \"Open the Door\". Prior to the formation of Magnapop, Hopper was a member of the Athens, Georgia music scene in the early 1980s, which included R.E.M., The B-52s, and her own band Oh-OK.", "Lisa Marie Presley Lisa Marie Presley (born February 1, 1968) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. She is the daughter of musician-actor Elvis Presley and actress and business magnate Priscilla Presley, and is Elvis' only child. As sole heir to her father's estate, Presley is the owner of Graceland, the Memphis mansion where her father lived, now a major tourist attraction. She has conducted a long career in the music business and has issued several albums and videos.", "List of Indonesian musicians and musical groups This is a list of Indonesian musicians and musical groups from various genres.", "List of awards and nominations received by Avril Lavigne Avril Lavigne is a Canadian singer-songwriter whose professional music career began in 2002 with the release of her first studio album. Lavigne was offered a record deal in 2000 when she was 16 years old after being discovered by her first professional manager, Cliff Fabri, while singing at a Chapters bookstore in Kingston, Ontario. She traveled to New York, where she auditioned for the then-president of Arista Records, Antonio \"L.A.\" Reid, who signed her on the spot.", "List of awards and nominations received by Gwen Stefani Gwen Stefani is an American music artist and fashion designer. She is a member of the rock band No Doubt, whose 1995 album Tragic Kingdom propelled them to stardom and sold 16 million copies worldwide. Before her solo debut, Stefani collaborated with other artists on their albums, including \"South Side\" with Moby and \"Let Me Blow Ya Mind\" with Eve. Stefani has released two solo studio albums, both with Interscope Records: Love. Angel. Music. Baby. (2004) and The Sweet Escape (2006).", "List of awards and nominations received by Janet Jackson American entertainer Janet Jackson is among the ten most successful recording artists in contemporary music. She began her career through a series of acting roles, prior to releasing her self-titled debut album at the age of fifteen.", "List of awards and nominations received by Tina Turner This article lists the award nominations and wins by pop/rock singer Tina Turner.", "List of female heavy metal singers This is a list of female metal artists with articles on Wikipedia. For female singers of other rock genres, see List of female rock singers.", "List of female rock singers This is a list of female rock singers. For female heavy metal singers, see List of female heavy metal singers.", "Liz Phair Elizabeth Clark \"Liz\" Phair (born April 17, 1967) is an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist.She began her career in the early 1990s by self-releasing audio cassettes under the name Girly Sound, before signing with the independent record label Matador Records. Her 1993 debut studio album Exile in Guyville was released to acclaim; it has been ranked by Rolling Stone as one of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.", "Lucie Bílá Lucie Bílá (born April 7, 1966 as Hana Zaňáková) is a Czech pop singer. With a powerful, distinctively intense voice and impressive range, she is one of the most famous and celebrated female artists in Czech Republic history. According to her label, EMI Czech Republic, the singer sold over one million albums by now.", "Lori Mai Lori Ann Duque Mai (October 16, 1977 – September 16, 2009) was a German–American folk rock singer and musician.", "Lydia Canaan Lydia Canaan is a Lebanese singer-songwriter, recording artist, poet, activist, and musical pioneer widely regarded as the first rock star of the Middle East.A mezzo-soprano noted by Billboard magazine as having a \"four-octave range and perfect pitch\", Canaan's unique style fuses Middle-Eastern quarter notes and microtones with anglophone rock.", "Magali Luyten Maggy Luyten is one of Belgium’s leading female rock singers. She is also a vocal coach and voice teacher. She was raised in Leuven and then moved to the South of Belgium, where she still lives today.She played in several bands before joining forces with the power prog metal band OVER US EDEN in 2003 (Aachen, Germany), produced by Uli Kusch, (ex-drummer of Helloween, Masterplan).", "Malina Moye Malina Moye is an American singer-songwriter, lefty guitarist, and entrepreneur who fuses Rock and Soul. Fender guitars recognizes Malina as one of their first African-American left-handed upside-down female endorsee to join the fender family. She founded WCE Records in 2004.", "Mari Hamada Mari Hamada (浜田麻里, Hamada Mari, born July 18, 1962 in Tokyo, Japan, height 158cm) is a Japanese female rock singer, songwriter and producer.", "Maria del Mar (singer) Maria del Mar is a Canadian rock singer, who was the lead vocalist for 1980s goth rock band National Velvet.Following National Velvet's break from performing, del Mar continued to be a figure in the Canadian indie rock scene.She is sometimes confused with another Maria del Mar, a Canadian television and film actress.", "Marie Currie Marie Michelle Currie (born November 30, 1959) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, and artist. Currie is best known for playing in a band with her identical twin Cherie Currie in their band called Cherie & Marie Currie. Their song \"Since You Been Gone\" charted at number 95 on the US charts. Marie played Singing Maid Marie in the The Rosebud Beach Hotel Marie has her own Facebook and Etsy page called Marie Currie Creations. She has currently sold over 400 pieces of art.", "Marie Fredriksson Gun-Marie Fredriksson, known as About this sound Marie Fredriksson (born 30 May 1958) is a Swedish pop singer-songwriter and pianist, best known for forming one half of the pop rock duo Roxette, which she created together with Per Gessle in 1986. She and Gessle achieved international success from the late 1980s to the early 1990s with a total of six top 10 US hit songs such as \"It Must Have Been Love\", \"Listen to Your Heart\", \"The Look\", \"Joyride\" and \"Dangerous\".", "Mary Lu Zahalan Mary Lu Zahalan is a Canadian rock singer and actress.Born in Renfrew, Ontario and raised in Oakville, Zahalan was a Miss Canada finalist in 1976 before embarking on a career as an entertainer. She was a performing arts teacher at Oakville's Sheridan College.She received a nomination for a Juno Award in 1983 as Most Promising Female Vocalist. In 1990, she released the album Zahalan on MCA Records, and enjoyed moderate success with the single \"I Can't Forget About You\" on Canadian Pop Radio.", "Mei Finegold Mei Finegold (Hebrew: מיי פיינגולד‎, born 16 December 1982), also credited as Mei Feingold, is an Israeli singer. Her third-place finish in Kokhav Nolad 7, Israel's version of Pop Idol, launched her career in 2009. Finegold represented Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014.", "Melissa Auf der Maur Melissa Gaboriau Auf der Maur (/ˌɔːf dər ˈmaʊər/; born March 17, 1972) is a Canadian musician, singer-songwriter, photographer and actress.Born and raised in Montréal, Québec, Auf der Maur began performing in 1993 after forming the indie rock band Tinker while she was a student at Concordia University.", "Melissa Etheridge Melissa Lou Etheridge (born May 29, 1961) is an American rock singer-songwriter, guitarist, and activist. Her self-titled debut album Melissa Etheridge was released in 1988 and became an underground hit. The album peaked at No. 22 on the Billboard 200, and its lead single, \"Bring Me Some Water\", garnered Etheridge her first Grammy Award nomination for Best Rock Vocal Performance, Female. In 1993, Etheridge won her first Grammy award for her single \"Ain't It Heavy\" from her third album, Never Enough. Later that year, she released what would become her mainstream breakthrough album, Yes I Am. The album featured three Top 40 hits, including \"I'm the Only One\" (No. 8) and \"Come to My Window\" (No. 25), the latter scoring Etheridge her second Grammy award. Yes I Am peaked at No. 15 on the Billbo", "Melissa Ferrick Melissa Ferrick (born 1970) is an American singer-songwriter.", "Mia Clarke Mia Lauren Clarke (born March 1983) is a guitarist and backing vocalist from the British alternative rock band Electrelane. She was born in Brighton, England and following a short period living in the Czech Republic moved to Chicago, United States in 2008, studying English Literature and Psychology at the University of Illinois at Chicago.She formed a new band, Follows, in 2008 in Chicago with members of Russian Circles, Bloodiest, and Atombombpocketknife.", "Michelle Malone Michelle Malone is an American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer.She also founded a record company, SBS Records.", "Miss Angie Miss Angie is a Christian music artist who released two albums on Myrrh Records, the final one in 1999. Her music was based in aggressive hard rock and pop sound with a feel that was described as \"retro-eclectic\", and vocals likened to those of Cyndi Lauper.", "Morganne Matis Morganne Matis (by her real name, Anne Tilloy) is a French pop singer, and a former contestant in the third series of popular French television show Star Academy (France) of TF1. Matis released one song as of week 10/2003, which made it to the charts. \"Duel\" spent 12 weeks on the French Singles Chart and reached a peak of number 23.", "Nikki Laoye Oyenike Laoye-Oturu, professionally known as Nikki Laoye, is a Nigerian recording artist, singer, songwriter and dancer, renowned for her eclectic musical expressions and captivating stage performances. Her music has earned her The Headies Award for Best Female Vocal Performance as well as the All African Music Awards (AFRIMA) for Best Female Artiste in African Inspirational Music.", "Nil Karaibrahimgil Nil Karaibrahimgil Erener (born 17 October 1976 in Ankara, Turkey), also popularly known simply as Nil (Turkish for the Nile), is a well known Turkish singer and songwriter mostly noted for her distinct lyrics. Nil's passion and admiration for music stems from her father, Suavi Karaibrahimgil, who is also a musician although he is not currently active in the Turkish music industry.", "Olivia Merilahti Olivia Bouyssou Merilahti (born 25 February 1982 in Paris) is a Finnish-French singer and composer living in France. Her work has been compared to that of Björk, whom she cites as a major influence.Having studied classical music in Helsinki, Merilahti gravitated to rock music, then jazz and electronic music. In 2004, during the writing of music from the movie Empire of the Wolves, she met Dan Levy, with whom she formed French indie rock band The Dø.", "Pamela Morgan Pamela Morgan (born November 25, 1957 in Grand falls, Newfoundland and Labrador) is a Canadian recording artist, songwriter, and owner of independent label Amber Music, now living in St. John's, NL. From 1976 to 1995 she was lead singer of influential folk rock band Figgy Duff.", "Patrice Pike Patrice Pike (born August 4, 1970) is an American singer, songwriter, and musician. She's been a professional musician and songwriter since she was sixteen. Billboard magazine proclaimed her \"one of the finest up and coming contemporary rock singers in America\".", "Patti Russo Patricia \"Patti\" Russo (May 20, 1964, New Jersey) is an American singer/songwriter/actress. She is perhaps best known as Meat Loaf's former female lead vocalist as she toured the world with his band Neverland Express between 1993 and 2013. Since then, she has embarked on a solo career.", "Pina Kollars Pina Kollars is an Austrian-born female folk rock singer. She is usually only known as Pina.", "Pink (singer) Alecia Beth \"Pink\" Hart (born September 8, 1979) (stylized as P!nk) is an American singer and songwriter. Originally a member of the girl group Choice, she rose to fame as an R&B artist with her debut solo album, Can't Take Me Home (2000). The album was certified double platinum in the United States and spawned two Billboard Hot 100 top-ten hits, \"There You Go\" and \"Most Girls\".", "Pollyana Papel Pollyana Papel (born July 20, 1987 in Bebedouro, São Paulo) is a Brazilian singer, songwriter and actress best known for being a finalist on the first season of Ídolos Brazil (Brazilian Idol).", "Rachel Trachtenburg Rachel Sage Piña-Trachtenburg, (born December 10, 1993) better known as Rachel Trachtenburg, is an American musician, singer, actress, model, talk radio host and activist. Trachtenburg is most notable for her key role as drummer and backup vocalist of the Trachtenburg Family Slideshow Players, a family band consisting of herself and her parents, Jason and Tina, from 2000 to 2011. Trachtenburg was also lead singer of the band Supercute! from 2009 to 2013.", "Rachèl Louise Rachèl Louise (born July 8, 1989) is a Dutch-American singer-songwriter. After winning the Utrechtse Popprijs (Utrecht Pop Award) in 2011 and being called Serious Talent at the Dutch pop/rock radio station 3FM, she released her debut album Be Your Own Cheerleader on October 5, 2012.", "Regina Zernay Roberts Regina Zernay Roberts is an American instrumentalist, singer, and songwriter. She is lead singer and bass player of Detroit Diesel Power. She played bass guitar and Moog synthesizer with Scarlet Fever, the all-female backing band that toured with Cee Lo Green during 2010 and 2011. She toured several years in the New Orleans cowpunk band, Cowboy Mouth; was founding bassist/singer of Los Angeles punk rock band, Méchant; and was bassist for the hard rock band, Halfcocked.", "Rita Lee Rita Lee (born Rita Lee Jones, December 31, 1947) is a Brazilian rock singer and composer. She is a former member of the Brazilian band Os Mutantes and is a popular figure in Brazilian entertainment, where she is also known for being an animal rights activist and a vegetarian. She has sold more than 60 million albums worldwide.", "Sade (singer) Helen Folasade Adu, OBE (Yoruba: Fọláṣadé Adú; born 16 January 1959), professionally known as Sade Adu or simply Sade (/ʃɑːˈdeɪ/ shah-DAY), is an English singer-songwriter, composer, arranger, and record producer. With Paul S. Denman, Andrew Hale, and Stuart Matthewman, she gained worldwide fame as the lead vocalist of the English band Sade. Following a brief stint as a fashion designer of men's clothing and part-time model Adu began backup singing for the band Pride.", "Sadie Jemmett Sadie Jemmett (born 16 December 1970) is an award winning British singer-songwriter based in London, who plays guitar, piano, dulcimer and harmonica.", "Saffron (singer) Samantha Marie Sprackling (born 3 June 1968, Lagos, Nigeria) more commonly known as Saffron, is the lead singer of the electronica band Republica. She was also an actress at one point, performing for two years in Starlight Express in London, and in the video for the Chesney Hawkes hit \"The One and Only\" and, as a dancer, in the video for N-Joi's single \"Mindflux\".Following the breakup of Republica, she worked with The Cure, appearing on the track \"Just Say Yes\".", "Saint Lu Luise Gruber (born 27 June 1982 in Wels, Austria), better known by her stage name Saint Lu is an Austrian singer and songwriter. She currently lives and works in Berlin, Germany.", "Sarine Voltage Sarine Voltage (born December 27, 1959) is an American musician, singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist and producer. She is best known for her work with San Francisco \"no wave\" band The Power of 3, as well as industrial Goth rockers, universal black.Her style of writing is laden with counter-melodies from the bass, keyboards, and guitar.", "Sass Jordan Sarah \"Sass\" Jordan (born December 23, 1962) is a British-born Canadian rock artist.", "Shauna Burns Shauna Burns is an American singer, songwriter, pianist, and recording artist.", "Shino Lin Shino Lin (1973) is a Taiwanese female rock singer.", "Shirley Manson Shirley Ann Manson (born 26 August 1966) is a Scottish singer, songwriter, musician and actress. She is the lead singer of the alternative rock band Garbage. For much of her international career Manson commuted between her home city of Edinburgh and the United States to record with Garbage; she now lives and works in Los Angeles.", "Sierra Kay Sierra Kay Kusterbeck (born December 18, 1990), better known as Sierra Kay, is an American singer-songwriter and model. She is best known as the lead vocalist of the rock band VersaEmerge, which she joined in 2007.", "Simi Sernaker Simi Sernaker, born Simantha Sernaker in 1979, is the frontwoman of the rock band Suffrajett. Sernaker was born in New York but currently resides in Chicago, IL.", "Siouxsie Sioux Siouxsie Sioux (/ˈsuːziː suː/, born Susan Janet Ballion; 27 May 1957) is an English singer, songwriter, musician and producer. She is best known as the lead singer of the alternative rock band Siouxsie and the Banshees (1976–1996) and the drum and voice duo The Creatures (1981–2005). Siouxsie and the Banshees released 11 studio albums and several UK Top 20 singles including \"Hong Kong Garden\", \"Happy House\", \"Peek-a-Boo\" plus a Billboard Top 25 hit \"Kiss Them for Me\".", "Sparkle Moore Sparkle Moore (born Barbara Morgan in 1939 in Omaha, Nebraska) is a rockabilly singer, who recorded only a few songs during her career, but was highly influential as a pioneer of female rockabilly. Her name was earned because of her similarity to Sparkle, a supporting character in the Dick Tracy comic strip.", "Steffanie Borges Steffanie Reiko Borges, best known in the years 1970–1980 under her stage name Steffanie (ステファニー) is a Japanese American born in 1961, who has worked both as model and singer.", "Stephanie Finch Stephanie Finch is an American singer, keyboardist and guitarist. She is the wife of Chuck Prophet, with whom she has frequently collaborated and toured. She is a member of Prophet's band, The Mission Express. She recently released her first solo album, Cry Tomorrow.", "Stevie Nicks Stephanie Lynn \"Stevie\" Nicks (born May 26, 1948) is an American singer and songwriter, best known for her work with Fleetwood Mac and an extensive solo career, which collectively have produced over forty Top 50 hits and sold over 140 million albums. She was deemed \"The Reigning Queen of Rock and Roll\" and one of the \"100 Greatest Singers of All Time\" by Rolling Stone, and, as a member of Fleetwood Mac, was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998.", "Susan Tedeschi Susan Tedeschi (/təˈdɛski/; born November 9, 1970) is an American blues and soul musician known for her singing voice, guitar playing, and stage presence. A multiple Grammy Award nominee, she is a member of the Tedeschi Trucks Band (originally known as \"Soul Stew Revival\"), which is a conglomeration of her band, her husband Derek Trucks's The Derek Trucks Band, and other musicians.Tedeschi served as a judge for the 7th annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists' careers.", "Susanna Hoffs Susanna Lee Hoffs (born January 17, 1959) is an American vocalist, guitarist and actress. She is best known as a member of The Bangles.", "Suzi Quatro Susan Kay \"Suzi\" Quatro (born June 3, 1950; Detroit, Michigan) is an American born, British-based singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and actress.She was the first female bass player to become a major rock star breaking a barrier to women's participation in rock music.In the 1970s Quatro scored a string of hit singles that found greater success in European and Australian territories than in her homeland.", "Tian Zhen Tian Zhen (Chinese: 田震; pinyin: Tián Zhèn; born 2 May 1966) is a Chinese rock singer from Beijing. She has described Tina Turner as her favorite singer. Unlike her female Chinese vocalist predecessors she writes and composes her own songs.", "Tina Turner Anna Mae Bullock (born November 26, 1939), better known by her stage name Tina Turner, is a singer, dancer, actress, and author, whose career has spanned more than half a century, earning her widespread recognition and numerous awards. Born and raised in the Southeastern United States, she is now a Swiss citizen.She began her musical career in the mid-1950s as a featured singer with Ike Turner's Kings of Rhythm, first recording in 1958 under the name \"Little Ann\".", "Tishma Tishma is the most successful and well-known female rock music star in Bangladesh to date. She is also known as the \"Rock Princess of Bengal\" among her fans. She is a renowned teenage singer, music composer, songwriter, record producer, music director, arranger, conductor, guitarist, keyboardist, rapper, rock musician, and plays different types of musical instruments such as guitar, keyboard, drums and others, and she is the first female music composer of Bangladesh.", "Tobey Black Tobey Black is a Canadian punk rock and indie rock musician. She has been a guitarist and vocalist for the Vancouver bands Maow and The Gay.", "Tobi Vail Tobi Celeste Vail (born July 20, 1969) is an independent musician, music critic and feminist from Olympia, Washington. She was a central figure in the riot grrl scene—she coined the spelling of \"grrl\"—and she started the zine Jigsaw. A drummer, guitarist and singer, she was a founding member of the band Bikini Kill. Vail has collaborated in several other bands figuring in the Olympia music scene. Vail writes for eMusic.", "Tracy Bonham Tracy Bonham (born March 16, 1967) is an American alternative rock musician, best known for her 1996 single \"Mother Mother\".Raised in Eugene, Oregon, Bonham is a classically trained violinist and pianist. She received two Grammy nominations in 1997 for Best Alternative Album and Best Female Rock Vocal Performance. She also appeared with The Blue Man Group on the Complex Rock Tour Live DVD and tour.", "Vanessa Paradis Vanessa Chantal Paradis (French pronunciation: ​[vanɛsa ʃɑ̃tal paʁadi]) (born 22 December 1972), known as Vanessa Paradis, is a French singer, model and actress.She became a child star at 14 with the worldwide success of her single \"Joe le taxi\". Since 1991, Paradis has been a spokesmodel for Chanel. She was in a relationship with American actor Johnny Depp from 1998 to 2011, where they had two children. Vanessa's sister, Alysson Paradis, is also an actress.", "Viktorija Snežana Mišković (pronounced [sněʒana mîʃkoʋitɕ]; born December 19, 1958), better known by her stage name Viktorija ([ʋǐktoːrija]), is a Serbian female rock singer known for her raspy voice.", "Wanda Jackson Wanda Lavonne Jackson (born October 20, 1937) is an American singer, songwriter, pianist and guitarist who had success in the mid-1950s and 1960s as one of the first popular female rockabilly singers and a pioneering rock and roll artist. She is known to many as the \"Queen of Rockabilly\" (or \"First Lady of Rockabilly\").Jackson mixed country music with fast-moving rockabilly, often recording them on opposite sides of a record.", "Wendy O. Williams Wendy Orlean Williams (May 28, 1949 – April 6, 1998), better known as Wendy O. Williams, was an American singer, songwriter and actress. Born in Webster, New York, she first came to prominence as the lead singer of the punk rock band Plasmatics. Her infamous stage theatrics included blowing up equipment, near nudity and chain-sawing guitars. After she left home at the age of 16, Williams hitchhiked her way to Colorado, earning money by crocheting string bikinis.", "Érica García Érica García, born April 6 in Buenos Aires, Argentina, is a composer, singer and an actress of Argentinian-American descent. She was nominated in the Latin Grammy Awards of 2000 for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance for her popular tune \"Vete Destino\". She directs her own Academy.", "Şebnem Ferah Şebnem Ferah (born 12 April 1972 in Yalova, Turkey) is a Turkish singer, song-writer, composer, and guitarist. She was the lead vocalist of the all-female hard rock band Volvox until 1994, after which she went on to pursue an illustrious solo career. Her music style varies from pop rock to hard rock though her later albums have progressively incorporated more of the hard rock sound." ]

[ "All-female band An all-female band is a musical group exclusively composed of female musicians. This is distinct from a girl group, in which the female members are solely vocalists, though this terminology is not universally followed.", "Andrée Watters Andrée Watters-Michaud (born January 25, 1983) is a musician and a two-time Félix Award winner from Quebec", "Bessie Smith Bessie Smith (April 15, 1894 – September 26, 1937) was an American blues singer.Nicknamed The Empress of the Blues, Smith was the most popular female blues singer of the 1920s and 1930s. She is often regarded as one of the greatest singers of her era and, along with Louis Armstrong, a major influence on other jazz vocalists.", "Bonnie Raitt Bonnie Lynn Raitt (born November 8, 1949) is an American blues singer, songwriter and slide guitar player. During the 1970s, Raitt released a series of roots-influenced albums which incorporated elements of blues, rock, folk and country. In 1989 after several years of critical acclaim but little commercial success she had a major return to form with the release of her album Nick of Time.", "Caralisa Monteiro Caralisa Dominica Cecile Monteiro is a Recording artist, Singer-songwriter, Bollywood playback singer, vocal arranger, road runner and social activist. Caralisa has been one of the most successful advertising professionals from Mumbai, India, and has sung extensively for Bollywood movies as well as other independent music projects over the last decade and a half. She has lent her voice to more than 4000 Advertising jingles and voice-over projects.", "Cassidy (musician) Cassidy now professionally performing as Cassidy and The Music and previously as Bohème, was the lead singer for the band Antigone Rising from 1999 through 2008.", "Charlene Choi Charlene Choi (born 22 November 1982) is a Hong Kong actress and singer. She is a member of Cantopop group Twins, along with Gillian Chung.", "Cher Cher (/ˈʃɛər/; born Cherilyn Sarkisian on May 20, 1946) is an American singer, actress, and fashion icon.", "Connie Francis Connie Francis (born Concetta Rosa Maria Franconero, December 12, 1938) is an American pop singer and the top-charting female vocalist of the late 1950s and early 1960s. Although her chart success waned in the second half of the 1960s, Francis remained a top concert draw. Despite several severe interruptions in her career, she is still active as a recording and performing artist.", "Dalida Iolanda Cristina Gigliotti (17 January 1933 – 3 May 1987), best known as Dalida, was an Italian singer and actress who performed and recorded in more than 10 languages, including Arabic, Italian, Greek, German, French, English, Japanese, Hebrew, Dutch and Spanish. In 1961 she acquired French citizenship upon marriage, while maintaining her original Italian one.Dalida ranks among the six most popular singers in the world.", "Erinn Swan Erinn Swan, born 19 July 1984, is a singer, songwriter, performer and A&R Representative for Sony Music from Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.", "Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer The Filmfare Best Female Playback Award is given by Filmfare as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi films, to recognise a female playback singer who has delivered an outstanding performance in a film song.Although the award ceremony was established in 1953, the category for best playback singer was introduced in 1959. The award was initially common for both male and female singers.", "Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu The Telugu Filmfare Best Female Playback Award is given by the Filmfare magazine as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Telugu films.The award was first given in 2004. Here is a list of the award winners and the films for which they won.", "Giusy Ferreri Giusy Ferreri (Italian: [ˈdʒuːzi ferˈrɛːri]; born Giuseppa Gaetana Ferreri on 18 April 1979 in Palermo, Italy) is an Italian singer-songwriter. In 2008, Ferreri took part at the first Italian edition of the talent show X Factor, in which she came second. Worldwide she has sold 1,690,908 copies to date.", "Grace Jones Grace Jones (born 19 May 1948) is a Jamaican singer, lyricist, supermodel, record producer, and actress. She was born in Spanish Town, Jamaica and raised by her grandparents. At 13 she moved with her siblings to their parents' home in Syracuse, New York. Jones started out as a model, initially in New York state, then in Paris, working for Yves St.", "Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance The Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance was an award presented at the Grammy Awards, a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards, to female recording artists for works (songs or albums) containing quality vocal performances in the rock music genre.", "Halca Halca (ハルカ, Haruka, born June 11, 1988 in Okinawa, Japan) is a Japanese musician who was elected to be the new High and Mighty Color main vocalist after Mākii's departure.It is revealed in the official site that she has a special skill in shopping and that her favorite food is the goumi and she dislikes watermelon. The site also mentions that her favorite musicians are Kurt Cobain and Brody Dalle.", "Huma Khwaja Huma Khwaja is a Pakistani singer. She sings with her band, Symphony. Born in Karachi, Pakistan, Huma has spent most of her life in Dubai. Music is her passion and having worked with so many successful artists, Huma is no stranger to the music scene. She adores her family, friends and fans and expects nothing less than her life being filled with love, life and laughter.", "It Was Romance It Was Romance is an American rock band, formed in 2009. It began as the bedroom recording project of lead singer and songwriter Lane Moore. Years later, she added Alejandro Triana on guitar, Angel Lozada on drums, and Jeff Connors on bass.", "Julia Neigel Julia Neigel (born April 19, 1966 in Barnaul, Siberia, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union) is a German singer/songwriter, author and producer. Her family moved back to Germany in 1971. She lives in Ludwigshafen am Rhein in Rhineland-Palatinate.She began with singing at 14 and her first album was released when she was 22. Before, she had made classical music. Her music-style is Pop-Rock, with Soul and R'N'B Influences.", "Kathi Wilcox Kathi Lynn Wilcox (born November 19, 1969) is an American musician. She is the bass player in the Julie Ruin and has been in bands such as Bikini Kill, the Casual Dots and the Frumpies.", "Kelly Johnson (guitarist) Bernadette Jean \"Kelly\" Johnson (20 June 1958 – 15 July 2007) was an English guitarist, widely known in the UK in the early 1980s as the lead guitarist of the all-female British heavy metal band Girlschool.", "Kim Gordon Kim Althea Gordon (born April 28, 1953 in Rochester, New York) is an American musician. Gordon, who started out as a visual artist, rose to prominence as the bassist, guitarist, and vocalist of alternative rock band Sonic Youth, which she formed with Thurston Moore in 1981. Gordon also formed the musical project Free Kitten with Julia Cafritz (of Pussy Galore) in the 1990s, and debuted as a producer on Hole's debut album Pretty on the Inside (1991).", "Latin Grammy Award for Best Rock Solo Vocal Album The Latin Grammy Award for Best Rock Solo Vocal Album was an honor presented annually at the Latin Grammy Awards, a ceremony conducted by the Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences to \"recognize excellence and create a wider awareness of the cultural diversity\" and contributions of Latin recording artists in the United States and internationally.", "List of awards and nominations received by Ashanti The following article documents the awards, nominations and accolades received by American singer, songwriter and actress Ashanti.", "List of awards and nominations received by Jolin Tsai This is an incomplete list of awards and nominations received by Taiwanese Mandopop artist Jolin Tsai (Chinese: 蔡依林).", "List of country performers by era Below is a list of notable country performers alphabetically by period, with each listing followed by a description of the artists' work.", "National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer The National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer is an honour presented annually at the National Film Awards of India since 1968 to a female playback singer for the best renditions of songs from soundtracks within the Indian film industry.", "Ryan Starr Ryan Starr (born Tiffany Ryan Montgomery; November 21, 1982) is an American singer, songwriter and actress. She finished seventh on the season 1 of the talent search television series American Idol. She has since appeared in numerous movies and both reality and scripted television programs.", "Singing Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of both tonality and rhythm. One who sings is called a singer or vocalist. Singers perform music (arias, recitatives, songs, etc.) that can be sung either with or without accompaniment by musical instruments.", "Sophie Delila Sophie Delila (born 7 August 1983), is a London-based French recording artist, songwriter, musician and producer currently signed to Universal Music.", "Tracy Chapman Tracy Chapman (born March 30, 1964) is an American singer-songwriter, known for her hits \"Fast Car\" and \"Give Me One Reason\", along with other singles \"Talkin' 'bout a Revolution\", \"Baby Can I Hold You\", \"Crossroads\", \"New Beginning\" and \"Telling Stories\". She is a multi-platinum and four-time Grammy Award-winning artist.Chapman was signed to Elektra Records by Bob Krasnow in 1987.", "Trans-Siberian Orchestra Trans-Siberian Orchestra (TSO) is an American progressive rock band founded in 1996 by producer, composer, and lyricist Paul O'Neill, who brought together Jon Oliva and Al Pitrelli (both members of Savatage) and keyboardist and co-producer Robert Kinkel to form the core of the creative team. The band gained in popularity when they began touring in 1999 after completing their second album, The Christmas Attic the year previous." ]

[ "Palace of Moncloa The Palace of Moncloa or Moncloa Palace (Spanish: Palacio de La Moncloa), located in the Ciudad Universitaria (University City) ward of Madrid (part of Moncloa-Aravaca district), has been the official residence for the Prime Minister of Spain since 1977, when Adolfo Suárez moved the residence from the Palace of Villamejor on the Paseo de la Castellana (currently the seat of the Ministry of Territorial Policy).", "Prime Minister of Spain The President of the Government of Spain (Spanish: Presidente del Gobierno), formally known by English-speaking nations and formally translated by the European Commission Directorate-General in English as Prime Minister is the head of Government of Spain." ]

[ "10 Downing Street 10 Downing Street, colloquially known in the United Kingdom as \"Number 10\", is the headquarters of the executive branch of the British Government and the official residence and office of the First Lord of the Treasury, a post which, for much of the 18th and 19th centuries and ever since 1905, is also held by the Prime Minister.Situated in Downing Street in the City of Westminster, London, Number 10 is over three hundred years old and contains approximately one hundred rooms.", "24 Sussex Drive 24 Sussex Drive or Gorffwysfa is the official residence of the Prime Minister of Canada, located in the New Edinburgh neighbourhood of Ottawa, Ontario. Built between 1866 and 1868 by Joseph Merrill Currier, it has been the official home of the Canadian prime minister since 1951. It is one of two official residences made available to the Prime Minister, the Harrington Lake estate in nearby Gatineau Park being the other.", "7, Race Course Road 7, Race Course Road (officially: Panchavati and also 7, RCR) is the official residence and principal workplace of the Prime Minister of India, where he lives and holds most of his official or political meetings. Situated on Race Course Road, New Delhi, the official name of the PM's residence complex is Panchavati.", "Acting Prime Minister An acting Prime Minister is a Cabinet member (often in a Commonwealth nation) who is serving in the role of prime minister, whilst the individual who normally holds the position is unable or unwilling to do so. The role of Acting Prime Minister is often performed by the Deputy Prime Minister. The office is also commonly used when the prime minister is absent from the territory of that nation.", "Ahmad Toukan Ahmad Toukan (Ahmad Tuqan) (15 August 1903–1981) was a Jordanian political leader of Palestinian descent who was the Prime Minister of Jordan from 26 September 1970 to 28 October 1970.", "Alejandro Lerroux Alejandro Lerroux y García (La Rambla, Córdoba, 4 March 1864 – Madrid, 25 June 1949) was a Spanish politician who was the leader of the Radical Republican Party during the Second Spanish Republic. He served as Prime Minister of Spain three times from 1933 to 1935 and held several cabinet posts as well.The word Lerrouxism (Spanish: Lerrouxismo, Catalan: Lerrouxisme) was coined after this politician's name.", "Alfonso Guerra Alfonso Guerra González (born 31 May 1940 in Seville) is a Spanish politician. A leading member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), he served as vice president of the government (vicepresidente del Gobierno, i.e., equivalent to deputy prime minister) of Spain from 1982 to 1991, under the premiership of Felipe González.", "Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba (Spanish pronunciation: [alˈfɾeðo ˈpeɾeθ ruβalˈkaβa]; born 28 July 1951) is a Spanish politician who was General Secretary of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) from 2012 to 2014. He served in the government of Spain as Minister of Education from 1992 to 1993 and as Minister of the Interior from 2006 to 2011; in addition, he was First Deputy Prime Minister from 2010 to 2011. He holds a PhD in Organic Chemistry from the Complutense University of Madrid.", "Ali Abu al-Ragheb Ali Abu al-Ragheb (Arabic: علي أبو الراغب‎) (born 1946) was the Prime Minister of Jordan from June 19, 2000 until October 25, 2003. He resigned and was replaced by Faisal al-Fayez.Prime Minister Ali Abu Ragheb was born in Amman, Jordan in 1946. He obtained his BSc in Civil Engineering in 1967 from the University of Tennessee in the United States.Abu Ragheb was partner and managing director of National Engineering and Contracting Co from 1971-1991.", "Başbakanlık Konutu Başbakanlık Konutu is the official residence of the Prime Minister of Turkey, where he or she lives and holds most of his or her official meetings.", "Beit Aghion Beit Aghion (Hebrew: בית אגיון‎), also known as Beit Rosh HaMemshala (Hebrew: בית ראש הממשלה‎, lit. House of the Prime Minister) is the official residence of the Prime Minister of Israel. It is located at 9 Smolenskin street, on the street corner of Balfour street in the upscale Jerusalem neighborhood of Rehavia, situated between the city center and Talbiya neighborhood.", "Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun is the Polisario Front representative to Spain, with a base in Madrid. He has been Prime Minister of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic twice. He studied Economics at the University of Havana, Cuba. He speaks Hassaniya (a variety of Arabic) & Spanish.", "Chequers Chequers, or Chequers Court, is the country house retreat of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. The residence is located near Ellesborough, to the south of Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire, England, at the foot of the Chiltern Hills. Coombe Hill, once part of the estate, can be seen just behind. It has been the private retreat of the Prime Minister since 1921.", "Ciriaco De Mita Ciriaco Luigi De Mita (Italian pronunciation: [tʃiˈriːako luˈiːʤi de ˈmiːta]; born 2 February 1928) is an Italian politician. He served as the 47th Prime Minister of Italy from 1988 to 1989 and as Member of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2013.", "Clarisse House The Clarisse House is the official residence of the Prime Minister of Mauritius at 37, Riverwalk Vacoas, Plaines Wilhems. It is frequently used for governmental conferences, summits and other official purposes, including the Prime Minister's New Year Speech. The current occupant of this house is the present Prime Minister, Sir Anerood Jugnauth and his wife Lady Sarojini Jugnauth. The Prime Minister's Office is located at Port Louis.", "Deputy Prime Minister of Australia The Deputy Prime Minister of Australia is the second-most senior officer in the Government of Australia. The office of Deputy Prime Minister was created as a ministerial portfolio in 1968. The Deputy Prime Minister is appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of the Prime Minister.The current Deputy Prime Minister is National Party leader, Warren Truss. The Deputy Prime Minister is entitled to additional pay over and above those of a Minister in Cabinet.", "Deputy Prime Minister of Spain The Deputy Prime Minister of Spain (Spanish: Vicepresidente primero del Gobierno de España, strictly First Vice President of the Government of Spain) is the second in command to the Prime Minister of Spain, filling in for him when he is absent or incapable of exercising his power. The person for the post is usually handpicked by the Prime Minister from the members of the Cabinet.", "Deputy prime minister A deputy prime minister or vice prime minister is, in some countries, a government minister who can take the position of acting prime minister when the prime minister is temporarily absent. The position is often likened to that of a vice president, but is significantly different, though both positions are \"number two\" offices.", "Enrico Letta Enrico Letta (pronounced [enˌriːko ˈlɛtta]; born 20 August 1966) is an Italian politician who was Prime Minister of Italy from 2013 to 2014, leading a grand coalition comprising the centre-left Democratic Party, the centre-right People of Freedom, and the centrist Civic Choice. He has also been a Member of the Chamber of Deputies since 2006.", "F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich Frederick John Robinson, 1st Earl of Ripon PC (1 November 1782 – 28 January 1859), styled The Honourable F. J. Robinson until 1827 and known as The Viscount Goderich /ˈɡoʊdrɪtʃ/ GOHD-rich between 1827 and 1833, the name by which he is best known to history, was a British statesman. He was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom between August 1827 and January 1828.A member of the rural landowning aristocracy, Robinson entered politics through family connections.", "Faisal al-Fayez Faisal al-Fayez (Arabic: فيصل الفايز‎) (born 1952 in Amman) was the Prime Minister of Jordan from 25 October 2003 to 6 April 2005. He took office following the resignation of Ali Abu al-Ragheb. He resigned after being criticized for not being reformist enough. He previously served as Defence Minister and is close to the king.", "Felipe González Felipe González Márquez (Spanish pronunciation: [feˈlipe ɣonˈθaleθ ˈmarkeθ], born 5 March 1942) is a Spanish social-democratic politician. He was the General Secretary of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) from 1974 to 1997. To date, he remains the longest-serving Prime Minister of Spain, after having served four successive mandates from 1982 to 1996.", "Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre Don Francisco Serrano Domínguez Cuenca y Pérez de Vargas, 1st Duke of la Torre Grandee of Spain, Count of San Antonio (es: Francisco Serrano y Domínguez, primer duque de la Torre, conde de San Antonio; 17 December 1810 – 25 November 1885) was a Spanish marshal and statesman. He was Prime Minister of Spain and regent in 1868-1869.", "Francisco de Paula Martínez de la Rosa y Berdejo Francisco de Paula Martínez de la Rosa y Berdejo (March 10, 1787 – February 7, 1862) was a Spanish statesman and dramatist.", "Gonobhaban The Gono Bhaban (Bengali: গণভবন, lit. People's House) is the official residence of the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, where he or she lives and holds most of his or her political meetings. Situated in Sher-e-Bangla Nagor, Dhaka.", "Hans Wiegel Hans Wiegel (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈhɑns ˈʋiɣəl]; born 16 July 1941) is a retired Dutch politician of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD).Wiegel a corporate director by cccupation, was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives on 18 April 1967 after the Dutch general election of 1967.", "Harpsund Harpsund is a manor house located in Flen Municipality, Södermanland County, Sweden. Since May 22, 1953 Harpsund has been used as a country residence for the Prime Minister of Sweden.", "Head of government Head of government is a generic term used for either the highest or second highest official in the executive branch of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony who often presides over a cabinet. The term \"head of government\" is often used differentiating it from the term \"head of state\", e.g.", "Ilaro Court Ilaro Court (pronounced: il'larō kôrt) is the official residence of the Prime Minister of Barbados. Ilaro Court was designed and built in the early 1920s by Lady Gilbert Carter, an American artist whose husband Sir Gilbert Thomas Carter was Governor of Barbados from 1904 to 1911. The name Ilaro was derived from a town in Nigeria where the Governor was stationed when he was an officer.", "Ingvar Carlsson Gösta Ingvar Carlsson (born 9 November 1934) is a Swedish politician who twice served as Prime Minister of Sweden, first from 1986 to 1991 and again from 1994 to 1996. He was leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party from 1986 to 1996.Carlsson was a member of the Riksdag from 1965 to 1996 representing the constituency of Stockholm County (until 1970 in the Lower House).", "Inkognitogata 18 Inkognitogata 18 is the official residence of the Prime Minister of Norway. It is located in Oslo, the capital of Norway. The residence was completed in 2008 and is a complex of new and old buildings.", "Johan Remkes Johannes Wijnandus \"Johan\" Remkes (born June 15, 1951) is a Dutch politician of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). He is the King's Commissioner of North Holland since July 1, 2010.He previously served as a Member of the House of Representatives from October 26, 1993, until Augustus 3, 1998, when he became State Secretary for Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment in the Cabinet Kok II, serving from Augustus 3, 1998, until July 22, 2002.", "José María Aznar José María Alfredo Aznar López (Spanish pronunciation: [xoˈse maˈɾi.a alˈfɾeðo aθˈnar ˈlopeθ]; (born 25 February 1953) served as the Prime Minister of Spain from 1996 to 2004. He is on the board of directors of News Corporation.", "José de Carvajal y Lancáster José de Carvajal y Lancáster (1698 – 1754) was a Spanish statesman.He was son of the Duke of Liñares and his mother was descendant of infante Jorge de Lancastre, a natural son of King John II of Portugal. After graduating at the University of Salamanca, he was appointed oidor (judge) of the Chancillería of Valladolid and later councillor of the Council of the Indies. Prime minister José del Campillo elected him as his personal secretary.", "Kesäranta Kesäranta (in Swedish Villa Bjälbo) is the official residence of the Prime Minister of Finland. It is located in the Meilahti area of Helsinki, overlooking a bay on the north-west side of the city. The Finnish name Kesäranta means \"summer shore\". The residence is owned by the Finnish state through Senate Properties.Designed and built in 1873 as the summer villa of architect Frans Ludvig Calonius, the building was originally named Villa Bjälbo.", "Kirribilli House Kirribilli House is the second official seat, and second official residence, of the Prime Minister of Australia. Located in Sydney, New South Wales, the house is located at the far eastern end of Kirribilli Avenue in the harbourside suburb of Kirribilli. It is one of two official Prime Ministerial seats and residences, the other being The Lodge in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory.", "Lamberto Dini About this sound Lamberto Dini (born 1 March 1931) is an Italian politician and economist. He was the 51st Prime Minister of Italy from 1995 to 1996 and Foreign Minister from 1996 to 2001.", "Leader of the Opposition (Spain) The Leader of the Opposition (Spanish: Líder de la oposición) is an unofficial title traditionally held by the leader of the largest parliamentary party not in government in the Congress of Deputies, the lower house of the Spanish parliament, the Cortes Generales.", "List of Prime Ministers of Canada by residence Before 1951 the Prime Minister of Canada had no official residence and they lived in a variety of structures around Ottawa:John A. Macdonald1867-1870 - A now demolished house at 63 Daly Street in Sandy Hill1872-1873 - A now demolished house 195 Chapel St.", "List of Prime Ministers of Lebanon This is a list of Prime Ministers of Lebanon since the creation of the office in 1926.", "List of Prime Ministers of Luxembourg The Prime Minister of Luxembourg is the head of government in Luxembourg. His official residence and office is in the Hôtel de Bourgogne at 4 rue de la Congrégation in the city of Luxembourg.Since 1989, the title of Prime Minister has been an official one, although the head of the government had been unofficially known by that name for some time.", "List of Prime Ministers of Nepal The position of Prime Minister of Nepal in modern form was called by different names at different times of Nepalese history. Since the inception of the Shah dynasty, the Mul-Kajis served the function of Prime Ministers. In 1806, the position of Muktiyar was created for Rana Bahadur Shah, and the title was subsequently adopted. Although the word \"Muktiyar\" is best translated as \"Royal Representative\", Muktiyar Bhimsen Thapa was the first person to be referred to as Prime Minister by the British.", "List of Prime Ministers of Spain The following is the list of those who have served as President of the Government (i.e., the Prime Minister) of Spain. It also includes similar offices presiding over the Council of Ministries since the position gained a significant power.", "List of Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago This page contains a list of Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago. It includes all ministers post independence.", "List of Prime Ministers of the United Arab Emirates The Vice President and Prime Minister is the Head of Government of the United Arab Emirates. So far, all but the first Prime Minister has also served as Vice-President of the country. While not required by the UAE constitution, historically the ruler or the deputy ruler of Dubai has served as the Prime Minister. The current Prime Minister is Mohammed bin Rashid al-Maktoum.", "List of current heads of state and government This is a list of current heads of state and government, showing heads of state and heads of government where different, mainly in parliamentary systems. Often a leader is both in presidential systems. Some states have semi-presidential systems, where the head of government role is fulfilled by both the listed head of government and the head of state.The list includes the names of the recently elected or appointed heads of state who will take office on an appointed date.", "List of political term limits This is a list of term limits for heads of state, heads of government and other notable public office holders by country.", "Luis Carrero Blanco Don Luis Carrero Blanco, 1st Duke of Carrero Blanco, Grandee of Spain (4 March 1904 – 20 December 1973) was a Spanish admiral and long-time confidant of dictator Francisco Franco. He was assassinated by members of the group ETA.", "Luis González-Bravo y López de Arjona Luis González Bravo y López de Arjona (Cádiz, Spain, 8 July 1811 – Biarritz, France, 1 September 1871) was a Spanish politician, diplomat, intellectual, speaker, author, philanthropist and journalist graduated from law school, who served twice as Prime Minister of Spain, or President of the Government of Spain (Spanish terminology for Prime Minister), from 1843 to 1844 and in 1868.", "Manuel Fraga Iribarne Manuel Fraga Iribarne (Spanish pronunciation: [maˈnwel ˈfɾaɣa iɾiˈβarne]; 23 November 1922 – 15 January 2012) was a Spanish People's Party politician. Fraga's career as one of the key political figures in Spain straddles both General Francisco Franco's dictatorial regime and the subsequent transition to representative democracy. He served as the President of the Xunta of Galicia from 1990 to 2005 and as a Senator until November 2011.", "Manuel Gutiérrez Mellado Manuel Gutiérrez Mellado (April 30, 1912 – December 15, 1995). Spanish Army General, 1st Marquis of Gutierrez Mellado, Honorary Captain General, First Vice-President of the Government for Defense Affairs, 1st Minister of Defense in Spain.", "Manuel Valls Manuel Carlos Valls Galfetti (French: [ma.nɥɛl vals], Catalan pronunciation: [mənuˈɛɫ ˈβaʎs]; born 13 August 1962) is a French politician who has been the Prime Minister of France since 31 March 2014. He was the Minister of the Interior from 2012 to 2014. He is a member of the Socialist Party.Born in Barcelona to a Spanish father and a Swiss mother, Valls was Mayor of Évry from 2001 to 2012 and was first elected to the National Assembly of France in 2002.", "Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero Marcelo de Azcárraga Ugarte y Palmero-Versosa de Lizárraga, hidalgo del condado de Lizárraga (1832–1915) was the thirteenth Prime Minister of Spain following the restoration of the Spanish monarchy. Azcárraga was also the only Spanish Prime Minister of Filipino descent.", "Mariano Rajoy Mariano Rajoy Brey (Spanish pronunciation: [maˈɾjano raˈxoi ˈβɾei]; born 27 March 1955) is a Spanish politician who has been the Prime Minister of Spain, since 2011 and leader of the People's Party since 2004. Rajoy was a Minister in the Aznar administration between 1996 and 2003 and Deputy Prime Minister between 2000 and 2003. Rajoy was the Leader of the Opposition between 2004 and 2011 under José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero's government.", "Marienborg Marienborg has been the official residence of Denmark's prime minister since 1962. It is frequently used for governmental conferences, summits and other official purposes, including the prime minister's new year speech. Unlike the residences of other heads of government and state (e.g.", "María Teresa Fernández de la Vega María Teresa Fernández de la Vega Sanz, LLD (born 15 June 1949) is a Spanish Socialist politician. From 18 April 2004 to 20 October 2010, she was the first deputy prime minister, minister of the Presidency and cabinet spokesperson in the government of Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero. She is the first female deputy prime minister in Spanish history.", "Official residence An official residence is the residence at which a nation's head of state, head of government, governor or other senior figure officially resides. It may or may not be the same location where the individual conducts work-related functions, or actually lives.", "Patrimonio Nacional The Consejo de Administración del Patrimonio Nacional (Board of Directors of the National Heritage, or National Heritage) is a Spanish state agency, under the jurisdiction of the Minister of the Presidency (the support ministry of the Prime Minister's Office or Presidency of the Government) by delegation of the Prime Minister of Spain, that administers the sites owned by the Spanish State and used by the King of Spain and the Spanish Royal Family as residences and for State Ceremonies.", "Peace Palace, Phnom Penh The Peace Palace (Khmer: វិមានសន្តិភាព), also known as the Office of the Prime Minister (Khmer: ទីស្តីការនាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រី), is the principal workplace of the Prime Minister of Cambodia. It is located in Phnom Penh. The building was officially inaugurated by King Norodom Sihamoni on 19 October 2010. Its overall cost was US$50 million. Aside from being the office of the Prime Minister, the Peace Palace has also chaired the East Asia Summit in 2012 and many other meetings with foreign leaders.", "Pedro de Sousa Holstein, 1st Duke of Palmela D. Pedro de Sousa Holstein, 1st Duke of Faial and Palmela (1781–1850) was one of the most important Portuguese diplomats and statesmen in the first half of the 19th century. He also served as the country's first official Prime Minister, the office in essence having already existed.", "President of the Council of Ministers The official title President of the Council of Ministers, or Chairman of the Council of Ministers is used to describe the head of government of the states of Italy and Poland, and formerly in the Soviet Union, Portugal (during the Constitutional Monarchy and during the Estado Novo regime), France (during the Third and Fourth Republics), Spain (during the Second Republic), Brazil (during the Empire, 1822-1889), Luxembourg (1848–1857) and Denmark (1855-1918).", "President of the Government President of the Government, or Chairman of the Government is a term used in official statements to describe several Prime Ministers.President of the Government can refer to: Croatia, Prime Minister of Croatia Greece, Prime Minister of Greece, Πρόεδρος της Κυβέρνησης Lebanon, Prime Minister of Lebanon Philippines, Prime Minister of the Philippines (defunct) Serbia, Prime Minister of Serbia Slovenia, Prime Minister of Slovenia Spain, Prime Minister of Spain, Presidente del Gobierno de España Vatican City, President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City StateChairman of the Government can refer to: Russia, Prime Minister of Russia Adjara, Chairman of the Government of Adjara Slovakia, Prime Minister of Slovakia Czech Republic, Prime Minister of the Czech Republic", "Prime Minister's House (Colombo) Prime Minister's House, most commonly known as Temple Trees, is the official residence of the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka. It is located in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Several recent Presidents have used it as their official residence too.Currently it is used by Ranil Wickremesinghe, the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka.", "Prime Minister's Office (Israel) Israeli Prime Minister's Office (Hebrew: משרד ראש הממשלה‎) is the governmental ministration office with the responsibility of coordinating the actions of the work of all governmental ministry offices, on various matters, and serving and assisting the Israeli Prime Minister in his daily work.", "Prime Minister's Official Residence (Japan) The Prime Minister's Official Residence (総理大臣官邸, Sōri Daijin Kantei) is the principal workplace and residence of the Prime Minister of Japan.", "Prime Minister's Secretariat (Pakistan) The Prime Minister Secretariat is the official residence and principle workplace of the Prime Minister of Pakistan located in 44000 Constitution Avenue, Islamabad, Pakistan. Since 1973, it has been an official residence of every Prime Minister of Pakistan.The secretariat was designed by the Capital Development Authority (CDA).", "Prime Minister of Australia The Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia is the head of government in Australia. The individual who holds the office is the most senior Minister of the Crown, the leader of the Cabinet and the chairperson of the National Security Committee. The office is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia and exists only through an unwritten political convention and tradition. Despite this, in practice it is the most powerful political position in Australia.", "Prime Minister of Barbados The Prime Minister of Barbados is the head of government of Barbados. The Prime Minister is appointed by Elizabeth II, Queen of Barbados (represented by the Governor-General) under the terms of the 1966 Constitution.", "Prime Minister of Canada The Prime Minister of Canada (French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus head of government for Canada, charged with advising the Canadian monarch or federal viceroy on the exercise of the executive powers vested in them by the constitution.", "Prime Minister of Ethiopia The Prime Minister of Ethiopia is the head of the Ethiopian government and the most powerful figure in Ethiopian politics. Although the President of Ethiopia is the country's head of state and nominal chief executive, his powers are largely ceremonial; the Prime Minister holds most of the real power. The official residence of the prime minister, Menelik Palace is in Addis Ababa.", "Prime Minister of India The Prime Minister of India (Hindi: भारत के प्रधानमंत्री Bhārat kē Pradhānmantrī), as addressed to in the Constitution of India, is the chief of government, chief adviser to the President of India, head of the Council of Ministers and the leader of the majority party in the parliament. The prime minister leads the executive branch of the Government of India.", "Prime Minister of Iraq The Prime Minister of Iraq is Iraq's head of government. Prime Minister was originally an appointed office, subsidiary to the head of state, and the nominal leader of the Iraqi parliament. Under the newly adopted constitution the Prime Minister is to be the country's active executive authority. Nouri al-Maliki (formerly Jawad al-Maliki) was selected to be Prime Minister on 21 April 2006.", "Prime Minister of Israel The Prime Minister of Israel (Hebrew: רֹאשׁ הַמֶּמְשָׁלָה, Rosh HaMemshala, lit. Head of the Government, Hebrew acronym: \"ה\\מ) is the head of the Israeli government and the most powerful figure in Israeli politics. Although the President of Israel is the country's head of state and nominal chief executive, his powers are largely ceremonial; the Prime Minister holds most of the real power. The official residence of the prime minister, Beit Rosh Hamemshala is in Jerusalem.", "Prime Minister of Japan The Prime Minister of Japan (内閣総理大臣, Naikaku-sōri-daijin) is the head of government of Japan. The Prime Minister is appointed by the Emperor of Japan after being designated by the National Diet and must enjoy the confidence of the House of Representatives to remain in office.", "Prime Minister of Malaysia The Prime Minister of Malaysia (Malay: Perdana Menteri Malaysia) is the head of government in Malaysia. It is in practice, the most powerful political position in Malaysia. According to convention, the Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party or largest coalition party of the Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives). The Prime Minister has always been from the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) part of Barisan Nasional (previously Alliance) since independence.", "Prime Minister of Mauritius The Prime Minister of Mauritius (French: Premier Ministre de Maurice) is the head of government of the Republic of Mauritius. He presides over the Cabinet of Ministers which advises the President of the Republic and is collectively responsible to the National Assembly for any advice given and for all action done by or under the authority of any Minister in the execution of his office.", "Prime Minister of Northern Ireland The Prime Minister of Northern Ireland was the head of the Government of Northern Ireland between 1921 and 1972. No such office was provided for in the Government of Ireland Act 1920, however the Lord Lieutenant, as with Governors-General in other Westminster Systems such as in Canada, chose to appoint someone to head the executive even though no such post existed in statute law. The office-holder assumed the title Prime Minister to draw parallels with the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.", "Prime Minister of Pakistan The Prime Minister of Pakistan (Urdu: وَزِیرِ اَعظَم‎ — Wazīr-ē Aʿẓam, Urdu pronunciation: [ʋəˈziːr-ˌeː ˈɑː.zəm]; lit.", "Prime Minister of Poland The President of the Council of Ministers (Polish: Prezes Rady Ministrów), colloquially referred to as the Prime Minister of Poland (Polish: Premier Polski), is the leader of the cabinet and the head of government of Poland. The current responsibilities and traditions of the office stem from the creation of the contemporary Polish state (Third Polish Republic), and the office is defined in the Constitution of 1997.", "Prime Minister of Portugal Prime Minister (Portuguese: primeiro-ministro) is the current title of the head of government of Portugal. As head of government, the Prime Minister coordinates the action of ministers, representing the Government of Portugal from the other bodies of state, accountable to Parliament and keeps the President informed. The Prime Minister can accumulate the role of head of government with the portfolio of one or more ministries.There is no limit to the number of terms as Prime Minister.", "Prime Minister of South Korea The Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea is appointed by the South Korean President with the National Assembly's approval. The Prime Minister of South Korea is not required to be a member of the National Assembly.The Prime Minister is the principal executive assistant to the President who is the actual head of government, not the prime minister. The Prime Minister assists the President by supervising ministries, make recommendations for ministers, and is the vice chairman of the Cabinet.", "Prime Minister of Sri Lanka The Prime Minister of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (Sinhalese: ශ්‍රී ලංකා අග්‍රාමාත්‍ය; Tamil: இலங்கை பிரதமர்) is a member of the Cabinet of Sri Lanka. However, the President is both head of state and head of government in Sri Lanka.", "Prime Minister of Sweden The Prime Minister (Swedish: statsminister, literally \"Minister of the State\") is the head of government in Sweden. Before the creation of the office of a Prime Minister in 1876, Sweden did not have a head of government separate from its head of state, namely the King, in whom the executive authority was vested.", "Prime Minister of Thailand The Prime Minister of Thailand (Thai: นายกรัฐมนตรีไทย; rtgs: Nayok Ratthamontri Thai) is the head of government of Thailand. The prime minister is also the chair of the Cabinet of Thailand. The post has existed since the Revolution of 1932, when the country became a constitutional monarchy.The prime minister is appointed by a vote in the Thai House of Representatives by a simple majority, and is then sworn-in by the King of Thailand.", "Prime Minister of the Czech Republic The Chairman of the Government of the Czech Republic (Czech: Předseda vlády České republiky), is the head of the Government of the Czech Republic. The Prime Minister and Cabinet (consisting of all the most senior ministers, who are government ministries heads) are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic.", "Prime Minister of the Netherlands The Minister-President of the Netherlands (Dutch: Minister-president van Nederland), commonly referred to in English as the Prime Minister, is the head of the executive arm of the Dutch government and the chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands. He is the de facto head of government of the Netherlands and coordinates the policy of the government. The current prime minister is Mark Rutte.", "Prime Minister of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic The Prime Minister of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is the head of government of the self-proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), a government in exile based in the Sahrawi refugee camps of Tindouf, Algeria. The post of the prime minister has been held by Abdelkader Taleb Omar since 2003.", "Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands The Prime Minister of Solomon Islands is Solomon Islands' head of government, consequent on being the leader of the party or coalition with majority support in the National Parliament.", "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the head of Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom. The Prime Minister (informal abbreviation: PM) and Cabinet (consisting of all the most senior ministers, who are government department heads) are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Monarch, to Parliament, to their political party and ultimately to the electorate.", "Prime minister A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime minister is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet.", "Red House (Solomon Islands) Red House, located on Vavaya Ridge in Honiara, Solomon Islands, is the official residence of the Prime Minister of Solomon Islands.In October 2011, the National Coalition for Reform and Advancement government of former Prime Minister Danny Philip announced plans to demolish Red House and build a new Prime Minister's residence.", "Ricardo Wall Richard Devereux-Wall (5 November 1694 – 26 December 1777) was an Irish-born cavalry officer, diplomat and minister who rose in Spanish royal service to become Chief Minister. He is usually referred to as Ricardo Wall.", "Rodrigo Rato Rodrigo de Rato y Figaredo (born 18 March 1949) is a Spanish political figure who served in the government of Spain as Minister of the Economy from 1996 to 2004; a member of the conservative People's Party (PP), he was also First Deputy Prime Minister from 2003 to 2004. Subsequently he was Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) from 2004 to 2007.Rato was appointed to become the Managing Director of the IMF on 4 May 2004, and took up his duties on 7 June 2004.", "Seri Perdana Seri Perdana is the official residence of the Prime Minister of Malaysia. It is located in Putrajaya, Malaysia. Construction began in 1997 and was completed in 1999. The building shares similar architecture with Perdana Putra. The first resident of this house was Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, Malaysia's fourth Prime Minister. The current occupant of this house is the present Prime Minister, Najib Tun Razak.", "Signatories to the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe was signed in Rome on 29 October 2004 by 53 senior political figures from the 25 member states of the European Union. In most cases heads of state designated plenipotentiaries to sign the treaty, but some presidents also signed on behalf of states which were republics. Most designated plenipotentiaries were prime ministers and foreign ministers.", "Sikyong The Sikyong (Tibetan: སྲིད་སྐྱོང༌, Wylie: srid-skyong, Lhasa dialect IPA: [sícóŋ]) is the leader of the Central Tibetan Administration, a Tibetan exile organisation also known as the Tibetan government-in-exile. Prior to September, 2012, this office was known as Kalön Tripa, sometimes translated as prime minister[1]. The current Sikyong is Lobsang Sangay. The Sikyong is the head of the Kashag or Cabinet, part of the executive branch of the Central Tibetan Administration.", "Spouse of the Prime Minister of Australia The Spouse of the Prime Minister of Australia is an unofficial title, the holder of which, by convention, is the host or hostess of The Lodge and Kirribilli House, the official residences of the Prime Minister. An unpaid position that has no official responsibilities, the role has gained significance since the 1960s, with the Prime Minister's spouse acting as a key national figure on social issues and a prominent symbol of government.", "Spouse of the Prime Minister of Japan The Spouse of the Prime Minister of Japan (内閣総理大臣夫人, Naikakusōridaijinfujin) is the wife or husband of the Prime Minister of Japan.", "Sri Temasek Sri Temasek (Chinese: 斯里淡马锡) is a two-storey detached house built in 1869 which is sited within the grounds of the Istana in Singapore. During the island's colonial era, it served as the residence of the Colonial Secretary or Chief Secretary. Since the establishment of the State of Singapore in 1959, it has been the official residence of the Prime Minister of Singapore, though none of Singapore's Prime Ministers has ever lived there.", "The Farm (Canada) The Farm (French: La Ferme) is the official residence of the Speaker of the Canadian House of Commons. It is located in Gatineau Park in the community of Kingsmere, part of Chelsea, Quebec, Canada, near the capital Ottawa.The residence is so named because of its history as an old farmstead dating back to the 19th century. Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King privately purchased the farmstead as part of his country estate at Kingsmere Lake in 1927.", "Torcuato Fernández-Miranda Don Torcuato Fernández Miranda y Hevia, 1st Duke of Fernandez-Miranda, Grandee of Spain, KOGF (10 November 1915 – 19 June 1980) was a Spanish lawyer and politician who played important roles in both the dictatorship of Francisco Franco and in the Spanish transition to democracy.Fernández Miranda was born in Gijón, Asturias, on Spain's north coast, in 1915. He died of a heart attack in 1980 while traveling to London.", "Visumpaya Visumpaya, is an official residence of the Government of Sri Lanka. It is located in Lillie Street, Colombo, Sri Lanka. The house has been used as residence for visiting heads of state and local government ministers. It is used by the D. M. Jayaratne, 14th Prime Minister of Sri Lanka as his official residence.", "Wim Kok Willem \"Wim\" Kok, Jr. (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈʋɪm ˈkɔk]) (born 29 September 1938) is a retired Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA). He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 22 August 1994 until 22 July 2002.Kok a trade union leader by occupation, worked for the Netherlands Association of Trade Unions from 1961 until 1976, when it merged to form the Federation Netherlands Labour Movement, Kok served as its first chairman from 1976 until 1986 when he left to enter politics." ]

[ "127 Corridor Sale The Highway 127 Corridor Sale, also called the 127 Yard Sale, is an outdoor second-hand sale held annually for four days beginning the first Thursday in August along U.S. Route 127 (US 127). The event has been promoted as \"The World's Longest Yard Sale.\"The original idea came from Fentress County, Tennessee, county executive Mike Walker, and was established in 1987. When it began, the sale route followed US 127 from Covington, Kentucky, to Chattanooga, Tennessee.", "West Michigan's Longest Yard Sale The West Michigan Longest Yard Sale is an annual event in Lake and Newaygo counties in Michigan. The four day event usually takes place during the last weekend of June. The event stretches along M-37 starting in the Bailey–Grant area of Newaygo County through Lake County. The corridor spans over 75 miles (121 km). Sales include antiques, crafts, treasures and various food vendors. Sellers include several hundred homeowners, area businesses, and professional dealers and vendors." ]

[ "2001 San Diego Chargers season The 2001 San Diego Chargers season began with the team trying to improve on their 1–15 record in 2000. It was Mike Riley's final season as the teams head coach. At the end of the season running back LaDainian Tomlinson won the Offensive Rookie of the Year award.", "2010 Alabama Vipers season The 2010 Alabama Vipers season is the 10th season for the franchise, but the first under their current name, as well as the first in the Arena Football League. The team is coached by Dean Cokinos and will play their home games at Von Braun Center. The Vipers failed to make the playoffs after posting a 7–9 record and finishing 5th in the American Conference.", "2010 Jacksonville Sharks season The 2010 Jacksonville Sharks season was the inaugural season for the franchise in the Arena Football League. The team was coached by Les Moss and played their home games at Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena. The Sharks put together a 12–4 record, winning the South division and was also the top team in the American Conference. However the Sharks lost a back-and-forth game at home to the Orlando Predators in the opening playoff round by a score of 69–73.", "2010 Orlando Predators season The 2010 Orlando Predators season was the 19th season for the franchise in the Arena Football League. The team was coached by Pat O'Hara and played their home games at Amway Arena. The Predators clinched a playoff berth for the 18th consecutive season by finishing fourth in the American Conference. In the opening round of the playoffs, the Predators defeated the Jacksonville Sharks with a last-second touchdown to win 73–69.", "2010 Tampa Bay Storm season The 2010 Tampa Bay Storm season was the 23rd season for the franchise in the Arena Football League. The team was coached by Tim Marcum and played their home games at the St. Pete Times Forum.", "2010 Tulsa Talons season The 2010 Tulsa Talons season was the 10th season for the franchise, and the first in the Arena Football League, coming from the AF2, which dissolved following the 2009 season. The team was coached by Mitch Allner and played their home games at BOK Center. Finishing first in the Southwest Division, the Talons were the only team from their division to make the playoffs, but lost 38–68 at home to the Tampa Bay Storm in the conference semifinals.", "2011 Iowa Barnstormers season The 2011 Iowa Barnstormers season was the 11th season for the franchise, and the 7th in the Arena Football League. The team was coached by J. T. Smith, who took over as interim head coach on May 17 after John Gregory resigned. The Barnstormers played their home games at Wells Fargo Arena.", "2011 Jacksonville Sharks season The 2011 Jacksonville Sharks season was the second season for the franchise in the Arena Football League. The team was coached by Les Moss and played their home games at Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena. In the regular season, the Sharks went 14–4, qualifying for the playoffs as the top seed in the American Conference. After defeating the Orlando Predators in the conference semifinals, they beat the Georgia Force in the American Conference championship.", "2011 New Orleans VooDoo season The 2011 New Orleans VooDoo season was the fifth season for the franchise in the Arena Football League. The team was coached by Derek Stingley until his firing on June 26. Jon Norris, who coached the Bossier–Shreveport Battle Wings in 2010, stepped down from his General Manager position with New Orleans to become the team's interim head coach. The VooDoo played their home games at New Orleans Arena.", "2011 Orlando Predators season The 2011 Orlando Predators season was the 20th season for the franchise in the Arena Football League. The team was coached by Pat O'Hara. This was the Predators' first season at Amway Center. The Predators finished the regular season 11–7, qualifying for the playoffs for the 19th consecutive season. As the 4th seed in the American Conference, they lost to the Jacksonville Sharks in the conference semifinals, 48–63.", "2011 Pittsburgh Power season The 2011 Pittsburgh Power season was the first season for the franchise in the Arena Football League. The team was coached by Chris Siegfried and played their home games at Consol Energy Center. In their inaugural season, the Power finished 9–9, missing the playoffs.", "400-Mile Sale The 400-Mile Yard Sale, sometimes referred to as the Highway 68 Yard Sale, is an outdoor second-hand sale held annually for four days, beginning in the first weekend of June. It takes place along U.S. Route 68 (US 68) in the US state of Kentucky. It is held in almost all areas along the US 68 corridor from the east side of Paducah through central Kentucky, and ending at Maysville.", "99-yard pass play A 99-yard pass play is the longest play involving a forward pass that is possible in an American professional football game, and gains 99 yards for the offensive team.", "Albert S. Ruddy Albert S. Ruddy (born March 28, 1930) is a Canadian-born film and television producer.", "Arrested (Modern Family) \"Arrested\" is the 7th episode of the fourth season of the American sitcom Modern Family, and the series' 79th episode overall. It aired November 7, 2012. The episode was written by Becky Mann & Audra Sielaff and directed by Gail Mancuso.", "Casnovia Township, Michigan Casnovia Township is a civil township of Muskegon County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,652 at the 2000 census.", "Church sale A church sale is a type of jumble sale (rummage sale) where a church typically needs funding for missions and events or even upkeep of the church, they can hold a sale of used goods donated by church members or other generous members of the neighborhood. These used items are typically what you would find in garage sale or yard sale.The proceeds will go to the church and to fund the specific mission or event or church renovations that need to be done.", "Dreamfall: The Longest Journey Dreamfall: The Longest Journey (Norwegian: Drømmefall: Den lengste reisen) is an adventure video game developed by Funcom for Microsoft Windows and Xbox platforms on April 2006.", "Dreamfall Chapters: The Longest Journey Dreamfall Chapters: The Longest Journey (Norwegian: Drømmefall Kapitler: Den lengste reisen) is an ongoing episodic 3D adventure game with emphasis on character interaction, exploration of the game world, and puzzle solving. It is a sequel to the adventure games The Longest Journey and Dreamfall: The Longest Journey.", "Errtime \"Errtime\" (stands for Everytime) was a single by the rapper Nelly released in March 2005, from the soundtrack to the 2005 film The Longest Yard (which featured Nelly alongside Chris Rock and Adam Sandler). The song managed strong digital download and close to no airplay, balancing out to its billboard peak of #24.", "Final play of Super Bowl XXXIV The final play of Super Bowl XXXIV (also known as The Tackle and One Yard Short) occurred January 30, 2000, in the game between the St. Louis Rams and the Tennessee Titans. Rams linebacker Mike Jones tackled Titans wide receiver Kevin Dyson at the one-yard line, preserving the Rams' 23–16 victory.Given the pressure of the Super Bowl and the wild game that preceded it, the play is considered one of the most exciting game-ending plays in recent National Football League history.", "GTS Finnjet GTS Finnjet was a cruiseferry, built in 1977 by Wärtsilä Helsinki, Finland for Finnlines traffic between Finland and Germany. At the time of her delivery, Finnjet was the fastest, longest and largest car ferry in the world, and the only one powered by gas turbines.", "Garage sale A garage sale (also known as a yard sale, tag sale, moving sale and by many other names) is an informal event for the sale of used goods by private individuals, in which sellers are not required to obtain business licenses or collect sales tax (though, in some jurisdictions, a permit may be required).Typically the goods in a garage sale are unwanted items from the household with its owners conducting the sale. The conditions of the goods vary, but they are usually usable.", "Grant, Michigan Grant is a city in Newaygo County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 894 at the 2010 census. The city is on the boundary between Grant Township and Ashland Township, but is politically independent of both. It is a part of the Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland, Michigan combined statistical area, and is an exurb of Grand Rapids, due to its major commuter route into Grand Rapids along M-37 and into Muskegon along M-46, both cities being about 30 minutes away.", "HMS General Wolfe (1915) HMS General Wolfe, also known as Wolfe, was a Lord Clive-class monitor which was built in 1915 for shore-bombardment duties in the First World War. Her class of eight ships was armed by four obsolete Majestic-class pre-dreadnoughts which had their 12-inch guns and mounts removed, modified and installed in the newly built monitors. Wolfe spent her entire war service with the Dover Patrol, bombarding the German-occupied Belgian coastline, which had been heavily fortified.", "Jamie Mueller Jamie F. Mueller (born October 4, 1964) is a former American football running back who played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Buffalo Bills from 1987 to 1990. Mueller played college football at Benedictine College in Atchison, Kansas where he was a two-time NAIA All-American.Mueller played in 57 career games for Buffalo, with 32 starts. He had 238 rushes in his career with Buffalo, accumulating 901 yards and 4 touchdowns. His longest career run was of 20 yards.", "Jim Whalen James Francis Whalen, Jr. (May 20, 1943 – December 18, 2012) was a professional American football tight end.Whalen was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He played in the American Football League for the Boston Patriots, and then in the National Football League for the Denver Broncos and Philadelphia Eagles. Whalen played college football at Boston College and was selected in the third round of the 1965 AFL Draft.", "Jumble sale A jumble sale, bring and buy sale (U.K, Australia, occasionally Canada) or rummage sale (U.S and Canada) is an event at which second hand goods are sold, usually by an institution such as a local Boys' Brigade Company, Scout group, or religious institution such as a church, as a fundraising or charitable effort. A rummage sale by a church is called a church sale or white elephant sale, frequently as part of a church bazaar.", "Kijfhoek (classification yard) Kijfhoek classification yard is a hump yard type freight rail yard between Rotterdam and Dordrecht in the western Netherlands. The rail yard is named after the nearby village Kijfhoek in the municipality Zwijndrecht. With an area of 50 hectares Kijfhoek is the largest of the few railway yards left in the country. The rail yard has a key function in connecting the rail network at the Port of Rotterdam with the rest of the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany.", "Lake County, Michigan Lake County is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the population was 11,539. The county seat is Baldwin. The county was set off as Aishcum County in 1840. In 1843 it was renamed Lake, for its many lakes. It was organized in 1871", "List of longest-running U.S. primetime television series This is a list of the longest running U.S. primetime television series, ordered by the number of broadcast seasons offered by a U.S. broadcast network or cable network in prime time on the show's original run. Broadcast syndication that could have been scheduled by local stations in prime time have been omitted.", "List of longest-running United States television series This is a list of the longest-running United States television series, ordered by number of years the show has been aired. This list includes only first-run series originating in North America and available throughout the U.S. via national broadcast networks, U.S. cable networks, or syndication. Series continuations (with name changes and/or changes in network) are noted, but series' revivals are treated as separate from the originals (see The People's Court and Jeopardy!).", "List of longest bridges in the world This is a list of the world's longest bridges more than two kilometres long sorted by their full length above land or water. \"Span\" refers to the longest spans without any ground support.", "List of longest rivers in the United States by state This is a list of longest rivers in the United States by state. It includes rivers that pass through the state or compose a portion of the state's border, as well as rivers entirely contained within the state.", "List of the longest-running Broadway shows This list contains the 100 longest-running shows on Broadway. Unless otherwise noted, the run count listed is for the original Broadway production of the show. M denotes a musical, P denotes a straight play, R denotes revue, D denotes a predominantly dance musical, and S denotes a special case. As of September 27, 2015.", "Longest word in English The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long.", "M-37 (Michigan highway) M-37 is a north–south state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan. The southern terminus is near the border between Kalamazoo and Calhoun counties at exit 92 of Interstate 94 (I-94) southwest of Battle Creek. The northern terminus is at the Mission Point Light on Old Mission Point in Grand Traverse County. In between, the highway connects Battle Creek, Grand Rapids and Traverse City. Motorists will travel through agricultural land, forests, suburbs and large cities along the way.", "Newaygo County, Michigan Newaygo County is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the population was 48,460. The county seat is White Cloud. The county was created in 1840 and organized in 1851. It was either named for an Ojibwe leader who signed the Saginaw Treaty of 1819 or for a Native American word meaning much water.", "Open House of Horrors \"Open House of Horrors\" is the 5th episode of the fourth season of the American sitcom Modern Family, and the series' 77th episode overall. It aired October 24, 2012. The episode was written by Elaine Ko and directed by Jim Bagdonas.", "Roller Coaster Fair The Roller Coaster Yard Sale, sometimes referred to as the Roller Coaster Fair, is an outdoor second-hand sale held annually for three days beginning the first Thursday in October. It takes place along several US and state routes in southern Kentucky and northern middle Tennessee.", "Sale, Greater Manchester Sale is a town in Trafford, Greater Manchester, England, historically in Cheshire. It is on the south bank of the River Mersey, 1.9 miles (3.1 km) south of Stretford, 2.5 miles (4.0 km) northeast of Altrincham, and 5.2 miles (8.4 km) southwest of Manchester. In 2001, it had a population of 55,000.Evidence of Stone Age, Roman, and Anglo-Saxon activity has been discovered locally.", "Sale Sharks Sale Sharks is an English professional rugby union club who play in the Aviva Premiership.The club is an offshoot of amateur club Sale FC, still based at Heywood Road in Sale while the Sharks share the newly renamed A.J.", "Sale of the Century Sale of the Century (stylised as $ale of the Century) is a television game show format that has been screened in several countries in various incarnations since 1969. The show found its biggest success in Australia, where it aired weeknights from 1980 to 2001.", "Sale of the Century (Australian game show) $ale of the Century is an Australian game show that aired on the Nine Network from 14 July 1980 to 29 November 2001. Tony Barber hosted a game show with essentially the same format under the title Temptation from 1970 to 1976, and was also the initial host of Sale for over a decade before being replaced by Glenn Ridge in 1991. Hostesses over the years have included Victoria Nicholls, Delvene Delaney, Alyce Platt, Jo Bailey, Nicky Buckley and Karina Brown.", "Sale railway station, Victoria Sale railway station is located on the Orbost line in Victoria, Australia, serving the town of Sale. The original station opened on 1 June 1877 as the terminus of the line from Morwell, before line was extended to Stratford Junction on 8 May 1888.This original station was located in the town of Sale itself, east of Reeve Street. It was a dead-end terminus, with the line from Melbourne and the line to Stratford both entering from the west.", "The Longest Day (book) The Longest Day is a book by Cornelius Ryan published in 1959, telling the story of D-Day, the first day of the World War II invasion of Normandy. It includes details of Operation Deadstick, the coup de main operation by gliderborne troops to capture both Pegasus Bridge and Horsa Bridge before the main assault on the Normandy beaches.", "The Longest Day (film) The Longest Day is a 1962 war film based on Cornelius Ryan's book The Longest Day (1959), about the D-Day landings at Normandy on June 6, 1944, during World War II. The film was produced by Darryl F. Zanuck, who paid author Ryan $175,000 for the film rights. The screenplay was by Ryan, with additional material written by Romain Gary, James Jones, David Pursall and Jack Seddon.", "The Longest Journey The Longest Journey (Norwegian: Den lengste reisen) is a point-and-click adventure video game developed by Norwegian studio Funcom for Microsoft Windows. An iOS version was released on October 28, 2014.", "The Longest Yard The Longest Yard may refer to: The Longest Yard (1974 film), starring Burt Reynolds Mean Machine, a 2001 football (soccer) adaptation starring Vinnie Jones The Longest Yard (2005 film), remake of the 1974 film starring Adam Sandler and Chris Rock The Longest Yard (soundtrack), soundtrack for the 2005 remake. The Tackle, the play that ended Super Bowl XXXIV one yard short of the goal \"ine\\The Longest Yard\", a song by Morgan Page and Lissie__DISAMBIG__", "The Longest Yard (1974 film) The Longest Yard is a 1974 American sports comedy film directed by Robert Aldrich. Written by Tracy Keenan Wynn based on a story by producer Albert S. Ruddy, the film follows inmates at a prison who play football against their guards.", "The Longest Yard (2005 film) The Longest Yard is a 2005 American sports comedy film, a remake of the 1974 film of the same name. Adam Sandler plays the protagonist, Paul Crewe, a disgraced former professional quarterback for the Pittsburgh Steelers of the NFL, who is forced to form a team from the prison inmates to play football against their guards.Burt Reynolds, who played Sandler's role in the original, co-stars as Nate Scarborough, the inmates' coach. Chris Rock plays Crewe's friend, known as Caretaker.", "The Longest Yard (soundtrack) The Longest Yard is the soundtrack to the 2005 film, The Longest Yard. It was released on May 24. 2005 through Universal Records and consisted entirely of hip hop. The soundtrack was a success, peaking at 11 on the Billboard 200, 10 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and 1 on the Top Soundtracks.Two singles also made it to the Billboard charts, \"Errtime\" and \"Fly Away\", both performed by Nelly, who also plays Earl Megget in the film.", "Tracy Keenan Wynn Tracy Keenan Wynn is a screenwriter whose credits include The Longest Yard and The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman (both 1974). He is the son of Keenan Wynn and the grandson of Ed Wynn.", "Two Half Times in Hell Two Half Times in Hell (Hungarian: Két félidő a pokolban), also known as The Last Goal, is a 1962 Hungarian war drama film based on The Death Match.Film, directed by Zoltán Fábri, won a Critics Award at Boston Cinema Festival 1962.", "U.S. Route 127 U.S. Route 127 (US 127) is a 758-mile-long (1,220 km) north–south U.S. Highway in the eastern half of the United States. The southern terminus of the route is at US 27 in Chattanooga, Tennessee. The northern terminus is at Interstate 75 (I-75) near Grayling, Michigan. Since 1987, it has been the core of the annual World's Longest Yard Sale, also known as the Highway 127 Corridor Sale (127 Yard Sale), which now stretches 690 miles (1,110 km) from Addison, Michigan, to Gadsden, Alabama.", "White Elephant Sale A White Elephant Sale is a collection of used items being sold by commonly but not always a non-professional group of individuals or a group or team of individuals, much akin to a yard sale or garage sale, but more often than not usually as a fund-raiser for a various cause.", "Yard (land) A yard is an area of land immediately adjacent to a building or a group of buildings. It may be either enclosed or open. The word comes from the same linguistic root as the word garden and has many of the same meanings. A number of derived words exist, usually tied to a particular usage or building type. Some may be archaic or in lesser use now. Examples of such words are: courtyard, barnyard, hopyard, graveyard, churchyard, brickyard, prison yard, railyard, junkyard and stableyard.", "Yard Sale (Modern Family) \"Yard Sale\" is the 6th episode of the fourth season of the American sitcom Modern Family, and the series' 78th episode overall. It aired October 31, 2012. The episode was written by Abraham Higginbotham and directed by Gail Mancuso.Sofía Vergara submitted this episode for consideration due to her nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards.", "Yard Sale (song) \"Yard Sale\" is a song written by Larry Bastian and Dewayne Blackwell, and recorded by American country music artist Sammy Kershaw. It was released in June 1992 as the third single from the album Don't Go Near the Water. The song reached number 17 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.The song's lyrics, depicting a garage sale conducted after the sale of a house, serve as a metaphor for a failed relationship." ]

[ "Adélie penguin The Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) is a species of penguin common along the entire Antarctic coast, which is their only residence. They are among the most southerly distributed of all seabirds, along with the emperor penguin, the south polar skua, the Wilson's storm petrel, the snow petrel, and the Antarctic petrel. They are named after Adélie Land, in turn named for the wife of French explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville who discovered these penguins in 1840.", "Fledge Fledge is the stage in a young bird's life when the feathers and wing muscles are sufficiently developed for flight. It also describes the act of a chick's parents raising it to a fully grown state. A young bird that has recently fledged but is still dependent upon parental care and feeding is called a fledgling.In ornithology, the meaning of fledging varies, depending on species. Birds are sometimes considered fledged once they leave the nest, even if they still cannot fly.", "Flightless bird Flightless birds are birds that have evolved the inability to fly. There are over 40 extant species including the well known ratites (ostrich, emu, cassowary, rhea and kiwi) and penguins. The smallest flightless bird is the Inaccessible Island rail (length 12.5 cm, weight 34.7 g). The largest (both heaviest and tallest) flightless bird, which is also the largest living bird, is the ostrich (2.7 m, 156 kg)." ]

[ "2008 Summer Olympics The 2008 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad (Chinese: 第二十九届夏季奥林匹克运动会; pinyin: Dì Èrshíjiǔ Jiè Xiàjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì) and commonly known as Beijing 2008, was a major international multi-sport event that took place in Beijing, China, from 8 to 24 August 2008. A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) competed in 28 sports and 302 events (a total of one event more than the schedule of the 2004 Games).", "Abago Abago is a genus of fly from the family Calliphoridae.", "AeroVironment RQ-20 Puma The AeroVironment RQ-20 Puma is a small, battery powered, American hand-launched unmanned aircraft system produced by AeroVironment based in California. Primary mission is surveillance and intelligence gathering using an electro-optical and infrared camera.Previously selected for the United States Special Operations Command in 2008, in March 2012 the United States Army ordered the Puma All Environment (AE) and designated it the RQ-20A.", "Akrafena Akrafena (Akan sword) is an Akan sword, that was originally meant for warfare, but has also assumed other certain functions. They carry adinkra symbols that evoke specific messages. The sword has three parts: a blade, usually made of some metal such as iron; the hilt, made of carved wood or metal; and the sheath, usually made of animal hide. The blade in ritual swords may not have a sharp cutting edge. It often has incised lines or Akan symbolic designs on it.", "Alsophila (moth) Alsophila is a genus of the moth family Geometridae, subfamily Alsophilinae. The genus is notable because of distinct sexual dimorphism leading to strongly reduced wings in females, so much so that they cannot fly. The moths fly in late autumn or early spring.", "American redstart The American redstart (Setophaga ruticilla) is a New World warbler. It is unrelated to the Old World redstarts. It derives its name from the male's red tail, start being an old word for tail.", "Angry Birds Trilogy Angry Birds Trilogy is a video game co-developed by Rovio Entertainment, Exient Entertainment, Housemarque, and Fun Labs and published by Activision.The game contains the first three games of the popular mobile game series (Angry Birds, Angry Birds Seasons and Angry Birds Rio) and was released for Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and on Nintendo 3DS on September 25, 2012 in North America and September 28 in Europe.", "Artificial fly An artificial fly or fly lure is a type of fishing lure, usually used in the sport of fly fishing (although they may also be used in other forms of angling). In general, artificial flies are an imitation of natural food sources which fly fishers present to their target species of fish while fly fishing. Artificial flies are constructed by fly tying, in which furs, feathers, thread or any of very many other materials are tied onto a fish hook.", "Ascension night heron The Ascension night heron (Nycticorax olsoni) is an extinct night heron species from the genus Nycticorax endemic to the South Atlantic island of Ascension. It is predominantly known from the bone fragments of six specimens found in guano deposits and caves on Ascension Island and described by Philip Ashmole, Kenneth Edwin Laurence Ryder Simmons, and William Richmond Postle Bourne in 2003.The Ascension night heron disappeared in the 16th century. Its scientific name commedorates Storrs L.", "Bibliography of fly fishing (fly tying, stories, fiction) This annotated bibliography is intended to list both notable and not so notable works of English language, non-fiction and fiction related to the sport of fly fishing listed by year published. Although 100% of any book listed is not necessarily devoted to fly fishing, all these titles have significant fly fishing content. Included in this bibliography is a list of fly tying, fly tackle, regional guides, memoirs, stories and fly fishing fiction related literature.", "Bird anatomy Bird anatomy, or the physiological structure of birds' bodies, shows many unique adaptations, mostly aiding flight. Birds have a light skeletal system and light but powerful musculature which, along with circulatory and respiratory systems capable of very high metabolic rates and oxygen supply, permit the bird to fly. The development of a beak has led to evolution of a specially adapted digestive system.", "Bird flight Flight is the main mode of locomotion used by most of the world's bird species. Flight assists birds while feeding, breeding and avoiding predators.This article discusses the mechanics of bird flight, with emphasis on the varied forms of bird's wings. The specifics of hovering, take-off and landing are also examined. Additional adaptations of bird's bodies relating to their flying ability are covered. Finally, theories on the evolution of bird flight are discussed.", "Bird in a Silver Cage Bird in a Silver Cage is an album by flautist Herbie Mann recorded in 1976 and released on the Atlantic Records label.", "Birds Fly (Whisper to a Scream) \"Birds Fly (Whisper to a Scream)\", given the reversed title \"Whisper to a Scream (Birds Fly)\" in some markets, is a song by the British band The Icicle Works. It was released in 1983 as the first single from the band's 1984 debut eponymous album The Icicle Works. The song was written by the band's lead singer, Ian McNabb and produced by Hugh Jones.", "Birds Fly South Birds Fly South is the sixth studio album of Houston rapper Lil' Keke. It was released on May 28, 2002 and is now out of print, but there is a Rap Classics version made. There is also a screwed & chopped version and a limited edition two disc version available.", "Birds of Tokyo Birds of Tokyo is a five-piece alternative rock band from Perth, Western Australia. Their debut album Day One, gained them domestic success with it reaching No. 3 on the AIR Independent Album charts, spending a total of 36 consecutive weeks in the top 10.In 2008, the band released Universes, which made it to No. 3 on the Australian ARIA Albums Chart. 2010 saw the band's self-titled third studio release Birds of Tokyo spend over eight months in the Australian top 20, peaking at No.", "Birdz Birdz is an animated television series produced by Nelvana, Silver Lining Entertainment and Clover Lock Productions in association with CBS Television, Sony Wonder and TV-Loonland. The show was first broadcast in 1998 on CBS. Later, it was shown in Scotland in 2001, broadcast on Scottish TV and Grampian TV (now STV North) - now both known as STV. The series was re-broadcast from 2015 as part of the \"Weans' World\" block on STV Glasgow and STV Edinburgh.", "Bombyx second Hybrid Bombyx second Hybrid is a cross between a male Bombyx mori, and a female Bombyx mandarina. Since male Bombyx Mori cannot fly to the female to mate anymore, they are 100% dependent on humans to reproduce. They produce Silkworms like all species in Bobmyx, except they are brownish at the top and grayish at the end. They produce silk, and give out black droppings.The domesticated silkworm (B. mori) was domesticated from wild silkworm (B. mandarina) more than 5,000 years ago.", "C. S. Fly Camillus \"Buck\" Sydney Fly (May 2, 1849 – October 12, 1901) was an Old West photographer who is regarded by some as an early photojournalist and who captured the only known images of Native Americans while still at war with the United States. He took many other pictures of life in mining boom town of Tombstone, Arizona and the surrounding region.", "Cauliflory Cauliflory is a botanical term referring to plants which flower and fruit from their main stems or woody trunks rather than from new growth and shoots. This can allow trees to be pollinated or have their seeds dispersed by animals which cannot climb or fly.", "David Jacka David Brian Jacka OAM (born 14 July 1968) is an aviator and disability advocate. On 5 June 2013, Jacka became the first person with quadriplegia to fly solo around the coast of Australia. The trip took 38 days. He flew a Jabiru J230 with adaptations that he designed to enable him to fly. The purpose of the flight was to spread the message of the charity founded by Jacka, On a Wing and a Chair.", "Elephant and Piggie Elephant and Piggie is a book series for early readers by Mo Willems. The series, which debuted in 2007 with two books, is done in a comic book style, and features two friends: an elephant, Gerald, and a pig, Piggie. The books are written in conversational style with Piggie's words appearing in pink letter bubbles and Gerald's appearing in grey letter bubbles. The books often address issues of friendship.", "Flesh fly (fly fishing) Flesh Fly is a popular fly pattern used by rainbow trout anglers in Western Alaska. This particular fly fishing pattern is designed to mimic a chunk of rotten salmon flesh washing down stream. The pattern is usually tied using white or off white rabbit hair.", "Flightless fruit fly Flightless fruit flies (Order Diptera) encompasses a variety of different species of fly, such as Drosophila melanogaster, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Bactrocera dorsalis, and Drosophila hydei, with genetic mutations that cause them to be flightless. These genetic mutations may have different results such as the development of muscles that cannot support flight or even result in the lack of wings entirely.", "Fly True flies are insects of the order Diptera (from the Greek di = two, and ptera = wings). The most obvious distinction from other orders of insects is that a typical fly possesses a pair of flight wings on the mesothorax and a pair of halteres, derived from the hind wings, on the metathorax.", "Fly (Impact Comics) The Fly is a fictional character who first appeared in the DC Comics' Impact Comics series, The Fly. The character is loosely based on Archie Comics' character, The Fly.", "Fly Casting Analyzer The Fly Casting Analyzer is a research tool for understanding fly casting, developed in 2003 by Bruce Richards of Scientific Anglers and Noel Perkins, a professor of engineering at the University of Michigan.The Fly Casting Analyzer is a unique system that measures the casting stroke of an individual casting a fly line with a fly rod. A sensor attached to the reel seat measures your rod speed and a Palm pilot (or Palm cell phone) then records the casting signature.", "Fly Like a Bird \"Fly Like a Bird\" is a song by American singer-songwriter Mariah Carey, first released on February 13, 2006 by Island Records as the sixth single from her tenth studio album, The Emancipation of Mimi (2005). Written and produced by Carey and James \"Big Jim\" Wright, the song is influenced by Gospel, soul, and R&B music genres.", "Fly Like an Eagle (song) \"Fly Like an Eagle\" is a song written by Steve Miller for the album of the same name. The song went to number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart during the week of March 12, 1977, kept from the top spot by “Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)” by Barbra Streisand. The single edit can be found on Greatest Hits (1974–1978). The song has an unusually mellow and \"dreamy\" feel. It is usually played in tandem with \"Space Intro\".", "Fly River grassbird The Fly River grassbird (Megalurus albolimbatus) is a species of Old World warbler in the Locustellidae family.It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.Its natural habitats are freshwater lakes and freshwater marshes.It is threatened by habitat loss.", "Fly fishing Fly fishing is an angling method in which an artificial \"fly\" is used to catch fish. The fly is cast using a fly rod, reel, and specialized weighted line. Casting a nearly weightless fly or \"lure\" requires casting techniques significantly different from other forms of casting. Fly fishermen use hand tied flies that resemble natural invertebrates, other food organisms, or \"lures\" to provoke the fish to strike(bite at the lure).Fly fishing can be done in fresh or salt water.", "Foro (bird) Foro panarium is an extinct bird of disputed taxonomic status that lived during the early to mid-Eocene around the Ypresian-Lutetian boundary, some 48 million years ago. F. panarium is known from fossils found in the Green River Formation of Wyoming.The taxonomical relations of F. panarium remain unclear. It is sometimes placed in a distinct family Foratidae.", "German cockroach The German cockroach (Blattella germanica) is a small species of cockroach, typically about 1.1 to 1.6 cm (0.43 to 0.63 in) long. In colour it varies from tan to almost black, and it has two dark, roughly parallel, streaks on the pronotum running anteroposteriorly from behind the head to the base of the wings. Although Blattella germanica has wings, it can barely fly, although it may glide when disturbed.", "Gonagas The title gonagas (or konagas), bird man, was a shaman ranking level in Northern Scandinavia amongst noayddes, which possessed special level of spiritual knowledge and visualized themselves to have possession to transform oneself into a bird figure to \"fly\" over mountains. Because of this spiritual ability, Lundius states they were treated more respectfully or had a higher position than other peoples. According to the myth they could \"spiritual communicate,\" i.e.", "Hawking (birds) Hawking is a feeding strategy in birds involving catching flying insects in the air. The term usually refers to a technique of sallying out from a perch to snatch an insect and then returning to the same or a different perch. This technique is called “flycatching” and some birds known for it are several families of “flycatchers”: Old World flycatchers, monarch flycatchers, and tyrant flycatchers.", "Head louse The head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) is an obligate ectoparasite of humans that causes pediculosis capitis. Head lice are wingless insects spending their entire life on the human scalp and feeding exclusively on human blood. Humans are the only known hosts of this specific parasite, while chimpanzees host a closely related species, Pediculus schaeffi.", "Hessian fly The Hessian fly or barley midge, Mayetiola destructor, is a species of fly that is a significant pest of cereal crops including wheat, barley and rye. Though a native of Asia it was transported into Europe and later into North America, supposedly in the straw bedding of Hessian troops during the American Revolution (1775–83). There are usually two generations a year but may be up to five.", "Heterelmis comalensis Heterelmis comalensis is a rare species of beetle known by the common name Comal Springs riffle beetle. It is endemic to Texas in the United States, where it occurs in only two springs. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.This beetle was described as a new species in 1988. It is about 2 millimeters long. It has nonfunctional wings and cannot fly.The beetle lives in Comal Springs in Comal County and San Marcos Springs in Hays County, Texas.", "Hippoboscidae Hippoboscidae, the louse flies or keds are obligate parasites of mammals and birds. In this family there are winged species which can fly at least reasonably well, as well as others with vestigial or no wings which are flightless and highly apomorphic. As usual in their superfamily Hippoboscoidea, most of the larval development takes place within the mother's body, and pupation occurs almost immediately.The sheep ked, Melophagus ovinus, is a wingless, reddish-brown fly that parasitizes sheep.", "Indian Gola The Indian Gola is a small pigeon that looks similar to dragoon pigeons. This pigeon has red eyes, and is a bird of speed and endurance. They have an average speed of 65-70 mph, and can fly more than 10–11 hours without stopping. It is a homing pigeon with a very good homing instinct, but cannot be used for racing because the adults cannot be trained. These pigeons always move freely; the only way to train them is by bringing them when they are 10–12 days old, and feeding them by hand.", "Indian Runner duck Indian Runners (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) are an unusual breed of domestic duck. They stand erect like penguins and, rather than waddling, they run. The females usually lay about 150 – 200 eggs a year or more, depending whether they are from exhibition or utility strains. They were found on the Indonesian islands of Lombok, Java and Bali where they were 'walked' to market and sold as egg-layers or for meat. These ducks do not fly and only rarely form nests and incubate their own eggs.", "It's Tough to Be a Bird It's Tough to Be a Bird is a 1969 educational animated short made by Walt Disney Productions. It won the Academy Award for Best Short Subject, Cartoons in 1970 and was nominated for a BAFTA Film Award for Best Animated Film in 1971. This was the last animated short film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios to win an Academy Award, until Paperman in 2013.In the short, a red bird explains how birds have contributed to human culture, even as people often try to kill them.", "Kinnim Kinnim is a tractate in the Mishna and Talmud. The name means \"nests\", referring to the tractate's subject matter of errors in bird-offerings. The tractate is found in the order of Kodshim, as it details the laws relating to an aspect of Temple service.", "Kleptoparasitism Kleptoparasitism or cleptoparasitism (literally, parasitism by theft) is a form of feeding in which one animal takes prey or other food from another that has caught, collected, or otherwise prepared the food, including stored food (as in the case of cuckoo bees, which lay their eggs on the pollen masses made by other bees).", "Let's Bring Em Home Let's Bring Em Home (LBEH) is a non-profit organization, established in 2001, that arranges for transportation for enlisted military personnel who cannot afford the travel costs otherwise. LBEH is active primarily before and during the US winter holidays, giving junior military personnel an opportunity to fly home and spend the holidays with their families.", "List of Fly Tales episodes The following is an episode list for the animated television series Fly Tales.", "May the Bird of Paradise Fly Up Your Nose \"May the Bird of Paradise Fly Up Your Nose\" is a 1965 novelty song performed by Little Jimmy Dickens. It was Dickens' most successful single on the U.S. country music chart. It spent two weeks at No. 1 that November, and stayed on the chart for a total of 18 weeks. On the overall Billboard Hot 100 the song peaked at No. 15.Neal Merritt, who wrote the song, said it was inspired by one of the many comic putdowns uttered by host Johnny Carson on The Tonight Show.", "Megalurus Megalurus is a genus of passerine bird in the family Locustellidae. The genus was once placed in the Old World warbler \"wastebin\" family Sylviidae. The genus contains six species also known as the typical grassbirds. The genus is distributed from northern China and Japan, to India in the west, and Australia in the south, with most species being located wholly or partly in the tropics.", "Myiasis Myiasis (/ˈmaɪ.əsɨs/ or /maɪˈaɪ.əsɨs/) is the parasitic infestation of the body of a live mammal by fly larvae (maggots) that grow inside the host while feeding on its tissue.", "Myophthiria Myophthiria are genus of biting flies in the family of louse flies, Hippoboscidae. There are 13 known species. All species are Parasites of birds.", "Northern flicker The northern flicker (Colaptes auratus) is a medium-sized member of the woodpecker family. It is native to most of North America, parts of Central America, Cuba, the Cayman Islands, and is one of the few woodpecker species that migrate. There are over 100 common names for the northern flicker.", "Northern parula The northern parula (Setophaga americana) is a small New World warbler. It breeds in eastern North America from southern Canada to Florida.", "Oozlum bird The oozlum bird, also spelt ouzelum, is a legendary creature found in Australian and British folk tales and legends. Some versions have it that, when startled, the bird will take off and fly around in ever-decreasing circles until it manages to fly up itself, disappearing completely, which adds to its rarity.", "Ornithoica Ornithoica are genus of biting flies in the family of louse flies, Hippoboscidae. There are 23 known species. All species are parasites of birds.", "Ornithomya cecropis Ornithomya cecropis is a biting fly in the family of louse flies, Hippoboscidae. It was first isolated from the Mascarene Martin, Phedina borbonica in Madagascar.", "Ornithopter An ornithopter (from Greek ornithos \"bird\" and pteron \"wing\") is an aircraft that flies by flapping its wings. Designers seek to imitate the flapping-wing flight of birds, bats, and insects. Though machines may differ in form, they are usually built on the same scale as these flying creatures. Manned ornithopters have also been built, and some have been successful. The machines are of two general types: those with engines, and those powered by the muscles of the pilot.", "Pacific swift The Pacific swift (Apus pacificus) is a bird which breeds in eastern Asia. This swift is strongly migratory, spending the northern hemisphere's winter in Southeast Asia and Australia. The general shape and blackish plumage recall its relative, the common swift, from which it is distinguished by a white rump band and heavily marked underparts. The sexes are identical in appearance, although young birds can be identified by pale fringes to the wing feathers that are absent in adults.", "Park flyer The term park flyer denotes a class of small, primarily electric powered radio controlled aircraft, so named because their size enables some of them to be operated within the confines of a large public park.", "Philippine flying lemur The Philippine flying lemur (Cynocephalus volans), known locally as the kagwang, is one of two species of flying lemurs, the only two living species in the order Dermoptera. Additionally, it is the only member of the genus Cynocephalus. The other species is the Sunda flying lemur. Recent research from genetic analysis suggests two other species, the Bornean flying lemur and the Javan flying lemur, may exist, as well, but they have yet to be officially classified so.", "Philornis Philornis is a genus of around 50 species of fly (Diptera, Muscidae) from Central and South America. Their larvae are subcutaneous parasites of nestling birds. They parasitize a wide range of bird species including macaws at the Tambopata research site.Two species are also found in the southern United States. One species, Philornis downsi has been accidentally introduced to the Galapagos Archipelago posing a major threat to some of its endemic birds.", "Protocalliphora Protocalliphora or bird blowflies are a blow fly genus containing many species which are obligate parasites of birds. Eggs are laid in bird nests. After hatching, the larvae suck the blood of nestlings. They sometimes feed inside the nostrils of nestling birds and destroy the tissue at the base leading to reduced growth of the upper mandible and the young growing with \\shovel-beaks\\\".\"", "Pseudolynchia Pseudolynchia are genus of biting flies in the family of louse flies, Hippoboscidae. There are 5 known species. One of the more well known speciec is the pigeon louse fly Pseudolynchia canariensis'. All species are Parasites of birds.", "Pyrgotidae Pyrgotidae is an unusual family of flies (Diptera), one of only two families of Cyclorrhapha that lack ocelli. Most species are \"picture-winged\", as is typical among Tephritoidea, but, unlike other tephritoids they are endoparasitoids; the females pursue scarab beetles in flight, laying an egg on the beetle's back under the elytra where the beetle cannot reach it. The egg hatches and the fly larva enters the body cavity of the beetle, feeding and eventually killing the host before pupating.", "Rock dove The rock dove (Columba livia) or rock pigeon is a member of the bird family Columbidae (doves and pigeons). In common usage, this bird is often simply referred to as the \"pigeon\".The species includes the domestic pigeon (including the fancy pigeon), and escaped domestic pigeons have given rise to feral populations around the world.Wild rock doves are pale grey with two black bars on each wing, while domestic and feral pigeons are very variable in colour and pattern.", "Rope lock A rope lock is a device used in a counterweight fly system to prevent a rope, and the line set it controls, from moving. The lock is controlled by a steel handle that engages the lock when vertical and releases it when horizontal. The handle is typically red powder coated or covered by a red rubber grip. A steel, oval-shaped safety ring encircles both the rope and the handle to ensure that the lock cannot be accidentally released.", "Rufous thrush The rufous thrushes are medium-sized insectivorous birds in the genus Neocossyphus of the thrush family Turdidae. These are African forest dwelling species. Two species are commonly called \\ant-thrushes\\\".\"", "Shoal bass The shoal bass (Micropterus cataractae) is a species of freshwater fish in the sunfish family (Centrarchidae) of order Perciformes. One of the black basses, it is native to subtropical waters in Florida and Georgia. It is also occasionally found in rivers and streams of East Alabama where it has been declared an endangered species and cannot legally be kept if caught by fishermen. Of typical size for a black bass, M.", "Some Birds Can't Fly Some Birds Can't Fly (Serbian: Ptice koje ne polete) is a 1997 Yugoslav drama film directed by Petar Lalović.", "Structural abuse Structural abuse is the process by which an individual is dealt with unfairly by a system of harm in ways that the person cannot protect themselves against, cannot deal with, cannot break out of, cannot mobilise against, cannot seek justice for, cannot redress, cannot avoid, cannot reverse and cannot change.Every system contains at least one level at which structural abuse occurs, when the actions of the system takes over the actions of individuals within that system to create structures by which abuse of others occurs.Structural abuse should not be confused with structural violence.", "Söderslätt Söderslätt is a Swedish agricultural district with very high quality soil. It is located in the south-west of Scania, at the southernmost peak of the Scandinavian peninsula.", "The Automatic The Automatic (also known as The Automatic Automatic in the U.S.), are a Welsh rock band. The band is composed of Robin Hawkins on vocals, bass and synthesisers, James Frost on guitar, synthesisers, backing vocals and occasional bass, Iwan Griffiths on drums and Paul Mullen on vocals, guitar and synthesiser – since 2007.", "The Spider and the Fly (poem) The Spider and the Fly is a poem by Mary Howitt (1799-1888), published in 1829. The first line of the poem is \"'Will you walk into my parlour?' said the Spider to the Fly.\" The story tells of a cunning Spider who ensnares a naive Fly through the use of seduction and flattery.", "There Was an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly \"There Was an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly,\" alternatively \"I Know an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly,\" \"There Was an Old Woman Who Swallowed a Fly,\" or \"I Know an Old Woman Who Swallowed a Fly,\" is a cumulative children's song whose music was composed by Alan Mills, and whose lyrics were written by Rose Bonne.", "Tūmatauenga In Māori mythology, Tū or Tūmatauenga (Māori: 'Tū of the angry face') is the god of war, hunting, food cultivation, fishing and cooking. All war-parties were dedicated to him, and he was treated with the greatest respect and awe. He is usually a son of the primordial parent, sky and earth (see Rangi and Papa). Of all the brothers, Tūmatauenga alone fought Tawhirimatea to a standstill and forced him to withdraw.", "Vermilion flycatcher The vermilion flycatcher (Pyrocephalus rubinus) is a small passerine bird in the Tyrannidae, or tyrant flycatcher family. Most flycatchers are rather drab, but the vermilion flycatcher is a striking exception. It is a favorite with birders, but is not generally kept in aviculture, as the males tend to lose their vermilion coloration when in captivity.", "Wakwak The Wakwak is a vampiric, bird-like creature in Philippine mythology. It is said to snatch humans at night as prey, similar to the Manananggal and the Ekek in rural areas of the Philippines, due to its ability to fly. The difference between the Mananggal and the Wakwak is that Wakwak cannot separate its torso from its body while the Manananggal can. Some believe it is also a form a vampire takes.", "Wattled starling The wattled starling (Creatophora cinerea) is a nomadic resident in eastern and southern Africa. It is a species of grassland, open woodland and cultivation.This is the only African starling which appears to show affinities with the Asian starlings, particularly the Sturnus genus. Its bare face patches and ability to open-bill feed in grassland are unique amongst African starlings.", "When the Birds Fly South When the Birds Fly South is a classic lost race fantasy novel written by Stanton A. Coblentz, a \"significant tale ... involving avian theriomorphy.\" It was first published in hardcover by The Wings Press, Mill Valley, California in 1945 and reprinted in 1951. Its importance in the history of fantasy literature was recognized by its republication by the Newcastle Publishing Company as the twenty-third volume of the celebrated Newcastle Forgotten Fantasy Library in April, 1980.", "Wing clipping This article relates to birds. For clipped-wing aircraft, see Wing.Wing clipping is the process of trimming a bird's primary flight feathers \"\\primaries\") so that it is no longer fully flighted.", "Yellow bittern The yellow bittern (Ixobrychus sinensis) is a small bittern. It is of Old World origins, breeding in much of the Indian Subcontinent, east to Japan and Indonesia. It is mainly resident, but some northern birds migrate short distances." ]

[ "Allied-occupied Austria The Allied occupation of Austria lasted from 1945 to 1955.", "Allied Commission Following the termination of hostilities in World War II, the Allied Powers were in control of the defeated Axis countries. Anticipating the defeat of Germany and Japan, they had already set up the European Advisory Commission and a proposed Far Eastern Advisory Commission to make recommendations for the post war period.", "Allied invasion of Sicily The Allied invasion of Sicily, codenamed Operation Husky, was a major World War II campaign, in which the Allies took Sicily from the Axis Powers (Italy and Nazi Germany). It was a big amphibious and airborne operation, followed by a six-week land campaign and was the beginning of the Italian Campaign.Husky began on the night of 9/10 July 1943, and ended on 17 August.", "Axis occupation of Greece The occupation of Greece by the Axis Powers (Greek: Η Κατοχή, I Katochi, meaning \"The Occupation\") began in April 1941 after Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany invaded Greece, and lasted until Germany and its satellite Bulgaria withdrew from mainland Greece in October 1944.", "Axis occupation of Serbia During World War II, several provinces of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia corresponding to the modern-day state of Serbia were occupied by the Axis Powers from 1941 to 1944. Most of the area was occupied by the Wehrmacht and was organized as separate territory under control of the German Military Administration in Serbia.", "Axis power negotiations on the division of Asia during World War II As the Axis powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan cemented their joint military alliance by mutually declaring war against the United States by December 11, 1941, the Japanese proposed a clear territorial arrangement with the two main European Axis powers concerning the Asian continent.", "Axis powers The Axis powers (German: Achsenmächte, Japanese: 枢軸国 Sūjikukoku, Italian: Potenze dell'Asse), also known as the Axis, were the nations that fought in the Second World War against the Allied forces. The Axis powers agreed on their opposition to the Allies, but did not coordinate their activity.The Axis grew out of the diplomatic efforts of Germany, Italy and Japan to secure their own specific expansionist interests in the mid-1930s.", "Battle of Gazala The Battle of Gazala (near modern town of Ayn al Ghazālah) was fought during the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War, around the port of Tobruk in Libya from 26 May to 21 June 1942. The combatants on the Axis side were the Panzerarmee Afrika (Colonel-General Erwin Rommel), consisting of German and Italian units and the Allied forces of the Eighth Army (Lieutenant-General Neil Ritchie) under the supervision of the Commander-in-Chief Middle East, General Sir Claude Auchinleck.", "Belarusian collaborationism with the Axis powers During World War II, some Belarusians collaborated with the invading Axis powers. Until the beginning Operation Barbarossa in 1941, the territory of Belarus was under control of the Soviet Union, as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. However, memories of the Russian Civil War were still fresh, and many people in Belarus wanted an independent Belarus.", "Bulgaria Bulgaria (/bʌlˈɡɛəriə/, /bʊlˈ-/; Bulgarian: България, tr. Bǎlgarija, IPA: [bɐɫˈɡarijɐ]), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Република България, tr. Republika Bǎlgarija), is a country in southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, and the Black Sea to the east.", "Captured US firearms in Axis use in World War II US firearms that were captured and redesignated by the Third Reich.", "Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II Within nations occupied by the Axis Powers, some citizens, driven by nationalism, ethnic hatred, anti-communism, anti-Semitism, or opportunism knowingly engaged in collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II. These collaborationists committed some of the worst war crimes, crimes against humanity and atrocities of the Holocaust.Collaboration is \"a co-operation between elements of the population of a defeated state and the representatives of the victorious power\".", "Eastern Front (World War II) The Eastern Front of World War II was a theatre of conflict between the European Axis powers and co-belligerent Finland against the Soviet Union, Poland and other allies, which encompassed Northern, Southern and Central and Eastern Europe from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945.", "Expansion operations and planning of the Axis Powers Planning for global territorial expansion of the Axis Powers; Germany, Italy and Japan, progressed before and during the Second World War. This included some special strike plans against the Allied nations (with similar intentions to the James Doolittle raid special Allied Strike).", "First Russian National Army The 1st Russian National Army was a pro-Axis collaborationist army under Boris Smyslovsky during World War II. Initially part of Nazi German Wehrmacht, on 4 April 1945 it received a status of the independent allied army. On 3 May 1945, the remnants of the army retreated to Liechtenstein. Liechtenstein was the only state which denied Soviet demands for the extradition of Russians who fought in the side of the Axis powers.", "Foreign relations of the Axis powers Foreign relations of the Axis powers includes states which were not officially members of the Axis but had relations with one or more Axis members.", "Germany Germany (/ˈdʒɜrməni/; German: Deutschland [ˈdɔʏtʃlant]), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, About this sound listen ), is a federal parliamentary republic in western-central Europe. It includes 16 constituent states and covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres (137,847 sq mi) with a largely temperate seasonal climate. Its capital and largest city is Berlin.", "Greater Bulgaria Greater Bulgaria is a term to identify the territory associated with a historical national state and a modern Bulgarian irredentist nationalist movement which would include most of Macedonia, Thrace and Moesia.", "Hungary Hungary (/ˈhʌŋɡəri/; Hungarian: Magyarország [ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ]) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Romania to the east, Serbia to the south, Croatia to the southwest, Slovenia to the west, Austria to the northwest, and Ukraine to the northeast. The country's capital and largest city is Budapest. Hungary is a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, and the Schengen Area.", "Invasion of Normandy The Invasion of Normandy was the invasion by and establishment of Western Allied forces in Normandy, during Operation Overlord in 1944 during World War II; the largest amphibious invasion to ever take place.D-Day, the day of the initial assaults, was Tuesday 6 June 1944. Allied land forces that saw combat in Normandy on that day came from Canada, the Free French forces, the United Kingdom, and the United States.", "Irish neutrality during World War II The policy of Irish neutrality during World War II was adopted by the Irish parliament at the instigation of the Taoiseach Éamon de Valera upon the outbreak of World War II in Europe. It was maintained throughout the conflict, in spite of several German air raids by aircraft that missed their intended British targets and attacks on Ireland's shipping fleet by Allies and Axis alike. De Valera refrained from joining either the Allies or Axis powers.", "Italian Social Republic The Italian Social Republic (Italian: Repubblica Sociale Italiana, RSI), informally known as the Republic of Salò (Italian: Repubblica di Salò), was a puppet state of Nazi Germany during the later part of World War II (from 1943 until 1945). It was the second and last incarnation of the Fascist Italian state and it was led by Duce Benito Mussolini and his reformed Republican Fascist Party.", "Italy Italy (/ˈɪtəli/; Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica Italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and has a largely temperate climate; due to its shape, it is often referred to in Italy as lo Stivale (the Boot). With 61 million inhabitants, it is the 4th most populous EU member state.", "Japan Japan (/dʒəˈpæn/; Japanese: 日本 Nippon [nip̚põ̞ɴ] or Nihon [nihõ̞ɴ]; formally 日本国 About this sound Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, \"State of Japan\") is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, the East China Sea, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south.", "Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46) The Kingdom of Hungary (Hungarian: Magyar Királyság), also known as the Regency, existed from 1920 to 1946 as a de facto country under Regent Miklós Horthy. Horthy officially represented the Hungarian monarchy of Charles IV, Apostolic King of Hungary.", "Laos Laos ((/ˈlaʊs/, /ˈlɑː.ɒs/, /ˈlɑː.oʊs/, or /ˈleɪ.ɒs/) Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ, pronounced [sǎːtʰáːlanalat pásáːtʰipátàj pásáːsón láːw] Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR) (French: République démocratique populaire lao), is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Myanmar (Burma) and the People's Republic of China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south, and Thailand to the west.", "Military history of Finland during World War II The military history of Finland during World War II encompasses three major conflicts. The first two of these – the defensive Winter War in 1939–1940, and the Continuation War alongside the Axis Powers in 1941–1944 – were waged against the Soviet Union.", "Nazi Germany Nazi Germany or the Third Reich (German: Drittes Reich) are common English names for the period of history in Germany from 1933 to 1945, when it was a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP). Under Hitler's rule, Germany was transformed into a fascist totalitarian state which controlled nearly all aspects of life.", "North African Campaign During the Second World War, the North African Campaign took place in North Africa from 10 June 1940 to 13 May 1943. It included campaigns fought in the Libyan and Egyptian deserts (Western Desert Campaign, also known as the Desert War) and in Morocco and Algeria (Operation Torch) and Tunisia (Tunisia Campaign).The campaign was fought between the Allies and Axis powers, many of whom had colonial interests in Africa dating from the late 19th century.", "Operation Zahnarzt Operation Zahnarzt (literally \"Dentist\") was a plan by the Germans to eliminate the Third Army during World War II. The plan of Operation Zahnarzt was to immediately come after Operation Nordwind. The plan was to initiate a pincer movement to encircle and destroy the 3rd US Army.", "Outline of World War II The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to World War II:World War II, or the Second World War – global military conflict from 1939 to 1945, which was fought between the Allied powers of the United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union against the Axis powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan, with their respective allies. Over 60 million people, the majority of them civilians, were killed, making it the deadliest conflict in human history.", "Romania in World War II Following the outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939, the Kingdom of Romania under King Carol II officially adopted a position of neutrality. However, the rapidly changing situation in Europe during 1940, as well as domestic political upheaval, undermined this stance. Fascist political forces such as the Iron Guard rose in popularity and power, urging an alliance with Nazi Germany and its allies.", "Russian collaborationism with the Axis powers Unprecedented numbers of Soviet citizens collaborated with the Axis powers during World War II. They were both ethnically Russian and non-Russian. It is estimated that the number of Soviet collaborators with the Nazi German military was between one and two and a half million.", "Serbia Serbia (/ˈsɜrbiə/, Serbian: Србија, Srbija, IPA: [sř̩bija]), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian: Република Србија, Republika Srbija), is a sovereign state situated at the crossroads between Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans.", "Siege of Odessa (1941) The Siege of Odessa also known as the Defence of Odessa was part of the Eastern Front theatre of World War II in 1941. The campaign was fought by the Axis powers of Germany and Romania against the Soviet Union for control of Odessa, a port on the Black Sea. On 22 June 1941 the Axis invaded the Soviet Union during Operation Barbarossa.It was primarily conducted by the Romanian 4th Army (Armata a 4-a) and elements of the German 11th Army (11. Armee).", "Slovakia Slovakia (/slɵˈvaːkiə/; Slovak: Slovensko Slovak pronunciation: [ˈslovɛnsko]), officially the Slovak Republic (Slovak: Slovenská republika, About this sound listen ), is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. Slovakia's territory spans about 49,000 square kilometres (19,000 sq mi) and is mostly mountainous.", "Spain and World War II The Spanish State under General Franco was officially non-belligerent during World War II. This status was not recognised by international law but in practice amounted to neutrality. In fact, Franco's regime did supply material and military support to the Axis Powers in recognition of the heavy assistance it had received in the Spanish Civil War.", "Tripartite Pact The Tripartite Pact, also known as the Berlin Pact, was an agreement between Germany, Italy and Japan signed in Berlin on 27 September 1940 by, respectively, Adolf Hitler, Galeazzo Ciano and Saburō Kurusu. It was a defensive military alliance that was eventually joined by Hungary (20 November 1940), Romania (23 November 1940), Bulgaria (1 March 1941) and Yugoslavia (25 March 1941), as well as by the German client state of Slovakia (24 November 1940).", "Ukrainian collaborationism with the Axis powers During the military occupation of Ukraine by Nazi Germany, a large number of Ukrainians chose to cooperate with the Nazis. Reasons for this generally included resurgent Ukrainian nationalism, aspirations for regaining Independence and widespread anger and resentment against the Russians over the Holodomor, which occurred only a few years before.", "Vichy France Vichy France is the Allies' description of the government of the French State (État français), following its relocation to the spa town of Vichy, headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain from 1940 to 1944 during World War II. Paris remained the official capital of France. From 1940 to 1942, while the government of France as a whole, Germany militarily occupied northern France.", "World War II World War II (WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, though related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries.", "World War II in Yugoslavia Military operations in World War II on the territory of Yugoslavia started on 6 April 1941, when the kingdom was swiftly conquered by Axis forces and partitioned between Germany, Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria and client regimes.", "Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party (NSDAP), Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer \"\\leader\") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As effective dictator of Nazi Germany, Hitler was at the centre of World War II in Europe and the Holocaust.Hitler was a decorated veteran of World War I. He joined the precursor of the NSDAP, the German Workers' Party, in 1919 and became leader of the NSDAP in 1921.", "Allied Commission Following the termination of hostilities in World War II, the Allied Powers were in control of the defeated Axis countries. Anticipating the defeat of Germany and Japan, they had already set up the European Advisory Commission and a proposed Far Eastern Advisory Commission to make recommendations for the post war period.", "Allies of World War II The Allies of World War II, called the United Nations from the 1 January 1942 declaration, were the countries that opposed the Axis powers together during the Second World War (1939–1945). The Allies promoted the alliance as seeking to stop German, Japanese and Italian aggression.The anti-German coalition at the start of the war (1 September 1939) consisted of France, Poland and Great Britain, soon to be joined by the British Commonwealth (Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa).", "American propaganda during World War II During active American involvement in World War II (1941–45), propaganda was used to increase support for the war and commitment to an Allied victory. Using a vast array of media, propagandists instigated hatred for the enemy and support for America's allies, urged greater public effort for war production and victory gardens, persuaded people to save some of their material so that more material could be used for the war effort, and sold war bonds.", "Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran The Anglo-Soviet Invasion of Iran was the invasion of the Empire of Iran during World War II by Soviet, British and other Commonwealth armed forces. The invasion lasted from 25 August to 17 September 1941, and was codenamed Operation Countenance. The purpose was to secure Iranian oil fields and ensure Allied supply lines (see Persian Corridor) for the Soviets fighting against Axis forces on the Eastern Front.", "Anti-Comintern Pact The Anti-Comintern Pact was an anti-communist pact concluded between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan (later to be joined by other, mainly fascist, governments) on November 25, 1936 and was directed against the Third (Communist) \"nternational.\\recognizing that the aim of the Communist International, known as the Comintern, is to disintegrate and subdue existing States by all the means at its command; convinced that the toleration of interference by the Communist International in the internal affairs of the nations not only endangers their internal peace and social well‑being, but is also a menace to the peace of the world desirous of co‑operating in the defense against Communist subversive activities\"", "Axis & Allies: Pacific Axis & Allies: Pacific is a strategy board game produced by Hasbro under the Avalon Hill name brand. Released in July 31, 2001 and designed by Larry Harris, the designer of the original Axis & Allies game, Axis & Allies: Pacific allows its players to recreate the Pacific Theater of World War II.While it is a strategic board game with a historical setting, it is not designed to be a historical simulation.", "Axis & Allies Axis & Allies is a series of World War II strategy board games, with nearly two million copies printed. Originally designed by Larry Harris and published by Nova Game Designs in 1981, the game was republished by the Milton Bradley Company in 1984 as part of the Gamemaster Series of board games. This edition would be retroactively named Axis & Allies: Classic to differentiate it from later revisions.", "Axis occupation of Serbia During World War II, several provinces of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia corresponding to the modern-day state of Serbia were occupied by the Axis Powers from 1941 to 1944. Most of the area was occupied by the Wehrmacht and was organized as separate territory under control of the German Military Administration in Serbia.", "Axis occupation of Vojvodina The Occupation of Vojvodina (a province of modern Serbia) from 1941 to 1944 was carried out by Nazi Germany and its client states / puppet regimes: Horthy's Hungary and Independent State of CroatiaIn 1941, during World War II, Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and Hungary invaded and occupied the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.", "Axis power negotiations on the division of Asia during World War II As the Axis powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan cemented their joint military alliance by mutually declaring war against the United States by December 11, 1941, the Japanese proposed a clear territorial arrangement with the two main European Axis powers concerning the Asian continent.", "Axis powers The Axis powers (German: Achsenmächte, Japanese: 枢軸国 Sūjikukoku, Italian: Potenze dell'Asse), also known as the Axis, were the nations that fought in the Second World War against the Allied forces. The Axis powers agreed on their opposition to the Allies, but did not coordinate their activity.The Axis grew out of the diplomatic efforts of Germany, Italy and Japan to secure their own specific expansionist interests in the mid-1930s.", "Battle of Crete The Battle of Crete (German: Luftlandeschlacht um Kreta; Greek: Μάχη της Κρήτης) was fought during World War II on the Greek island of Crete. It began on the morning of 20 May 1941, when Nazi Germany launched an airborne invasion of Crete under the code name Unternehmen Merkur (Operation Mercury). Greek and Allied forces, along with Cretan civilians, defended the island.", "Battle of Gazala The Battle of Gazala (near modern town of Ayn al Ghazālah) was fought during the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War, around the port of Tobruk in Libya from 26 May to 21 June 1942. The combatants on the Axis side were the Panzerarmee Afrika (Colonel-General Erwin Rommel), consisting of German and Italian units and the Allied forces of the Eighth Army (Lieutenant-General Neil Ritchie) under the supervision of the Commander-in-Chief Middle East, General Sir Claude Auchinleck.", "Battle of the Mediterranean The Battle of the Mediterranean was the name given to the naval campaign fought in the Mediterranean Sea during World War II, from 10 June 1940 to 2 May 1945.For the most part, the campaign was fought between the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina), supported by other Axis naval and air forces, and the British Royal Navy, supported by other Allied naval forces, such as Australia, the Netherlands, Poland and Greece.", "Belarusian collaborationism with the Axis powers During World War II, some Belarusians collaborated with the invading Axis powers. Until the beginning Operation Barbarossa in 1941, the territory of Belarus was under control of the Soviet Union, as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. However, memories of the Russian Civil War were still fresh, and many people in Belarus wanted an independent Belarus.", "Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II Within nations occupied by the Axis Powers, some citizens, driven by nationalism, ethnic hatred, anti-communism, anti-Semitism, or opportunism knowingly engaged in collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II. These collaborationists committed some of the worst war crimes, crimes against humanity and atrocities of the Holocaust.Collaboration is \"a co-operation between elements of the population of a defeated state and the representatives of the victorious power\".", "Empire of Japan The Empire of Japan (大日本帝国/大日本帝國, Dai Nippon Teikoku, literally \"Greater Japanese Empire\") was the historical Japanese nation-state that existed from the Meiji Restoration on January 3, 1868 to the enactment of the 1947 constitution of modern Japan.Imperial Japan's rapid industrialization and militarization under the slogan Fukoku Kyōhei (富国強兵, \"Enrich the Country, Strengthen the Armed forces\") led to its emergence as a world power and the establishment of a colonial empire.", "European theatre of World War II The European Theatre of World War II, also known as the European War, was a huge area of heavy fighting across Europe, from Germany's and the Soviet Union's joint invasion of Poland in September 1939 until the end of the war with the Soviet Union conquering much of Europe along with the German unconditional surrender on May 8, 1945 (V-E Day).", "Expansion operations and planning of the Axis Powers Planning for global territorial expansion of the Axis Powers; Germany, Italy and Japan, progressed before and during the Second World War. This included some special strike plans against the Allied nations (with similar intentions to the James Doolittle raid special Allied Strike).", "First Russian National Army The 1st Russian National Army was a pro-Axis collaborationist army under Boris Smyslovsky during World War II. Initially part of Nazi German Wehrmacht, on 4 April 1945 it received a status of the independent allied army. On 3 May 1945, the remnants of the army retreated to Liechtenstein. Liechtenstein was the only state which denied Soviet demands for the extradition of Russians who fought in the side of the Axis powers.", "Foreign relations of the Axis powers Foreign relations of the Axis powers includes states which were not officially members of the Axis but had relations with one or more Axis members.", "Hypothetical Axis victory in World War II A hypothetical Axis victory in World War II is a common concept of alternate history. World War II is one of the two most popular points of divergence for the English language alternative history fiction genre (the other being the American Civil War). Such writings express ideas of what the world would be like had the Axis powers of Germany, Italy and Japan won World War II.", "Index of World War II articles (A) A-12 Shrike A Bridge Too Far (book) A Bridge Too Far (film) A Survivor from Warsaw A War Diary Aces of the Pacific Achtung Spitfire! (Avalon Hill) Actes et documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la Seconde Guerre Mondiale Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Action in the North Atlantic Administrative division of Polish territories during World War II Administrative division of Polish territories during WWII Admiral Nimitz State Historic Site - National Museum of the Pacific War Adolf Eichmann Adolf Hitler's personal standard Adolf Hitler Fund of German Trade and Industry Adolf Hitler Advanced Third Reich Aerial Engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War African campaigns of World War II Afrika Korps (game) Afrika Korps After Dachau After the Holocaust Aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising Aftermath of World War II Air-raid shelter Air Assault on Crete Air bombing of Gelsenkirchen in World War II Air Force (film) Air Force Cross (United Kingdom) Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia Air Forces Memorial Air Forces Southern Air raids on Australia, 1942–43 Air raids on Japan Alabama World War II Army Airfields Albania under Italy Albania under Nazi Germany Albanian Fascist Party Albert Göring Albert Hoffmann (Gauleiter) Albert Speer Aleutian World War II National Historic Area Alexander von Falkenhausen Alfred Brian Palmer Aliens Act 1937 All This and World War II Allach (concentration camp) Allgemeine SS Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine Allied Armies in Italy Allied bombing Allied campaign in Norway Allied Commission Allied Control Council Allied Forces Act 1940 Allied Forces Headquarters Allied General Allied High Commission Allied Intelligence Bureau Allied invasion of Italy Allied invasion of Sicily Allied leaders of World War II Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories Allied Occupation Zones in Germany Allied technological cooperation during World War II Allied war crimes during World War II Allied Works Council Allies of World War II Allies Alpine Corps Norway (Germany) America First Party (1944) American-British-Dutch-Australian Command American airborne landings in Normandy American armored fighting vehicle production during World War II American Army Groups in WWII American Battle Monuments Commission American Gathering of Jewish Holocaust Survivors and their Descendants American Goddess at the Rape of Nanking American Guerrilla in the Philippines American Minority Groups in World War II American mutilation of Japanese war dead American Nazi Party American propaganda during World War II American tank production during World War II Amerika Bomber An Englishman in Auschwitz Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler André Maginot Angler POW escape Anglo-Soviet Agreement Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942 Animal rights and the Holocaust Animal rights in Nazi Germany Animal welfare in Nazi Germany Anne Frank and Me Anne Frank House Anne Frank Remembered Anne Frank tree Anne Frank: The Biography Anne Frank: The Whole Story Anne Frank Anschluss Medal Anschluss António de Oliveira Salazar Anti-Fascist Military Organisation Anti-Fascist Organisation Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League Anti-Fascist Underground Patriotic Organization Anti-Japanese Army For The Salvation Of The Country Anti-Japanese propaganda Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies Anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944-1946 Anti-Nazi League Anti-Partisan Guerrilla Warfare Badge Anti-submarine boom (Lake Macquarie WWII) Anti-submarine boom net (Sydney Harbour WWII) Antisemitism in Norway Antoine de Saint Exupéry Anton Mussert Anzio (film) Anzio (game) Anzio order of battle Anzio War Cemetery Appeasement Arbeit macht frei Arbeitsdorf Arbeitseinsatz Arbeitslager Arctic convoys of World War II Aribert Heim Arizona during World War II Arizona World War II Army Airfields Arkansas World War II Army Airfields Armageddon: A Novel of Berlin Armies of the Imperial Japanese Army Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces Army ranks of the Japanese Empire during World War II Armée secrète Art of the Third Reich Article 48 (Weimar Constitution) Aryan Brotherhood Aryan Guard Aryan League Aryan Nations Aryan race Aryanization Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal Association des anciens amateurs de récits de guerre et d'holocauste Atlantic Wall Atlas of the World Battle Fronts Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Attack on Panzer Group West's headquarters at La Caine Attack on Pearl Harbor order of battle Attack on Pearl Harbor Attack on Sydney Harbour Attacks on Australia during World War II Attacks on North America during World War II Attempts to escape Oflag IV-C Aunus Group Au revoir, les enfants Auckland War Memorial Museum Aufklärungsabteilung Auschwitz Album Auschwitz and After Auschwitz bombing debate Auschwitz concentration camp Auschwitz cross Auschwitz Jewish Center Auschwitz Report Auschwitz Trial Ausländerkinder-Pflegestätte Australia in the War of 1939–1945 Australian armoured units of World War II Australian First Tactical Air Force Australian home front during World War II Australian Women's Army Service Australian Women's Land Army Austria at the Time of National Socialism Austrian Holocaust Memorial Award Austrian Holocaust Memorial Service Austrian National Socialism Austrian resistance Autobahn Axis & Allies (1998 video game) Axis & Allies (2004 video game) Axis & Allies: Battle of the Bulge Axis & Allies: D-Day Axis & Allies: Europe Axis & Allies: Pacific Axis & Allies Axis Leaders of World War II Axis leaders of World War II Axis naval activity in Australian waters Axis naval activity in New Zealand waters Axis occupation of Greece during World War II Axis powers Axis Powers Azeri Waffen SS Volunteer Formations", "Index of World War II articles (C) C-108 Flying Fortress C-46 Commando C-47 Skytrain C-54 Skymaster C-76 Caravan C-87 Liberator Express Cabinet Schwerin von Krosigk Cactus Air Force Cairo Conference Cairo Declaration California World War II Army Airfields Call of Duty (series) Call of Duty 2: Big Red One Call of Duty 2 Call of Duty 3 Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare (Nintendo DS) Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare Call of Duty: Finest Hour Call of Duty: Roads to Victory Call of Duty: United Offensive Call of Duty Cambridge American Cemetery and Memorial Campaign along the Southern Section of Datong-Puzhou Railway Campaign at the China-Burma Border Campaign at the Eastern Foothills of Funiu Mountain Campaign of the North China Plain Pocket Campaign to Defend Siping Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Central and Southern China Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Dabieshan Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Liuwandashan Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Northeast China Campaign to Suppress Bandits in northeastern Guizhou Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Shiwandashan Campaign to Suppress Bandits in the Border Region of Hunan-Hubei-Sichuan Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Western Hunan Campaign to the North of Baoding Campaign to the North of Daqing River Campaign to the North of Nanchuan County Campaign to the South of Baoding Campaigns of World War II Camps in Poland during World War II Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years Canadian Army Film and Photo Unit Canadian Automobile Machine Gun Brigade Canadian Battlefield Memorials Restoration Project Canadian Corps (World War II) Canadian Ethnic Cleansing Team Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force Canadian Women's Army Corps Canicattì massacre Cannock Chase German war cemetery Canton Operation Capitulation in the Netherlands and Denmark Captain America Captain Hans Geering Captain Nazi Captured armour in German use on the Eastern Front Captured German equipment in Soviet use on the Eastern front Captured US firearms in Axis use in WW2 Caretaker Government 1945 Carpathian Half-Brigade of National Defence Carpatho-Ukraine Carrie's War Casablanca Conference Casemate d'Auenheim Nord Casemate de Rountzenheim Nord Casemate de Rountzenheim Sud Cases of controversial relations with the Axis of World War II Cash and carry (World War II) Castle Wolfenstein Caucasian Front (Soviet Union) Caucasian Mohammedan Legion Caucasian Muslim Legion Causes of World War II Center of Jewish Studies Shanghai Central Bank of Manchou Central Front (Soviet Union) Central Hopei Operation Central Hupei Operation Central Labour Camp Jaworzno Central Labour Camp Potulice Central Office for Jewish Emigration Central Office of the State Justice Administration for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes Central Pacific Area Fleet Centre de la mémoire d'Oradour Centro di Documentazione Ebraica Contemporanea Ceux de la Libération Ceux de la Résistance Chahar People's Anti-Japanese Army Changjiao massacre Chant des Partisans Characters in Call of Duty Charles de Gaulle Charles H.", "Invasion of Normandy The Invasion of Normandy was the invasion by and establishment of Western Allied forces in Normandy, during Operation Overlord in 1944 during World War II; the largest amphibious invasion to ever take place.D-Day, the day of the initial assaults, was Tuesday 6 June 1944. Allied land forces that saw combat in Normandy on that day came from Canada, the Free French forces, the United Kingdom, and the United States.", "Invasion of Yugoslavia The invasion of Yugoslavia, also known as the April War (Serbian: Aprilski rat, Croatian: Travanjski rat) or Operation 25, was a German-led attack on the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers which began on 6 April 1941 during World War II. The order for the invasion was put forward in \"Führer Directive No.", "Military history of Finland during World War II The military history of Finland during World War II encompasses three major conflicts. The first two of these – the defensive Winter War in 1939–1940, and the Continuation War alongside the Axis Powers in 1941–1944 – were waged against the Soviet Union.", "Military production during World War II Military production during World War II includes the arms, ammunitions, natural resources, personnel and financing which were mobilized for the war.", "Nazi Germany Nazi Germany or the Third Reich (German: Drittes Reich) are common English names for the period of history in Germany from 1933 to 1945, when it was a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP). Under Hitler's rule, Germany was transformed into a fascist totalitarian state which controlled nearly all aspects of life.", "Operation Zahnarzt Operation Zahnarzt (literally \"Dentist\") was a plan by the Germans to eliminate the Third Army during World War II. The plan of Operation Zahnarzt was to immediately come after Operation Nordwind. The plan was to initiate a pincer movement to encircle and destroy the 3rd US Army.", "Outline of World War II The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to World War II:World War II, or the Second World War – global military conflict from 1939 to 1945, which was fought between the Allied powers of the United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union against the Axis powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan, with their respective allies. Over 60 million people, the majority of them civilians, were killed, making it the deadliest conflict in human history.", "Pacific War The Pacific War, sometimes called the Asia-Pacific War, was the theatre of World War II that was fought in the Pacific and East Asia.", "Reichskommissariat Ukraine During World War II, Reichskommissariat Ukraine (abbreviated as RKU), was the civilian occupation regime of much of German-occupied Ukraine (which included adjacent areas of modern Belarus and pre-war Poland). Between September 1941 and March 1944, the Reichskommissariat was administered by Reichskommissar Erich Koch. The administration's tasks included the pacification of the region and the exploitation, for German benefit, of its resources and people.", "Russian collaborationism with the Axis powers Unprecedented numbers of Soviet citizens collaborated with the Axis powers during World War II. They were both ethnically Russian and non-Russian. It is estimated that the number of Soviet collaborators with the Nazi German military was between one and two and a half million.", "Siege of Sevastopol (1941–42) The Siege of Sevastopol also known as the Defence of Sevastopol (Russian: Оборона Севастополя, transliteration: Oborona Sevastopolya) took place on the Eastern Front of the Second World War. The campaign was fought by the Axis powers of Germany, Romania, and Italy against the Soviet Union for control of Sevastopol, a port in the Crimea on the Black Sea. On 22 June 1941 the Axis invaded the Soviet Union during Operation Barbarossa.", "Spain and World War II The Spanish State under General Franco was officially non-belligerent during World War II. This status was not recognised by international law but in practice amounted to neutrality. In fact, Franco's regime did supply material and military support to the Axis Powers in recognition of the heavy assistance it had received in the Spanish Civil War.", "Tripartite Pact The Tripartite Pact, also known as the Berlin Pact, was an agreement between Germany, Italy and Japan signed in Berlin on 27 September 1940 by, respectively, Adolf Hitler, Galeazzo Ciano and Saburō Kurusu. It was a defensive military alliance that was eventually joined by Hungary (20 November 1940), Romania (23 November 1940), Bulgaria (1 March 1941) and Yugoslavia (25 March 1941), as well as by the German client state of Slovakia (24 November 1940).", "Ukrainian collaborationism with the Axis powers During the military occupation of Ukraine by Nazi Germany, a large number of Ukrainians chose to cooperate with the Nazis. Reasons for this generally included resurgent Ukrainian nationalism, aspirations for regaining Independence and widespread anger and resentment against the Russians over the Holodomor, which occurred only a few years before.", "World War II World War II (WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, though related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries.", "World War II by country Nearly every country in the world participated in World War II, with the exception of a few states that remained neutral. The Second World War pitted two alliances against each other, the Axis powers and the Allied powers.", "World War II in Yugoslavia Military operations in World War II on the territory of Yugoslavia started on 6 April 1941, when the kingdom was swiftly conquered by Axis forces and partitioned between Germany, Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria and client regimes.", "World War II persecution of Serbs The World War II persecution of Serbs, also known as the Serbian Genocide, refers to the widespread genocidal persecution of Serbs that included extermination, expulsions and forced religious conversions of large numbers of ethnic Serbs by the Ustaše regime in the Independent State of Croatia, and also the atrocities carried out by Albanian collaborators and Axis occupying forces during World War II.The number of Serbs persecuted by the Ustaše is very high, but the exact extent is the subject of much debate and estimates vary widely.", "World War II political cartoons Political cartoons produced during World War II by both Allied and Axis powers commented upon the events, personalities and politics of the war. Governments used them for propaganda and public information. Individuals expressed their own political views and preferences." ]

[ "Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party (NSDAP), Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer \"\\leader\") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As effective dictator of Nazi Germany, Hitler was at the centre of World War II in Europe and the Holocaust.Hitler was a decorated veteran of World War I. He joined the precursor of the NSDAP, the German Workers' Party, in 1919 and became leader of the NSDAP in 1921.", "Allied war crimes during World War II Allied war crimes include both alleged and legally proven violations of the laws of war by the Allies during World War II against either civilians or military personnel of the Axis Powers.At the end of World War II, many trials of Axis war criminals took place, most famously the Nuremberg Trials and Tokyo Trials.", "Allies of World War II The Allies of World War II, called the United Nations from the 1 January 1942 declaration, were the countries that opposed the Axis powers together during the Second World War (1939–1945). The Allies promoted the alliance as seeking to stop German, Japanese and Italian aggression.The anti-German coalition at the start of the war (1 September 1939) consisted of France, Poland and Great Britain, soon to be joined by the British Commonwealth (Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa).", "Axis & Allies: Pacific Axis & Allies: Pacific is a strategy board game produced by Hasbro under the Avalon Hill name brand. Released in July 31, 2001 and designed by Larry Harris, the designer of the original Axis & Allies game, Axis & Allies: Pacific allows its players to recreate the Pacific Theater of World War II.While it is a strategic board game with a historical setting, it is not designed to be a historical simulation.", "Axis & Allies Axis & Allies is a series of World War II strategy board games, with nearly two million copies printed. Originally designed by Larry Harris and published by Nova Game Designs in 1981, the game was republished by the Milton Bradley Company in 1984 as part of the Gamemaster Series of board games. This edition would be retroactively named Axis & Allies: Classic to differentiate it from later revisions.", "Axis & Allies (1998 video game) Axis & Allies is a 1998 turn-based strategy video game closely based on the Axis and Allies: Classic board game.Players take control of one of five world powers at the start of 1942 in WW2, grouped into the opposing factions of the Allies (US, UK, and USSR) and the Axis (Germany and Japan).", "Axis & Allies (2004 video game) Axis & Allies (abbreviated to A&A), also called Axis & Allies RTS, is a real-time strategy World War II computer game developed by TimeGate Studios and published by Atari. The game was released on November 2, 2004. It is based on the popular board game Axis & Allies from Milton Bradley and also on TimeGate's Kohan series. It is set in the years just after Japan and the United States had entered into the war.The game incorporates two gameplay modes: real-time and turn-based modes.", "Axis Sally Axis Sally was the generic nickname given to female radio personalities who broadcast English-language propaganda for the European Axis Powers during World War II. These included:Mildred Gillars, German-American who broadcast for GermanyRita Zucca, Italian-American who broadcast for Italy", "Cambodia Cambodia (/kæmˈboʊdiə/; Khmer: កម្ពុជា, Kampuchea, IPA: [kɑmˈpuˈciə]), officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia (Khmer: ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា, Preah Reacheanachak Kampuchea) and once known as the Khmer Empire, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia.", "Central Powers The Central Powers (German: Mittelmächte; Hungarian: Központi hatalmak‍; Turkish: İttifak Devletleri or Bağlaşma Devletleri; Bulgarian: Централни сили Tsentralni sili), consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria – hence also known as the Quadruple Alliance (German: Vierbund) – was one of the two main factions during World War I (1914–18).", "Cham Albanian collaboration with the Axis During the Axis occupation of Greece between 1941 and 1944, large parts of the Albanian minority in the Thesprotia prefecture in Epirus, northwestern Greece, known as Chams (Albanian: Çamë, Greek: Τσάμηδες, Tsamides) collaborated with the occupation forces. Fascist Italian as well as Nazi German propaganda promised that the region would be awarded to Albania (then in personal union with Italy) after the end of the war.", "Committee for National Morale The Committee for National Morale was a United States presidential advisory committee for the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt, organized to analyze the nation's overall morale during World War II, study propaganda efforts by the Axis powers, and recommend appropriate strategies in response.", "Croatia Croatia (/kroʊˈeɪʃə/ kroh-AY-shə; Croatian: Hrvatska [xř̩ʋaːtskaː]), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska, About this sound listen ), is a sovereign state at the crossroads of Central Europe, Southeast Europe, and the Mediterranean. Its capital city is Zagreb, which forms one of the country's primary subdivisions, along with its twenty counties.", "Empire of Vietnam The Empire of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Đế quốc Việt Nam; Chinese character: 越南帝國; Japanese: ベトナム帝国) was a puppet short-lived client state of Imperial Japan governing the whole of Vietnam between March 11 and August 23, 1945.", "European theatre of World War II The European Theatre of World War II, also known as the European War, was a huge area of heavy fighting across Europe, from Germany's and the Soviet Union's joint invasion of Poland in September 1939 until the end of the war with the Soviet Union conquering much of Europe along with the German unconditional surrender on May 8, 1945 (V-E Day).", "Finland Finland (/ˈfɪnlənd/; Finnish: Suomi [suomi]; Swedish: Finland [ˈfɪnland]), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordered by Sweden to the west, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east; Estonia lies to the south across the Gulf of Finland. Finland is part of the geographic region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia and parts of Russia.In 2013, Finland's population was around 5.5 million, with the majority living in its southern regions.", "Greece Greece (/ɡriːs/ GREESS; Greek: Ελλάδα, Elláda [eˈlaða]), officially the Hellenic Republic (Greek: Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Ellīnikī́ Dīmokratía [eliniˈci ðimokraˈti.a]) and known since ancient times as Hellas (/ˈhɛləs/; Greek: Ελλάς, Ellás), is a country located in southeastern Europe. According to the 2011 census, Greece's population is around 10.8 million.", "Hetalia: Axis Powers Hetalia: Axis Powers (Japanese: ヘタリア Axis Powers, Hepburn: Hetaria Akushisu Pawāzu ) is a Japanese webcomic, later adapted as a manga and an anime series, by Hidekaz Himaruya. The series' main presentation is as an often over-the-top allegory of political and historic events as well as more general cultural comparisons.", "Home front during World War II The home front covers the activities of the civilians in a nation at war. World War II was a total war; homeland production became even more invaluable to both the Allied and Axis powers. Life on the home front during World War II was a significant part of the war effort for all participants and had a major impact on the outcome of the war.", "Hypothetical Axis victory in World War II A hypothetical Axis victory in World War II is a common concept of alternate history. World War II is one of the two most popular points of divergence for the English language alternative history fiction genre (the other being the American Civil War). Such writings express ideas of what the world would be like had the Axis powers of Germany, Italy and Japan won World War II.", "Independent Macedonia (1944) In September 1944, Nazi Germany briefly sought to establish an Independent State of Macedonia a puppet state in the territory of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia that had been occupied by the Kingdom of Bulgaria following the invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941. When Soviet Union forces approached the borders of Bulgaria near the end of August 1944, Bulgaria declared neutrality and briefly sought to negotiate with the Western Allies.", "Independent State of Croatia The Independent State of Croatia (Serbo-Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, Независна Држава Хрватска, NDH; German: Unabhängiger Staat Kroatien; Italian: Stato Indipendente di Croazia), often referred to simply by the abbreviation NDH, was a World War II puppet state of Germany and Italy, which was established in parts of Axis-occupied Yugoslavia. The NDH was founded on 10 April 1941, after the invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers.", "Index of World War II articles (A) A-12 Shrike A Bridge Too Far (book) A Bridge Too Far (film) A Survivor from Warsaw A War Diary Aces of the Pacific Achtung Spitfire! (Avalon Hill) Actes et documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la Seconde Guerre Mondiale Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Action in the North Atlantic Administrative division of Polish territories during World War II Administrative division of Polish territories during WWII Admiral Nimitz State Historic Site - National Museum of the Pacific War Adolf Eichmann Adolf Hitler's personal standard Adolf Hitler Fund of German Trade and Industry Adolf Hitler Advanced Third Reich Aerial Engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War African campaigns of World War II Afrika Korps (game) Afrika Korps After Dachau After the Holocaust Aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising Aftermath of World War II Air-raid shelter Air Assault on Crete Air bombing of Gelsenkirchen in World War II Air Force (film) Air Force Cross (United Kingdom) Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia Air Forces Memorial Air Forces Southern Air raids on Australia, 1942–43 Air raids on Japan Alabama World War II Army Airfields Albania under Italy Albania under Nazi Germany Albanian Fascist Party Albert Göring Albert Hoffmann (Gauleiter) Albert Speer Aleutian World War II National Historic Area Alexander von Falkenhausen Alfred Brian Palmer Aliens Act 1937 All This and World War II Allach (concentration camp) Allgemeine SS Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine Allied Armies in Italy Allied bombing Allied campaign in Norway Allied Commission Allied Control Council Allied Forces Act 1940 Allied Forces Headquarters Allied General Allied High Commission Allied Intelligence Bureau Allied invasion of Italy Allied invasion of Sicily Allied leaders of World War II Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories Allied Occupation Zones in Germany Allied technological cooperation during World War II Allied war crimes during World War II Allied Works Council Allies of World War II Allies Alpine Corps Norway (Germany) America First Party (1944) American-British-Dutch-Australian Command American airborne landings in Normandy American armored fighting vehicle production during World War II American Army Groups in WWII American Battle Monuments Commission American Gathering of Jewish Holocaust Survivors and their Descendants American Goddess at the Rape of Nanking American Guerrilla in the Philippines American Minority Groups in World War II American mutilation of Japanese war dead American Nazi Party American propaganda during World War II American tank production during World War II Amerika Bomber An Englishman in Auschwitz Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler André Maginot Angler POW escape Anglo-Soviet Agreement Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942 Animal rights and the Holocaust Animal rights in Nazi Germany Animal welfare in Nazi Germany Anne Frank and Me Anne Frank House Anne Frank Remembered Anne Frank tree Anne Frank: The Biography Anne Frank: The Whole Story Anne Frank Anschluss Medal Anschluss António de Oliveira Salazar Anti-Fascist Military Organisation Anti-Fascist Organisation Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League Anti-Fascist Underground Patriotic Organization Anti-Japanese Army For The Salvation Of The Country Anti-Japanese propaganda Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies Anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944-1946 Anti-Nazi League Anti-Partisan Guerrilla Warfare Badge Anti-submarine boom (Lake Macquarie WWII) Anti-submarine boom net (Sydney Harbour WWII) Antisemitism in Norway Antoine de Saint Exupéry Anton Mussert Anzio (film) Anzio (game) Anzio order of battle Anzio War Cemetery Appeasement Arbeit macht frei Arbeitsdorf Arbeitseinsatz Arbeitslager Arctic convoys of World War II Aribert Heim Arizona during World War II Arizona World War II Army Airfields Arkansas World War II Army Airfields Armageddon: A Novel of Berlin Armies of the Imperial Japanese Army Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces Army ranks of the Japanese Empire during World War II Armée secrète Art of the Third Reich Article 48 (Weimar Constitution) Aryan Brotherhood Aryan Guard Aryan League Aryan Nations Aryan race Aryanization Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal Association des anciens amateurs de récits de guerre et d'holocauste Atlantic Wall Atlas of the World Battle Fronts Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Attack on Panzer Group West's headquarters at La Caine Attack on Pearl Harbor order of battle Attack on Pearl Harbor Attack on Sydney Harbour Attacks on Australia during World War II Attacks on North America during World War II Attempts to escape Oflag IV-C Aunus Group Au revoir, les enfants Auckland War Memorial Museum Aufklärungsabteilung Auschwitz Album Auschwitz and After Auschwitz bombing debate Auschwitz concentration camp Auschwitz cross Auschwitz Jewish Center Auschwitz Report Auschwitz Trial Ausländerkinder-Pflegestätte Australia in the War of 1939–1945 Australian armoured units of World War II Australian First Tactical Air Force Australian home front during World War II Australian Women's Army Service Australian Women's Land Army Austria at the Time of National Socialism Austrian Holocaust Memorial Award Austrian Holocaust Memorial Service Austrian National Socialism Austrian resistance Autobahn Axis & Allies (1998 video game) Axis & Allies (2004 video game) Axis & Allies: Battle of the Bulge Axis & Allies: D-Day Axis & Allies: Europe Axis & Allies: Pacific Axis & Allies Axis Leaders of World War II Axis leaders of World War II Axis naval activity in Australian waters Axis naval activity in New Zealand waters Axis occupation of Greece during World War II Axis powers Axis Powers Azeri Waffen SS Volunteer Formations", "Index of World War II articles (C) C-108 Flying Fortress C-46 Commando C-47 Skytrain C-54 Skymaster C-76 Caravan C-87 Liberator Express Cabinet Schwerin von Krosigk Cactus Air Force Cairo Conference Cairo Declaration California World War II Army Airfields Call of Duty (series) Call of Duty 2: Big Red One Call of Duty 2 Call of Duty 3 Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare (Nintendo DS) Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare Call of Duty: Finest Hour Call of Duty: Roads to Victory Call of Duty: United Offensive Call of Duty Cambridge American Cemetery and Memorial Campaign along the Southern Section of Datong-Puzhou Railway Campaign at the China-Burma Border Campaign at the Eastern Foothills of Funiu Mountain Campaign of the North China Plain Pocket Campaign to Defend Siping Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Central and Southern China Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Dabieshan Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Liuwandashan Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Northeast China Campaign to Suppress Bandits in northeastern Guizhou Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Shiwandashan Campaign to Suppress Bandits in the Border Region of Hunan-Hubei-Sichuan Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Western Hunan Campaign to the North of Baoding Campaign to the North of Daqing River Campaign to the North of Nanchuan County Campaign to the South of Baoding Campaigns of World War II Camps in Poland during World War II Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years Canadian Army Film and Photo Unit Canadian Automobile Machine Gun Brigade Canadian Battlefield Memorials Restoration Project Canadian Corps (World War II) Canadian Ethnic Cleansing Team Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force Canadian Women's Army Corps Canicattì massacre Cannock Chase German war cemetery Canton Operation Capitulation in the Netherlands and Denmark Captain America Captain Hans Geering Captain Nazi Captured armour in German use on the Eastern Front Captured German equipment in Soviet use on the Eastern front Captured US firearms in Axis use in WW2 Caretaker Government 1945 Carpathian Half-Brigade of National Defence Carpatho-Ukraine Carrie's War Casablanca Conference Casemate d'Auenheim Nord Casemate de Rountzenheim Nord Casemate de Rountzenheim Sud Cases of controversial relations with the Axis of World War II Cash and carry (World War II) Castle Wolfenstein Caucasian Front (Soviet Union) Caucasian Mohammedan Legion Caucasian Muslim Legion Causes of World War II Center of Jewish Studies Shanghai Central Bank of Manchou Central Front (Soviet Union) Central Hopei Operation Central Hupei Operation Central Labour Camp Jaworzno Central Labour Camp Potulice Central Office for Jewish Emigration Central Office of the State Justice Administration for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes Central Pacific Area Fleet Centre de la mémoire d'Oradour Centro di Documentazione Ebraica Contemporanea Ceux de la Libération Ceux de la Résistance Chahar People's Anti-Japanese Army Changjiao massacre Chant des Partisans Characters in Call of Duty Charles de Gaulle Charles H.", "Index of World War II articles (L) This is an Index of World War II articles, that can be found on Wikipedia.", "India India, officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. India is a federal constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system consisting of 29 states and 7 union territories.", "India in World War II During the Second World War, India was controlled by Britain, with the British holding territories in India including over five hundred autonomous Princely States; British India officially declared war on Nazi Germany in September 1939. The British Raj, as part of the Allied Nations, sent over two and a half million volunteer soldiers to fight under British command against the Axis powers.", "Invasion of Yugoslavia The invasion of Yugoslavia, also known as the April War (Serbian: Aprilski rat, Croatian: Travanjski rat) or Operation 25, was a German-led attack on the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers which began on 6 April 1941 during World War II. The order for the invasion was put forward in \"Führer Directive No.", "Ion Antonescu Ion Victor Antonescu (Romanian pronunciation: [iˈon antoˈnesku]; June 15, 1882 – June 1, 1946) was a Romanian soldier and authoritarian politician who, as the Prime Minister and Conducător during most of World War II, presided over two successive wartime dictatorships.", "Italian governorate of Montenegro The Italian governorate of Montenegro (Italian: Governatorato del Montenegro) existed from October 1941 to September 1943 as an occupied territory under military government of Fascist Italy during World War II. Although the Italians had intended to establish a quasi-independent Montenegrin kingdom, these plans were permanently shelved after a popular uprising in July 1941.", "List of Axis operational codenames in the European Theatre The list of Axis named operations in the European Theatre represents those military operations that received a codename, predominantly from the Wehrmacht commands. It does not represent all operations that were carried out by the Axis powers, or their allies in the European Theatre during the Second World War.", "Lithuanian Security Police The Lithuanian Security Police (LSP), also known as Saugumas (Lithuanian: Saugumo policija), was a local police force that operated in Nazi-occupied Lithuania from 1941 to 1944. Collaborating with the Nazi Sipo (security police) and SD (intelligence agency of the SS), the unit was directly subordinate to the German Kripo (criminal police). The LSP is a controversial unit due to its role in perpetrating the Holocaust in Lithuania, persecuting Polish resistance and communist underground.", "Manchukuo Manchukuo (traditional Chinese: 滿洲國; simplified Chinese: 满洲国; pinyin: Mǎnzhōuguó; Japanese: 滿洲国; literally: \"State of Manchuria\") was a puppet state in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia, which was governed under a form of constitutional monarchy.", "Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II The Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre was a major theatre of operations during the Second World War. The vast size of the Mediterranean and Middle East theatre saw interconnected naval, land, and air campaigns fought for control of the Mediterranean, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Middle East and Southern Europe. The fighting in this theatre lasted from 10 June 1940, when Italy entered the war on the side of Germany, until 2 May 1945 when all Axis forces in Italy surrendered.", "Mengjiang Mengjiang (Mengkiang; Chinese: 蒙疆; pinyin: Měngjiāng; Wade–Giles: Meng3-chiang1; Hepburn: Mōkyō), also known in English as Mongol Border Land, was an autonomous area in Inner Mongolia, existing as a puppet state of the Empire of Japan under nominal Chinese sovereignty. Formed in 1939, it consisted of the then-Chinese provinces of Chahar and Suiyuan, corresponding to the central part of modern Inner Mongolia.", "Military production during World War II Military production during World War II includes the arms, ammunitions, natural resources, personnel and financing which were mobilized for the war.", "Montenegro Montenegro (/ˌmɒntɨˈneɪɡroʊ/ MON-tən-AYG-roh or /ˌmɒntɨˈniːɡroʊ/ MON-tən-EEG-roh or /ˌmɒntɨˈnɛɡroʊ/ MON-tən-EG-roh; Montenegrin: Crna Gora / Црна Гора [t͡sr̩̂ːnaː ɡɔ̌ra], meaning \"Black Mountain\") is a sovereign state in Southeastern Europe. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the south-west and is bordered by Croatia to the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Serbia to the northeast and Albania to the south-east.", "Myanmar Myanmar (myan-MAR /miɑːnˈmɑr/ mee-ahn-MAR, /miˈɛnmɑr/ mee-EN-mar or /maɪˈænmɑr/ my-AN-mar (also with the stress on first syllable); Burmese pronunciation: [mjəmà]), officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also known as Burma (/ˈbɜrmə/ BUR-mə), is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia bordered by Bangladesh, India, China, Laos and Thailand. One-third of Myanmar's total perimeter of 1,930 km (1,200 miles) forms an uninterrupted coastline along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea.", "Neutral powers during World War II The neutral powers were countries that remained neutral throughout the Second World War. Some of these countries had large colonies abroad, or had great economic power. Spain had just been through its civil war, which ended on 1 April 1939 (five months prior to the Invasion of Poland)—a war that involved several countries that subsequently participated in World War II.During World War II, the neutral powers took no official side, hoping to avoid attack.", "Operation Crusader Operation Crusader was a military operation by the British Eighth Army between 18 November–30 December 1941 during the Second World War. The operation relieved the 1941 Siege of Tobruk. The Eighth Army's initial plan to destroy the Axis armoured force before advancing its infantry came apart when, after a number of inconclusive engagements, the British 7th Armoured Division were heavily defeated by the Afrika Korps at Sidi Rezegh.", "Operation Ikarus Operation Ikarus (Unternehmen Ikarus or Fall Ikarus in German) was a World War II German plan to invade Iceland, which had been occupied by British forces during Operation Fork in 1940. The plan was never realized.The purpose of the British move was to prevent a German invasion of the island. The German plan was not realized due to the delay of Operation Sea Lion (Unternehmen Seelöwe) and, even though an invasion of Iceland was considered possible, defense and resupply was not.", "Pacific War The Pacific War, sometimes called the Asia-Pacific War, was the theatre of World War II that was fought in the Pacific and East Asia.", "Reichskommissariat Ostland Nazi Germany established the Reichskommissariat Ostland (RKO) in 1941 as the civilian occupation regime in the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania), the northeastern part of Poland and the west part of the Belarusian SSR during World War II. It was also known initially as Reichskommissariat Baltenland \"\\Baltic Land\").", "Repatriation of Cossacks after World War II The Repatriation of Cossacks after the Second World War (see terminology) refers to the forced repatriation to the USSR of the Cossacks and ethnic Russians and Ukrainians who were allies of Nazi Germany during the Second World War.The repatriations were agreed to in the Yalta Conference; Stalin claimed the repatriated people were Soviet citizens as of 1939, although many of them had left Russia before or soon after the end of the Russian Civil War, or had been born abroad.", "Romania Romania (/roʊˈmeɪniə/ roh-MAY-nee-ə; Romanian: România [romɨˈni.a]) is a unitary semi-presidential republic located in Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine. It also borders Hungary, Serbia, and Moldova. It covers 238,391 square kilometres (92,043 sq mi) and has a temperate-continental climate. With its 19.94 million inhabitants, it is the seventh most populous member state of the European Union.", "Second Battle of El Alamein The Second Battle of El Alamein (23 October – 11 November 1942) took place near the Egyptian railway halt of El Alamein. With the Allies victorious, it marked a major turning point in the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War. It followed the First Battle of El Alamein, which had stalled the Axis advance into Egypt, after which, in August 1942, Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery had taken command of the British Eighth Army from General Claude Auchinleck.", "Second Philippine Republic The Second Philippine Republic, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (Japanese: フィリピン共和国, Filipino: Repúbliká ng Pilipinas), or known in the Philippines as Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic, was a puppet state established on October 14, 1943, during the Japanese occupation. President Manuel L. Quezon declared Manila, the capital city, an \"open city\" and left it under the rule of Jorge B. Vargas, as mayor.", "Siege of Sevastopol (1941–42) The Siege of Sevastopol also known as the Defence of Sevastopol (Russian: Оборона Севастополя, transliteration: Oborona Sevastopolya) took place on the Eastern Front of the Second World War. The campaign was fought by the Axis powers of Germany, Romania, and Italy against the Soviet Union for control of Sevastopol, a port in the Crimea on the Black Sea. On 22 June 1941 the Axis invaded the Soviet Union during Operation Barbarossa.", "Slovak Republic (1939–45) The (First) Slovak Republic (Slovak: [prvá] Slovenská republika) otherwise known as the Slovak State (Slovak: Slovenský štát) was a client state of Nazi Germany which existed between 14 March 1939 and 4 April 1945. It controlled the majority of the territory of present-day Slovakia, but without its current southern and eastern parts, which then formed part of Hungary.", "Strategic Command: European Theater Strategic Command: European Theater is a turn based strategy game set in World War II. it allows you to play the Allies or the Axis. The smaller European nations can go either way depending on how the Axis or Allies act towards them. Although on historical mode some nations join the allies or axis by default while others depend on the course of the war and aggression of the major powers.The game runs from 1939 till 1947 where unless you control the world the war ends.", "Thailand Thailand (/ˈtaɪlænd/ TY-land or /ˈtaɪlənd/ TY-lənd; Thai: ประเทศไทย, rtgs: Prathet Thai), officially the Kingdom of Thailand (Thai: ราชอาณาจักรไทย, rtgs: Ratcha-anachak Thai; IPA: [râːt.tɕʰá.ʔāː.nāː.tɕàk tʰāj]), formerly known as Siam (Thai: สยาม; rtgs: Sayam), is a country at the centre of the Indochinese peninsula in Mainland Southeast Asia.", "Vojislav Lukačević Vojislav Lukačević (Serbian Cyrillic: Војислав Лукачевић; 1908 – 14 August 1945) was a Serbian Chetnik commander in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia during World War II. At the outbreak of war, he held the rank of captain of the reserves in the Royal Yugoslav Army.When the Axis powers invaded Yugoslavia in April 1941, Lukačević became a leader of Chetniks in the Sandžak region and joined the movement of Draža Mihailović.", "World War II by country Nearly every country in the world participated in World War II, with the exception of a few states that remained neutral. The Second World War pitted two alliances against each other, the Axis powers and the Allied powers.", "World War II persecution of Serbs The World War II persecution of Serbs, also known as the Serbian Genocide, refers to the widespread genocidal persecution of Serbs that included extermination, expulsions and forced religious conversions of large numbers of ethnic Serbs by the Ustaše regime in the Independent State of Croatia, and also the atrocities carried out by Albanian collaborators and Axis occupying forces during World War II.The number of Serbs persecuted by the Ustaše is very high, but the exact extent is the subject of much debate and estimates vary widely.", "World War II political cartoons Political cartoons produced during World War II by both Allied and Axis powers commented upon the events, personalities and politics of the war. Governments used them for propaganda and public information. Individuals expressed their own political views and preferences.", "XV SS Cossack Cavalry Corps The XV SS Cossack Cavalry Corps was a German cavalry corps during World War II. With order of February 1, 1945 the Corps was transferred to the Waffen-SS.", "Yugoslavia 'Yugoslavia' (Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian, Slovene: Jugoslavija, Југославија), once spelled and called \"Jugoslavia\", was a country in Southeast Europe during most of the 20th century. It came into existence after World War I in 1918 under the name of Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes by the merger of the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (itself formed from territories of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire) with the formerly independent Kingdom of Serbia.", "Allied invasion of Sicily The Allied invasion of Sicily, codenamed Operation Husky, was a major World War II campaign, in which the Allies took Sicily from the Axis Powers (Italy and Nazi Germany). It was a big amphibious and airborne operation, followed by a six-week land campaign and was the beginning of the Italian Campaign.Husky began on the night of 9/10 July 1943, and ended on 17 August.", "Allied war crimes during World War II Allied war crimes include both alleged and legally proven violations of the laws of war by the Allies during World War II against either civilians or military personnel of the Axis Powers.At the end of World War II, many trials of Axis war criminals took place, most famously the Nuremberg Trials and Tokyo Trials.", "Axis & Allies: Battle of the Bulge Axis & Allies: Battle of the Bulge is a board game which depicts the Battle of the Bulge, the German's \"last-ditch\" offensive of World War II. It is similar to Axis & Allies: D-Day in that the game is played on a tactical rather than strategic level, although the gameplay is radically different from D-Day or any other previous Axis and Allies game. It is designed by Larry Harris, and published by Avalon Hill.", "Axis & Allies: Europe 1940 Axis & Allies: Europe 1940 is a 2010 board wargame simulating the European Theatre of World War II at the strategic level.Axis & Allies: Europe 1940 is part of the Axis & Allies family of games and is an update of an earlier game, Axis & Allies: Europe. It was created by Larry Harris and published by Avalon Hill, a division of Wizards of the Coast, which is a subsidiary of Hasbro.", "Axis & Allies (1998 video game) Axis & Allies is a 1998 turn-based strategy video game closely based on the Axis and Allies: Classic board game.Players take control of one of five world powers at the start of 1942 in WW2, grouped into the opposing factions of the Allies (US, UK, and USSR) and the Axis (Germany and Japan).", "Axis & Allies (2004 video game) Axis & Allies (abbreviated to A&A), also called Axis & Allies RTS, is a real-time strategy World War II computer game developed by TimeGate Studios and published by Atari. The game was released on November 2, 2004. It is based on the popular board game Axis & Allies from Milton Bradley and also on TimeGate's Kohan series. It is set in the years just after Japan and the United States had entered into the war.The game incorporates two gameplay modes: real-time and turn-based modes.", "Axis Sally Axis Sally was the generic nickname given to female radio personalities who broadcast English-language propaganda for the European Axis Powers during World War II. These included:Mildred Gillars, German-American who broadcast for GermanyRita Zucca, Italian-American who broadcast for Italy", "Axis occupation of Greece The occupation of Greece by the Axis Powers (Greek: Η Κατοχή, I Katochi, meaning \"The Occupation\") began in April 1941 after Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany invaded Greece, and lasted until Germany and its satellite Bulgaria withdrew from mainland Greece in October 1944.", "Battle of Monte Cassino The Battle of Monte Cassino (also known as the Battle for Rome and the Battle for Cassino) was a costly series of four assaults by the Allies against the Winter Line in Italy held by Axis forces during the Italian Campaign of World War II. The intention was a breakthrough to Rome.At the beginning of 1944, the western half of the Winter Line was being anchored by Germans holding the Rapido, Liri, and Garigliano valleys and some of the surrounding peaks and ridges.", "Captured US firearms in Axis use in World War II US firearms that were captured and redesignated by the Third Reich.", "Central Powers The Central Powers (German: Mittelmächte; Hungarian: Központi hatalmak‍; Turkish: İttifak Devletleri or Bağlaşma Devletleri; Bulgarian: Централни сили Tsentralni sili), consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria – hence also known as the Quadruple Alliance (German: Vierbund) – was one of the two main factions during World War I (1914–18).", "Cham Albanian collaboration with the Axis During the Axis occupation of Greece between 1941 and 1944, large parts of the Albanian minority in the Thesprotia prefecture in Epirus, northwestern Greece, known as Chams (Albanian: Çamë, Greek: Τσάμηδες, Tsamides) collaborated with the occupation forces. Fascist Italian as well as Nazi German propaganda promised that the region would be awarded to Albania (then in personal union with Italy) after the end of the war.", "Committee for National Morale The Committee for National Morale was a United States presidential advisory committee for the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt, organized to analyze the nation's overall morale during World War II, study propaganda efforts by the Axis powers, and recommend appropriate strategies in response.", "Eastern Front (World War II) The Eastern Front of World War II was a theatre of conflict between the European Axis powers and co-belligerent Finland against the Soviet Union, Poland and other allies, which encompassed Northern, Southern and Central and Eastern Europe from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945.", "Free World The Free World is a Cold War–era term for the non-communist countries of the world. The concept included countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, France, Canada, West Germany, Australia, and countries belonging to organizations such as the European Community and NATO. In addition, the \"Free World\" occasionally includes the Commonwealth realms, Japan, Israel, and India.", "Greco-Italian War The Greco-Italian War, also known as the Italo-Greek War, was a conflict between Italy and Greece, which lasted from 28 October 1940 to 23 April 1941. The conflict marked the beginning of the Balkans campaign of World War II and the initial Greek counter-offensive, the first successful land campaign against the Axis powers in the war. The conflict known as the Battle of Greece began with the intervention of Nazi Germany on 6 April 1941.", "Hetalia: Axis Powers Hetalia: Axis Powers (Japanese: ヘタリア Axis Powers, Hepburn: Hetaria Akushisu Pawāzu ) is a Japanese webcomic, later adapted as a manga and an anime series, by Hidekaz Himaruya. The series' main presentation is as an often over-the-top allegory of political and historic events as well as more general cultural comparisons.", "Home front during World War II The home front covers the activities of the civilians in a nation at war. World War II was a total war; homeland production became even more invaluable to both the Allied and Axis powers. Life on the home front during World War II was a significant part of the war effort for all participants and had a major impact on the outcome of the war.", "Index of World War II articles (L) This is an Index of World War II articles, that can be found on Wikipedia.", "India in World War II During the Second World War, India was controlled by Britain, with the British holding territories in India including over five hundred autonomous Princely States; British India officially declared war on Nazi Germany in September 1939. The British Raj, as part of the Allied Nations, sent over two and a half million volunteer soldiers to fight under British command against the Axis powers.", "Irish neutrality during World War II The policy of Irish neutrality during World War II was adopted by the Irish parliament at the instigation of the Taoiseach Éamon de Valera upon the outbreak of World War II in Europe. It was maintained throughout the conflict, in spite of several German air raids by aircraft that missed their intended British targets and attacks on Ireland's shipping fleet by Allies and Axis alike. De Valera refrained from joining either the Allies or Axis powers.", "Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46) The Kingdom of Hungary (Hungarian: Magyar Királyság), also known as the Regency, existed from 1920 to 1946 as a de facto country under Regent Miklós Horthy. Horthy officially represented the Hungarian monarchy of Charles IV, Apostolic King of Hungary.", "List of Axis operational codenames in the European Theatre The list of Axis named operations in the European Theatre represents those military operations that received a codename, predominantly from the Wehrmacht commands. It does not represent all operations that were carried out by the Axis powers, or their allies in the European Theatre during the Second World War.", "List of Axis personnel indicted for war crimes The following is a list of people suspected of committing war crimes on behalf of Nazi Germany or any of the Axis Powers during World War II. It does not include people from Allied countries who were suspected of treason.", "List of Axis war crime trials The following is a list of war crime trials and tribunals brought against the Axis powers following the conclusion of World War II.", "Lithuanian Security Police The Lithuanian Security Police (LSP), also known as Saugumas (Lithuanian: Saugumo policija), was a local police force that operated in Nazi-occupied Lithuania from 1941 to 1944. Collaborating with the Nazi Sipo (security police) and SD (intelligence agency of the SS), the unit was directly subordinate to the German Kripo (criminal police). The LSP is a controversial unit due to its role in perpetrating the Holocaust in Lithuania, persecuting Polish resistance and communist underground.", "Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II The Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre was a major theatre of operations during the Second World War. The vast size of the Mediterranean and Middle East theatre saw interconnected naval, land, and air campaigns fought for control of the Mediterranean, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Middle East and Southern Europe. The fighting in this theatre lasted from 10 June 1940, when Italy entered the war on the side of Germany, until 2 May 1945 when all Axis forces in Italy surrendered.", "Neutral powers during World War II The neutral powers were countries that remained neutral throughout the Second World War. Some of these countries had large colonies abroad, or had great economic power. Spain had just been through its civil war, which ended on 1 April 1939 (five months prior to the Invasion of Poland)—a war that involved several countries that subsequently participated in World War II.During World War II, the neutral powers took no official side, hoping to avoid attack.", "North African Campaign During the Second World War, the North African Campaign took place in North Africa from 10 June 1940 to 13 May 1943. It included campaigns fought in the Libyan and Egyptian deserts (Western Desert Campaign, also known as the Desert War) and in Morocco and Algeria (Operation Torch) and Tunisia (Tunisia Campaign).The campaign was fought between the Allies and Axis powers, many of whom had colonial interests in Africa dating from the late 19th century.", "Operation Barbarossa Operation Barbarossa (German: Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the code name for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II, which began on 22 June 1941. The operation was driven by Adolf Hitler's ideological desire to conquer the Soviet territories as outlined in his 1925 manifesto Mein Kampf \"\\My Struggle\").In the two years leading up to the invasion, the two countries signed political and economic pacts for strategic purposes.", "Operation Crusader Operation Crusader was a military operation by the British Eighth Army between 18 November–30 December 1941 during the Second World War. The operation relieved the 1941 Siege of Tobruk. The Eighth Army's initial plan to destroy the Axis armoured force before advancing its infantry came apart when, after a number of inconclusive engagements, the British 7th Armoured Division were heavily defeated by the Afrika Korps at Sidi Rezegh.", "Operation I-Go Operation I-Go (い号作戦, I-Go sakusen) was an aerial counter-offensive launched by Imperial Japanese forces against Allied forces during the Solomon Islands and New Guinea Campaigns in the Pacific Theater of World War II from 1–16 April 1943. In the operation, Japanese aircraft—primarily from Imperial Japanese Navy units under the command of Admirals Isoroku Yamamoto and Jinichi Kusaka—attacked Allied ships, aircraft, and land installations in the southeast Solomon Islands and New Guinea.", "Operation Ikarus Operation Ikarus (Unternehmen Ikarus or Fall Ikarus in German) was a World War II German plan to invade Iceland, which had been occupied by British forces during Operation Fork in 1940. The plan was never realized.The purpose of the British move was to prevent a German invasion of the island. The German plan was not realized due to the delay of Operation Sea Lion (Unternehmen Seelöwe) and, even though an invasion of Iceland was considered possible, defense and resupply was not.", "Reichskommissariat Ostland Nazi Germany established the Reichskommissariat Ostland (RKO) in 1941 as the civilian occupation regime in the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania), the northeastern part of Poland and the west part of the Belarusian SSR during World War II. It was also known initially as Reichskommissariat Baltenland \"\\Baltic Land\").", "Repatriation of Cossacks after World War II The Repatriation of Cossacks after the Second World War (see terminology) refers to the forced repatriation to the USSR of the Cossacks and ethnic Russians and Ukrainians who were allies of Nazi Germany during the Second World War.The repatriations were agreed to in the Yalta Conference; Stalin claimed the repatriated people were Soviet citizens as of 1939, although many of them had left Russia before or soon after the end of the Russian Civil War, or had been born abroad.", "Romania in World War II Following the outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939, the Kingdom of Romania under King Carol II officially adopted a position of neutrality. However, the rapidly changing situation in Europe during 1940, as well as domestic political upheaval, undermined this stance. Fascist political forces such as the Iron Guard rose in popularity and power, urging an alliance with Nazi Germany and its allies.", "Second Battle of El Alamein The Second Battle of El Alamein (23 October – 11 November 1942) took place near the Egyptian railway halt of El Alamein. With the Allies victorious, it marked a major turning point in the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War. It followed the First Battle of El Alamein, which had stalled the Axis advance into Egypt, after which, in August 1942, Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery had taken command of the British Eighth Army from General Claude Auchinleck.", "Siege of Odessa (1941) The Siege of Odessa also known as the Defence of Odessa was part of the Eastern Front theatre of World War II in 1941. The campaign was fought by the Axis powers of Germany and Romania against the Soviet Union for control of Odessa, a port on the Black Sea. On 22 June 1941 the Axis invaded the Soviet Union during Operation Barbarossa.It was primarily conducted by the Romanian 4th Army (Armata a 4-a) and elements of the German 11th Army (11. Armee).", "Strategic Command: European Theater Strategic Command: European Theater is a turn based strategy game set in World War II. it allows you to play the Allies or the Axis. The smaller European nations can go either way depending on how the Axis or Allies act towards them. Although on historical mode some nations join the allies or axis by default while others depend on the course of the war and aggression of the major powers.The game runs from 1939 till 1947 where unless you control the world the war ends.", "Vichy France Vichy France is the Allies' description of the government of the French State (État français), following its relocation to the spa town of Vichy, headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain from 1940 to 1944 during World War II. Paris remained the official capital of France. From 1940 to 1942, while the government of France as a whole, Germany militarily occupied northern France.", "Vojislav Lukačević Vojislav Lukačević (Serbian Cyrillic: Војислав Лукачевић; 1908 – 14 August 1945) was a Serbian Chetnik commander in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia during World War II. At the outbreak of war, he held the rank of captain of the reserves in the Royal Yugoslav Army.When the Axis powers invaded Yugoslavia in April 1941, Lukačević became a leader of Chetniks in the Sandžak region and joined the movement of Draža Mihailović.", "XV SS Cossack Cavalry Corps The XV SS Cossack Cavalry Corps was a German cavalry corps during World War II. With order of February 1, 1945 the Corps was transferred to the Waffen-SS." ]

[ "Ariq Böke Ariq Böke (after 1219–1266), the components of his name also spelled Arigh, Arik and Bukha, Buka (Mongolian: Аригбөх; Chinese: 阿里不哥), was the seventh and youngest son of Tolui (1192–1232), a son of Genghis Khan.", "Family tree of Genghis Khan The family tree of Genghis Khan is listed below. This family tree only lists prominent members Mamai - Khan Mamasou of the Khan family and does not reach the present. Genghis Khan appears in the middle of the tree, and Kublai Khan appears at the bottom of the tree. The Khan family of Borjigin was the royal family of the Mongol Empire, dating back to the 13th and 14th centuries.", "Ghazan Mahmud Ghazan (1271–1304) (Mongolian: Газан хаан, Chinese: 合贊, sometimes referred to as Casanus by Westerners) was the seventh ruler of the Mongol Empire's Ilkhanate division in modern-day Iran from 1295 to 1304. He was the son of Arghun and Quthluq Khatun, continuing a long line of rulers who were direct descendants of Genghis Khan.", "Hulagu Khan Hulagu Khan, also known as Hülegü or Hulegu (Mongolian: Хүлэгу хаан; Chagatai: ہلاکو; Persian: هولاکو خان‎‎; Chinese: 旭烈兀; c. 1218 – 8 February 1265), was a Mongol ruler who conquered much of Western Asia.", "Kublai Khan Kublai Khan (/ˈkuːblaɪ ˈkɑːn/; Mongolian: Хубилай хаан, ᠬᠦᠪᠢᠯᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ Xubilaĭ xaan; Middle Mongolian: Qubilai Qaγan, \"King Qubilai\"; September 23, 1215 – February 18, 1294), born Kublai (Mongolian: Хубилай, Xubilaĭ; Middle Mongolian: Qubilai; Chinese: 忽必烈; pinyin: Hūbìliè, Turkish: Kubilay Han; also spelled Khubilai) and also known by the temple name Shizu (Emperor Shizu of Yuan; Chinese: 元世祖; pinyin: Yuán Shìzǔ; Wade–Giles: Yüan Shih-tsu), was the fifth Khagan (Great Khan) of the Mongol Empire (Ikh Mongol Uls), reigning from 1260 to 1294, although it was only nominal due to the division of the empire. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai_Khan?oldid=683258767> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Khuddam_ul-Islam> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Khuddam ul-Islam is an Islamist militant group. It is considered to be a splinter group of the extremist group Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM). They have been banned from the United Kingdom and said to be politically aligned with Maulana Fazal-ur-Rehman's faction of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam.", "List of Mongol rulers This is a list of Mongol rulers. The list of states is chronological but follows the development of different dynasties.", "Mongol Empire The Mongol Empire (Mongolian: Mongolyn Ezent Güren About this sound listen ; Mongolian Cyrillic: Монголын эзэнт гүрэн; also Орда \"\\Horde\") in Russian chronicles), existed during the 13th and 14th centuries and was the largest contiguous land empire in history.", "Möngke Khan Möngke Khan (Mongolian: ᠮᠥᠩᠬᠡ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ / Mönkh qaγan / Мөнх хаан / Mönkh khaan), born Möngke (ᠮᠥᠩᠬᠡ / Mönkh / Мөнх) (January 10, 1209 – August 11, 1259 ), was the fourth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, ruling from July 1, 1251, to August 11, 1259. He was the first Great Khan from the Toluid line and made significant reforms to improve the administration of the Empire during his reign. Under Möngke, the Mongols conquered Iraq and Syria as well as the kingdom of Nanzhao.", "The Legend of Kublai Khan The Legend of Kublai Khan, also known as Legend of Yuan Empire Founder, is a Chinese television series based on the life of Kublai Khan and the events leading to the founding of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty in China. The series started shooting in 2011. It premiered at the 2013 Shanghai Television Festival from 11–13 June 2013, and was first aired on HBS from 21–30 July 2013.", "Toluid Civil War The Toluid Civil War was fought between Kublai Khan and his younger brother, Ariq Böke, from 1260 to 1264. Möngke Khan died in 1259 with no declared successor, precipitating infighting between members of the Tolui family line for the title of Great Khan that escalated to a civil war." ]

[ "Adam Sahaba Adam Sahaba is a town and union council of Sadiqabad Tehsil in the Rahim Yar Khan District of Pakistan. It is located at 28°21'50N 70°11'40E and lies between Sadiqabad and Rahim Yar Khan – the tehsil and district capitals respectively.", "Ahmad Fanakati Ahmad Fanākatī or Banākatī (Persian: احمد فناکتی / احمد بناکتی‎‎; before 1242 - 1282) was a Persian Muslim from Qara Khitai who was finance minister of Kublai Khan's Yuan dynasty. He became known as a chief administer under Kublai and is credited with successfully establishing the financial system of the Mongols. He was considered to be a \"villainous minister\" in dynastic histories because of his perceived corruption.", "Alghu Alghu (d. 1265 or 1266) was a khan of the Chagatai Khanate (1260-1265/6). He was the son of Baidar and the grandson of Chagatai Khan.In 1260 he was appointed as head of the ulus of the Chagatai Khanate by the Great Khan claimant Ariq Böke, in opposition to the child khan Mubarak Shah and his mother Orghina.", "Altan Khan Altan Khan of the Tümed (1507–1582; Mongolian: Алтан хан; Chinese: 阿爾坦汗), whose given name was Anda (ᠠᠨᠳᠠ in Mongolian; 俺答 in Chinese), was the ruler of the Tümed Mongols and de facto ruler of the Right Wing, or western tribes, of the Mongols. He was the grandson of Dayan Khan (1464–1543), a descendant of Kublai Khan (1215–1294), who had managed to unite a tribal league between the Khalkha Mongols in the north and the Chahars (Tsakhars) to the south.", "Aminabad, Liaqatpur Aminabad (Urdu: امين آباد‎) is a town located in tehsil Liaqatpur, Rahim Yar Khan District, Punjab, Pakistan. The town of Aminabad is a Union Council (subdivision) of Liaqatpur Tehsil.", "Antong Antong (or Hantum) (Chinese: 安童) (1248–1293) was a prominent official of Kublai Khan, founder of the Yuan dynasty and the Great Khan of the Mongols. As a great-grand son of Muqali of the Jalayir clan, one of the greatest generals under Genghis Khan, he became an influential administrator in the administration of the Yuan dynasty.He was well educated in Confucian, and had accompanied Kublai since he was still a boy.", "Arghun Arghun Khan aka Argon (Mongolian Cyrillic: Аргун хан) (c. 1258 – March 7, 1291) was the fourth ruler of the Mongol empire's Ilkhanate, from 1284 to 1291. He was the son of Abaqa Khan, and like his father, was a devout Buddhist (although pro-Christian). He was known for sending several embassies to Europe in an unsuccessful attempt to form a Franco-Mongol alliance against the Muslims in the Holy Land. It was also Arghun who requested a new bride from his great-uncle Kublai Khan.", "Arpa Ke'un Arpa Ke'un, also known as Arpa Khan or Gavon or Gawon (died 1336), was an Ilkhan (1335–1336) during the disintegration of the Mongol state in Persia. He was a member of the house of Tolui. His lineage traced back to Ariq Böke who was a youngest brother of Möngke, Kublai and Hulagu.Arpa Ke'un came to power following the death of the Ilkhan Abu Sa'id in 1335. Almost immediately he had to deal with an invasion by Ozbek Khan of the Golden Horde.", "Battle of Ngasaunggyan The Battle of Ngasaunggyan was fought in 1277 between Kublai Khan's Yuan dynasty, the principal khanate of the Mongol Empire, and their neighbors to the south, the Pagan Empire (in present-day Burma) led by Narathihapate. The battle was initiated by Narathihapate, who invaded the Yunnan, a province of the Yuan dynasty.", "Belgutei Belgutei was the son of Yesugei and half-brother to Genghis Khan. He also became general to Genghis Khan.", "Berke–Hulagu war The Berke–Hulagu war was fought between two Mongol leaders, Berke Khan of the Golden Horde and Hulagu Khan of the Ilkhanate. It was fought mostly in the Caucasus mountains area in the 1260s after the destruction of Baghdad in 1258. The war overlaps with the Toluid Civil War in the Mongol Empire between two members of the Tolui family line, Kublai Khan and Ariq Böke, who both claimed the title of Great Khan. Kublai allied with Hulagu, while Ariq Böke sided with Berke.", "Bhong Mosque Bhong Mosque (Urdu: بھونگ مسجد‎) is located in the village of Bhong, Sadiqabad Tehsil, Rahim Yar Khan District, Southern Punjab Pakistan. It was designed and constructed over a period of nearly 50 years (1932–1982) and won the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 1986. The construction of the Masjid (Mosque) was under control of Master Abdul Hameed (kamboh) who worked relentlessly hard for the mosque to make sure it was exquisite and a landmark for Pakistan.", "Bilot Sharif Bilot Sharif or Bilot is a town and union council of Dera Ismail Khan District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located at 32°15′20″N 71°9′41″E and has an altitude of 180 metres (593 feet).Bilot is a popular tourist destination of a pre-Islamic era, about 55 km from the Dera Ismail Khan city on Chashma road. The ruins are situated on a hill and are easily viewable from main road. Bilot is also famous for a Sufi shrine, which is why it is called \"Bilot Sharif\".", "Chabi Empress Chabi (1227–1281) was an Onggirat (Mongolian: Khongirat; Kazakh: Kongrat) empress consort of the Yuan dynasty in China, married to Kublai Khan. As such, she was the wife to the Mongol Khagan who had conquered all of China in the 1270s.According to \"The Secret History of the Mongols\", Chabi was the favorite wife of Kublai and a valued unofficial adviser throughout his reign.", "Choudhwan Choudhwan is a town and union council in Dera Ismail Khan District of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.", "Chế Mân Chế Mân, or Jaya Simhavarman III (r. 1288 - 1307), Prince Harijit, son of King Indravarman V and Queen Gaurendraksmi, was a king of Champa during a time when the threat of the Mongols was imminent. In 1282, Kublai Khan tried to gain passage through Champa of his ambassadors, but Chế Mân took them prisoner. Kublai Khan then asked Annam for entrance into Champa but received the same denial. In 1282, Kublai Khan invaded.", "Conqueror (Iggulden novel) Conqueror is the fifth and final book of the Conqueror series written by Conn Iggulden. Conqueror tells the story of Kublai Khan – portrayed as one of the world's great leaders alongside Julius Caesar, Alexander the Great, and Napoleon Bonaparte. The story takes place between 1244 and 1260 AD.", "Daraban Daraban Kalan is a Tehsil in Dera Ismail Khan District of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. It is located at 31°44'3N 70°20'11E and has an altitude of 221 metres (728 feet). Daraban Kalan, pronounced “Draban “ is to be distinguished from Daraban Khurd, a village lying to the east of Dera Ismail Khan city. Draban lies 40 miles west of Dera Ismail khan in the foothills of Sulaiman Mountains .", "First Mongol invasion of Burma The first Mongol invasions of Burma (Myanmar) (Burmese: မွန်ဂို–မြန်မာ စစ် (၁၂၇၇–၁၂၈၇)) were a series of military conflicts between Kublai Khan's Yuan dynasty, division of the Mongol Empire, and the Pagan Empire that took place between 1277 and 1287. The invasions toppled the 250-year-old Pagan Empire, and the Mongol army seized Pagan territories in present-day Dehong, Yunnan and northern Burma to Tagaung.", "Gadai, Punjab Gadai is a town and union council of Dera Ghazi Khan District in the Punjab province of Pakistan.It is situated on the national highway N 70 which is a gateway between Punjab and Balochistan. People of different clans lived there.", "Giloti Giloti is a town and union council in Dera Ismail Khan District of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. It is located at 32°9'53N 70°45'2E and has an altitude of 180 metres (590 feet).", "Godan Khan Godan Khan, also romanized as Koden Khan and Khodan Khan, (1206 – 1251) was a grandson of Genghis Khan, and was administrator over much of China before Kublai Khan came to power.", "Guo Jing Guo Jing is the fictional protagonist of the wuxia novel The Legend of the Condor Heroes by Jin Yong (Louis Cha). He also appears as a supporting character in the sequel, The Return of the Condor Heroes, and mentioned by name in The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber. He is a descendant of Guo Sheng, one of the 108 outlaws from Mount Liang in the classical novel Water Margin.", "House of Ögedei The House of Ögedei, sometimes called the Ögedeids were an influential family of Mongol Borjigin (Imperial, or Golden Family) from the 12th to 14th centuries. They were descended from Ögedei Khan (1186-1241), a son of Genghis Khan who had become his father's successor, second Khagan of the Mongol Empire. Ögedei continued the expansion of the Mongol Empire.", "Hōjō Tokimune Hōjō Tokimune (北条 時宗, June 5, 1251 – April 20, 1284) of the Hōjō clan was the eighth shikken (officially regent (of shogun), but de facto ruler of Japan) of the Kamakura shogunate (reigned 1268–84), known for leading the Japanese forces against the invasion of the Mongols and for spreading Zen Buddhism and by extension Bushido among the warrior class.Tokimune was known to rule with an iron fist, and also eventually monopolized at one point all three titles of power, namely holding offices of Tokuso (head of clan, since birth), and Rensho (Vice Regent).", "Invisible Cities Invisible Cities (Italian: Le città invisibili) is a novel by Italian writer Italo Calvino. It was published in Italy in 1972 by Giulio Einaudi Editore.", "Jamal ad-Din (astronomer) Jamal ad-Din Muḥammad ibn Ṭāhir ibn Muḥammad al‐Zaydī al‐Bukhārī (variously transcribed Jamal ud-Din, Jamal al-Din, etc., Chinese name Zhamaluding) was a 13th-century Persian-speaking Muslim astronomer. Originally from Bukhara, he entered the service of Kublai Khan around the 1250s to set up an Islamic Astronomical Bureau in his new capital Beijing, to operate in parallel with the traditional Chinese bureau.", "Jamukha Jamukha (Mongolian: Жамуха) was a Mongol military and political leader and the chief rival to Temüjin (later Genghis Khan) in the unification of the Mongol tribes.", "Kaidu Kaidu (Mongolian: ᠺᠠᠶᠳᠣ Qaidu, Cyrillic: Хайду; Chinese: 海都; pinyin: Hǎidū) (1230–1301) was the leader of the House of Ögedei and the de facto khan of the Chagatai Khanate, a division of the Mongol Empire. He ruled part of modern-day Xinjiang and Central Asia during the 13th century, and actively opposed his uncle, Kublai Khan, who established the Yuan dynasty in China, until Kaidu's death in 1301.", "Kaidu–Kublai war The Kaidu–Kublai war was a war between Kaidu, the leader of the House of Ögedei and the de facto khan of the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, and Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan dynasty in China and his successor Temür Khan that lasted a few decades from 1268 to 1301. It followed the Toluid Civil War (1260-1264) and resulted in the permanent division of the Mongol Empire.", "Kala, Punjab Kala also named Black City is a town and union council of Dera Ghazi Khan District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located at 30°22'52N 70°43'28E and has an altitude of 127 metres (419 feet). It is 40 KM from Dera Ghazi Khan at Taunsa road. Major castes of its residence are Kalyani, Dasti and Mallik.", "Kirri Khaisore Kirri Khaisore is a town and union council of Dera Ismail Khan District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located at 32°19′48″N 71°11′54″E and has an altitude of 189 metres (623 feet).Kirri Khaisore is an important area of D I Khan.", "Kubla Khan \"Kubla Khan; or, A Vision in a Dream: A Fragment\" /ˌkʊblə ˈkɑːn/ is a poem written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, completed in 1797 and published in 1816. According to Coleridge's Preface to \"Kubla Khan\", the poem was composed one night after he experienced an opium-influenced dream after reading a work describing Xanadu, the summer palace of the Mongol ruler and Emperor of China Kublai Khan.", "Kublai Khan's Campaigns This is a list of campaigns of Kublai Khan, founder of the Yuan dynasty.", "Kublai Khan (Jedi Mind Tricks song) \"Kublai Khan\" is a single by Hip Hop duo Jedi Mind Tricks, released in 2003 through Babygrande Records [1]. The song was the second single released from the duo's third album Visions of Gandhi, following \"Animal Rap\", and followed by \"Rise of the Machines\". \"Kublai Khan\" is a sequel to the group's 2000 single \"Genghis Khan\", this time, named after Genghis' grandson Kublai Khan.", "Köchü Khüchü (or Köchü, Konchi, Konichi) was the Khan of the White Horde between c.1280-1302. He was the eldest son of Sartaqtay and Qujiyan of the Qongirat and a grandson of Orda Khan.Marco Polo says Köchü had a vast number of people, but he carried on no war with anybody, and his people lived in great tranquility. Since 1280 he sent friendly letter to Kublai Khan, and the Yuan dynasty rewarded him a large amount of grains and other valuable things of China in turn for his alliance.", "Kököchin Kököchin, also Kökechin, Kokachin or Cocacin (Ch: 阔阔真), was a 13th-century Mongol princess from the Yuan dynasty in China, belonging to the Mongol tribe of the Bayaut (Ch: 伯牙吾). In 1291, she was betrothed to the Ilkhanate khan Arghun by the Mongol Great Khan Kublai.", "Külüg Khan Külüg Khan (Mongolian: Hülüg Khaan, Хөлөг хаан, Külüg qaγan), born Khayishan (also spelled Khayisan, Mongolian: Хайсан, meaning \"wall\"), also known by the temple name Wuzong (Emperor Wuzong of Yuan, Chinese: 元武宗; pinyin: Yuán Wǔzōng; Wade–Giles: Wu-Tsung) (August 4, 1281 – January 27, 1311), was an emperor of the Yuan dynasty. Apart from Emperor of China, he is regarded as the seventh Great Khan of the Mongol Empire or Mongols, although it was only nominal due to the division of the empire.", "List of Mongol consorts The following is a list of Mongol consorts.", "List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty The following is a list of Emperors of the Mongol Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) in China. It also contains early Mongol rulers posthumously promoted by Kublai Khan as Yuan emperors.", "Liu Bingzhong Liu Bingzhong (Chinese: 劉秉忠; 1216–1274), or Liu Kan (Chinese: 劉侃) was a Yuan dynasty court adviser and architect. He was born in Ruizhou (Rui prefecture), during the Jin dynasty. In 1233, he entered the Jin's bureaucracy. He still was an officer after the Mongol Yuan dynasty replaced the Jin following the Mongol–Jin wars, but later he became a monk. However his teacher thought that his talent should not be buried, so he recommended Liu Bingzhong to Kublai Khan, to become his adviser.", "Makwal Kalan Makwal Kalan is a town and union council in the Taunsa Tehsil subdivision of Dera Ghazi Khan District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located at 30°35'00N 70°44'00E and has an altitude of 135 metres (443 ft).Makwal Kalan is 69 km from Dera Ghazi Khan and located 4 km away from the geographical centre of Pakistan, close to the Sulaiman Mountains and Taunsa Barrage.The major tribe in the town is the Nutkani.", "Mana Ahmadani Mana Ahmadani (Urdu: مانہ احمدانی‎), is a town and union council of Dera Ghazi Khan District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located at 29°47'58N 70°35'3E and has an altitude of 111 metres (367 feet).Mana Ahmadani has been named for Sardar Mana Khan Ahmadani Baloch, who was tribal chief of Ahmadani Baloch tribe. The prominent tribe of the town is Ahmadani Baloch. It is the last union council of DG Khan district bordering Rajanpur District", "Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty The Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty under Kublai Khan (r. 1260–1294) was the final step for the Mongols to rule the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty. It is also considered the Mongol Empire's last great military achievement.", "Mubarak Shah Mubarak Shah (Persian: مبارک شاه ‎‎) was head of the Chagatai Khanate (1252–1260, March–September 1266). He was the son of Qara Hülëgü and Ergene Khatun, of the Mongol empire.Upon the death of his father in 1252, Mubarak Shah succeeded him as Chagatai Khan, with his mother acting as regent. In 1260, however, the Great Khan claimant Ariq Böke appointed Chagatai Khan's grandson Alghu, and by the following year Alghu had control over much of the Khanate.", "Nambui Empress Nambui (fl. 1294) was an Onggirat (Mongolian: Khongirat, Kazakh: Kongrat) empress consort of the Yuan dynasty, married to Kublai Khan after the death of Chabi.", "Nayan (Mongol Prince) Nayan, was a prince of the Borjigin royal family of the Mongol Empire. He raised a noteworthy and serious rebellion against the Mongolian Khagan, Kublai Khan. He was a Nestorian Christian. Much of what is known of Nayan was recorded by the Venetian traveller Marco Polo.", "Niccolò and Maffeo Polo Niccolò Polo (1230—1294) and Maffeo Polo (1230–1309) were Italian traveling merchants best known as the father and uncle, respectively, of the explorer Marco Polo. The brothers went into business before Marco's birth, established trading posts in Constantinople, Sudak in Crimea, and in a western part of the Mongol Empire in Asia. As a duo, they reached modern-day China before temporarily returning to Europe to deliver a message to the Pope.", "Sakhi Sarwar Sakhi Sarwar (Urdu: سخی سرور‎), (Saraiki, Punjabi: سخی سرور) is a town in Dera Ghazi Khan District, Pakistan. It is named after a Muslim Sufi saint Hazrat Syed Ahmad Sultan, also known as Sakhi Sarwar.", "Shadan Lund Shadan Lund is dominated Area of Sori Lund tribe. The name Tuman Sori is named after Sardar Sori Khan Lund, grandson of Sardar Haider Khan Lund and son of Sardar Shadan Khan Lund. So town name is after Sardar Shadan Khan Lund.This town is situated between Indus River and mountain Koh-e-Sulaiman range. Its distance from Koh-e-Sulaiman range is near 15km. This is the town of Dera Ghazi Khan With two canals on the western side whice raises the beauty of this town.", "Shangdu Shangdu (Mandarin pronunciation: [ʂɑ̂ŋ tú]), also known as Xanadu (/ˈzæn.ə.duː/; Mongolian: Šandu), was the capital of Kublai Khan's Yuan dynasty in China, before he decided to move his throne to the Jin dynasty capital of Zhōngdū (Chinese: 中都), which he renamed Khanbaliq, present-day Beijing. Shangdu then became his summer capital. Shangdu (Xanadu) was visited by the Venetian traveller Marco Polo in about 1275, and was destroyed in 1369 by the Ming army under Zhu Yuanzhang.", "Sorghaghtani Beki Sorghaghtani Beki or Bekhi (Bek(h)i is a title), also written Sorkaktani, Sorkhokhtani, Sorkhogtani, Siyurkuktiti (d. 1252; posthumous name: Chinese: 顯懿莊聖皇后; pinyin: Xiǎnyì Zhuāngshèng Huánghòu) was a Khereid princess and daughter-in-law of Genghis Khan. Married to Tolui, Genghis' youngest son, Sorghaghtani Beki became one of the most powerful and competent women in the Mongol Empire.", "Temüge Temüge (1168 – 1246) was the youngest full-brother of Genghis Khan. As the youngest sibling, Temüge and his mother, by Mongol traditions, were allotted the most land and people by Genghis Khan during his coronation.", "Temür Khan Temür Öljeytü Khan (Mongolian: Öljiyt Tömör, Өлзийт Төмөр, Öljeytü Temür), born Temür (also spelled Timur, Mongolian: Төмөр, October 15, 1265 – February 10, 1307), also known by the temple name Chengzong (Emperor Chengzong of Yuan; Chinese: 元成宗; pinyin: Yuán Chéngzōng; Wade–Giles: Yüan2 Ch'eng2-tsung1) was the second emperor of the Yuan dynasty, ruling from May 10, 1294 to February 10, 1307.", "Timeline of the Mongol Empire This is the timeline of the Mongol Empire from 1206, when Temüjin received the title of Genghis Khan, to the death in 1370 of the last emperor of Yuan dynasty in China, who had been deposed in 1368.", "Tolui Tolui, (Classic Mongolian: ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠢ Toluy, Tului, Mongolian: Тулуй хаан, Chinese: 拖雷, Tolui Khan (meaning the Khan Tolui)) (1192–1232) was the fourth son of Genghis Khan by his chief khatun Börte. His ulus, or territorial inheritance, at his father's death in 1227 was the homelands in Mongolia, and it was he who served as civil administrator in the time it took to confirm Ögedei as second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire (1206–1368).", "Tooril Khan Wang Khan, (Mongolian:Тоорил хан/Tooril khan, Ван хан/Van khan; Chinese: 王汗; pinyin: Wáng Hàn) also Ong Khan, was the title given to the Khereid ruler Toghrul by the Jurchen Jin Dynasty of China. Like the rest of his tribe he may have been a Nestorian Christian.", "Wadore Wadore is a town and union council of Dera Ghazi Khan District in the Punjab province of Pakistan.", "Wonjong of Goryeo Wonjong of Goryeo (5 April 1219 – 23 July 1274) (r. 1260–1274) was the 24th ruler of the Goryeo dynasty of Korea. He ascended to the throne with the help of Kublai Khan.", "Yesün Temür (Yuan dynasty) Yesün Temür (Mongolian: Есөн Төмөр; Chinese temple name: Taidingdi; Chinese: 元泰定帝, November 28, 1293 – August 15, 1328) was a great-grandson of Kublai Khan and ruled as emperor of the Yuan dynasty from 1323 to 1328. Apart from Emperor of China, he is regarded as the 10th Khagan of the Mongol Empire or Mongols, although it was only nominal due to the division of the empire.", "Yuan dynasty The Yuan dynasty (Chinese: 元朝; pinyin: Yuán Cháo), officially the Great Yuan (Chinese: 大元; pinyin: Dà Yuán; Mongolian: ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠦᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ, Yehe Yuan Ulus), was the empire or ruling dynasty established by Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan. Although the Mongols had ruled territories including today's North China for decades, it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style.", "Zhenjin Zhenjin (Chinese: 真金; 1243 – January 5, 1286), also Jingim, Chinkim, or Chingkim (Mongolian: Чингим/Chingim), was the second son of Kublai Khan, founder of the Yuan dynasty. He was designated as the Crown Prince (皇太子) by Kublai Khan in 1273, and became the head of the Central Secretariat (Zhongshu Sheng). The North Chinese Buddhist monk Haiyun gave him the name Zhenjin (True Gold) when he was born in 1243. He was also known as a strong supporter of Confucianism." ]

[ "Captain's Peril Captain's Peril is a novel by William Shatner, co-written with Judith and Garfield Reeves-Stevens, based upon the television series Star Trek. The novel was released in 2002 in hardcover format. This is the first in the \"Totality\" trilogy. The story continues in Captain's Blood and Captain's Glory.", "Christopher Pike (Star Trek) Christopher Pike is a character in the Star Trek science fiction franchise. He was portrayed by Jeffrey Hunter in the original Star Trek pilot episode, \"The Cage\", as captain of the USS Enterprise. The pilot was rejected, and the character was dropped during development of the second pilot when Hunter decided that he did not want to continue with the series.", "Fallen Hero The Fallen Hero is the twenty-third aired episode (production #123) of the television series Star Trek: Enterprise.Captain Archer is ordered to transport Vulcan Ambassador V'Lar from a planet where her integrity has been called into question.", "Fortunate Son (Star Trek: Enterprise) \"Fortunate Son\" is the tenth episode (production #110) of the television series Star Trek: Enterprise, and was written by James Duff. LeVar Burton served as director for the episode.Captain Archer is contacted by Admiral Forrest to assist ECS Fortunate, a Y-class freighter. Archer, Lieutenant Reed, Doctor Phlox, and Ensign Mayweather learn from the first officer that the Fortunate was attacked by Nausicaans and that the captain was injured.", "Harry Kim (Star Trek) Ensign Harry S. L. Kim is a fictional character who appeared in each of the seven seasons of the American television series Star Trek: Voyager. Portrayed by Garrett Wang, he is the Operations Officer aboard the Starfleet starship USS Voyager. There was some difficulty in casting the part prior to the start of the series in 1995, with a reported lack of young Asian actors to choose from.The character first appeared in the pilot episode of the series, \\Caretaker\\\".\"", "Hikaru Sulu Hikaru Sulu is a character in the Star Trek media franchise. Originally known simply as 'Sulu', he was portrayed by George Takei in the original Star Trek series. Sulu also appears in the animated Star Trek series, the first six Star Trek movies, one episode of Star Trek: Voyager, and in numerous books, comics, and video games. Sulu's first name, 'Hikaru,' appeared in a 1981 novel well over a decade after the original series had ended.", "James T. Kirk James Tiberius \"Jim\" Kirk is a fictional character in the Star Trek media franchise, appearing in numerous television episodes, films, books, comics, and video games. As the captain of the starship USS Enterprise, Kirk leads his crew as they explore \"where no man has gone before\".", "Janice Rand Janice Rand is a fictional character in the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Original Series during the first season, as well as some of the related films. She is the Captain's yeoman on board the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701), and first appeared in the episode \"The Man Trap\". She had significant roles in the episodes \"The Enemy Within\", where she fights off an evil version of Captain James T.", "Jean-Luc Picard Captain Jean-Luc Picard (/ʒɑːnˌluːk pɨˌkɑrd/) is a fictional character in the Star Trek: The Next Generation franchise. He appears in the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation and the feature films Star Trek: Generations, Star Trek: First Contact, Star Trek: Insurrection and Star Trek: Nemesis. He also made a cameo appearance in the pilot episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, which began its 7 year run during the 6th season of TNG.", "Jonathan Archer Jonathan Archer is a fictional character in the Star Trek franchise. He is the protagonist of the television series Star Trek: Enterprise, where he is portrayed by Scott Bakula.", "Kathryn Janeway Kathryn Janeway, played by Kate Mulgrew, is a fictional character in the Star Trek franchise. As the captain of the Starfleet starship USS Voyager, she was the lead character on the television series Star Trek: Voyager, and later a Starfleet admiral, as seen in the 2002 feature film Star Trek: Nemesis. Although other female captains had appeared in previous Star Trek episodes and other media, she is the only one to serve as the central character of a Star Trek TV series.", "Leonard McCoy Leonard H. \"Bones\" McCoy is a character in the American science fiction franchise Star Trek. First portrayed by DeForest Kelley in the original Star Trek series, McCoy also appears in the animated Star Trek series, six Star Trek movies, the pilot episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation, and in numerous books, comics, and video games. Karl Urban assumed the role of the character in the 2009 film Star Trek, its 2013 sequel Star Trek Into Darkness and 2016 sequel Star Trek Beyond.", "List of Star Trek: Voyager episodes This is an episode list for the science fiction television series Star Trek: Voyager, which aired on UPN from January 1995 through May 2001. This is the fourth television program in the Star Trek franchise, and comprises a total of 172 episodes over the show's seven seasons. Five episodes of Voyager \"\\Caretaker\", \"The Killing Game\", \"Dark Frontier\", \"Flesh and Blood\", \"Endgame\") each originally aired as two-hour presentations.", "List of Star Trek characters (A–F) This article lists characters of Star Trek in their various canonical incarnations. This includes fictional major characters and fictional minor characters created for Star Trek, fictional characters not originally created for Star Trek, and real-life persons appearing in a fictional manner, such as holodeck recreations.", "List of Star Trek characters (G–M) This article lists characters of Star Trek that received attention from third-party sources in their various canonical incarnations. This includes fictional major characters and fictional minor characters created for Star Trek, fictional characters not originally created for Star Trek, and real-life persons appearing in a fictional manner, such as holodeck recreations.", "List of Star Trek characters (N–S) This article lists characters of Star Trek in their various canonical incarnations. This includes fictional major characters and fictional minor characters created for Star Trek, fictional characters not originally created for Star Trek, and real-life persons appearing in a fictional manner, such as holodeck recreations.", "List of Star Trek characters (T–Z) This article lists characters from Star Trek in their various canonical incarnations. This includes fictional major characters and fictional minor characters created for Star Trek, fictional characters not originally created for Star Trek, and real-life persons appearing in a fictional manner, such as holodeck recreations.", "Mackenzie Calhoun Mackenzie Calhoun (born M'k'n'zy of Calhoun) is a fictional character from the Star Trek universe. Created by Peter David, Calhoun is an extraterrestrial from the planet Xenex, and is captain of the Federation starship USS Excalibur.Calhoun appears primarily in Star Trek: New Frontier, a series of spin-off novels and comic books set during the 24th century era of Star Trek: The Next Generation, in which he is the main character.", "Pavel Chekov Pavel Andreievich Chekov (Russian: Павел Андреевич Чехов) is a fictional character in the Star Trek universe. Walter Koenig portrayed Chekov in the second and third seasons of the original Star Trek series and first seven Star Trek films; Anton Yelchin portrayed the character in both the 2009 film Star Trek, and its sequels, Star Trek Into Darkness and Star Trek Beyond.", "Robert April Robert T. April is a fictional character in the Star Trek universe. April is listed in the Star Trek Chronology, The Star Trek Encyclopedia and at startrek.com as the Enterprise's first commanding officer, preceding Captain Christopher Pike.The character's only television/movie appearance is in the Star Trek: The Animated Series episode \"The Counter-Clock Incident\", in which he is voiced by James Doohan and portrayed as the first captain of the USS Enterprise.", "Romulan The Romulans are a fictional extraterrestrial humanoid species in the science fiction franchise Star Trek. First appearing in the original Star Trek series in the 1966 episode \"Balance of Terror\", they have since made appearances in all the main later Star Trek series: The Animated Series, The Next Generation, Deep Space Nine, Voyager and Enterprise.", "Scotty (Star Trek) Montgomery \"Scotty\" Scott is a fictional character in the science fiction franchise Star Trek. First portrayed by James Doohan in the original Star Trek series, Scotty also appears in the animated Star Trek series, seven Star Trek movies, the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode \"Relics\", and in numerous books, comics, and video games.Simon Pegg has assumed the character and appeared in both the 2009 film Star Trek and its sequels, Star Trek Into Darkness and Star Trek Beyond.", "Spock Spock, commonly Mr. Spock (sometimes popularly referred to as: Spock, son of Sarek), is a fictional character in the Star Trek media franchise. Spock was first portrayed by Leonard Nimoy in the original Star Trek series, and also appears in the animated Star Trek series, a two-part episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation, eight of the Star Trek feature films, and numerous Star Trek novels, comics, and video games.", "Star Trek: Enterprise (season 2) The second season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: Enterprise commenced airing on UPN in the United States on September 18, 2002 and concluded on May 21, 2003 after 26 episodes. Set in the 22nd century, the series follows the adventures of the first Starfleet starship Enterprise, registration NX-01.", "Star Trek: Legacy Star Trek: Legacy is a 2006 real-time tactics/space combat video game for Microsoft Windows and Xbox 360 developed by Mad Doc Software and published by Bethesda Softworks. Originally slated for release in the fall of 2006 to coincide with the 40th anniversary of Star Trek, the PC version of the game wasn't released in North America until 6 December 2006, and the Xbox 360 version until 15 December.", "Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 3) The third season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation commenced airing in broadcast syndication in the United States on September 25, 1989 and concluded on June 18, 1990 after airing 26 episodes. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship Enterprise-D. Season three featured the return of Gates McFadden as Dr. Beverly Crusher after she was replaced by Diana Muldaur for the second season.", "Star Trek: The Original Series Star Trek is an American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry that follows the adventures of the starship USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) and its crew. It later acquired the retronym of Star Trek: The Original Series (Star Trek: TOS or simply TOS) to distinguish the show within the media franchise that it began.The show is set in the Milky Way galaxy, roughly during the 2260s. The ship and crew are led by Captain James T.", "Star Trek: The Original Series (season 1) This is a list of episodes from the first season of the original Star Trek series.", "Star Trek Star Trek is an American science fiction entertainment franchise created by Gene Roddenberry and owned by CBS and Paramount Pictures. Star Trek: The Original Series and its live-action TV spin-off series, Star Trek: The Next Generation, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Star Trek: Voyager, and Star Trek: Enterprise as well as the Star Trek film franchise make up the main canon.", "Star Trek Generations Star Trek Generations is a 1994 American science fiction film released by Paramount Pictures. Generations is the seventh feature film based on Star Trek, and is the first film in the series to star the cast of the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation. Captain Jean-Luc Picard of the USS Enterprise-D teams up with his predecessor Captain James T.", "Starship Enterprise The Enterprise or USS Enterprise (often referred to as the \"starship Enterprise\") is the name of several fictional spacecraft, some of which are the main setting for various television series and films in the Star Trek science fiction franchise.", "T'Pol Commander T'Pol, born 2088, /tɨˈpɒl/ is a fictional character portrayed by Jolene Blalock in Star Trek: Enterprise. She is a Vulcan who serves as the science officer aboard the starship Enterprise.", "William Riker William Thomas \"Will\" Riker, played by Jonathan Frakes, is a fictional character in the Star Trek universe appearing primarily as a main character in Star Trek: The Next Generation. Throughout the series and the series of films, he is the Enterprise first officer, and briefly captain, until he accepts command of the USS Titan at the end of Star Trek: Nemesis." ]

[ "Allegiance (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"Allegiance\" is the 18th episode of the third season of the American syndicated science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, and the 66th episode of the series overall.In this episode, Captain Picard finds himself abducted from the Enterprise and held in a chamber with other prisoners, while a doppelgänger replacing him behaves strangely and gives increasingly disturbing orders.", "Benjamin Sisko Benjamin Lafayette Sisko, played by Avery Brooks, is the main character of the television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.", "Body and Soul (Star Trek: Voyager) \"Body and Soul\" is the 153rd episode of Star Trek: Voyager, the seventh episode of the seventh season.", "Captain's Blood Captain's Blood is a novel by William Shatner, co-written with Judith and Garfield Reeves-Stevens, based upon the television series Star Trek. The novel was released in 2002 in hardcover format. This is the second novel in the \"Totality\" trilogy. The story began with Captain's Peril and concludes with Captain's Glory.", "Captain's Glory Captain's Glory is a novel by William Shatner, co-written with Judith and Garfield Reeves-Stevens, based upon the television series Star Trek. The novel was released in 2006 in hardcover format. This is the final novel in the \"Totality\" trilogy. The story began with Captain's Peril and continued with Captain's Blood.", "Captain's Holiday \"Captain's Holiday\" is the 19th episode of the third season of the syndicated American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, and the 67th episode of the series overall.Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Federation starship USS Enterprise-D.", "Fleet captain Fleet captain is a historic military title that was bestowed upon a naval officer who served as chief of staff to a flag officer.", "Geordi La Forge Lieutenant Commander Geordi La Forge /ˈdʒɔrdi ləˈfɔrdʒ/ is a fictional character who appeared in all seven seasons of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation and its four feature films. Portrayed by LeVar Burton, he served as helmsman of the USS Enterprise-D in the first season, then occupied the role of the chief engineer for the rest of the series and in the films.", "In a Mirror, Darkly \"In a Mirror, Darkly\" is the eighteenth and nineteenth episodes of the fourth season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: Enterprise, and originally aired on April 22 and 29, 2005. This installment was developed to be a sequel to The Original Series episode \"The Tholian Web\" and a prequel to \"Mirror, Mirror\". The decision to set an Enterprise episode in the mirror universe originated with a pitch to enable William Shatner to appear in the series.", "Jadzia Dax Jadzia Dax /dʒædˈziːə ˈdæks/, played by Terry Farrell, was a main character during the first six seasons of the science fiction television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.Jadzia Dax is a joined Trill. Though she appears to be a young woman, Jadzia lives in symbiosis with a wise and long-lived creature, known as a symbiont, named Dax. The two share a single, conscious mind, and her personality is a blending of the characteristics of both the host and the symbiont.", "List of Star Trek: The Next Generation episodes Star Trek: The Next Generation is an American science fiction television series which aired in syndication from September 1987 through May 1994. It is the second live action series of the Star Trek franchise, and comprises a total of 178 episodes over seven seasons.", "List of Star Trek Starfleet starships ordered by class This is a list of the fictional Star Trek universe's Starfleet ships organized by ship class. These vessels appear or are mentioned in the original series Star Trek (TOS), Star Trek: The Next Generation (TNG), Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (DS9), Star Trek: Voyager (VOY), Star Trek: Enterprise (ENT), the Star Trek films, or the Star Trek games. Many of the ship names, classes or registry numbers are not identified on screen and instead are derived from The Star Trek Encyclopedia.", "List of Star Trek novels The science fiction franchise Star Trek has been adapted into published novels, novelizations, and short story collections since 1968. Three main companies have published Star Trek fiction: Bantam Books (from 1967 to 1981), Ballantine Books (from 1974 to 1978), and, since 1979, Pocket Books.", "Saavik Lieutenant JG Saavik is a fictional character in the Star Trek universe. She first appeared in the film Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1982) played by Kirstie Alley. Robin Curtis took on the role for the sequel, Star Trek III: The Search for Spock (1984), and in the next film, Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home (1986).", "Samaritan Snare \"Samaritan Snare\" is the seventeenth episode of the second season of the syndicated science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, the 43rd episode overall, first broadcast on May 15, 1989.The series follows the adventures of the crew of the Federation starship Enterprise commanded by Captain Jean-Luc Picard.", "Star Trek: Attack Wing Star Trek: Attack Wing is a multiplayer game set within the Star Trek \"universe\". It is produced by WizKids and was first released to retail in August, 2013.Players assume the roles of commanders who can customize, upgrade, and assign famous crew members to their fleets from the Dominion, Federation, Klingon, and Romulan factions.", "Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (sometimes abbreviated to DS9) is a science fiction television series set in the Star Trek universe.The show is set in the Milky Way galaxy, in the years 2369–2375. In contrast to the setting of the other Star Trek TV shows, it takes place on a space station instead of a starship, so as not to have two series with starships at the same time (the starship USS Defiant was introduced in season 3, but the station remained the primary setting for the show).", "Star Trek: Enterprise (season 1) Season one of Star Trek: Enterprise, an American television series, began airing on September 26, 2001, on UPN. The season concluded after 26 episodes on May 22, 2002. The series was developed by Rick Berman and Brannon Braga, who also served as executive producers. Season one regular cast members include Scott Bakula, Jolene Blalock, Connor Trinneer, Dominic Keating, Linda Park, Anthony Montgomery and John Billingsley.", "Star Trek: Enterprise (season 3) The third season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: Enterprise commenced airing on UPN in the United States on September 10, 2003 and concluded on May 26, 2004 after 24 episodes. Set in the 22nd century, the series follows the adventures of the first Starfleet starship Enterprise, registration NX-01, and its crew.", "Star Trek: Voyager Star Trek: Voyager is a science fiction television series, set in the Star Trek universe.The show takes place during the 2370s, and begins on the far side of the Milky Way galaxy, 70,000 light-years from Earth. It follows the adventures of the Starfleet vessel USS Voyager, which becomes stranded in the Delta Quadrant while searching for a renegade Maquis ship.", "Star Trek Continues Star Trek Continues is a fan-created science fiction series set in the Star Trek universe produced by Trek Continues Inc., Far From Home, and Dracogen.", "Star Trek fan productions Star Trek fan-made productions are productions made by fans using elements of the Star Trek franchise. Paramount Pictures, CBS, and their licensees are the only organizations legally allowed to create commercial products with the Star Trek name and trademark. The fan film community has received some coverage from the mainstream media.", "Star Trek uniforms While there are many costumes from the Star Trek television series and motion pictures, the ones worn by actors portraying enlisted personnel and officers from the fictitious organization Starfleet are the ones most closely associated with Star Trek costuming. Design varied among the successive costume designers, although generally costumes and insignia were consistent within any one series or film.", "Starfleet Starfleet is a fictional organization in the television and film franchise Star Trek. Within this fictional universe it is a deep-space exploratory, peacekeeping, and military service maintained by the United Federation of Planets \"\\the Federation\"). It is the principal means by which the Federation conducts its exploration, defense, diplomacy, and research.", "The Captains (film) The Captains is a 2011 feature documentary that follows actor William Shatner through interviews with the other actors who have portrayed starship captains in five other incarnations of the Star Trek franchise. Shatner's subjects discuss their lives and careers before, during and after their tenure with Star Trek. They explore the pressures, stigmas and sacrifices that accompanied their roles and their larger careers.", "Tin Man (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"Tin Man\" is the 20th episode of the third season of the science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, and the 68th episode of the series overall.", "Trials and Tribble-ations \"Trials and Tribble-ations\" is the 104th episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, the sixth episode of the fifth season. It was written as a tribute to the original series of Star Trek, in the 30th anniversary year of the show; sister series Voyager produced a similar episode, \"Flashback\". The idea for the episode was suggested by René Echevarria, and Ronald D. Moore suggested the link to \"The Trouble with Tribbles\".", "Tribble Tribbles are fictional alien species in the Star Trek universe who first appeared in the episode titled \"The Trouble with Tribbles\". They are depicted as small, furry, soft, gentle, attractive, and slow-moving, and they usually produce a soothing purring or cooing sound when stroked, all of which are endearing traits to humans, Vulcans, and their hybrids.", "USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) The USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) is the central starship in the fictional Star Trek universe, depicted in 6 network television series, 12 feature films, and countless books and fan-created media. The original Star Trek series features a voice-over by Enterprise captain, James T. Kirk (William Shatner), which describes the mission of Enterprise as \"to explore strange new worlds; to seek out new life and new civilizations; to boldly go where no man has gone before\".", "USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D) The USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D) (or Enterprise-D, to distinguish it from earlier and later starships with the same name) is a 24th-century starship in the Star Trek fictional universe and the principal setting of the Star Trek: The Next Generation television series.", "Uhura Nyota Uhura /niːˈoʊtə ʊˈhʊrə/ is a character in Star Trek: The Original Series, Star Trek: The Animated Series, the first six Star Trek films, the 2009 film Star Trek, its 2013 sequel Star Trek Into Darkness and 2016 sequel Star Trek Beyond. The character was portrayed by Nichelle Nichols through the sixth Star Trek film.", "United Federation of Planets The United Federation of Planets, usually referred to as \"the Federation\", is a fictional interstellar federal republic composed of planetary sovereignties depicted in the fictional Star Trek science fiction franchise." ]

[ "Adam Jones (musician) Adam Thomas Jones (born January 15, 1965) is a three-time Grammy Award-winning American musician and visual artist, best known for his position as the guitarist for Grammy-Award winning band Tool. Jones has been rated the 75th Greatest Guitarist of all time by the Rolling Stone and placed 9th in Guitar World's Top 100 Greatest metal Guitarists. Jones is also the director of the majority of Tool's music videos.", "Adrian Vandenberg Adrian Vandenberg (born 31 January 1954, The Hague in the Netherlands as Adrianus \"Adje\" van den Berg) is a Dutch rock guitarist, best known for his tenure as one of the guitarists in Whitesnake during their successful late 1980s period and the band Vandenberg which he started in 1981. In 2013 Adrian formed a new band; Vandenberg's MoonKings and recorded a new album which was released in early 2014.", "Alex Lifeson Aleksandar Živojinović, OC (born August 27, 1953), better known by his stage name Alex Lifeson, is a Canadian musician, best known as the guitarist of the Canadian rock band Rush. In 1968, Lifeson co-founded the band that would become Rush, with drummer John Rutsey and bassist and singer Jeff Jones.", "Alexi Laiho Alexi \"Wildchild\" Laiho (born Markku Uula Aleksi Laiho; April 8, 1979) is a Finnish vocalist, composer, and guitarist. He is best known for being the lead guitarist as well as lead vocalist for melodic death metal band Children of Bodom, and he is also the guitarist for Sinergy and Kylähullut. He has previously played with Thy Serpent and Impaled Nazarene on occasion, as well as Warmen and Hypocrisy.Laiho was ranked #96 out of 100 Greatest Heavy Metal Guitarists of All Time by Guitar World.", "Andrés Segovia Andrés Segovia Torres, 1st Marquis of Salobreña (Spanish: [anˈdɾes seˈɣoβja ˈtores]) (21 February 1893 – 2 June 1987), known as Andrés Segovia, was a virtuoso Spanish classical guitarist from Linares, Spain. Regarded as one of the greatest guitarists of all time, he is seen as the grandfather of the classical guitar.", "Angus Young Angus McKinnon Young (born 31 March 1955) is a Scottish-born Australian guitarist best known as a co-founder, lead guitarist, and songwriter of the Australian hard rock band AC/DC. Known for his energetic performances, schoolboy-uniform stage outfits, and popularisation of Chuck Berry's duckwalk, Young was ranked by Rolling Stone magazine as being among the greatest guitarists of all time. In 2003, he and the other members of AC/DC were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.", "B.B. King Riley B. King (September 16, 1925 – May 14, 2015), known by his stage name B.B. King, was an American blues singer, songwriter, and guitarist.Rolling Stone ranked King No. 6 on its 2011 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time. King introduced a sophisticated style of soloing based on fluid string bending and shimmering vibrato that influenced many later electric blues guitarists.", "Ben Weinman Ben Weinman (born August 8, 1975) is an American musician, most notable for being the lead guitarist for the band The Dillinger Escape Plan. He is the founder and only original member remaining in the band.Weinman was named one of SPIN Magazine's 100 Greatest Guitarists of all time. Weinman was named one of Guitar World Magazine's 50 fastest guitar players of all time alongside Guitar players such as Eddie Van Halen and Les Paul.", "Bern Nix Bern Nix is an American jazz guitarist. He has recorded and performed with Ornette Coleman from 1975 to 1987, notably playing alongside fellow guitarist Charlie Ellerbee in Coleman's Prime Time group on their key recordings including Dancing in Your Head and In All Languages in 1987.Hailed as one of the greatest jazz guitarists of our time, Bern was voted among the top ten jazz guitarists poll by Down Beat magazine.Nix has led the Bern Nix trio since 1985.", "Bernie Calvert Bernard Bamford Calvert (16 September 1942, Brierfield, Lancashire, England) played bass guitar and keyboards with The Hollies from 1966 until 1981.", "Billy Gibbons William Frederick \"Billy\" Gibbons (born December 16, 1949) is an American musician, singer, songwriter, producer and actor, best known as the guitarist of the American rock band ZZ Top. He began his career in the Moving Sidewalks, who recorded Flash (1968) and opened four dates for the Jimi Hendrix Experience. Gibbons formed ZZ Top in late 1969 and released ZZ Top's First Album in 1971.", "Brent Mason Brent Mason (born July 13, 1959) is an American session guitarist player and occasional songwriter based in Nashville. He is known primarily for his work in the field of country music. In addition to releasing two instrumental studio albums, he holds several credits as a songwriter. He is a Grammy Award winner (2008) and a two-time winner of the CMA Award Musician of the Year. He has released two albums and has produced a number of artists.", "Buddy Guy George \"Buddy\" Guy (born July 30, 1936) is an American blues guitarist and singer. He is an exponent of Chicago blues and has influenced guitarists including Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton, Jimmy Page, Keith Richards, Jeff Beck, John Mayer and Stevie Ray Vaughan. In the 1960s, Guy played with Muddy Waters as a house guitarist at Chess Records and began a musical partnership with harmonica player Junior Wells.Guy was ranked 30th in Rolling Stone magazine's 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time.", "Chris Broderick Christopher Alan Broderick (born March 6, 1970) is an American musician, best known as the former lead and rhythm guitarist of the American heavy metal band Megadeth. He is also formerly the lead guitarist and keyboardist for Jag Panzer, appearing on four of Jag Panzer's albums The Age of Mastery, Thane to the Throne (a concept album about Shakespeare's Macbeth), Mechanized Warfare and Casting the Stones before moving on to Megadeth, replacing Glen Drover.", "Chris DeGarmo Chris DeGarmo (born Christopher Lee DeGarmo on June 14, 1963) is an American heavy metal and hard rock guitarist and threefold Grammy-nominated songwriter. DeGarmo is best known for his seventeen-year tenure (1981–1997) as a lead and rhythm guitarist in the progressive metal band Queensrÿche, which he co-founded, and with whom he played during their most commercially successful period. Since departing from the band, DeGarmo has made his living as a professional charter pilot.", "Chuck Berry Charles Edward Anderson \"Chuck\" Berry (born October 18, 1926) is an American guitarist, singer and songwriter, and one of the pioneers of rock and roll music. With songs such as \"Maybellene\" (1955), \"Roll Over Beethoven\" (1956), \"Rock and Roll Music\" (1957) and \"Johnny B.", "Cory White Cory White is an American guitarist from Lawrence, Kansas. He plays guitar in Reggie and the Full Effect. Also played primarily in The Esoteric and also plays guitar in a band called Theta.", "Crack a Smile... and More! Crack a Smile... and More! is the fifth studio album from the American hard rock band Poison. The record was released on March 14, 2000. The album features guitarist Blues Saraceno, who was hired as the band's new lead guitarist following the firing of Richie Kotzen in late 1993. Saraceno appeared on the band's last album release Poison's Greatest Hits: 1986–1996 in 1996, which featured two new tracks with him on lead guitar.", "Curtis Mayfield Curtis Lee Mayfield (June 3, 1942 – December 26, 1999) was a soul, R&B, and funk singer-songwriter, guitarist, and record producer, who was one of the most influential musicians behind soul and politically conscious African-American music. He first achieved success and recognition with the Impressions during the Civil Rights Movement of the late 1950s and 1960s, and later worked as a solo artist.Born in Chicago, Illinois, Mayfield started his musical career in a gospel choir.", "Danny Gatton Danny Gatton (September 4, 1945 – October 4, 1994) was an American guitarist who fused rockabilly, jazz, and country to create his own distinctive style. When Rolling Stone magazine selected the 100 Greatest Guitarists of all Time in 2003, senior editor David Fricke ranked Gatton 63rd on his ballot. On May 26, 2010, Gibson.com ranked Gatton as the 27th best guitarist of all time.", "Danny Kortchmar Daniel Kortchmar (born April 6, 1946) is a guitarist, session musician, producer and songwriter. Kortchmar's work with singer-songwriters such as Linda Ronstadt, James Taylor, David Crosby, Carole King, Graham Nash, Neil Young , and Carly Simon helped define the signature sound of the singer-songwriter era of the 1970s. Jackson Browne and Don Henley have recorded many songs written or co-written by Kortchmar, and Kortchmar was Henley's songwriting and producing partner in the 1980s.", "Dave Kushner David \"Dave\" Kushner (born November 16, 1966) is an American musician perhaps best known as the rhythm guitarist for the hard rock supergroup Velvet Revolver.", "Davey Johnstone David William Logan \"Davey\" Johnstone (born 6 May 1951, Edinburgh, Scotland), is a Scottish rock guitarist and vocalist, best known for his work with Elton John.", "Derek Trucks Derek Trucks (born June 8, 1979) is an American guitarist, songwriter and founder of the Grammy Award-winning The Derek Trucks Band. He played with The Allman Brothers Band, and became an official member in 1999. In 2010 he and his wife Susan Tedeschi formed the Tedeschi Trucks Band. His musical style encompasses several genres and he has twice appeared on Rolling Stone's list of 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time.", "Dewey Bunnell Lee Martin \"Dewey\" Bunnell (born 19 January 1952) is a British-American musician, singer, guitarist, and songwriter, best-known as a member of folk rock band, America.", "Dickey Betts Forrest Richard \"Dickey\" Betts (born December 12, 1943) is an American guitarist, singer, songwriter, and composer best known as a founding member of The Allman Brothers Band.He was inducted with the band into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995 and also won with the band a best rock performance Grammy Award for his instrumental \"Jessica\" in 1996.", "Don Felder Donald William \"Don\" Felder (born September 21, 1947) is an American musician and songwriter, best known for his work as a lead guitarist for the Eagles from 1974 to 2001.", "Eddie Perez (guitarist) Edward Anthony Perez (born June 26, 1968 in Los Angeles, California) is an American guitarist and singer. He currently tours and records with The Mavericks again after a long time of being on tour with Dwight Yoakam. Prior to this, Perez joined the Grammy award-winning, multi-platinun band The Mavericks as a member in 2003. He has also played with other notable artists such as James Intveld, Connie Smith, Jim Lauderdale, Miranda Lambert, Lee Ann Womack, Gary Allan and Kim Richey.", "Eddie Van Halen Edward Lodewijk \"Eddie\" Van Halen (born January 26, 1955 in Nijmegen) is a Dutch-born American musician, songwriter and producer. He is best known as the lead guitarist, occasional keyboardist and co-founder of the hard rock band Van Halen. He is considered to be one of the world's greatest guitarists, and one of the most influential rock guitarists of the 20th century. In 2011, Rolling Stone magazine ranked Van Halen number eight in the list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists.", "Erik Brann Erik Keith Brann (August 11, 1950 – July 25, 2003), born Rick Davis and also known as Erik Braunn, was an American guitarist with the 1960s acid rock band Iron Butterfly. He is featured on the band's greatest hit, the 17-minute In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida (1968), recorded when he was 17.A Boston, Massachusetts native and a violinist, Brann was accepted as a child into the prodigy program at the Boston Symphony Orchestra, but was soon lured away to become a rock guitarist, joining Iron Butterfly at 16.", "Erik Turner Erik Turner (born March 31, 1964) is best known as the rhythm guitarist in American glam metal band Warrant. Turner co-founded Warrant in Los Angeles, California in July 1984 with bassist Jerry Dixon.Turner was influenced by bands Led Zeppelin and Aerosmith and guitarists Jimmy Page and Joe Perry.", "Glen Buxton Glen Edward Buxton (November 10, 1947 – October 19, 1997) was an American musician, and guitarist for the original Alice Cooper band. In 2003, Rolling Stone ranked Buxton number 90 on its list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time.", "Glen Campbell Live! His Greatest Hits Glen Campbell Live! His Greatest Hits is the 54th album by American singer/guitarist Glen Campbell, released in 1994 (see 1994 in music).", "Graham Anthony Devine Graham Anthony Devine (born 1971 in Liverpool, England) is a classical guitarist.Devine studied with Gordon Crosskey at Chetham's School of Music in Manchester.", "Graham Coxon Graham Leslie Coxon (born 12 March 1969) is an English musician, singer-songwriter and painter who came to prominence as a founding member of the rock band Blur. As the group's lead guitarist and secondary vocalist, Coxon is featured on all eight of Blur's studio albums, from 1991's Leisure to 2015's The Magic Whip, despite being absent from the group from 2002 to 2008 owing to a dispute with the other members. He has also led a solo career since 1998.", "Guitarist A guitarist (or a guitar player) is a person who plays the guitar. Guitarists may play a variety of guitar family instruments such as classical guitars, acoustic guitars, electric guitars, and bass guitars. Some guitarists accompany themselves on the guitar by singing or playing the harmonica.", "Ida Presti Ida Presti (31 May 1924 – 24 April 1967) was a French classical guitarist and composer. She first came to prominence as a child prodigy, before maturing into what some have called \"the greatest guitarist of the 20th century, and possibly of all time.\"", "James Hetfield James Alan Hetfield (born August 3, 1963) is the co-founder, lead vocalist, rhythm guitarist, main songwriter, and lyricist for the American heavy metal band Metallica. Hetfield is mainly known for his intricate rhythm playing, but has also performed occasional lead guitar duties both in the studio and live.Hetfield co-founded Metallica in October 1981 after answering a classified advertisement by drummer Lars Ulrich in the Los Angeles newspaper The Recycler.", "James Taylor James Vernon Taylor (born March 12, 1948) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist. A five-time Grammy Award winner, Taylor was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2000.Taylor achieved his breakthrough in 1970 with the No. 3 single \"Fire and Rain\" and had his first No. 1 hit the following year with \"You've Got a Friend\", a recording of Carole King's classic song. His 1976 Greatest Hits album was certified Diamond and has sold 12 million US copies.", "Jeff Buckley Jeffrey Scott \"Jeff\" Buckley (November 17, 1966 – May 29, 1997), raised as Scott \"Scottie\" Moorhead, was an American singer-songwriter and guitarist. After a decade as a session guitarist in Los Angeles, Buckley amassed a following in the early 1990s by playing cover songs at venues in Manhattan's East Village, such as Sin-é, gradually focusing more on his own material.", "Jerry Miller Jerry Miller (born July 10, 1943 in Tacoma, Washington) is an American songwriter, guitarist and vocalist. He performs as a solo artist and as a member of the Jerry Miller Band. He is also a founding member of the 1960s San Francisco band Moby Grape, which continues to perform occasionally. Rolling Stone included Jerry at number 68 on their list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time and Moby Grape's album 'Moby Grape' at number 124 on their list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.", "Jewel (singer) Jewel Kilcher (born May 23, 1974) is an American singer-songwriter, guitarist, producer, actress, and author/poet. She has received four Grammy Award nominations and, as of 2008, has sold over 27 million albums worldwide.Jewel's debut album, Pieces of You, released on February 28, 1995, became one of the best-selling debut albums of all time, going 15 times platinum.", "Jimi Hendrix James Marshall \"Jimi\" Hendrix (born Johnny Allen Hendrix; November 27, 1942 – September 18, 1970) was an American rock guitarist, singer, and songwriter. Although his mainstream career spanned only four years, he is widely regarded as one of the most influential electric guitarists in the history of popular music, and one of the most celebrated musicians of the 20th century.", "Jimmy Nolen Jimmy Nolen (April 3, 1934 – December 18, 1983) was an American guitarist, known for his distinctive \"chicken scratch\" lead guitar playing in James Brown's bands. In its survey of \"The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time,\" the English magazine Mojo ranks Nolen number twelve.", "Jimmy Page James Patrick \"Jimmy\" Page, Jr., OBE (born 9 January 1944) is an English musician, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and record producer who achieved international success as the guitarist and founder of the rock band Led Zeppelin.Page began his career as a studio session musician in London and, by the mid-1960s, had become the most sought-after session guitarist in England. He was a member of the Yardbirds from 1966 to 1968.", "Joe Pass Joe Pass (born Joseph Anthony Jacobi Passalacqua, January 13, 1929 – May 23, 1994) was an American virtuoso jazz guitarist of Sicilian descent. He is generally considered to be one of the greatest jazz guitarists of the 20th century.", "Joe Walsh Joseph Fidler \"Joe\" Walsh (born November 20, 1947) is an American singer, songwriter, composer, multi-instrumentalist, and record producer. In a career spanning more than 40 years, Walsh has been a member of five successful rock bands: the Eagles, James Gang, Barnstorm, The Party Boys, and Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band. In the 1990s, he was also a member of the short-lived supergroup The Best.", "John Deacon John Richard Deacon (born 19 August 1951) is a retired English musician, best known as the bass guitarist for the rock band Queen. Of the four members of the band, he was the last to join and also the youngest, being only 19 years old when he was recruited by the other members of the band in February 1971.", "John Frusciante John Anthony Frusciante (/fruːˈʃɑːnti/; born March 5, 1970) is an American guitarist, singer, producer and composer. He is best known as the former guitarist of the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers, from 1988 until 1992, and again from 1998 until 2009. He recorded five studio albums with them.Frusciante has an active solo career, having released eleven solo albums and five EPs; his recordings include elements ranging from experimental rock and ambient music to new wave and electronica.", "John McLaughlin (musician) John McLaughlin (born 4 January 1942 in Doncaster, West Riding of Yorkshire, England), also known as Mahavishnu John McLaughlin, is an English guitarist, bandleader and composer. His music includes many genres of jazz, and rock, which he coupled with an interest in Indian classical music to become one of the pioneering figures in fusion.After contributing to several key British groups of the early 1960s McLaughlin made Extrapolation, his first album as a bandleader, in 1969.", "John Petrucci John Peter Petrucci (born July 12, 1967) is an American guitarist, composer and producer. He is best known as a founding member of the progressive metal/rock band Dream Theater. With his former bandmate Mike Portnoy, he has produced all Dream Theater albums since their 1999 release, Metropolis Pt. 2: Scenes from a Memory until their 2009 release, Black Clouds & Silver Linings, and also produced alone their 2011 release A Dramatic Turn of Events and 2013's Dream Theater.", "Johnny Ramone John William Cummings (October 8, 1948 – September 15, 2004), better known by his stage name Johnny Ramone, was an American guitarist and songwriter, best known for being the guitarist for the punk rock band the Ramones. He was a founding member of the band, and remained a member throughout the band's entire career. He died from prostate cancer on September 15, 2004.In 2003, he appeared on Time's \"10 Greatest Electric-Guitar Players\".", "Keith Richards Keith Richards (born 18 December 1943) is an English musician, singer and songwriter, actor, and one of the original members of the rock band The Rolling Stones. Rolling Stone Magazine credited Richards for \"rock's greatest single body of riffs\" on guitar and ranked him 4th on its list of 100 best guitarists. Fourteen songs that Richards wrote with the Rolling Stones' lead vocalist Mick Jagger are listed among Rolling Stone magazine's \"500 Greatest Songs of All Time\".", "Kevin Shields Kevin Patrick Shields (born 21 May 1963) is an Irish musician, singer-songwriter, composer and producer, best known as the vocalist and guitarist of the alternative rock band My Bloody Valentine. Shields performed in a number of small unsuccessful bands in Dublin, Ireland, as a teenager, before forming My Bloody Valentine with drummer Colm Ó Cíosóig in 1983.", "Kirk Hammett Kirk Lee Hammett (born November 18, 1962) is the lead guitarist and songwriter for the heavy metal band Metallica and has been a member of the band since 1983. Before joining Metallica he formed and named the band Exodus. In 2003, Hammett was ranked 11th on Rolling Stone's list of The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. In 2009, Hammett was ranked number 15 in Joel McIver's book The 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists.", "Lindsey Buckingham Lindsey Adams Buckingham (born October 3, 1949) is an American musician, singer and songwriter, best known as guitarist and male vocalist of the musical group Fleetwood Mac from 1975 to 1987, and then 1997 to the present day. Aside from his tenure with Fleetwood Mac, Buckingham has also released six solo albums and three live albums. As a member of Fleetwood Mac, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998.", "Liz Phair Elizabeth Clark \"Liz\" Phair (born April 17, 1967) is an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist.She began her career in the early 1990s by self-releasing audio cassettes under the name Girly Sound, before signing with the independent record label Matador Records. Her 1993 debut studio album Exile in Guyville was released to acclaim; it has been ranked by Rolling Stone as one of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.", "Mark Kendall (guitarist) Mark Kendall (born April 29, 1957) is a lead guitarist born in Loma Linda, California. He is best known for being the founding member and lead guitar player of the blues-based hard rock band Dante Fox, which later became Great White.", "Mark Tremonti Mark Thomas Tremonti (born April 18, 1974) is an American musician and singer-songwriter, best known as the lead guitarist of the rock bands Creed and Alter Bridge. He is a founding member of both bands, and has also collaborated with many other artists over the years. He formed his own band, Tremonti, in 2012, releasing the album All I Was.", "Marv Tarplin Marvin \"Marv\" Tarplin (June 13, 1941 – September 30, 2011) was an American guitarist and songwriter, best known as the guitarist for the Miracles from the 1950s through the early 1970s. He was one of the group's original members and co-wrote several of their biggest hits, including the 1965 Grammy Hall Of Fame inducted \"The Tracks of My Tears\".", "Matthew Bellamy Matthew James \"Matt\" Bellamy (born 9 June 1978) is an English musician, singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and composer. He is best known as the lead vocalist, lead guitarist, pianist, and principal songwriter of rock band Muse. As a performer, he is often recognised for his eccentric stage persona, wide tenor vocal range, and piano and guitar playing abilities.", "Mike Smith (guitarist) Mike Smith (born on October 11, 1973 in Middle River, Maryland, U.S.) is a musician, best known as the former guitarist of Snot, TheStart, and Limp Bizkit. Currently he is the singer and guitarist for the band Evolver.", "Moraíto Chico II Manuel Moreno Junquera, Moraíto Chico (Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz, Spain, September 13, 1956 - Jerez de la Frontera, August 10, 2011) was a Flamenco guitarist.He was known as one of the greatest and most in-demand accompanying guitarists of his generation, and was the regular accompanist for José Mercé, Diego Carrasco and other popular flamenco singers. He also played regularly for such stars as La Paquera de Jerez, Camarón de la Isla and Manuel Agujetas.", "Nels Cline Nels Courtney Cline (born January 4, 1956 in Los Angeles) is an American guitarist and composer.He first came to prominence in the 1980s playing jazz, often in collaboration with his identical twin brother Alex Cline, a drummer. Since then, Nels has worked with a wide range of musicians in punk and alternative rock, notably Mike Watt, Thurston Moore and Wilco (the latter as a full-time member since 2004).", "Nile Rodgers Nile Gregory Rodgers (born September 19, 1952) is an American musician, producer, and guitarist.", "Paul Franklin (musician) Paul V. Franklin (born May 31, 1954 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American multi-instrumentalist, known mainly for his work as a steel guitarist. He began his career in the 1970s as a member of Barbara Mandrell's road band; in addition he toured with Mel Tillis and Jerry Reed. He has since become a prolific session musician in Nashville, Tennessee, playing on more than 500 albums. He has been named by the Academy of Country Music as Best Steel Guitarist on several occasions.", "Pete Anderson Pete Anderson is an American guitarist, music producer, arranger and songwriter.Anderson is most known for his guitar work with, and critically acclaimed production of, country music star Dwight Yoakam from 1984 through 2002, a partnership that resulted in numerous platinum records, sold-out tours, and some fine music in the Bakersfield and hillbilly traditions. Anderson became known as a top-flight producer who could get the job done.", "Richard Holgarth Richard Holgarth is a guitar player with Eddie and the Hot Rods and John Otway, as well as Co-owner of - The Square music venue in Harlow, Essex.", "Rick Vito Richard Francis \"Rick\" Vito (born October 13, 1949, Darby, Pennsylvania, United States) is an American guitarist and singer. He was part of Fleetwood Mac between 1987 and 1991. Vito took over as lead guitarist after Lindsey Buckingham left Fleetwood Mac. He is best known for his blues and slide guitar style, whose influences include Elmore James, Robert Nighthawk, B.B.", "Robby Krieger Robert Alan \"Robby\" Krieger (born January 8, 1946) is an American rock guitarist and singer-songwriter best known as the guitarist in The Doors. Krieger wrote or co-wrote many of the band's songs, including the hits \"Light My Fire\", \"Love Me Two Times\", \"Touch Me\", and \"Love Her Madly\".", "Roger Fisher (guitarist) Roger Fisher (born February 14, 1950 in Seattle, Washington) is a guitarist primarily known as one of the founding members of the band Heart. His tenure lasted from 1963 (in the band's first incarnation) until 1980.", "Ron Asheton Ronald Franklin Asheton (July 17, 1948 – January 6, 2009) was an American guitarist, actor and co-songwriter with Iggy Pop for the rock band the Stooges. He formed the Stooges along with Pop and his brother, drummer Scott Asheton, and bassist Dave Alexander. Asheton, once ranked as number 29 on Rolling Stone's list of 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time is currently (November 2014) ranked at number 60.", "Slash (musician) Saul Hudson (born July 23, 1965), better known by his stage name Slash, is a British-American musician and songwriter. He is best known as the former lead guitarist of the American hard rock band Guns N' Roses, with whom he achieved worldwide success in the late 1980s and early 1990s. During his later years with Guns N' Roses, Slash formed the side project Slash's Snakepit.", "Steve Cropper Steven Lee \"Steve\" Cropper (born October 21, 1941, Dora, Missouri, United States) is an American guitarist, songwriter, and record producer. He is best known as the guitarist of the Stax Records house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and has backed artists such as Otis Redding, Sam & Dave, Carla Thomas, Rufus Thomas and Johnnie Taylor, also acting as producer on many of these records. He later gained fame as a member of the Blues Brothers band.", "Steve Hunter Stephen John Hunter, sometimes called \"The Deacon\", born June 14, 1948, is an American guitarist best known for his collaborations with Lou Reed and Alice Cooper. He first played with Mitch Ryder's Detroit, beginning a long association with record producer Bob Ezrin who has said Steve Hunter has contributed so much to rock music in general that he truly deserves the designation of \"Guitar Hero\".", "Terry Smith (guitarist) Terence \"Terry\" Smith (born 20 May 1943, West Norwood, South-East London) is a British jazz guitarist.", "Tom and Jerry (guitarists) Tom and Jerry was a guitar duo of the early 1960s in the United States, consisting of Tommy Tomlinson and Jerry Kennedy.They recorded instrumentals on the Mercury Records label. Their best known single was \"Golden Wildwood Flower\" in 1961.They released four albums, with a general rock and roll theme:Guitar's Greatest HitsGuitars Play the Sound of Ray CharlesGuitar's Greatest Hits volume 2Surfin' Hootenanny", "Traa Daniels Mark \"Traa\" Daniels (born December 30, 1970) is the bass guitarist of the San Diego rock band P.O.D. He has been a member since 1994 and has performed on all of the band's official records. The band has released ten albums – Snuff the Punk, Brown, Payable on Death Live, The Fundamental Elements of Southtown, Satellite, Payable on Death, Testify, Greatest Hits: The Atlantic Years, When Angels & Serpents Dance and Murdered Love.", "Wayne Kramer (guitarist) Wayne Kramer (born April 30, 1948) is an American guitarist, singer, songwriter, producer and film and television composer.Kramer came to prominence as a teenager in 1967 as a co-founder of the Detroit rock group MC5 (Motor City 5), a group known for their powerful live performances and radical left-wing political stance.", "Weir Here – The Best of Bob Weir Weir Here - The Best Of Bob Weir is a 2004 live/studio compilation album featuring former Grateful Dead rhythm guitarist and co-vocalist Bob Weir. As well as tracks by Bob Weir it features recordings by the bands Kingfish, Ratdog, Bobby and the Midnites and the Grateful Dead. Andrew Clarke of the The Independent called Bob Weir the genre’s \"greatest, if most eccentric rhythm guitarist.\"Both \"New Minglewood Blues\" and \"Man Smart, Woman Smarter\" are edited performances.", "Zoot Horn Rollo Bill Harkleroad, known professionally as Zoot Horn Rollo (born January, 8 1949), is an American guitarist. He is best known for his work with Captain Beefheart and The Magic Band. In 2003 he was ranked #62 in a Rolling Stone Magazine list of \"the 100 greatest guitarists of all time\"." ]

[ "Ali Farka Touré Ali Ibrahim \"Farka\" Touré (October 31, 1939 – March 7, 2006) was a Malian singer and multi-instrumentalist, and one of the African continent's most internationally renowned musicians. His music is widely regarded as representing a point of intersection of traditional Malian music and its North American cousin, the blues.", "Bernard Butler Bernard Joseph Butler (born 1 May 1970, Stamford Hill, North London) is an English musician and record producer. He is best known as the first guitarist and primary songwriter with Suede, until his departure in 1994. He has been hailed by some critics as the greatest guitarist of his generation, as well as one of Britain's most original and influential guitarists.", "Bernard Edwards Bernard Edwards (October 31, 1952 – April 18, 1996) was an American bass player, singer, songwriter and record producer, both as a member of the funk/disco band Chic and on his own projects.", "Brian May Brian Harold May, CBE (born 19 July 1947) is an English musician, singer, songwriter and astrophysicist who achieved international fame as the lead guitarist of the rock band Queen. He uses a home-built electric guitar, called the Red Special.", "Chris Cornell Chris Cornell (born July 20, 1964) is an American rock musician and singer-songwriter, best known as the lead vocalist, primary songwriter and rhythm guitarist for Seattle rock band Soundgarden and as former lead vocalist and songwriter for the supergroup Audioslave. He is also known for his numerous solo works and soundtrack contributions since 1991, and as founder and frontman for Temple of the Dog, the one-off tribute band dedicated to his friend the late Andrew Wood.", "Digging Your Scene: The Best of The Blow Monkeys Digging Your Scene: The Best of The Blow Monkeys is a double greatest hits album, released on 4 February 2008 by British new wave band The Blow Monkeys. Led by singer, guitarist, piano and keyboard player Dr. Robert, the group formed in the early 1980s and disbanded in 1990. After that, Dr. Robert went on to pursue a solo career.", "Gilby Clarke (album) Gilby Clarke is a best of album by former Guns N' Roses guitarist Gilby Clarke, released in 2007.", "Glen Campbell discography This article presents the discography of American singer/guitarist Glen Campbell. Since 1962, Campbell has recorded and released fifty-seven studio albums and six live albums. He has also lent his vocals to four soundtracks for motion pictures (True Grit, Norwood, Rock-A-Doodle and Glen Campbell: I'll Be Me).", "Good Charlotte Good Charlotte is an American rock band from Waldorf, Maryland that formed in 1996. Since 1998, the band's constant members have been lead vocalist Joel Madden, guitarist and vocalist Benji Madden, bassist Paul Thomas, and guitarist and keyboardist Billy Martin. Their drummer is Dean Butterworth, who has been a member of the band since 2005.", "Greatest Hits, Vol. 1 (Korn album) Greatest Hits, Vol. 1 is a greatest hits compilation released in October 2004 by American rock band Korn. The album features select tracks from their first six studio albums presented in reverse chronological order. There are two previously unreleased songs on the compilation: a cover of Cameo's \"Word Up!\", and a compilation of all three parts of Pink Floyd's \"Another Brick in the Wall\" and \"Goodbye Cruel World\".", "Greatest Hits (1971 Fleetwood Mac album) Greatest Hits was the first hits compilation package from the rock band Fleetwood Mac, covering the period from the band's beginning in 1968 to 1971, mostly in its original incarnation led by guitarist Peter Green.", "Greatest Hits (1998 Heart album) Heart - Greatest Hits is a compilation album by the American rock band Heart. It is the sixteenth of Heart's album releases.This compilation collects Heart's hits from 1976 through 1983, with one all-new studio recording, the Diane Warren penned \"Strong, Strong Wind\". The collection, which was limited to release in the US and Japan, acted as a 'first volume' of two greatest hits releases, the companion being the widely released Greatest Hits: 1985-1995.", "Greatest Hits (Blink-182 album) Greatest Hits is the first greatest hits album of American rock band Blink-182. It was released on October 31, 2005 by Geffen Records. The compilation was released alongside a DVD of the same name, collecting the band's music videos. Greatest Hits was created by Geffen shortly after the band's February 2005 breakup, termed an \"indefinite hiatus\" by the label. Tensions had risen in the group and guitarist Tom DeLonge desired to take time off.", "Greatest Hits (Kim Mitchell album) Greatest Hits is a compilation album from Canadian singer and guitarist Kim Mitchell. The album was released in 1995.", "Greatest Hits (Queen album) Greatest Hits is a compilation album by the British rock band Queen, released in the UK on 26 October 1981. The album consisted of Queen's best-selling singles since their first chart appearance in 1974 with \"Seven Seas of Rhye\", up to their 1980 hit \"Flash\" (though in some countries \"Under Pressure\", the band's 1981 chart-topper with David Bowie, was included).", "Greatest Hits Live! (Lita Ford album) Greatest Hits Live! is the first live album released by American hard rock singer and guitarist Lita Ford. The first track of the album is a new song recorded at EMI Studios in Hollywood. The rest of the album was recorded in an unknown location in Southern California, probably during the Dangerous Curves tour.The album was re-issued in 2004 by Cleopatra Records with the title In Concert and again by Deadline Records in 2006 with the original title and a slightly different cover.", "Greatest Hits Live! (Saxon album) Greatest Hits Live is the third live album by the band Saxon. It was released in 1990 just one year after their previous live album Rock 'n' Roll Gypsies to celebrate the tenth anniversary years of the band's activity, together with a VHS of the concert.", "J Mascis J Mascis (/ˈmæskɪs/ MASS-kiss; born Joseph Donald Mascis, Jr. on December 10, 1965) is an American musician. He is best known as the singer, guitarist and main songwriter for alternative rock band Dinosaur Jr. and described as a figurehead of grunge. He also developed a solo career releasing six albums while also playing drums on other projects. His latest album Tied to a Star was released in August 2014.", "Joe Perry (musician) Anthony Joseph \"Joe\" Perry (born September 10, 1950) is the lead guitarist, backing and occasional lead vocalist, and contributing songwriter for the American rock band Aerosmith. He was ranked 84th in Rolling Stone's list of The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time.", "John Farrar John Clifford Farrar (/ˈfɑrər/; born 8 November 1946) is an Australian-born music producer, songwriter, arranger, singer and guitarist. As a musician, Farrar is a former member of several rock and roll groups including The Mustangs (1963–64), The Strangers (1964–70), Marvin, Welch & Farrar (1970–73), and The Shadows (1973–76); in 1980 he released a solo eponymous album. As a songwriter and producer he worked with Olivia Newton-John from 1971 to 1989.", "List of greatest hits albums A Greatest hits album is a compilation album of successful, previously released songs by a particular music artist or band.Albums entitled Greatest Hits, or similar titles, listed alphabetically by band name or artist's last name, include:", "Michael Steele (musician) Michael Steele (born Susan Nancy Thomas on June 2, 1955) is an American bassist, guitarist, songwriter, and singer. She was a member of the Bangles and the Runaways, along with other bands.", "More Wharf More Wharf: Greatest Hits is a compilation album of songs by Australian rock band Australian Crawl taken from their four studio albums (The Boys Light Up, Sirocco, Sons of Beaches, and Between a Rock and a Hard Place) and their EP, Semantics.The album is dedicated to the band's lead guitarist, Brad Robinson who died of lymphoma in 1996.The album features a slightly different mix of Reckless (Don't Be So), with the bass being more audible and more guitar added in the last section of the song.", "Nancy Wilson (rock musician) Nancy Lamoureaux Wilson (born March 16, 1954) is an American musician, singer, songwriter, actress, and producer. She and her older sister Ann are the core of the rock band Heart.", "Noiseworks Noiseworks are an Australian hard rock band formed in Sydney in 1986 with bass guitarist Steve Balbi, guitarist Stuart Fraser, drummer Kevin Nicol, keyboardist Justin Stanley and lead vocalist Jon Stevens. They had four Australian Top 10 albums, Noiseworks (No. 6, 1987), Touch (No. 5, 1988), Love Versus Money (No. 1, 1991) and Greatest Hits (No. 4, 1992). They produced three Top 10 singles, \"Take Me Back\", \"Touch\" and \"Hot Chilli Woman\" before disbanding in 1992.", "Paco de Lucía Francisco Gustavo Sánchez Gomes (21 December 1947 – 25 February 2014), known as Paco de Lucía [ˈpako ðe luˈθia], was a Spanish virtuoso flamenco guitarist, composer and producer. A leading proponent of the New Flamenco style, he helped legitimize flamenco among the establishment in Spain, and was one of the first flamenco guitarists to have successfully crossed over into other genres of music such as classical and jazz.", "Paul Simon Paul Frederic Simon (born October 13, 1941) is an American musician, actor and singer-songwriter. Simon's fame, influence, and commercial success began as part of the duo Simon & Garfunkel, formed in 1964 with musical partner Art Garfunkel. Simon wrote nearly all of the pair’s songs, including three that reached No. 1 on the U.S. singles charts: \"The Sound of Silence\", \"Mrs. Robinson\", and \"Bridge Over Troubled Water\".", "Pete Willis Peter Andrew \"Pete\" Willis (born 16 February 1960, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England) is a British hard rock guitarist, best known as an original member of the band Def Leppard. He co-wrote many tracks and played guitar on the band's first three albums, On Through the Night, High 'n' Dry, and Pyromania, which was being recorded at the time of his departure. He was fired from Def Leppard in 1982 and replaced by Phil Collen.", "Poison's Greatest Hits: 1986–1996 Poison's Greatest Hits: 1986–1996 is the first greatest hits compilation CD from the Glam Metal band Poison. The album was released on November 26, 1996 by Capitol Records. The album contains 16 tracks from the band's first four studio albums (Look What the Cat Dragged In, Open Up and Say...Ahh!, Flesh & Blood and Native Tongue) and also the live double-album Swallow This Live.", "Rob Malone Robbie \"'Rob\" Malone is the bass player for English musician David Gray.", "The Best of The Byrds: Greatest Hits, Volume II The Best of The Byrds: Greatest Hits, Volume II is the third greatest hits album by the American rock band The Byrds, but only the second to be released in the United States, since the earlier The Byrds' Greatest Hits Volume II had only been issued in the UK. The album was released in the U.S. by Columbia Records on November 10, 1972 (see 1972 in music) in lieu of any new Byrds' product during that year.", "The Boy in Me The Boy in Me is the 53rd album by American singer/guitarist Glen Campbell, released in 1994 (see 1994 in music).", "Trey Azagthoth Trey Azagthoth (born George Michel Emmanuel III March 26, 1965 in Bellingham, Washington, United States) is an American musician best known as founder and guitarist of the Florida death metal band Morbid Angel.", "Unsung: The Best of Helmet (1991–1997) Unsung: The Best of Helmet (1991–1997) is a compilation album of Helmet in its original form, consisting of vocalist/guitarist Page Hamilton, bassist Henry Bogdan, drummer John Stanier, and guitarists Peter Mengede (1989–1993) and Rob Echeverria (1994–1996).", "Vault: Def Leppard Greatest Hits (1980–1995) Vault: Def Leppard Greatest Hits (1980–1995) is the first greatest hits album and the second compilation album by English hard rock band Def Leppard. The album was originally released in the band's home country on 23 October 1995 by Mercury Records. It was released in North America a few days later by the same label. Vault went on to be certified gold in four countries, platinum in three and multi-platinum in two." ]

[ "Index of North Carolina-related articles The following is an alphabetical list of articles related to the U.S. state of North Carolina.", "Index of South Carolina-related articles The following is an alphabetical list of articles related to the U.S. state of South Carolina.", "List of counties in North Carolina The U.S. state of North Carolina is divided into 100 counties. North Carolina ranks 29th in size by area, but has the seventh-highest number of counties in the country.Following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, King Charles II rewarded eight persons on March 24, 1663, for their faithful support of his efforts to regain the throne of England. He gave the eight grantees, called Lords Proprietor, the land called Carolina, in honor of King Charles I, his father.", "List of counties in South Carolina The U.S. state of South Carolina is made up of 46 counties, the maximum allowable by state law. They range in size from 359 square miles (578 square kilometers) in the case of Calhoun County to 1,133 square miles (2,935 square kilometers) in the case of Horry County.", "List of municipalities in North Carolina This is a list of the 552 incorporated municipalities (cities, towns, and villages) in the U.S. state of North Carolina:", "List of museums in North Carolina This list of museums in North Carolina is a list of museums, defined for this context as institutions (including nonprofit organizations, government entities, and private businesses) that collect and care for objects of cultural, artistic, scientific, or historical interest and make their collections or related exhibits available for public viewing.", "List of newspapers in North Carolina This is a list of newspapers in published in North Carolina, USA.", "List of townships in North Carolina The U.S. state of North Carolina is divided into 1,036 townships in 100 counties.", "Meggett, South Carolina Meggett is a town in Charleston County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 1,226 at the 2010 census. Meggett is part of the Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville metropolitan area.", "North Carolina North Carolina (/ˌnɔrθ kærəˈlaɪnə/) is a state in the Southeastern United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west, Virginia to the north, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. North Carolina is the 28th most extensive and the 9th most populous of the 50 United States. North Carolina is known as the Tar Heel State and the Old North State.North Carolina is composed of 100 counties.", "North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University (also known as North Carolina A&T State University, North Carolina A&T, N.C. A&T, or simply A&T) is a public, coeducational, historically black, research university located in Greensboro, North Carolina, United States. It is a constituent institution of the University of North Carolina, one of the oldest public universities in the United States.", "North Carolina Highway 201 North Carolina Highway 201 (NC 201) was the designation for two former routes in North Carolina.", "North Carolina Highway 49 North Carolina Highway 49 (NC 49) is a state highway in the North Carolina Highway System that traverses much of the Piedmont region of North Carolina.", "North Carolina House of Representatives The North Carolina House of Representatives is one of the two houses of the North Carolina General Assembly. The House is a 120-member body led by a Speaker of the House, who holds powers similar to those of the President pro-tem in the state senate.", "North Carolina Senate The North Carolina Senate is the upper house of the bicameral North Carolina General Assembly. It has 50 members.The Senate's prerogatives and powers are similar to those of the other house, the House of Representatives. Its members do, however, represent districts that are larger than those of their colleagues in the House. The President of the Senate is the Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina, but the Lt. Governor has very limited powers and only votes to break a tie.", "Province of Carolina The Province of Carolina was an English and later a British colony of North America. Carolina was originally founded in what is modern day North Carolina.", "Province of South Carolina The Province of South Carolina (also known as the South Carolina Colony) was originally part of the Province of Carolina in British America, which was chartered by eight Lords Proprietor in 1663. The province later became the U.S. state of South Carolina.", "Raleigh, North Carolina Raleigh (/ˈrɑːli/; RAH-lee) is the capital of the state of North Carolina as well as the seat of Wake County in the United States. It is the second most populous city in North Carolina, after Charlotte. Raleigh is known as the \"City of Oaks\" for its many oak trees, which line the streets in the heart of the city. The city covers a land area of 142.8 square miles (370 km2). The U.S. Census Bureau estimates the city's population to be 431,746 as of July 1, 2013.", "South Carolina South Carolina /ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/ is a state in the southeastern United States, bordered to the north by North Carolina, to the south and west by Georgia across the Savannah River, and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean.The Province of South Carolina became a slave society after rice and indigo became established as commodity crops. From 1708, a majority of the population were slaves, many born in Africa.", "South Carolina Department of Transportation The South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT) is a government agency in the US state of South Carolina. Its mission is to build and maintain roads and bridges and administer mass transit services.By state law, the SCDOT's function and purpose is the systematic planning, construction, maintenance, and operation of the state highway system and the development of a statewide mass transit system that is consistent with the needs and desires of the public.", "South Carolina Highway 9 South Carolina Highway 9 (SC 9) is a 258.3 mi (416 km)-long state highway in the U.S. state of South Carolina. The route runs from the North Carolina border upstate to North Myrtle Beach, near the Atlantic coast. The road is currently the longest state highway in South Carolina.", "Sullivan's Island, South Carolina Sullivan's Island is a town and island in Charleston County, South Carolina, United States, at the entrance to Charleston Harbor, with a population of 1,791 at the 2010 census. The town is part of the Charleston metropolitan area.Sullivan's Island was the point of entry for approximately 40 percent of the 400,000 enslaved Africans brought to British North America; it has been likened to Ellis Island, the 19th-century reception point for immigrants in New York City.", "U.S. Route 701 U.S. Route 701 (US 701) is a spur of US 1 in the U.S. states of South Carolina and North Carolina. The U.S. Highway runs 171.45 miles (275.92 km) from US 17 and US 17 Alternate in Georgetown, South Carolina north to US 301, North Carolina Highway 96 (NC 96), and Interstate 95 (I-95) near Four Oaks, North Carolina. US 701 serves the Pee Dee region of South Carolina and the southern and central portions of Eastern North Carolina.", "University of South Carolina The University of South Carolina (also referred to as USC, SC, South Carolina, or simply Carolina) is a public, co-educational research university located in Columbia, South Carolina, United States, with seven satellite campuses. Its campus covers over 359 acres (145 ha) in downtown Columbia not far from the South Carolina State House.", "Wake County, North Carolina Wake County is a county in the US state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 900,993, making it North Carolina's second-most populated county. Its county seat is Raleigh, which is also the state capital.Wake County is part of the Research Triangle metropolitan region, which encompasses the cities of Raleigh and Durham, the towns of Cary and Chapel Hill, and their surrounding suburban areas.", "Western North Carolina Western North Carolina (often abbreviated as WNC) is the region of North Carolina which includes the Appalachian Mountains, thus it is often known geographically as the state's Mountain Region. It contains the highest mountains in the Eastern United States. Western North Carolina is sometimes included with upstate South Carolina as the \"Western Carolinas\", which is also counted as a single media market." ]

[ "2008 North Carolina Tar Heels football team The 2008 North Carolina Tar Heels football team represented the University of North Carolina in the 2008 college football season. The Tar Heels played their home games at Kenan Memorial Stadium in Chapel Hill, North Carolina competed in the Atlantic Coast Conference, and was led by second year coach Butch Davis. The Tar Heels began their season on August 30 against McNeese State at Kenan Memorial Stadium.", "Area code 252 North American telephone area code 252 covers the northeastern corner of the State of North Carolina and includes the cities and towns of Elizabeth City, Greenville, Henderson, Kitty Hawk, New Bern, Roanoke Rapids, Rocky Mount, Morehead City and Wilson. It was split from area code 919 on March 22, 1998.", "Area code 336 Area code 336 is a NANPA area code which covers north-central North Carolina, mainly the Piedmont Triad region and the northern Foothills and northern Mountain regions. It was created out of area code 910 in 1997. State officials approved a second area code for the Piedmont Triad that will overlay the current 336 code. The new 743 overlay for area code will be implemented before all numbers in that area code are exhausted, expected to be in 2016.", "Area code 803 Area code 803 is the area code for most of central South Carolina. It is anchored by Columbia, the state capital. It also includes most of the South Carolina portions of the Charlotte (North Carolina) and Augusta (Georgia) metropolitan areas.803 is one of the original 86 North American Numbering Plan area codes assigned in 1947. Until 1995, it served the entire state of South Carolina.", "Area code 828 In the North American Numbering Plan, 828 is the telephone area code for most of the western third of the U.S. state of North Carolina. It includes all of the Blue Ridge Mountains, as well as most of the Foothills. The largest city in the 828 territory is Asheville. The city of Hickory is often grouped with the Charlotte metropolitan area, but uses 828 rather than Charlotte's 704 and 980. 828 was split from 704 in 1998 to free up numbers because of the popularity of pagers and cell phones.", "Area code 864 Area code 864 is an area code in the U.S. state of South Carolina that covers Greenville, Spartanburg, Anderson and the other parts of upstate South Carolina. It was split from area code 803 on December 3, 1995. [1]", "Area code 910 Area code 910 is an area code serving southeastern North Carolina, including the cities of Fayetteville, Jacksonville, Laurinburg, Lumberton and Wilmington.It was established on November 14, 1993, as a split from area code 919. Its creation came with some fanfare, as it was North Carolina's first new area code in 39 years. Originally, it covered a fan-shaped region in the southeastern and east-central portions of the state.", "Carolina, Alamance County, North Carolina Carolina is an unincorporated community located on the Haw River in Alamance County, North Carolina. It is located 4/5 mile east-southeast of Glencoe. It lies at an elevation of 591 feet (180 m).", "Carolina Beach, North Carolina Carolina Beach is a town in New Hanover County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 5,052 at the 2000 census and 5,706 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Wilmington metropolitan area. The community of Wilmington Beach was annexed by the town in 2000.", "Carolina Herrera (fashion designer) Carolina Herrera (born January 8, 1939) is a Venezuelan-American fashion designer known for \"exceptional personal style\", and for dressing First Ladies from Jacqueline Onassis to Michelle Obama. The New York Times cited her designs as \"elegant and worldly without ever being fussy\".", "Carolina Panthers The Carolina Panthers are a professional American football team based in Charlotte, North Carolina. They play in the South division of the National Football Conference (NFC), one of the two conferences in the National Football League (NFL). The team is worth approximately USD $1 billion, according to Forbes, and is controlled by Jerry Richardson and his family; they have a 48% stake. The remainder of the team is held by a group of 14 limited partners.", "Cherryville, North Carolina Cherryville is a small city in northwestern Gaston County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 5,760 at the 2010 census. The New Year's Shooters celebrate the area's German heritage by beginning each year with a customary chant and the honorary shooting of muskets. Cherryville is located approximately 30 miles (48 km) west of Charlotte and 13 miles (21 km) northwest of Gastonia.", "East Carolina University East Carolina University is a public, doctoral/research university in Greenville, North Carolina, United States. Named East Carolina University by statute and commonly known as ECU or East Carolina, the university is the third-largest university in North Carolina.Founded on March 8, 1907 as a teacher training school, East Carolina has grown from 43 acres (17 ha) to almoan st 1,600 acres (647 ha) today.", "Eastern box turtle The Eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina) is a subspecies within a group of hinge-shelled turtles, normally called box turtles. T. c. carolina is native to an eastern part of the United States.The eastern box turtle is a subspecies of one of two species of box turtles found in the United States. It is the only \"land turtle\" found in North Carolina, where it is the state reptile.", "Episcopal Diocese of Western North Carolina The Episcopal Diocese of Western North Carolina is a diocese in the Episcopal Church. It consists of 27 counties in western North Carolina and its episcopal see is in Asheville, North Carolina, seated at Cathedral of All Souls.The Ravenscroft Associate Missions and Training School of the North Carolina Episcopal Diocese and the former residence of the Bishop was once housed at Schoenberger Hall in Asheville.", "Greater Raleigh-Durham CSA Greater Raleigh Metropolitan Area is a metropolitan area in the Piedmont region of North Carolina. As of 2011 the region had a population of 2,166,144, including the Raleigh-Durham-Cary Combined Statistical Area.", "Grifton, North Carolina Grifton is a town in Lenoir and Pitt Counties, North Carolina, United States. The population was 2,617 at the 2010 Census. The town is a part of the Greenville Metropolitan Area located in North Carolina's Inner Banks region.", "Jericho, North Carolina Jericho is an unincorporated community in Caswell County, North Carolina, United States. It is located south-southwest of Yanceyville, and south of Fitch.", "List of African-American historic places in South Carolina This list of African American Historic Places in South Carolina is was originally based on a report by the South Carolina Department of Archives & History. This report was originally based on the work of student interns from South Carolina State University.Some of these sites are on the National Register of Historic Places (NR) as independent sites or as part of larger historic district. Several of the sites are National Historic Landmarks (NRL).", "List of U.S. Highways in North Carolina There are 36 U.S. Highways that exist entirely or partially in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In North Carolina, all U.S. Highways are maintained by the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT).", "List of airports in North Carolina This is a list of airports in North Carolina (a U.S. state), grouped by type and sorted by location. It contains all public-use and military airports in the state. Some private-use and former airports may be included where notable, such as airports that were previously public-use, those with commercial enplanements recorded by the FAA or airports assigned an IATA airport code.", "List of bicycle routes in North Carolina The following is a List of bicycle routes in North Carolina. These routes are designated by the North Carolina Department of Transportation Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation Division.", "List of cities and towns in South Carolina As of the 2010 United States Census, there are 269 incorporated cities and towns in the U.S. state of South Carolina.", "List of county courthouses in North Carolina This is a list of county courthouses in North Carolina. Each county in North Carolina has a city that is the county seat where the county government resides, including typically the county courthouse. Some courthouses are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "List of high schools in North Carolina This is a list of high schools in the state of North Carolina.", "List of hospitals in North Carolina This is a list of hospitals in North Carolina. There are 126 hospitals in 83 counties. Seventeen counties currently do not have a hospital. Duke University Hospital is currently the largest hospital, with 943 total hospital beds. Vidant Bertie Hospital is currently the smallest with six total hospital beds. Charlotte has the highest concentration of hospitals, with seven.", "List of hospitals in South Carolina List of hospitals in South Carolina (U.S. state), sorted by hospital name.The Veterans Administration also operates hospitals in South Carolina.", "List of law enforcement agencies in North Carolina This is a list of law enforcement agencies in the state of North Carolina.According to the US Bureau of Justice Statistics' 2008 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, the state had 504 law enforcement agencies employing 23,442 sworn police officers, about 254 for each 100,000 residents.", "List of law enforcement agencies in South Carolina This is a list of law enforcement agencies in the state of South Carolina.outAccording to the US Bureau of Justice Statistics' 2008 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, the state had 272 law enforcement agencies employing 11,674 sworn police officers, about 259 for each 100,000 residents.", "List of numbered highways in South Carolina South Carolina has the fourth largest state-maintained system in the country; which consists of Interstates, U.S. highways, state highways, and secondary roads, totaling approximately 41,500 miles.", "List of state highways in North Carolina State highways in North Carolina are owned and maintained by the U.S. state of North Carolina, through the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT).", "List of unincorporated communities in North Carolina The following is a partial list of named, but unincorporated communities in the state of North Carolina. To be listed, the unincorporated community should either be a census-designated place (CDP) or a place with at least a few commercial businesses. A crossroads is not necessarily considered an unincorporated \"community\". Former incorporated towns usually qualify.", "North Carolina General Assembly The North Carolina General Assembly is the state legislature of the U.S. state of North Carolina.", "North Carolina General Assembly of 2003–04 Members of the North Carolina General Assembly, 2003–2004 session were elected in November 2002. The 2002 legislative elections were conducted under an interim redistricting map following the 2000 census; a more permanent redistricting map was passed in November 2003 for use through 2010.", "North Carolina General Assembly of 2011–12 The North Carolina General Assembly 2011–2012 session was the state legislature that first convened in January 2011 and concluded in December 2012. Members of the North Carolina Senate and the North Carolina House of Representatives were elected in November 2010. This was the first North Carolina General Assembly with a Republican majority in both chambers since 1870.", "North Carolina Highway System The North Carolina Highway System consists of a vast network of Interstate Highways, U.S. Routes, and state routes, managed by the North Carolina Department of Transportation. Because all roads in North Carolina are maintained by either municipalities or the state, counties do not maintain roads and there is no such thing as a \"county road\" within the state. As a result, North Carolina has the largest state maintained highway network in the United States.", "North Carolina State University North Carolina State University, officially North Carolina State University at Raleigh, is a public, coeducational, research university located in Raleigh, North Carolina, United States. Commonly known as NC State or simply State, the university is part of the University of North Carolina system and is a land, sea, and space grant institution.", "North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball The North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball program is the intercollegiate men's basketball team of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The Tar Heels have won five NCAA Tournament Championships (1957, 1982, 1993, 2005 and 2009) and were retroactively named the national champions by the Helms Athletic Foundation and the Premo-Porretta Power Poll for their undefeated season in 1924. North Carolina's five NCAA Tournament Championships are tied for third-most all-time.", "Outline of North Carolina The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the U.S. state of North Carolina:North Carolina – U.S. state on the Eastern Seaboard, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean in the Southeastern United States. North Carolina was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and signed the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. North Carolina was the 12th of the original 13 states to approve the Constitution of the United States of America on January 2, 1788.", "Province of North Carolina The Province of North Carolina (also known as North Carolina Colony or Royal Colony of North Carolina) was originally part of the Province of Carolina in British America, which was chartered by eight Lords Proprietor. The province later became the U.S. states of North Carolina and Tennessee, and parts of the province combined with other territory to form the states of Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi.", "Rocky Mount-Wilson-Roanoke Rapids CSA The Rocky Mount-Wilson-Roanoke Rapids Combined Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of seven counties in Northeastern North Carolina and Southern Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the CSA had a population of 340,195 (though a July 1, 2009 estimate placed the population at 342,394).", "South Carolina House of Representatives The South Carolina House of Representatives is the lower house of the South Carolina General Assembly, the upper house being the South Carolina Senate. It consists of 124 Representatives elected to two year terms at the same time as US Congressional elections.Unlike many legislatures, seating on the floor is not divided by party, but is arranged by county delegation. This is a legacy of the original apportionment of the chamber.", "South Carolina Railroad South Carolina Rail Road Company was a railroad company, that operated in South Carolina from 1843 to 1894, when it was succeeded by the Southern Railway. It was formed in 1844 by the merger of the South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company (SCC&RR) into The Louisville, Cincinnati and Charleston Railroad Company.", "South Carolina Senate The South Carolina Senate is the upper house of the South Carolina General Assembly, the lower house being the South Carolina House of Representatives. It consists of 46 senators elected from single member districts for four-year terms at the same time as United States Presidential elections.The South Carolina Constitution of 1895 provided for each county to elect one senator for a four-year term.", "South Carolina gubernatorial elections Prior to 1865, the Governor of South Carolina was chosen by the General Assembly. The constitution of 1865 provided for the voters of South Carolina to choose the governor; James Lawrence Orr was the first elected governor of South Carolina. The following is a list of gubernatorial election results for the state of South Carolina:", "South Carolina locations by per capita income South Carolina is the thirty-seventh richest state in the United States of America, with a per capita income of $18,795 (2000).", "Surry County, North Carolina Surry County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 73,673. Its county seat is Dobson, and its largest city is Mount Airy.Surry county comprises the Mount Airy, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point, NC Combined Statistical Area.", "The Carolinas The Carolinas are the U.S. states of North Carolina and South Carolina, considered collectively. Combining North Carolina's population of 9,848,060 and South Carolina's of 4,774,839, the Carolinas have a population of 14,622,899 as of 2013. If the Carolinas were a single state of the United States, it would be the fifth most populous state, behind California, Texas, Florida, and New York.", "U.S. Route 64 in North Carolina U.S. Route 64 (US 64) is the longest numbered route in the U.S. state of North Carolina, running 604 miles (972 km) from the Tennessee state line to the Outer Banks. The route passes through the westernmost municipality in the state, Murphy, and one of the most easternmost municipalities, Manteo, making US 64 a symbolic representation of the phrase \"from Murphy to Manteo\" which is used to refer to the expanse of the state.", "USS North Carolina (BB-55) USS North Carolina (BB-55) was the lead ship of North Carolina-class battleships and the fourth warship in the U.S. Navy to be named in honor of the State of North Carolina. She was the first newly constructed American battleship to enter service during World War II, and took part in every major naval offensive in the Pacific Theater of Operations; her 15 battle stars made her the most highly decorated American battleship of World War II.", "United States presidential election in South Carolina, 2004 The 2004 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place on November 2, 2004 throughout all 50 states and D.C., which was part of the 2004 United States presidential election. Voters chose 8 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.South Carolina was won by incumbent President George W. Bush by a 17.1% margin of victory.", "University of North Carolina The University of North Carolina is a multi-campus public university system composed of all 16 of North Carolina's public universities, as well as the NC School of Science and Mathematics, the nation's first public residential high school for gifted students.", "University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, also known as UNC, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina, or simply Carolina, is a coeducational public research university located in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States. North Carolina was one of the original eight Public Ivy schools that are claimed to provide an Ivy League experience for a public schooling price.", "University of North Carolina at Charlotte The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, also known as UNC Charlotte, UNCC, or Charlotte, is a public research university located in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States.", "University of North Carolina at Greensboro The University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG), also known as UNC Greensboro, is a public liberal arts and research university in Greensboro, North Carolina, United States and is a constituent institution of the University of North Carolina system. However, UNCG, like all members of the UNC system, is a stand-alone university and awards its own degrees.", "Upstate South Carolina The Upstate is the region in the westernmost part of South Carolina, United States, also known as the Upcountry, which is the historical term. Although loosely defined among locals, the general definition includes the ten counties of the commerce-rich I-85 corridor in the northwest corner of South Carolina. The region's population was 1,438,550 as of 2013. Situated between Atlanta and Charlotte, the Upstate is the fastest-growing region of South Carolina." ]

[ "Bolshoi Theatre The Bolshoi Theatre (Russian: Большо́й теа́тр, tr. Bol'shoy Teatr. Translation: Big Theatre; IPA: [bɐlʲˈʂoj tʲɪˈatr]) is a historic theatre in Moscow, Russia, designed by architect Joseph Bové, which holds performances of ballet and opera. The theatre's original name was the Imperial Bolshoi Theatre of Moscow, while the St. Petersburg Bolshoi Theatre (demolished in 1886), was called the Imperial Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre.At that time, all Russian theatres were imperial property. Moscow and St.", "List of dance personalities This is a partial list of people involved in dance", "Ludmilla Tchérina Ludmilla Tchérina (10 October 1924 – 21 March 2004) was a French prima ballerina, sculptor, actress, painter, choreographer and author of two novels.Tchérina was born Monique Tchemerzine, into Circassian aristocracy as the daughter of Kabardian Prince Avenir Tchemerzine (Shamyrze), a former Russian general, who had escaped from St. Petersburg, and Stéphane Finette, a Frenchwoman.She studied with Blanche d'Alessandri, Olga Preobrajenska and Clustine.", "Maya Plisetskaya Maya Mikhaylovna Plisetskaya (Russian: Ма́йя Миха́йловна Плисе́цкая; 20 November 1925 – 2 May 2015) was a Soviet-born ballet dancer, choreographer, ballet director, and actress, who held Spanish and Lithuanian citizenship. She danced during the Soviet era at the same time as Galina Ulanova, another famed Russian ballerina.", "Violetta Elvin Violetta Elvin (born 3 November 1924) is a Russian former prima ballerina." ]

[ "Alicia Alonso Alicia Alonso (born Alicia Ernestina de la Caridad Martínez Hoya; 21 December 1921) is a Cuban prima ballerina assoluta and choreographer. Her company became the Ballet Nacional de Cuba in 1955.She is most famous for her portrayals of Giselle and the ballet version of Carmen.From the age of nineteen, Alonso was afflicted with an eye condition and became partially blind.", "Anastasia Nabokina Anastasia Nabokina (Russian: Анастасия Павловна Набокина) is a Russian ballerina born on 14 February 1971 in Moscow, Russia.In 1981 she entered the Moscow State Academy of Choreography. At the age of 17, she made her stage debut in a school production as Lise of La fille mal gardée in the Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow. After completing her studies in 1990, she was actively involved in the establishment of the Kremlin Ballet Theatre, as Principal dancer.", "Anastasia Volochkova Anastasia Volochkova (Russian: Анастасия Волочкова; born 20 January 1976) is a Russian prima ballerina.", "Anna Tsygankova Anna Tsygankova (Russian: Анна Цыганкова; born 1979) is a Russian ballet dancer. After terms with the Bolshoi and the Hungarian National Ballet, she joined the Dutch National Ballet in 2008 where she is a principal dancer.Born in Novosibirsk, Siberia, she received her training at the Novosibirsk Ballet Academy and the Académie de Danse Classique Princesse Grace in Monte Carlo. While she was with the Bolshoi Ballet in Moscow, she was coached by Raisa Struchkova.", "Beverly Jane Fry Beverly Jane Fry is an Australian ballerina.Fry was born in Bexley, Kent, England but at an early age moved with her family to Melbourne, Australia. She trained with the Australian prima ballerina, Kathleen Gorham and with Gailene Stock.She went on to become an international ballerina travelling the world in a performing career that lasted twenty years.", "Bolshoi Ballet The Bolshoi Ballet is an internationally renowned classical ballet company, based at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow, Russia. Founded in 1776, the Bolshoi is among the world's oldest ballet companies. It only achieved worldwide acclaim, however, in the early 20th century when Moscow became the capital of Soviet Russia. Along with the Mariinsky Ballet in Saint Petersburg, the Bolshoi is recognised as one of the foremost ballet companies in Russia.", "Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre The Saint Petersburg Imperial Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre (The Big Stone Theatre of Saint Petersburg, Russian: Большой Каменный Театр) was a theatre in Saint Petersburg.", "Bubusara Beyshenalieva Bübüsara Beyşenalieva (Russian: Бюбюсара Бейшеналиева; Kyrgyz: Бүбүсара Бейшеналиева; 1926–1973), known simply as Bübüsara in her native Kyrgyzstan, was the first great Kyrgyz ballerina. She was born in village of Vorontsovka (now Tash Debe), Kyrgyzstan ASSR in 15 September 1926.", "Carlotta Grisi Carlotta Grisi (born Caronne Adele Josephine Marie Grisi; 28 June 1819 – 20 May 1899) was an Italian ballet dancer. Born in Visinada, Istria (present-day Vižinada, Croatia), she was trained at the ballet school of Teatro alla Scala in Milan and later with dancer/balletmaster Jules Perrot. She was especially noted for her performance in the classic role of \\Giselle\\\".\"", "Diana Vishneva Diana Viktorovna Vishneva (also trans. Vishnyova Russian: Диа́на Ви́кторовна Вишнёва; born July 13, 1976) is a Russian ballet dancer who performs as a principal dancer with both the Mariinsky Ballet (formerly the Kirov Ballet) and the American Ballet Theatre.", "Ekaterina Maximova Ekaterina Sergeevna Maximova (Russian: Екатери́на Серге́евна Макси́мова; 1 February 1939 – 28 April 2009) was a Soviet and Russian ballerina of international renown.", "Ekaterina Sankovskaya Ekaterina Sankovskaya (1816, Moscow - 28 August 1878, Moscow) was a Russian dancer who graduated from the Moscow Bolshoi Ballet School in 1836. Revered for her celebrated performances in the title roles of such works as Giselle and La Esmeralda, Sankovskaya was among the most admired ballerinas of her time in Moscow. She taught ballroom dance in private houses after retiring in 1854. One of her pupils was the theatre director Konstantin Stanislavsky.", "Emmanuel Metter Emmanuel Leonievich Metter (February 28, 1878 – August 28, 1941) was a Ukrainian conductor.Emmanuel Metter was born in Kherson, Ukraine, in a Jewish family running a business. He entered the faculty of medicine at the Kharkiv National University on August 26, 1897; however, he transferred to the faculty of law on September 7, 1898, graduated in 1906 and became a lawyer.", "Evgenia Obraztsova Evgenia Obraztsova (Russian: Евгения Образцова) (born 1984, St. Petersburg) is a Russian ballerina who dances as Prima ballerina with the Bolshoi Ballet in Moscow, and with the Mariinsky Ballet as well. She is frequently invited as a guest soloist to other countries, and is known for dancing leading roles in ballets such as Romeo and Juliet, Ondine, Giselle, and La Sylphide. She has won several awards, including the Gold Medal at the Moscow International Ballet Competition in 2005.", "Galina Ulanova Galina Sergeyevna Ulánova (Russian: Галина Серге́евна Ула́нова, 8 January 1910 [O.S. 26 December 1909] – 21 March 1998) was a Russian ballet dancer. She is frequently cited as being one of the greatest ballerinas of the 20th century.", "Irina Kolpakova Irina Kolpakova (Russian: Ирина Колпакова) (born in Leningrad on May 22, 1933 is a Russian ballerina.For many years, she was the prima ballerina of the Kirov State Academic Theatre of Opera and Ballet (now the Mariinsky Theater) in St. Petersburg. From 1974 to 1979 she served as a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.In the 1990s she worked for several seasons as choreographer and coach at the American Ballet Theatre in New York City.", "Jessica Mezey Jessica Mezey is an American prima ballerina.", "Kathleen Gorham Kathleen Ann \"Kathy\" Gorham OBE (7 September 1928 - 30 April 1983) was an Australian ballerina.Born in Narrandera, New South Wales, the second of four children of Marcus Gorham, an Irish-born railway employee, and his English-born wife, Hilda Muriel Florence (née Somers), Kathy Gorham lived much of her life in Melbourne. She began dancing at the age of fifteen with the Borovansky Ballet, continuing to dance with the Ballet until it disbanded in 1960 upon the death of Edouard Borovansky.", "List of Russian ballet dancers This a list of ballet dancers from the Russian Empire, Soviet Union, and Russian Federation, including both ethnic Russians and people of other ethnicities. This list includes as well those who were born in the these three states but later emigrated, and those who were born elsewhere but immigrated to the country and performed there for a significant portion of their careers.The original purpose of the ballet in Russia was to entertain the royal court.", "List of female dancers The following is a list of female dancers by nationality — notable women who are well known for their work in the field of dance.", "List of prima ballerinas Here follows a list of prima ballerinas, the second highest title awarded a ballerina and quite rare.", "Luciana Savignano Luciana Savignano (born 30 November 1943) is an Italian ballet dancer.", "Ludmila Semenyaka Ludmila Semenyaka (Russian: Людмила Семеняка, b. 16 January 1952) is a Soviet ballerina, born in Leningrad. She studied at the Vaganova School as a pupil of Nina Belikova. She joined the Kirov Ballet in 1970 and later the Bolshoi Ballet in 1972, where she was a prima ballerina. She was named People's Artist of the USSR in 1986 and received the USSR State Prize.", "Lyudmila Bogomolova Lyudmila Ivanovna Bogomolova (later Nikonova, Russian: Людмила Ивановна Богомолова-Никонова, born 25 March 1932 in Moscow) is a retired Soviet ballerina.", "Maria Alexandrova Maria Alexandrova (Russian: Мария Александровна Александрова) is a Russian principal dancer of the Bolshoi Ballet, People's Artist of Russia.", "Maria Tallchief Elizabeth Marie \"Betty\" Tall Chief (Osage family name: Ki He Kah Stah Tsa; January 24, 1925 – April 11, 2013) was considered America's first major prima ballerina, and was the first Native American to hold the rank.Almost from birth, Tall Chief was involved in dance, starting formal lessons at age three. When she was eight, her family relocated from her birth home of Fairfax, Oklahoma, to Los Angeles, California, to advance the careers of her and her younger sister, Marjorie.", "Mariia Surovshchikova-Petipa Mariia Sergeyevna Surovshchikova-Petipa (27 February 1836 – 16 March 1882) was prima ballerina to the St. Petersburg Imperial Theatres and wife of the noted choreographer Marius Petipa.", "Marina Semyonova Marina Timofeyevna Semyonova (Russian: Марина Тимофеевна Семёнова, 12 June [O.S. 30 May] 1908 – 9 June 2010) was the first Soviet-trained prima ballerina. She was born in Saint-Petersburg. She was named a People's Artist of the USSR in 1975.", "Maxine Elliott Theatre The Maxine Elliott Theatre was a Broadway theater located at 109 West 39th Street in Manhattan. Built in 1908, it was demolished in 1960. The theater was designed by architect Benjamin Marshall of the Chicago firm Marshall and Fox.It was named for U.S. actress Maxine Elliott, who originally owned a 50 percent interest in it in partnership with The Shubert Organization, making her one of the only female theater managers.", "Moscow State Academy of Choreography The Moscow State Academy of Choreography (Russian: Московская государственная академия хореографии - abbreviated as МГАХ, formally known in Russian as Московское академическое хореографическое училище - abbreviated as МАХУ), commonly known as The Bolshoi Ballet Academy, is one of the oldest and most prestigious schools of ballet in the world, located in Moscow, Russia.", "Māris Liepa Māris Rūdolfs Liepa (27 July 1936, Riga – 26 March 1989, Moscow) was a Soviet Latvian ballet dancer. He graduated from Riga Choreography School where he was taught by Valentin Blinov (Russian: Валентин Блинов). He performed in Moscow for the first time in 1950.", "Nadezhda Gracheva Nadezhda Aleksandrovna Gracheva (Russian: Надежда Александровна Грачёва; born 21 December 1969) is a Russian ballerina and ballet teacher who has danced with the Bolshoi Ballet.", "Nadezhda Pavlova Nadezhda Pavlova ((1956-05-15)May 15, 1956) is a Russian Chuvash ballerina of the late 20th century, People's Artist of the USSR, People's Artist of the Chuvashia, professor.", "Natalia Bessmertnova Natalia Igorevna Bessmertnova (Russian: Наталья Игоревна Бессмертнова; 19 July 1941 – 19 February 2008) was a Soviet prima ballerina of the Bolshoi Ballet and a People's Artist of the USSR (1976).", "Natalia Osipova Natalia Petrovna Osipova (Russian: Ната́лья Петро́вна О́сипова) (born 18 May 1986) is a Russian ballerina, currently performing as a principal dancer with the Royal Ballet in London.She began her formal ballet training at the age of eight at the Mikhail Lavrovsky Ballet School and completed her studies from 1996 to 2004 at the Moscow State Academy of Choreography, under the tutelage of Marina Kotova and Marina Leonova.", "Nina Ananiashvili Nina Ananiashvili (also: Nino Ananiashvili, Georgian: ნინო ანანიაშვილი) (born March 28, 1963) is a Georgian ballerina and artistic director of the State Ballet of Georgia.She was described by the Daily Telegraph as one of the twelve greatest ballerinas of all time, and in 2002 was named Best Ballerina of the Year by the US Dance Magazine.", "Nina Kaptsova Nina Kaptsova (Russian: Нина Александровна Капцова) is a Russian prima balerina of the Bolshoi Ballet.", "Olga Lepeshinskaya (dancer) Olga Vasiliyevna Lepeshinskaya (Russian: Ольга Васильевна Лепешинская; 28 September [O.S. 15 September] 1916 – December 20, 2008) was a Soviet ballerina. She was named a People's Artist of the USSR in 1951.", "Peacock Theatre The Peacock Theatre is a theatre in the City of Westminster, located in Portugal Street, near Aldwych. The 999-seat house is owned by, and comprises part of the London School of Economics and Political Science campus, who utilise the theatre for lectures, public talks, conferences, political speeches and open days.", "Prima ballerina assoluta Prima ballerina assoluta is a title awarded to the most notable of female ballet dancers. To be recognised as a prima ballerina assoluta is a rare honour, traditionally reserved only for the most exceptional dancers of their generation.", "Sofia Golovkina Sofia Nikolaevna Golovkina (alternate, Sophia; Russian, Головкина, Софья Николаевна; 13 October 1915 - 17 February 2004) was a Russian ballet dancer, choreographer and teacher. A graduate of the Moscow State Academy of Choreography in 1933, she was the principal dancer of the Bolshoi Ballet till 1959. In 1960, she became director of the Moscow Bolshoi Ballet School.", "Sophie Fedorova Sophie Fedorova (Russian: Софья Васильевна Фёдорова; 28 September 1879, Moscow, Imperial Russia – 3 January 1963, Neuilly-sur-Seine, near Paris, France) was a Russian ballerina.", "Svetlana Zakharova (dancer) Svetlana Zakharova (Russian: Светлана Захарова) (born June 10, 1979) is a prima ballerina with both the Bolshoi Ballet and the La Scala Theatre Ballet.", "The Royal Ballet The Royal Ballet is an internationally renowned classical ballet company, based at the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden, London, UK.", "The Traveling Dancer La Prima Ballerina, ou L'embuscade or The Traveling Dancer (aka La Danseuse en voyage) is a ballet (choreographic episode) in one Act, with choreography by Marius Petipa, music by Cesare Pugni and libretto by Paul Taglioni.", "Yekaterina Geltzer Yekaterina Vasilyevna Geltzer (November 2, 1876 - December 12, 1962) was a prima ballerina of the Bolshoi Ballet who danced in the theatre from 1898 to 1935. She is the daughter of the famous Russian dancer Vasily Geltzer.She worked with Marius Petipa, Sergei Diaghilev, and Reinhold Glière. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, she helped to preserve the art of ballet in Russia. She was the first ballet dancer to receive the title of \"People's Artist of Russia\" (1925).", "Yekaterina Shipulina Yekaterina Valentinovna Shipulina (Russian: Екатерина Валентиновна Шипулина, born November 14, 1979) is a Russian prima ballerina of the Bolshoi Ballet, Meritorious Artist of Russia." ]

[ "Cathedral of Saint Paul, National Shrine of the Apostle Paul The Cathedral of Saint Paul is a Roman Catholic cathedral in the city of St. Paul, Minnesota. It is the Co-Cathedral of the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis, along with the Basilica of St. Mary in Minneapolis. One of the most distinctive cathedrals in the United States, it sits on Cathedral Hill overlooking downtown St. Paul and features a distinctive copper-clad dome. It is the third largest completed church in the United States, and the fourth tallest.", "Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul (Providence, Rhode Island) The Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul is a Roman Catholic cathedral at 30 Fenner Street in the Cathedral Square neighborhood of Providence, Rhode Island, United States. It is the mother church of the Diocese of Providence. The Romanesque church was designed in 1873 by Patrick Keely and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.", "History of Saint Paul, Minnesota Saint Paul is the second largest city in the state of Minnesota in the United States, the county seat of Ramsey County, and the state capital of Minnesota.", "Minneapolis–Saint Paul Minneapolis–Saint Paul is a metropolitan area built around the Mississippi, Minnesota and St. Croix rivers. The area is commonly known as the Twin Cities for its two largest cities, Minneapolis and Saint Paul, the city with the highest population in Minnesota and its state capital, respectively. It is a classic example of twin cities in the sense of geographical proximity.There are several different definitions of the region.", "Saint Paul, Minnesota Saint Paul (/ˌseɪnt ˈpɔːl/; abbreviated St. Paul) is the capital and second-most populous city of the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2014, the city's estimated population was 297,640. Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County, the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota. The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Minneapolis, the state's largest city.", "St. Paul Saints The St. Paul Saints are an American professional baseball team based in Saint Paul, Minnesota. The Saints are a member of the North Division of the American Association of Independent Professional Baseball, which is not affiliated with Major League Baseball. The Saints played their home games at Midway Stadium starting in 1993, when the modern-day team started as a member of the Northern League. In 2006 the team was a founding member of the modern American Association.", "St. Paul Saints (1901–60) The St. Paul Saints were a baseball team who represented St. Paul, Minnesota in the Western League from 1894 to 1899 and the American Association from 1901 to 1960. The originated as the Sioux City franchise in the Western League which reorganized itself in November, 1893, with Ban Johnson as President. Johnson, a Cincinnati-based reporter, had been recommended by his friend Charles Comiskey, former major league star with the St.", "St. Paul Saints (IHL) The St. Paul Saints, also known as the Fighting Saints were a minor league professional ice hockey team that played in the International Hockey League from 1959 to 1963. The Saints were based in St. Paul, Minnesota and played at the St. Paul Auditorium. The Saints won consecutive Turner Cups in 1960 and 1961 as league champions, and finished runners-up in 1962. Their geographically closest rival were the Minneapolis Millers, across the river.", "St. Paul Saints (UA) The St. Paul Saints, also known as the Apostles or the White Caps, were a replacement Major League Baseball team that represented St. Paul, Minnesota in the short-lived Union Association, which existed for the 1884 season only. The team began the 1884 season in the Northwestern League as the Apostles. In September of that year, after compiling a 24-48 record, the team jumped to the Union Association along with the Milwaukee Brewers.", "St. Paul Saints (USHL) The St. Paul Saints are a defunct professional ice hockey team that played from 1945 to 1951 in the United States Hockey League. The Saints were based in Saint Paul, Minnesota and played at the St. Paul Auditorium." ]

[ "Ancient Diocese of Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux The former French diocese of Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux existed from the sixth century to the French Revolution. Its see was at Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux, in the modern department of Drôme, southern France. Its territory was included in the expanded diocese of Valence, by the Concordat of 1801.", "Anthony the Great Saint Anthony or Antony (Greek: Ἀντώνιος, Antṓnios; Latin: Antonius; c. 251 – 356) was a Christian monk from Egypt, revered since his death as a saint. He is distinguished from other saints named Anthony by various epithets: Anthony the Great, Anthony of Egypt, Anthony the Abbot, Anthony of the Desert, Anthony the Anchorite, and Anthony of Thebes. For his importance among the Desert Fathers and to all later monasticism, he is also known as the Father of All Monks.", "Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls The Papal Basilica of St. Paul outside the Walls (Italian: Basilica Papale di San Paolo fuori le Mura), commonly known as St. Paul's outside the Walls, is one of Rome's four ancient, Papal, major basilicas, along with the Basilicas of St. John in the Lateran, St. Peter's, and St. Mary Major.The Basilica is within Italian territory and not the territory of the Vatican City State.", "Conversion of Paul the Apostle The Conversion of Paul the Apostle, was, according to the New Testament, an event in the life of Paul the Apostle that led him to cease persecuting early Christians and to become a follower of Jesus. It is normally dated by researchers to AD 33–36. The phrases Pauline conversion, Damascene conversion and Damascus Christophany, and road to Damascus allude to this event.", "Diocese of Chester The Diocese of Chester is a Church of England diocese in the Province of York covering the pre-1974 county of Cheshire and therefore including the Wirral and parts of Stockport, Trafford and Tameside.", "Diocese of Southwell and Nottingham The Diocese of Southwell and Nottingham is a Church of England diocese in the Province of York. It is headed by the Bishop of Southwell and Nottingham. The diocese covers all of the English county of Nottinghamshire and part of South Yorkshire. The cathedral (Southwell Minster) is at Southwell, a small town. The diocese is bordered by the dioceses of Derby, Leicester, Lincoln, and Sheffield.", "Ennis Cathedral The Cathedral of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, Ennis, also known as Ennis Cathedral, is the cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Killaloe. It is the cathedra of the Bishop of Killaloe and is located in Ennis, County Clare, Ireland.", "Feast of Saints Peter and Paul The Feast of Saints Peter and Paul or Solemnity of Saints Peter and Paul is a liturgical feast in honour of the martyrdom in Rome of the apostles Saint Peter and Saint Paul, which is observed on 29 June. The celebration is of ancient origin, the date selected being the anniversary either of their death or of the translation of their relics.", "Francis Xavier Saint Francis Xavier, SJ, born Francisco de Jasso y Azpilicueta (7 April 1506 – 3 December 1552), was a Navarrese Basque Roman Catholic missionary, born in Xavier, Kingdom of Navarre (now part of Spain), and a co-founder of the Society of Jesus. He was a companion of St. Ignatius of Loyola and one of the first seven Jesuits who took vows of poverty and chastity at Montmartre, Paris in 1534.", "Grade I listed buildings in Bedfordshire There are approximately 372,905 listed buildings in England and 2.5% of these are Grade I. This page is a list of these buildings in the county of Bedfordshire, by district.", "Grade I listed buildings in Breckland There are over 9,000 Grade I listed buildings in England. This page is a list of these buildings in the district of Breckland in Norfolk.", "Grade I listed buildings in Broadland There are over 9,000 Grade I listed buildings in England. This page is a list of these buildings in the district of Broadland in Norfolk.", "Grade I listed buildings in North Norfolk There are over 9,000 Grade I listed buildings in England. This page is a list of these buildings in the district of North Norfolk in Norfolk.", "Grade I listed buildings in North Somerset North Somerset is a unitary authority in the ceremonial county of Somerset, England. In the United Kingdom, the term listed building refers to a building or other structure officially designated as being of special architectural, historical or cultural significance; Grade I structures are those considered to be \"buildings of exceptional interest\". Listing was begun by a provision in the Town and Country Planning Act 1947.", "Grade I listed buildings in South Norfolk There are over 9,000 Grade I listed buildings in England. This page is a list of these buildings in the district of South Norfolk in Norfolk.", "Grade I listed buildings in South Yorkshire There are 62 Grade I listed buildings in South Yorkshire, England. In the United Kingdom, the term listed building refers to a building or other structure officially designated as being of special architectural, historical or cultural significance; Grade I structures are those considered to be \"buildings of exceptional interest\".", "Grade I listed buildings in St Edmundsbury There are many Grade I listed buildings in St Edmundsbury, a non-metropolitan district and borough in the county of Suffolk in England that takes its name from the town of Bury St Edmunds.", "Grade I listed buildings in Taunton Deane Taunton Deane is a local government district with borough status in the English county of Somerset. In the United Kingdom, the term listed building refers to a building or other structure officially designated as being of special architectural, historical or cultural significance; Grade I structures are those considered to be \"buildings of exceptional interest\". Listing was begun by a provision in the Town and Country Planning Act 1947.", "Highland Park, Saint Paul Highland Park is a neighborhood in the southwestern corner of Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. Also known as Highland District Council (District 15), it lies along the Mississippi River just north of Fort Snelling and across the river from Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport. According to the 2000 census Highland Park had a population of 23,202.", "List of Catholic churches in the United States This is a list of notable Catholic churches and cathedrals in the United States.In the United States, there are more than 20,000 catholic church buildings. Among these numerous Catholic churches and cathedrals are notable. Notable ones include any that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places or on state and local historic registers.There are 193 current Catholic cathedrals in the U.S., listed at List of the Catholic cathedrals of the United States.", "List of Somerset towers The Somerset towers, church towers built in the 14th to 16th centuries, have been described as among England's finest contributions to medieval art. The paragraphs and descriptions below describe features of some of these towers. The organization follows Peter Poyntz-Wright's scheme for grouping the towers by what he understands to be roughly the date and group of mason-architects who built them. Poyntz-Wright's scheme came under criticism in the 1980s.", "List of baseball parks in Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Minnesota This is a list of venues used for professional baseball in the Minneapolis – Saint Paul, Metro Area. The information is a compilation of the information contained in the references listed.name of ballpark(s) unknownMinneapolis - Keystone Association (1877 part)St. Paul - Keystone Association (1877 part)Minneapolis Millers - Northwestern League (1884 part)Minneapolis Millers - Northwestern League (1886-87 part)St.", "List of cathedrals in the United States This is a list of cathedrals in the United States, including both actual cathedrals (seats of bishops in episcopal denominations, such as Roman Catholicism, Anglicanism, and Orthodoxy) and a few prominent churches from non-episcopal denominations that have the word \"cathedral\" in their names.", "List of mayors of Saint Paul, Minnesota This isalist of people who have served as mayor of Saint Paul, Minnesota.Parties Democratic Republican", "Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport (IATA: MSP, ICAO: KMSP, FAA LID: MSP) is a joint civil-military public use international airport. Located in a portion of Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States, outside of any city or school district, within ten miles (16 km) of both downtown Minneapolis and downtown Saint Paul, it is the largest and busiest airport in the six-state upper Midwest region of Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota and Wisconsin.", "Minneapolis–St. Paul Airport Trams The Minneapolis–St. Paul Airport Trams consist of a pair of automated people movers that serve travelers of the Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport. The Hub Tram is the older of the two systems opening in 2001 with the 'C' Concourse People Mover opening in 2004. Both were constructed and are operated under the direction of the Metropolitan Airports Commission.", "Minnie Miñoso Orestes \"Minnie\" Miñoso (born Saturnino Orestes Armas Miñoso Arrieta, /mɨˈnoʊsoʊ/; Spanish pronunciation: [miˈɲoso], November 29, 1922 – March 1, 2015), nicknamed \"The Cuban Comet\" and \"Mr. White Sox\", was a Cuban Negro league and Major League Baseball (MLB) player. He began his baseball career in 1946 and became an All-Star third baseman with the New York Cubans and was signed by the Cleveland Indians after the 1948 season as baseball's color line slowly fell.", "Neighborhoods in Saint Paul, Minnesota Saint Paul, Minnesota is noted for its neighborhoods. The city has been called \"fifteen small towns with one mayor\", owing to the neighborhood-based life of much of the city. Saint Paul is partially governed by not fifteen but seventeen City Districts.On Saint Paul's largely blue-collar East Side alone there are more than two dozen well-known, historically significant neighborhoods within four City Districts.", "Old St Paul's Cathedral Old St Paul's Cathedral was the medieval cathedral of the City of London that, until 1666, stood on the site of the present St Paul's Cathedral. Built from 1087 to 1314 and dedicated to Saint Paul, the cathedral was the fourth church on the site at Ludgate Hill.Work on the cathedral began during the reign of William the Conqueror after a fire in 1087 that destroyed much of the city. Work took more than 200 years, and construction was delayed by another fire in 1135.", "Paul Aurelian Paul Aurelian (known in Breton as Paol Aorelian or Saint Pol de Léon and in Latin as Paulinus Aurelianus) was a 6th-century Welshman who became first bishop of the See of Léon and one of the seven founder saints of Brittany. Paul Aurelian was held to have died in 575 at the age of 140 years, after having been assisted in his labours by three successive coadjutors, which suggests several Pauls have been mixed up. Gilbert Hunter Doble thought he might be the same man as Saint Paulinus of Wales.", "Paul of Thebes Paul of Thebes, commonly known as Paul, the First Hermit or Paul the Anchorite (d. c. 341) is regarded as the first Christian hermit. He is not to be confused with Paul the Simple, who was a disciple of Anthony the Great.", "Paul the Apostle Paul the Apostle (Greek: Παῦλος Paulos; c. 5 – c. 67), originally known as Saul of Tarsus (Hebrew: שאול התרסי‎; Greek: Σαῦλος Ταρσεύς Saulos Tarseus), was an apostle (though not one of the Twelve Apostles) who taught the gospel of Christ to the first-century world. He is generally considered one of the most important figures of the Apostolic Age. In the mid-30s to the mid-50s, he founded several churches in Asia Minor and Europe.", "Pope John Paul II Pope John Paul II (Latin: Ioannes Paulus II; Italian: Giovanni Paolo II), born Karol Józef Wojtyła (Polish: [ˈkarɔl ˈjuzɛf vɔjˈtɨwa]; 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005), served as Pope from 1978 to 2005. He was elected by the second Papal conclave of 1978, which was called after Pope John Paul I, who was elected in August after the death of Pope Paul VI, died after thirty-three days.", "Province of York The Province of York is one of two ecclesiastical provinces making up the Church of England and consists of 12 dioceses which cover the northern third of England and the Isle of Man. York was elevated to an archbishopric in AD 735: Ecgbert was the first archbishop.", "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis (Latin: Archidioecesis Paulopolitana et Minneapolitana) is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in the United States. It is led by the prelature of an archbishop which administers the archdiocese from the cities of Saint Paul and Minneapolis.", "Round-tower church Round-tower churches are a type of church found mainly in England, mostly in East Anglia; of about 185 surviving examples in the country, 124 are in Norfolk, 38 in Suffolk, 6 in Essex, 3 in Sussex and 2 each in Cambridgeshire and Berkshire. There is evidence of about twenty round-tower churches in Germany, of similar design and construction to those in East Anglia.", "Ruins of St. Paul's The Ruins of St. Paul's (Chinese: 大三巴牌坊; pinyin: Dàsānbā Páifāng) refers to the ruins of a 16th-century complex in Macau including of what was originally St. Paul's College and the Church of St. Paul also known as \"Mater Dei\", a 17th-century Portuguese church dedicated to Saint Paul the Apostle. Today, the ruins are one of Macau's best known landmarks. It is often, but incorrectly, mentioned as former cathedral (see Macau Cathedral), a status it never had.", "Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis is a church on rue Saint-Antoine in the Marais quarter of Paris. The present building was constructed from 1627 to 1641 by the Jesuit architects Étienne Martellange and François Derand, on the orders of Louis XIII of France. Next door to it is the Lycée Charlemagne, also founded by the Jesuits. It gives its name to Place Saint-Paul and its nearest Metro station, Saint-Paul.", "Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Paris The Church of Saint-Vincent-de-Paul (Église Saint-Vincent-de-Paul) is a church in the 10th arrondissement of Paris dedicated to Saint Vincent de Paul. It gives its name to the Quartier Saint-Vincent-de-Paul around it.", "Saint Anthony Park, Saint Paul This article is about the neighborhood in Saint Paul, Minnesota. For other places named Saint Anthony in Minnesota, see St. Anthony, MinnesotaSaint Anthony Park is a neighborhood in northwest Saint Paul, Minnesota. It is adjacent to the University of Minnesota's St.", "Saint Paul's, Saint Helena St. Paul's is a dispersed area of settlement in the central part of the island of Saint Helena, and is a district of the island. In 2008 the district had a population of 795, compared to a population of 908 in 1998.", "Saint Paul's Cathedral (Saint Helena) Saint Paul's Cathedral is a cathedral church on the island of St Helena and is part of the Diocese of St Helena. It is located approximately 2 miles south of Jamestown in the district of St Paul's.It replaced \"the Country Church\" which existed from the early days of St Helenian colonisation in the late 17th century. Building work on the new church began in 1850, was completed in 1851 and the church became the cathedral in 1859 when the Diocese of St Helena was established.", "Saint Paul's Church, Tarsus Saint Paul's Church is a former Greek Orthodox church in Tarsus, Mersin Province, Turkey.", "Saint Paul College Saint Paul College is a community and technical college located in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. It was founded in 1910 and has about 10,000 full-time and part-time students. Its motto is \"Start Here…Go Anywhere\". Saint Paul College is one of the fastest-growing, most diverse two-year public colleges, recently reaccredited by the Academic Quality Improvement Program of the Higher Learning Commission through 2019.", "Saint Paul Island (Alaska) Saint Paul Island is the largest of the Pribilof Islands, a group of five Alaskan volcanic islands located in the Bering Sea between the United States and Russia. The city of St. Paul is the only residential area on the island. The two nearest islands to Saint Paul Island are Otter Island to the southwest, and Walrus Island to the east. St. Paul Island has a land area of 40 square miles (100 km2). St.", "Saint Paul Union Depot Saint Paul Union Depot is an historic railroad station and intermodal transit hub of the city of Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. It currently serves inter-city rail, inter-city bus, and local bus services. METRO Green Line also serves Union Depot, through a station outside the headhouse.At one time the Saint Paul Union Depot Company controlled 9.24 miles (14.87 km) of St. Paul trackage and terminal facilities, including the depot building.", "Saint Paul University Saint Paul University (French: Université Saint-Paul) is a Catholic Pontifical university federated with the University of Ottawa. It is located on Main Street in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and is entrusted to the Congregation of the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate.", "Saint Peter Saint Peter (Latin: Petrus, Greek: Πέτρος Petros, Syriac/Aramaic: ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܟܹ݁ܐܦ݂ܵܐ, Shemayon Keppa, Hebrew: שמעון בר יונה‎ Shim'on Bar Yona; died c. 64 AD), also known as Simon Peter, Simeon, or Simōn, according to the New Testament, was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ, leaders of the early Christian Church. The Roman Catholic Church considers him to be the first Pope, ordained by Jesus in the \"Rock of My Church\" dialogue in Matthew 16:18.", "Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago The Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (Portuguese: Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo) is a group of 15 small islets and rocks in the central equatorial Atlantic Ocean. It lies in the Intertropical Convergence Zone, a region of the Atlantic characterized by low average winds punctuated with local thunderstorms.", "Society of Saint Vincent de Paul The Society of St Vincent de Paul is an international Catholic voluntary organization dedicated to the sanctification of its members through serving the poor and disadvantaged. Such service has been historically provided by the \"home visit\".", "St. Paul's tube station St. Paul's is a London Underground station located in the City of London financial district which takes its name from the nearby St Paul's Cathedral.The station is on the Central line, between Bank and Chancery Lane stations, and is in fare zone 1.It should not be confused with City Thameslink railway station which opened in 1990 with the name St. Paul's Thameslink, but is some distance from the Underground station.", "St. Paul Airport St. Paul Airport may refer to: St. Paul Aerodrome in St. Paul, Alberta, Canada (IATA: ZSP) St. Paul Downtown Airport in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States (IATA: STP) St. Paul Island Airport on St. Paul Island, Alaska, United States (IATA: SNP) Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport in Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States (IATA: MSP) Ohrid \"St. Paul the Apostle\" Airport in Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia (IATA: OHD)__DISAMBIG__", "St. Paul Fighting Saints The St. Paul Fighting Saints are a defunct professional ice hockey team. Based in Saint Paul, Minnesota, they played the 1992–93 season in the American Hockey Association. Coached by Dave Langevin, the team compiled a record of 21 wins, 5 losses, and 4 overtime losses in its only season of play.", "St. Paul Island (Nova Scotia) St. Paul Island is a small uninhabited island located approximately 24 km (15 mi) northeast of Cape North on Cape Breton Island and 71 km (44 mi) southwest of Cape Ray on Newfoundland; it is along the boundary between the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Cabot Strait.An extension of the Appalachian Mountains and the Cape Breton Highlands, the highest point on St. Paul Island is 147 m (485 feet) atop “Croggan Mountain.”St.", "St. Paul University System The St. Paul University System is a Catholic higher education system in the Philippines run by the Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres (SPC). See article on Paulists.", "St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Wissembourg St. Peter and St. Paul's Church (French: Église Saints-Pierre-et-Paul) of Wissembourg is frequently, but incorrectly, referred to as the second largest Gothic church of Alsace after Strasbourg Cathedral. However, the building, with its interior ground surface area of 1,320 square metres (14,200 sq ft) (60 by 22 metres (197 ft × 72 ft)) most probably is the second largest Gothic church in Bas-Rhin which is one of the two departments of the Alsace region.", "St Paul's Cathedral St Paul's Cathedral, London, is an Anglican cathedral, the seat of the Bishop of London and the mother church church of the Diocese of London. It sits on Ludgate Hill at the highest point of the City of London. Its dedication to Paul the Apostle dates back to the original church on this site, founded in AD 604. The present church, dating from the late 17th century, was designed in the English Baroque style by Sir Christopher Wren.", "St Paul's Pro-Cathedral St Paul's Pro-Cathedral (Malti: Il-Pro katridral ta San Pawl) is an Anglican pro-cathedral situated in Independence Square, Valletta, Malta. A \"pro-cathedral\", is a church with cathedral status, and is one of three cathedrals of the Anglican Diocese of Gibraltar in Europe.", "St Peter and St Paul's Church, Aldeburgh St Peter and St Paul's Church, Aldeburgh is a Grade II* listed parish church in the Church of England in Aldeburgh.", "Teresa of Ávila Teresa of Ávila, also called Saint Teresa of Jesus, baptized as Teresa Sánchez de Cepeda y Ahumada (28 March 1515 – 4 October 1582), was a prominent Spanish mystic, Roman Catholic saint, Carmelite nun, author during the Counter Reformation, and theologian of contemplative life through mental prayer.", "Vincent de Paul St. Vincent de Paul (24 April 1581 – 27 September 1660) was a priest of the Catholic Church who dedicated himself to serving the poor. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion. He was canonized in 1737. He was renowned for his compassion, humility, and generosity and is known as the \"Great Apostle of Charity\".", "West St. Paul, Minnesota West Saint Paul is a city in Dakota County, Minnesota, immediately south of the city of Saint Paul, Minnesota. The city's misleading name comes in part from the fact that it lies on the west bank of the predominantly north-to-south Mississippi River. A previous City of West St. Paul, incorporated in the late 19th century, was situated in what is now called St. Paul's Lower West Side. According to the West 7th/Fort Road foundation, St.", "Île Saint-Paul Île Saint-Paul (Saint Paul Island) is an island forming part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands (Terres australes et antarctiques françaises, TAAF) in the Indian Ocean, with an area of 6 square kilometres (2.3 sq mi). The island is located about 85 km (53 mi) southwest of the larger Île Amsterdam, and 3,000 km (1,900 mi) southeast of Réunion. It is an important breeding site for seabirds." ]

[ "Sully Wong Sully Wong is a Canadian footwear and accessories brand.Sully Wong Footwear & Accessories (Sully Wong or SW) is a privately owned shoe company based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, created by shoe designers George Sully and Henry Wong. SW produces primarily collaboration and tribute inspired footwear and accessories. An example of a recent collaboration effort can be seen with the creation of the Sully Wong Desert boot, a joint venture between Sully Wong and industrial designer Karim Rashid." ]

[ "A Boy Scout Around the World A Boy Scout Around the World (Danish: Jorden Rundt i 44 dage, literally: Around the World in 44 Days) is a travel description published in October 1928 and written by Danish boy scout and later actor Palle Huld at the age of 15 following his travel around the world in spring 1928. His trip was sponsored by a Danish newspaper and made on the occasion of the 100 birthday of Jules Verne a French author of adventure and science fiction.", "A Mile in His Shoes A Mile in His Shoes is a 2011 Canadian made-for-television sports drama film directed by William Dear and starring Luke Schroder and Dean Cain. It was based on the novel The Legend of Mickey Tussler by Frank Nappi, although the setting was changed from Wisconsin in 1948 in the novel to Ohio in 2002 in the film.", "Agnew-Surpass Agnew-Surpass Shoe Stores Ltd. was a Canadian shoe retailer. Agnew Shoes was founded in Brantford, Ontario in 1879, and merged in 1928 with Surpass Stores. In 1962 the chain was acquired by American firm Genesco, and in 1987 it was sold to a numbered company controlled by former Bata Shoe executive Michael Graye.Despite being the largest chain of shoe stores in Canada, the chain went bankrupt in 2000.", "Al Howie Al Howie (born September 16, 1945) is a Canadian long-distance runner who has won more than fifty marathons, ultramarathons and multiday races in over two decades, including the 1991 Trans Canada Highway run (7295 kilometers) in the record time of 72 days and 10 hours. A brass plaque on Victoria's Mile Zero marker commemorates this athletic event for which he raised $750,000 for a fund for children with special needs.", "Aldo Group The ALDO Group (corporately styled \"ALDO\") is a private Canadian corporation that owns and operates a worldwide chain of shoe and accessory stores. The company was founded by Aldo Bensadoun in Montreal, Quebec, in 1972, where its corporate headquarters remain today. It has grown to become a worldwide corporation, with nearly 1,600 stores under four retail banners: ALDO, Call It Spring/Spring, Little Burgundy and GLOBO.", "Athletic shoe Athletic shoe is a generic name for the footwear primarily designed for sports or other forms of physical exercise, but in recent years has come to be used for casual everyday activities.Athletictraining shoes or trainers (British English), sandshoes, gym boots or joggers (Australian English and Geordie English in the UK), running shoes, runners or gutties (Canadian English, Australian English, Scottish English and Hiberno-English), sneakers (North American English and New Zealand English), tennis shoes (North American English and Australian English), gym shoes, tennies, sports shoes, sneaks, takkies (South African English and Hiberno-English), rubber shoes (Philippine English) or canvers (Nigerian English).", "Ballet Shoes (novel) Ballet Shoes: a story of three children on the stage is a children's novel by Noel Streatfeild, published by Dent in 1936. It was her first book for children and it inaugurated the Shoes series (1936 to 1962) that has been popular worldwide.Streatfeild and Ballet Shoes were a commended runner up for the inaugural Carnegie Medal from the Library Association, recognising the year's best British children's book by a British subject.", "Ballet shoe A ballet shoe, or ballet slipper, is a lightweight shoe designed specifically for ballet dancing. It may be made from soft leather, canvas, or satin, and has flexible, thin soles. Traditionally, women wear pink shoes and men wear white or black shoes. Tan colored slippers—which are unobtrusive and thus give the appearance of dancing barefoot—are worn in modern ballets and sometimes modern dancing by both men and women.", "Banff Springs Hotel The Banff Springs Hotel is a luxury hotel that was built during the 19th century as one of Canada's grand railway hotels, being constructed in Scottish Baronial style and located in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada. The hotel was opened to the public on June 1, 1888. Presently, The Fairmont Banff Springs resort hotel is owned by OMERS and operated by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts of Toronto.", "Bata Shoe Museum The Bata Shoe Museum is a footwear museum in downtown Toronto, Canada, located at Bloor St. and St George St. in the Bloor St. Culture Corridor. The museum collects, researches, preserves, and exhibits footwear from around the world. It offers four exhibitions, three of which are time-limited, lectures, performances and family events.", "Bata Shoes Bata (also known as Bata Shoe Organisation) is a family-owned global footwear and fashion accessory manufacturer and retailer with acting headquarters located in Lausanne, Switzerland.", "Bata Shoes Head Office The Bata Shoes Head Office in Toronto, Canada was Bata Shoes' former headquarters. The white, pavilion-like building, designed by architect John B. Parkin and completed in 1965 was considered by many as an example of the Modern Movement in architecture. Located atop a hill on Wynford Drive, by the major intersection of Eglinton Avenue and the Don Mills Road in the district of North York, its architecture and location made it a well-known landmark in the city.", "Batawa Batawa is a small community in southeastern Ontario, Canada in the city of Quinte West. The community was set up by the Bata Shoe Company as a planned community around a shoe factory. The factory opened in 1939 and closed in 2000.", "Billy Johnson (American football) William Arthur Johnson (born January 27, 1952), better known as Billy \"White Shoes\" Johnson, is a former American football player in the National Football League from 1974 through 1988. He is known for being one of the first players to display elaborate celebrations in the end zone.", "Boat shoe Boat shoes (also known as deck shoes) are typically canvas or leather with non-marking rubber soles designed for use on a boat. A siping pattern is cut into the soles to provide grip on a wet deck; the leather construction, along with application of oil, is designed to repel water; and the stitching is highly durable. Boat shoes are traditionally worn without socks.Modern boat shoes were invented in 1935 by Paul A.", "Browns Shoes Browns Shoes is Montreal-based fashion footwear retailer that owns and operates 50 stores across Canada under a variety of footwear brands.", "Call It Spring Call It Spring is a retailer of men’s and women’s shoes, with locations primarily found in shopping malls.", "Canada's Worst Driver 3 Canada's Worst Driver 3 is the third season of Canada's Worst Driver, a Discovery Channel Canada television series which seeks to improve the driving of eight nominated contestants, each of which trying to avoid being named Canada's Worst Driver. Like the two previous seasons, eight contestants and their nominators arrive at the Driver Rehabilitation Centre, which in this season is the ghost town of Edgar, Ontario, north of Barrie.", "Cape Fear Thunder The Cape Fear Thunder is a football team in the Women's Spring Football League based in Fayetteville, North Carolina. Home games are played at John P. Daskyll Stadium on the campus of Reid Ross High School.For its first two seasons, the Thunder played in the Women's Professional Football League.For the 2007 season, the Thunder moved to the Independent Women's Football League.2011 saw the team moving to a new women's football league, the Women's Spring Football League.", "Dead Man's Shoes (Lucky Bullets album) Dead Mans Shoes is the debut album by Norwegian rockabilly band The Lucky Bullets.The album was recorded during Winter/Spring 2012 in Norway, and is produced by Peter Lundell. It consists mainly of western, blues, some rockabilly, some sad tunes, some cabaret, some gunfighter songs.", "Diabetic shoe Diabetic shoes, sometimes referred to as extra depth, therapeutic shoes or Sugar Shoes, are specially designed shoes, or shoe inserts, intended to reduce the risk of skin breakdown in diabetics with co-existing foot disease.People with diabetic neuropathy in their feet may have a false sense of security as to how much at risk their feet actually are. An ulcer under the foot can develop in a couple of hours.", "Dori shoes Dori shoes are dance shoes that combine the toe box of a pointe shoe with a dance heel approximately 3 inches ( about 7.5 cm ) in length. These allow the dancer to combine steps from multiple dance styles with classical ballet, by switching balance from standing on the heel to standing en pointe, and vice versa. In 2007, Dorimar Bonilla, a Las Vegas choreographer and dancer originally from Puerto Rico, first created the shoes.", "Dress shoe A dress shoe (U.S. English) is a shoe to be worn at smart casual or more formal events. A dress shoe is typically contrasted to an athletic shoe. Dress shoes are worn by many as their standard daily shoes, and are widely used in dance, for parties, and for special occasions.", "French Shoes French Shoes was a shoe chain headquartered in Montreal, Quebec. It began in 1956 and its last location closed in the 1990s. French Shoes featured very stylish women shoes at an affordable price and grew to 30 locations located mostly in the provinces of Quebec and Ontario. The founder of French Shoes was Seymour (Sonny) Lubin (1932–2009). In the early years, he was joined by Gerard Gingras and the two were an excellent team in the Canadian ladies shoe fashion industry.", "Funnies on Parade Funnies on Parade is an American publication of 1933 that was a precursor of comic books.The creation of the modern American comic book came in stages. Dell Publishing in 1929 published a 16-page, newsprint periodical of original, comic strip-styled material titled The Funnies and described by the Library of Congress as \"a short-lived newspaper tabloid insert\".", "Heritage Home Group Heritage Home Group LLC, formed to purchase most assets of the defunct Furniture Brands International, Inc., is a Clayton, Missouri-based home furnishings company. It owns the brands Broyhill, Lane, Thomasville, and Drexel Heritage. Furntiture Brands began in 1911 as International Shoe Company with the merger of Roberts, Johnson & Rand Shoe Company and Peters Shoe Company.", "IISO flash shoe IISO flash shoe iISO (intelligent ISO) flash shoe (aka \"reversed\" hotshoe) is the unofficial name for the proprietary accessory flash attachment and control interface used on Minolta cameras since the i-series introduced in 1988, and subsequently Konica Minolta and later Sony α DSLRs and NEX-7 up to 2012. Sony called it the Auto-lock Accessory Shoe (AAS).", "Jelly shoes Jelly shoes or jellies are shoes made of PVC plastic. Jelly shoes come in a large variety of brands and colors and the material is frequently infused with glitter. Its name refers to the semi-transparent materials with a jelly-like sheen. The shoes became a fad in the early 1980s, when a pair could frequently be purchased for less than one US dollar. Like many other fashion trends from the 1980s, jellies have been revived a number of times since the late 1990s.", "Jimmy Two-Shoes Jimmy Two-Shoes (known also as JTS; known as Jimmy Cool in most parts of Europe) is a Canadian animated television series that aired on Disney XD in the USA, Teletoon in Canada, and Jetix in the United Kingdom (by August 19, 2009, rebranded as Disney XD). The series were centered on the exploits of the happy-go-lucky titular character Jimmy, who lives in Miseryville, a miserable town filled with monsters and demon-like creatures. The series were created by Edward Kay and Sean Scott.", "Jimmy Two-Shoes (season 2) The second and final season of the television program Jimmy Two-Shoes aired with a set of 26 episodes. The second season first aired in Canada on September 9, 2010. The second season aired in the US on October 30, 2010.", "Joker's Closet Joker's Closet is an online shoe retailing company in Toronto, Canada. Customers can choose the colors they want for its ready-made designs.", "Korea Unha General Trading Korea Unha General Trading Corporation is headquartered in Pyongyang, North Korea. It exports clothing and spring water, and imports textile and shoe industry raw materials, grain, gasoline and diesel oil.", "List of Jimmy Two-Shoes characters This is a character list of the animated series, Jimmy Two-Shoes.", "List of Jimmy Two-Shoes episodes The following is a list of episodes for the Canadian animated television series Jimmy Two-Shoes.", "List of shoe-throwing incidents Shoe-throwing, or shoeing, showing the sole of one's shoe or using shoes to insult are forms of protest in many parts of the world.Incidents where shoes were thrown at political figures have taken place in Australia, India, Ireland, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Pakistan, the United Kingdom, the United States, and most notably the Arab world.Posters of George W.", "List of shoe styles This is a list of shoe styles and designs. A shoe is an item of footwear intended to protect and comfort the human foot while doing various activities. Shoes are also used as an item of decoration. The design of shoes has varied enormously through time and from culture to culture, with appearance originally being tied to function. Additionally, fashion has often dictated many design elements, such as whether shoes have very high heels or flat ones.", "Max Webster Max Webster was a Canadian hard rock band formed in 1973 in Toronto.", "Moon shoes Moon shoes were shoes for children fitted with trampoline-like springs. They were billed as \"mini-trampolines for your feet\". They were part of a merchandising effort by Nickelodeon. The original moon shoes were introduced in the 1950s and were metal in construction. They were made to fit over the wearer's regular shoes much in the same way as clamp on roller skates.", "Multi Interface Shoe The Multi Interface Shoe (aka MI Shoe or MIS) is a proprietary camera hotshoe introduced by Sony on 12 September 2012, replacing an assortment of other proprietary hotshoes used by Sony in various types of cameras in the past, including the Auto-lock Accessory Shoe (aka AAS or \"iISO\" shoe) introduced by Minolta in 1988 and used on Sony Alpha DSLRs, SLTs and some NEX cameras, and the Smart Accessory Terminals types 1 (SAT) and 2 (SAT2) used on the majority of the Sony Alpha NEX-line.", "New shoes on budget day New shoes on budget day is an unusual tradition among Canadian Ministers of Finance. The tradition holds that the Minister of Finance should purchase or wear new shoes when the budget is delivered.The exact origins of this tradition are not known. The observance of this tradition has been inconsistent among federal ministers; indeed, for two or three finance ministers, this tradition only holds if \"new shoes\" is interpreted to mean \"new footwear\".", "Nike Shox Shox is a shoe feature developed by Nike and incorporated in several of their flagship athletic sports shoes. Shox is an array of small hollow columns in the midsoles of the shoe, usually of rubber. There are different formations, but Shox are usually four circular columns in a square formation to provide cushioning. There can also be five or six Shox, 25 mm high, though they may vary in height, and triangular and rectangular Shox that Nike says provide better stability.", "Oil Springs, Ontario Oil Springs is a village in Lambton County, Ontario, Canada, located along Former Provincial Highway 21 south of Oil City. The village, an enclave within Enniskillen Township, is home to the Oil Museum of Canada.The CKCO-3 Channel 42 Television Tower is located near Oil Springs. It's the fifth tallest guyed antenna in Canada at 994 feet (303 m).", "Plimsoll shoe A plimsoll shoe, plimsoll or plimsole (British English; see other names below) is a type of athletic shoe with a canvas upper and rubber sole developed as beachwear in the 1830s by the Liverpool Rubber Company.Plimsolls had solid rubber soles about 8 or 9mm thick, to which the canvas was glued without coming up the sides (as on trainers).", "Pointe shoe A pointe shoe is a type of shoe worn by ballet dancers when performing pointe work. Pointe shoes were conceived in response to the desire for dancers to appear weightless and sylph-like and have evolved to enable dancers to dance en pointe (on the tips of their toes) for extended periods of time.", "Powerbocking The act of powerbocking is jumping and running with elastic-like spring-loaded stilts. For some it is an extreme sport, for others it is a form of exercise or even a means of artistic expression. The use of the stilts to perform extreme jumping, running and acrobatics is known as 'Bocking' or 'PowerBocking' after the inventor. Generically these are referred to as \"power stilts\", \"jumping stilts\", or \"spring stilts\".", "Re Rizzo & Rizzo Shoes Ltd Re Rizzo & Rizzo Shoes Ltd is a 1998 judgment from the Supreme Court of Canada regarding the priority of employees interests when a company declares bankruptcy. The judgment hinged on the interpretation of the Employment Standards Act and has been taken to mark the Supreme Court of Canada's adoption of the purposive approach to legislative interpretation. It has since been frequently cited in subsequent decisions of Canadian courts, nearly every time legislation is interpreted.", "Red Shoes (Muskogean chief) Red Shoes (born about 1720) was a Muskogean leader in the 18th Century. He primarily lived in modern Alabama but his influence extended well into modern Mississippi.Red Shoes was the son of Jean Baptiste Louis DeCourtel Marchand and his Muskogee wife Sehoy. Since lineage among the Muskogee was traced matrilineally, Red Shoes, like his mother, was part of the Wind Clan.", "Rocker bottom shoe A rocker sole shoe or rocker bottom shoe is a shoe which has a thicker-than-normal sole with rounded heel. Such shoes ensure the wearer does not have flat footing along the proximal-distal axis of the foot. The shoes are generically known by a variety of names including round bottom shoes, round/ed sole shoes, and toning shoes, but also by various brand names.", "Roller shoe Roller shoes are a kind of shoe have wheels protruding slightly from the heel, allowing the wearer to alternate between walking and rolling.There are a number tricks that can be done with them, including pop wheelies and spins.", "Roots Canada Roots Canada Ltd. (or Roots) is a privately held Canadian brand. It sells women’s, men’s, children’s, and baby's apparel; leather bags; footwear; active athletic wear; belts, small leather goods; and home furnishings. Their design centre and leather factory are both located in Toronto, Ontario. Roots employs 1,600 people in Canada. As of May 2013, Roots operated 210 stores located in Canada, the United States, and Asia, and ships to 50 countries online.", "Running Room (company) Not to be confused with the running room of implant dentistry.The Running Room is an Alberta-based company which has locations all across Canada and The United States. Founded in Edmonton in 1984 by John Stanton, the store has grown from its first location to an enterprise consisting of 114 retail locations and 1300 employees across Canada and the US. The products are based upon the sport of running, with the stores primarily filled with shoes, apparel, watches and related merchandise.", "Shoe-banging incident Nikita Khrushchev's shoe-banging incident allegedly occurred at some point in autumn 1960 (on 23 or 29 September, or on 12 or 13 October) during the 902nd Plenary Meeting of the UN General Assembly held at the United Nations.Some sources claim Khrushchev pounded his shoe on his delegate-desk in protest of a speech by Philippine delegate Lorenzo Sumulong.", "Shoe-fitting fluoroscope Shoe-fitting fluoroscopes, also sold under the names X-ray Shoe Fitter, Pedoscope and Foot-o-scope, were X-ray fluoroscope machines installed in shoe stores from the 1920s until about the 1970s in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Germany and Switzerland. In the UK, they were known as Pedoscopes, after the company based in St. Albans that manufactured them. At the beginning of the 1930s, Bally was the first company to import pedoscopes into Switzerland from the UK.", "Shoe A shoe is an item of footwear intended to protect and comfort the human foot while doing various activities. Shoes are also used as an item of decoration. The design of shoes has varied enormously through time and from culture to culture, with appearance originally being tied to function. Additionally, fashion has often dictated many design elements, such as whether shoes have very high heels or flat ones. Contemporary footwear varies widely in style, complexity and cost.", "Shoe Island (Nunavut) Shoe Island is an uninhabited island within the Canadian Arctic Archipelago in the Kitikmeot Region, Nunavut. It is located in Bathurst Inlet. Other islands in the vicinity include Algak Island, Kanuyak Island, Iglorua Island, Ekalulia Island, and Rideout Island.", "Shoe Show Shoe Show, Inc. is an American footwear retailer based in Concord, North Carolina. It operates shoe stores throughout the United States under the brands Shoe Show, The Shoe Dept., The Shoe Dept. Encore, Shoebilee! and Burlington Shoes.The company was founded in 1960 by Robert B. Tucker and has more than 1600 locations. It acquired Burlington Shoes in 1986, Altier Shoes in 1993 and Shoebilee! in 2002. In the early 2000s, the company began opening Shoe Dept.", "Shoe fetishism Shoe fetishism is the attribution of attractive sexual qualities to shoes or other footwear as a matter of sexual preference, or an alternative or complement to a relationship with a partner. It has also been known as retifism, after the French novelist Nicolas-Edme Rétif (October 23, 1734–February 2, 1806), also known as Rétif de la Bretonne. Individuals with shoe fetishism can be erotically interested in women's shoes.", "Shoe size A shoe size is an alphanumerical indication of the fitting size of a shoe for a person. Often it just consists of a number indicating the length because many shoemakers only provide a standard width for economic reasons. There are several different shoe-size systems that are used worldwide. These systems differ in what they measure, what unit of measurement they use, and where the size 0 (or 1) is positioned. Only a few systems also take the width of the feet into account.", "Shoe store A shoe store or shoe shop is a type of retailer that specializes in selling shoes. From slippers to athletic shoes to boots, the store could also sell shoe accessories, including insoles, shoelaces, shoe horns, shoe polish, etc. In addition, shoe stores may provide clothing and fashion accessories, such as handbags, sunglasses, backpacks, socks, and hosiery. A shoe repair shop is a type of business establishment that fixes and remodels shoes and boots.", "Shoe tossing Shoe tossing, the act of using shoes as projectiles or improvised weapons, is a constituent of a number of folk sports and practices. Today, it is commonly the act of throwing a pair of shoes onto telephone wires, powerlines, or other raised wires. A related practice is shoe tossing onto trees or fences.", "Shoe tree A shoe tree is a device approximating the shape of a foot that is placed inside a shoe to preserve its shape, stop it from developing creases and thereby extend the life of the shoe. It is a reusable alternative to wadded rags or newspapers.Higher quality shoe trees are made from solid wood, usually cedar, which helps control odor and absorb moisture.", "Shoemaking Shoemaking is the process of making footwear. Originally, shoes were made one at a time by hand. Traditional handicraft shoemaking has now been largely superseded in volume of shoes produced by industrial mass production of footwear, but not necessarily in quality, attention to detail, or craftsmanship.Shoemakers or cordwainers (cobblers being those who repair shoes) may produce a range of footwear items, including shoes, boots, sandals, clogs and moccasins.", "Shoes (GUI toolkit) Shoes is a GUI toolkit based on the Ruby programming language. It was originally developed by why the lucky stiff, and others are carrying on with it after his disappearance. Shoes runs on Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X and Linux (GTK+), using the underlying technologies of Cairo and Pango.Shoes' philosophy is one of simplicity. It's designed to make applications as easy as possible. Here's an example Shoes app:Shoes is not just for standard windowing widgets.", "Shoes (album) Shoes is the debut album by Kelly. It features electroclash backbeats and comedic lyrics. It was released on June 21, 2006. Six of the songs—the first six tracks—were made into music videos; however, only four were released as actual singles. In June 2009, it became available for purchase on CD at Amazon.com. It is also available as a ringtone album.Only the first seven tracks are original songs; the rest are remixes, alternate versions or radio edits (which remove profanity).", "Skate shoe Skate shoes or skateboard shoes are a type of footwear specifically designed and manufactured for use in skateboarding. While numerous non-skaters choose to wear skate shoes, the design of the skate shoe includes many features designed especially for use in skateboarding, including a vulcanized rubber or polyurethane sole with minimal tread pattern or no pattern, a composition leather or suede upper, and double or triple stitching to extend the life of the upper material.", "Snowshoe A snowshoe is footwear for walking over the snow. Snowshoes work by distributing the weight of the person over a larger area so that the person's foot does not sink completely into the snow, a quality called \"flotation\".This article is concerned primarily with snowshoes believed to have been developed in Central Asia and then North America.", "Spira Footwear Inc. Spira Footwear Inc., best known as simply Spira, is an American footwear manufacturer based in the El Paso, Texas, United States of America. It was founded in 2001 and is best known for their running, walking, and casual shoes with springs embedded under the heel and toe.", "Tap dance Tap dance is a form of dance characterized by using the sounds of tap shoes striking the floor as a form of percussion. Two major variations on tap dance exist: rhythm (jazz) tap and Broadway tap. Broadway tap focuses on dance; it is widely performed in musical theater. Rhythm tap focuses on musicality, and practitioners consider themselves to be a part of the Jazz tradition.The sound is made by shoes that have a metal \"tap\" on the heel and toe.", "The Christmas Shoes (film) The Christmas Shoes is a made-for-TV movie, broadcast on CBS in December 2002. It is based on the song and novel of the same name. It was shot in Halifax, Nova Scotia. It is the first part of a trilogy, followed by The Christmas Blessing (2005) and The Christmas Hope (2009).The film has three plot lines.", "The Red Shoes (1948 film) The Red Shoes (1948) is a British feature film about a ballet dancer, written, directed and produced by the team of Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger, known collectively as The Archers. The movie employs the story within a story device, being about a young ballerina who joins an established ballet company and becomes the lead dancer in a new ballet called The Red Shoes, itself based on the fairy tale \"The Red Shoes\" by Hans Christian Andersen.", "The Red Shoes (album) The Red Shoes is the seventh studio album by the English musician Kate Bush. Released in November 1993, it was accompanied by Bush's short film, The Line, the Cross and the Curve, and was her last album before taking a 12-year hiatus. The album peaked at number two on the UK album chart and has been certified Platinum by the BPI for over 300,000 copies shipped. In the US, the album reached number 28, her highest chart position there to date.", "The Red Shoes (song) \"The Red Shoes\" is a song written and recorded by musician Kate Bush. It was the third single released from, and is the title track of, the album The Red Shoes.\"The Red Shoes\" was released in April 1994 and made it to number 21 in the UK Singles Chart. The song is about a girl who puts on a pair of enchanted ballet slippers and can't stop dancing until she breaks the spell.", "The Shoe Company The Shoe Company is a Canadian shoe and apparel store, originating from the Greater Toronto Area. They currently operate 65 stores from Victoria, British Columbia to St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. Leonard Simpson is the founder of Town Shoes and had predicted a growth opportunity for footwear to be sold in a big box format.", "The Under Cover Sessions The Under Cover Sessions is the name of Ill Niño's 5 track EP which was released on November 7, 2006 via Cement Shoes Records. It is their first release on the label, after departing Roadrunner Records in June 2006. This EP was the first to feature Diego Verduzco on guitar (originally in Odum), as a stand-in for Jardel Paisante, who hadn't been a part of the group since the spring of 2006. He was said to be dealing with personal family problems.", "Thomas Gustave Plant Thomas Gustave Plant (1859–1941) was a French-Canadian immigrant who made his fortune manufacturing shoes under the Queen Quality Shoes label. His largest shoe factory, the Thomas G. Plant Shoe Factory (1896-1976) in Roxbury (now Jamaica Plain), Massachusetts, stood at the corner of Centre and Bickford streets.", "Toms Shoes Toms (stylized as TOMS) is a for-profit company based in Playa Del Rey, California, that operated the now defunct non-profit subsidiary, Friends of Toms. The company was founded in 2006 by Blake Mycoskie, an entrepreneur from Arlington, Texas. The company designs and sells shoes based on the Argentine alpargata design as well as eyewear.", "Town Shoes Town Shoes is a chain of Canadian shoe stores. It has been family owned and operated since 1952 and has 30 locations across Canada including Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Ottawa, London, Toronto, Kitchener, Barrie and Halifax. The Shoe Company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Town Shoes and operates across Canada as well, with more than 65 stores.As of July 2012, Town Shoes owns Sterling Shoes, Shoe Warehouse, and Freedman Shoes, which were formally run by Sterling Shoes LP.", "Track brake Track brakes are a form of brakes unique to railborne vehicles. The braking force derives from the friction resulting from the application of wood or metal braking shoes directly to the tracks (as the name suggests).", "Télétoon Télétoon (stylized as TÉLÉTOON) is a Canadian French-language Category A specialty channel owned by Corus Entertainment that specializes in animation programming. Its name is a portmanteau of \"télévision\" and \"cartoon\". Along with the English-language Teletoon, it is available in over 7.3 million Canadian households as of 2013.", "Uniforms of the Royal Canadian Navy The Canadian Forces (CF) introduced the Distinctive Environmental Uniform (DEU) on 1 July 1985. Members of the naval, air, and land forces received uniforms distinctive to their service or \\environment\\\".\"", "Wrestling shoe Wrestling shoes are active wear used in competition and practice for the sport of wrestling. Generally light and flexible, they try to mimic the bare foot, while providing slightly more traction and ankle support and less chance of contracting a disease or hurting the opponent with exposed toe nails." ]

[ "Christmas Duets Christmas Duets is a 2008 album released by RCA Records, consisting of archival Elvis Presley vocal recordings mixed with completely re-recorded instrumentation and new vocals by contemporary country and gospel singers. Three tracks on the album do not have duet vocals: \"The First Noel\", \"If I Get Home On Christmas Day\", and \"Winter Wonderland\". However, the instrumental tracks for these songs were re-recorded by contemporary musicians, just like on all other songs.", "ELV1S ELV1S: 30 #1 Hits is a greatest hits collection of songs by American rock and roll icon Elvis Presley that reached No. 1 on the Australian, United Kingdom and United States albums charts. The album was released by RCA Records on September 24, 2002. It is the first Elvis Presley album to feature the remix of \"A Little Less Conversation\" by Junkie XL that was released earlier in the year (see 2002 in music) and reached No. 1 in the UK and Australia.", "Elvis: A Legendary Performer Volume 1 Elvis: A Legendary Performer Volume 1 is a greatest hits collection by Elvis Presley issued in 1974 by RCA Records. It features 14 tracks, which includes twelve songs and two interviews with Presley. It was certified Gold on January 8, 1975 and Platinum and 2x Platinum on July 15, 1999 by the RIAA. The album opens with his first recording from 1954, \"That's All Right\", the song that started his recording career at Sun Records.", "Elvis Presley Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977) was an American singer and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is often referred to as \"the King of Rock and Roll\", or simply, \"the King\".Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi as a twinless twin, and when he was 13 years old, he and his family relocated to Memphis, Tennessee. His music career began there in 1954, when he recorded a song with producer Sam Phillips at Sun Records.", "Elvis Presley (album) Elvis Presley (released in the UK as Elvis Presley Rock n' Roll) is the debut studio album by Elvis Presley. It was released on RCA Victor, in mono, catalogue number LPM 1254, in March 1956. The recording sessions took place on January 10 and January 11 at RCA recording studios in Nashville, Tennessee, and on January 30 and January 31 at RCA studios in New York.", "Elvis Presley albums discography The albums discography of Elvis Presley starts on July 19, 1954, with the release of his first commercial single, and ends in February 1978. Presley's final album, Elvis in Concert, and final two singles, \"My Way\" and \"Unchained Melody\", although released after his death are considered part of the discographical canon as they were projects Presley himself knew about in the planning stages.", "Elvis Presley singles discography The discography of Elvis Presley starts on July 19, 1954, with the release of his first commercial single, and ends in February 1978. Presley's final album, Elvis in Concert, and final two singles, \"My Way\" and \"Unchained Melody\", although released after his death are considered part of the discographical canon as they were projects Presley himself knew about in the planning stages.", "For LP Fans Only For LP Fans Only is the seventh album by Elvis Presley, issued by RCA Victor in February 1959. It is a selection of material from an August 1956 recording session at 20th Century Fox Stage One, a September 1956 session at Radio Recorders in Hollywood, sessions on January 10 and 11 at RCA Studios in Nashville, two more at RCA Studios in New York, and multiple sessions at Sun Studio. The album reached number 19 on the Billboard Top Pop Albums chart.", "My Aim Is True My Aim Is True is the debut album by English singer-songwriter Elvis Costello.The album was recorded at Pathway Studios in Holloway, London Borough of Islington, over the course of 1976 during late-night studio sessions, in a total of approximately twenty-four hours. It was the first of five consecutive Costello albums produced by Nick Lowe and cost £2000. The backing band was made up of members of Clover.", "Sun Records Sun Records, a division of Sun Entertainment Corp, is an American independent record label founded in Memphis, Tennessee, which began operations on March 27, 1952." ]

[ "2nd to None For the album by Chemistry, see Second to None (Chemistry album)2nd to None is a collection of songs by American rock and roll icon Elvis Presley.", "2½ Years 2½ Years is a 1993 box set by Elvis Costello. The Rykodisc (US) and Demon Records (UK and Europe) Costello reissues (1993–1995) would ultimately include his eleven studio albums (each with bonus tracks) released from 1977 to 1991 on Columbia (in the US) and Stiff Records, Radar Records, F-Beat Records and Demon Records (for the rest of the world) plus a reissue of the G.B.H.", "A Bunch of Stiff Records A Bunch of Stiff Records, also known as A Bunch of Stiffs, is a various artists album to promote some of the first acts to be signed by Stiff Records. Three of the tracks, Wreckless Eric's \"(I'd Go The) Whole Wide World\", Motörhead's \"White Line Fever\" and Elvis Costello's \"Less Than Zero\", had been issued as singles (BUY 16, BUY 9 & BUY 11 respectively). The album did not enter the UK charts, but it did turn out to have some of the most important recording artists of the 1970s and 1980s.", "A Man's Thoughts A Man's Thoughts is the sixth studio album from American R&B singer Ginuwine. It was set to be released June 2 but was pushed back to June 23, 2009. The album received average critical reception from pop critics.The first single from the album is \"Last Chance\", which was produced by Bryan-Michael Cox and written by Adonis Shropshire. The single speaks about a man's plea for one last chance to prove his love.", "Al Caiola Al Caiola (born Alexander Emil Caiola, September 7, 1920, Jersey City, New Jersey) is a guitarist who plays jazz, country, rock, western, and pop music. He has been both a studio musician and stage performer. He has recorded over fifty albums and has worked with some of the biggest stars of the 20th century, including Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, Percy Faith, Buddy Holly, Mitch Miller, and Tony Bennett.", "All This Useless Beauty All This Useless Beauty is the seventeenth studio album by the English singer-songwriter Elvis Costello, released as Warner Brothers 46198. It peaked at number 28 on the UK album chart, and at No. 53 on the Billboard 200. It is his final album with his long-standing backing band known as 'The Attractions', and the last album he delivered under his contract to the Warner Brothers label, his contract expiring with a further compilation album, Extreme Honey.", "Almost Blue Almost Blue is an album by Elvis Costello and the Attractions. It was recorded May 1981 in Nashville, and released on 23 October 1981. The record's songs consist entirely of country covers, including works originally written by Hank Williams, Merle Haggard, George Jones and Gram Parsons.", "Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite (album) Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite is a live concert album by Elvis Presley, released by RCA Records in February 1973 and peaked at #1 on the Billboard chart in the spring of the same year. Despite the satellite innovation, the US did not air the concert until April 4. Aloha from Hawaii (which was a worldwide ratings smash) went to #1 on the Billboard album chart.", "Amazing Grace: His Greatest Sacred Performances Amazing Grace: His Greatest Sacred Performances is a two-disc compilation of studio master recordings by Elvis Presley released in 1994 on RCA Records, catalogue number 66421-2. It also includes a booklet with session details and an essay by Charles Wolfe. It was certified Gold, Platinum, and 2x Platinum on 7/15/1999 by the RIAA.", "Atlantic Records Atlantic Records (also still historically known as Atlantic Recording Corporation) is a major American record label best known for its numerous recordings of rhythm and blues, rock and roll, jazz, and hip hop.", "Bernie Lowe Bernie Lowe (November 22, 1917 - September 1, 1993) was an American songwriter / record producer / arranger / pianist and bandleader.Born Bernard Lowenthal in Philadelphia, Lowe started Teen Records and in 1955 was working with Freddie Bell and the Bellboys. He asked Freddie Bell to rewrite the lyrics of \"Hound Dog\" to appeal to a broader radio audience. Teen Records and the group had a regional hit with this version of the song, which was one of four songs the group did with Lowe.", "Bill Haley William John Clifton \"Bill\" Haley (/ˈheɪliː/; July 6, 1925 – February 9, 1981) was an American rock and roll musician. He is credited by many with first popularizing this form of music in the early 1950s with his group Bill Haley & His Comets and million-selling hits such as \"Rock Around the Clock\", \"See You Later, Alligator\", \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\", \"Rocket 88\", \"Skinny Minnie\", and \"Razzle Dazzle\". He has sold over 25 million records worldwide.", "Black Elvis/Lost in Space Black Elvis/Lost in Space is the fourth studio album by emcee Kool Keith, but recorded under the alias of Black Elvis. This is the first album performed under this alias. It was intended to be released the same day as First Come, First Served, but was pushed back by Columbia and ended up being released four months later through Relativity Entertainment Distribution rather than Sony Music Distribution, denoted by the WK prefix instead of the customary CK prefix and the legal copy on the release.", "Blood & Chocolate Blood & Chocolate is the eleventh studio album by the British rock singer and songwriter Elvis Costello, released in the United Kingdom as Demon Records XFIEND 80, and in the United States as Columbia 40518. After his previous album King of America with producer T-Bone Burnett and different musicians, this album reunited him with producer Nick Lowe and his usual backing group the Attractions. It peaked at No. 16 on the UK Albums Chart, and No. 84 on the Billboard 200.", "Blue Suede Shoes \"Blue Suede Shoes\" is a rock and roll standard written and first recorded by Carl Perkins in 1955 and is considered one of the first rockabilly (rock and roll) records and incorporated elements of blues, country and pop music of the time. Perkins' original version of the song was on the Cashbox Best Selling Singles list for 16 weeks, and spent 2 weeks in the No. 2 position. Elvis Presley performed his version of the song three different times on national television.", "Brutal Youth Brutal Youth is an album by Elvis Costello. This is the first album Costello recorded with his band the Attractions since Blood and Chocolate (1986). The several albums in between were recorded with session musicians. Brutal Youth was the third, and most recent of Costello's albums, to peak at number two in the UK Albums Chart, following on from Armed Forces (1979) and Get Happy!! (1980).", "Burning Love and Hits from His Movies, Volume 2 Burning Love and Hits From His Movies, Volume 2 is a compilation album by Elvis Presley. The album was released on November 1, 1972 on RCA's budget label, RCA Camden. The contents of the album consist primarily of soundtrack recordings from various Presley films of the 1960s, augmented by both sides of his 1972 hit single, \"Burning Love\".", "Columbia Records Columbia Records is an American flagship recording label, under the ownership of Sony Music Entertainment, operating under the Columbia Music Group. It was founded in 1887, evolving from an earlier enterprise, the American Graphophone Company—successor to the Volta Graphophone Company. Columbia is the oldest surviving brand name in recorded sound, being the second major record company to produce recorded records.", "Crazy Little Thing Called Love \"Crazy Little Thing Called Love\" is a song by the rock band Queen. Written by Freddie Mercury in 1979, the track is featured on their 1980 album The Game, and also appears on the band's compilation album, Greatest Hits. The song peaked at number two in the UK Singles Chart in 1979, and became the group's first number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100 in the U.S. in 1979, remaining there for four consecutive weeks; it would be the start of Queen's popularity in America.", "Decca Records Decca Records began as a British record label established in 1929 by Edward Lewis. Its U.S. label was established in late 1934 by Lewis along with American Decca's first president Jack Kapp and later American Decca president Milton Rackmil; as a result of World War II, the link with the British company was broken for several decades.The British label was renowned for its development of recording methods, while the American company developed the concept of cast albums in the musical genre.", "Dennis Linde Dennis Linde (March 18, 1943 – December 22, 2006) was an American singer and songwriter whose work was primarily in country music.He is best known for writing the 1972 Elvis Presley hit, \"Burning Love\". Presley performed the song live a few times, but often had trouble with the lyrics and soon pulled it from his playlist, although he did perform it during his famous show Aloha from Hawaii.", "Double Dynamite (album) Double Dynamite is a compilation album by Elvis Presley. The album was released in December, 1975, and compiles various tracks that had previously been released on nine budget-priced albums on the RCA Camden label. It was certified Gold and Platinum on 1/6/2004 by the RIAA. A 16-track CD version of the album was released in 1987 by Pair/RCA Special Products. The two songs omitted from the CD are \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" and \"If You Think I Don't Need You\".", "East Side Story (Squeeze album) East Side Story is the fourth studio album by new wave group Squeeze. The initial concept was for a double-LP with one side produced by Elvis Costello, another by Dave Edmunds, a third by Nick Lowe and the fourth possibly by Paul McCartney. Ultimately it was largely produced by Costello and Roger Bechirian, and released on one disc.However, Edmunds did produce the album's opening track, and sessions with Lowe yielded \"Looking For A Love\".", "Elvis' Christmas Album Elvis' Christmas Album is the fourth studio album and first Christmas album by Elvis Presley on RCA Victor, LOC 1035, a deluxe limited edition, released in October 1957, and recorded at Radio Recorders in Hollywood. It has been reissued in numerous different formats since its first release.", "Elvis' Gold Records Volume 4 Elvis' Gold Records Volume 4 is the thirty-first album by Elvis Presley, issued by RCA Victor in mono and stereo, LPM/LSP 3921, in January 1968, with recording sessions taking place over an eight-year span at RCA Studio B in Nashville, Tennessee, and at RCA Studios and Radio Recorders in Hollywood. It is a compilation of hit singles released between 1961 and 1967, peaking at number 33 on the Billboard 200. It was certified Gold on March 27, 1992 by the Recording Industry Association of America.", "Elvis' Golden Records Volume 3 Elvis' Golden Records Volume 3 is a greatest hits album by the American rock and roll singer Elvis Presley, released by RCA Victor as LPM-2765 on August 11, 1963. The record was the third volume of a five volume collection, and his eighteenth altogether. It is a compilation of hit singles released in 1960, 1961, and 1962.The album was originally released as a mono and stereo LP record and was reissued several times including a Compact Disc edition in 1997 that included six bonus tracks.", "Elvis: A Legendary Performer Volume 2 Elvis: A Legendary Performer Volume 2 is a compilation album featuring recordings by Elvis Presley. As with the first volume of the series, issued in 1974, the collection was a mixture of previously released and never-before-released recordings. In this volume, RCA Records released for the first time \"Harbor Lights\", a ballad Presley recorded during his first session for Sun Records in July 1954.", "Elvis: A Legendary Performer Volume 4 Elvis: A Legendary Performer Volume 4 is a compilation album featuring recordings by American singer Elvis Presley. It was the last in a series of albums that began with Elvis: A Legendary Performer Volume 1 in 1974, and the first since Elvis: A Legendary Performer Volume 3 in 1979. As with its predecessors, this album contained previously unreleased (as of 1983) recordings by Presley, with the exception of one track that had previously appeared in the Elvis Aron Presley box set in 1980.", "Elvis: Greatest Hits Volume 1 Released in October 1981, Elvis: Greatest Hits Vol. 1 was an attempt by RCA Records at launching a new series of reissues featuring American rock and roll singer, Elvis Presley.", "Elvis Costello Elvis Costello (born Declan Patrick MacManus, 25 August 1954) is an English musician, singer-songwriter and record producer. He began his career as part of London's pub rock scene in the early 1970s and later became associated with the first wave of the British punk and new wave movement of the mid-to-late 1970s. His critically acclaimed debut album, My Aim Is True, was recorded in 1977. Shortly after recording it he formed the Attractions as his backing band.", "Elvis Costello discography This page lists albums, singles, and compilations by the musician Elvis Costello, distinguishing between United States and United Kingdom release dates and record labels. Of note are the reissue series, Costello's back-catalogue having undergone that treatment three times by three different companies.", "Elvis Country (I'm 10,000 Years Old) Elvis Country (I'm 10,000 Years Old) is the eleventh studio album by Elvis Presley, released on RCA Records (LSP 4460 in January 1971. Recorded at RCA Studio B in Nashville, it reached number 12 on the Billboard 200. It peaked at number six in the United Kingdom, selling over one million copies worldwide.", "Elvis Is Back! Elvis Is Back! is the tenth studio album by Elvis Presley. It was released on RCA Victor Records in mono and stereo in April 1960. Recorded over two sessions in March and April, the album marked Presley's return to recording after his discharge from the U.S. Army.In 1957, as Presley's fame was soaring, he received a draft notice from the Memphis Draft Board, but was given a deferment so he could finish his latest film production, King Creole.", "Elvis Perkins in Dearland Elvis Perkins in Dearland is the second studio album by Elvis Perkins, and his first with backing band Elvis Perkins in Dearland, released on March 10, 2009, on XL Recordings.Upon release, Perkins stated that he did not wish to record another album like its predecessor:I'd no interest in making Ash Wednesday II. After the dust had settled I was weary, worn and confused about what had happened, especially that people thought it was so personal.", "Elvis Recorded Live on Stage in Memphis Elvis Recorded Live on Stage in Memphis is a live album by Elvis Presley, released on RCA Records in July 1974. It was recorded on March 20 of the same year at the Mid-South Coliseum in Memphis, Tennessee, Presley's hometown. The cover features of a photograph of Presley's home, Graceland. The album was recorded on the same day as his Good Times album was released.", "Excello Records Excello Records was an American blues record label, started by Ernie Young in Nashville, Tennessee, in 1953 as a subsidiary of Nashboro, a gospel label.", "F-Beat Records F-Beat Records was a record label set up by Jake Riviera in 1979. The label's first release, \"I Can't Stand Up for Falling Down\" by Elvis Costello & the Attractions, reached number 4 in the UK charts, the highest singles chart position the label attained.", "For the Good Times (song) \"For the Good Times\" is a 1970 song penned by Kris Kristofferson that appeared on his debut album Kristofferson. He wrote the first verse and chorus in 1968 while driving from Nashville to the Gulf of Mexico, but he did not complete the tune and release it until 1970.Later that year, Ray Price recorded a version of the song which topped the U.S. country music charts and was awarded \"Song of the Year\" by the Academy of Country Music.", "Frisco Mabel Joy Frisco Mabel Joy is the 1971 concept album by singer-songwriter Mickey Newbury. This was the second of three albums Newbury recorded at Cinderella Sound. The album includes the original version of \"An American Trilogy\", which Elvis Presley later performed in his Las Vegas shows with much success. \"How Many Times (Must The Piper Be Paid For His Song)\" is a dramatically re-imagined version of a song first released on Harlequin Melodies, Newbury's RCA debut.", "From Nashville to Memphis: The Essential '60s Masters From Nashville to Memphis: The Essential '60s Masters is a box set five-disc compilation of studio master recordings by Elvis Presley during the decade of the 1960s, released in 1993 on RCA Records, catalogue number 66160-2. In its initial format as a long box issue, it included a set of collectable stamps duplicating the record jackets from every release LP, and those from the singles pertinent to this box set, on RCA Victor.", "Get Happy!! (Elvis Costello album) The fourth album by Elvis Costello, his third with the Attractions, Get Happy!! is notable for being a dramatic break in tone from Costello's three previous albums, and for being heavily influenced by R&B, ska and soul music. The cover art was intentionally designed to have a \"retro\" feel, to look like the cover of an old LP with ring wear on both front and back.It was placed at No. 11 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 100 greatest albums of the 1980s.", "Good Rocking Tonight \"Good Rocking Tonight\" was originally a jump blues song released in 1947 by its writer, Roy Brown and was covered by many other recording artists. The song includes the memorable refrain, \"Well I heard the news, there's good rocking tonight!\" The song anticipated elements of rock and roll music.", "Good Times (Elvis Presley album) Good Times is a 1974 album by Elvis Presley.The album was constructed by the first pick of a session held at Stax Studios in Memphis in December 1973 and two songs, \"I've Got a Thing About You Baby\" and \"Take Good Care of Her\", which were left over from the session at Stax in July 1973. The album includes a collection of songs that vary in style and genre.", "Handsome Boy Records Handsome Boy Records is a Canadian independent record label founded in 1994 in Toronto. It was distributed by BMG Music in Canada. Handsome Boy did deals with other labels internationally including Atlantic Records.Artists who released material on Handsome Boy include Rusty, hHead, Groovy Religion, Meryn Cadell, One Free Fall and Slowburn.Handsome Boy is owned by Jeff Rogers who also managed the band Crash Test Dummies.", "Having Fun with Elvis on Stage Having Fun with Elvis on Stage is a 1974 spoken word concert album by Elvis Presley. The album consists entirely of byplay and banter by Presley from between songs during a live concert—primarily jokes, with the songs themselves removed from the recording. The album was created as a ploy by Presley's manager, Colonel Tom Parker, to self-release an Elvis Presley album through his own label, Boxcar Records, that would not consist of content that contractually belonged to RCA Records.", "Heartbreak Hotel \"Heartbreak Hotel\" is a song recorded by American singer Elvis Presley. It was released as a single on January 27, 1956, Presley's first on his new record label RCA Victor. It was written by Tommy Durden and Mae Boren Axton.A newspaper article about the suicide of a lonely man who jumped from a hotel window inspired the lyrics. Axton presented the song to Presley in November 1955 at a country music convention in Nashville.", "Hi Records Hi Records was a Memphis soul and rockabilly label started in 1957 by singer Ray Harris, record store owner Joe Cuoghi, Bill Cantrell and Quinton Claunch (formerly producers for Sun Records), and three silent partners, including Cuoghi's lawyer, Nick Pesce.Hi Records' first big hit was \"Smokie Part 2\", an instrumental by Bill Black's Combo in 1959. Black was a bass player with Elvis Presley and a long-time friend of Ray Harris.", "Hitstory Hitstory is compilation album by Elvis Presley, which includes the two previous compilation album ELV1S and 2nd to None, in addition to a bonus disc, entitled The Story Continues.The tracks are not in any chronological order, but still derive from Presley's whole recording career.", "Human Radio (album) Memphis band Human Radio's self-titled debut album was released in 1990 on Columbia Records. It contained the hit single, \"Me and Elvis\", which reached No. 32 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. My First Million was released as the second single from the album, but did not chart.", "I'll Never Fall in Love Again (Lonnie Donegan song) \"I'll Never Fall in Love Again\" is a song written by Lonnie Donegan and Jimmy Currie, and first released by Donegan as a single in 1962. Its most commercially successful recording was by Tom Jones in 1967.According to Jones:\"I did some shows with Lonnie and we became friends.... One night he said: ‘Look, I have this song, you’d sing the pants off it. I've recorded it, but I can't really sing it.", "I Can't Stand Up for Falling Down \"I Can't Stand Up for Falling Down\" is a song by Sam & Dave released in 1967, written by Homer Banks and Allen Jones. British musician Elvis Costello covered the song in 1980 for his album Get Happy!!. It was one of three singles taken from the album in the UK and peaked at number 4 in the UK Singles Chart. It was supposed to be released on the 2 Tone Records label in the UK, but even though copies were pressed, contractual difficulties eventually halted its release on that label.", "I Want You (Elvis Costello song) \"I Want You\" is a song written and recorded by Elvis Costello. It was released as a single from his 1986 album Blood & Chocolate. Stephen Thomas Erlewine described it as \"[among] the nastiest songs he has ever recorded, both lyrically and musically\". In his album notes for the Girls Girls Girls compilation album, Costello wrote that \"[t]he sound of this track was always going to be the aural equivalent of a blurred polaroid, so no apologies for the lack of fidelity.", "Imperial Bedroom Imperial Bedroom is a 1982 album by Elvis Costello and the Attractions. It was the second Costello album, after Almost Blue, not produced by Nick Lowe. Production duties were handled by Beatles engineer Geoff Emerick. \"I wanted to try a few things in the studio that I suspected would quickly exhaust Nick's patience,\" as Costello put it in the liner notes to the 1994 Rykodisc reissue.It was voted as the best album of the year in The Village Voice Pazz & Jop critics poll.", "King of America King of America is the tenth studio album by the British rock singer and songwriter Elvis Costello, released in 1986 in the United Kingdom as F-Beat ZL 70946, and in the United States as Columbia JC 40173. It was billed as by \"The Costello Show featuring the Attractions and Confederates\" in the UK and Europe and \"The Costello Show featuring Elvis Costello\" in North America. It peaked at #11 on the UK album chart, and at #39 on the Billboard 200.", "Kojak Variety Kojak Variety is a 1995 covers album by Elvis Costello. \"Days\" had previously appeared on the album Until the End of the World, the 1991 soundtrack to Wim Wenders' film of the same name. The album's obscure title refers to the name of a variety store near to where the album was recorded; Costello was amused by the seemingly random name of the enterprise, and in a similar spirit, decided to apply the name to his album.", "Lawton Williams Lawton Williams (July 24, 1922, Troy, Tennessee – July 27, 2007, Fort Worth, Texas) was an American country-music singer and songwriter.Williams taught himself to play guitar as a teenager but made no steps towards a musical career until, while serving in World War II, he met Floyd Tillman who acted as a mentor to him.", "Leedon Records Leedon Records was an Australian record label active from 1958 to 1969. It was founded by American entrepreneur Lee Gordon in early 1958.", "Lost on the River: The New Basement Tapes Lost on the River: The New Basement Tapes is an album produced by T Bone Burnett featuring a collective of musicians recording under the moniker The New Basement Tapes—Elvis Costello, Rhiannon Giddens, Taylor Goldsmith, Jim James and Marcus Mumford. The album consists of a series of tracks based on recently uncovered lyrics handwritten by Bob Dylan in 1967.", "Love Letters from Elvis Love Letters from Elvis is the twelfth studio album by Elvis Presley, released in 1971.The album was made up of leftovers from Elvis' marathon June 1970 recording sessions in Nashville. Most of the other 35 songs recorded during those sessions had been used in Elvis' 1970 albums That's the Way It Is and Elvis Country (I'm 10,000 Years Old). Wanting to squeeze out a third album from the sessions, RCA records had producer Felton Jarvis mix, overdub and compile the remaining songs.", "Malcolm Yelvington Malcolm Yelvington (September 14, 1918 – February 21, 2001) was an American rockabilly and country musician. Born in Covington, Tennessee, he released a record on Sun Records in 1954, just after Elvis Presley.Yelvington began performing in local venues at the age of 14, having learned to sing and play guitar as a boy. His voice was a baritone, somewhat comparable to Ernest Tubb (one of Yelvington's major influences).", "Max Martin Martin Karl Sandberg (born February 26, 1971), known professionally as Max Martin, is a Swedish music producer and songwriter. He rose to prominence in the mid-1990s after making a string of major hits for artists such as the Backstreet Boys, Britney Spears and 'N Sync.", "Michael Bublé discography The discography of Michael Bublé consists of eight studio albums, three live albums, nine EPs, seventeen singles, and fourteen music videos. His records are being distributed by the label Warner Bros. Records and also by its subsidiaries Reprise Records and 143 Records.Bublé debuted independently in 1995 with his first EP, First Dance. In 2001 and 2002 he released the albums BaBalu and Dream respectively, without any record company support.", "Minuteman for the Moment Minuteman for the Moment is the second studio album by Look What I Did released October 4, 2005 on Combat Records/KOCH Records. It features an updated version of the song \"Cupid Full of Eros\" previously seen on the band's 2003 album My First Time, as well as the second song in the \"Zanzibar\" chapter also seen on the band's previous release. The producer for this album also worked with bands like Jane's Addiction, and TheStart.", "Moody Blue Moody Blue is the final studio album by Elvis Presley. The album was a mixture of live and studio work, and included the four tracks from Presley's final studio recording sessions in October 1976 and two tracks left over from the previous Graceland session in February 1976. \"Moody Blue\" was a previously published hit song recorded at the earlier Graceland session and held over for this album. Also recorded at the February session was \"She Thinks I Still Care\".", "Mute Records Mute is a British record label with offices in London, New York, and Berlin. It was founded in 1978 by Daniel Miller and featured several prominent musical acts on its roster such as Depeche Mode, Erasure, Fad Gadget, Goldfrapp, Grinderman, Moby, New Order, Nitzer Ebb, Wire, and Yazoo.", "Pickwick Records Pickwick Records was an American record label and British distributor known for its budget album releases of sound-alike recordings, bargain bin reissues and repackagings under the brands Design, Bravo (later changing their name to International Award), Hurrah, Grand Prix, and children's records on the Cricket and Happy Time labels.The label is also known for distributing music by smaller labels like Sonny Lester's Groove Mechant, Gene Redd's De-Lite Records, Chart Records and the Swedish label Sonet Records (for which it distributed late-1960s recordings by Bill Haley & His Comets in Canada and the US).", "Portrait Records Portrait Records was a sister label of Epic Records and later of Columbia Records. Cyndi Lauper and Sade signed with Portrait, but their contracts were absorbed by Epic after that incarnation of the label was shuttered.Portrait began in 1976 as a sister label of Epic; its initial signings were Joan Baez, Burton Cummings, and the McCrarys. Cummings' \"Stand Tall\" was the lead-off single. Baez's Blowin' Away album and the McCrarys' self-titled debut bowed in early 1977.", "Promised Land (song) \"Promised Land\" is a song lyric written by Chuck Berry to the melody of \"Wabash Cannonball\", an American folk song. The song was first recorded in this version by Chuck Berry in 1964 for his album St. Louis to Liverpool. Released in 1965, it was Berry's first single issued following his prison term for a Mann Act conviction.", "Proud Mary \"Proud Mary\" is a rock song written by John Fogerty and first recorded by his band Creedence Clearwater Revival. The song was released by Fantasy Records as a single from the band's second studio album, Bayou Country, which was released by the same record company in January 1969. The single is generally considered to have been released in early January 1969 although at least one source states that it came out just before Christmas 1968.", "Punch the Clock Punch the Clock is an album released in 1983 by Elvis Costello and the Attractions. It was Costello's eighth album, his seventh with the Attractions since 1978. The album featured Costello's first US Top 40 hit, \"Everyday I Write the Book.\"In 2014, NME ranked it at number 345 in its list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.", "RCA RCA Corporation, founded as the Radio Corporation of America, was an American electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1986. General Electric took over the company in 1985 and split it up the following year.The RCA trademark is used by Sony Music Entertainment and Technicolor, which licenses the name to other companies such as Audiovox and TCL Corporation for products descended from that common ancestor.", "RCA Camden RCA Camden was a budget record label of recordings, introduced by RCA Victor.", "RCA Camden discography RCA Camden was a budget record label started by RCA Records in the 1950s. Initially a classical label, it later expanded to include re-releases of older pop records, including those of Elvis Presley.Some of the RCA Camden releases included:", "RCA Records RCA Records is an American flagship recording label (alongside Columbia Records and Epic Records) of Sony Music Entertainment (SME). It releases multiple genres of music including pop, rock, hip-hop, R&B, blues, jazz and, through RCA Nashville, country.RCA is derived from the initials of the original company name, Radio Corporation of America. It is the second-oldest recording company in U.S. history, after Columbia.", "RIAA certification In the United States, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) awards certification based on the number of albums and singles sold through retail and other ancillary markets. Other countries have similar awards (see music recording sales certification). Certification is not automatic; for an award to be made, the record label must request certification and pay a fee to have the sales of the recording audited.", "Radar Records Radar Records was a UK-based record label formed in late 1977 by Martin Davis (managing director) who had previously worked at United Artists Records, and Andrew Lauder, who had previously been head of A&R at the UK divisions of Liberty Records and United Artists. The label's first records were released in early 1978.", "Rock with Bill Haley and the Comets Rock with Bill Haley and the Comets is the title of an early rock and roll music compilation album issued by Essex Records (ESLP 202) in 1954, and featuring music by the titular group, Bill Haley & His Comets. The album features recordings made by Haley in 1952 and 1953, including his hits, \"Rock the Joint\" and \"Crazy Man Crazy\".", "Rockin' Around the World Rockin' Around the World was the sixth album of rock and roll music by Bill Haley and His Comets. Released in March 1958 on the Decca Records label, Decca 8692, the album was produced by Milt Gabler, who produced all of Haley's recordings for Decca. It was the second of three \"themed\" albums that Haley produced for the label.", "Rykodisc Rykodisc Records is an American record label. It is owned by Warner Music Group, operates as a unit of WMG's Independent Label Group and is distributed through Alternative Distribution Alliance.", "Secret, Profane & Sugarcane Secret, Profane & Sugarcane is the 2009 studio album by Elvis Costello. It was recorded in Nashville with American songwriter and producer T Bone Burnett, and released on 9 June 2009 on the Hear Music label. The album features bluegrass, Americana and country music along with Costello's familiar garrulous lyrics.Secret, Profane & Sugarcane entered the UK album charts at number 71, where it spent one week before dropping out of the top 100.", "Shake, Rattle and Roll \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\" is a twelve bar blues-form rock and roll song, written in 1954 by Jesse Stone under his assumed songwriting name Charles E. Calhoun. It was originally recorded by Big Joe Turner, and most successfully by Bill Haley & His Comets. The song as sung by Big Joe Turner is ranked #127 on the Rolling Stone magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.", "Shake, Rattle and Roll (album) Shake, Rattle and Roll is the title of an early rock and roll compilation album issued by Decca Records (DL 5560) in 1955, and featuring music by Bill Haley & His Comets. The album, which was issued in a 10-inch format, consisted of recordings previously issued on singles in 1954 and 1955, including the title track, and \"Rock Around the Clock\", although at the time of this album's release in early 1955, \"Rock Around the Clock\" had not yet become a major hit.", "Something for Everybody Something for Everybody is the thirteenth album by Elvis Presley, released on RCA Victor in mono and stereo, LPM/LSP 2370, in June 1961. Recording sessions took place on November 8, 1960, at Radio Recorders in Hollywood, and on March 12, 1961 at RCA Studio B in Nashville, Tennessee. In the United States, it peaked at number 1 on Billboard‍ '​s Top Pop LPs chart. It was certified Gold on July 15, 1999 by the Recording Industry Association of America.", "Stax Records Stax Records is an American record label, originally based in Memphis, Tennessee.Founded in 1957 as Satellite Records, the label changed its name to Stax Records in 1961. It was a major factor in the creation of the Southern soul and Memphis soul music styles, also releasing gospel, funk, jazz, and blues recordings. While Stax is renowned for its output of African-American music, the label was founded by two business siblings, Jim Stewart and his sister Estelle Axton (STewart/AXton = Stax).", "Steamroller Blues \"Steamroller Blues\", often labelled just \"Steamroller\", is a blues parody written by James Taylor, that first appeared on his 1970 breakthrough album Sweet Baby James. The song title comes from the first line: \"I'm a steamroller baby, I'm bound to roll all over you...\".", "Suspicious Minds \"Suspicious Minds\" is a song written and first recorded by American songwriter Mark James. After James' recording failed commercially, the song was handed to Elvis Presley by producer Chips Moman, becoming a number one song in 1969, and one of the most notable hits of Presley's career. \"Suspicious Minds\" was widely regarded as the single that returned Presley's career success, following his '68 Comeback Special. It was his eighteenth and last number-one single in the United States.", "Taking Liberties Taking Liberties is an Elvis Costello compilation album, composed of tracks not previously-released on his albums released in the USA. It is mostly made up of B-sides, although it does feature two previously unreleased recordings. It was released in the USA and Canada only and its track listing is almost identical to that of the UK release Ten Bloody Marys & Ten How's Your Fathers.", "The Amazing Kornyfone Record Label The Amazing Kornyfone Record Label (TAKRL) was one of the first bootlegging record labels in America. Kornyfone was based in Southern California in the 1970s.The label released albums from such artists as The Beatles, David Bowie, Bob Dylan, The Grateful Dead, Led Zeppelin, Elton John, Joni Mitchell, Pink Floyd, Genesis, and others.", "The Complete Elvis Presley Masters The Complete Elvis Presley Masters is a box set covering most of Elvis Presley's entire recording career, released on October 19, 2010 by RCA Records/Legacy Recordings. The box set contains 711 original master recordings as recorded during Elvis' lifetime, and also 103 additional rare recordings, contained on 30 compact discs.", "The Frank Sinatra Timex Show: Welcome Home Elvis Welcome Home Elvis was a 1960 television special on ABC starring Frank Sinatra and featuring Elvis Presley in his first televised appearance since coming home from his military service in Germany. The special was officially titled It's Nice to Go Traveling, but is more commonly known as Welcome Home Elvis having featured Elvis on his first TV appearance in three years.", "The Ultimate Collection (The Supremes album) The Ultimate Collection is a compact disc by Diana Ross and the Supremes, released on Motown Records, catalogue 314530827-2, in October 1997. It is a collection of singles comprising many of the group's greatest hits, with liner notes written by Diane Marie Weathers. The collection sold around 60,000 copies in the USA.", "This Year's Model This Year's Model is Elvis Costello's second album and his first with the Attractions, released in 1978. It was mainly recorded at Eden Studios in West London.It was voted the best album of the year in The Village Voice Pazz & Jop critics poll. In 2000, Q magazine placed This Year's Model at number 82 in its list of the 100 Greatest British Albums Ever. In 1987, Rolling Stone magazine ranked it number 11 on its list of the best albums of the period 1967–1987.", "Thrill of Your Love Thrill of Your Love is a song written by Stan Kesler and recorded by Elvis Presley in 1960 for his first post-army album \"Elvis Is Back!.\" It was first recorded by Carl McVoy in 1958 under the title \"A Woman's Love.\" His version remained unissued at the time, but has since appeared on compilations.", "True Believer (Ronnie Milsap album) True Believer was the twenty-first studio album of Country music artist Ronnie Milsap. It was released in 1993 under Liberty Records, his first for the label. The album produced two singles, the title track, which peaked at #30 on country charts and \"Better Off With the Blues,\" which did not chart.The album did not chart, his first to do so since his 1971 self-named debut album.", "Trust (Elvis Costello album) Trust is an album by Elvis Costello and the Attractions. It is Costello's fifth album, and fourth with the Attractions. It was also his fifth consecutive album produced by Nick Lowe, who handled production on all songs except \"Big Sister's Clothes\" (which the liner notes make clear by stating that Lowe was \"not responsible\" for it).", "Tryin' to Get to You \"Tryin' to Get to You\" is a song written by Rose Marie McCoy and Charles Singleton It was originally recorded by the Washington DC vocal group The Eagles in 1954 and released in mid-1954 on Mercury Records 70391. Advertising in Billboard magazine indicates that the format of the title on The Eagles’ record was “Tryin’ to Get to You”, with an apostrophe.The song was also recorded by Elvis Presley in 1955 on his then unissued Sun recordings. Presley recorded five versions of the song.", "Veronica (song) \"Veronica\" is a single from Elvis Costello's 1989 album Spike, co-written by Costello with Paul McCartney. The song \"Veronica\" was co-produced by T-Bone Burnett and Kevin Killen, and features Paul McCartney on his iconic Höfner bass. In 2004, Entertainment Weekly voted it one of Costello's top ten greatest tunes.The song focuses on an older woman who has experienced severe memory loss. Costello's inspiration for this song was his grandmother, who suffered from Alzheimer's.", "Walk a Mile in My Shoes: The Essential '70s Masters Walk a Mile in My Shoes: The Essential '70s Masters is a box set five-disc compilation of the recorded work of Elvis Presley during the decade of the 1970s, released in 1995, RCA 66670-2. In its initial format as a long box issue, it included a set of collectable stamps duplicating record jackets from every LP release on RCA Records corresponding to the selections here.", "Wanda Jackson albums discography The albums discography of Wanda Jackson, an American recording artist, consists of forty-five studio albums, one international studio album, seven tribute and cover albums, four live albums, twenty one compilation albums, and two box sets. In 1954 at age sixteen, Jackson signed with Decca Records as a country music artist. The label did not issue a record until 1962's compilation, Lovin' Country Style, six years after Jackson left Decca.", "When I Was Cruel When I Was Cruel is Elvis Costello's 19th album, recorded in 2001 and 2002 and released in the US by Island Records on 23 April 2002. The album includes the hits \"45\" and \"15 Petals\".Although formally credited as solo Costello album, this was the first album to feature his new band, The Imposters.", "When It Rains, It Really Pours When It Rains, It Really Pours is a song originally written and recorded by Billy \"The Kid\" Emerson. His version, titled \"When It Rains It Pours\", was released by Sun Records in 1954. The song was later recorded by Elvis Presley in 1957, but not released until 1965 on the album Elvis for Everyone." ]

[ "Cairo Cairo (/ˈkaɪroʊ/ KYE-roh ; Arabic: القاهرة‎; Coptic: Ⲕⲁϩⲓⲣⲏ) is the capital of Egypt and the largest city in the Middle-East and second-largest in Africa after Lagos. Its metropolitan area is the 15th largest in the world. Located near the Nile Delta, it was founded in 969 CE. Nicknamed \"the city of a thousand minarets\" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a center of the region's political and cultural life.", "Egypt Egypt (/ˈiːdʒɪpt/; Arabic: مِصر‎ Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: مَصر Maṣr), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia, via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is the world's only contiguous Eurafrasian nation and most of Egypt's territory of 1,010,408 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi) lies within the Nile Valley.", "Ethiopia Ethiopia (/ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/; Amharic: ኢትዮጵያ?, ʾĪtyōṗṗyā, About this sound listen ), officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea to the north and northeast, Djibouti and Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south.", "Gezira Island Gezira Island is located in the Nile River, in central Cairo, Egypt. The southern portion of the island contains the Gezira District, and the northern third contains the affluent Zamalek District. Gezira Island is west of downtown Cairo and Tahrir Square, connected across the Nile by three bridges each on the east and west sides, including the Qasr al-Nil Bridge and 6th October Bridge.", "Nile The Nile (Arabic: النيل‎, Eg. en-Nīl, Std. an-Nīl; Coptic: ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲱ, P(h)iaro; Ancient Egyptian: Ḥ'pī and Iteru) is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa, generally regarded as the longest river in the world. It is 6,853 km (4,258 miles) long. The Nile is an \"international\" river as its water resources are shared by eleven countries, namely, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Congo-Kinshasa, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Sudan and Egypt.", "Rwanda Rwanda (/ruːˈɑːndə/ or /ruːˈændə/ (About this sound listen); Kinyarwanda: U Rwanda [u.ɾɡwanda]), officially the Republic of Rwanda (Kinyarwanda: Repubulika y'u Rwanda; French: République du Rwanda), is a sovereign state in central and east Africa. Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo." ]

[ "Achaemenid Arabia Arabia or Achaemenid Arabia was a satrapy (province) of the Achaemenid Empire by the name of Arabâya.Achaemenid Arabia corresponded to the lands between Nile Delta (Egypt) and Mesopotamia, later known to Romans as Arabia Petraea. According to Herodotus, Cambyses did not subdue the Arabs when he attacked Egypt in 525 BCE. His successor Darius the Great does not mention the Arabs in the Behistun inscription from the first years of his reign, but does mention them in later texts.", "Acroceras macrum Acroceras macrum (Nile grass, Nyl grass) is a species of perennial grass native to Africa, which is often cultivated extensively as pasture, silage, and hay. It is palatable and nutritious for animal feed. It has been studied in breeding programs and it has been introduced to Australia and South America for cultivation.Wild Nile grass grows well in flooded, moist, and humid conditions and does not do well in periods of drought. It prefers acidic soils.", "Adar River The Adar River (or Khor Adar), known to the Dinka as the Yal, is a tributary of the White Nile in the state of Upper Nile, South Sudan. It flows north west from the Machar Marshes and enters the White Nile just upstream of the town of Melut.", "Adar oilfield The Adar oilfield, also known as the Adar Yale, Adar Yeil or Adaril field, is an oilfield situated in the Melut Basin in South Sudan estimated to contain about 276 million barrels (43,900,000 m3) of oil.The Chevron Corporation discovered the Adar Yale field in 1981, shortly before the start of the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005).", "Agriterra Agriterra Limited (formerly: White Nile Limited) is a Guernsey-registered agricultural investment company operating in Africa. The company is listed on the AIM London Stock Exchange. White Nile Limited was established by Phil Edmonds, a former England cricketer. The company started its operations in South Sudan as a petroleum company. It was partly owned by Nilepet, a national oil company of South Sudan. In 2009, it changed its name and also its field of operations.", "Al-Mogran Development Project The Al-Mogran Development Project is an over $4 billion development project undertaken by the Alsunut Development Company that seeks to develop several thousand acres in downtown Khartoum along the spot where the White Nile and Blue Nile merge to form the Nile. The discovery of oil in Sudan has provided the Sudanese government with a billion dollar surplus that allows the funding of this project.", "Alexandria Water Company The Alexandria Water Company (AWCO) is the water company of the city and the governorate (province) of Alexandria, Egypt. It was originally founded in 1860 as a private company and it operated as such for more than 100 years before it was nationalized under the rule of Gamal Abdel Nasser. At that time it became the Alexandria Water General Authority (AWGA), a department of Alexandria Governorate in charge of both water supply and sewerage.", "Anuket Anuket was the personification and goddess of the Nile river in the Egyptian mythology in Elephantine, at the start of the Nile's journey through Egypt, and in nearby regions of Nubia.", "Assiut Barrage The Assiut Barrage is a dam on the Nile River in the city of Assiut in Upper Egypt (250 miles to the south of Cairo). It was completed in 1903.", "Aswan Dam The Aswan Dam is an embankment dam built across the Nile at Aswan, Egypt between 1898 and 1902. Since the 1960s, the name commonly refers to the Aswan High Dam. Construction of the High Dam became a key objective of the Egyptian Government following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, as the ability to control floods, provide water for irrigation, and generate hydroelectricity were seen as pivotal to Egypt's industrialization.", "Aswan Low Dam The Aswan Low Dam or Old Aswan Dam is a gravity masonry buttress dam on the Nile River in Aswan, Egypt. The dam was built at the former first cataract of the Nile, and is located about 1000 km up-river and 690 km (direct distance) south-southeast of Cairo. When initially constructed between 1899 and 1902, nothing of its scale had ever been attempted; on completion, it was the largest masonry dam in the world.", "Atbarah River The Atbarah River (Arabic: نهر عطبرة‎; transliterated: Nahr 'Atbarah) in northeast Africa rises in northwest Ethiopia, approximately 50 km north of Lake Tana and 30 km west of Gondar. It flows about 805 km (500 mi) to the Nile in north-central Sudan, joining it at the city of Atbarah (17.677°N 33.970°E / 17.677; 33.970).", "Bahr el Ghazal River The Bahr el Ghazal (also spelled Bahr al Ghazal and Baḩr al Ghazāl) is a river in South Sudan. The name translates as \"sea of gazelles\". The South Sudanese region of Bahr el Ghazal takes its name from the river.The Bahr el Ghazal is the main western tributary of the Nile. It is 716 kilometres (445 mi) long, flowing through the Sudd wetlands to Lake No, where it joins the White Nile.", "Bahr el Zeraf The Bahr el Zeraf (also spelled Bahr az-Zaraf, Bahr ez Zeraf, and Baḩr az Zarāf) is an arm of the White Nile in the Sudd region of South Sudan. It is completely contained within the South Sudanese state of Jonglei. Its name is Arabic for \"Giraffe River\".", "Baltis Vallis Baltis Vallis is a sinuous channel on Venus ranging from one to three kilometers wide and nearly 7,000 kilometers long, slightly longer than the Nile and the longest known channel of any kind in the solar system. It is thought that it once held a river of lava known as a lava channel. The lava must have had a very low viscosity, possibly due to a carbonatite composition.", "Bigeh Bigeh (Arabic: بجح‎; Ancient Egyptian Senem,) is an island and archaeological site situated along the Nile River in historic Nubia, and within the Aswan Governorate of southern Egypt. The island has been situated in the reservoir of the Old Aswan Dam, since the dam's initial completion in 1902.", "Block 5A, South Sudan Block 5A is an oil concession in South Sudan.After oil field development began during the Second Sudanese Civil War, Block 5A was the scene of extensive fighting as rival militias struggled for control.Out of an original population of 240,000, an estimated 12,000 were killed or died of starvation and 160,000 were displaced by force.", "Blue Nile The Blue Nile (Amharic: ዓባይ?; transliterated: ʿAbbay but pronounced Abbai, Arabic: النيل الأزرق‎ an-Nīl al-Azraq) is a river originating at Lake Tana in Ethiopia. With the White Nile, the river becomes one of the two major tributaries of the Nile. The upper course of the river is called the Abbay in Ethiopia, where many regard it as holy.", "Broken Blade Broken Blade (ブレイク ブレイド, Bureiku Bureido, a.k.a. \"Break Blade\") is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yunosuke Yoshinaga. Flex Comix published the first tankōbon volume of the manga on April 10, 2007. The manga was previously licensed in North America by CMX, where three volumes were released before CMX shut down. The manga is licensed in Taiwan by Tong Li Publishing. The manga was adapted into six 50 minute animated films.", "Bujagali Falls Bujagali Falls (also spelled Budhagali) was a waterfall near Jinja in Uganda where the Nile River comes out of Lake Victoria, sometimes considered the source of the Nile. Starting November 2011, the falls were submerged by the new Bujagali Dam.", "Charles Tilstone Beke Charles Tilstone Beke (10 October 1800 – 31 July 1874) was an English traveller, geographer and Biblical critic. Born in Stepney, London, the son of a merchant in the City of London, for a few years Beke engaged in mercantile pursuits.", "Compact Cassette The Compact Cassette or Musicassette (MC), also commonly called cassette tape, audio cassette, or simply tape or cassette, is a magnetic tape recording format for audio recording and playback. Compact cassettes come in two forms, either already containing content as a pre-recorded cassette, or as fully recordable \"blank\" cassette.", "Cyperus papyrus Cyperus papyrus (papyrus sedge, paper reed, Indian matting plant, Nile grass) is a species of aquatic flowering plant belonging to the sedge family Cyperaceae.", "Dabenarti Dabenarti is an island in Sudan, situated in the middle of the Nile near the 2nd cataract. It is close to Mirgissa, 900 metres (3,000 ft) from its east wall, and about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south of the Buhen fortress. A fortress on the island was attributed to the Egyptian Nubian period. Construction began during the reign of Senusret I, around 1900 BC, and was completed under Senusret III.", "Dallas Toler-Wade Dallas Toler-Wade (born June 6, 1974) is an American musician, composer and multi-instrumentalist, best known for his work in the American ancient Egyptian-themed technical death metal band Nile. He was born in Fayetteville, North Carolina.He started playing drums as a seven-year old. At the age of fourteen, he started learning to play the guitar. His career started as a drummer for the Greenville, South Carolina-based technical death metal band Lecherous Nocturne.", "Death on the Nile (1978 film) Death on the Nile is a 1978 British film based on the Agatha Christie mystery novel of the same name, directed by John Guillermin and adapted by Anthony Shaffer. The film features the Belgian detective Hercule Poirot, played by Peter Ustinov, plus an all-star cast.It takes place in Egypt, mostly on a period paddle steamer on the Nile River.", "Death on the Nile (2004 film) Death on the Nile is a 2004 British television film, part of the ITV Agatha Christie's Poirot series, based on the mystery novel Death on the Nile by Agatha Christie. The film was shot almost entirely on location in Egypt.", "Do You (album) Do You is the eighth studio album from Sheena Easton. It was originally released in 1985 by EMI, and later reissued by One Way Records in '2000' remastered with B-sides and extended mixes. The album was produced by (Chic's) Nile Rodgers. The sound of the album was a departure from her pop sound and has a more dance club feel.", "Elaine Nile Elaine Blanche Nile (20 March 1936 – 17 October 2011) was an Australian politician who represented the Christian Democratic Party in the New South Wales Legislative Council between 1998 and 2002. Nile was married to Fred Nile from 1958 until her death.", "Elephantine Elephantine (/ˌɛlɨfænˈtaɪniː/ EL-ə-fan-TY-nee or /ɛlɨfænˈtiːniː/ EL-ə-fan-TEE-nee; Arabic: جزيرة الفنتين‎; Greek: Ελεφαντίνη; Kenzi Nubian: [ɛlefänˈtiːn]) is an island in the Nile River in northern Nubia. It is a part of the modern city of Aswan, in southern Egypt. There are archaeological sites on the island.", "Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile) The Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile) (also called the Evangelical Presbyterian Church in Egypt, Arabic: الكنيسة الإنجيلية El-Kanisah El-Injiliyah), sometimes referred to as the Coptic Evangelical Church of Egypt, is a Protestant church that started as a mission of the United Presbyterian Church of North America among Muslim and Coptic Egyptians in the late nineteenth century. The Evangelical Church of Egypt became autonomous in 1957 and officially independent in 1958.", "Flooding of the Nile The flooding of the Nile (Arabic: عيد وفاء النيل‎) has been an important natural cycle in Egypt since ancient times. It is celebrated by Egyptians as an annual holiday for two weeks starting August 15, known as Wafaa El-Nil. It is also celebrated in the Coptic Church by ceremonially throwing a martyr's relic into the river, hence the name, Esba` al-shahīd ('The Martyr's Finger').", "Frasier (season 1) The first season of Frasier originally aired from September 16, 1993 to May 19, 1994 on NBC.", "Frasier (season 10) The tenth season of Frasier originally aired from September 9, 2002 and May 20, 2003 on NBC. A disclaimer appears on the backside of the season's DVD boxed set that states: \"Some episodes may be edited from their original network versions\".", "Frasier (season 11) The 11th and final season of the American situation comedy television series Frasier originally aired from September 23, 2003 to May 13, 2004 on NBC.On May 13, 2004 a special episode, \"Analyzing the Laughter\" (production code 263) was shown.", "Frasier (season 3) The third season of Frasier originally aired from September 19, 1995 to May 21, 1996 on NBC.", "Frasier (season 4) The fourth season of Frasier originally aired from September 17, 1996 to May 20, 1997 on NBC.", "Frasier (season 5) The fifth season of Frasier originally aired from September 23, 1997 to May 19, 1998 on NBC.", "Frasier (season 6) The sixth season of Frasier originally aired from September 24, 1998 to May 29, 1999 on NBC. Beginning with this season, the show took over the time slot previously occupied by Seinfeld after Jerry Seinfeld turned down an offer to renew his show for a tenth season.", "Frasier (season 7) The seventh season of Frasier originally aired from September 23, 1999, to May 18, 2000, on NBC.", "Frasier (season 8) The eighth season of Frasier originally aired from October 24, 2000 to May 22, 2001 on NBC.", "Frasier (season 9) The ninth season of Frasier was a 24 episode season, that ran from September 2001 to May 2002, beginning on 25 September 2001.", "Fred Nile Frederick John \"Fred\" Nile ED MLC (born 15 September 1934) is an Australian politician and ordained Christian minister. Nile has been a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council since 1981, except for a period in 2004 when he resigned to unsuccessfully contest the Australian Senate at the 2004 federal election. Nile was re-elected at the March 2007 state election and is currently Assistant President of the Legislative Council.", "Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD or Taehige; Amharic: ታላቁ የኢትዮጵያ ህዳሴ ግድብ? Tālāqu ye-Ītyōppyā Hidāse Gēdīb ), formerly known as the Millennium Dam and sometimes referred to as Hidase Dam, is a gravity dam on the Blue Nile River in Ethiopia currently under construction. It is in the Benishangul-Gumuz Region of Ethiopia, about 15 km (9 mi) east of the border with Sudan.", "Greater Upper Nile The Greater Upper Nile is a region of northeastern South Sudan. It is named for the White Nile, a tributary of the Nile River in North and East Africa.", "Halfan culture The Halfan industry is one of the Late Epipalaeolithic industries of the Nile Valley that begin to appear by 22,000 BP and is one of the earliest known backed-bladelet industries in Eastern Africa and is dated to between 19,000 and 14,000 BP in Nubia and Egypt.The Halfan related culture flourished along the Nile Valley of Egypt and Nubia mostly between 18,000 and 15,000 BC, though one Halfan site near Nubia dates to before 20,000 BC.", "Harold Edwin Hurst Harold Edwin Hurst (1 January 1880 – 7 December 1978) was a British hydrologist from Leicester. Hurst's (1951) study on measuring the long-term storage capacity of reservoirs documented the presence of long-range dependence in hydrology, especially concerning the fluctuations of the water level in the Nile River. In doing so, he developed the empirical rescaled range methodology for measuring long-range dependence.", "Here's to Future Days Here's to Future Days is the fifth album by the British pop group Thompson Twins. It was the third and final release in their most popular three-person configuration. Released in September 1985, it reached no.5 in the UK, and no.20 in the US.Following on from the band's highly successful fourth album, Into the Gap, the writing and recording of Here's to Future Days began in late 1984. The band recorded the single \"Lay Your Hands on Me\" with Alex Sadkin acting as producer.", "I'm Looking Out the Window \"I'm Looking Out the Window\" is a ballad written by Don Raye and John Jacob Niles. Peggy Lee first recorded the song as a B-side for her 1959 single \"Hallelujah, I Love Him So\". The song is best known as a hit record for Cliff Richard in 1962 in numerous countries (excluding the U.S.).The authorship of the song has not always been clear. Peggy Lee's original release on Capitol Records was credited to Don Raye. Cliff Richard's release on Columbia was credited to John Jacob Niles.", "Ibrahimiya Canal The Ibrahimiyah Canal is an irrigation canal in Egypt built in 1873. It was the most important public work executed under the then newly established Ministry of Public Works. It was built during the reign of Ismail Pasha when he was Khedive of Egypt. It was commissioned by Bahgat Pasha, minister of public works, who designed it primarily to provide perennial irrigation to the Khedivial sugar estates in Middle Egypt.", "If I Was a River (album) If I Was a River is the tenth studio album from American singer-songwriter Willie Nile. The all-piano album was released in November 2014 under River House Records.Nile recorded If I Was a River on the same Steinway grand piano that he played the night John Lennon was killed, December 8, 1980. Nile was in Studio \"A\" at The Record Plant in New York City making Golden Down and John and Yoko were working on Walking on Thin Ice in Studio C that night.", "Islamization of the Sudan region The Islamization of the Sudan region (Sahel) encompasses a prolonged period of military conquest and religious conversion spanning the 8th to 16th centuries. The aftermath of religious incursion and sectarian conflict remain a source of ongoing tension throughout the Sahel states.Following the 8th-century Muslim conquest of North Africa, Arab Muslims began leading expeditions into Sub-Saharan Africa - first along the Nile Valley towards Nubia and later across the Sahara into West Africa.", "Jake Cinninger Jake Cinninger, born Jacob Alan Cinninger, December 16, 1975 in Niles, Michigan, is an American musician. He has risen to fame as one of two lead guitarists in the Chicago-based jam band Umphrey's McGee. He is influenced by a wide range of styles and guitar players such as Joe Pass Tommy Emmanuel, Chris Poland, Randy Rhoads, George Benson, David Gilmour, Frank Zappa, and Roy Buchanan among others.", "Kagera River The Kagera River, also Akagera River, or Alexandra Nile, is an East African river, forming part of the upper headwaters of the Nile and carrying water from its most distant source.The section of river named Kagera begins in Burundi, flowing out from Lake Rweru. From the lake, it flows east along the Rwanda-Burundi and Rwanda-Tanzania borders to a confluence with the Ruvubu River.", "Karima, Sudan Karima is a town in Northern State in Sudan some 400 km from Khartoum on a loop of the Nile.The hill of Jebel Barkal is near Karima. Beside it are the ruins of Napata, a city-state of ancient Nubia on the west bank of the Nile River, including the temple of Amun. The Shaigiya tribe lived around Karima and Korti, but suffered for their support of the British against the Mahdi.The land around Karima is a center for cultivation of Barakawi dates.", "Khartoum Khartoum (/kɑrˈtuːm/ kar-TOOM) is the capital and second largest city of Sudan and Khartoum state. It is located at the confluence of the White Nile, flowing north from Lake Victoria, and the Blue Nile, flowing west from Ethiopia. The location where the two Niles meet is known as the المقرن \"al-Mogran\", meaning the Confluence.", "Khedivate of Egypt The Khedivate of Egypt (Arabic: خديوية مصر‎, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [xedeˈwejjet ˈmɑsˤɾ]; Ottoman Turkish: خدیویت مصر‎ Hıdiviyet-i Mısır) was an autonomous tributary state of the Ottoman Empire, established and ruled by the Muhammad Ali Dynasty following the defeat and expulsion of Napoleon Bonaparte's forces which brought an end to the short-lived French occupation of Lower Egypt.", "Kiira College Butiki Kiira College Butiki (KCB) commonly referred to as Butiki, is an all-boys boarding public secondary school (high school) located in Jinja district, in the Eastern region of Uganda. The school is located on Butiki hill, in Namulesa trading center, along the Jinja-Kamuli Highway. It is approximately 14 kilometers (approx. 8.7 miles) from Jinja town. The school was named after River Nile (which is known as Kiyira among the locals i.e. the Basoga people).", "Kulb Kulb is a village on the Nile in northern Sudan. It has been inhabited since the time of the Christian kingdom of Makuria. Until the 15th century, it was in a remote area, serving as a retreat for Christians in Nubia. The domed Kulubnarti church, located on Kulubnarti (Kulb Island), is the only known example of a Christian center plan building in Lower Nubia.", "Kulubnarti Kulubnarti \"\\Kulb island\") is a 1 mile (1.6 km) long island in Northern Sudan. Situated in the Nile, about 100 miles (160 km) south of the Egyptian border, it is part of the village of Kulb. Until the fifteenth century, this was a remote area. It was the last known refuge for Christians in Nubia, while Islam spread to the south. It has been inhabited since the time of the Christian kingdom of Makuria, approximately 1100 AD.", "KxK Guitars KxK (also spelt KXK and Kxk) Guitars, established in 1997, is a guitar company whose specialty lies mainly in custom guitars for heavy metal artists. All their instruments are made in the United States and are handcrafted. The company will start doing a new KK Downing signature series.", "Lam Akol Dr. Lam Akol Ajawin is a South Sudanese politician of Shilluk descent. He is the current leader of Sudan People's Liberation Movement - Democratic Change (SPLM-DC), which he founded 6 June 2009.", "Lay Me Down (Avicii song) \"Lay Me Down\" is a song by Swedish producer Avicii. Written by Avicii, Ash Pournouri, Nile Rodgers and Adam Lambert, the track appears on Avicii's debut studio album, True (2013). American singer-songwriter Adam Lambert also provides vocals for the track. The track was released as the fifth single from his album on April 21, 2014. The song is featured in a 2014 commercial for Lipton Ice Tea. The music video shows Avicii performing the song live during his True Tour.", "Let's Do It! World Let's Do It! World is a global civic movement that started from Estonia, asking people all over the world to join a series of local, national and regional clean-up events. The Let's Do It! movement was first conceived in Estonia in year 2008, where a country clean-up action called Let's do it! Estonia in 2008 (in Estonian: \"Teeme Ära!\") cleaned up 10,000 tons of illegal waste by more than 50,000 volunteers in one day.", "List of Beyblade: Metal Fury episodes Beyblade: Metal Fury, known in Japan as Metal Fight Beyblade 4D (メタルファイト ベイブレード 4D, Metaru Faito Beibrēdo Fō Dī) is the 2011 sequel and third installment of the Japanese anime television series based on Takafumi Adachi's manga series Beyblade: Metal Fusion, which itself is based on the Beyblade spinning top game from Takara Tomy and Hasbro. Following directly after Beyblade: Metal Masters, the 52-episode series is produced by d-rights and Nelvana under the direction of Kunihisa Sugishima.", "List of Beyblade: Metal Masters episodes Beyblade: Metal Masters, known in Japan as Metal Fight Beyblade Explosion (メタルファイト ベイブレード 爆, Metaru Faito Beiburēdo Bakuhatsu), is the 2010 sequel to the anime television series Beyblade: Metal Fusion. Like its predecessor, Beyblade: Metal Masters is based on Takafumi Adachi's manga series Beyblade: Metal Fusion, which itself is based on the Beyblade spinning top game from Takara Tomy. The 51-episode series was produced by d-rights and Nelvana under the direction of Kunihisa Sugishima.", "List of The Nanny episodes The Nanny is an American television sitcom that aired for six seasons on CBS from 1993 to 1999. Created and produced by Fran Drescher and Peter Marc Jacobson, the series starred Drescher as Fran Fine, a Queens native who is hired by widower Maxwell \"Max\" Sheffield (Charles Shaughnessy) to be the nanny of his three children Margaret (Nicholle Tom), Brighton (Benjamin Salisbury), and Grace (Madeline Zima). The series also starred Lauren Lane as C.C.", "List of rivers of Egypt This is a list of rivers in Egypt. There is only one year-round river in Egypt, the Nile. It has no non-seasonal tributaries for its entire length in Egypt, though it has two further upstream, the Blue Nile and White Nile, which merge in central Sudan. In the Nile Delta, the river splits into a number of distributaries and lesser channels.", "List of tallest buildings in Cairo Tallest buildings in Cairo. This lists ranks Cairo high-rises that stand at least 50 metres (164 ft) tall, based on standard height measurement. This includes spires and architectural details but does not include antenna masts. An equal sign (=) following a rank indicates the same height between two or more buildings.", "M-140 (Michigan highway) M-140 is a north–south state trunkline highway in Berrien and Van Buren counties of the US state of Michigan. The highway starts in the Niles area at M-139 and runs north through Watervliet to South Haven, ending at Interstate 196/US Highway 31 (I-196/US 31). In between, it runs through farm fields and past lakes in the southwestern part of the Lower Peninsula.", "Madi-Okollo Madi Okollo is a county in Arua District of Uganda, comprising Rigbo and Okollo sub-counties. Okollo Trading Center in Okollo is the county Headquarters.The main economic activities in Madi Okollo county are fishing in the Nile and peasant farming of sesame and cotton. Animal husbandry is also practised, with goats and cattle being the main animals kept. Goats do so well that Madi Okollos are sometimes termed Madi Goats in the region.", "Mahmoudiyah Canal The Mahmoudiyah Canal, or the Mahmudiyah Canal, is a 45 mile-long sub-canal from the Nile River which starts at the Nile-port of Mahmoudiyah and goes through Alexandria to the Mediterranean Sea. It was built to supply Alexandria with food and fresh water from the Nile.", "Malakal Airport Malakal Airport (IATA: MAK, ICAO: HSSM) is an airport serving Malakal, a city in Malakal County in the Upper Nile state in South Sudan. The airport is located just north of the city's central business district, adjacent to the main campus of Upper Nile University. Malakal is near the international border with the Republic of Sudan and the border with Ethiopia. Malakal is the second-largest airport in South Sudan.", "Malik Agar Malik Agar is a Sudanese politician.", "Matthew 2:14 Matthew 2:14 is the fourteenth verse of the second chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. Joseph has been warned in a dream that he must flee to Egypt to escape the wrath of King Herod.", "Nigerian Turkish Nile University Nigerian Turkish Nile University is a private university located in the centre of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria.The Nigerian Turkish International College started in September 1998. The school opened with 76 students on a rented site at Cairo Street, Wuse 2, Abuja. The NTIC has proliferated into a network of schools located in Abuja, Kano, Kaduna, Lagos, Ogun and Yobe States.", "Nile (TV series) Nile is a 2004 BBC Television documentary that tells the history and natural history of the Nile.", "Nile Basin Initiative The Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) is a partnership among the Nile riparian states that “seeks to develop the river in a cooperative manner, share substantial socioeconomic benefits, and promote regional peace and security”.", "Nile Breweries Limited Nile Breweries Limited started as a single brewery in Jinja in 1951, it was nationalised by Idi Amin in 1972. In 1997 South African Breweries bought a 40% share in the brewery and this was raised to full ownership in July 2001.Eagle Lager was launched to promote the use of locally grown sorghum to make lager beers and to reduce reliance on imported raw materials. Brand extensions now include an Eagle Extra and Eagle Dark.", "Nile Delta The Nile Delta (Arabic: دلتا النيل‎ Delta n-Nīl or simply الدلتا ed-Delta) is the delta formed in Northern Egypt (Lower Egypt) where the Nile River spreads out and drains into the Mediterranean Sea. It is one of the world's largest river deltas—from Alexandria in the west to Port Said in the east, it covers 240 kilometres (150 mi) of Mediterranean coastline—and is a rich agricultural region. From north to south the delta is approximately 160 kilometres (99 mi) in length.", "Nile Expedition The Nile Expedition, sometimes called the Gordon Relief Expedition (1884–85), was a British mission to relieve Major-General Charles George Gordon at Khartoum, Sudan. Gordon had been sent to the Sudan to help Egyptians evacuate from Sudan after Britain decided to abandon the country in the face of a rebellion led by self-proclaimed Mahdi, Mahommed Ahmed. A contingent of Canadians was recruited to help the British navigate their small boats up the Nile River.", "Nile God Statue, Naples The Statue of the Nile God (Statua del dio Nilo) is an Ancient Roman, likely Hellenistic, marble statue dating from the 2nd to 3rd century B.C.It is located at Piazzetta Nilo, at the start of via Nilo, in the quarter of the same name, and it is this statue that gives all their name. The church of Santa Maria Assunta dei Pignatelli faces the statue, and the Palazzo Panormita is on the north flank.", "Nile Level Texts The Nile Level Texts (or Nile Quay Texts) are inscribed on the cult terrace (the so-called \"quay\") at the temple of Karnak, in Thebes, Egypt. This cult terrace itself was constructed during the time of Ramesses II, but the kings of the 22nd to the 26th Dynasties recorded the height of the Nile on its western side. The inscriptions are invaluable records since they are dated to specific years of a certain king's reign.", "Nile Valley Unity Party The Nile Valley Unity Party is one of the Sudanese political parties that have formed recently under Article (9-3) of the Code of the organization of the Sudanese parties to the 1998.Mr. Abdel Hakim Mohammed Osman Radi (Chairman of the party now ) and Mr.", "Niles, Illinois Niles is a village in Maine and Niles townships, Cook County, Illinois, United States. The 2010 population from the U.S. Census Bureau was 29,803.The current mayor of Niles is Andrew Przybylo.", "Nilo-Saharan languages The Nilo-Saharan languages are a proposed family of African languages spoken by some 50–60 million Nilotic people, mainly in the upper parts of the Chari and Nile rivers, including historic Nubia, north of where the two tributaries of the Nile meet.", "Notorious (Duran Duran song) \"Notorious\" is the 14th single by Duran Duran. It was released internationally by EMI on 20 October 1986. \"Notorious\" was the first single issued from the album Notorious, and the first released by Duran Duran as a 3-piece band after the departure of Roger and Andy Taylor. It was a success worldwide, reaching #7 in the UK, and #2 on the US Billboard Hot 100, only behind \"Walk Like an Egyptian\" by The Bangles, and was a success in various other countries.", "Nubian Nile Party The Nubian Nile Party is a political party that emphasizes issues that pertain to the Nubian community.", "Nursultan Nazarbayev Nursultan Äbishuly Nazarbayev (Kazakh: Нұрсұлтан Әбішұлы Назарбаев [nʊrsʊlˈtɑn æbəʃʊˈlə nɑzɑrˈbɑ.jɪf]; Russian: Нурсултан Абишевич Назарбаев [nʊrsʊlˈtan ɐˈbʲiʂɨvʲɪtɕ nəzɐrˈbajɪf]; born 6 July 1940) is the President of Kazakhstan. He has been the country's leader since 1989, when he was named First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR, and was elected the nation's first president following its independence from the Soviet Union in December 1991.", "Okavango Delta The Okavango Delta (or Okavango Grassland) in Botswana is a very large inland delta formed where the Okavango River reaches a tectonic trough in the central part of the endorheic basin of the Kalahari. All the water reaching the Delta is ultimately evaporated and transpired, and does not flow into any sea or ocean. Each year approximately 11 cubic kilometres of water spreads over the 6,000-15,000 km2 area. Some flood-waters drain into Lake Ngami.", "Order of the Nile The Order of the Nile (Kiladat El Nil) is Egypt's highest state honor. The award was instituted in 1915 by Sultan Hussein Kamel to be awarded by Egypt for exceptional services to the nation. It was reconstituted under the Arab Republic of Egypt on 18 June 1953.It consists of the Grand Cordon, plus a Collar which is worn by the President of the Republic and may be granted to other Heads of State.", "PS Sudan PS Sudan is a passenger-carrying side-wheel paddle steamer on the River Nile in Egypt. Along with PS Arabia she was one of the largest river steamers in Thomas Cook's Nile fleet. The director John Guillermin filmed some scenes of the 1978 film of Agatha Christie's Death on the Nile aboard Sudan.", "Paul Lucas (traveller) Paul Lucas (1664 in Rouen – 1737 in Madrid) was a French merchant, naturalist, physician and antiquarian to King Louis XIV. He travelled extensively in Greece, Turkey, the Levant and Egypt, in three major voyages (1699–1703), (1704–1708) and (1714–1717).In 1688, he served with the Venetians at the Siege of Negroponte. In 1696 he returned to France with a large collection of medals and other antiquities which were purchased for the French Royal Cabinet.", "Protestantism in the United Arab Emirates Protestantism is a minority religion in the United Arab Emirates. Among the Protestant denominations in the country are the Christian Brethren, the Coptic Evangelical Church and the Evangelical Alliance Church. Other denominations are the Arab Evangelical Church of Dubai, Dubai City Church and the United Christian Church of Dubai. The Anglican Communion is represented by the Diocese of Cyprus and the Gulf of the Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East.", "Qalyub Qalyub (Egyptian Arabic: قليوب pronounced [ʔælˈjuːb]) is a town in the Al Qalyubiyah governorate of Egypt. It is situated in the northern part of the Cairo metropolitan area, at the start of the Nile Delta. In 1986, it had a population of 84,413 inhabitants, which grew to 106,804 residents by 2006.", "Rahmaniyah Island Rahmaniyah Island of Jazīrat ar Raḩmānīyah (Arabic: جزيرة الرحمانية) is an island in the Rosetta branch of the Nile River in Egypt, Markaz (region) of Rahmaniya in Beheira Governorate. It is located just south of Desouk City and north of Rahmaniya.", "Rhoda Island Rhoda Island or Rawdah Island, (Arabic: جزيرة الروضة‎, Gezīret er-Rōdah and Al Manyal ar-Rawdah ), is an island located on the Nile in central Cairo. The El-Manial District, and the Al-Manyal Palace Museum and gardens, are located on the island. It is west of historic Old Cairo, across a small branch of the Nile. The island has one of the oldest Islamic buildings in Egypt, the Nilometer on its southern tip.", "Ripon Falls Ripon Falls at the northern end of Lake Victoria in Uganda was formerly considered the source of the river Nile. In 1862–3 John Hanning Speke was the first European to follow the course of the Nile downstream after discovering the falls that his intuition had marked as the source of the Nile.The water from Ripon Falls falls into a narrow opening and that is where some people believe the River Nile starts.He named the falls after George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon.", "River Monsters River Monsters is a British and American wildlife documentary television programme produced for Animal Planet by Icon Films of Bristol, United Kingdom. Hosted by extreme angler and biologist Jeremy Wade who travels around the globe in search of the most fearsome freshwater killers. Looking for clues, eyewitnesses and stories about people who were dragged underwater by these vicious predators, he tries to catch the biggest specimens and then release them back to the wild.", "Rurubu River The Rurubu River (also spelt Ruvubu and Ruvuvu) is a river in central Africa whose waters gather from the most distant portion of the Nile basin. It is about 300 km long. It rises in the north of Burundi, near the town of Kayanza and then does a southward arc through Burundi, being joined by the Ruvyironza River near Gitega. From there it runs northeast, through the Ruvubu National Park, up to the Tanzanian border.", "Saras, Sudan Saras or Sarras was a 19th-century village in Sudan along the Nile River in the present state of Northern Sudan. It was briefly important as the southern terminus of Ishma‘il Pasha's abortive 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) railway into Sudan constructed in 1877. The line was destroyed by the Sudanese during the early phases of the Mahdi War and then reconstructed by the British to supply the 1896 Dongola Expedition.", "Saï (island) Saï is a large island in the Nile River in Nubia between the second and third cataracts. It is 12 km long and 5.5 km wide. Saï was intermittently occupied by the Egyptians during the New Kingdom.", "Sehel Island Sehel Island is located in the Nile, about 2 miles (3.2 km) southwest of Aswan in southern Egypt. It is a large island, and is roughly halfway between the city and the upstream Aswan Low Dam.", "Shakaba al-Shakaba is a community in Al Jazirah state, Sudan.", "Sheena Easton Sheena Shirley Easton (née Orr; born 27 April 1959) is a Scottish born recording artist and stage and TV/film actress with dual UK/USA nationality.", "Slavery in Sudan Slavery in Sudan began in ancient times, and has continued to the present day. During the Trans-Saharan slave trade, many Nilotic peoples from the lower Nile Valley were purchased as slaves and brought to work elsewhere in North Africa and the Orient by Nubians, Egyptians, Berbers and Arabs.Since 1995, many human rights organizations have reported on contemporary practice, especially in the context of the Second Sudanese civil war.", "Sobat River The Sobat River is a river of the Greater Upper Nile region in northeastern South Sudan, Africa. It is the most southerly of the great eastern tributaries of the White Nile, before the confluence with the Blue Nile.", "Sudan Sudan (Arabic: السودان‎ as-Sūdān /suˈdaːn/), officially the Republic of the Sudan (Arabic: جمهورية السودان‎ Jumhūrīyat as-Sūdān), is a country in the Nile Valley of North Africa, bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea, Eritrea, and Ethiopia, to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest. It is the third largest country in Africa. The River Nile divides the country into eastern and western halves.", "Sudan Interior Church The Sudan Interior Church is a Reformed denomination in Sudan. It started in 1937, and become autonomous in 1963. Congregations are in Khartoum, Upper Nile and Blue Nile Province. It has 25,000 members and 120 parishes. A member of the Baptist World Alliance.", "Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile The Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile is an ongoing armed conflict in the Sudanese southern states of South Kordofan and Blue Nile between the Army of Sudan (SAF) and Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North (SPLM-N), a northern affiliate of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) in South Sudan.", "Tahta Tahta, Sohag (Egyptian Arabic: طهطا / IPA: [ˈtˤɑhtˤɑ], ALA-LC: Ṭahṭā) is a city in the Sohag Governorate of Upper Egypt. It is located on the west bank of the Nile.", "Tekezé Dam Tekezé Dam is a double-curvature arch dam in the northern Tigray region of Ethiopia. It is situated on the Tekezé River, a tributary of the Nile that flows through one of the deepest canyons in the world.", "The Very Best of Carly Simon: Nobody Does It Better The Very Best of Carly Simon: Nobody Does It Better is singer-songwriter Carly Simon's 23rd album, and third greatest-hits album, released in 1999, originally in the UK. This was Simon's first single disc, cross label compilation. It includes her hits from the Elektra years (1971-1979) and the Arista years (1986-2000). The album also includes the 1982 single \"Why\", a top 10 hit in the UK, from the Soup For One soundtrack.", "Tim Ryan (politician) Timothy John \"Tim\" Ryan (born July 16, 1973) is the U.S. Representative for Ohio's 13th congressional district, serving since 2003. The district, numbered as the 17th district from 2003 to 2013, takes in a large swath of northeast Ohio, from Youngstown to Akron. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He previously served in the Ohio Senate.", "Top Gear (series 19) The nineteenth series of British motoring programme Top Gear began on BBC Two and BBC HD, on 27 January 2013, with the usual presenting team of Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond, James May and The Stig.", "Types of fish in Uganda There are two major sources of fish in Uganda; one is from aquaculture, the other from fishing in rivers and lakes. Different types of fish flourish in different water sources. The waters of Uganda contain an impressive array of fish species—over 90 in all. This count does not include the Haplochromis complex, which itself is made up of more than 200 species.", "United Artists Records United Artists Records was a record label founded by Max E. Youngstein of United Artists in 1957 initially to distribute records of its movie soundtracks, though it soon branched out into recording music of a number of different genres.", "Upper Nile (state) Upper Nile is one of the ten states of South Sudan. The current governor of Upper Nile, and its first governor in the independence era of South Sudan, is Simon Kun Puoch. The White Nile flows through the state, giving it its name. The state also shares a similar name with the region of Greater Upper Nile, of which it is part along with the states of Unity and Jonglei. It has an area of 77,823 square kilometres (30,048 sq mi). Malakal is the capital of the state.", "Upper Nile University Upper Nile University (UNU), is a university in South Sudan.", "Wadi Tumilat Wadi Tumilat (Old Egyptian Tjeku/Tscheku/Tju/Tschu) refers to the 50-kilometre-long (31 mi) dry river valley (wadi) to the east of the Nile delta. In prehistoric times, it was a distributary of the Nile. It starts from the area of modern Ismaïlia and continues from there to the west.In ancient times, this was a major communication artery for caravan trade between Egypt and points to the east. The Canal of the Pharaohs was built there.", "Walter Ulbricht Walter Ernst Paul Ulbricht (30 June 1893 – 1 August 1973) was a German communist politician. Ulbricht played a leading role in the creation of the Weimar-era Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and later (spending the years of Nazi rule in exile in France and the Soviet Union) in the early development and establishment of East Germany (the German Democratic Republic). As the first secretary of the Socialist Unity Party 1950 to 1971, he was the chief decision maker in East Germany.", "Water politics in the Nile Basin The Nile river is subject to political interactions. It is the world's longest river flowing 6,700 kilometers through ten countries in northeastern Africa — Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Sudan and Egypt with varying climates.", "Water supply in South Sudan Water supply in Southern Sudan is faced with numerous challenges. Although the White Nile runs through the country, water is scarce during the dry season in areas that are not located on the river. About half the population does not have access to an improved water source, defined as a protected well, standpipe or a handpump within 1 km. The few existing piped water supply systems are often not well maintained and the water they provide is often not safe to drink.", "West Nile Cup West Nile Cup is the annual football tournament contested by the political districts in the northwestern subregion of Uganda. It was started in 2012 by Lawrence Mulindwa, a year before he ceased to be the President of FUFA, Uganda's football-governing body. The first edition was hosted by Arua and it was organised to bring West Nile together.", "West Nile sub-region West Nile sub-region (previously known as West Nile Province and West Nile District) is a region in north-western Uganda, Northern Uganda.", "White Nile The White Nile (Arabic: النيل الأبيض‎ an nīl al 'abyaḍ) is a river of Africa, one of the two main tributaries of the Nile, the other being the Blue Nile. In the strict meaning, \"White Nile\" refers to the river formed at Lake No at the confluence of the Bahr al Jabal and Bahr el Ghazal Rivers.In the wider sense, the term White Nile refers to the approximately 3,700 kilometres (2,300 mi) of rivers draining from Lake Victoria into the White Nile proper.", "Why (Carly Simon song) \"Why\" is a song performed by Carly Simon, recorded for the film Soup for One in 1982. The movie flopped but the soundtrack was a success. The song is one in a string of many film-inspired singles by Simon.The song, like all of the soundtrack, was produced by Edwards & Rodgers of Chic fame. This was a move away from the usual guitar-based hits of Simon's past. The bittersweet reggae-tinged ballad became a hit in Europe, hitting #10 in the UK, and staying on the British charts for 18 weeks.", "William McKinley William McKinley (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901) was the 25th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1897, until his assassination in September 1901, six months into his second term.", "Zamalek Zamalek (Egyptian Arabic: الزمالك pronounced [ez.zæˈmæːlek]) is an affluent district of western Cairo encompassing the northern portion of Gezira Island in the Nile River. The island is connected with the river banks through three bridges each on the east and west sides of the island, including the Qasr al-Nil Bridge and 6th October Bridge.", "Ziaur Rahman Ziaur Rahman (Bengali: জিয়াউর রহমান Ji-yaur Rôhman; 19 January 1936 – 30 May 1981) was Bangladesh's first military dictator and strongman. He was an army general who served as the 7th President of Bangladesh from 21 April 1977 until his assassination on 30 May 1981. Zia was a leader of the Bangladesh Forces during the country's liberation war from Pakistan in 1971. He had broadcast the Bangladeshi declaration of independence on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. He also led the Z Force brigade." ]

[ "History of Ottawa The History of Ottawa, capital of Canada, was shaped by events such as the construction of the Rideau Canal, the lumber industry, the choice of Ottawa as the location of Canada's capital, as well as American and European influences and interactions. By 1914, Ottawa's population had surpassed 100,000 and today it is the capital of a G7 country whose metropolitan population exceeds one million.The origin of the name \"Ottawa\" is derived from the Algonquin word adawe, meaning \"to trade\".", "List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Ottawa This is a list of National Historic Sites of Canada (French: Lieux historiques nationaux du Canada) in the capital of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. There are 25 National Historic Sites in Ottawa, of which two (Laurier House and the Rideau Canal) are administered by Parks Canada (identified below by the beaver icon 25px).", "Ottawa Ottawa (/ˈɒtəwə/ or /ˈɒtəwɑː/) is the capital of Canada. It stands on the south bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of Southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec; the two form the cores of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area (CMA) and the National Capital Region (NCR). The 2011 census reported a population of 883,391 within the city, and 1,236,324 within the CMA, making them the fourth-largest city and the fourth-largest CMA in Canada respectively." ]

[ "2nd Parliament of Upper Canada The 2nd Parliament of Upper Canada was opened 1 June 1797. Elections in Upper Canada had been held in August 1796. The first session was held at Navy Hall in Newark. The Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada John Graves Simcoe believed York was a superior location for the capital as it would less vulnerable to attack by the Americans. York became the capital of Upper Canada on 1 February 1796.", "A Brony Tale A Brony Tale (originally titled Brony) is a 2014 Canadian-American documentary film directed by Brent Hodge. The film explores the brony phenomenon, the adult fan base of the children's animated show My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic that arose shortly after its premiere in 2010.", "Abuja Abuja (/əˈbuːdʒə/) is the capital city of Nigeria. It is located in the centre of Nigeria, within the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). Abuja is a planned city, and was built mainly in the 1980s. It officially became Nigeria's capital on 12 December 1991, replacing Lagos, though the latter remains the country's most populous city. At the 2006 census, the city of Abuja had a population of 776,298, making it one of the ten most populous cities in Nigeria.", "Andrew Barr Andrew James Barr (born 1973) is an Australian politician and Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory. He has been an Australian Labor Party member for the seat of Molonglo in the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly since 5 April 2006, after being elected on a countback to replace former Treasurer Ted Quinlan, who resigned mid-term. Barr was immediately promoted to Cabinet upon his election.", "Anne Wheeler Anne Wheeler, OC (born September 23, 1946 in Edmonton, Alberta) is a Canadian film and television writer, producer, and director. Graduating in Mathematics from the University of Alberta she was a computer programmer before traveling abroad. Her years of travels inspired her to become a storyteller and when she returned she joined a group of old friends to form a film collective.", "Australian Capital Territory The Australian Capital Territory (abbreviated as ACT) (formerly, \"The Territory for the Seat of Government\" and, later, the \"Federal Capital Territory\") is a territory in the south east of Australia, enclaved within New South Wales. It is the smaller of the two self-governing internal territories in Australia.", "Bain Capital Bain Capital is a global alternative investment firm based in Boston, Massachusetts. It specializes in private equity, venture capital, credit products and absolute return investments. Bain Capital invests across a range of industry sectors and geographic regions. As of June 2014, the firm managed more than $75 billion of investor capital across its various investment platforms.The firm was founded in 1984 by partners from the consulting firm Bain & Company.", "Bank of Canada The Bank of Canada, BoC (French: Banque du Canada) is Canada's central bank. The Bank was chartered by and under the Bank of Canada Act on July 3, 1934, as a privately-owned corporation. In 1938, the Bank was legally designated a federal Crown corporation, whose shares are owned by the Government of Canada, and executively administered by the Crown in Right of Canada through the Governor of the Bank of Canada. The Minister of Finance holds the entire share capital issued by the bank.", "Bank of Montreal The Bank of Montreal (French: Banque de Montréal), (commonly BMO in either official language), or BMO Financial Group, is one of the Big Five banks in Canada. It is the fourth-largest bank in Canada by market capitalization and based on assets, and among the ten largest banks in North America.On June 23, 1817, John Richardson and eight merchants signed the Articles of Association to establish the Bank of Montreal in a rented house in Montreal, Quebec.", "Baseball Alberta Baseball Alberta is the provincial governing body for baseball in Alberta.", "Beaumont, Alberta Beaumont is a town in Leduc County within the Edmonton Capital Region of Alberta, Canada. It is located at the intersection of Highway 625 and Highway 814, 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi) south of the City of Edmonton and 6.0 kilometres (3.7 mi) northeast of the City of Leduc. The Nisku Industrial Park and the Edmonton International Airport are located 4.0 kilometres (2.5 mi) to the west and 8.0 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the southwest respectively.", "Bell Sensplex The Bell Sensplex is a four-pad ice facility, located in the city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is the primary practice facility of the Ottawa Senators NHL team. In a partnership with the City of Ottawa, it is also used for minor hockey and hosts the annual Bell Capital Cup ice hockey tournament. The Sensplex is located at 1565 Maple Grove Road in the Kanata district of Ottawa. It is also the home arena for the Ottawa Senators of the Canadian Women's Hockey League.", "Business Development Bank of Canada The Business Development Bank of Canada (BDC) (French: Banque de Développement du Canada) is a federal Crown corporation wholly owned by the Government of Canada. Its mandate is to help create and develop Canadian businesses through financing, growth and transition capital, venture capital and consulting services, with a focus on small and medium-sized enterprises.The bank was founded in 1944 and its corporate headquarters is located in Montreal.", "CISK-FM CISK-FM is a Canadian radio station, which broadcasts Punjabi language programming at 94.3 MHz/FM, serving the Punjabi diaspora residing in Williams Lake, British Columbia. The station is owned by the Western Singh Sabha Association, which received approval from the CRTC on June 9, 2004. The station operates at 94.3 MHz with an effective radiated power of 35 watts.", "Canada Cup of Curling The Capital One Canada Cup of Curling is a major men's and women's curling championship in Canada. It is organized by the Canadian Curling Association and is one of its major events on its \"Season of Champions\".", "Capital (economics) Capital is the result of productive human action not immediately consumed but directly employed in the pursuit of additional goods. Adam Smith defines capital as \"That part of a man's stock which he expects to afford him revenue is called his capital.\" How a capital good is maintained or returned to its pre-production state varies with the type of capital involved.", "Capital Cities Communications Inc v Canadian Radio-Television Commission Capital Cities Communications v. CRTC (1977), [1978] 2 S.C.R. 141 is a Supreme Court of Canada decision on the legislative jurisdiction of cable television. Chief Justice Laskin, writing for the majority of the Court, held that all television, even where exclusively produced and distributed within the province, fell within the definition of a federal undertaking under section 92(10)(a) of the Constitution Act, 1867. Rogers Cable provided a subscription service for American television programs.", "Capital Cost Allowance Capital Cost Allowance (CCA) is the means by which Canadian businesses may claim depreciation expense for calculating taxable income under the Income Tax Act (Canada). Similar allowances are in effect for calculating taxable income for provincial purposes.", "Capital Hoedown The Capital Hoedown is an annual outdoor music festival that takes place the second weekend of August in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Started in 2010, the three day festival is North America's largest country music festival.", "Capital Junior Hockey League The Capital Junior Hockey League is a Junior \"B\" ice hockey league in Alberta, Canada, sanctioned by Hockey Canada. The winner of Central \"B\" playoffs earns the chance to compete for the Western Canadian Junior \"B\" Crown, the Keystone Cup. To earn the right to compete, they must face off against the winners of the other Alberta \"B\" leagues in the Alberta Provincial Junior B Hockey Championship.", "Capital One Capital One Financial Corporation is an American bank holding company specializing in credit cards, home loans, auto loans, banking and savings products. When measured in terms of total assets and deposits, Capital One is the eighth largest bank holding company in the United States. As of 2012, The bank has 963 Capital One Bank Branches including 10 café style locations for their Capital One 360 brand and 2,000 ATMs.", "Capital Power Corporation Capital Power Corporation is an independent power generation company based in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Capital Power develops, acquires, and operates power generation from a variety of energy sources. Capital Power owns more than 2,600 megawatts of power generation capacity at 14 facilities across North America.", "Capital Regional District This article is for the regional district government encompassing the agglomeration of municipalities and rural areas around Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. For the region itself, see Greater Victoria, British Columbia.The Capital Regional District (CRD) is a local government administrative district encompassing the southern tip of Vancouver Island and the southern Gulf Islands in the Canadian province of British Columbia.", "Capital city A capital city (or simply capital) is the municipality enjoying primary status in a country, state, province, or other region, usually as its seat of government. A capital is typically a city that physically encompasses the offices and meeting places of its respective government; the status as capital is often designated by its law or constitution. In some jurisdictions, including several countries, the different branches of government are located in different settlements.", "Capital cost tax factor The capital cost tax factor (CCTF) is a calculated value summarising the benefit in future tax savings due to Capital Cost Allowance (CCA) in Canada.CCTF allows analysts to take these benefits into account when calculating the present value of an asset. The CCTF is a constant, that is a function of the Capital Cost Allowance rate, the interest rate, and the tax rate.", "Capital districts and territories A capital territory or capital district is normally a specially designated administrative division where a country's seat of government is located. As such, in a federal model of government, no state or territory has any political or economic advantage relative to the others because of the national capital lying within its borders.", "Capital gains tax A capital gains tax (CGT) is a tax on capital gains, the profit realized on the sale of a non-inventory asset that was purchased at a cost amount that was lower than the amount realized on the sale. The most common capital gains are realized from the sale of stocks, bonds, precious metals and property.", "Capital punishment in Canada Capital punishment in Canada dates back to 1759, in its days as a British colony. Before Canada eliminated the death penalty for murder on July 14, 1976, 1,481 people had been sentenced to death, and 710 had been executed. Of those executed, 697 were men and 13 were women. The only method used in Canada for capital punishment of civilians after the end of the French regime was hanging.", "Capital region A capital region, also called a national capital region, capital district or capital territory, is a region or district surrounding a capital city. It is not always the official term for the region, but may sometimes be used as an informal synonym. Country-level examples include:The term is also used by some subnational entities as follows:", "Cariboo—Prince George Cariboo—Prince George is a federal electoral district in the province of British Columbia, Canada, that has been represented in the Canadian House of Commons since 2004.", "Castrol Raceway Castrol Raceway, formerly known as \"Capital City Raceway Park\", \"Capital Raceway\", \"Labatt Raceway\", and \"Budweiser Motorsports Park\", is a multi-track auto racing facility located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Located on land leased from the Edmonton International Airport, the clay oval was built in 1991, while the dragstrip opened in 1992. The facility went into receivership at the end of the 1997 season.", "Central Saanich Central Saanich is a district municipality in Greater Victoria and a member municipality of the Capital Regional District. It is located on the Saanich Peninsula. The district began as a farming community, and many hobby farms, along with a handful of small working farms and vineyards, still exist.", "Chandra West Chandra K. West (born December 31, 1970) is a Canadian actress.", "Chinese Canadian The Chinese Canadian ethnic group are Canadians of full or partial Chinese – particularly Han Chinese – ancestry. They comprise a subgroup of East Asian Canadians which is a further subgroup of Asian Canadians. The Chinese community in Canada is the one of the largest overseas Chinese communities and is the second largest Overseas Chinese community in North America after the United States, and also the seventh largest in the Chinese diaspora.", "Colwood, British Columbia Colwood is a city located on Vancouver Island to the southwest of Victoria, capital of British Columbia. Colwood was incorporated in 1985 and has a population of approximately 15,000 people. Colwood lies within the boundaries of the Victoria Census Metropolitan area or Capital Regional District, in a region called the Western Communities, or the West Shore.", "Confederation Boulevard Confederation Boulevard (French: Boulevard de la Confédération) is a \"ceremonial and discovery route\" in Canada's National Capital Region, running through Parliament Hill and encompassing downtown areas in Ottawa and Gatineau. Some of Canada's most important institutions and landmarks lie along its route. During state visits, Confederation Boulevard is toured by foreign dignitaries. On Canada Day, much of Confederation Boulevard is closed to cars.", "Dave Pettitt Dave Pettitt (born April 18, 1972) is a Canadian actor who has performed in commercials, television and voice-overs.", "East Sooke East Sooke is an unincorporated community situated south and east of Sooke, British Columbia, Canada. It consists of over 500 houses (and one volunteer fire department) on the south side of the Sooke Basin. East Sooke borders on East Sooke Regional Park, an area of 14.3394 square kilometres (3,543.3 acres), with views south to Olympic National Park in the United States.East Sooke does not have a town council.", "Edmonton Capital Region The Edmonton Capital Region (ECR), also commonly referred to as the Alberta Capital Region, Greater Edmonton or Metro Edmonton, is a conglomeration of municipalities centred on Alberta's provincial capital of Edmonton.The ECR's commonly known boundaries are coincident with those of the Edmonton census metropolitan area (CMA) as delineated by Statistics Canada.", "Elizabeth May Elizabeth Evans May OC MP (born June 9, 1954) is a Canadian politician. May is leader of the Green Party of Canada and Member of Parliament for Saanich—Gulf Islands. An environmentalist, author, activist, and lawyer, May served as the Executive Director of the Sierra Club of Canada from 1989 to 2006.While May's family home is in Margaree Harbour, Cape Breton Island she moved her permanent residence to Sidney, British Columbia in 2010.", "Esquimalt The township of Esquimalt /ɨˈskwaɪmɔːlt/ is a municipality at the southern tip of Vancouver Island, in British Columbia, Canada. It is bordered to the east by the provincial capital, Victoria, to the south by the Strait of Juan de Fuca, to the west by Esquimalt Harbour and Royal Roads, to the northwest by the New Songhees IR No. 1A Indian reserve and the town of View Royal, and to the north by a narrow inlet of water called the Gorge, across which is the district municipality of Saanich.", "Foreign relations of Canada The foreign relations of Canada are Canada's relations with other governments and peoples. Canada's most important relationship, being the largest trading relationship in the world, is with the United States.", "Fort Saskatchewan Fort Saskatchewan is a city in Alberta, Canada, located 25 kilometres (16 mi) northeast of Edmonton, Alberta's capital city, along the North Saskatchewan River. Fort Saskatchewan is part of the Edmonton census metropolitan area and is one of 24 municipalities that comprise the Capital Region Board (CRB).", "Gary Humphries Gary John Joseph Humphries (born 6 July 1958) is a Deputy President of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal. He was a member of the Australian Senate representing the Australian Capital Territory for the Liberal Party of Australia from 2003 to 2013. He was the Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory from 2000 to 2001; and was elected to the first parliament of the Australian Capital Territory, in 1989, later representing the Molonglo electorate until 2003.", "Gary Lunn Gary Vincent Lunn, PC (born May 8, 1957, Trail, British Columbia) is a former Canadian Member of Parliament for the British Columbia riding of Saanich—Gulf Islands.", "Gatineau Gatineau (/ˈɡætɨnoʊ/, French pronunciation: ​[ɡatino]), officially Ville de Gatineau, is a city in western Quebec, Canada. It is the fourth largest city in the province, and is located on the northern bank of the Ottawa River, immediately across from Ottawa, together with which it forms Canada's National Capital Region. As of 2011 Gatineau had a population of 265,349, and a metropolitan population of 314,501.", "Gatineau Park Gatineau Park (French: Parc de la Gatineau) is located in the Outaouais region of Quebec, Canada. Administered by the National Capital Commission as part of the National Capital Region, Gatineau Park is a 361 square kilometres (139 sq mi) wedge of land extending north and west from the city of Gatineau QC. With a perimeter of 179.2 kilometres (111.3 mi), the park includes parts of the municipalities of Chelsea, Pontiac, La Pêche, and the City of Gatineau.", "Genesee Generating Station Genesee Generating Station is a coal fired station owned by Capital Power Corporation, located near Genesee, Alberta, Canada; 60 minutes southwest of Edmonton, Alberta. Fuel is provided by the nearby coal mine, a joint venture of EPCOR and Fording. The Genesee cooling pond, is an artificial pond covering 735 hectares (1,820 acres). The pond is topped up with water from the North Saskatchewan River.The station consists of 3 units.", "George Stanley Colonel George Francis Gillman Stanley, CC, CD, KStJ, DPhil, DLitt, FRSC, FRHistS, FRHSC (hon.) (July 6, 1907 – September 13, 2002) was a Canadian historian, author, soldier, teacher, public servant, and designer of the current Canadian flag.", "Google Street View in Canada In Canada, Google Street View is available on streets, roads, and highways in most parts of the country, with coverage in all provinces and territories. The feature is also provided in Whistler Blackcomb Resort, the location of the 2010 Winter Olympics.", "Greg Cornwell Gregory Gane \"Greg\" Cornwell (born 19 June 1938), former Australian politician, was a member of the unicameral Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly elected to the multi-member single constituency Assembly and later elected to represent the multi-member electorate of Molonglo for the Liberal Party.Cornwell also served in the elected ACT House of Assembly (a predecessor to the ACT Legislative Assembly), representing the electoral district of Fraser, from 1975 until 1986 for the Liberal Party.Cornwell was initially elected the second ACT Legislative Assembly in 1992, elected to represent Molonglo in the Assembly in 1995, 1998 and 2001 general elections. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Cornwell?oldid=653599711> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/2009_Odlum_Brown_Vancouver_Open_–_Men's_Singles> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Dudi Sela was the defending champion. He didn't compete this year.Marcos Baghdatis defeated Xavier Malisse 6–4, 6–4 in the final.", "Greg Parks Gregory Roy Parks (March 25, 1967 – June 16, 2015) was a Canadian ice hockey player. He won a silver medal at the 1994 Winter Olympics. He would also play 23 games in the National Hockey League with the New York Islanders.", "Hearts and Hooves Day \"Hearts and Hooves Day\" is the seventeenth episode of the second season of the Canadian-American animated television series My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic and the forty-third episode of the series overall. It was written by Meghan McCarthy and directed by series director James Wootton. The episode first aired in the United States on February 11, 2012 on The Hub.", "Henrik Nilsson (ice hockey b. 1991) Henrik Nilsson (born May 5, 1991) is a Swedish professional ice hockey player, currently playing with Almtuna IS in the HockeyAllsvenskan. He played with AIK IF in the Elitserien (SEL) during the 2010–11 Elitserien season.", "Highlands, British Columbia The District of Highlands (locally known as \"The Highlands\") is a district municipality near Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. As one of the Western Communities or West Shore municipalities outside Victoria, Highlands has a population of 1,903 as of 2006. The region stretches along the Saanich Inlet shoreline from north of Goldstream to Mackenzie Bight.", "History of Northwest Territories capital cities The history of Northwest Territories capital cities begins with the purchase of the Territories by Canada from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1869, and includes a varied and often difficult evolution. Northwest Territories is unique amongst the other provinces and territories of Canada in that it has had seven capital cities in its history.", "History of private equity and venture capital The history of private equity and venture capital and the development of these asset classes has occurred through a series of boom and bust cycles since the middle of the 20th century. Within the broader private equity industry, two distinct sub-industries, leveraged buyouts and venture capital experienced growth along parallel, although interrelated tracks.Since the origins of the modern private equity industry in 1946, there have been four major epochs marked by three boom and bust cycles.", "Human capital For the 2013 film, see Human Capital (film).Human capital is the stock of knowledge, habits, social and personality attributes, including creativity, embodied in the ability to perform labor so as to produce economic value.Alternatively, Human capital is a collection of resources—all the knowledge, talents, skills, abilities, experience, intelligence, training, judgment, and wisdom possessed individually and collectively by individuals in a population.", "Ian Billcliff Ian Shaw Billcliff (born October 26, 1972) is a Canadian cricketer. Though born in Canada, he grew up in New Zealand.Billcliff made his debut in first-class cricket in 1991 for Otago in New Zealand domestic cricket, and in 1992 he played twice for the New Zealand Under-19 team. He later played for Wellington from 1995 to 1997, and then for Auckland from 1997 to 1999.", "Income trust An income trust is an investment that may hold equities, debt instruments, royalty interests or real properties. The trust can receive interest, royalty or lease payments from an operating entity carrying on a business, as well as dividends and a return of capital.The main attraction of income trusts (in addition to certain tax preferences for some investors) is their stated goal of paying out consistent cash flows for investors, which is especially attractive when cash yields on bonds are low.", "James Rajotte James Rajotte (born August 19, 1970) is a Canadian politician and served as a Member of Parliament from 2004 to 2015.As a member of the Conservative Party of Canada in the Canadian House of Commons, Rajotte was chair of Parliament's Standing Committee on Finance. Previously he was chair of the Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology. He represented the riding of Edmonton Southwest from 2000 to 2004.", "Jon Stanhope Jonathan Donald (Jon) Stanhope, AO (born 29 April 1951) is a former Australian politician who was Labor Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory from 2001 to 2011. Stanhope represented the Ginninderra electorate in the ACT Legislative Assembly from 1998 until 2011. He is the only ACT Chief Minister to have governed with a majority in the ACT Assembly.", "Jonathan Lachlan-Stewart Jonathan Lachlan Stewart is a Canadian actor and playwright.Stewart was born and educated in Edmonton, and began writing plays when he was twelve years old, and in elementary school. Some were performed at the Edmonton International Fringe Festival. Later, he studied theatre at Studio 58, in Vancouver.", "Kate Carnell Anne Katherine \"Kate\" Carnell AO (née Frazer; born 30 May 1955) is an Australian businesswoman and former Liberal Party politician, who served as the third Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) from 1995 to 2000.", "Katy Gallagher Katherine Ruth \"Katy\" Gallagher (born 17 March 1970) is an Australian politician, a current member of the Australian Senate, and the former Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory and member of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly from 2001 to 2014, representing the electorate of Molonglo for the Australian Labor Party.", "Kindler v Canada (Minister of Justice) Kindler v Canada (Minister of Justice) was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of Canada where it was held that the government policy that allowed for extradition of convicted criminals to a country where they may face the death penalty was valid under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.", "Kinikinik Lake Kinikinik Lake is located in central Alberta, Canada, north of the provincial capital, Edmonton. It is approximately 614 meters above sea level.The name of this lake is a palindrome.", "Land Force Western Area Land Force Western Area (LFWA) was a formation of the Canadian Army responsible for operations in the Canadian provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia. LFWA was headquartered at CFB Edmonton. The command was formed in 1991. In 2013 it was announced that LFWA would be renamed 3rd Canadian Division. This change took place in the summer of 2014.", "Langford, British Columbia Langford is a city located on southern Vancouver Island in the province of British Columbia, Canada. Langford is one of the 13 component municipalities of Greater Victoria and is within the Capital Regional District. Langford was incorporated in 1992 and has a population of approximately 35,000 people. Its municipal neighbours are Colwood to the southeast, Highlands to the north, Metchosin to the southwest, and View Royal to the northeast.", "Lester B. Pearson Lester Bowles \"Mike\" Pearson, PC, OM, CC, OBE (23 April 1897 – 27 December 1972) was a Canadian scholar, statesman, soldier and diplomat, who won the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1957 for organizing the United Nations Emergency Force to resolve the Suez Canal Crisis.", "List of banks and credit unions in Canada This is a list of banks in Canada, including chartered banks, credit unions, trusts, and other financial services companies that offer banking services and may be popularly referred to as \\banks\\\".\"", "List of city nicknames in Canada Many of Canada's cities and communities are known by various aliases, slogans, sobriquets, and other nicknames to the general population at either the local, regional, national or international scales, often due to marketing campaigns and widespread usage in the media. Some nicknames are officially adopted by municipal governments, tourism boards or chambers of commerce while others are unofficial, and some are current while others are antiquated.", "List of diplomatic missions of Canada This is a list of diplomatic missions of Canada. Canada has an extensive diplomatic network, maintained by Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. As a Commonwealth nation, Canada's diplomatic missions in the capitals of other commonwealth nations are referred to as High Commissions (as opposed to embassies).", "List of schools in the Australian Capital Territory This is a list of schools in the Australian Capital Territory, which houses Australia's capital city, Canberra. The Territory's education system consists of primary schools, which accommodate students from preschool to Year 6, high schools, which accommodate students from Years 7 to 10, and secondary colleges, which are specialist Year 11–12 institutions. As a result of development in newer areas and mergers in existing areas, some schools accommodate more than one of the above year ranges.", "Magical Mystery Cure \"Magical Mystery Cure\" is the thirteenth and final episode of the third season of the Canadian-American animated television series My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic and the sixty-fifth episode of the series overall. The episode premiered on February 16, 2013 on The Hub. In the episode, the destinies and cutie marks of Twilight Sparkle's friends get switched around, forcing Twilight to create a magic spell of her own in order to correct it.", "Marshall McLuhan Herbert Marshall McLuhan, CC (July 21, 1911 – December 31, 1980) was a Canadian philosopher of communication theory and a public intellectual. His work is viewed as one of the cornerstones of the study of media theory, as well as having practical applications in the advertising and television industries. He was educated at the University of Manitoba and Cambridge University and began his teaching career as a Professor of English at several universities in the U.S.", "Medwell Capital Medwell Capital Corp. (formerly BioMS Medical Corp) (TSX-V: WMC) is a Canadian biotechnology company engaged in the development and commercialization of novel therapeutic technologies with emphasis on the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. On July 27, 2009 the company announced that its drug, dirucotide, failed to meet its primary endpoint in the Phase III MAESTRO-01 Trial. It will discontinue testing of the drug and the future of the company is unclear.", "Munro v National Capital Commission Munro v National Capital Commission [1966] S.C.R.", "National Capital Baseball League The National Capital Baseball League (NCBL) is an adult amateur baseball league in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, that was formed in 1982. It is Ottawa's only adult amateur baseball league, and the largest in Canada. As of the 2010 season the league consists of 35 teams from around the region, including Nepean, Kanata, Orléans, Gloucester, Gatineau/Hull, Metcalfe, Winchester, and Kingston.", "National Capital Commission The National Capital Commission (NCC) (French: Commission de la capitale nationale) is a Canadian Crown corporation that administers the federally owned lands and buildings in Canada's National Capital Region, including Ottawa, Ontario and Gatineau, Quebec. The NCC was created in 1959, replacing the Federal District Commission (FDC), which had been created in 1927, and the even earlier Ottawa Improvement Commission.", "National Capital FreeNet National Capital FreeNet (NCF) (French: Libertel de la Capitale Nationale), is a non-profit community organization internet service provider, with the goal of linking people in Canada's capital of Ottawa and ensuring no Ottawa citizens would be excluded from internet access.Founded in September 1992 with the active participation of volunteers, Carleton University, and private industry (which donated communications equipment), NCF was one of the first free-nets set up worldwide and was patterned after the Cleveland Free-Net that had been established at Case Western Reserve University in 1984.", "National Capital Region (Canada) The National Capital Region (French: Région de la capitale nationale), also referred to as Canada's Capital Region and Ottawa-Gatineau, is an official federal designation for the Canadian capital of Ottawa, Ontario, the neighbouring city of Gatineau, Quebec, and surrounding urban and rural communities. The term National Capital Region is often used to describe the Ottawa-Gatineau metropolitan area.", "Newcap Radio Newfoundland Capital Corporation, Ltd is a Canadian broadcasting company, majority-owned by Harold R. Steele. Newfoundland Capital is the parent company of Newcap Inc. (doing business as Newcap Radio and formerly known as Newcap Broadcasting). It is the number two private-sector radio broadcaster in Canada, just behind Bell Media Radio. It operates 95 stations across Canada.", "Nisku Nisku is a hamlet and an industrial/business park in Alberta, Canada within Leduc County. It has an elevation of 705 metres (2,313 ft).The hamlet and industrial/business park are located in census division No. 11 and in the federal riding of Edmonton-Leduc.The Hamlet of Nisku is located east of the intersection of Queen Elizabeth II Highway (Highway 2) and Highway 625, between the cities of Edmonton and Leduc.", "North Saanich North Saanich is located on the Saanich Peninsula, approximately 25 km (16 mi) north of Victoria, British Columbia on southern Vancouver Island. It is one of the 13 Greater Victoria municipalities. The District is surrounded on three sides by 20 km (12 mi) of ocean shoreline, and consists of rural/residential areas and a large agricultural base and is home to the Victoria International Airport and the Swartz Bay Ferry Terminal.", "Nunavut (electoral district) Nunavut is a federal electoral district in Nunavut, Canada, that has been represented in the Canadian House of Commons since 1997. Nunatsiaq, its predecessor that covered the same area, was a federal electoral district in Northwest Territories, that was represented in the House of Commons from 1979 to 1997.Nunavut is the only electoral district in the territory. It is the largest federal electoral district in land area in Canada, as well as one of the largest in the world.", "Organization of Military Museums of Canada The Organization of Military Museums of Canada is a national organization for the promotion of military museums in Canada.The OMMC was established in 1967 by a group of military museums, historians, and military history enthusiasts. It has over 40 individual and 60 institutional members including Canadian Forces museums, Parks Canada sites federal, provincial and municipal museums.", "Patric Gozzi Patric Gozzi (born September 21, 1991) is a Swedish professional ice hockey player, currently playing with Almtuna IS in the HockeyAllsvenskan. He played with AIK IF in the Elitserien during the 2010–11 Elitserien season.He is the son of Anders Gozzi and brother to Christoffer Gozzi.", "Paula Brancati Paula Brancati (born June 6, 1989) is a Canadian actress. She is most widely known for her work on Canadian television, include roles on Being Erica and Dark Oracle, and playing Jane Vaughn on Degrassi: The Next Generation.Brancati was born in Markham, Ontario, Canada. She attended St. Elizabeth Catholic High School in Thornhill, and studied with CharActors Theatre Troupe and the AB Dance School.", "Philemon Wright Philemon Wright (September 3, 1760 - June 3, 1839) was a farmer and entrepreneur who founded Wrightstown, the first permanent settlement in the National Capital Region of Canada. Wrightstown later became incorporated in 1875 and renamed Hull, Quebec, and then in 2002, as a result of a municipal amalgamation, it acquired its present name of the City of Gatineau.", "Pinkie Pride \"Pinkie Pride\" is the twelfth episode of the fourth season of the Canadian-American animated television series My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, and the seventy-seventh episode of the series overall. It was directed by Jayson Thiessen, co-directed by Jim Miller, its screenplay was written by Amy Keating Rogers from a story by Thiessen, and produced by Sarah Wall and Devon Cody.", "Politics of Alberta Politics of Alberta are centred on a provincial government resembling that of the other Canadian provinces, namely a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy. The capital of the province is Edmonton, where the provincial Legislative Building is located.The unicameral legislature, the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, has 87 members. Government is conducted after the Westminster model.", "Premier of Alberta The Premier of Alberta is the first minister for the Canadian province of Alberta. He or she is the province's head of government. The current Premier of Alberta is Rachel Notley, who was sworn in on May 24, 2015.The Premier of the province deals with specific areas relating to Alberta and Alberta's relation on the national scene.", "Preston Manning Ernest Preston Manning, PC CC AOE (born June 10, 1942) is a Canadian politician. He was the only leader of the Reform Party of Canada, a Canadian federal political party that evolved into the Canadian Alliance. He sat in Parliament for the Canadian Alliance until his retirement from federal politics in 2002, after which it in turn merged with the Progressive Conservative Party to form today's Conservative Party of Canada.", "Province of Canada The United Province of Canada, or Province of Canada, or the United Canadas was a British colony in North America from 1841 to 1867.", "Provincial Capital Commission The BC Provincial Capital Commission is a government-owned Crown Agency of the province of British Columbia, Canada. Its primary mandate is to \"connect and celebrate the Capital with all British Columbians.\" The PCC owns several important heritage buildings and sensitive properties in the Capital Regional District.", "Public Service of Canada The Public Service of Canada, known as the Civil Service of Canada prior to 1967, is the civil service, or bureaucracy, of the Government of Canada. Its function is to serve as the staff of the Canadian state. The head of the Public Service of Canada is the Clerk of the Privy Council and he or she is Canada's senior serving civil servant.The Public Service is divided into various subsidiary administrative units such as with departments, agencies, commissions, Crown (i.e.", "Renewal2 Renewal2 Investment Fund is a Canadian social venture capital fund that invests in early stage environmental and social mission companies in Canada and the United States. The fund focuses on companies in the following sectors: Organic & Natural Food, Green Consumer Products, Green Building Products, Environmental Innovation, Social Finance, and Social Media.The fund, which is based in Vancouver, Canada, was founded May 25, 2009.", "Rideau Hall Rideau Hall is, since 1867, the official residence in Ottawa of both the Canadian monarch and the Governor General of Canada and has been described as \"Canada's house\". It stands in Canada's capital on a 0.36 km2 (88 acre) estate at 1 Sussex Drive, with the main building consisting of approximately 175 rooms across 9,500 m2 (102,000 sq ft), and 24 outbuildings around the grounds.", "Robert Stewart Hyndman Robert Stewart Hyndman (June 28, 1915 – November 29, 2009) was a distinguished Canadian portrait and landscape artist based in the National Capital Region. His career spanned more than 70 years.", "Roberto McLellan Roberto McLellan (born October 5, 1984), is a Canadian professional boxer in the Middleweight division and is the former Canadian Professional Boxing Council - Light Middleweight Champion.", "Ron Forwick Ron Forwick (October 5, 1943 - July 2, 2001) was an award winning and all-star defensive end who played in the Canadian Football League from 1965 to 1975.Forwick jumped from the junior ranks, with the Edmonton Huskies, to his hometown Edmonton Eskimos in 1965, winning the Dr. Beattie Martin Trophy as top Canadian rookie in the west. He was a stalwart on the Esk's defensive line during their lean years, being named an all-star in 1970.", "Rosemary Follett Rosemary Follett AO (born 27 March 1948), Australian politician, was the inaugural Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory, serving in 1989 and again between 1991 and 1995. She was the first woman to become head of government in an Australian state or territory.", "Royal Bank of Canada The Royal Bank of Canada (RBC; French: Banque Royale du Canada), RBC Royal Bank or RBC Financial Group is the largest financial institution in Canada. The bank serves 18 million clients and has 80,100 employees worldwide. The company corporate headquarters are located in Montreal, Quebec, and its operational head office in Toronto, Ontario. The bank was founded in 1864 in Halifax, Nova Scotia.", "Sarah Jackson Sarah Jeanette Jackson, née Sherman (Detroit, November 13, 1924 – Halifax, May 18, 2004) was a Canadian artist, who first became known for her sculptures and drawings and then became one of the pioneers of 20th century digital art. She was born in Detroit in 1924, the only daughter of Jewish emigrants from Poland.At Wayne State University in Detroit, she studied Humanities, receiving a BA and a MA degrees, her thesis being on color and texture in primitive and modern sculpture.", "Scott Wexton Scott Wexton, also known by his stage name Voodoo Organist, is an American vocalist and keyboardist. He has also served as a member of the noise rock/post-hardcore group Today Is the Day and as a founding member of the band Batterie:Acid. Since 2001, he has recorded solo work and performed under the name Voodoo Organist. He is currently living in Yucca Valley, California where he runs a comic retailer named HooDoo.", "Sidney, British Columbia Sidney is a town located at the northern end of the Saanich Peninsula, on Vancouver Island in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is one of the 13 Greater Victoria municipalities. It has a population of approximately 11,583. Sidney is located just east of Victoria International Airport, and a few kilometres south of BC Ferries' Swartz Bay Terminal.", "Simon Corbell Simon Corbell (born 21 November 1970) is an Australian politician and Deputy Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory. He is also Attorney-General, Minister for Health, Minister for the Environment and Minister for the Capital Metro.Corbell was first elected to the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly in 1997 as a member for the electorate of Molonglo in a countbank following the resignation of former Chief Minister Rosemary Follett.", "Skyline Alternate School Skyline Alternate School is a public alternate high school program in Williams Lake in the Canadian province of British Columbia. The school is administered as part of School District 27 Cariboo-Chilcotin. The principal is Michael Franklin.The Skyline program provides an alternative education intervention provision for more vulnerable students. This includes a secondary transition program for students in grades 8 to 12.", "Slice of Life (My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic) \"Slice of Life\" is the ninth episode of the fifth season of the Canadian-American animated television series My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, and the 100th episode of the series overall, celebrated as a milestone episode by Hasbro and its affiliates. It was directed by Jim Miller, written by M.A. Larson, and produced by Devon Cody.", "Sooke Sooke /suːk/ is a district municipality situated on the southern tip of Vancouver Island, Canada. About a 45 minute drive from the city of Victoria (the capital of British Columbia), Sooke is considered the westernmost of the Greater Victoria region's \"Western Communities.\" It is situated to the north and west of the Sooke Basin.", "Spruce Grove Spruce Grove is a city in the vicinity of Edmonton, Alberta. Like neighbouring Stony Plain it is surrounded by Parkland County. With a population of 32,036, Spruce Grove is the 9th largest city in Alberta. The Horizon Stage Performing Arts Centre is the local theatre, and its TransAlta Tri Leisure Centre is a popular recreation facility. As it is 11 km west of Edmonton, many citizens travel there to shop.", "Supernova (Today Is the Day album) Supernova is the debut studio album by the American noisegrind band Today Is the Day, released on April 1993 by Amphetamine Reptile Records.", "Taxation in Canada Taxation in Canada is a shared responsibility between the federal government and the various provincial and territorial legislatures. Under the Constitution Act, 1867, taxation powers are vested in the Parliament of Canada under s. 91(3) for:The provincial legislatures have a more restricted authority under ss.", "The Crystal Empire \"The Crystal Empire\" is the collective name for the first and second episodes of the third season of the Canadian-American animated television series My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic as well as the fifty-third and fifty-fourth episodes of the series overall. Both parts of the episode were first broadcast on The Hub on November 10, 2012.", "The Cutie Mark Chronicles \"The Cutie Mark Chronicles\" is the twenty-third episode of the first season of the Canadian-American animated television series My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic. The episode was written by M.A. Larson and directed by supervising director Jayson Thiessen. In this episode, the \"Cutie Mark Crusaders\", three fillies looking to earn their cutie marks, learn from the older mares of how they earned their own cutie marks; in the process, the older mares realize they share a common destiny.", "The Farm (Canada) The Farm (French: La Ferme) is the official residence of the Speaker of the Canadian House of Commons. It is located in Gatineau Park in the community of Kingsmere, part of Chelsea, Quebec, Canada, near the capital Ottawa.The residence is so named because of its history as an old farmstead dating back to the 19th century. Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King privately purchased the farmstead as part of his country estate at Kingsmere Lake in 1927.", "The Return of Harmony \"The Return of Harmony\" is the collective name for the first and second episodes of the second season of the Canadian-American animated television series My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, as well as the twenty-seventh and twenty-eighth episodes of the series overall. Both episodes were directed by Jayson Thiessen and written by M.A. Larson. Part one of the episode aired in the United States on September 17, 2011 on the Hub Network. Part two aired the following week, on September 24.", "Thompson Rivers University Thompson Rivers University is a university located in Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada. The enabling legislation is the Thompson Rivers University Act. While the main campus is located in Kamloops, there is a second campus in Williams Lake and the university's Open Learning Division distance learning service maintains an examination and resource facility in downtown Vancouver. Wally Oppal is the Chancellor of TRU.", "Tim Hortons Tim Hortons Inc. (known internationally as Tim Hortons Cafe and Bake Shop) is a Canadian multinational fast casual restaurant known for its coffee and doughnuts. It is also Canada's largest quick service restaurant chain; as of September 2014, it has 3,665 restaurants in Canada, 869 in the United States, and 56 in the Persian Gulf region. It was founded in 1964 in Hamilton, Ontario, by Canadian hockey player Tim Horton and Jim Charade, after an initial venture in hamburger restaurants.", "Today Is the Day (Today Is the Day album) Today Is the Day is the third studio album by the American noise rock band Today Is the Day, released on March 26, 1996 by Amphetamine Reptile Records. It was the band's only album to feature keyboardist Scott Wexton.", "Trevor Kaine Trevor Thomas Kaine (17 February 1928 – 3 June 2008), an Australian politician, was Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory from 1989 to 1991, and was elected a multi-member single electorate first unicameral Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly, from 1989 to 2001, initially as a member of the Liberal Party and later as an independent.", "United States v Burns United States v Burns [2001] 1 S.C.R. 283, 2001 SCC 7, was a decision by the Supreme Court of Canada in which it was found that extradition of individuals to places where they may face the death penalty is a breach of fundamental justice under section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.", "Venture Capital Action Plan The Venture Capital Action Plan is created by the Government of Canada to facilitate a sustainable, private sector-led venture capital sector in Canada; it guides the distribution of $400 million in new capital to small- and medium-sized businesses.", "View Royal View Royal is a town in Greater Victoria and a member municipality of the Capital Regional District of British Columbia, Canada. View Royal has a population of 10,858 residents. With over 700 hectares (1,700 acres) of parkland, View Royal includes McKenzie, Pike, Prior and Thetis Lakes and portions of the Esquimalt Harbour and Portage Inlet.", "Wayne Berry Wayne Bruce Berry (born 14 November 1942), former Australian politician, was a member of the unicameral Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly from 1989 to 2008, representing the electorate of Ginninderra (from 1995–2008) for the Australian Labor Party. Berry served as Deputy Chief Minister from 1991 to 1994, Leader of the Opposition from 1997 to 1998 and Speaker of the Assembly from 2001 to 2008.", "West Nova West Nova (French: Nova-Ouest; formerly South West Nova) is a federal electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1968.The district is rural with a few small towns and communities located along the coast. The riding has been called a microcosm of rural Canada because it includes fishing, farming, tourism, small business and an English-French mix.", "Winnipeg Capital Region The Winnipeg Capital Region is a metropolitan area located in the Red River Valley in the south central portion of the province of Manitoba, Canada. It contains the provincial capital of Winnipeg and its surrounding rural municipalities, cities, and towns. It was created to co-ordinate land use policy and economic development between the City of Winnipeg and the surrounding municipalities.", "York, Upper Canada York was the name of Old Toronto between 1793 and 1834 and it was the second capital of Upper Canada. It was established in 1793 by Governor John Graves Simcoe, with a new 'Fort York' on the site of the last French 'Fort Toronto'. He believed it would be a superior location for the capital of Upper Canada, which was then at Newark (now Niagara-on-the-Lake. In addition, the new site would be less vulnerable to attack by the Americans.", "Zed Seselja Zdenko Matthew \"Zed\" Seselja (born 27 March 1977) is an Australian Liberal Party politician. He was elected to the Australian Senate as a representative of the Australian Capital Territory for a term which commenced on 7 September 2013. He was a member of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly from 2004 to 2013. He was the territory's 12th Opposition Leader, serving in that position from December 2007 to January 2013. Seselja is of Croatian descent." ]

[ ".41 Remington Magnum The .41 Remington Magnum is a center fire firearms cartridge primarily developed for use in large-frame revolvers, introduced in 1964 by the Remington Arms Company, intended for hunting and law enforcement purposes.", ".440 Cor-bon The .440 Cor-Bon is a large-caliber handgun cartridge. The Cor-Bon company produced the caliber bullet in 1998. Although it looks more similar to a .357 SIG, this cartridge was designed after being necked down from an existing cartridge, the .50 AE to accept a .44-caliber (.429 in) (10.89 mm) bullet. This is fairly typical in the wildcat cartridge industry.", ".44 Magnum The .44 Remington Magnum, or simply .44 Magnum (10.9×33mmR), and frequently .44 Mag, is a large-bore cartridge originally designed for revolvers. After its introduction, it was quickly adopted for carbines and rifles.", ".44 Special The .44 Special or .44 S&W Special is a smokeless powder center fire metallic cartridge developed by Smith & Wesson in 1907 as the standard chambering for their New Century revolver, introduced in 1908.", "Astra .44 MAGNUM CTG. The Astra Terminator is a revolver made by the Astra firearms company in Spain, sometimes only called the Astra .44 CTG. because the \"TERMINATOR\" logo on the barrel is often overlooked or even missing on some examples.It has a barrel length of 2 5/8\", a capacity of six rounds, orange plastic insert front sight, factory Pachmayr compact grips, and has a full lug barrel. The revolver was also chambered in .41 magnum and .45 colt, but examples in these calibers are much more rare.", "Astra Model 44 The Astra Model 44 is a large, double-action, military revolver chambered in .44 Magnum with a six-shot, swing-out cylinder. A slightly lighter variant called the Model 45 was also produced in .45 Long Colt.", "AutoMag (pistol) The .44 Auto Mag pistol is a large caliber semi-automatic pistol. It was designed between 1966 and 1971 by the Auto Mag Corporation to bring .44 Magnum power to a semi-automatic pistol.The pistol's reputation and looks have made it popular in cinema and novels and several versions are listed as \"Curios and Relics\" by the BATFE.", "Elmer Keith Elmer Merrifield Keith (March 8, 1899 – February 14, 1984) was an Idaho rancher, firearms enthusiast, and author. Keith was instrumental in the development of the first magnum revolver cartridge, the .357 Magnum, as well as the later .44 Magnum and .41 Magnum cartridges.", "Handgun hunting Handgun hunting is primarily done with specialized handguns that have long barrels and are often set up with scopes (optical aiming devices).Even the largest animals, such as elephants, can be killed with modern hunting handguns, although most handgun hunters only use handguns when hunting medium-sized game like deer and wild hogs.The .44 Magnum, developed in 1955, was the beginning of handgun hunting for mainstream hunters.", "IMI Timber Wolf The Timber Wolf pump-action carbine was designed by Evan Whildin and was produced by Israeli Military Industries, beginning in 1989 and is no longer produced. This is one of few modern rifles chambered for revolver cartridges such as the .357 Magnum and the .44 Magnum. A single prototype was made in 32-20.", "List of Magnum pistol cartridges List of Magnum pistol cartridges may refer to:This is a list of Magnum pistol cartridges:.224-32 FA, a proprietary cartridge designed in 2009 by Freedom Arms, Inc.", "List of rifle cartridges List of rifle cartridges, by category, then by name.", "Ruger Deerfield Carbine The Deerfield Carbine or Model 99/44 is a .44 Magnum semi-automatic rifle produced by Sturm, Ruger & Co., introduced in 2000." ]

[ ".270 Weatherby Magnum The .270 Weatherby Magnum was the first belted magnum based on the .300 H&H Magnum to be developed by Roy Weatherby. It has the characteristic double-radius shoulders and is necked down to accommodate the .277in bullets. Like most Weatherby cartridges, the .270 Weatherby was standardized by the Small Arms and Ammunitions Manufacturers Institute in 1994, and it has a SAAMI maximum pressure limit of 62,500 psi.", ".30-378 Weatherby Magnum The .30-378 Weatherby Magnum is a .30 caliber (small bore), belted, bottle-necked rifle cartridge. The cartridge was developed in response to a US Army military contract in 1959. While still unreleased to the public, the cartridge went on to set world records for accuracy including the first ten 10X in 1,000 yards (910 m) benchrest shooting. It is currently the fastest .30 caliber factory ammunition available.", ".300 Winchester Magnum The .300 Winchester Magnum (also known as .300 Win Mag or 300WM) (7.62mm x 67mm) is a popular, belted, bottlenecked magnum rifle cartridge that was introduced by Winchester Repeating Arms Company in 1963 as a member of the family of Winchester Magnum cartridges. The .300 Winchester Magnum is a magnum cartridge designed to fit in a standard length action.", ".338 Lapua Magnum The .338 Lapua Magnum (8.6×70mm or 8.58×70mm) is a rimless, bottlenecked, centerfire cartridge developed for military long-range sniper rifles. The Afghanistan War and Iraq War made it a combat-proven round with ready and substantial ammunition availability.", ".357/44 Bain & Davis The .357/44 Bain & Davis is a centerfire pistol cartridge designed by Keith Davis around 1964. The purpose was to give improved velocity over the .357 Magnum by using the larger .44 Magnum case.", ".357 Magnum The .357 S&W Magnum (9×33mmR), or simply .357 Magnum, is a revolver cartridge with a .357-inch (9.07 mm) bullet diameter, created by Elmer Keith, Phillip B. Sharpe, and Colonel D. B. Wesson of firearms manufacturer Smith & Wesson, and Winchester. It is based upon Smith & Wesson's earlier .38 Special cartridge. The .357 Magnum cartridge was introduced in 1934, and its use has since become widespread. This cartridge started the \"Magnum\" era of handgun ammunition.", ".375 H&H Magnum The .375 Holland & Holland Magnum (9.5×72mmB) is a medium-bore rifle cartridge. The .375 H&H was only the second cartridge ever to feature a belt, now common among magnum rounds. On these new rimless cartridges the belt replaced the rim in ensuring the correct headspace, which otherwise might be unreliable, given the narrow shoulder of the cartridge case. The British company Holland & Holland introduced the cartridge in 1912 as the .375 Belted Rimless Nitro-Express.", ".416 Remington Magnum The .416 Remington Magnum is a .416 caliber (10.36 mm) of a belted bottle-necked design. The cartridge was intended as a dangerous game hunting cartridge and released to the public in 1989. The cartridge uses the case of the 8 mm Remington Magnum as a parent cartridge. When the cartridge was released in 1988, author Frank C.", ".416 Weatherby Magnum The .416 Weatherby Magnum is a belted, bottlenecked cartridge designed by Ed Weatherby and launched commercially in 1989. It is a dangerous-game cartridge intended for the hunting of heavy dangerous game such as elephant and African Cape buffalo. It is considered the most powerful commercial .416 cartridge, besting the Remington, Rigby and Ruger .416s by a velocity of 300 ft/s (91 m/s).", ".444 Marlin The .444 Marlin is a rifle cartridge designed in 1964 by Marlin Firearms and Remington Arms. It was designed to fill in a gap for the older .45-70 at a time when that cartridge was not currently available in any lever action, making it the largest at the time available lever-action cartridge. The .444 looks like a lengthened .44 Magnum and provides a significant increase in velocity. It is usually used for the Marlin 444 Lever-action Rifle.", ".458 Lott The .458 Lott is a .458 caliber belted hunting cartridge designed as a replacement for the less powerful .458 Winchester Magnum. It is based on the full length .375 H&H Magnum blown out and shortened to 2.800 inches (71.1 mm). The cartridge is designed for the purpose of hunting African dangerous game.The .458 Lott was designed in response to perceived inadequacies and problems encountered with the .458 Winchester Magnum.", ".45 Colt The .45 Colt [11.48x35R] cartridge is a handgun cartridge dating to 1872. It began as a black-powder revolver round developed for the Colt Single Action Army revolver, but is offered as a magnum-level, handgun hunting round in modern usage. This cartridge was adopted by the U.S. Army in 1873 and served as the official US military handgun cartridge for 19 years.", ".460 S&W Magnum The .460 S&W Magnum round is a powerful revolver cartridge designed for long-range handgun hunting in the Smith & Wesson Model 460 revolver.", ".460 Weatherby Magnum The .460 Weatherby Magnum is a belted, bottlenecked rifle cartridge, developed by Roy Weatherby in 1957. The cartridge is based on the .378 Weatherby Magnum necked up to accept the .458-inch (11.6 mm) bullet. The original .378 Weatherby Magnum parent case was inspired by the .416 Rigby. The .460 Weatherby Magnum was designed as an African dangerous game rifle cartridge for the hunting of heavy, thick skinned dangerous game.", ".475 Wildey Magnum The .475 Wildey Magnum is a semi-automatic pistol cartridge designed for big game hunting in the Wildey pistol.", ".500 S&W Magnum The .500 S&W Magnum (12.7×41mmSR) is a fifty-caliber semi-rimmed handgun cartridge developed by Cor-Bon in partnership with the Smith & Wesson \"X-Gun\" engineering team for use in the Smith & Wesson Model 500 X-frame revolver and introduced in February 2003 at the SHOT show. Its primary design purpose was as a hunting handgun cartridge capable of taking all North American game species.", ".50 Action Express The .50 Action Express (AE, 12.7×33mm) is a large caliber handgun cartridge. It was developed in 1988 by Evan Whildin of Action Arms. The .50 AE is one of the most powerful pistol cartridges in production.", ".600 Overkill The .600 Overkill cartridge is a hunting cartridge designed to fit the CZ-550 action, by American Hunting Rifles.", "44 Magnum (band) 44 Magnum (stylized as 44MAGNUM) is a heavy metal band from Japan, originally formed in mid 1977.", "5.6×50mm Magnum The 5.6×50mm Magnum (designated as the 5,6 × 50 Mag. by the C.I.P.) is a centerfire, rimless, bottlenecked rifle cartridge that was developed in 1970 by Günter Frères of the Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken (DWM).", "7mm Remington Magnum The 7mm Remington Magnum rifle cartridge was introduced as a commercially available round in 1962, along with the new Remington Model 700 bolt action rifle. It is a member of the belted magnum family that is directly derived from the venerable .375 H&H Magnum. The original purpose of the belted magnum concept taken from the .300 H&H and .375 H&H, was to provide precise control of the head-space, since the sloping shoulders, while easing cartridge extraction, provided poor head-spacing.", "8×68mm S The 8x68mm S rebated rim bottlenecked centerfire rifle cartridge (the S denoting it is intended for 8.2 mm (.323 in) groove diameter bullets) and its necked down sister cartridge the 6.5x68mm (no S, or other modifier required) were developed in the 1930s by Mr. Schüler of the August Schüler Waffenfabrik, Suhl, Germany as magnum hunting cartridges that would just fit and function in standard sized Mauser 98 bolt action rifles.", "9.3×64mm Brenneke The 9.3x64mm Brenneke (also unofficially known as the 9.3 x 64) is a rimless bottlenecked centerfire cartridge developed for big-game hunting. The 9.3 denotes the 9.3 mm bullet diameter and the 64 denotes the 64 mm case length. Using the bullet diameter is unusual in German cartridge designations. Normally the approximate land diameter of the barrel is used for such designations.The 9.3x64mm Brenneke can be chambered in standard-sized Mauser 98 bolt action rifles.", "Big-game hunting Big-game hunting is the hunting of large game for sport. The term is historically associated with the hunting of Africa's Big Five game (lion, the African elephant, the Cape Buffalo, the leopard and the white rhinoceros), and with tigers and rhinos on the Indian subcontinent.", "Caliber In guns, particularly firearms, caliber or calibre is the approximate internal diameter of the barrel, or the diameter of the projectile it fires, usually shown in millimeters, or in hundredths or thousandths of an inch. When expressed in inches in writing or print, it is shown in terms of a decimal fraction: .45 caliber, for example. When the barrel diameter is given in inches, the abbreviation \"cal\" can be used.", "Colt Python The Colt Python is a .357 Magnum caliber revolver formerly manufactured by Colt's Manufacturing Company of Hartford, Connecticut. It is sometimes referred to as a \"Combat Magnum\". It was first introduced in 1955, the same year as Smith & Wesson's M29 .44 Magnum. The now discontinued Colt Python targeted the premium revolver market segment. Some firearm collectors and writers such as Jeff Cooper, Ian V.", "Elephant gun An elephant gun is a large caliber gun, rifled or otherwise, so named because they were originally developed for use by big-game hunters for elephants and other big game. They used black powder cartridges at first but later used smokeless powder.", "Gun politics in France In France, to buy a weapon, a hunting licence or a shooting sport licence is necessary.Since 1939, guns have been divided into eight categories: Category 1 : \"Military\" firearms. According to French law, a military firearm is a weapon which has a caliber used by the army since 1880. Some of them are prohibited; for example, fully automatic weapons, but semi-automatic rifles or handguns are authorised.", "Hunting weapon Hunting weapons are weapons designed or used primarily for hunting game animals for food or sport, as distinct from defensive weapons or weapons used primarily in warfare.", "IMI Desert Eagle The Desert Eagle (informal as Deagle) is a powerful semi-automatic handgun designed by Magnum Research, Inc. (MRI) in the United States and redesigned by Israeli Military Industries of Israel. It has become an icon of both films and video games the world over, with its triangular barrel and gaping muzzle. Over the past 25 years, MRI has been responsible for the design and development of the Desert Eagle pistol.", "Magnum Magnum may refer to : Moses Magnum, a Marvel Comics villainMagnum, P.I., a television series Thomas Magnum, the lead character Magnum T.A., ring name of professional wrestler Terry Wayne Allen Magnum XL-200, a roller coaster at Cedar Point Magnum, a NATO brevity code for an AGM-88 or anti-radiation missile launch Yakovlev Yak-30 (1960) Magnum, an advanced trainer for the Soviet Air Forces that never went into production Magnum hops, used in the brewing of beer Magnum (Transformers), a fictional characters and commander of the Autobots Magnum cartridge, a type of firearms cartridge", "Magnum (band) Magnum are a British progressive rock band from Birmingham, England. Formed as a four piece by Tony Clarkin (guitar, songwriter), Bob Catley (vocals), Kex Gorin (drums) and Bob Doyle (bass) in order to appear as the resident band at The Rum Runner night club in Birmingham.", "Magnum Force Magnum Force is a 1973 American action film and the second to feature Clint Eastwood as maverick cop Harry Callahan after the 1971 film Dirty Harry. Ted Post, who also directed Eastwood in the television series Rawhide and the feature film Hang 'Em High, directed the film, the second in the Dirty Harry series. The screenplay was written by John Milius (who provided an uncredited rewrite for the original film) and Michael Cimino.", "Marlin Model 1894 The Marlin Model 1894 is a lever-action repeating rifle introduced in 1894 by the Marlin Firearms Company of North Haven, Connecticut. At its introduction the rifle came with a 24-inch barrel and was chambered for a variety of pistol rounds such as .25-20 Winchester, .32-20 Winchester, .38-40, and .44-40. Rechambered variants remain in production today.", "Mauser M 98 The Mauser M 98 are a series of currently (2009) produced hunting bolt action rifles.Though the production of the controlled-feed Mauser M 98 bolt action system for the German military ceased at the end of World War II in 1945, the production of new Mauser M 98 and M 98 Magnum rifles for civil users has been resumed in 1999 in Isny im Allgäu, Germany by Mauser Jagdwaffen GmbH (Mauser Huntingweapons Ltd.), according to original drawings of 1936 and the respective Mauser patents.", "Remington Model 788 The Remington 788 is a bolt-action, centerfire rifle that was made by Remington Arms from 1967 to 1983. It was marketed as an inexpensive yet accurate hunting rifle to compete with other gun companies' less expensive rifles alongside their more expensive Model 700 line. The 788 utilizes a single-column detachable magazine holding 3 rounds. A .22 rimfire model was also produced known as the 580, 581, or 582 depending on its method of feed.", "Rifle A rifle is a firearm designed to be fired from the shoulder, with a barrel that has a helical groove or pattern of grooves \"\\rifling\") cut into the barrel walls. The raised areas of the rifling are called \"lands,\" which make contact with the projectile (for small arms usage, called a bullet), imparting spin around an axis corresponding to the orientation of the weapon.", "Ruger Alaskan Introduced in 2005, the Ruger Super Redhawk Alaskan is a short-barrel, big-bore revolver. The firearm is distinguished by its 2.5 in (64 mm) barrel, brushed stainless finish, and oversize Hogue Tamer grip designed to help reduce recoil. The Alaskan is offered in .454 Casull/.45 Colt, .480 Ruger, and most recently, .44 Magnum/.44 Special. The 480 Ruger version was originally a 6-shot revolver like the .454, but was discontinued in 2007. It was reintroduced in 2008 with a 5-shot cylinder.", "Ruger Model 96 The Ruger Model 96 is a series of lever-action rifles produced by Sturm, Ruger & Co.. They featured a short-throw lever action, cross button safety and a visible cocking lever. The 4 different variants of the Model 96 represented the four calibers the rifle came in: 96/17 for .17 HMR, 96/22 for .22LR, 96/22M for .22 Magnum and 96/44 for .44 Magnum. All four models had a hard wood stock.", "Ruger Redhawk The Ruger Redhawk is a DA/SA, large frame revolver that was first introduced in 1979 by Sturm, Ruger & Company. Made from high grade steel, it is available in a stainless steel finish. The Redhawk is reinforced to handle extra stress, making it very popular for use by handloaders as it handles the hottest of Magnum loads with ease. In addition, the cylinder itself is longer than most competitors', allowing ammunition to be loaded to a longer overall length.", "Smith & Wesson .38/44 Smith & Wesson .38/44 identifies a series of Smith & Wesson N-frame revolvers chambered for the .38 Special cartridge loaded to higher pressures than were considered appropriate for earlier revolvers of that caliber. High-pressure .38/44 loadings represent a transition between conventional .38 Special ammunition and the .357 Magnum. Revolvers were manufactured from 1930 to 1941, and after World War II until lower-priced .357 Magnum revolvers became widely available.", "Smith & Wesson Model 29 The Smith & Wesson Model 29 is a six-shot, double-action revolver chambered for the .44 Magnum cartridge and manufactured by the U.S. company Smith & Wesson. It was made famous by — and is still most often associated with — the fictional character \"Dirty Harry\" Callahan from the Dirty Harry series of films starring Clint Eastwood.The Model 29 was offered with 3\", 4\", 5\", 6\", 6½\", 8⅜\" and, later, 10⅝\" barrel lengths as standard models.", "Super magnum A super magnum is a longer and/or more powerful version of a \"magnum\" cartridge. Although the term \"super magnum\" typically a refers to a handgun cartridge, created by lengthening an existing straight-case design, it can also refer a rifle cartridge, such as the .17 Winchester Super Magnum (WSM). In this case, it simply denotes that is of greater power than existing \"magnums\" of similar caliber, similar to other designations such as \"Remington Ultra Magnum\".", "Table of handgun and rifle cartridges Table of selected handgun, submachine gun, rifle and machine gun cartridges by common name. Data values are the highest found for the cartridge, and might not occur in the same load (e.g. the highest muzzle energy might not be in the same load as the highest muzzle velocity, since the bullet weights can differ between loads).", "Winchester Model 1894 The Winchester Model 1894 rifle (also known as the Winchester 94 or Win 94) is a lever-action repeating rifle that became one of the most famous and popular hunting rifles. It was designed by John Browning in 1894 and originally chambered to fire two metallic black powder cartridges, the .32-40 Winchester and .38-55 Winchester." ]

[ "Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission The Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC) was a commission established in 1946 in accordance with a presidential directive from Harry S. Truman to the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council to conduct investigations of the late effects of radiation among the atomic-bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, during the final stage of the Second World War. The two bombings, which killed at least 129,000 people, remain the only use of nuclear weapons for warfare in history.In the final year of the war, the Allies prepared for what was anticipated to be a very costly invasion of the Japanese mainland. This was preceded by a U.S. firebombing campaign that obliterated many Japanese cities.", "Dayton Project The Dayton Project was a research and development project that was part of the larger Manhattan Project to build the first atomic bombs. Work took place at several sites in and around Dayton, Ohio. Those working on the project were ultimately responsible for creating the polonium-based modulated neutron initiators which were used to begin the chain reactions in the atomic bombs.", "Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki concerns the ethical, legal and military controversies surrounding the United States' atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 August and 9 August 1945 at the close of the World War II (1939–45).On 26 July 1945, United States President Harry S.", "Enola Gay The Enola Gay is a Boeing B-29 Superfortress bomber, named for Enola Gay Tibbets, the mother of the pilot, Colonel Paul Tibbets, who selected the aircraft while it was still on the assembly line. On 6 August 1945, during the final stages of World War II, it became the first aircraft to drop an atomic bomb. The bomb, code-named \"Little Boy\", was targeted at the city of Hiroshima, Japan, and caused unprecedented destruction.", "Hibakusha Hibakusha (被爆者?) is the Japanese word for the surviving victims of the 1945 atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The word literally translates as \"explosion-affected people\" and is used to refer to people who were exposed to radiation from the bombings.", "Hiroshima: BBC History of World War II Hiroshima is a BBC docudrama that premiered as a television special on 5 August 2005, marking the eve of the 60th anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. The program was aired on the Discovery Channel and BBC America in the United States. The documentary features historical reenactments using firsthand eyewitness accounts and computer-generated imagery of the explosion. The film won an Emmy and three BAFTA awards in 2006.", "Hiroshima (book) Hiroshima is a book by Pulitzer Prize-winning author John Hersey. It tells the stories of six survivors of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, covering a period of time immediately prior to and one year after the atomic bomb was dropped on August 6, 1945. It was originally published in The New Yorker. Although the story was originally scheduled to be published over four issues, the entire August 31, 1946 edition was dedicated to the article.", "Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims is one of the National Memorial Halls in Hiroshima, Japan.", "Hiroshima Peace Memorial Hiroshima Peace Memorial (広島平和記念碑, Hiroshima heiwa kinenhi), commonly called the Atomic Bomb Dome or Genbaku Dōmu (原爆ドーム?, A-Bomb Dome), in Hiroshima, Japan, is part of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park and was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996. The ruin serves as a memorial to the people who were killed in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. Over 70,000 people were killed instantly, and another 70,000 suffered fatal injuries from the radiation.", "Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park (広島平和記念公園, Hiroshima Heiwa Kinen Kōen) is a memorial park in the center of Hiroshima, Japan. It is dedicated to the legacy of Hiroshima as the first city in the world to suffer a nuclear attack, and to the memories of the bomb's direct and indirect victims (of whom there may have been as many as 140,000).", "History of nuclear weapons Nuclear weapons possess enormous destructive power derived from nuclear fission or combined fission and fusion reactions. Starting with scientific breakthroughs made during the 1930s, the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada collaborated during World War II in what was called the Manhattan Project to counter the suspected Nazi German atomic bomb project. In August 1945 two fission bombs were dropped on Japan ending the Pacific War.", "Little Boy Little Boy was the codename for the type of atomic bomb dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 by the Boeing B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay, piloted by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., commander of the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces. It was the first atomic bomb to be used in warfare. The Hiroshima bombing was the second artificial nuclear explosion in history, after the Trinity test, and the first uranium-based detonation.", "Nagasaki Nagasaki (長崎市, Nagasaki-shi) (About this sound listen ) is the capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu in Japan. It became a centre of Portuguese and other European influence in the 16th through 19th centuries, and the Churches and Christian Sites in Nagasaki have been proposed for inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Part of Nagasaki was home to a major Imperial Japanese Navy base during the First Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War.", "Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum The Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum (長崎原爆資料館, Nagasaki Genbaku Shiryōkan) is in the city of Nagasaki, Japan. The museum is a remembrance to the atomic bombing of the city that occurred on 9 August 1945, at 11:02:35 am. When the United States of America dropped a nuclear bomb on Nagasaki. Next to the museum is the Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims, built in 2003, which marks the hypocenter of the event.", "Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims The Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims (国立長崎原爆死没者追悼平和祈念館, Kokuritsu Nagasaki Genbaku Shibotsusha Tsuitō Heiwa Kinenkan) is a commemorative monument in Nagasaki, Japan, situated next to its Atomic Bomb Museum. The Peace Park is nearby.Like its counterpart in Hiroshima, the hall was constructed as a place to remember and pray for those killed by the 1945 atomic bombing, with photos, and memoirs and personal accounts of the event.", "Nuclear warfare Nuclear warfare (sometimes atomic warfare or thermonuclear warfare) is a military conflict or political strategy in which nuclear weaponry is used to inflict damage on the enemy. Compared to conventional warfare, nuclear warfare can be vastly more destructive in range and extent of damage, and in a much shorter time.", "Nuclear weapon A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or a combination of fission and fusion (thermonuclear weapon). Both reactions release vast quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter. The first fission \"\\atomic\") bomb test released the same amount of energy as approximately 20,000 tons of TNT (see Trinity (nuclear test)).", "The Bells of Nagasaki The Bells of Nagasaki (長崎の鐘, Nagasaki no Kane) is a 1949 book by Takashi Nagai. It vividly describes his experiences as a survivor of the Atomic bombing of Nagasaki. It was translated into English by William Johnston. The title refers to the bells of Urakami Cathedral, of which Nagai writes:These are the bells that did not ring for weeks or months after the disaster.", "Trinity: A Graphic History of the First Atomic Bomb Trinity: A Graphic History of the First Atomic Bomb is the debut graphic novel written and illustrated by Jonathan Fetter-Vorm. It provides an account of the Manhattan Project and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as well as mentioning the chain of events after.", "United States and weapons of mass destruction The United States is known to have possessed three types of weapons of mass destruction: nuclear weapons, chemical weapons, and biological weapons. The U.S. is the only country to have used nuclear weapons in combat in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in World War II. It had secretly developed the earliest form of the atomic weapon during the 1940s under the title \"Manhattan Project\".", "Wendover Air Force Base Wendover Air Force Base is a former United States Air Force base in Utah now known as Wendover Airport. During World War II, it was a training base for B-17 and B-24 bomber crews. It was the training site of the 509th Composite Group, the B-29 unit that carried out the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.After the war, Wendover was used for training exercises, gunnery range and as a research facility. It was closed by the Air Force in 1969, and the base was given to Wendover City in 1977.", "White Light/Black Rain: The Destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki White Light/Black Rain: The Destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is an HBO documentary film that was directed and produced by Steven Okazaki and was released on August 6, 2007, on HBO, marking the 62nd anniversary of the first atomic bombing. The film features interviews with fourteen Japanese survivors and four Americans involved in the 1945 atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki." ]

[ "509th Composite Group The 509th Composite Group (509 CG) was a unit of the United States Army Air Forces created during World War II and tasked with the operational deployment of nuclear weapons. It conducted the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, in August 1945.The group was activated on 17 December 1944 at Wendover Army Air Field, Utah. It was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Paul W. Tibbets.", "596 (nuclear test) 596, originally named by the US intelligence agencies Chic-1, is the codename of the People's Republic of China's first nuclear weapons test, detonated on October 16, 1964, at the Lop Nur test site. It was a uranium-235 implosion fission device and had a yield of 22 kilotons.", "AGM-114 Hellfire The AGM-114 Hellfire is an air-to-surface missile (ASM) first developed for anti-armor use, but later models were developed for precision strikes against other target types, such as, in the case of a Predator drone, individuals or groups of individuals. It was originally developed under the name Helicopter Launched, Fire and Forget Missile, which led to the colloquial name 'Hellfire' ultimately becoming the missile's formal name.", "A Blank in the Weather Map A Blank in the Weather Map (空白の天気図, Kuhaku-no Tenki-zu) is a non-fiction book written by Japanese author Kunio Yanagida, it was published in Japan in 1975. The book is about the Hiroshima Meteorological Observatory in 1945. Hiroshima was fully destroyed in the Atomic Bombing on August 6, 1945.One month later, the phenomenal and powerful typhoon called Makurazaki Typhoon hit Hiroshima and 1229 dead, 1054 injured, 783 missing in Hiroshima Prefecture.", "A Tale of Two Cities (1946 film) A Tale of Two Cities was a 1946 propaganda/documentary film about the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, produced by the Army-Navy Screen Magazine.The film chronologically, and for the most part, neutrally, describes the testing and the use of the atomic bombs impact on Hiroshima, describing where the bomb was actually dropped, and the damage done to military industrial targets, as well as noting which edifices sustained less damage, like those built with reinforced concrete.", "Above and Beyond (film) For the 2014 film of the same name, see Above and Beyond (2014 film).Above and Beyond is a 1952 American war film about Lt. Col. Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., the pilot of the aircraft that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima in August 1945.It stars Robert Taylor as Tibbets and features a love story with Eleanor Parker as his wife. James Whitmore plays security officer Major Bill Uanna.", "Aerial bombing of cities The aerial bombing of cities in warfare is an optional element of strategic bombing which was first seen in 1915 during World War I. The bombing of cities grew to a vast scale in World War II, and is still practiced today. The development of aerial bombardment marked an increased capacity of armed forces to deliver ordnance from the air against combatants, military installations, and factories, with a greatly reduced risk to its ground forces.", "Air raids on Japan Allied forces conducted many air raids on Japan during World War II, causing extensive destruction to the country's cities and killing between 241,000 and 900,000 people. During the first years of the Pacific War, sparked by the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, these attacks were limited to the Doolittle Raid in April 1942 and small-scale raids on military positions in the Kuril Islands from mid-1943.", "Atomic bomb literature Atomic bomb literature (原爆文学, Genbaku bungaku) is a literary genre in Japanese literature used to describe writing about the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This can include diaries, testimonial or documentary accounts, poetry, drama or fictional works about the bombings and their aftermath.There are several generations of atomic bomb writers.", "Bockscar Bockscar, sometimes called Bock's Car, is the name of the United States Army Air Forces B-29 bomber that dropped a Fat Man nuclear weapon over the Japanese city of Nagasaki during World War II in the second – and last – nuclear attack in history. One of 15 Silverplate B-29s used by the 509th, Bockscar was built at the Glenn L. Martin Aircraft Plant at Bellevue, Nebraska, at what is now Offutt Air Force Base, and delivered to the United States Army Air Forces on 19 March 1945.", "Bombing of Hamburg in World War II The Allied bombing of Hamburg during World War II included numerous strategic bombing missions and diversion/nuisance raids.", "Bombing of Tokyo The Bombing of Tokyo (東京大空襲, Tōkyōdaikūshū), often referred to as a series of firebombing raids, was conducted as part of the air raids on Japan by the United States Army Air Forces during the Pacific campaigns of World War II. The US first mounted a small-scale raid on Tokyo in April 1942. Strategic bombing and urban area bombing began in 1944 after the long-range B-29 Superfortress bomber entered service, first deployed from China and thereafter the Mariana Islands.", "Bombing of Yawata (June 1944) The Bombing of Yawata on the night of 15/16 June 1944 was the first air raid on the Japanese home islands conducted by United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) strategic bombers during World War II. The raid was undertaken by 75 B-29 Superfortress heavy bombers staging from bases in China. Only 47 of these aircraft bombed the raid's primary target, the Imperial Iron and Steel Works at Yawata in northern Kyūshū, and little damage was caused.", "Brighter than a Thousand Suns: A Personal History of the Atomic Scientists Brighter than a Thousand Suns: A Personal History of the Atomic Scientists, by Austrian Robert Jungk, is the first published account of the Manhattan Project and the German atomic bomb project. It studied the making and dropping of the atomic bomb from the view of the atomic scientists. The book is largely based on personal interviews with the people who played a leading part in the construction and deployment of the bombs.", "Children of Hiroshima Children of Hiroshima (原爆の子, Genbaku no Ko, lit. Children of the Atomic Bomb) also released as Atom-Bombed Children in Hiroshima, is a 1952 Japanese film directed by Kaneto Shindo. It was entered into the 1953 Cannes Film Festival.", "Civilian casualties Civilian casualties is a military term describing civilians killed, injured, or imprisoned by military personnel or combatants. Civilian casualties can be associated with the outcome of any form of action regardless of whether civilians were targeted directly or not.", "Cosmic bomb (phrase) \"Cosmic bomb\" was another name for the atomic bomb. It was used for a short period of time in 1945 and 1946.", "Cultural treatments of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki This is a list of cultural products made about the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It includes literature, film, music and other art forms.", "Day One (1989 film) Day One is a made-for-TV documentary-drama movie about The Manhattan Project, the research and development of the atomic bomb during World War II. It is based on the book by Peter Wyden. The movie was written by David W. Rintels and directed by Joseph Sargent. It starred Brian Dennehy as General Leslie Groves, David Strathairn as Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer and Michael Tucker as Dr. Leo Szilard. It premiered in the United States on March 5, 1989 on the CBS network.", "Fat Man \"Fat Man\" was the codename for the type of atomic bomb that was detonated over the Japanese city of Nagasaki by the United States on 9 August 1945. It was the second of the only two nuclear weapons ever used in warfare, the first being Little Boy, and its detonation caused the third man-made nuclear explosion. It was built by scientists and engineers at Los Alamos Laboratory using plutonium from the Hanford Site and dropped from the Boeing B-29 Superfortress Bockscar.", "Firebombing Firebombing is a bombing technique designed to damage a target, generally an urban area, through the use of fire, caused by incendiary devices, rather than from the blast effect of large bombs. Although simple incendiary bombs have been used to destroy buildings since the start of gunpowder warfare, World War I saw the first use of strategic bombing from the air to destroy the ability of the enemy to wage war. Such as the German Zeppelin air raids conducted on London during the Great War.", "Fukuromachi Elementary School Peace Museum The Fukuromachi Elementary School Peace Museum (袋町小学校平和資料館 Fukuromachi Shogakkou Heiwa Shiryokan) is a peace museum in Fukuromachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, Japan. The school was one of the closest schools to ground zero when the atomic bomb fell on August 6, 1945. They lost about 160 students and teachers and the building was heavily damaged. After a few days, the school became a first aid station, and its black burned wall became a message board to find missing people.", "Full House (aircraft) This article relates to the B-29 named Full House. For the television series, see Full House.Full House was the name of a B-29 Superfortress (B-29-36-MO 44-27298, victor number 83) participating in the atomic bomb attack on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945.", "General Atomics Avenger The General Atomics Avenger (formerly Predator C) is a developmental unmanned combat air vehicle built by General Atomics Aeronautical Systems for the U.S. military. Its first flight occurred on 4 April 2009.", "Gerboise Bleue Gerboise Bleue \"\\blue jerboa\") was the name of the first French nuclear test. It was an atomic bomb detonated near Reggane, in the middle of the Algerian Sahara desert on 13 February 1960, during the Algerian War (1954–62). General Pierre Marie Gallois was instrumental in the endeavour, and earned the nickname of père de la bombe A (\"father of the A-bomb\").Gerboise is the French word for jerboa, a desert rodent found in the Sahara, while blue is the first color of the French tricolor flag.", "Grand Slam (bomb) The Grand Slam was a 22,000 lb (10,000 kg) earthquake bomb used by RAF Bomber Command against strategic targets during the Second World War. It was the most powerful non-atomic bomb used in the war.Known officially as the Bomb, Medium Capacity, 22,000 lb, it was a scaled-up version of the Tallboy bomb and closer to the original size that the bombs' inventor, Barnes Wallis, had envisaged when he first developed his earthquake bomb idea. It was also nicknamed \"Ten ton Tess\".", "Heavy bomber Heavy bombers are bomber aircraft with the greatest bomb load carrying capacity and longest range of their time. They have also typically been among the largest size aircraft in contemporary military or civil service.", "Honkawa Elementary School Peace Museum The Honkawa Elementary School Peace Museum (本川小学校平和資料館 Honkawa Shogakkou Heiwa Shiryokan) is a museum of the Peace in Honkawacho, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, Japan. The school was the closest school to ground zero. They lost about 400 students and more than 10 teachers, and the building took great amounts of damage from the atomic bomb dropped on August 6, 1945.", "Kermit Beahan Kermit K. Beahan (August 9, 1918 – March 10, 1989) was a career officer in the United States Air Force and its predecessor United States Army Air Forces during World War II. He was the bombardier on the crew flying the Boeing B-29 Superfortress Bockscar on August 9, 1945 (his 27th birthday), that dropped the second atomic bomb on Nagasaki, Japan.He also participated in the first atomic mission that bombed Hiroshima on August 6, 1945.", "Land mine A land mine is an explosive device concealed under or on the ground and designed to destroy or disable enemy targets, ranging from combatants to vehicles and tanks, as they pass over or near it. Such a device is typically detonated automatically by way of pressure when a target steps on it or drives over it, though other detonation mechanisms are also sometimes used.", "Laser-guided bomb A laser-guided bomb (LGB) is a guided bomb that uses semi-active laser guidance to strike a designated target with greater accuracy than an unguided bomb. First developed by the United States during the Vietnam War, laser-guided bombs quickly proved their value in precision strikes of difficult point targets. These weapons use on-board electronics to track targets that are designated by laser, typically in the infrared spectrum, and adjust their glide path to precisely strike the target.", "Laser designator A laser designator is a laser light source which is used to designate a target. Laser designators provide targeting for laser-guided bombs, missiles, or precision artillery munitions, such as the Paveway series of bombs, AGM-114 Hellfire, or the M712 Copperhead round, respectively.When a target is marked by a designator, the beam is invisible and does not shine continuously. Instead, a series of coded pulses of laser-light are fired.", "Leslie Groves Lieutenant General Leslie Richard Groves, Jr. (17 August 1896 – 13 July 1970) was a United States Army Corps of Engineers officer who oversaw the construction of the Pentagon and directed the Manhattan Project, a top secret research project that developed the atomic bomb during World War II. As the son of a United States Army chaplain, Groves lived at a number of Army posts during his childhood.", "List of military strikes against presumed terrorist targets This article documents military strikes by governments against presumed terrorist targets outside war zones. For an event to qualify, it must involve military weapons and the target must be thought by the government ordering the strike to be of terrorist nature. The most recent events appear first.", "Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project was a research and development project that produced the first nuclear weapons during World War II. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada. From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer was the director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory that designed the actual bombs.", "Mark Oliphant Sir Marcus \"Mark\" Laurence Elwin Oliphant, AC, KBE, FRS, FAA (8 October 1901 – 14 July 2000) was an Australian physicist and humanitarian who played an important role in the first experimental demonstration of nuclear fusion and also the development of nuclear weapons.Born in Adelaide, South Australia, Oliphant graduated from the University of Adelaide in 1922.", "My Trial as a War Criminal \"My Trial as a War Criminal\" is a 1949 short story by atomic physicist Leo Szilard.Szilard had played a leading role in the Manhattan Project, and in the story he imagines the kind of show trial he might have had if he had been prosecuted in a manner similar to the Nuremberg Trials.Szilard drafted the letter Albert Einstein signed, to Franklin Roosevelt, suggesting the US develop the military uses of nuclear power.The story is set after World War II, shortly after the United States surrendered to the Soviet Union following a sneak attack using germ warfare.Szilard is offered a choice: He can volunteer to work on scientific projects in the Soviet Union, or he can remain in the United States, and stand trial as a war criminal for his role in the development and use of the first atomic bombs during the Second World War.Szilard chooses to stand trial. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Trial_as_a_War_Criminal?oldid=491926999> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/The_Paris_Concert_(Oscar_Peterson_album)> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> The Paris Concert is a 1978 live album by Oscar Peterson, accompanied by Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen, and Joe Pass.", "Nagasaki Peace Park Nagasaki Peace Park is a park located in Nagasaki, Japan, commemorating the atomic bombing of the city on August 9, 1945 during World War II. It is next to the Atomic Bomb Museum and near the Peace Memorial Hall.", "Nuclear artillery Nuclear artillery is a subset of limited-yield tactical nuclear weapons, in particular those weapons that are launched from the ground at battlefield targets.", "Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll The nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll program was a series of 23 nuclear devices detonated by the United States between 1946 and 1958 at seven test sites on the reef itself, on the sea, in the air and underwater. The test weapons produced a combined fission yield of 42.2 Mt of explosive power. The testing began with the Operation Crossroads series in July 1946.", "Nuclear weapon design Nuclear weapon designs are physical, chemical, and engineering arrangements that cause the physics package of a nuclear weapon to detonate. There are three existing basic design types. In most existing designs, the explosive energy of deployed devices is derived primarily from nuclear fission, not fusion.Pure fission weapons were the first nuclear weapons built and have so far been the only type ever used in warfare.", "Nuclear weapons and Israel Israel is widely believed to possess nuclear weapons and to be the sixth country in the world to have developed them, allegedly having built its first nuclear weapon in December 1966. It is one of four nuclear-armed countries not recognized as a Nuclear Weapons State by the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), the others being India, Pakistan and North Korea. Israel maintains a policy known as \"nuclear ambiguity\" (also known as \"nuclear opacity\").", "Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom The United Kingdom was the third country to test an independently developed nuclear weapon, in October 1952. It is one of the five nuclear-weapon states under the NPT and a permanent member of the UN Security Council. Since the 1958 US-UK Mutual Defence Agreement, the United States and the United Kingdom have cooperated extensively on nuclear security matters.", "Nuclear weapons delivery Nuclear weapons delivery is the technology and systems used to place a nuclear weapon at the position of detonation, on or near its target. Several methods have been developed to carry out this task.Strategic nuclear weapons are used primarily as part of a doctrine of deterrence by threatening large targets, such as cities. Weapons meant for use in limited military maneuvers, such as destroying specific military, communications, or infrastructure targets, are known as tactical nuclear weapons.", "Operation Crossroads Operation Crossroads was a pair of nuclear weapon tests conducted by the United States at Bikini Atoll in mid-1946. They were the first nuclear weapon tests since Trinity in July 1945, and the first detonations of nuclear devices since the atomic bombing of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945.", "Operation Hurricane Operation Hurricane was the test of the first UK atomic device on 3 October 1952. A plutonium implosion device was detonated in the lagoon between the Montebello Islands, Western Australia, just over three years after the Soviet Union detonated a similar plutonium implosion device in September 1949.", "Original Child Bomb Original Child Bomb is a 2004 documentary about the aftermath of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The film premiered at the 2004 Tribeca Film Festival and was aired on many stations on August 6, 2005, the 60th anniversary of the bombings. The title of the film was inspired by Thomas Merton's poem of the same name, which is quoted throughout the film.The documentary employs color footage that had previously been labeled top secret by the US government.", "Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction Pakistan is one of nine states to poses nuclear weapons, and the only Muslim majority country to do so. Pakistan began development of nuclear weapons in January 1972 under Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who delegated the program to the Chairman of PAEC Munir Ahmad Khan with a commitment to have the bomb ready by the end of 1976.", "Progressive war Progressive war is a military strategy where only enemy combatants are targeted and non-combatants killed or wounded due to collateral damage are kept to a minimum. The principles for Progressive War were established by Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius who is consider a founder of international law in his book De jure belli ac pacis libri tres (On the Law of War and Peace: Three books) published in 1625.", "RDS-1 The RDS-1 (Russian: РДС-1), also known as Izdeliye 501 (device 501) and First Lightning (Первая молния, Pervaya molniya), was used in the Soviet Union's first nuclear weapon test. The United States assigned it the code-name Joe-1, in reference to Joseph Stalin. It was exploded on 29 August 1949 at 7:00 AM, at Semipalatinsk, Kazakh SSR, after a top-secret R&D project.", "Ronald Shaw Ronald Shaw (1920 - 9 August 1945) was a corporal in the Royal Air Force. He is noted for being the first prisoner of war to be listed at the Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims and the second non-Japanese (the first being a Chinese civilian).He was captured when his plane was shot down by Japanese forces near Java, and was then sent to a prisoner-of-war camp in Nagasaki, where, on 9 August 1945, he was killed when an atomic bomb hit the city.", "Soviet atomic bomb project The Soviet project to develop an atomic bomb (Russian: Создание советской атомной бомбы) was a top secret research and development program begun during World War II, in the wake of the Soviet Union's discovery of the American, British, and Canadian nuclear project. This scientific research was directed by Soviet nuclear physicist Igor Kurchatov, while the military logistics and intelligence efforts were undertaken and managed by NKVD people's commissar Lavrentiy Beria.", "Strategic bombing Strategic bombing is a military strategy used in a total war with the goal of defeating the enemy by destroying their morale or their economic ability to produce and transport materiel to the theatres of military operations, or both.", "Strategic bombing during World War II Strategic bombing during World War II was the sustained aerial attack on railways, harbours, cities, workers' housing, and industrial districts in enemy territory during World War II.", "Strategic nuclear weapon A strategic nuclear weapon refers to a nuclear weapon which is designed to be used on targets as part of a strategic plan, such as nuclear missile bases, military command centers, factories, and heavily populated areas such as cities and towns.They are in contrast to tactical nuclear weapons, which are designed for use in battle, as part of an attack with conventional weapon forces.", "Survival Under Atomic Attack Survival Under Atomic Attack was the title of an official United States government booklet released by the Executive Office of the President, the National Security Resources Board (document 130), and the Civil Defense Office. Released at the onset of the Cold War era, the pamphlet was in line with rising fears that the Soviet Union would launch a nuclear attack against the United States, and outlined what to do in the event of an atomic attack.", "Tactical nuclear weapon A tactical nuclear weapon (or TNW) also known as non-strategic nuclear weapon refers to a nuclear weapon which is designed to be used on a battlefield in military situations. This is opposed to strategic nuclear weapons which are designed to be used against enemy cities, factories, and other larger-area targets to damage the enemy's ability to wage war. Tactical nuclear weapons were a large part of the peak nuclear weapons stockpile levels during the Cold War.", "Targeted killing Targeted killing is the premeditated killing (assassination) of an individual by a state organization or institution outside a judicial procedure or a battlefield.Targeted killings were employed extensively by death squads in El Salvador, Nicaragua, Colombia, and Haiti within the context of civil unrest and war during the 1980s and 1990s. Targeted killings have also been used in Somalia, Rwanda, and in the Balkans during the Yugoslav Wars.", "The Beginning or the End The Beginning or the End (1947) is an American docudrama film about the development of the atomic bomb in World War II, directed by Norman Taurog, starring Brian Donlevy and Hume Cronyn, and released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). The film dramatizes the creation of the atomic bomb in the Manhattan Project and the bombing of Hiroshima.The film originated in October 1945 as a project of actress Donna Reed and her high school science teacher, Edward R.", "The Great Artiste The Great Artiste was a U.S. Army Air Forces Silverplate B-29 bomber (B-29A-40-MO 44-27353, Victor number 89), assigned to the 393d Bomb Squadron, 509th Composite Group. The name purportedly referred to the talents of the bombardier, Captain Kermit Beahan. It flew 12 training and practice missions in which it bombed Japanese-held Pacific islands and dropped pumpkin bombs on targets in Japan.", "The Last Train from Hiroshima The Last Train From Hiroshima: The Survivors Look Back is a book by American author Charles R. Pellegrino and published on January 19, 2010 by Henry Holt and Company that documents life in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in the time immediately preceding, during and following the aftermath of the atomic bombings of Japan.", "Thermonuclear weapon A thermonuclear weapon is a nuclear weapon that uses the energy from a primary nuclear fission reaction to compress and ignite a secondary nuclear fusion reaction. The result is greatly increased explosive power when compared to single-stage fission weapons. It is colloquially referred to as a hydrogen bomb or H-bomb because it employs hydrogen fusion.", "Town of Evening Calm, Country of Cherry Blossoms Town of Evening Calm, Country of Cherry Blossoms (Japanese: 夕凪の街 桜の国, Hepburn: Yūnagi no Machi, Sakura no Kuni) is a one-volume manga written and illustrated by Fumiyo Kōno. The two connected stories were first published in Japan by Futabasha in Weekly Manga Action in 2003 and 2004, then collected in a single tankōbon volume in 2004. The story is about a family of survivors of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima.", "Trinity (nuclear test) Trinity was the code name of the first detonation of a nuclear weapon, conducted by the United States Army on July 16, 1945, as part of the Manhattan Project. The White Sands Proving Ground, where the test was conducted, was in the Jornada del Muerto desert about 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Socorro, New Mexico, on the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range.", "Trinity and Beyond Trinity and Beyond: The Atomic Bomb Movie is a 1995 American documentary film directed by Peter Kuran and narrated by William Shatner. Using restored archive footage, the film traces the development of nuclear weapons and their testing, from America's Trinity test of 1945 (hence the title) to the first Chinese atomic bomb test in 1964. Kuran's commentary on the DVD version claims that the DVD replaces some of the original footage with better-quality versions.", "United States and state terrorism Several scholars have accused the United States of conducting state terrorism. They have written about the liberal democracies' use of state terrorism, particularly in relation to the Cold War. According to them, state terrorism was used to protect the interest of capitalist elites, and the US organized a neo-colonial system of client states, co-operating with local elites to rule through terror.", "V-1 flying bomb The V-1 flying bomb (German: Vergeltungswaffe 1,)—also known to the Allies as the buzz bomb, or doodlebug, and in Germany as Kirschkern (cherrystone) or Maikäfer (maybug)—was an early pulsejet-powered cruise missile.The V-1 was developed at Peenemünde Army Research Center by the Nazi German Luftwaffe during the Second World War. During initial development it was known by the codename \"Cherry Stone\".", "William Penney, Baron Penney William George Penney, Baron Penney OM, KBE, PhD, DSc, FRS, FRSE, FIC, Hon FCGI (24 June 1909 – 3 March 1991), was an English mathematician and professor of mathematical physics at the Imperial College London and later the rector of Imperial College.", "William Sterling Parsons Rear Admiral William Sterling \"Deak\" Parsons (26 November 1901 – 5 December 1953) was an American Naval officer who worked as an ordnance expert on the Manhattan Project during World War II. He is best known for being the weaponeer on the Enola Gay, the aircraft which dropped the Little Boy atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan in 1945.A 1922 graduate of the United States Naval Academy, Parsons served on a variety of warships beginning with the battleship USS Idaho.", "Yahata, Fukuoka Yahata (八幡市, Yahata-shi) was a city in Japan until it was absorbed into the newly created city of Kitakyushu in 1963. Its former area is as of 2007 part of two distinct wards: Yahata Higashi-ku and Yahata Nishi-ku.The city was fire-bombed in World War II in early August 1945, and the resulting smoke obscured the nearby town of Kokura, causing the planes en route to drop the atomic weapon \"Fat Man\" to head to their secondary target, Nagasaki." ]

[ "Anyangcheon The Anyangcheon is a river in Gyeonggi-do and Seoul, South Korea. It has its source on the slopes of Mount Gwanggyo in the city of Uiwang and flows north, through the city of Gunpo, where a major cleanup operation saw several species of birds return to the area in 2005. Here, though, the water table remains depleted. The river then flows through Anyang City, where it is met by its major tributary, the Hakuicheon stream.", "Geography of South Korea South Korea is located in East Asia, on the southern half of the Korean Peninsula jutting out from the far east of the Asian land mass. The only country with a land border to South Korea is North Korea, lying to the north with 238 kilometres (148 mi) of border running along the Korean Demilitarized Zone. South Korea is mostly surrounded by water and has 2,413 kilometres (1,499 mi) of coast line along three seas.", "Han Chinese The Han Chinese are an ethnic group native to East Asia. They constitute approximately 92% of the population of Mainland China, 93% of the population of Hong Kong, 92% of the population of Macau, 98% of the population of Taiwan, 74% of the population of Singapore, 24.5% of the population of Malaysia, and about 19% of the entire global human population, making them the largest ethnic group in the world.", "Han River (Korea) The Han River is a major river in South Korea and the fourth longest river on the Korean peninsula after the Amnok (Yalu), Tuman (Tumen), and Nakdong rivers. The river begins as two smaller rivers in the eastern mountains of the Korean peninsula, which then converge near Seoul, the capital of the country.The Han River and its surrounding area have played an important role in Korean history.", "List of ethnic groups in China Multiple ethnic groups populate China, where \"China\" is taken to mean areas controlled by either of the two states using \"China\" in their formal names, the People's Republic of China (China) and the Republic of China (Taiwan).The Han Chinese are the largest ethnic group, where (as of 2010) some 91.51% of the population was classified as Han Chinese (~1.3 billion)." ]

[ "Battle of the Imjin River For the similarly named battle during the Seven-Year War, see Battle of Imjin River (1592).The Battle of the Imjin River, also known as the Battles of Solma-ri (Korean: 설마리 전투) or Battle of Gloster Hill (글로스터 고지 전투) in South Korea, or as Battle of Xuemali (Chinese: 雪马里战斗; pinyin: Xuě Mǎ Lǐ Zhàn Dòu) in China, took place 22–25 April 1951 during the Korean War.", "China Factory (restaurant) China Factory (Hangul: 차이나팩토리) is a restaurant chain based in South Korea owned by the CJ Group. As of 2014, the chain had over 17 retail stores in South Korea.", "Chinatowns in Asia Chinatowns in Asia are widespread with a large concentration of overseas Chinese in East Asia and Southeast Asia and ethnic Chinese whose ancestors came from southern China - particularly the provinces of Guangdong, Fujian, and Hainan - and settled in countries such as Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Japan and Korea centuries ago—starting as early as the Tang Dynasty, but mostly notably in the 17th through the 19th centuries (during the reign of the Qing Dynasty), and well into the 20th century.These ethnic Chinese arrived from southern mainland China and were mainly Chinese people of Cantonese (Vietnam), Hakka (India, East Timor, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand, Burma / Myanmar, Brunei), Hokkien (Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, Myanmar), and Teochew/Chaozhou (Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam ) stock and pockets of Hainanese, Hokchew and Henghwa in some countries.The largest Chinatown in Asia is located in Yokohama, Japan.", "Chinese People's Volunteer Army order of battle This is the order of battle for Chinese People's Volunteer Army during major periods of hostilities in the Korean War. After the People's Republic of China entered the Korean War in October 1950 by designating the People's Liberation Army (PLA) North East Frontier Force as the People's Volunteer Army (PVA), the PVA spent the next two years and nine months in combat operations and five years and three months in garrison duties.", "Chinese Spring Offensive The Chinese Spring Offensive, also known as the Chinese Fifth Phase Offensive, was a military operation conducted by the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA) during the Korean War. Mobilizing three field armies totaling 700,000 men for the operation, the Chinese command conducted their largest offensive operation since Second Phase Offensive in November and December 1950.", "Chinese people in Korea There has been a recognisable community of Chinese people in Korea since the 1880s. Most early migrants came from Shandong province on the east coast of China; many of them and their descendants have emigrated. However, the reform and opening up of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the normalisation of People's Republic of China – South Korea relations has resulted in a new wave of Chinese migration to South Korea.", "Chunghwa TV Chunghwa TV, owned by CJ E&M, is a Chinese television channel with Korean subtitles, also catering to the ethnic Chinese population. It broadcasts various programs such as Chinese lessons, music videos, news, dramas, etc. The company headquarters is located in Seoul, South Korea.", "Communist Party of Korea The Communist Party of Korea (Korean: 조선공산당) was a communist party in Korea. It was founded during a secret meeting in Seoul in 1925. The Governor-General of Korea had banned communist parties under the Peace Preservation Law (see History of Korea), so the party had to operate in a clandestine manner. The leaders of the party were Kim Yong-bom and Pak Hon-yong. The party became the Korean section of the Communist International at the 6th congress of the international in August–September 1928.", "Dejan Damjanović Dejan Damjanović (Cyrillic: Дејан Дамјановић; born 27 July 1981), nicknamed Boske, or simply called Dejan is a Montenegrin football forward who plays for Beijing Guoan in the Chinese Super League.", "Demographics of South Korea This article is about the demographic features of the population of South Korea, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.On June 23, 2012 South Korea's population touched 50 million, making it the 26th country to reach that mark.", "Derung people The Derung (also spelt Drung or Dulong) people (simplified Chinese: 独龙族; traditional Chinese: 獨龍族; pinyin: Dúlóngzú; endonym: [tɯɹɯŋ]) are an ethnic group. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the China. Their population of 6,000 is found in the Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan in the Derung Valley of Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County.", "Dobong District Dobong District (Dobong-gu) is one of the 25 districts (gu) of Seoul, South Korea. It is located on the north side of the Han River.", "Dongjak District Dongjak District (Dongjak-gu) is one of the 25 gu which make up the city of Seoul, South Korea. Its name was derived from the Dongjaegi Naruteo Ferry, located on the Han River which borders the district to the north. It was the 17th gu created in Seoul, after being separated from Gwanak District on April 1, 1980.", "East Asia East Asia or Eastern Asia is the eastern subregion of the Asian continent, which can be defined in either geographical or cultural terms. Geographically and geopolitically, it covers about 12,000,000 km2 (4,600,000 sq mi), or about 28% of the Asian continent, about 15% bigger than the area of Europe.More than 1.5 billion people, about 38% of the population of Asia and 22% or over one fifth of all the people in the world, live in East Asia.", "Ethnic Chinese in Russia Ethnic Chinese in Russia officially numbered 34,577 according to the 2002 census. However, this figure is contested, with the Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission of the Republic of China on Taiwan claiming 998,000 in 2004 and 2005, and Russian demographers generally accepting estimates in the 200,000–400,000 range as of 2004.", "Ethnic groups in Chinese history Ethnic groups in Chinese history refer to various or presumed ethnicities of significance to the history of China, gathered through the study of Classical Chinese literature, Chinese and non-Chinese literary sources and inscriptions, historical linguistics, and archaeological research.Among the difficulties in the study of ethnic groups in China are the relatively long periods of time involved, together with the large volume of literary and historical records which have accompanied the history of China.", "Ethnic minorities in China Ethnic minorities in China are the non-Han Chinese population in the People's Republic of China. The People's Republic of China (PRC) officially recognizes 55 ethnic minority groups within China in addition to the Han majority. As of 2010, the combined population of officially recognised minority groups comprised 8.49% of the population of mainland China.", "Gangnam District The Gangnam District (Hangul: 강남구; hanja: 江南區; RR: Gangnam-gu) is one of the 25 gu (local government districts) which make up the city of Seoul, South Korea. Gangnam [kaŋnam] literally means \"South of the (Han) River\".As of the 2010 census, Gangnam District had a population of 527,641, making it the 4th most populated district in Seoul. Gangnam District is the third largest district in Seoul, with an area of 39.5 km2 (15.3 sq mi).", "Geum River The Geum River is located in South Korea. It is a major river that originates in Jangsu-eup, North Jeolla Province. It flows northward through North Jeolla and North Chungcheong Provinces and then changes direction in the vicinity of Greater Daejeon and flows southwest through South Chungcheong Province before emptying into the Yellow Sea near Gunsan city.The river is 401 kilometres (249 mi) long, making it the third longest in South Korea.", "Gimpo Gimpo is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. It borders Incheon, with which it shares the South Korean side of the Han River estuary, as well as Seoul and the lesser cities of Paju and Goyang. North Korea is across the Han River. The current mayor is Young-Rok,Yoo. The city's population of more than 300,000 is made up of more than 71,000 households.Gimpo Airport (formerly Kimpo International Airport) used to be located inside the city, but is now part of Seoul.", "Gimpo International Airport Gimpo International Airport (Korean: 김포국제공항 [kimpʰoɡuktɕ͈eɡoŋhaŋ]), commonly known as Gimpo Airport (IATA: GMP, ICAO: RKSS) (formerly Kimpo International Airport), is located in the far western end of Seoul, some 15 km (9 mi) west of the Central District of Seoul. Gimpo was the main international airport for Seoul and South Korea before being replaced by Incheon International Airport in 2001.", "Han Chinese subgroups The sub groups of the Han Chinese are based on linguistics, culture and region within mainland China.", "Han Xianchu Han Xianchu (Chinese: 韩先楚; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Han Sian-chho; 1913–1986) was a general of the Chinese Communist Party. Han participated in many military campaigns and battles such as Battle of Pingxingguan, Liaoshen Campaign, Pingjin Campaign, Hainan Campaign, and the Korean War. In 1955 he was among the first group of military leaders to be awarded the Shang Jiang (Senior General) rank.", "Hedong Korean Ethnic Township Hedong Korean Ethnic Township (simplified Chinese: 河东朝鲜族乡; traditional Chinese: 河東朝鮮族鄉; pinyin: Hédōng Cháoxiǎnzú Xiāng; literally: \"river east\" Korean: 하동 조선족 향) is a township under the administration and in the northeastern suburbs of Shangzhi in southern Heilongjiang province, China, located 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from downtown. As of 2011, it has nine villages under its administration.", "History of Korea The Lower Paleolithic era in the Korean Peninsula began roughly half a million years ago. The earliest known Korean pottery dates to around 8000 BC, and the Neolithic period began after 6000 BC, followed by the Bronze Age by 800 BC, and the Iron Age around 400 BC.According to the mythic account recounted in the Samguk Yusa, the Gojoseon (Old Joseon) kingdom was founded in northern Korea and Manchuria in 2333 BC.", "Hyelim Woo Hyelim (Korean: 우혜림; Chinese: 禹惠林; Japanese: ウ·へリム; born September 1, 1992), commonly known as Lim, Hyelim, or Christina Woo, is a South Korean idol singer, model, rapper, lyricist and composer.", "Index of Korea-related articles This is a list of articles on Korea-related people, places, things, and concepts. For help on how to use this list, see the introduction below.", "Jang Soo-young Jang Soo-young (born 22 September 1988) is a South Korean female badminton player.", "Jilin Jilin (Chinese: 吉林; pinyin: Jílín; former official name: Kirin) is one of the three provinces of Northeast China. Jilin borders North Korea and Russia to the east, Heilongjiang to the north, Liaoning to the south, and Inner Mongolia to the west.", "Jongno District Jongno District (Jongno-gu) is a gu, or district, in central Seoul, South Korea. It takes its name from a major local street, Jongno, which means \"Bell Street\".", "Jung District, Seoul Jung District (Jung-gu), literally meaning Central District, is one of the 25 gu which make up the city of Seoul, South Korea. It is located on the north side of the Han River, and as its name implies, is the historical center of the city.Located in the heart of Seoul, Jung District is an area with a variety of old and new.", "Kim Dong-jin There are at least three other footballers with the same name; this article refers to the one who played international matches for his national team.Kim Dong-Jin (born 29 January 1982 in Dongducheon) is a South Korean footballer who currently plays for Thai Premier League side Muangthong United as left back. He can also play as a centre back.", "Kim Jin-kyu Kim Jin-Kyu (born February 16, 1985) is a South Korean football player who currently plays for FC Seoul. He has gained reputation as a defender who is also capable of scoring.", "Kim Ryeo-ryeong Kim Ryeo-ryeong (Hangul: 김려령; born 1971) is a South Korean writer.", "Korea Korea, called Hanguk (Korean: 한국; Hanja: 韓國) or Daehan (Korean: 대한; Hanja: 大韓) in South Korea and Chosŏn (Korean: 조선; Hanja: 朝鮮) in North Korea and elsewhere, is an East Asian territory that is divided into two distinct sovereign states, North Korea (also known as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, or DPRK) and South Korea (also known as the Republic of Korea, or ROK). Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by China to the northwest and Russia to the northeast.", "Korean Peninsula The Korean Peninsula is a peninsula in East Asia. It extends southwards for about 684 miles (1,100 km) from continental Asia into the Pacific Ocean and is surrounded by the Sea of Japan to the east, and the Yellow Sea to the west, the Korea Strait connecting the first two bodies of water.", "Korean War The Korean War (in South Korean Hangul: 한국전쟁, Hanja: 韓國戰爭, Hanguk Jeonjaeng, \"Korean War\"; in North Korean Chosungul: 조국해방전쟁, Joguk Haebang Jeonjaeng, \"Fatherland Liberation War\"; 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was a war between North and South Korea, in which a United Nations force led by the United States of America fought for the South, and China fought for the North, which was also assisted by the Soviet Union.", "Korean reunification Korean reunification refers to the potential future reunification of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (commonly known as North Korea), the Republic of Korea (commonly known as South Korea), and the Korean Demilitarized Zone under a single government. The process towards such a merger was started by the June 15th North–South Joint Declaration in June 2000, where the two countries agreed to work towards a peaceful reunification in the future.", "Koreans The Koreans (Hangul: 한민족; hanja: 韓民族; alternatively Hangul: 조선민족; hanja: 朝鮮民族, see names of Korea) are a historic people based in the Korean Peninsula and Manchuria. In the last century and a half, the 7 million people of the Korean diaspora have spread along the Pacific Rim, especially to China, United States and Japan.", "Koreans in China The population of Koreans in China include millions of descendants of Korean immigrants with citizenship of the People's Republic of China, as well as smaller groups of South and North Korean expatriates, with a total of roughly 2.3 million people as of 2009, making it the largest ethnic Korean population living outside the Korean Peninsula.Chaoxianzu (Chinese: 朝鲜族) or Chosŏnjok (Chosŏn'gŭl: 조선족) form one of the 56 ethnicities officially recognized by the Chinese government.", "Koreans in Japan Koreans in Japan are the ethnic Korean residents of Japan. They currently constitute the second largest ethnic group in Japan. The majority of Koreans in Japan are Zainichi Koreans, often known simply as Zainichi (在日, lit. \"(non-Japanese) residing in Japan\"), who are the permanent ethnic Korean residents of Japan.", "Koreatown A Koreatown (Korean: 코리아타운 Koliataun), also known as a Little Korea or Little Seoul, is a Korean ethnic enclave within a city or metropolitan area outside of the Korean Peninsula.", "Koryo-saram Koryo-saram (Cyrillic: Корё сарам, Hangul: 고려사람) is the name which ethnic Koreans in the post-Soviet states use to refer to themselves. The term is composed of two constituents: \"Koryo\", which refers to Korea from the years 918 AD to 1392 AD, and \"Saram\", which means \"Person\". Approximately 500,000 ethnic Koreans reside in the former Soviet Union, primarily in the now-independent states of Central Asia.", "Lee Myung-bak Lee Myung-bak (Hangul: 이명박; /ˌliː ˌmjʌŋ ˈbɑːk/; Korean: [i mjʌŋbak]; born December 19, 1941) was the 10th President of South Korea from February 25, 2008, to February 25, 2013. Before his election as president, he was the CEO of Hyundai Engineering and Construction, as well as the mayor of Seoul from July 1, 2002, to June 30, 2006. He is married to Kim Yoon-ok and has three daughters and one son. His older brother, Lee Sang-deuk, is a South Korean politician.", "List of Chinese administrative divisions by ethnic group The list below outlines the distribution of the nationalities of China among provinces and province-level entities of the People's Republic of China (P.R.C.) according to the census of 2000. The provinces and province-level entities are listed by region.", "List of contemporary ethnic groups The following is a list of contemporary ethnic groups.There has been constant debate over the classification of ethnic groups. Membership of an ethnic group tends to be associated with shared cultural heritage, ancestry, history, homeland, language or dialect, the term culture specifically including aspects such as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing style, etc.", "Malaysian Chinese The Malaysian Chinese or Chinese Malaysian (Chinese: trad 馬來西亞華人, simp 马来西亚华人, pin Mǎláixīyà Huárén) consists of people of full or partial Chinese – particularly Han Chinese ancestry who were born in or immigrated to Malaysia. In 2010, there were nearly 6,960,900 people self-identifying as \"Chinese\" who hold Malaysian nationality.", "Miracle on the Han River The Miracle on the Han River (Hangul: 한강의 기적; hanja: 漢江의 奇蹟; RR: Hangangui Gijeok) is a term used to refer to South Korea's postwar export-fueled economic growth, including rapid industrialization, technological achievement, education boom, large rise in living standards, rapid urbanization, skyscraper boom, modernization, successful hosting of the 1988 Summer Olympics and co-hosting of the 2002 FIFA World Cup.", "Mongolians in South Korea Mongolians in South Korea form the world's largest population of Mongolian citizens abroad.", "Names of Seoul Seoul has been known in the past by the successive names Wiryeseong (위례성; 慰禮城, Baekje era), Namgyeong (남경; 南京, Goryeo era), Hanseong (한성; 漢城, Joseon era) or Hanyang (한양; 漢陽). During the period of Japanese colonial rule (1907-1945), Seoul was named Keijō (京城) (in Japanese) or Gyeongseong (경성; 京城) (in Korean) . Its current name is Seoul, and this name has been in use since at least 1882, at times concurrently with other names.", "Nanta (show) Nanta (Hangul: 난타; hanja: 亂打, also known as Cookin or Cookin' Nanta) is a South Korea and Chinese non-verbal comedy show that incooperate traditional samul nori rhythm. It premiered in October 1997 in Hoam Art Hall in Seoul.", "North Korea North Korea (About this sound listen), officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK; Chosŏn'gŭl: 조선민주주의인민공화국; hancha: 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國; MR: Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk), is a country in East Asia, in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. The name Korea is derived from the Kingdom of Goguryeo, also spelled as Koryŏ. The capital and largest city is Pyongyang.", "Nu people The Nu people (Chinese: 怒族; pinyin: Nùzú; alternative names include Nusu, Nung, Zauzou and Along) are one of the 56 ethnic groups recognized by the People's Republic of China. Their population of 27,000 is divided into the Northern, Central and Southern groups. Their homeland is a country of high mountains and deep ravines crossed by the Dulong, Irrawaddy (N'Mai River and Mali River), and Nujiang rivers.", "Overseas Chinese Overseas Chinese (traditional Chinese: 海外華人; simplified Chinese: 海外华人; pinyin: Hǎiwài Huárén) are people of Chinese birth or descent who live outside the People's Republic of China and Republic of China (Taiwan). People of partial Chinese ancestry living outside the Greater China Area may also consider themselves overseas Chinese. Overseas Chinese can be of the Han Chinese ethnic majority, or from any of the other ethnic groups in China.", "People's Volunteer Army The (Chinese) People's Volunteer Army (PVA or CPVA; simplified Chinese: 中国人民志愿军; traditional Chinese: 中國人民志願軍; pinyin: Zhōngguó Rénmín Zhìyuàn Jūn) was the armed forces deployed by the People's Republic of China during the Korean War.", "Russians in Korea Russians in Korea do not form a very large population, but they have a history going back to the Korean Empire. The community of Russian subjects/citizens in Korea has historically included not just ethnic Russians, but members of minority groups of Russia as well, such as Tatars, Poles, and, more recently, return migrants from among the Koryo-saram (ethnic Koreans whose ancestors migrated to the Russian Far East in the late 19th century) and Sakhalin Koreans.", "Sakhalin Koreans Sakhalin Koreans are Russian citizens and residents of Korean descent living on Sakhalin Island, who trace their roots to the immigrants from the Gyeongsang and Jeolla provinces of Korea during the late 1930s and early 1940s, the latter half of the Japanese colonial era.", "Samsung Samsung (Hangul: 삼성; hanja: 三星; Korean pronunciation: [sʰamsʰʌŋ]) is a South Korean multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul. It comprises numerous subsidiaries and affiliated businesses, most of them united under the Samsung brand, and is the largest South Korean chaebol (business conglomerate).Samsung was founded by Lee Byung-chul in 1938 as a trading company.", "Seorae Village Seorae Village, sometimes nicknamed \"Montmartre\" due to its hilltop location, is a small French enclave in Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, South Korea. It is home to about 560 French people, roughly 40% of the French community in South Korea. Most of them are employees of French corporations doing business in the country. The majority (370) of the French population is actually children.The village began to form there in 1985, with the movement of Lycée Français de Séoul to the area.", "Seoul Seoul (; Korean: [sʰʌ.ul]) – officially the Seoul Special City – is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea, forming the heart of the Seoul Capital Area, which includes the surrounding Incheon metropolis and Gyeonggi province, the world's second largest metropolitan area with over 25.6 million people. It is home to over half of all South Koreans along with 678,102 international residents.", "Seoul Capital Area The Seoul Capital Area (SCA) is the metropolitan area of Seoul located in the north-west of South Korea.", "Seoul National University Seoul National University (SNU; Korean, 서울대학교, Seoul Daehakgyo, colloquially Seouldae) is a national research university located in Seoul, the capital of Korea. It is widely considered to be the most prestigious university in the country.In its current form, the university was founded in 1946, thus it is the oldest national university of the country. It located on three campuses: the main campus in Gwanak and two additional campuses in Daehangno and Suwon.", "South Korea South Korea (About this sound listen), officially the Republic of Korea (Hangul: 대한민국; hanja: 大韓民國; RR: Daehan Minguk, About this sound listen; lit. The Republic of Great Han; ROK), and commonly referred to as Korea, is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The name Korea is derived from the ancient Kingdom of Goguryeo, also known as Koryŏ.", "Super Junior-M Super Junior-M, often referred to as SJ-M, is a Chinese-South Korean boy band formed in 2008 by South Korea's S.M. Entertainment. The band is the first international music group in the Chinese music industry to have members of both Chinese and Korean descent.Super Junior-M is the third and most successful subgroup branched off from the Korean band Super Junior.", "The Eight Gates of Seoul The Eight Gates of Seoul are eight historical gates that were located in the Fortress Wall of Seoul, South Korea, which surrounded the city in the Joseon Dynasty. Six of these gates exist today (2014). All eight gates were originally built between 1396 and 1398.", "The Plaza Hotel Seoul THE PLAZA is a South Korean operator of hotels and is affiliated to Preferred Hotels & Resorts, the top level of the six brands of Preferred Hotel Group. Yuji Hirahara is the current General Manager.", "Third Battle of Seoul The Third Battle of Seoul, also known as the Chinese New Year's Offensive, the January–Fourth Retreat (Korean: 1•4 후퇴) or the Third Phase Campaign Western Sector (Chinese: 第三次战役西线; pinyin: Dì Sān Cì Zhàn Yì Xī Xiàn), was a battle of the Korean War, which took place from December 31, 1950 to January 7, 1951 around the South Korean capital of Seoul.", "Uniq (band) UNIQ (Hangul: 유니크) is a five-member Chinese-South Korean boy group formed by Chinese company Yuehua Entertainment in 2014. The group consists of Zhou Yixuan, Kim Sungjoo, Li Wenhan, Cho Seungyoun, and Wang Yibo. UNIQ officially debuted on October 20, 2014 with their debut single \"Falling In Love\" in both China and South Korea.", "Unrecognized ethnic groups in China Several ethnic groups of the People's Republic of China are not officially recognized. Taken together, these groups (未识别民族 wèi shíbié mínzú) number more than 730,000 people; if considered as a single group, they would constitute the twentieth most populous ethnic group of China.", "Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture Yanbian (Chinese: 延边, South Korean transliteration: 옌볜, Chinese Korean: 연변) is an Autonomous Prefecture in northeastern Jilin Province, People's Republic of China, just north of the border with North Korea. Yanbian is bordered to the north by Heilongjiang, on the west by Baishan City and Jilin City, on the south by North Hamgyong Province of North Korea, and on the east by Primorsky Krai of Russia.", "Yeongdeungpo District Yeongdeungpo District (Yeongdeungpo-gu) is an administrative district in southwest Seoul, South Korea. Although the origin of the name is uncertain, the first two syllables are thought to be from \"yeongdeung\" (靈登) or \"divine ascent\", a shamanic rite. The third syllable is \"po\", representing the bank of a river (浦), referring to the district's position on the Han River. The 2006 population was 408,819.", "Yeouido Yeouido (Yoi Island or Yeoui Island) is a large island in the Han River in Seoul, South Korea. It is Seoul's main business and investment banking district. Its 8.4 square kilometers are home to some 30,988 people. The island is located in the Yeongdeungpo-gu district of Seoul, and largely corresponds to the precinct of Yeouido-dong.", "Yongsan District Yongsan District (Yongsan-gu) is a district of Seoul, South Korea. Its name means \"Dragon Hill\", derived from the hanja characters for dragon (龍 yong) and hill/mountain (山 san). It sits to the north of the Han River under the shadow of Seoul Tower. It is in the center of Seoul. It is home to roughly 250,000 people and is divided into 20 dong, or neighborhoods.", "Yoon Eun-hye Yoon Eun-hye (Korean: 윤은혜; born October 3, 1984) is a South Korean actress, director, singer, entertainer and model. She debuted as a member of girl group Baby V.O.X, staying with the group from 1999 to 2005. Yoon has since moved on to acting and is best known for starring in the television dramas Princess Hours (2006), The 1st Shop of Coffee Prince (2007), Missing You (2012), and Marry Him If You Dare (2013).", "Yuanyang County, Yunnan Yuanyang County (simplified Chinese: 元阳县; traditional Chinese: 元陽縣; pinyin: Yuányáng Xiàn; Hani: Yeiqyaq) is located in Honghe Prefecture in southeastern Yunnan province, China, along the Red River. It is well known for its spectacular rice-paddy terracing. Part of the area now forms the 45th World Heritage Site in China." ]

[ "Austria Austria (/ˈɒːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç]), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich, About this sound listen ), is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.5 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,879 square kilometres (32,386 sq mi).", "Austrian German Austrian German (German: Österreichisches Deutsch), Austrian Standard German, Standard Austrian German (German: Österreichisches Standarddeutsch) or Austrian High German (German: Österreichisches Hochdeutsch), is the variety of Standard German written and spoken in Austria.", "German Sign Language family The German Sign Language family is a small language family of sign languages, including German Sign Language, Polish Sign Language and probably Israeli Sign Language. The latter also had influence from Austrian Sign Language, which is unrelated, and the parentage is not entirely clear.", "German language German (Deutsch [ˈdɔʏtʃ]) is a West Germanic language that derives most of its vocabulary from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. Several German words are derived from Latin and Greek, and fewer are borrowed from French and English.", "German studies German studies is the field of humanities that researches, documents, and disseminates German language and literature in both its historic and present forms. Academic departments of German studies often include classes on German culture, German history, and German politics in addition to the language and literature component. Common German names for the field are Germanistik, Deutsche Philologie, and Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft und Literaturwissenschaft.", "Germanic languages The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of approximately 500 million people mainly in North America, Oceania, Central Europe, Western and Northern Europe.The West Germanic branch includes the two most widely spoken Germanic languages: English, with approximately 360–400 million native speakers, and German, with over 100 million native speakers.", "Germans Germans (German: Deutsche) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe, who share a common German ancestry, culture and history, and speak the German language as their native language.The English term Germans has historically referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages. Before the collapse of communism and the reunification of Germany in 1990, Germans constituted the largest divided nation in Europe by far.", "Germany Germany (/ˈdʒɜrməni/; German: Deutschland [ˈdɔʏtʃlant]), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, About this sound listen ), is a federal parliamentary republic in western-central Europe. It includes 16 constituent states and covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres (137,847 sq mi) with a largely temperate seasonal climate. Its capital and largest city is Berlin.", "History of German The history of the German language as separate from common West Germanic begins in the Early Middle Ages with the High German consonant shift. Old High German, Middle High German and Early Modern High German span the duration of the Holy Roman Empire. The 19th and 20th centuries saw the rise of Standard German and a decrease of dialectal variety.", "Languages of Germany The official language of Germany is Standard German, with over 95 percent of the country speaking Standard German or German dialects as their first language. This figure includes speakers of Northern Low Saxon, a recognized minority or regional language that is not considered separately from Standard German in statistics. Recognized minority languages have official status as well, usually in their respective regions.", "Languages of Liechtenstein Liechtenstein's official language is German, and the principality is the smallest of the four countries in Europe populated by a majority of German speakers. Other languages are also spoken by the foreign-born population, which makes up about 14% of the country (and two thirds of the workforce).).", "Languages of Luxembourg The linguistic situation in Luxembourg is characterised by the practice and the recognition of three official languages: French, German, and the national language Luxembourgish, established in law in 1984. These three languages are also referred to as the three administrative languages.Upon the founding of the country, French enjoyed the greatest prestige, and therefore gained preferential use as the official and administrative language.", "Languages of Switzerland The four national languages of Switzerland are German, French, Italian and Romansh.", "List of territorial entities where German is an official language The following is a list of the territorial entities where German is an official language. It includes countries, which have German as (one of) their nationwide official language(s), as well as dependent territories with German as a co-official language.", "Luxembourgish language Luxembourgish, Luxemburgish (/ˈlʌksəmˌbɜrɡɪʃ/) or Letzeburgesch (/ˌlɛtsᵊbɜrˈɡɛʃ/ or /ˈlɛtsᵊˌbɜrɡɪʃ/) (Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuergesch) is a Moselle Franconian variety of West Central German that is spoken mainly in Luxembourg.", "Old High German Old High German (OHG, German: Althochdeutsch, German abbr. Ahd.) is the earliest stage of the German language, conventionally covering the period from around 700 to 1050 AD. Coherent written texts do not appear until the second half of the 8th century, and some treat the period before 750 as \"prehistoric\" and date the start of Old High German proper to 750 for this reason.", "Plautdietsch language Plautdietsch, or Mennonite Low German, was originally a Low Prussian variety of East Low German, with Dutch influence, that developed in the 16th and 17th centuries in the Vistula delta area of Royal Prussia. The word is the form, in that language, of Plattdeutsch (Low German).", "Standard German Standard German (German: Standarddeutsch or Hochdeutsch) is the standardized variety of the German language used in formal contexts, and for communication between different dialect areas.", "Swiss German Swiss German (German: Schweizerdeutsch, Alemannic German: Schwyzerdütsch, Schwiizertüütsch, Schwizertitsch) refers to any of the Alemannic dialects spoken in Switzerland and in some Alpine communities in Northern Italy. Occasionally, the Alemannic dialects spoken in other countries are grouped together with Swiss German, as well, especially the dialects of Liechtenstein and Austrian Vorarlberg, which are closely associated to Switzerland's.Linguistically, Swiss German forms no unity.", "Upper German Upper German (German: About this sound Oberdeutsch ) is a family of High German dialects spoken primarily in the southern German-speaking area (Sprachraum)." ]

[ "10 Sekunden 10 Sekunden (English: 10 Seconds) is a German film.", "4 Days in May 4 days in May is a war drama film directed by Achim von Borries. It is a German – Russian – Ukrainian co-production. The film was released on August 9, 2011 at the Locarno Film Festival.", "AP German Language Advanced Placement German Language (also known as AP German Language or AP German) is a course and examination provided by the College Board through the Advanced Placement Program. This course is designed to give high school students the opportunity to receive credit in a college-level German language course.Originally the College Board had offered two AP German exams, one with AP German Language and another with AP German Literature.", "Alemannic German Gressoney, Issime and RimellaAlemannic (German: About this sound Alemannisch ) is a group of dialects of the Upper German branch of the Germanic language family. The name derives from the ancient Germanic alliance of tribes known as the Alamanni \"\\all men\").", "Austrian Empire The Austrian Empire (Austrian German: Kaiserthum Oesterreich, modern spelling Kaisertum Österreich) was created out of the realms of the Habsburgs by proclamation in 1804. It was a multinational empire and one of the world's great powers. Geographically it was the second largest country in Europe after the Russian Empire (621,538 square kilometres [239,977 sq mi]).", "Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur The Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur (English: Contributions to the History of the German Language and Literature) is a German academic journal publishing articles on German language and literature. The particular focus is on the older periods and on the history and development of the German language.The journal was founded by Hermann Paul and Wilhelm Braune in 1873; the first issue was published in 1874.", "Belgium Belgium (/ˈbɛldʒəm/; Dutch: België About this sound [ˈbɛlɣijə]; French: Belgique About this sound [bɛlʒik]; German: Belgien About this sound [ˈbɛlɡiən]), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a sovereign state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts several of the EU's official seats and as well as the headquarters of many major international organizations such as NATO.", "Bravo (magazine) Bravo is the largest teen magazine within the German-language sphere. The first issue was published in 1956, subtitled as \"the magazine for film and television\" („Die Zeitschrift für Film und Fernsehen“). Marilyn Monroe's portrait graced the first published issue, the never-published dummy issue cover displayed Elvis Presley.", "Code Unknown Code Unknown: Incomplete Tales of Several Journeys (Code inconnu: Récit incomplet de divers voyages) is a 2000 film directed by Michael Haneke. Most of the story occurs in Paris, France, where the fates of several characters intersect and connect.Code Unknown is composed of unedited long takes filmed in real time, cut only when the perspective within a scene changes from one character's to another's in the middle of the action.", "Demographics of Germany The demography of Germany is monitored by the \"Statistisches Bundesamt\" (Federal Statistical Office of Germany). According to the first census since the reunification, Germany's population was counted to be 80,219,695 on May 9, 2011, making it the 16th most populous country in the world. Germany's population is characterized by zero or declining growth, with an ageing population and smaller cohort of youths.", "Deutsche Schule Helsinki Deutsche Schule Helsinki (DSH; Finnish: Helsingin Saksalainen koulu, German for \"German school Helsinki\") is a partly bilingual, German and Finnish-speaking school located in Helsinki, the capital of Finland. DSH is a member of the German Schools Abroad Network DAS.The school was originally founded in 1881 through funding from the German consul Freiherr von Lanazan, wealthy German families and the Protestant Church of Germany.", "Dutch language Dutch (About this sound Nederlands ) is a West Germanic language that is spoken in the European Union by about 23 million people as a first language—including most of the population of the Netherlands and about sixty percent of that of Belgium—and by another 5 million as a second language.Outside of the Low Countries, it is spoken natively by the majority of the population of Suriname, and also holds official status in the Caribbean island nations of Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten.", "Eisetüde Eisetüde is an East German film. It was released in 1956.", "English language English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca. It is an official language of almost 60 sovereign states, the most commonly spoken language in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, Ireland, and New Zealand, and a widely spoken language in countries in the Caribbean, Africa, and South Asia. It is the third most common native language in the world, after Mandarin and Spanish.", "Europa Europa Europa Europa (German: Hitlerjunge Salomon, lit. \"Hitler Youth Salomon\") is a 1990 film directed by Agnieszka Holland. It is based on the 1989 autobiography of Solomon Perel, a German Jewish boy who escaped the Holocaust by masquerading not just as a non-Jew, but as an elite \"Aryan\" German. The film stars Marco Hofschneider as Perel; Perel appears briefly as himself in the finale.", "Eurosport 2 Eurosport 2 is a European sports television network. It is a sister channel to Eurosport and Eurosport News. Several different versions of the channel exist across Europe, where television rights for sport differ.", "Exonym and endonym An exonym or xenonym is an external name for a geographical place, group of people, or language/dialect: a common name used only outside the place, group or linguistic community in question, usually for historical reasons.", "Football Under Cover Football Under Cover is a 2008 German/Iranian documentary film directed by David Assmann and Ayat Najafi. It follows the attempts of German Marlene Assmann and Iranian Ayat Najafi to organise a football match between Assman's team BSV Aldersimspor and the Iranian national woman's team.", "Franconian languages Franconian (German: Fränkisch; Dutch: Frankisch) is a term for a number of West Germanic languages and dialects possibly derived from the languages and dialects originally spoken by the Franks from their ethnogenesis in the 3rd century AD.", "Genesung Genesung is an East German film. It was released in 1956.", "German Australian German Australians (German: Deutsch-Australier) are Australian citizens of ethnic German ancestry. The German community constitute one of the largest ethnic groups in Australia, numbering 898,700 or 4.5 percent of respondents in the 2011 Census. It is the sixth most identified ancestry in Australia behind 'Australian', 'English, 'Irish, 'Scottish' and 'Italian'.", "German School of Connecticut The German School of Connecticut is a private, non-profit Saturday school founded in 1978 with a student body of over 350. The school offers a dual-track curriculum for non-native beginners, and native or near-fluent speakers. A professional teaching staff, most of whom are native German speakers, provide three contact hours on each of thirty Saturdays during the traditional September - May school year.", "German Sign Language German Sign Language or Deutsche Gebärdensprache is the sign language of the deaf community in Germany. It is often abbreviated as DGS. It is unclear how many use German Sign Language as their main language; Gallaudet University estimated 50,000 in 1986.The language has evolved through use in deaf communities over hundreds of years.", "German language in Namibia Namibia is a multilingual country wherein German is recognized national language (a form of minority language). While English is the sole official language of the country, in many areas of the country German enjoys some official status at a community level.German is especially widely used in central and southern Namibia and was until 1990 one of three official languages in what was then South-West Africa, alongside Afrikaans and English.", "German language in the United States Over 50 million Americans claim German ancestry, which makes them the largest single ethnic group in the United States. Around 1.38 million people in the United States speak the German language. It is the second most spoken language in North Dakota. In 16 states, it is the most spoken language other than English and Spanish.", "German literature German literature comprises those literary texts written in the German language. This includes literature written in Germany, Austria, the German part of Switzerland, and to a lesser extent works of the German diaspora. German literature of the modern period is mostly in Standard German, but there are some currents of literature influenced to a greater or lesser degree by dialects (e.g.", "Germans in Paraguay The German minority in Paraguay came into existence with immigration during the industrial age. The \"Nueva Germania\" colony was founded in Paraguay in 1888; though regarded as a failure, still exists despite being abandoned by many of its founders in the 1890s.", "Germany national football team The Germany national football team (German: Die deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft) is the men's football team that has represented Germany in international competition since 1908. It is governed by the German Football Association (Deutscher Fußball-Bund), founded in 1900. Ever since the DFB was reinaugurated in 1949 the team has represented the Federal Republic of Germany.", "Giwi Margwelaschwili Giwi Margwelaschwili (Georgian: გივი მარგველაშვილი) (born December 14, 1927 in Berlin) is a German-language Georgian writer and philosopher.He is the son of the notable Georgian intellectual Tite Margwelaschwili, who moved to Germany after the Red Army invasion of Georgia in 1921 and was chairman of the Georgian political emigre organization in Berlin.", "Greater Germanic Reich The Greater Germanic Reich (German: Großgermanisches Reich), fully styled the Greater Germanic Reich of the German Nation (German: Großgermanisches Reich Deutscher Nation) is the official state name of the political entity that Nazi Germany tried to establish in Europe during World War II.", "Hamsun (film) Hamsun is a 1996 Danish-Swedish-Norwegian-German drama directed by Jan Troell, about the later life of the Norwegian author Knut Hamsun (Max von Sydow), who together with his wife Marie Hamsun (Ghita Nørby), went from being national saints to national traitors after supporting Nazi Germany during their occupation of Norway during World War II.The film is notable for its use of language.", "Hannah Arendt (film) Hannah Arendt is a 2012 German-Luxembourgian-French biographical drama film directed by Margarethe von Trotta and starring Barbara Sukowa. The film centers in the life of German-Jewish philosopher and political theorist Hannah Arendt. It is distributed by Zeitgeist Films in the United States, where it opened theatrically on 29 May 2013.German director von Trotta's film centers on Arendt's response to the 1961 trial of ex-Nazi Adolf Eichmann, which she covered for The New Yorker.", "Hatifa Hatifa is an East German film. It was released in 1960.", "High German languages This article deals with the regional variety; \"Hochdeutsch\" or \"High German\" is also used in the sense of Standard German.The High German languages or High German dialects (German: Hochdeutsche Dialekte) comprise the varieties of German spoken south of the Benrath and Uerdingen isoglosses in central and southern Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, and Luxembourg as well as in neighboring portions of Belgium (Eupen-Malmedy) and the Netherlands (Southeast Limburg), France (Alsace and northern Lorraine), Italy (South Tyrol), and Poland (Upper Silesia). @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_German_languages?oldid=683774014> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Hawkwind> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Hawkwind are an English rock band, one of the earliest space rock groups. Their lyrics favour urban and science fiction themes. Formed in November 1969, Hawkwind have gone through many incarnations and styles of music. Dozens of musicians, dancers, and writers have worked with the group since their inception.", "Hitler: A Film from Germany Hitler: A Film from Germany (German: Hitler, ein Film aus Deutschland), called Our Hitler in the US, is a 1977 Franco-British-German experimental film directed by Hans-Jürgen Syberberg, produced by Bernd Eichinger, and co-produced by the BBC. It starred Heinz Schubert, who played both Adolf Hitler and Heinrich Himmler. Along with Syberberg's characteristic and unusual motifs and style, the film is also notable for its 442-minute running time.", "Joseph Freinademetz Saint Joseph Freinademetz, S.V.D., (Chinese name: 聖福若瑟 / 圣福若瑟, pinyin: Shèng Fú Ruòsè) (April 15, 1852 - January 28, 1908) as a member of the Society of the Divine Word, was a missionary in China. He has been declared a saint by the Catholic Church.", "Kindergymnastik Kindergymnastik is an East German film. It was released in 1957.", "Käuzchenkuhle Käuzchenkuhle is an East German film. It was released in 1968.", "Languages of Brazil Portuguese is the official language of Brazil, and is spoken by more than 99% of the population. Minority languages include indigenous languages, and languages of more recent European and Asian immigrants. The population speaks or signs approximately 210 languages, of which 180 are indigenous.", "Languages of Denmark The Kingdom of Denmark has only one official language, Danish, the national language of the Danish people, but there are several minority languages spoken through the territory. These include German, Faroese, and Greenlandic.A large majority (86%) of Danes also speak English as a second language; it is mandatory for Danish students to learn from the first grade in Folkeskole. In the fifth grade of Folkeskole, a third language option is given, usually German or French.", "Languages of France The languages of France include the French language and some regional languages. The French language is the only official language of France according to the second article of the French Constitution, and is by far the most widely spoken. Several regional languages are also spoken to varying degrees as a secondary language after French, such as German dialects (Alsacian 1.44%), Celtic languages (Breton 0.61%) and other Gallo-Romance languages (Langues d'Oïl 1.25%, Occitan 1.33%).", "Languages of the European Union The languages of the European Union are languages used by people within the member states of the European Union. They include the twenty-four official languages of the European Union along with a range of others.", "Languages of the United States Many languages are used, or historically have been used in the United States. The most commonly used language is English. There are also many languages indigenous to North America or to U.S. states or holdings in the Pacific region. Languages brought to the country by colonists or immigrants from Europe, Asia, or other parts of the world make up a large portion of the languages currently used; several languages, including creoles and sign languages, have also developed in the United States.", "Leuchtfeuer Leuchtfeuer is an East German film. It was released in 1954.", "Lisbon Story (1994 film) Lisbon Story (Portuguese: Viagem a Lisboa, German: Lisbon Story) is a 1994 film directed by Wim Wenders. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival. Wenders, with three Portuguese film-makers, had been invited by the City of Lisbon to make a documentary about the city, as part of their programme as the European City of Culture in 1994. The result was the fictional Lisbon Story.", "List of German submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film Germany has submitted films for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film since the creation of the award in 1956. The award is handed out annually by the U.S.-based Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to a feature-length motion picture produced outside the United States that contains primarily non-English dialogue.Each year, the Academy invites countries to submit their best films for competition according to strict rules, with only one film being accepted from each country.", "List of names of European cities in different languages Many cities in Europe have different names in different languages. Some cities have also undergone name changes for political or other reasons. This article attempts to give all known different names for all major cities that are geographically or historically and culturally in Europe.", "List of official languages This is a list of official languages.", "List of submissions to the 68th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film The following 41 films, all from different countries, were submitted for the 68th Academy Awards in the category Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film (release at the country of origin November 1, 1994 - October 31, 1995, ceremony 1996). The bolded titles were the five nominated films, which came from Algeria, Brazil, Italy, the Netherlands and Sweden. The eventual winner was feminist comedy \"Antonia's Line\" from the Netherlands. Bolivia and Tunisia submitted films for the first time.", "Low German Low German or Low Saxon (Plattdüütsch, Nedderdüütsch, Platduuts, Nedderduuts; Standard German: Plattdeutsch or Niederdeutsch; Dutch: Nederduits in the wider sense, see Nomenclature below) is an Ingvaeonic West Germanic language spoken mainly in northern Germany and the eastern part of the Netherlands. It is descended from Old Saxon in its earliest form.", "Luxembourg Luxembourg /ˈlʌksəmbɜrɡ/ (Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg; German: Luxemburg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in western Europe. It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France to the south. It comprises two principal regions: the Oesling in the north as part of the Ardennes massif, and the Gutland \"\\good country\") in the south. With an area of 2,586 square kilometres (998 sq mi), it is one of the smallest sovereign states in Europe.", "Mephisto (1981 film) Mephisto is the title of a 1981 film adaptation of Klaus Mann's novel Mephisto, directed by István Szabó, and starring Klaus Maria Brandauer as Hendrik Höfgen. The film was a co-production between companies in West Germany, Hungary and Austria.", "Names of Germany Because of Germany's geographic position in the centre of Europe, as well as its long history as a non-united region of distinct tribes and states, there are many widely varying names of Germany in different languages, perhaps more so than for any other European nation.", "Namibia Namibia (/nəˈmɪbiə/, /næˈ-/), officially the Republic of Namibia (German: About this sound Republik Namibia ; Afrikaans: Republiek van Namibië), and formerly German South-West Africa and then South West Africa, is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east.", "North German Confederation The North German Confederation (German: Norddeutscher Bund) was a federation of 22 previously independent states of northern Germany, with nearly 30 million inhabitants. It was the first modern German nation state and the basis for the later German Empire (1871–1918), when several south German states such as Bavaria joined.", "Offset (film) Offset is a 2006 drama film directed and written by Didi Danquart. It was filmed in Bucharest.", "Opera in German Opera in German is the opera of the German-speaking countries. These include Germany, Austria, and the German states that preceded those countries.German-language opera appeared remarkably quickly after the birth of opera itself in Italy. The first Italian opera was Jacopo Peri's Dafne of 1598. In 1627, Heinrich Schütz provided the music for a German translation of the same libretto.", "Outline of Germany The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Germany:Germany – federal parliamentary republic in western-central Europe consisting of 16 constituent states, which retain limited sovereignty. Its capital and largest city is Berlin. With more than 80 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state in the European Union.", "Pennsylvania German language Pennsylvania German (Deitsch, Pennsylvania Deitsch, Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch, Hinterwäldler Deutsch, usually called Pennsylvania Dutch) is a variety of West Central German spoken by the Amish and Old Order Mennonites in the United States and Canada, closely related to the Palatine dialects.", "Petting Zoo (film) Petting Zoo is a 2015 drama film directed by Micah Magee. It was screened in the Panorama section of the 65th Berlin International Film Festival.", "Pihalla Pihalla is a 2009 film directed by Toni Laine. The release date for the film was 23 October 2009.", "Reichskommissariat Ostland Nazi Germany established the Reichskommissariat Ostland (RKO) in 1941 as the civilian occupation regime in the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania), the northeastern part of Poland and the west part of the Belarusian SSR during World War II. It was also known initially as Reichskommissariat Baltenland \"\\Baltic Land\").", "Reifender Sommer Reifender Sommer is an East German film. It was released in 1958.", "Room 666 Room 666 (French: Chambre 666) is a 1982 documentary film directed by German film director Wim Wenders.During the 1982 Cannes Film Festival, Wenders set up a static camera in room 666 of the Hotel Martinez and provided selected film directors a list of questions to answer concerning the future of cinema. Each director is given one 16 mm reel (approximately 11 minutes) to answer the questions.", "Seilergasse 8 Seilergasse 8 is an East German film. It was released in 1960.", "Songs from the Southern Seas Songs from the Southern Seas or Song from the Southern Seas (Kazakh: Pesn' Juzhnykh Morej, 2008) is a Kazakh, German, French and Russian film directed by Marat Sarulu and produced by Sain Gabdullin, Karsten Stoter, Benny Dreschsel, Yuri Obukhov, Guillaume de Seille with English subtitles. The film was made under the following banners— Kino Company, Rohfilm, Kinoproba, Arizona Films.", "Switzerland Switzerland (/ˈswɪtsərlənd/; German: Schweiz [ˈʃvaɪts]; French: Suisse [sɥis(ə)]; Italian: Svizzera [ˈzvittsera]; Romansh: Svizra [ˈʒviːtsrɐ] or [ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ]), officially the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a country in Europe.", "Texas German Texas German (German: Texasdeutsch) is a German language dialect spoken by descendants of German immigrants who settled in Texas in the mid-19th century. These \"German Texans\" founded the towns of Bulverde, New Braunfels, Fredericksburg, Boerne, Walburg, and Comfort in Texas Hill Country, and Schulenburg and Weimar to the east.", "The Country Schoolmaster (1933 film) The Country Schoolmaster or Country Schoolmaster Uwe Karsten (German:Heideschulmeister Uwe Karsten) is a 1933 German drama film directed by Carl Heinz Wolff and starring Hans Schlenck, Marianne Hoppe and Heinrich Heilinger. It was remade in 1954.The film's art direction was by Otto Hunte and Willy Schiller.", "The Last Train (2006 film) The Last Train (German: Der letzte Zug) is a 2006 German film directed by Joseph Vilsmaier and Dana Vávrová, and starring Gedeon Burkhard, Lale Yavas, and Lena Beyerling. The film depicts the fate of some of the last remaining Jews in Berlin, who in April 1943 were rounded up at the Berlin-Grunewald station and sent to the Nazi concentration camp at Auschwitz.", "The Promise (1995 film) The Promise (German: Das Versprechen) is a 1995 German-language film directed by Margarethe von Trotta. It was an international co-production between Germany, France and Switzerland. Two young lovers in Berlin are separated when the Berlin wall goes up, and their stories intertwine during the three decades to German reunification. This film was chosen as Germany's official submission to the 67th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film, but did not receive a nomination.", "The Tin Drum (film) The Tin Drum (German: Die Blechtrommel) is a 1979 film adaptation of the novel of the same name by Günter Grass. It was directed and co-written by Volker Schlöndorff. Stylistically, it is a surrealistic black comedy.The film won the Palme d'Or at the 1979 Cannes Film Festival and the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1980 at the 52nd Academy Awards.", "The World Is Big and Salvation Lurks Around the Corner The World is Big and Salvation Lurks Around the Corner is a 2008 Bulgarian drama film, co-produced with Slovenia, Germany and Hungary. Its original Bulgarian title is Светът е голям и спасение дебне отвсякъде (transliterated as Svetat e golyam i spasenie debne otvsyakade), literally meaning The World is Big and Salvation Prowls on All Sides.The film is directed by Stefan Komandarev and stars Miki Manojlović, Carlo Ljubek, Hristo Mutafchiev and Ana Papadopulu.", "Tiergestalt Tiergestalt is an East German film. It was released in 1950.", "Tinko Tinko is an East German film. It was released in 1957.", "Tokyo-Ga Tokyo-Ga is a 1985 documentary film (shot in spring 1983) directed by Wim Wenders ostensibly about filmmaker Yasujiro Ozu. The film ranges from explicit focus on Ozu's filmmaking—Wenders interviews Ozu’s regular cinematographer, Yuharu Atsuta, and one of Ozu’s favorite actors, Chishū Ryū—to scenes of contemporary Tokyo such as pachinko and plastic food displays. Wenders introduces the film as a \"diary on film.\" It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1985 Cannes Film Festival.", "Unternehmen Teutonenschwert Unternehmen Teutonenschwert is an East German film. It was released in 1958.", "Wohnkultur Wohnkultur is an East German film. It was released in 1955.", "World language A world language is a language spoken internationally and that is learned by many people as a second language. A world language is characterized not only by the total number of speakers (native and second language speakers), but also by its geographical distribution, and use in international organizations and diplomatic relations. By these criteria, the major world languages are of Western European origin." ]

[ "1981 Major League Baseball strike The 1981 Major League Baseball strike was the fourth work stoppage in Major League Baseball since the 1972 Major League Baseball strike. The strike began on June 12 and forced the cancellation of 713 games (or 38 percent of the Major League schedule) in the middle of the regular season.", "1985 Major League Baseball strike The 1985 Major League Baseball strike was the fifth work stoppage in Major League Baseball since the 1972 Major League Baseball strike. The strike ran only two days, August 6 and 7. The 25 games which were scheduled for those days were all made up later in the season.", "1990 Major League Baseball lockout The 1990 Major League Baseball lockout was the seventh work stoppage in baseball since 1972. Beginning in February, it lasted 32 days and as a result, virtually wiped out all of spring training. Also because of the lockout, Opening Day was moved back a week to April 9. In addition to this, the season had to be extended by three days in order to accommodate the normal 162-game schedule.", "2010 Major League Soccer lockout/strike In 2010, Major League Soccer players threatened to go on strike.The union had voted in favor of a strike if a new deal was not reached before the beginning of the season.", "American League The American League of Professional Baseball Clubs, or simply the American League (AL), is one of two leagues that make up Major League Baseball (MLB) in the United States and Canada. It developed from the Western League, a minor league based in the Great Lakes states, which eventually aspired to major league status.", "American League Central The American League Central is one of six divisions in Major League Baseball. This division was formed in the realignment in 1994, and its teams are all located in the Midwestern United States. The Central is currently the only division in the Major Leagues in which all of its members have won the World Series at least once.", "American League East The American League East is one of Major League Baseball's six divisions (An East, Central, and West Division for each of the two leagues). This division was created before the start of the 1969 season along with the American League West Division. Before that time the American League had existed as a single league of 10 teams.Four of its five teams are located in the Eastern United States, with the other in Central Canada.", "American Professional Soccer League The American Professional Soccer League (APSL) was a professional men's soccer league with teams from the United States and later Canada. It was formed in 1990 by the merger of the third American Soccer League with the Western Soccer League.It was the first outdoor soccer league to feature teams from throughout the United States since the demise of the original North American Soccer League in 1984. Between 1990 and 1995 it was the de facto top professional soccer league in the United States.", "Atlanta United FC Atlanta United FC is a Major League Soccer expansion franchise in Atlanta, Georgia that plans to begin play in 2017. The team, which was announced by the league on April 16, 2014, will be owned and operated by Home Depot co-founder and Atlanta Falcons owner Arthur Blank, and will play in the new Mercedes-Benz Stadium, currently under construction. Following Orlando City SC, United will be the second MLS expansion team in the southeastern United States.", "Central Baseball League The Central Baseball League, formerly the Texas-Louisiana League, was a minor league whose member teams were independent of any Major League Baseball affiliations.In 1991, potential owners, Dallas businessman Byron Pierce and U. S. Congressman John Bryant, became frustrated that the Texas League had no plans to expand into other Texas locations, and formed The Texas-Louisiana League. The league began play in 1994.", "Chicago Brown Bombers The Chicago Brown Bombers played in the Negro Major Baseball League of America and later the United States League.The Brown Bombers played in Minnesota in July, 1942 against the Twin Cities Gophers in Negro Major Baseball League of America games. In 1945 the Brown Bombers were members of The United States League for one season before the league folded.The United States League was started by Branch Rickey of the Brooklyn Dodgers (Major League Baseball) in 1945.", "Christy Mathewson Christopher \"Christy\" Mathewson (August 12, 1880 – October 7, 1925), nicknamed \"Big Six\", \"The Christian Gentleman\", \"Matty\", or \"The Gentleman's Hurler\" was a Major League Baseball right-handed pitcher who played 17 seasons with the New York Giants. He was among the most dominant pitchers of his (or any) era and ranks in the all-time top-10 in major pitching categories including wins, shutouts, and ERA.", "Commissioner of Baseball The Commissioner of Baseball is the chief executive of Major League Baseball (MLB) and the associated Minor League Baseball (MiLB) – a constellation of leagues and clubs known as organized baseball. Under the direction of the Commissioner, the Office of the Commissioner of Baseball hires and maintains the sport's umpiring crews, and negotiates marketing, labor, and television contracts.", "Continental League The Continental League of Professional Baseball Clubs (known as the Continental League or CL) was a proposed third major league for baseball in the United States and Canada, announced in 1959 and scheduled to begin play in the 1961 season. Unlike predecessor competitors such as the Players League and the Federal League, it sought membership within organized baseball's existing organization and acceptance within Major League Baseball.", "Expansion of Major League Soccer The expansion of Major League Soccer has occurred several times since the league began play in 1996. Major League Soccer was established as the top level of professional soccer in the United States in 1993 with 10 teams and began play in 1996. It has expanded several times since 1998 into new markets across the United States, and since 2006, into Canada.MLS is currently at 20 teams, and the league plans to expand to 24 teams by 2020.", "Federal League The Federal League of Base Ball Clubs, known simply as the Federal League, was an American professional baseball league that played its first season in 1913 and operated as a \"third major league\", in competition with the established National and American Leagues, from 1914 to 1915.The Federal League came together in early 1913 through the work of John T. Powers, and immediately challenged the operations of organized baseball.", "Frank Robinson Frank Robinson (born August 31, 1935) is an American former Major League Baseball outfielder and manager. He played for five teams from 1956 to 1976, and became the only player to win league MVP honors in both the National and American Leagues. He won the Triple crown, was a member of two teams that won the World Series (the 1966 and 1970 Baltimore Orioles), and amassed the fourth-most career home runs at the time of his retirement (he is currently ninth).", "History of Major League Soccer The History of Major League Soccer began in 1988, when the United States Soccer Federation pledged to create a Division 1 professional soccer league as a condition to FIFA awarding the 1994 FIFA World Cup to the United States. Major League Soccer was officially formed in 1995. The league began play in 1996 with 10 teams, and in 1998 grew to 12 teams.", "History of baseball in the United States The history of baseball in the United States can be traced to the 18th century, when amateurs played a baseball-like game by their own informal rules using improvised equipment. The popularity of the sport inspired the semipro national baseball clubs in the 1860s.", "List of D.C. United seasons D.C. United is an American professional soccer club based in Washington, D.C. that competes in Major League Soccer (MLS), the top tier professional soccer league in the United States of America and Canada. It is one of the ten charter clubs of MLS, having competed in the league since its inception, in 1996. Over the club's history, D.C. United has been considered to be the flagship franchise of MLS winning 13 international and domestic titles. Domestically, United has won the U.S.", "List of Major League Baseball All-Star Game venues The first All-Star Game was held as part of the 1933 World's Fair in Chicago, Illinois, at Comiskey Park and was the brainchild of Arch Ward, then sports editor for the Chicago Tribune. Initially intended to be a one-time event, its great success resulted in making the game an annual one. Ward's contribution was recognized by Major League Baseball in 1962 with the creation of the \"Arch Ward Trophy,\" given to the All-Star Game's most valuable player each year.", "List of Major League Soccer seasons Major League Soccer is the premier professional soccer league in the United States and Canada. As of 2012, it consists of 19 teams: 16 in the United States and 3 in Canada. The league has played since 1996. Each year, it plays a league which determines entry into the playoffs. The league is divided into two conferences, the Eastern Conference and Western Conference. In 2000 and 2001, there was also a Central Conference.", "Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–92) For usages of the name, see Major Indoor Soccer League.The Major Indoor Soccer League, known in its final two seasons as the Major Soccer League, was an indoor soccer league in the USA from fall 1978 to spring 1992. After the folding of the North American Soccer League (NASL) in 1984, the MISL was the Division I soccer league for the United States.The MISL was one of the few \"non-major\" (NFL, NBA, MLB, NHL) leagues to actually have a video game of its sport created.", "Major Indoor Soccer League (2001–08) The Major Indoor Soccer League was the top professional indoor soccer league in the USA. The league was a member of both the United States Soccer Federation and FIFA. The MISL had replaced the NPSL which folded in 2001. According to MISL.net, the league ceased operations as of May 31, 2008.", "Major Indoor Soccer League (2008–14) The Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL), formerly known as the National Indoor Soccer League, was a professional indoor soccer league which began play in 2008. It was the third league to be known as the Major Indoor Soccer League after the MISL I and MISL II. The MISL name is arguably the most recognizable name in indoor soccer due to its history dating back to 1978. The league name and assets are currently owned by the United Soccer Leagues.", "Major League Baseball Major League Baseball (MLB) is a professional baseball organization that is the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. A total of 30 teams now play in the American League (AL) and National League (NL), with 15 teams in each league. The AL and NL operated as separate legal entities from 1901 and 1876 respectively. In 2000, the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball.", "Major League Baseball All-Century Team In 1999, the Major League Baseball All-Century Team was chosen by popular vote of fans. To select the team, a panel of experts first compiled a list of the 100 greatest Major League Baseball players from the past century. Over two million fans then voted on the players using paper and online ballots.The top two vote-getters from each position, except outfielders (nine), and the top six pitchers were placed on the team.", "Major League Baseball All-Star Game The Major League Baseball All-Star Game, also known as the \"Midsummer Classic\", is an annual professional baseball game sanctioned by Major League Baseball (MLB) contested between players from the American League (AL) and the National League (NL), currently selected by fans for starting fielders, by managers for pitchers, and by managers and players for reserves.The game usually occurs on either the second or third Tuesday in July, and is meant to mark a symbolic halfway-point in the MLB season (though not the mathematical halfway-point which, for most seasons, is usually found within the previous calendar week). @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game?oldid=682124197> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Oscar_Levant> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> Oscar Levant (December 27, 1906 – August 14, 1972) was an American pianist, composer, author, comedian, and actor. He was as famous for his mordant character and witticisms, on the radio and in movies and television, as for his music.", "Major League Baseball Players Association The Major League Baseball Players Association (or MLBPA) is the union of professional major-league baseball players.", "Major League Baseball television contracts The following is a detailed description of the various television networks (both broadcast and cable), rights fees, and announcers who have called Major League Baseball games throughout the years (from the late 1930s through the present).", "Major League Cricket Major League Cricket, or MLC, is a New York based company dedicated to running a professional cricket competition within the United States, as well as developing and promoting the sport to raise its profile in North America.", "Major League Hacking Major League Hacking (MLH) is a collegiate hackathon league. MLH sanctions, sponsors, and promotes student hackathons in the United States, Mexico, Canada, and the United Kingdom.", "Major League Soccer Major League Soccer (MLS) is a professional soccer league, sanctioned by U.S. Soccer, that represents the sport's highest level in both the United States and Canada. MLS constitutes one of the major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada. The league is composed of 20 teams—17 in the U.S. and 3 in Canada. The MLS regular season runs from March to October, with each team playing 34 games; the team with the best record is awarded the Supporters' Shield.", "Major League Soccer Players Union The Major League Soccer Players Union, also referred to as MLS Players Union or MLSPU, is the union of professional Major League Soccer players. The Players Union serves as the exclusive collective bargaining representative for all current players in MLS.", "Major League Soccer attendance Major League Soccer is the premier professional soccer league in the United States and Canada. Founded in 1996, the 2014 season saw an average 19,151 spectators between the 19 teams, the highest average attendance in league history. MLS has the third-highest average attendance among U.S.-based major professional sports leagues — higher than professional basketball (NBA) or ice hockey (NHL), and behind only football (NFL) and baseball (MLB). MLS attendance has grown since the early 2000s.", "Major League Ultimate Major League Ultimate (MLU) is one of two semi-professional Ultimate leagues in North America, the other being the American Ultimate Disc League. It is composed of 8 member clubs: 7 in the United States and 1 in Canada. It was formed in 2012, and began its inaugural season in April 2013. The season concludes with a championship game, the most recent champion being the Boston Whitecaps in 2015.", "Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada The major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada are the highest professional competitions of team sports in the United States and Canada. The four leagues universally included in the definition are Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), the National Football League (NFL), and the National Hockey League (NHL).", "Major women's sport leagues in North America Major women's sport leagues in North America (or simply in the United States and in Canada) represent the top level competitions of women's team sports. The two most prominent women's leagues in North America (in terms of television and overall media coverage) are the Women's National Basketball Association and the National Women's Soccer League.", "National Hockey League The National Hockey League (NHL; French: Ligue nationale de hockey—LNH) is a professional ice hockey league composed of 30 member clubs: 23 in the United States and 7 in Canada. Headquartered in New York City, the NHL is widely considered to be the premier professional ice hockey league in the world, and one of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada.", "National League Central The National League Central is one of Major League Baseball's six divisions. This division was created in 1994, by moving two teams from the National League West (the Cincinnati Reds and the Houston Astros) and three teams from the National League East (the Chicago Cubs, the Pittsburgh Pirates, and the St. Louis Cardinals).When the division was created in 1994, the Pirates were originally supposed to stay in the East while the Atlanta Braves were to be moved to the Central from the West.", "National League West The National League West is one of the three divisions of the National League of Major League Baseball in North America (including Canada). This Division was formed for the 1969 season when the National League expanded to 12 teams by adding the San Diego Padres and the Montreal Expos. For purpose of keeping a regular-season of 162 games, half of the teams were put into the new East Division and half into the new West Division.", "National Sales Center The Major League Soccer's National Sales Center (NSC) is a ticket sales training program in Blaine, Minnesota. The NSC began in 2010, and was the first ticket sales training program operated by a professional sports league in the United States.", "Negro league baseball The Negro leagues were United States professional baseball leagues comprising teams predominantly made up of African Americans and, to a lesser extent, Latin Americans. The term may be used broadly to include professional black teams outside the leagues and it may be used narrowly for the seven relatively successful leagues beginning in 1920 that are sometimes termed \"Negro Major Leagues\".In 1885 the Cuban Giants formed the first black professional baseball team.", "New York Liberties The New York Liberties were one of six teams in the Major League Volleyball franchise. The league began in 1987 and ended short of completing a full season in 1989. Players consisted of former collegiate All Americans and Olympians.", "North American Lacrosse League The North American Lacrosse League (NALL) was a professional indoor lacrosse league based in the United States. It was founded in 2011 as North America's fourth professional lacrosse league, after American Lacrosse League (field lacrosse, 1987) Major League Lacrosse (a field lacrosse league) and the National Lacrosse League (the established professional indoor lacrosse organization).", "North American Soccer League The North American Soccer League (NASL) is a professional men's soccer league with 11 teams — nine in the United States and two in Canada. It is sanctioned by the United States Soccer Federation (U.S. Soccer) as the Division II league in the American league system, under Major League Soccer (MLS) and above the USL (formerly, USL Pro). It is headquartered in New York City.The league is named for, but has no connection to, the original North American Soccer League.", "North Coast Soccer League The North Coast Soccer League (NCSL) is a soccer league in northern Ohio recognized by the Ohio Soccer Association North (OSA-N), the United States Adult Soccer Association (USASA), the United States Soccer Federation and FIFA as a Division V league. The league is affiliated to the United States Adult Soccer Association and teams qualify for the U.S. Open Cup through USASA channels.", "Professional Referee Organization Professional Referee Organization (PRO) is the organization responsible for managing the referee and assistant referee program in professional soccer leagues in the United States and Canada, working alongside the United States Soccer Federation, Major League Soccer, Canadian Soccer Association, the North American Soccer League, the United Soccer League, the National Women's Soccer League and the Lamar Hunt U.S.", "Soccer in the United States Soccer in the United States is governed by the United States Soccer Federation, commonly known as U.S. Soccer. The organization governs most levels of soccer in the country, including the national teams, professional leagues, and the amateur game with the exception of college and high school soccer. With over 13 million Americans playing soccer in the United States, soccer is the third most played team sport in the U.S., behind only basketball and baseball/softball.", "U.S. cities with teams from four major league sports There are 12 U.S.", "USL Second Division The United Soccer Leagues Second Division (commonly referred to as USL-2) was a professional men's soccer league in the United States, part of the United Soccer Leagues (USL) league pyramid. It was at the third tier of soccer in the United States, behind Major League Soccer (top division) and the USL First Division (second division), and one step up from the USL Premier Development League and the other leagues at Level 4.", "Union Association The Union Association was a league in Major League Baseball which lasted for only one season in 1884. St. Louis won the pennant and joined the National League the following season. Chicago moved to Pittsburgh in late August, and four teams folded during the season and were replaced.Although the league is conventionally listed as a major league, this status has been questioned by a number of modern baseball historians, most notably Bill James in The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract.", "United Soccer League The United Soccer League (USL), formerly known as USL Pro, is a professional men's soccer league in the United States and Canada that began its inaugural season in 2011. USL is sanctioned as a Division III Professional League by United States Soccer Federation (U.S.", "United Soccer Leagues The United Soccer Leagues (USL) is the organizer of several soccer leagues with teams in the United States, Canada and the Caribbean. It includes men's and women's leagues, both professional and amateur. Leagues currently organized are the United Soccer League, the USL Premier Development League, the women's W-League and W-20 League and youth Super Y-League and Super-20 League.", "World Series The World Series is the annual championship series of Major League Baseball (MLB) in North America, contested since 1903 between the American League (AL) champion team and the National League (NL) champion. Prior to 1969, the team with the best win-loss record in each league automatically advanced to the World Series; since then each league has conducted a championship series (ALCS and NLCS) preceding the World Series to determine which teams will advance." ]

[ "1972 Major League Baseball strike The 1972 Major League Baseball strike was the first players' strike in Major League Baseball history. The strike occurred from April 1, 1972 to April 13, 1972.", "1994–95 Major League Baseball strike The 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike was the eighth work stoppage in baseball history, as well as the fourth in-season work stoppage in 22 years. The strike began on August 12, 1994 and resulted in the remainder of that season being cancelled, including the postseason and, for the first time since 1904, the World Series. The strike was suspended on April 2, 1995 after 232 days, making it the longest such stoppage in MLB history, breaking the record set by the 1981 strike.", "Al Rosen Albert Leonard \"Al\" Rosen (February 29, 1924 – March 13, 2015), nicknamed \"Flip\" and \"The Hebrew Hammer\", was an American baseball third baseman and right-handed slugger in the Major Leagues for ten seasons in the 1940s and 1950s.After serving for four years in the U.S. Navy during World War II, Rosen played his entire ten-year career (from 1947 to 1956) with the Cleveland Indians in the American League.", "Albert Pujols José Alberto Pujols Alcántara (born January 16, 1980), better known as Albert Pujols (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈalβert puˈxols]), is a Dominican-American first baseman for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim of Major League Baseball. Pujols previously played with the St. Louis Cardinals, where he received three National League (NL) MVP awards and was a nine-time MLB All-Star.Pujols was born in the Dominican Republic and moved to the United States in 1996.", "American Association (20th century) The American Association was a minor league baseball league at the Triple-A level of baseball in the United States from 1902 to 1962 and 1969 to 1997. Together with the International League, it contested the Junior World Series which determined the championship team in minor league baseball, at least for the eastern half of the United States. Later, its teams would also compete in the Triple-A World Series, and its players in the Triple-A All-Star Game.", "American Association of Independent Professional Baseball The American Association of Independent Professional Baseball, based in Durham, North Carolina, is a professional baseball league founded in 2005 and independent of Major League Baseball (MLB). It operates in the states of Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas, along with the Canadian province of Manitoba, mostly in cities not served by MLB teams or their minor league affiliates. Miles Wolff is the league's commissioner.", "American Indoor Soccer League The American Indoor Soccer League was a semi-professional indoor soccer league founded in 2003 and folded in 2008.", "Arizona League The Arizona League is a minor league baseball league that operates in and around Phoenix, Arizona. It is a Rookie-level league run by Major League Baseball since 1989. Along with the Gulf Coast League, it forms the lowest rung of the minor-league system. Games are played at the spring training complexes of the team's parent organizations from mid-June until the end of August. Night games are commonly played in the spring training stadium, but this is not always the case.", "Bob Feller Robert William Andrew Feller (November 3, 1918 – December 15, 2010), nicknamed \"The Heater from Van Meter\", \"Bullet Bob\", and \"Rapid Robert\", was an American baseball pitcher who played 18 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cleveland Indians. Feller pitched from 1936 to 1941 and from 1945 to 1956, interrupted only by a four-year sojourn in the Navy.", "Bobby Convey Robert Francis \"Bobby\" Convey (/ˈkɒnvi/; born May 27, 1983) is an American soccer player who most recently played for New York Red Bulls in Major League Soccer.In addition to several MLS clubs, Convey spent five years in England with Reading, whom he helped into the Premier League for the first time. He played in 46 international matches for the United States, and made their squads for the 2003 Gold Cup and 2006 World Cup.", "Brad Guzan Bradley Edwin \"Brad\" Guzan /ɡuːˈzæn/ (born September 9, 1984) is an American soccer player who plays as a goalkeeper for English Premier League club Aston Villa and the United States national team.", "Brek Shea Dane Brekken \"Brek\" Shea (born February 28, 1990) is an American soccer player who plays as a left back for Orlando City, and the United States national team.Shea began his career with Major League Soccer team FC Dallas after playing in the IMG Academy. He made his debut during the 2008 season and helped Dallas reach the MLS Cup Playoffs in 2010 and 2011. In January 2013, Shea joined English Premier League side Stoke City for a fee of £2.5 million.", "Canadian Football League in the United States The Canadian Football League (CFL), the sole major professional sports league in the United States and Canada to feature only teams from Canada, has made efforts to gain further audience in the United States, most directly through expansion into the country from 1993 to 1995. The CFL plays Canadian football, which is somewhat different from the American football usual in the United States.The first American team, the Sacramento Gold Miners, joined in 1993.", "Carlos Bocanegra Carlos Manuel Bocanegra (born May 25, 1979) is a retired American professional soccer player. A two-time MLS Defender of the Year, Bocanegra also played professionally in England, Scotland, France, and Spain. He earned over 100 caps with the United States, serving as captain for six years. He currently is serving as technical director for the Atlanta MLS team that will join Major League Soccer in 2017.", "Chicago Cubs The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball franchise located on the North Side of Chicago, Illinois.", "Dan Shannon Daniel Webster \"Dan\" Shannon (March 23, 1865 – October 24, 1913) was an American Major League Baseball player and manager. He began his Major League career in 1889 with the Louisville Colonels as their second baseman. During the season, he became player-manager for a total of 56 games, of which only 10 were victories. In 1890, he jumped to the Players League and played for the Philadelphia Athletics and the New York Giants that season.", "David Beckham David Robert Joseph Beckham, OBE (/ˈbɛkəm/; born 2 May 1975) is a retired English professional footballer. He played for Manchester United, Preston North End, Real Madrid, Milan, LA Galaxy, Paris Saint-Germain, and the England national team for which he holds the appearance record for an outfield player. He is the only English player to win league titles in four countries, England, Spain, the United States and France.", "Earl Mack Major League All-Stars The Earl Mack Major League All-Stars were a baseball team in the 1930s. After the end of the 1934 season the team included Jimmie Foxx, Heinie Manush, Pinky Higgins, Doc Cramer, Ted Lyons and Earl Whitehill.", "Fox Major League Baseball Fox Major League Baseball (shortened to Fox MLB and also known as Major League Baseball on Fox or MLB on Fox) is the branding used for broadcasts of Major League Baseball (MLB) games produced by Fox Sports, the sports division of the Fox Broadcasting Company (Fox). The first MLB games broadcast by Fox Sports began airing on the Fox network on June 1, 1996.", "Fraser v. Major League Soccer Fraser v. Major League Soccer, 284 F.3d 47 (1st Cir. 2002), was an antitrust suit filed by eight Major League Soccer players against MLS, the league's investors, and the United States Soccer Federation. The Court found that Major League Soccer was a single entity and therefore legally incapable of conspiring with itself.", "Freddy Adu Fredua Koranteng \"Freddy\" Adu (born June 2, 1989) is an American soccer player who plays for Tampa Bay Rowdies of the North American Soccer League. Adu plays primarily as an attacking midfielder, but he is also used as a winger or forward.At the age of 14, he became the youngest athlete ever to sign a professional contract in the United States, after he was selected by D.C. United in the 2004 MLS SuperDraft on January 16, 2004.", "Gulf States League The Gulf States League was a Class A American minor baseball league that existed for one season — 1976 — and was based in the American states of Texas and Louisiana. Although its teams were not affiliated with any Major League Baseball farm systems, the GSL was an \"official\" minor circuit and a member of the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues.", "Jackie Moore (baseball) Jackie Spencer Moore (born February 19, 1939) is a former Major League Baseball catcher, coach and manager. He spent all or parts of 12 years over five separate terms as a Texas Rangers coach, and 32 years in all as a coach for eight different MLB teams. Moore managed in the Majors for the Oakland Athletics (1984–86), and played part of one season with the Detroit Tigers as a third-string catcher in 1965.", "Jackie Robinson Jack Roosevelt \"Jackie\" Robinson (January 31, 1919 – October 24, 1972) was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) second baseman who became the first African American to play in the major leagues in the modern era. Robinson broke the baseball color line when the Brooklyn Dodgers started him at first base on April 15, 1947. The Dodgers, by playing Robinson, ended racial segregation that had relegated black players to the Negro leagues since the 1880s.", "Jeff Agoos Jeffrey Alan \"Jeff\" Agoos (born May 2, 1968) is a retired Swiss-born American soccer defender, and one of the all-time appearance leaders for the United States national team. Agoos served as the Sporting Director for New York Red Bulls and currently is the Vice President of Competition for Major League Soccer.Agoos won a record five MLS championships: three with D.C. United and two with the San Jose Earthquakes. He also won the 1996 U.S. Open Cup and was the 2001 MLS Defender of the Year.", "Jerry Coleman For the radio disc jockey from Lubbock, Texas, see Jerry \"Bo\" Coleman.Gerald Francis \"Jerry\" Coleman (September 14, 1924 – January 5, 2014) was a Major League Baseball (MLB) second baseman for the New York Yankees and manager of the San Diego Padres for one year. Coleman was named the rookie of the year in 1949 by Associated Press, and was an All-Star in 1950 and later that year was named the World Series most valuable player.", "Jim Bunning James Paul David \"Jim\" Bunning (born October 23, 1931) is an American former Major League Baseball pitcher and politician.During his baseball career, he pitched from 1955 to 1971, most notably with the Detroit Tigers and the Philadelphia Phillies. In 1959, the right-hander struck out the side, throwing the minimum nine pitches as a reliever in the top of the ninth inning of Detroit's 5–4 loss to Boston at Briggs Stadium.", "Junior ice hockey Junior hockey is ice hockey competition generally for players between 16 and 20 years of age. Junior hockey leagues in the United States and Canada are considered amateur (with some exceptions) and operate within regions of each country.In Canada, the highest level is major junior, and is governed by the Canadian Hockey League, which itself has three constituent leagues: the Ontario Hockey League, Quebec Major Junior Hockey League and the Western Hockey League.", "Klondike Douglass William Bingham \"Klondike\" Douglass (May 10, 1872 – December 13, 1953) was an American Major League Baseball player born in Boston, Pennsylvania, who split his time between first base, and at catcher for the St. Louis Browns and the Philadelphia Phillies from 1896 to 1904. A good hitter, he had a career batting average of .274, including a high of .329 in 1897.", "Landon Donovan Landon Timothy Donovan (born March 4, 1982) is an American retired professional soccer player. A member of the inaugural class of the U.S. Soccer residency program in Bradenton, Florida, Donovan was declared player of the tournament for his role in the United States U17 squad that finished fourth in the 1999 FIFA U-17 World Championship. Donovan later signed with the German team Bayer Leverkusen.", "List of American and Canadian cities by number of major professional sports franchises This is a list of metropolitan areas in the United States and Canada categorized by the number of professional sports franchises in their metropolitan areas.", "List of American and Canadian soccer champions Despite each receiving FIFA-affiliated status in 1913, both the United States and Canada have lacked a consistent, multi-division soccer system until recently. Consequently, the determination of champions has been problematic at times. The United States did not have a truly national league until the North American Soccer League in the late 1960s. Before that, there were several regional and city leagues of various levels of quality.", "List of Major League Baseball players from the United States Virgin Islands This is a chronological list of baseball players from the United States Virgin Islands who played in Major League Baseball between 1959 and 2008.Joe Christopher (1959–1966)Al McBean (1961–1970)Elmo Plaskett (1962–1963)Horace Clarke (1965–1974)Elrod Hendricks (1968–1979)José Morales (1973–1984)Henry Cruz (1975–1978)Jerry Browne (1986–1995)Midre Cummings (1993–2005)Calvin Pickering (1998–2005)Callix Crabbe (2008)Akeel Morris (2015-)", "List of Major League Soccer stadiums Major League Soccer (MLS) is the premier professional soccer league in the United States and Canada. The league has 20 teams in 20 stadiums as of the 2015 season: 17 in the United States and 3 in Canada. At the time of the league's inauguration in 1996, MLS teams used multi-purpose stadiums, often shared with National Football League (NFL) or college football teams. Because of lower attendance, these stadiums had parts tarped off to artificially reduce capacity.", "List of baseball players who went directly to Major League Baseball This is a list of baseball players who went directly to the major leagues.", "List of lieutenant governors of Missouri The lieutenant governor of Missouri is the first person in the order of succession of Missouri's executive branch, thus serving as governor in the event of the death, resignation, removal, impeachment, absence from the state, or incapacity due to illness of the governor of Missouri. The Lt. Governor is elected separately and can be of a different party than the governor.", "List of years in the United States This is a list of years in the United States.", "Major League Lacrosse Major League Lacrosse (MLL) is a professional men's field lacrosse league consisting of nine teams in the United States. Founded in 1999, the league's inaugural season was in 2001. MLL averaged 6,356 spectators per game during the 2013 season.", "Major League Roller Hockey Major League Roller Hockey (MLRH) is a limited liability company which operates multiple inline hockey leagues and tournaments.", "Major Leagues (EP) Major Leagues EP is Pavement's final EP, although two more singles were released afterwards. It features seven tracks in total: A radio edit of the Terror Twilight version of \"Major Leagues.\" Two \"Spiral Stairs\" songs: \"Your Time to Change,\" and \"Stub Your Toe,\" which were recorded by Pavement's original drummer, Gary Young (lead singer Stephen Malkmus most likely did not attend these sessions due to his feud with Young). A demo of \"Major Leagues\" recorded alone by Malkmus.", "Major professional sports teams of the United States and Canada The following is a list of teams that play in one of the six major sports leagues in the United States and Canada: the Canadian Football League (CFL), Major League Baseball (MLB), Major League Soccer (MLS), the National Basketball Association (NBA), the National Football League (NFL), and the National Hockey League (NHL).", "Manny Ramirez Manuel Arístides \"Manny\" Ramírez Onelcida (born May 30, 1972) is a Dominican-American professional baseball outfielder who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for parts of 19 seasons. He played with the Cleveland Indians, Boston Red Sox, Los Angeles Dodgers, Chicago White Sox, and Tampa Bay Rays before playing one season in the Chinese Professional Baseball League. Ramirez is recognized for having had great batting skill and power.", "Maurice Edu Edu Maurice Edu, Jr. (born April 18, 1986) is an American soccer player who plays for the Philadelphia Union.A highly touted prospect, Edu was the first overall pick in the 2007 MLS SuperDraft and won the MLS Rookie of the Year Award with Toronto FC. His performances for Toronto earned him international call ups to the United States national team and the attention of clubs in Europe. He signed with Scottish powers Rangers, winning the Scottish Premier League three times.", "Minor League Baseball Minor League Baseball is a hierarchy of professional baseball leagues in the Americas that compete at levels below Major League Baseball (MLB) and provide opportunities for player development and a way to prepare for the major leagues. All of the minor leagues are operated as independent businesses. Most are members of the umbrella organization known as Minor League Baseball (MiLB), which operates under the Commissioner of Baseball within the scope of organized baseball.", "National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is an American history museum and hall of fame, located at 25 Main Street in Cooperstown, New York, and operated by private interests. It serves as the central point for the study of the history of baseball in the United States and beyond, displays baseball-related artifacts and exhibits, and honors those who have excelled in playing, managing, and serving the sport.", "National Lacrosse League The National Lacrosse League (NLL) is a men's professional box lacrosse league in North America. It currently has 9 teams with 5 in the United States and 4 in Canada. Unlike other lacrosse leagues which play in the summer, the NLL plays its games in the winter and spring. Each year, the playoff teams battle for the Champion's Cup. The NLL has averaged between 9,400 and 10,700 spectators per game each year since 2004.", "Negro Southern League The Negro Southern League, also referred to as the Southern Negro League, was a Negro baseball league organized in 1920 that lasted into the 1940s. Negro leagues in Southern United States were far less organized and lucrative than those in the north due to Jim Crow laws. Tom Wilson organized the Negro Southern League in 1920.For most of its existence, the NSL was considered a minor league.", "Oakland Athletics The Oakland Athletics (often abbreviated to Oakland A′s) are an American professional baseball team based in Oakland, California. The Athletics are a member club of the West division of the American League (AL) in Major League Baseball (MLB). The club plays its home games at O.co Coliseum.", "Opening Day Opening Day is the day on which professional baseball leagues begin their regular season. For Major League Baseball and most of the minor leagues, this day typically falls during the first week of April. For baseball fans, Opening Day serves as a symbol of rebirth; writer Thomas Boswell once penned a book titled, Why Time Begins on Opening Day.", "Outline of the United States The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the United States of America:", "Pittsburgh drug trials The Pittsburgh drug trials of 1985 were the catalyst for a Major League Baseball-related cocaine scandal. Several current and former members of the Pittsburgh Pirates — Dale Berra, Lee Lacy, Lee Mazzilli, John Milner, Dave Parker, and Rod Scurry — and other notable major league players — Willie Mays Aikens, Vida Blue, Enos Cabell, Keith Hernandez, Jeffrey Leonard, Tim Raines, and Lonnie Smith — were called before a Pittsburgh grand jury.", "Preki Predrag Radosavljević (Serbian Cyrillic: Предраг Радосављевић), better known by the nickname Preki (/ˈprɛki/; born June 24, 1963), is a Serbian American former international association football player who most recently served as head coach of Sacramento Republic FC in the United Soccer League, having previously coached in Major League Soccer with Toronto FC and Chivas USA.During his playing career he played for English clubs Everton and Portsmouth, and was an 'MLS original' upon the formation of Major League Soccer in 1996, playing for the Kansas City Wizards (now known as Sporting Kansas City) and Miami Fusion.", "Robbie Keane Robert David \"Robbie\" Keane (born 8 July 1980) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a striker and is captain of both Los Angeles Galaxy and the Republic of Ireland national team.Keane has scored a total of 67 goals for the Irish national team since his debut in 1998, making him the all-time record Irish scorer, while his 142 caps makes him their highest appearance-maker.", "Robbie Rogers Robert Hampton \"Robbie\" Rogers (born May 12, 1987) is an American professional soccer player who plays for LA Galaxy in Major League Soccer. He plays as a winger and as a left back. Rogers has also represented the United States men's national soccer team. In February 2013, Rogers came out as gay, becoming the second male footballer in Britain to do so after Justin Fashanu in 1990.", "Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium (originally District of Columbia Stadium (D.C. Stadium), commonly RFK Stadium or RFK) is a multi-purpose stadium, located near the Anacostia River in Washington, D.C., United States, and the current home of Major League Soccer team D.C.", "Roberto Clemente Roberto Enrique Clemente Walker (August 18, 1934 – December 31, 1972) was a Puerto Rican professional baseball player. Clemente spent eighteen Major League Baseball (MLB) seasons playing in the National League (NL) as a right fielder for the Pittsburgh Pirates. Clemente wore number 21 (later retired by the Pirates) representing the number of letters in his full name, Roberto Clemente Walker.", "Roy Wegerle Roy Wegerle (born March 19, 1964 in Pretoria) is a South African-born American former professional soccer player and current professional golfer.As a player he was a striker from 1984 until 1998. He notably played in the Premier League for Queens Park Rangers, Blackburn Rovers and Coventry City, as well as also playing in the Football League for Chelsea, Swindon Town and Luton Town. He made appearances in his native United States for Tampa Bay Rowdies, Tacoma Stars, Colorado Rapids, D.C.", "Southeastern League The Southeastern League was the name of three baseball circuits in minor league baseball which operated in the Southeastern and South Central United States. Two of these leagues were associated with organized baseball; the third and most recent incarnation was an independent league that operated for two seasons in 2002-03.", "Sports in the United States Sports in the United States are an important part of the country's culture.", "Ted Breitenstein Theodore P. \"Ted\" Breitenstein (June 1, 1869 – May 3, 1935) was an American Major League Baseball player from St. Louis, Missouri who pitched from 1891 to 1901 for the St. Louis Browns/Cardinals and the Cincinnati Reds. He is most known today for throwing a no-hitter in his first Major League start.", "Ted Williams Theodore Samuel \"Ted\" Williams (August 30, 1918 – July 5, 2002) was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) left fielder, and later manager. Williams played his entire 19-year major league career for the Boston Red Sox from 1939–1942 and 1946–1960.", "The Baseball Network The Baseball Network was a short-lived television broadcasting joint venture between ABC, NBC and Major League Baseball. Under the arrangement, beginning in the 1994 season, the league produced its own in-house telecasts of games, which were then brokered to air on ABC and NBC.", "The Star-Spangled Banner \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" is the national anthem of the United States of America.", "Tony Oliva Tony Pedro Oliva (born Antonio Oliva Lopez Hernandes Javique on July 20, 1938) is a former Major League Baseball (MLB) right fielder and designated hitter. A star of the first magnitude during baseball's \"second deadball era\", he spent his entire 15-year baseball career playing for the Minnesota Twins from 1962 through 1976.Oliva was the 1964 American League Rookie of the Year.", "Tony Resch Tony Resch is a retired lacrosse player, and current field and box lacrosse head coach. He is the former head coach of the Philadelphia Wings of the National Lacrosse League from 1994 to 2001, and led the Wings to four Championships. Resch was named to the NLL Hall of Fame in 2008. Resch returned to coaching as the head coach of the Philadelphia Barrage of Major League Lacrosse.", "Ty Cobb Tyrus Raymond \"Ty\" Cobb (December 18, 1886 – July 17, 1961), nicknamed \"The Georgia Peach,\" was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder. He was born in rural Narrows, Georgia. Cobb spent 22 seasons with the Detroit Tigers, the last six as the team's player-manager, and finished his career with the Philadelphia Athletics. In 1936 Cobb received the most votes of any player on the inaugural Baseball Hall of Fame ballot, receiving 222 out of a possible 226 votes.", "U.S. states without major sports teams There are currently 24 U.S. states without major sports teams, when major league sports are defined as Major League Baseball (MLB), Major League Soccer (MLS), the National Basketball Association (NBA), the National Football League (NFL), and the National Hockey League (NHL).", "USL First Division The United Soccer Leagues First Division (usually referred to as USL-1) was a professional men's soccer league in the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico.During its existence, it formed the second tier of soccer in the United States and Canada league pyramid behind Major League Soccer.", "United States soccer league system The United States soccer league system, sometimes called the American soccer pyramid, is a series of professional and amateur association football leagues based, in whole or in part, in the United States. For practical and historical reasons, some teams from Antigua and Barbuda, Bermuda, Canada, and Puerto Rico (considered a separate country by FIFA) also compete in these leagues, although they are not eligible for the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup, which is open only to teams affiliated with U.S.", "Women's League Soccer The Women's League Soccer (WLS) is a regional women's football (soccer) league in the United States that was created in 2010 and will kick off its first season 2011. The league is in the process of being sanctioned by the United States Soccer Federation.Contrasting significantly from other soccer leagues in the U.S., WLS intends to be an open entry, promotion and relegation competition. The league observes all FIFA standards, rules, player transfer windows and international calendar.", "World Umpires Association The World Umpires Association (WUA) is an organization of Major League Baseball (MLB) umpires. It was certified by the National Labor Relations Board on February 24, 2000 as a bargaining agent. It took over as bargaining agent for MLB umpires before the 2000 MLB season, replacing the Major League Umpires Association (MLUA), which dated back to 1970." ]

[ "Aarau Aarau (German pronunciation: [ˈaːraʊ], locally [ˈɑːrɑʊ]) is the capital of the northern Swiss canton of Aargau. The city is also the capital of the district of Aarau. It is German-speaking and predominantly Protestant. Aarau is situated on the Swiss plateau, in the valley of the Aare, on the river's right bank, and at the southern foot of the Jura mountains, and is west of Zürich, and 65 kilometres (40 mi) northeast of Bern.", "Aargau The Canton of Aargau (German Kanton About this sound Aargau ; rarely anglicized Argovia; see also other names) is one of the more northerly cantons of Switzerland. It is situated by the lower course of the Aare, which is why the canton is called Aar-gau (meaning Aare province). It is one of the most densely populated regions of Switzerland.", "Appenzell Ausserrhoden The Canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden (German: [ˈapənˌtsɛl ˈaʊ̯sərˌroːdən]; in English sometimes Appenzell Outer Rhodes) is a canton of Switzerland. The seat of the government and parliament is Herisau, judicial authorities are in Trogen. Appenzell Ausserrhoden is located in the north east of Switzerland, bordering the cantons of St. Gallen and Appenzell Innerrhoden.", "Appenzell Innerrhoden The Canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden (German: [ˈapənˌtsɛl ˈɪnərˌroːdən]; in English sometimes Appenzell Inner Rhodes) is the smallest canton of Switzerland by population and the second smallest by area, with Basel-City being the smallest. It was the last Swiss canton to grant women the vote on local issues, in 1991.", "Basel-Landschaft The Canton of Basel-Landschaft (German: About this sound Basel-Landschaft \"Basel-Country\"; informally: Baselland/Baselbiet, in French Bâle-Campagne), is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland. The capital is Liestal. It shares borders with the cantons of Basel-Stadt, Solothurn, Jura and Aargau, and with the French région of Alsace and the German state of Baden-Württemberg.", "Basel-Stadt The Canton of Basel-Stadt (German: About this sound Basel-Stadt \"Basel-City\"; in French Bâle-Ville, in Italian Basilea Città) is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland. The city of Basel and the municipalities of Bettingen and Riehen form its territory.", "Bern The city of Bern or Berne (German: Bern, pronounced [bɛrn]; French: Berne [bɛʁn]; Italian: Berna [ˈbɛrna]; Romansh: Berna [ˈbɛrnə]; Bernese German: Bärn [b̥æːrn]) is the de facto capital of Switzerland, referred to by the Swiss as their (e.g. in German) Bundesstadt, or \"federal city\". With a population of 139,321 (February 2015), Bern is the fourth most populous city in Switzerland. The Bern agglomeration, which includes 36 municipalities, had a population of 406,900 in 2014.", "Bernese German Bernese German (Standard German: Berndeutsch, Alemannic German: Bärndütsch) is the dialect of High Alemannic German spoken in the Swiss plateau (Mittelland) part of the canton of Bern and in some neighbouring regions. A form of Bernese German is spoken by Old Order Amish in Adams County, Indiana and their daughter settlements.", "Biel/Bienne Biel/Bienne (official bilingual wording; German: [biːl]; French: [bjɛn]; Italian: Bienna; Romansh: Bienna) is a city in the district of the Biel/Bienne administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.Biel/Bienne is on the language boundary between the French-speaking and German-speaking parts of Switzerland, and is throughout bilingual. Biel is the German name for the town, Bienne its French counterpart. The town is often referred to in both languages simultaneously.", "Büsingen am Hochrhein Büsingen am Hochrhein \"\\Buesingen on the High Rhine\"), commonly known as Büsingen, is a German town (7.62 km2 or 2.94 sq mi) entirely surrounded by the Swiss canton of Schaffhausen and, south across the High Rhine, by the Swiss cantons of Zürich and Thurgau. It has a population of about 1,450 inhabitants.", "Canton of Basel Basel was a canton of Switzerland that was in existence between 1501 and 1833, when it was split into the two present-day 'half-cantons' of Basel-City and Basel-Country.", "Canton of Bern The Canton of Bern (German: Kanton Bern, About this sound pronunciation ; French: Canton de Berne) is the second largest of the 26 Swiss cantons by both surface area and population. Located in west-central Switzerland, it borders the Canton of Jura and the Canton of Solothurn to the north. To the west lie the Canton of Neuchâtel, the Canton of Fribourg and Vaud. To the south lies the Valais.", "Canton of Fribourg The Canton of Fribourg is a canton of Switzerland. It is located in the west of the country. The capital of the canton is Fribourg. The name Fribourg is French, whereas About this sound Freiburg is the German name for both the canton and the town.", "Canton of Glarus The Canton of Glarus (German pronunciation: [ˈɡlarʊs]) is a canton in east central Switzerland. The capital is Glarus.The population speaks a variety of Alemannic German.The majority of the population (81%) identifies as Christian, about evenly split between the Protestant and Catholic confessions.", "Canton of Lucerne The Canton of Lucerne (German: Kanton Luzern) is a canton of Switzerland. It is located in the centre of Switzerland. The population of the canton (as of 31 December 2014) is 394,604. As of 2007, the population included 57,268 foreigners, or about 15.8% of the total population. The cantonal capital is Lucerne.", "Canton of Schaffhausen The Canton of Schaffhausen (German: About this sound Schaffhausen ) is a canton of Switzerland. The principal city and capital of the canton is Schaffhausen.", "Canton of Schwyz Schwyz (German pronunciation: [ʃviːt͡s]) is a canton in central Switzerland between the Alps in the south, Lake Lucerne to the west and Lake Zurich in the north, centered on and named after the town of Schwyz.It is one of the founding cantons of Switzerland; Switzerland's Standard German name, die Schweiz, is derived from the name of the canton, and the flag of Switzerland from its coat of arms. For the history of the name, see Schwyz. The Swiss Federal Charter is on display in Schwyz.", "Canton of Solothurn The Canton of Solothurn (German: About this sound Solothurn ) is a canton of Switzerland. It is located in the northwest of Switzerland. The capital is Solothurn.", "Canton of St. Gallen The Canton of St. Gallen (German: Kanton About this sound St. Gallen , Swiss German: 'Sanggale') is a canton of Switzerland. St. Gallen is located in the north east of Switzerland. It covers an area of 2,026 km², and has a population (as of 31 December 2014) of 495,824. As of 2007, the population included 97,461 foreigners, or about 20.9% of the total population. The capital is St. Gallen. Spelling variations include: St. Gall, Saint Gall, Saint Gallen, Sankt Gallen, and Son Gagl.", "Canton of Uri The Canton of Uri (German: Kanton About this sound Uri ) is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland and a founding member of the Swiss Confederation. It is located in Central Switzerland. The canton's territory covers the valley of the Reuss between Lake Lucerne and the St. Gotthard Pass. Swiss German is the primary language spoken in Uri. Uri was the only canton where the children in school had to learn Italian as their first foreign language.", "Canton of Zug The Canton of Zug (German pronunciation: [tsuːɡ]) is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland. It is located in central Switzerland and its capital is Zug. At 239 km2 the canton is one of the smallest of the cantons in terms of area. It is not subdivided into districts. It is the economic centre of Central Switzerland.", "Canton of Zürich The Canton of Zürich (German: Kanton About this sound Zürich ) has a population (as of 31 December 2014) of 1,443,436. The canton is located in the northeast of Switzerland and the city of Zürich is its capital. The official language is German. The local Swiss German dialect called Züritüütsch is commonly spoken. In English the name of the canton is often written without an umlaut.", "Cantons of Switzerland The 26 cantons of Switzerland (German: Kanton, French: canton, Italian: cantone, Romansh: chantun) are the member states of the Swiss Confederation. There were eight cantons during 1353–1481, and thirteen cantons during 1513–1798.Each canton was a fully sovereign state with its own border controls, army, and currency from the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) until the establishment of the Swiss federal state in 1848.", "Executive Council of Bern The Executive Council (German: Regierungsrat, French: Conseil-éxecutif) is the executive of the Swiss canton of Bern.This seven-member collegial body is elected by the people for a period of four years. The cantonal constitution reserves one seat in the Executive Council for a French-speaking citizen from the Bernese Jura. The presidency, by convention, rotates annually and the position is largely that of a primus inter pares.", "German-speaking Switzerland The German-speaking part of Switzerland (German: Deutschschweiz, French: Suisse alémanique, Italian: Svizzera tedesca, Romansh: Svizra tudestga) comprises about 65 percent of Switzerland (North Western Switzerland, Eastern Switzerland, Central Switzerland, most of the Swiss plateau and the greater part of the Swiss Alps).In 17 Swiss cantons, German is the only official language (Aargau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Basel-Stadt, Basel-Landschaft, Glarus, Lucerne, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, St.", "German immigration to Switzerland About a quarter of a million German nationals had permanent residence in Switzerland in 2009.Ever since the emergence of Switzerland and Germany as distinct nations in the Early Modern period, there has been considerable population movement in both directions, but meaningful population statistics become available only after the Napoleonic era, with the formation of the restored Swiss Confederacy and the German Confederation in 1815.", "Graubünden The Canton of Grisons or Graubünden in German (German: Graubünden, [ɡraʊˈbʏndən]; Italian: Grigioni [ɡriˈdʒoːni]; Romansh: Grischun [ɡʁiˈʒun]; see also other names) is the largest and easternmost canton of Switzerland. The canton shares borders with the cantons of Ticino, Uri, Glarus and St. Gallen and international borders with Italy, Austria and Liechtenstein.", "Languages of Switzerland The four national languages of Switzerland are German, French, Italian and Romansh.", "Laufen District Laufen District or Laufental District (French: District de Laufon) is one of the five districts of the largely German-speaking canton of Basel-Country, Switzerland. Its capital is the town of Laufen. Prior to 1994, it was a district of the canton of Bern, one of the seven historical districts of the Bernese Jura. In 1979, three neighbouring French-speaking districts of Bern seceded to form the new canton of Jura.", "Mont-Tramelan Mont-Tramelan is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is located in the French-speaking Bernese Jura (Jura Bernois). While the majority of the population speaks German, the German form of the municipality name, Tramlingen-Berg, is no longer used. Even though it is in the French-speaking part of the canton of Bern, there is a German public school.", "Nidwalden The Canton of Nidwalden (German pronunciation: [ˈnidˌvaldən]) is a canton of Switzerland. It is located in the centre of Switzerland. The population is 40,287 (in 2007) of which 4,046 (or 10%) are foreigners. The capital is Stans.", "Obwalden The Canton of Obwalden (German pronunciation: [ˈɔbˌvaldən]) is a canton of Switzerland. It is located in the centre of Switzerland. Its capital is Sarnen. The canton contains the geographical centre of Switzerland.", "Old Swiss Confederacy The Old Swiss Confederacy (Modern German: Alte Eidgenossenschaft; historically Eidgenossenschaft, after the Reformation République des Suisses, Republica Helvetiorum \"Republic of the Swiss\") was the precursor of Switzerland.It was a loose confederation of independent small states (cantons) which formed during the 14th century. From a nucleus in what is now Central Switzerland, the confederacy expanded to include the cities of Zurich and Berne by the middle of the century.", "Röstigraben The Röstigraben (German pronunciation: [ˈrøːstiˌɡraːbən], literally \"Rösti ditch\", also transcribed Röschtigraben in order to reflect the Swiss German pronunciation [ˈrøːʃtiˌɡrabə]) is a humorous term describing the cultural differences between, on one side, the German-speaking Switzerland and, on the other, the French-speaking parts, the Suisse romande, as well as the Italian-speaking canton of Ticino.", "Schaffhausen Schaffhausen (German: [ʃaːfˈhauzən]; Alemannic German: Schafuuse; French: Schaffhouse; Italian: Sciaffusa; Romansh: Schaffusa) is a city in northern Switzerland and the capital of the canton of the same name; it has an estimated population of 34,587 as of December 2008.The official language of Schaffhausen is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.The old portion of the city has many fine Renaissance era buildings decorated with exterior frescos and sculpture, as well as the impressive old canton fortress, the Munot.", "Schwyz The town of Schwyz (German pronunciation: [ʃviːt͡s]; Italian: Svitto) is the capital of the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland.The Federal Charter of 1291 or Bundesbrief, the charter that eventually led to the foundation of Switzerland, can be seen at the Bundesbriefmuseum.The official language of Schwyz is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.", "Solothurn The city of Solothurn (German: Solothurn pronounced [ˈzoːlotʊrn]; French: Soleure; Italian: Soletta; Romansh: Soloturn) is the capital of the Canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. The city also is the only municipality of the district of the same name.The official language of Solothurn is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.", "Swiss German Swiss German (German: Schweizerdeutsch, Alemannic German: Schwyzerdütsch, Schwiizertüütsch, Schwizertitsch) refers to any of the Alemannic dialects spoken in Switzerland and in some Alpine communities in Northern Italy. Occasionally, the Alemannic dialects spoken in other countries are grouped together with Swiss German, as well, especially the dialects of Liechtenstein and Austrian Vorarlberg, which are closely associated to Switzerland's.Linguistically, Swiss German forms no unity.", "Swiss Standard German Swiss Standard German (German: Schweizer Standarddeutsch), or Swiss High German (German: Schweizer Hochdeutsch or Schweizerhochdeutsch), referred to by the Swiss as Schriftdeutsch, or Hochdeutsch, is one of four official languages in Switzerland, besides French, Italian and Romansh. It is a variety of Standard German, used in the German-speaking part of Switzerland.", "Thurgau The Canton of Thurgau (German: Kanton About this sound Thurgau , anglicized as Thurgovia) is a northeast canton of Switzerland.It is named for the Thur River, and the name Thurgovia was historically used for a larger area, including part of this river's basin upstream of the modern canton. The area of what is now Thurgau was acquired as subject territories by the cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy from the mid 15th century.", "Valais The Canton of Valais (French pronunciation: ​[valɛ]; German: Wallis, German pronunciation: [ˈvalɪs]) is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland, situated in the southwestern part of the country, around the valley of the Rhône from its headwaters to Lake Geneva, separating the Pennine Alps from the Bernese Alps.", "Zug Zug (German: Zug, [tsuːɡ]; French: Zoug; Italian: Zugo; Romansh: Zug; Neo-Latin Tugium (named in the 16th century)), is a city in Switzerland. The name ‘Zug’ originates from fishing vocabulary; in the Middle Ages it referred to the right to ‘pull up’ fishing nets and hence to the right to fish.The city of Zug is located in the Canton of Zug and is the Canton capital." ]

[ "Alemannic German Gressoney, Issime and RimellaAlemannic (German: About this sound Alemannisch ) is a group of dialects of the Upper German branch of the Germanic language family. The name derives from the ancient Germanic alliance of tribes known as the Alamanni \"\\all men\").", "Canton of Geneva The Republic and Canton of Geneva (French: République et Canton de Genève; Arpitan: Rèpublica et Canton de Geneva; German: Republik und Kanton Genf; Italian: Repubblica e Canton Ginevra; Romansh: Republica e Chantun Genevra) is the French-speaking westernmost canton or state of Switzerland, surrounded on almost all sides by France. As is the case in several other Swiss cantons (e.g.", "Canton of Neuchâtel The Republic and Canton of Neuchâtel (French: Canton de Neuchâtel, IPA: [kɑ̃tɔ̃ də nøʃɑtɛl]) is a canton of French-speaking western Switzerland. In 2007, its population was 169,782 of which 39,654 (or 23.4%) were foreigners. The capital is Neuchâtel.", "Chasseral Pass Chasseral Pass (German: Gestler) (el. 1502 m.) is a high mountain pass in the Jura Mountains, lying west of the Chasseral. The pass is located on the border between the Swiss cantons of Neuchâtel (north side) and Bern (south side). It is traversed by a road connecting Saint-Imier and Nods, both located in the Bernese Jura.", "Collection of Swiss Law Sources The Collection of Swiss Law Sources (Sammlung Schweizerischer Rechtsquellen in German, Collection des sources du droit suisse in French, Collana Fonti del diritto svizzero in Italian) is a collection of critical editions of historical legal documents (regarded as sources of law) created on Swiss territory from the early Middle Ages up to 1798.It is edited by the Law Sources Foundation of the Swiss LawyersSociety.", "Council of States (Switzerland) The Council of States (German: Ständerat, French: Conseil des Etats, Italian: Consiglio degli Stati, Romansh: Cussegl dals Stadis) is the smaller chamber of the Federal Assembly of Switzerland, and is considered the Assembly's upper house. There are 46 Councillors.Twenty of the country's cantons are represented by two Councillors each. Six cantons, traditionally called \"half cantons\", are represented by one Councillor each for historical reasons.", "Day of the German-speaking Community of Belgium The Day of the German-speaking Community of Belgium is celebrated on November 15 each year. It is a public holiday for the German-speaking Community of Belgium but it is not celebrated elsewhere in Belgium. The equivalents of the other communities are the Day of the Flemish Community (July 11) and the Day of the French-speaking Community (September 27). The ceremony coincides with the King's Feast.", "Ederswiler Ederswiler is a municipality in the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. It is the only German-speaking municipality in the canton, where all others are French-speaking.", "Evangelical-Reformed Church of the Canton Basel-Stadt The Evangelisch-reformierte Kirche Basel-Stadt (literally: Evangelical-Reformed Church of the Canton Basel-Stadt) is a Reformed denomination in the canton of Basel-Stadt. In 2004 it had 51,000 members in six German parishes with 3 German speaking congregations, one Italian one French Reformed congregation and 49 ordained clergy. Member of the Schweizerischer Evangelischer Kirchenbund.The church was established by Johannes Oekolampad in 1529. For 400 years was the state church in Basel.", "Federal Assembly (Switzerland) The Federal Assembly (German: Bundesversammlung, French: Assemblée fédérale, Italian: Assemblea federale, Romansh: Assamblea federala), is Switzerland's federal legislature. It meets in Bern in the Federal Palace.The Federal Assembly is bicameral, being composed of the 200-seat National Council and the 46-seat Council of States. The houses have identical powers.", "Federal Charter of 1291 The Federal Charter or Letter of Alliance (German: Bundesbrief) documents the Eternal Alliance or League of the Three Forest Cantons (German: Ewiger Bund der Drei Waldstätten), the union of three cantons in what is now central Switzerland. It is dated in early August, 1291 and initiates the current August 1 national Swiss holiday. This agreement cites a previous (lost or most likely not existent in written form) similar pact.", "Flags and arms of cantons of Switzerland There are 26 modern cantons of Switzerland, each of which has an official flag and coat of arms.The history of development of these designs spans the 13th to 20th centuries.Historically, the number of cantons waseight during 1352–1481, see Eight Cantonsthirteen during 1513–1798, see Thirteen Cantonstwenty cantons of the Helvetic Republic in 1798–1803, without official flags or coats of armstwenty-two during 1848–1978, including three cantons divided into two half-cantons eachtwenty-three during 1979–1999, due to the secession of the canton of Jura from Bern.Nidwalden and Obwalden are traditional subdivisions of Unterwalden.", "Fribourg Fribourg (French pronunciation: ​[fʁibuʁ]; Arpitan: Fribôrg/Friboua, pronounced: [fʁibwa]; German: Freiburg or Freiburg im Üechtland, Swiss German pronunciation: [ˈfrib̥ʊrɡ]; Italian: Friburgo or Friborgo; Romansh: Friburg) is the capital of the Swiss canton of Fribourg and the district of Sarine.", "Fédération des Entreprises Romandes Genève The Fédération des Entreprises Romandes Genève (FER Genève) is a Swiss (Romand designate Swiss Cantons where people speak french) employer’s organization based in Geneva, Switzerland. It groups 26 000 members, including multinational corporations as well as 9000 independent workers and 75 trade associations.", "Geography of Switzerland The geography of Switzerland encompasses the geographical features of Switzerland, a mountainous and landlocked country located in Western and Central Europe. It is surrounded by 5 countries: Austria and Liechtenstein to the east, France to the west, Italy to the south and Germany to the north. Switzerland has a maximum north-south length of 220 kilometres (140 mi) and an east-west length of about 350 kilometres (220 mi).Switzerland is well known for the Alps in the south and south east.", "German-speaking Community of Belgium The German-speaking Community of Belgium (German: Deutschsprachige Gemeinschaft Belgiens [ˈdɔʏ̯tʃˌʃpʁaːxɪɡə ɡəˈmaɪ̯nʃaft ˈbɛlɡi̯əns], DG; French: Communauté germanophone de Belgique; Dutch: Duitstalige Gemeenschap België [ˈdœy̯tsˌtaːlɪɣə ɣəˈmeːnˌsxɑp ˈbɛlɣijə]) is one of the three federal communities of Belgium.", "German-speaking electoral college The German-speaking electoral college is one of three constituencies of the European Parliament in Belgium. It elects 1 MEP by first past the post.This is the European Parliament's smallest constituency, with an electorate at the 2004 election of just 46,914. Since the German-speaking electoral college elects only one member, the winner is effectively chosen by the first past the post method. This makes it the only European Parliament constituency without proportional representation.", "Glarus Glarus (German: [ˈɡlaːrʊs]; French: Glaris; Italian: Glarona; Romansh: Glaruna) is the capital of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. Glarus municipality since 1 January 2011 incorporates the former municipalities of Ennenda, Netstal and Riedern.Glarus lies on the Linth River at the foot of the Glärnisch foothills in the Glarus Alps. Very few buildings built before the fire of 1861 remain. Wood, textile, and plastics, as well as printing, are the dominant industries.", "Gotthard Pass The Gotthard Pass or St. Gotthard Pass (Italian: Passo del San Gottardo) (el. 2106 m) is a mountain pass in the Alps, connecting northern to southern Switzerland. The pass lies between Airolo in the Italian-speaking canton of Ticino, and Göschenen in the German-speaking canton of Uri, and connects further Bellinzona to Lucerne.", "Government of the German-speaking Community The government of the German-speaking Community (German: Regierung der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft; DG-Regierung) is the executive body of the German-speaking Community of Belgium, located in the east of the province of Liège. The members are chosen by the Parliament of the German-speaking Community.", "Grand Council of Bern The Grand Council (German: Grosser Rat, French: Grand conseil) is the parliament of the Swiss canton of Bern.It consists of 160 members (as of 2006) elected by proportional representation for a four-year term of office. The French-speaking part of the canton, the Bernese Jura (districts of Courtelary, La Neuveville and Moutier) has 12 seats guaranteed, and 3 seats are guaranteed for the French-speaking minority of the bilingual district of Biel/Bienne.", "Green Liberal Party of Switzerland The Green Liberal Party of Switzerland (German: Grünliberale Partei der Schweiz, glp; French: Parti vert'libéral, pvl), abbreviated to glp, is a centrist Green liberal political party in Switzerland. Founded in 2007, the party holds fourteen seats in the Federal Assembly.The party was formed on 19 July 2007 by four cantonal branches of the Green Party. Contesting the election in October 2007 in St. Gallen and Zurich, the party won three seats in the National Council.", "High Alemannic German High Alemannic is a dialect of Alemannic German and is often considered to be part of the German language, even though it is only partly intelligible to non-Alemannic speakers.", "Highest Alemannic German Highest Alemannic (Hegschtalemannisch) is a branch of Alemannic German and is often considered to be part of the German language, even though mutual intelligibility with Standard German and other non-Alemannic German dialects is very limited.Highest Alemannic dialects are spoken in alpine regions of Switzerland: In the Bernese Oberland, in the German-speaking parts of the Canton of Fribourg, in the Valais (see Walliser German) and in the Walser settlements (mostly in Switzerland, but also in Italy and in Austria; see Walser German).", "Johann August Nahl Johann August Nahl (22 August 1710 in Berlin – 22 October 1781 in Kassel) was a German sculptor and stuccist.He was first taught by his father Johann Samuel Nahl (1664–1727), who had been court sculptor of Frederic I since 1704. At the age of 18, Nahl undertook a journey via Sigmaringen and Bern to Strasbourg, where he worked for Robert Le Lorrain. In 1731 he went to Paris, then in 1734 to Rome, 1735 to Schaffhausen and then back to Strasbourg.", "Juchart A Juchart (also Jucharte or Juchard, in French Pose, in Italian Pertica) was a unit of area measurement used in rural Switzerland until the early 20th century. In other German speaking regions it was known as a Joch, Jochart, Jauchart, Jauch, Juck or Juckert. The Juchart was a measurement of the amount of farm land that a man could plow in one day.", "List of Speakers of the Parliament of the German-speaking Community This is a list of the Speakers of the Parliament of the German-speaking Community of Belgium, the Speakers of the Council of the German-speaking Community and the Speakers of the Council of the German Cultural Community since 1973.", "List of Swiss cantons by elevation The following list is a comparison of elevation absolutes in Switzerland. Data includes interval measures of highest and lowest elevation for all 26 cantons, with coordinates of the highest. Location names, mean elevation, and the numeric differences between high and low elevations are also provided.Most of the 25 canton high points are located in the Swiss Alps. Other (with lower altitude), are located in the Jura Mountains.", "List of cantonal executives of Switzerland This article lists the list of cantonal executives of Switzerland. Each canton of Switzerland has its own executive body, as well as legislative body. The Federal Council is the executive of the Swiss federal government, and is included for purposes of comparison.The cantonal executives are collegial bodies, each with 5 or 7 members.", "List of cantonal legislatures of Switzerland This is a list of cantonal legislatures of Switzerland. Each canton of Switzerland has a democratically-elected cantonal legislature, as well as electing members to the Federal Assembly.The largest legislatures, in Zurich and St. Gallen, have 180 members each, whilst the smallest, in less-populous Appenzell Innerrhoden, has only 49 members. Appenzell Innerrhoden is also the only legislature that is non-partisan. All other legislatures operate party political systems.", "Lucerne Lucerne (/ˌluːˈsɜrn/; German: Luzern, [luˈtsɛrn]; French: Lucerne, [lysɛʁn]; Italian: Lucerna, [luˈtʃɛrna]; Romansh: Lucerna; Lucerne Swiss-German: Lozärn) is a city in central Switzerland, in the German-speaking portion of the country. Lucerne is the capital of the Canton of Lucerne and the capital of the district of the same name.", "Parliament of the German-speaking Community The Parliament of the German-speaking Community (German: Parlament der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft or PDG) is the legislative assembly of the German-speaking Community of Belgium based in Eupen. The most important tasks of the Parliament of the German-speaking Community include the election and the supervision of the Government of the German-speaking Community, the adoption of decrees for the German-speaking Community and the preparation and adoption of the annual budget.", "Reformation in Switzerland The Protestant Reformation in Switzerland was promoted initially by Huldrych Zwingli, who gained the support of the magistrate (Mark Reust) and population of Zürich in the 1520s. It led to significant changes in civil life and state matters in Zürich and spread to several other cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy. Seven cantons remained Roman Catholic, though, which led to inter-cantonal wars known as the Wars of Kappel.", "Romandy Romandy (French: Romandie) is the French-speaking parts of western Switzerland. In 2010 about 1.9 million people, or 24.4% of the Swiss population, lived in Romandy. The bulk of romand population lives in the Arc Lémanique region along Lake Geneva, connecting Geneva, Vaud and the Lower Valais.", "Romansh language Romansh(also spelled Romansch, Rumantsch, or Romanche; Romansh: About this sound rumàntsch ,About this sound romauntsch ,About this sound romontsch ) is a Romance language spoken predominantly in the southeastern Swiss canton of Grisons (Graubünden), where it has official status alongside German and Italian and is used as the medium of instruction of schools in Romansh-speaking areas.", "Romansh people The Romansh people are a people and ethnic group of Switzerland, native speakers of the Romansh language.", "Saane/Sarine Saane (in German) or Sarine (in French) is a major river of Switzerland. It is 128 km (80 mi) long and has a drainage area of 1,892 km2 (731 sq mi).It is a tributary of the river Aare.The Saane rises in the Bernese Alps, near Sanetschhorn, in the Canton of Valais. It forms the Lac de Sanetch reservoir at 2034 m, and then enters the Canton of Bern, traversing the Sanetsch falls between 1900 and 1400 m.", "Schelten Schelten (La Scheulte in French) is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. This is one of two German speaking municipalities located in the majority French-speaking Bernese Jura (Jura Bernois). The other is Seehof.", "Schweizer (chicken) The Schweizer, German: Schweizerhuhn or \"Swiss chicken\", is a Swiss breed of domestic chicken. It was bred in 1905 in Amriswil, in the canton of Thurgau, in north-east Switzerland. It is kept mainly in German-speaking areas of the country.", "St. Gallen St. Gallen (About this sound Sankt Gallen or St Gall; French: Saint-Gall; Italian: San Gallo; Romansh: Son Gagl) is the capital of the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It evolved from the hermitage of Saint Gall, founded in the 7th century. Today, it is a large urban agglomeration (with around 160,000 inhabitants) and represents the center of eastern Switzerland.", "Swiss Federal Constitution The Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation of 18 April 1999 (German: Bundesverfassung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft; French: Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse; Italian: Costituzione federale della Confederazione Svizzera; Romansh: Constituziun federala da la Confederaziun svizra) is the third and current federal constitution of Switzerland. It establishes the Swiss Confederation as a federal republic of 26 cantons (states).", "Swiss Federal Council election, 2011 An election for all seven members of the Federal Council, the government of Switzerland, was held on 14 December 2011, following the federal election on 23 October 2011. Micheline Calmy-Rey announced she will not run for re-election to the council. According to a traditional informal convention, the successor has to come from the French-speaking or Italian-speaking part of Switzerland.", "Swiss Federal Council election The Swiss Federal Council is elected by the 246 members of the Federal Assembly of Switzerland by secret ballot.Regular elections take place every four years, in the first session following the Swiss federal elections.", "Swiss French Swiss French (French: suisse romand) is the variety of French spoken in the French-speaking area of Switzerland known as Romandie. Swiss French is distinct from Franco-Provençal (Arpitan), the closely related Romance language originally spoken in Romandie.", "Swiss Italian Swiss Italian (Italian: svizzero italiano) is the name used for the variety of Italian spoken in the Italian-speaking area of Switzerland. Swiss Italian is spoken as natively by about 350,000 people in the canton of Ticino and in the southern part of Graubünden (Canton Grigioni). Swiss-Italian also refers to the Italian speaking population in this region (southern Switzerland) close to the border with Italy.", "Swiss Nationalist Party The Swiss Nationalist Party (German: Partei National Orientierter Schweizer, abbreviated to PNOS; French: Parti nationaliste suisse, abbreviated to PNS) is a far-right völkischpolitical party in Switzerland founded in 2000.", "Swiss immigration referendum, February 2014 The federal popular initiative \"against mass immigration\" (German: Eidgenössische Volksinitiative \"Gegen Masseneinwanderung\", French: Initiative populaire « Contre l'immigration de masse », Italian: Iniziativa popolare \"Contro l'immigrazione di massa\") is a Swiss federal popular initiative.", "Swiss literature As there is no dominant national language, the four main languages of French, Italian, German and Romansch form the four branches which make up a literature of Switzerland. The original Swiss Confederation, from its foundation in 1291 up to 1798, gained only a few French-speaking districts in what is now the Canton of Fribourg, and so the German language dominated.", "Swiss people The Swiss (German: die Schweizer, French: les Suisses, Italian: gli Svizzeri, Romansh: ils Svizzers) are citizens or natives of Switzerland.", "Swiss playing cards The Swiss German speaking part of Switzerland has its own deck of playing cards. They are mostly used for Jass, the \"national card game\" of Switzerland. The deck is related to the various German playing cards. Within Switzerland, these decks are called German or Swiss German cards. Distribution of the Swiss deck is roughly east of the Brünig-Napf-Reuss line, in Schaffhausen, St.", "Switzerland Switzerland (/ˈswɪtsərlənd/; German: Schweiz [ˈʃvaɪts]; French: Suisse [sɥis(ə)]; Italian: Svizzera [ˈzvittsera]; Romansh: Svizra [ˈʒviːtsrɐ] or [ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ]), officially the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a country in Europe.", "Tagsatzung The Federal Diet of Switzerland or Tagsatzung (German: Eidgenössische Tagsatzung; French: Diète fédérale; Italian: Dieta federale) was the legislative and executive council of the Swiss confederacy from the beginnings until the formation of the Swiss federal state in 1848.It was a meeting of delegates of the individual cantons. Its power was very limited, since the cantons were essentially sovereign.", "Ticino The Republic and Canton of Ticino or Ticino (Italian pronunciation: [tiˈtʃiːno]; German: Tessin [tɛˈsiːn]; see also in other languages) is the southernmost canton of Switzerland.", "Troccas Troccas is a member of the Tarot family of card games.It is played in the Romansh speaking part of the canton Grisons of Switzerland.It is not known exactly how this game entered Switzerland but it is generally thought to have arrived from Italy during the 17th century.Troccas decks are sometimes called \"1JJ\" or \"Jupiter and Juno\" decks because they substitute Jupiter and Juno for the Pope and Papess of the Tarot of Marseilles.", "Vanil Noir The Vanil Noir is a mountain of the Fribourg Prealps, located on the border between the cantons of Fribourg and Vaud in western Switzerland. Reaching a height of 2,389 metres above sea level, the Vanil Noir is the highest summit of the canton of Fribourg and of the Alpine foothills lying north of the Saane and Simme (or northwest of the Saanenmöser Pass).", "Vaud The Canton of Vaud (French pronunciation: ​[vo]; German: Waadt) is the third largest of Swiss cantons by population and fourth by size.", "Walser German The Walser language (German: Walserdeutsch), also known as Walliser German (locally Wallisertiitsch), is a group of Highest Alemannic dialects spoken in the German-speaking part of the Canton of Wallis (French: Valais) and in Walser settlements in parts of Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein, and Austria.The terms Walser and Walliser are geographic; there is no linguistic divide. Specific Walser dialects can be traced to eastern or western dialects of Wallis canton.", "Zürcher Murren Zürcher Murren, also called pain bernois, Bernerweggen, Spitzweggen, geschnittene Weggli or Zackenweggen are a type of bread roll traditionally made in the German-speaking part of Switzerland and, more rarely, in the Romandie.", "Zürich Zürich or Zurich (/ˈzjʊərɪk/, German: Zürich [ˈtsyːrɪç], Swiss German: Züri [ˈtsyɾi], French: Zurich [zyʁik], Italian: Zurigo [dzuˈriːɡo], Romansh: Turitg) is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zürich. It is located in north-central Switzerland at the northwestern tip of Lake Zürich. The municipality has approximately 400,028 inhabitants, the urban agglomeration 1.315 million, and the Zurich metropolitan area 1.83 million." ]

[ "Cisco Systems Cisco Systems, Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in San Jose, California, that designs, manufactures, and sells networking equipment. The stock was added to the Dow Jones Industrial Average on June 8, 2009, and is also included in the S&P 500 Index, the Russell 1000 Index, NASDAQ-100 Index and the Russell 1000 Growth Stock Index.Cisco is the worldwide leader in networking for the Internet.", "Hennessey Performance Engineering Hennessey Performance Engineering is an American tuning house specializing in modifying sports and super cars from several brands like Ferrari, Porsche, McLaren, Chevrolet, Dodge, Audi, Mercedes-Benz, Toyota, Nissan, Mustang, Cadillac, Lotus, Jeep, Ford, BMW, Bentley, Chrysler, GMC, Lincoln and Lexus. Established in 1991 by John Hennessey, their main facility is located west of Houston, Texas. This firm focuses on mechanical component modification for creating high-powered cars.", "Qualcomm Atheros Qualcomm Atheros is a developer of semiconductors for network communications, particularly wireless chipsets. Founded under the name Atheros in 1998 by experts in signal processing from Stanford University, the University of California, Berkeley and the private industry, the company went public in 2004.On January 5, 2011, it was announced that Qualcomm had agreed to a takeover of the company for a valuation of US$3.7 billion." ]

[ "1921 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles Bill Tilden defeated Wallace Johnson 6–1, 6–3, 6–1 in the final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1921 U.S. National Championships. It was Tilden's second U.S. Championships title and his fourth Grand Slam title overall", "1925 Wimbledon Championships The 1925 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran from 22 June until 4 July.", "1925 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles René Lacoste (FRA) defeated Jean Borotra (FRA) 6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 8–6 in the final to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1925 Wimbledon Championships.", "1927 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles René Lacoste defeated Bill Tilden 11–9, 6–3, 11–9 in the final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1927 U.S. National Championships. It was Lacoste's second U.S. Championships title and his fifth Grand Slam title overall.", "1928 U.S. National Championships (tennis) The 1928 U.S. National Championships (now known as the US Open) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the West Side Tennis Club, Forest Hills in New York, USA. The tournament ran from 10 September until 17 September. It was the 48th staging of the U.S. National Championships and the fourth Grand Slam tennis event of the year.", "1928 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles René Lacoste (FRA) defeated Henri Cochet (FRA) 6–1, 4–6, 6–4, 6–2 in the final to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1928 Wimbledon Championships.", "1929 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Henri Cochet (FRA) defeated Jean Borotra (FRA) 6–4, 6–3, 6–4 in the final to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1929 Wimbledon Championships.", "Arthur Ham Arthur Worth Ham (20 February 1902 – 6 September 1992) was a prominent Canadian histologist. His textbook Histology is considered by many practitioners an indispensable reference.", "Arthur Kennedy (bishop) Arthur Leo Kennedy (born January 9, 1942) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who serves as Auxiliary Bishop of the Archdiocese of Boston, in Boston, Massachusetts.", "Avalon Hill Avalon Hill Games, Inc. is a game company that specializes in wargames and strategic board games. Its logo contains its initials \"AH\", and the company is often referred to by this abbreviation. It has also published the occasional miniature wargaming rules, role-playing game, and had a popular line of sports simulations.", "Basalt Rock Company Basalt Rock Company was a multifaceted industrial operation that was founded in 1920. The company started as a rock quarrying operation located a few miles south of Napa, California near the Napa River. It later branched out into the ship building business in 1941 when it started building ships for the U.S. Navy for use during World War II. Following the war, the plant built 30 miles of pipe for the City of Napa's pipeline from Lake Hennessey.", "Board of directors A board of directors is a body of elected or appointed members who jointly oversee the activities of a company or organization. Other names include board of governors, board of managers, board of regents, board of trustees, and board of visitors. It is often simply referred to as \"the board\".A board's activities are determined by the powers, duties, and responsibilities delegated to it or conferred on it by an authority outside itself.", "Brad Hennessey Brad Martin Hennessey (born February 7, 1980) is a former American professional baseball pitcher for the San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball. He stands 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall and weighs 185 pounds (84 kg). He played for the Giants from 2004–08 and threw five pitches: a fastball, a slider, a changeup, a curveball, and a cutter.Hennessey attended Youngstown State University and set several school records during his tenure with the team.", "CME Group CME Group Inc. (Chicago Mercantile Exchange & Chicago Board of Trade) is an American futures company and one of the largest options and futures exchanges. It owns and operates large derivatives and futures exchanges in Chicago and New York City, as well as online trading platforms. In 2014, it gained regulatory approval to open a derivatives exchange in London.", "COBB Tuning COBB Tuning, known by the tagline \"Access The Potential\" is an American company providing aftermarket automobile tuning services. Founded in 1999 by Trey Cobb at Rockwall, they are now headquartered at Austin, Texas. Besides doing vehicle modifications, they also offered customers car project consultation and building; and general maintenance plus repair.", "Canwest Canwest Global Communications Corporation, which operated under the corporate brand Canwest, was a major Canadian media company based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, with its head offices at Canwest Place. It held radio, television broadcasting and publishing assets in several countries, primarily in Canada.Canwest entered bankruptcy protection in late 2009, leading to the sale of the company's assets.", "Charlotte Hennessey Charlotte Hennessey Smith (1 January 1873 – 22 March 1928) was a Canadian silent film actress and the mother of Mary, Lottie, and Jack Pickford, who all became actors.", "Clause 49 Clause 49 of the Listing Agreement to the Indian stock exchange comes into effect from 31 December 2005.", "Clone High Clone High (occasionally referred to in the U.S. as Clone High U.S.A.) is a Canadian–American animated television series created by Phil Lord, Christopher Miller and Bill Lawrence. The comedy centers on a high school populated by the clones of famous historical figures. The show's central cast includes adolescent depictions of Abraham Lincoln, Joan of Arc, Mahatma Gandhi, John F. Kennedy, and Cleopatra.", "Conservative Review The Conservative Review is an American media group whose goal is provide conservative voters with a reliable source of information on the nature of federal officeholders and candidates for federal office. On 1 September 2015, CR announced that Mark Levin would be the new editor-in-chief, and that additional writers would be brought on board: Amanda Carpenter and John Gray (former \"high level staffers in the U.S.", "Continental Steel Corporation The Continental Steel Corporation was created on June 21, 1927 through the merger of the Kokomo Steel and Wire Company (founded in Kokomo, Indiana in 1901) with the Superior Sheet Steel Company of Canton, Ohio, and the Chapman Price Steel Company of Indianapolis. Among the original eleven directors was John E. Fredrick, who had been an organizer of the Kokomo Fence Machine Company in 1896 and had served on the board of directors of the Kokomo Steel and Wire Company.", "David John (Mormon) David John (29 January 1833 – 1908) was a leading figure in Utah at the dawn of the 20th century. He served as a stake president in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and a member of the Brigham Young University (BYU) board of trustees. John was born in Pembrokeshire, Wales. He was raised in a Baptist family and studied for the ministry. He joined the LDS Church in 1847.", "Delta Air Lines Delta Air Lines, Inc. \"\\Delta\"; NYSE: DAL) is a major American airline, with its headquarters and largest hub at Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport in Atlanta, Georgia. The airline along with its subsidiaries operate over 5,400 flights daily and serve an extensive domestic and international network that includes 334 destinations in 64 countries on six continents, as of June 2015.", "Dennis Hightower Dennis Fowler Hightower (born October 28, 1941 in Washington, DC), is a former Army Officer, retired business executive, college educator, and public servant who was the United States Deputy Secretary of Commerce from August 11, 2009 to August 27, 2010.He spent his formative years in Washington, D.C., and graduated from McKinley High School in 1958, at age 16, as class president. He entered Howard University that same year and graduated in 1962, at age 20, with a B.S. degree.", "Doom: The Boardgame Doom: The Boardgame is an adventure board game for two to four players designed by Kevin Wilson and published by Fantasy Flight Games in 2004.", "Dorothy Hennessey Sister Dorothy Marie Hennessey O.S.F. (March 24, 1913 – January 24, 2008) was a Roman Catholic Franciscan Sister and activist involved with the Peace and Justice movement.", "Ed Lee (politician) Edwin Mah Lee (Chinese: 李孟賢, born May 5, 1952) is the 43rd and current Mayor of San Francisco, California. He was appointed by the Board of Supervisors on January 11, 2011 to serve out the remainder of former mayor Gavin Newsom's term, after Newsom resigned to take office as Lieutenant Governor of California.", "Edward F. Hennessey Edward F. Hennessey (April 19, 1919 – March 8, 2007) was the Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court from 1976 to 1989.", "Enron Enron Corporation (former New York Stock Exchange ticker symbol ENE) was an American energy, commodities, and services company based in Houston, Texas. Before its bankruptcy on December 2, 2001, Enron employed approximately 20,000 staff and was one of the world's major electricity, natural gas, communications, and pulp and paper companies, with claimed revenues of nearly $111 billion during 2000.", "Eugene A. Brown Eugene A. Brown (born 1937) was the Sheriff of the City and County of San Francisco from 1978-79. He was appointed by Mayor George Moscone in February 1978 after the abrupt resignation of then-Sheriff Richard Hongisto. His tenure was marked by the turmoil of the assassinations of Mayor Moscone and Supervisor Harvey Milk, as well as the Jonestown Massacre of People's Temple adherents, the majority of whom were from the Bay Area.", "Everspark EverSpark Interactive is a technology company from Atlanta, Georgia. The company is best known for search engine optimization, and has been featured in the Washington Post, the Wall Street Journal, and Business News Daily. The company also consults on digital marketing and website development. It was co-founded by Jason Hennessey and Chris Watson in 2009. Hennessey is the chief executive officer. In 2014, the company announced the JJ Hennessey Honorary Epilepsy Scholarship.", "Franco Bernabè Franco Bernabè (born 18 September 1948) is an Italian banker and manager, formerly the Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Telecom Italia, appointed on 3 December 2007.Bernabè was born at Vipiteno/Sterzing (Italy). He graduated in 1973 from the University of Turin and worked as a post-graduate fellow in economics at the Einaudi Foundation from 1973 to 1975.", "Fritz Bastian Frederick Ellison \"Fritz\" Bastian (born February 11, 1898, Indianapolis, Indiana; died February 28, 1944), was an outstanding American tennis player in the early 20th Century.Bastian, a one-time runner-up in the National Junior tennis championship, won singles titles in 1917 and 1919 at the Cincinnati Open. In winning the 1919 title, Bastian upset U.S.", "Games Workshop Games Workshop Group PLC (often abbreviated as GW) is a British miniature wargaming manufacturing company. Games Workshop is best known as developer and publisher of the tabletop wargames Warhammer, Warhammer 40,000 and The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game. The company is listed on the London Stock Exchange with the symbol GAW.L. The company's British operating subsidiary company is Games Workshop Limited.", "Gandhi (film) Gandhi is a 1982 epic biographical film which dramatises the life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, the leader of India's non-violent, non-cooperative independence movement against the United Kingdom's rule of the country during the 20th century. Gandhi was written by John Briley and produced and directed by Richard Attenborough.", "George Firth Scott George Henry Firth Scott, journalist and writer, generally known as G. Firth Scott, was the son of George Firth Scott, Land Commissioner and Emma Elizabeth (née Barnes). He was born about 1862 at Golspie, County Sutherland, Scotland.He came to Australia and worked as a journalist for newspapers, including the The Hobart Mercury and the Sydney Daily Telegraph and also contributed stories to magazines including Belgravia.On 4 October 1889 he married Ailleen Murphy at St.", "George Lott George Martin Lott (October 16, 1906 – December 3, 1991) was an American tennis player and tennis coach who was born in Springfield, Illinois, United States. Lott is mostly remembered as being one of the greatest doubles players of all time. He won the U.S. title five times with three different partners: John Hennessey in 1928; John Doeg in 1929 and 1930; and Les Stoefen in 1933 and 1934.", "George Muñoz George Muñoz is president and co-founder of Muñoz Investment Banking Group. The firm is primarily focused on financing and investments in the Emerging Markets Countries as well as in the U.S. Hispanic community.", "George Pyne (business executive) George Pyne (born 1965) is an American business executive and current Founder & CEO of Bruin Sports Capital, a sports, media, marketing, and branded lifestyle company that he founded in 2014. He is the former President of IMG Sports and Entertainment where he also served on the Board of Directors. Pyne is a former board member for 24 Hour Fitness and currently sits on the board of the National Football Foundation.", "Greater Toronto Area The Greater Toronto Area (GTA) is a metropolitan area in Canada. At the 2011 census, it had a population of 6,054,191, and the census metropolitan area had a population of 5,583,064. The Greater Toronto Area is defined as the central city of Toronto, and the four regional municipalities that surround it: Durham, Halton, Peel, and York.", "Gwen Hennessey Sister Gwen Hennessey, O.S.F., (born September 29, 1932) is a Roman Catholic Franciscan Order Sister and activist most widely known for her protests.", "Harry Greenspun Harry Greenspun, MD, is a physician-executive and co-author of the best-selling book, “Reengineering Healthcare: A Manifesto for Radically Rethinking Health Care Delivery” with Jim Champy Currently he serves as the Senior Advisor, Health Care Transformation & Technology at the Deloitte Center for Health SolutionsAs a thought-leader on health information technology Greenspun promotes the use of health IT on a global scale.", "Hennesey Hennesey is an American military sitcom/drama television series that aired on CBS from 1959 to 1962, starring Jackie Cooper.Cooper played a United States Navy physician, Lt. Charles J. \"Chick\" Hennesey, with Abby Dalton as Navy nurse Lt. Martha Hale. In the story line, they are assigned to the hospital at the U.S. Naval Station in San Diego, California.", "Hennessey Venom GT The Hennessey Venom GT is a supercar based on the Lotus Exige manufactured by Texas-based Hennessey Performance Engineering and assembled in England.", "Hennessey Viper Venom 1000 Twin Turbo The Hennessey Viper Venom 1000 Twin Turbo is an upgraded version of the Dodge Viper offered for sale as a whole car or as an upgrade by Hennessey Performance Engineering, also known as HPE. It comes in two variants, a coupe and a Hennescrewed. It has a theoretical maximum production run of 24 vehicles.", "Hennessy Jas Hennessy & Co., or more simply Hennessy, is a cognac house with headquarters in Cognac, France. Today, the company of Jas Hennessy & Co. sells about 50 million bottles a year worldwide, or more than 40 percent of the world’s Cognac, making it the world's largest Cognac producer. It is owned by Moët Hennessy, which is co-owned by LVMH (66%) and Diageo (34%).", "Jackgreen Jackgreen Energy was an Australian electricity retailer. Before the company collapsed in late 2009, it was Australia's largest specialist renewable energy retailer, employed around 100 people, and had 75,000 customers. Jackgreen was suspended on 18 December 2009 from the National Electricity Market by the independent market operator.", "James Hennessy Sir James Patrick Ivan Hennessy KBE CMG (born 26 September 1923) is a retired British diplomat and served as Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Prisons from 1982 to 1987.Educated at Bedford School and then King's College, Durham (now part of Newcastle University), Hennessy aged 21 joined the Royal Artillery in 1942, later being seconded to the Indian Army in 1944 until 1946.After the War, Hennessy joined what was then HM Overseas Service, serving initially in Basutoland, South Africa from 1948 in a number of roles, seconded in 1961 to the Office of the High Commissioner in Pretoria and taking on a number of positions in the government of South Africa.", "James W. Carr James (Jim) W. Carr (born in Tallahassee, Florida), is an American Educator. Dr. Carr was nominated by President George W. Bush to the National Security Education Board in 2005 and served in that capacity until 2011. Dr. Carr currently serves as a Professor of Business and Senior Vice President of Harding University in Searcy, Arkansas.", "Jeff Aronin Jeff Aronin (born December 8, 1967) is a biopharmaceutical executive and civic leader. He is chairman, CEO and founder of Marathon Pharmaceuticals LLC, a privately owned company headquartered in Northbrook, Illinois. He is also chairman, CEO and founder of Paragon Pharmaceutical Capital, LLC, an investment firm that backs healthcare companies.Prior to operating Marathon and Paragon, Aronin founded Ovation Pharmaceuticals LLC in 2000 and served as its chairman and CEO for nine years.", "Jeong H. Kim Dr. Jeong H. Kim (Korean: 김종훈) (born 1960) is a Korean-American technology entrepreneur. His background ranges from being a CEO of a high technology start up to senior executive of a Fortune 500 corporation and served as the President of Bell Labs from 2005 to 2013. Jeong Kim was born in Seoul, South Korea. He came to the U.S. in 1975 at the age of 14. Speaking little English, he found the transition to a foreign culture difficult.", "Jimmy Wales Jimmy Donal \"Jimbo\" Wales (/ˈdʒɪmi ˈdoʊnəl ˈweɪlz/; born August 7, 1966) is an American Internet entrepreneur best known as the co-founder and promoter of the online non-profit encyclopedia Wikipedia and the for-profit Wikia web hosting company.Wales was born in Huntsville, Alabama, where he attended Randolph School, a university-preparatory school.", "John A. Jenkins John A. Jenkins (born 1950-12-16) is an American journalist, author, and entrepreneur. He is Founder & CEO of Law Street Media [1] and President & Publisher Emeritus of CQ Press in Washington, D.C..Prior to founding Law Street, a web-based media company covering the world of law, in 2013, Jenkins served for 15 years as President & Publisher of CQ Press and created First Street, the pioneering web-based political intelligence platform.", "John Black Aird For others similarly named, see the John Aird navigation page John Black Aird, CC OOnt QC (May 5, 1923 – May 6, 1995) was the 23rd Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, Canada, from 1980 to 1985.Born in Toronto, Ontario, the grandson of Canadian financier Sir John Aird, John Black Aird was educated at Upper Canada College, Trinity College and Osgoode Hall Law School. He was a Brother at the Toronto Chapter of the Alpha Delta Phi.", "John David Hennessey John David Hennessey (1847 – 31 July 1935), also known as Rev. J. D. Hennessey and David Hennessey, journalist and author, was born in London and went to Australia in 1875. He lived in Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria.Hennessey was a Methodist and Congregational minister and preached at the Wharf street Congregational Church in Brisbane and the Pitt street Congregational Church in Sydney. He founded the Australian Christian World in 1886 and edited it until 1891.", "John Drosdick John G. Drosdick is an American businessman.Since May 2000, he has been President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors of Sunoco Inc. (a Philadelphia-based company concentrating on refining and retailing petroleum and petrochemical products). As of 2006, he was the fifteenth-highest paid chief executive officer in the United States.He is also chairman of the Board of Trustees of Villanova University and serves on the boards of directors of H. J.", "John F. Hennessey John Francis Hennessey (October 27, 1900, Indianapolis, Indiana – August 1981, Stuart, Florida) was a top American tennis player of the 1920s.", "John Fanning (businessman) John Fanning (born December 21, 1963) is an Internet and technology investor and entrepreneur who was a co-founder in 1999 of Napster, an Internet file-sharing service focused on music files that was invented by his nephew Shawn Fanning, along with Sean Parker. John Fanning served as the chairman of its board as the company's chief executive, before it relocated from Massachusetts to San Mateo, California. He owned 70% of the company and represented the founders on the board of directors.", "John G. Denison John G. Denison was the acting CEO and Chairman of the Board of ATA Airlines and Global Aero Logistics, Inc at the time of ATA's shutdown due to financial insolvency. In 2006, Denison had announced that he would step down as ATA's CEO on January 1, 2007; Denison was replaced with Subodh Karnik. However, Denison had also announced he would continue on as ATA's Chairman of the Board of Directors. He has been an officer of Global Aero Logistics, Inc. since February 21, 2005.", "John G. Schwarz John G. Schwarz is a business executive and entrepreneur. He is currently the Founder and CEO of Visier. He also serves on the board of directors of Synopsys, Teradata, and Avast!.", "John Hawkes (tennis) John Bailey \"Jack\" Hawkes (7 June 1899 in Geelong, Australia – 31 March 1990) was an Australian male tennis player.", "John Hennessey (rugby league) John Hennessey was a Welsh professional rugby league footballer of the 1920s, playing at representative level for Wales, and at club level for Rochdale Hornets, as a Second-row, i.e. number 11 or 12, during the era of contested scrums.", "John J. Hennessey John Joseph Hennessey (August 20, 1921 – March 20, 2001) was a United States Army four-star general who served as Commander in Chief, United States Readiness Command (USCINCRED) from 1974 to 1979.", "John Robert Beyster John Robert Beyster (July 26, 1924 – December 22, 2014), often styled J. Robert Beyster, was the founder of Science Applications International Corporation. He was Chairman of the Board until his retirement in July 2004, and also served as Chief Executive Officer (CEO) until November 2003. A recognized authority on national security and reactor physics, Beyster committed 35 years of his life to building SAIC on the founding tenets of employee ownership and technical excellence.", "John S. Koudounis John S. Koudounis is an American business executive who currently serves as the president and chief executive officer for Mizuho Securities USA Inc., a subsidiary of Japanese banking holding company Mizuho Financial Group. He is a regular commentator for television and financial news programs including Fox Business, CNBC, CNN, Bloomberg, and others.", "John W. Hennessey Jr John W. Hennessey, Jr. (born March 25, 1925, Danville, Pennsylvania) is an American academic and educator.He has spent most of his life in academia, as professor, dean, and provost. He is Third Century Professor Emeritus at Dartmouth College, where he served for eight years as dean of the Tuck School of Business, during formative years at Tuck. After retirement from teaching applied and professional ethics, he became the provost of the University of Vermont, later serving as interim president.", "Joseph Cari, Jr. Joseph A. Cari Jr. (born October 8, 1952) is a private equity investor, public policy expert, and philanthropist currently residing in New York, New York and Castellina in Chianti, Italy.Joseph A. Cari Jr. is a Partner at Medcap Growth Equity Fund, a healthcare venture fund partnered with the Wellman Center of Massachusetts General Hospital, a Harvard University Medical School teaching hospital.", "Karen Richardson Karen Richardson is an American executive. Her 30-year career in the software business includes positions as a key player in several well-known and highly successful companies.In November 2011, Richardson joined the board of directors of BT Group plc (NYSE: BT). The company, which has operations in more than 170 countries, is one of the world's largest telecommunications services companies.", "Keith Hennessey Keith Hennessey is the former Assistant to the U.S. President for Economic Policy and Director of the U.S. National Economic Council. He was appointed to the position in November 2007 by President George W. Bush, and served until the end of Bush's second term in office. Mr. Hennessey served in the White House since August 2002, when he was appointed to his previous position of Deputy Assistant to the U.S. President for Economic Policy and Deputy Director of the U.S.", "L. Dean Murray L. Dean Murray (born July 22, 1964) is the Assembly member for the 3rd District of the New York Assembly. He is a Republican. The district includes portions of the town of Brookhaven, including Bellport and Mastic Beach in Suffolk County on Long Island.", "LVMH LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton SE, better known as LVMH, is a French multinational luxury goods conglomerate, headquartered in Paris. The company was formed by the 1987 merger of fashion house Louis Vuitton with Moët Hennessy, a company formed after the 1971 merger between the champagne producer Moët & Chandon and Hennessy, the cognac manufacturer. It controls around 60 subsidiaries that each manage a small number of prestigious brands. The subsidiaries are often managed independently.", "Land and Labour League The Land and Labour League was formed in October 1869 by a group of radical trade unionists affiliated to the International Working Men's Association. Its formation was precipitated by discussion of the land question at the Basle Congress of 1869. The League advocated the full nationalisation of land, and was for a brief time the centre of a working class republican network in London, with its own paper, The Republican.", "Land of Leather Land of Leather was a furniture retail store based in Northfleet, Kent in the United Kingdom. It operated in the United Kingdom & Ireland.The company was hit hard by the downward slope in the UK's housing market which was brought about by the decline in demand, due to a lesser number of people buying and moving homes.", "List of Phi Sigma Kappa brothers This is a list of notable brothers of Phi Sigma Kappa men's collegiate fraternity, including those who were members of Phi Sigma Epsilon prior to the 1985 merger. See Talk page to review guidelines for inclusion.", "List of United States Davis Cup team representatives This is a list of tennis players who have represented the United States Davis Cup team in an official Davis Cup match. The United States have taken part in the Davis Cup since 1901.", "List of commanders of 101st Airborne Division This is a list of commanders of the US 101st Airborne Division of the United States Army MG William C. Lee August-42 – February-44 BG Don F. Pratt 6-February-44 – 14-March-44 MG Maxwell D. Taylor March-44 – August-45 BG Anthony C. McAuliffe 5-December-44 – 26-December-44 BG William N. Gillmore August-45 – September-45 BG Gerald St. C. Mickle September-45 – October-45 BG Stuart Cutler October-45 – November-45 MG William R. Schmidt July-48 – May-49 MG Cornelius E.", "List of people from Dubuque, Iowa This is a list of the people born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with the city of Dubuque, Iowa, and its surrounding metropolitan area.Austin Adams, judge, Iowa state supreme court chief justice (1880–87)Don Ameche, actor, Loras College, buried in nearby Asbury, IowaFrancis Beckman, bishop, an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church, served as Bishop of Lincoln (1924–30) and as Archbishop of Dubuque (1930–46).Alfred S.", "List of people from Indianapolis This is a list of famous people from Indianapolis.Frank J.", "LyondellBasell LyondellBasell Industries N.V. (NYSE: LYB) is a public multinational chemical company with American and European roots, incorporated in the Netherlands, with U.S. operations headquarters based in Houston, Texas, and global operations in London, UK. It was formed in December 2007 by the acquisition of Lyondell Chemical Company by Basell Polyolefins for $12.7 billion. LyondellBasell was listed on the New York Stock Exchange on October 14, 2010.", "Madeleine M. Kunin Madeleine May Kunin (born September 28, 1933) is an American diplomat and politician. She was the 77th Governor of Vermont from 1985 until 1991, as a member of the Democratic Party. She also served as United States Ambassador to Switzerland from 1996 to 1999. She was Vermont's first and, to date, only female governor as well as the first Jewish governor of Vermont. She was also the first Jewish woman to be elected governor of a U.S. state.", "Mary Pickford Mary Pickford (April 8, 1892 – May 29, 1979) was a Canadian-American motion picture actress, co-founder of the film studio United Artists and one of the original 36 founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Obituary Variety, May 30, 1979.", "Mervyns Mervyn's was an American middle scale department store chain based in Hayward, California, and founded by Mervin G. Morris. It carried national brands of clothing, footwear, bedding, furniture, jewelry, beauty products, electronics, and housewares. Many of the company's stores were in shopping malls. Based on 2005 revenue, Mervyn's was the eighty-third largest retailer in the United States.In 2006, Mervyn's had 189 stores in 10 states.", "Michael Bloomberg Michael Rubens Bloomberg KBE (born February 14, 1942) is an American business magnate, politician, and philanthropist. He served as the 108th Mayor of New York City, holding office for three consecutive terms beginning with his first election in 2001.", "Michael Hennessey Michael Hennessey (born c. 1948) was the longest serving Sheriff in the history of San Francisco and was the longest tenured Sheriff in the State of California. Hennessey was elected in a run-off election in December 1979 and had been reelected in seven subsequent elections. By the end of the current term (January 2012), he served as San Francisco’s Sheriff for 32 years and had received more than one million votes as Sheriff.", "Milton Bradley Company The Milton Bradley Company is an American board game company established by Milton Bradley in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1860. In 1920, it absorbed the game production of McLoughlin Brothers, formerly the largest game manufacturer in the United States.Milton Bradley was taken over by Hasbro, Inc., in 1984. Now wholly owned by Hasbro, it is still retained as one of Hasbro's brands, similar to the manner in which former Milton Bradley arch-rival Parker Brothers is one of Hasbro's brands.", "Mitt Romney Willard Mitt Romney (born March 12, 1947) is an American businessman and politician who served as the 70th Governor of Massachusetts from 2003 to 2007. Following his service as Governor, Romney was the Republican Party's nominee for President of the United States in the 2012 election.Raised in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, by his parents George and Lenore Romney, Mitt Romney spent two and a half years in France as a Mormon missionary starting in 1966.", "Montgomery Ward Montgomery Ward was the name of two historically distinct American retail enterprises. It can refer either to the defunct mail order and department store retailer, which operated between 1872 and 2000, or to the current catalog and online retailer also known as Wards.", "National Board of Review The National Board of Review of Motion Pictures was founded in 1909 in New York City, just 13 years after the birth of cinema, to protest New York City Mayor George B. McClellan, Jr.'s revocation of moving-picture exhibition licenses on Christmas Eve 1908. The mayor (son of the famed Civil War general) believed that the new medium degraded the morals of community.", "National Film Board of Canada The National Film Board of Canada (or simply National Film Board or NFB) (French: Office national du film du Canada, or ONF) is Canada's twelve-time Academy Award-winning public film and digital media producer and distributor. An agency of the Government of Canada, the NFB produces and distributes documentary films, animation, web documentaries and alternative dramas. In total, the NFB has produced over 13,000 productions which have won over 5,000 awards.", "National Register of Historic Places listings in Iron County, Michigan The following is a list of Registered Historic Places in Iron County, Michigan. The list includes 79 structures and historic districts that are significant for their architectural, historical, or industrial/economic importance.", "Nicki Aycox Nicki Lynn Aycox (born May 26, 1975) is an American actress known for her role as Minxie in Jeepers Creepers 2, and her role as Meg Masters in Supernatural.", "Nortel Nortel Networks Corporation, formerly known as Northern Telecom Limited, Northern Electric and sometimes known simply as Nortel, was a multinational telecommunications and data networking equipment manufacturer headquartered in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. It was founded in Montreal, Quebec in 1895.", "Pat Lepore Pat Lepore is an American Democratic Party politician, who has served on the Passaic County Board of Chosen Freeholders since 2004. Lepore has served as the Mayor of Woodland Park (formerly West Paterson) since 2003, and also served as Mayor from 1997 to 1999. As of January 2, 2007, Lepore was unanimously elected to serve as Deputy Director of the Freeholder Board.", "Patriot Scientific Corporation Patriot Scientific Corporation refers to itself an \"Intellectual Property (IP) licensing company.\" Founded in 1992, it is a Delaware corporation based in Carlsbad, California and is one of the publicly traded companies started by inventor Elwood \"Woody\" Norris.", "Philip J. Carroll Philip J. Carroll, Jr. (born 1937) is active in a variety of corporate and government roles. Carroll earned a Bachelor of science in Physics from Loyola University New Orleans in 1958 and a M.S. in physics from Tulane University in 1961, after which he joined the Shell Oil company as an engineer.Carroll became the CEO of Shell Oil in 1993 and served in that position until July 1998, when he became the Chairman and CEO of Fluor Corporation, an engineering and construction services firm.", "Rajiv Ghatalia Rajiv Ghatalia (born 1967 in South India) is an Indian entrepreneur. He works on the board of Clean Power Finance and is the President and Founder of Hennessey Capital LLC. Ghatalia was also co-head of investment banking for the Asia-Pacific region for Goldman Sachs. He worked as a partner at Warburg Pincus, LLC, an American Private global private equity firm.", "Ray Casey Raymond J. Casey (born San Francisco, California, 1900, died Palo Alto, California, 1986) was a top-ranked tennis player and coach.A large and very powerful man for his time, Casey was a 12-letter man in athletics at the University of California, Berkeley. A left-hander, he was considered to have one of the fastest serves in the world. Although he won numerous tournaments on the West Coast, he played only twice in any of the four major Grand Slam tournaments.", "Robert Francis Hennessey Robert Francis Hennessey (born April 20, 1952) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He currently serves as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Boston.", "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston (Latin: Archidioecesis Bostoniensis) is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in the New England region of the United States. It comprises several counties of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. It is led by a prelate archbishop who serves as pastor of the mother church, Cathedral of the Holy Cross in the South End of Boston.As of 2009, there are 292 parishes in the archdiocese.", "Ron Hennessey Father Ron Hennessey (October 11, 1929 – April 29, 1999) was a Roman Catholic priest and missionary. He worked in Central America for thirty-five years and was a witness to State terror against civilians where he served in Guatemala and El Salvador. He was the brother of two notable activist sisters, Sister Dorothy Hennessey and Sister Gwen Hennessey.Hennessey was an Iowa farmer who served in the Korean War.", "Ross Mirkarimi Ross Mirkarimi (born August 4, 1961) is the sheriff of San Francisco, California. Prior to being sheriff, he served on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, representing District 5 from 2005 to 2011. Mirkarimi was elected sheriff in November 2011.", "San Francisco general election, November 2007 The November 2007 San Francisco general elections were held on November 6, 2007 in San Francisco, California. The elections included those for San Francisco mayor, district attorney, and sheriff, and eleven San Francisco ballot measures.", "Severn Trent Severn Trent plc is a UK water company that is traded on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.Severn Trent, the trading name owned by the above company applies to a group of companies employing more than 15,000 people across the UK, US and mainland Europe, with some involvement in the Middle East.The main companies in the group are Severn Trent Water and Severn Trent Services.", "Seán Patrick O'Malley Seán Patrick O'Malley, OFM Cap (born June 29, 1944) is an American cardinal of the Catholic Church serving as the Archbishop of Boston. O'Malley is a member of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin, commonly known as the Capuchins.O'Malley was elevated to the cardinalate in 2006. He was considered a contender to succeed Pope Benedict XVI, who resigned on February 28, 2013, until Pope Francis was chosen on March 13, 2013.", "Simulation Publications Simulations Publications, Inc. (SPI) was an influential American publisher of board wargames and related magazines, particularly its flagship Strategy & Tactics, in the 1970s and early 1980s. It produced an enormous number of games and introduced innovative practices, changing the course of the wargaming hobby in its bid to take control of the hobby away from then-dominant Avalon Hill. SPI ran out of cash in early 1982 when TSR called in a loan secured by SPI's assets.", "Smurfit-Stone Container Smurfit-Stone Container Corporation was a global paperboard and paper-based packaging company based in Creve Coeur, Missouri, and Chicago, Illinois, with approximately 21,000 employees. In 2007, Smurfit-Stone was ranked 13 in PricewaterhouseCoopers' \"Top 100\" forest, paper, and packaging companies in the world (ranked by sales revenue). The company was also among the world's largest paper recyclers.Rock-Tenn (NYSE: RKT) bought the company in a $3.5 billion deal that closed in May 2011.", "Steve Leveen Steve Leveen is the chairman and co-founder with his wife, Lori Granger Leveen, of Levenger (the Levenger Company). The former CEO of the company, Leveen retired from that role in 2014 and shortly after that was named a Fellow of the Advanced Leadership Initiative (ALI) of Harvard University.", "Terry Hennessey William Terrence \"Terry\" Hennessey (born 1 September 1942) is a Welsh former international footballer who gained 39 caps for Wales. He played as a defender and made 400 Football League appearances in the 1960s and 1970s with Birmingham City, Nottingham Forest and Derby County.After his playing career, he managed a number of clubs, including Tulsa Roughnecks of the North American Soccer League, whom he led to the league championship in 1983.", "The Game Crafter The Game Crafter, LLC (TGC) is a Madison, Wisconsin company that produces tabletop game components and custom print on demand card games and board games.", "The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company, better known as A&P, is a supermarket and liquor store chain in the United States. Its supermarkets, which are under six different banners, are found in Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. A&P's liquor stores, known as Best Cellars, are found in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Jersey. A&P's corporate headquarters are in Montvale, New Jersey.", "The Neverending Story (TV series) The Neverending Story: The Animated Adventures of Bastian Balthazar Bux is an animated television series, produced by CineVox (Germany), Ellipse (France), and Nelvana (Canada), aired for one season (1995–1996) on HBO, ran for 26 episodes, and loosely based on Michael Ende's book, The Neverending Story (1979).", "Tim Hennessey Timothy F. \"Tim\" Hennessey (born November 4, 1947) is a Republican member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for the 26th District and was elected in 1992.", "Trump Entertainment Resorts Trump Entertainment Resorts, Inc. is a gaming and hospitality company that owns and operates the Trump Taj Mahal hotel and casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States. Formerly known as Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts, it was founded by Donald J. Trump, who was chairman of the board of directors until his resignation in 2009. Bob Griffin is currently Director and Chief Executive Officer.", "UI Energy Corporation UI Energy Corporation is a Korean company founded in 1987 (formerly known as Gong Young Multi System). Its areas of interest include the development of resources and minerals, power plants and the supply of medical equipment. It is quoted on the KOSDAQ (Korea Securities Dealers Automated Quotations).Its Executive Vice-Chairman is Choi Kyu-sun.It is part of international consortium for development of prospects in Iraqi Kurdistan.", "United Kingdom company law United Kingdom company law regulates corporations formed under the Companies Act 2006. Also governed by the Insolvency Act 1986, the UK Corporate Governance Code, European Union Directives and court cases, the company is the primary legal vehicle to organise and run business. Tracing their modern history to the late Industrial Revolution, public companies now employ more people and generate more of wealth in the United Kingdom economy than any other form of organisation.", "Vorstand In German corporate governance, a Vorstand is the executive board of a corporation (public limited company). It is hierarchically subordinate to the supervisory board (Aufsichtsrat), as German company law imposes a two-tier board of directors.German law confers executive powers on the executive board as a body. It is expected to act collectively and collegially.", "Vorstandsassistent A Vorstandsassistent (Board Assistant or Assistant to the Board) is a specific role in German and Austrian public companies that are managed by a Vorstand or Executive Board. A Vorstandsassistent typically serves as both a \"noise filter\" and proxy for the Board Member in a variety of internal and external capacities. Depending on the board member, there can be one or multiple board assistants (Vorstandsassistenten).", "Wally Hennessey Wally Hennessey (born October 4, 1956) is a Canadian harness racing driver. He was inducted into the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame on August 6, 2014.Hennessey rode his first horse to victory in 1975. He won his 8,000th career race on February 18, 2012.", "Walter Wesbrook Walter Kenneth Wesbrook (June 6, 1898, Detroit, Michigan – January 22, 1991, Los Angeles, California) was an American tennis player and coach.In 1923, he reached the doubles final at the U.S. Clay Court championship with John Hennessey before falling to brothers Howard and Robert Kinsey of San Francisco, 6–4, 13-11, 6–3.", "Wayne Hennessey Wayne Robert Hennessey (born 24 January 1987) is a Welsh international footballer who plays for Crystal Palace as a goalkeeper.Hennessey's first professional games saw him set a new League Two record for consecutive clean sheets while on loan at Stockport County. He played 166 times for Wolverhampton Wanderers over eight seasons, including three years at Premier League level.", "Winning Moves Winning Moves Games is a maker of classic card games and board games, puzzles, action games and adult party games. The company is known for game reproduction, republishing and variants like Monopoly: The Mega Edition.", "Włodzimierz Ławniczak Włodzimierz Ławniczak (25 August 1959 – 7 January 2011) was a Polish journalist and television executive. He served as the acting President of Telewizja Polska, which is Poland's public broadcasting corporation, from August 27, 2010, until December 10, 2010.Włodzimierz Ławniczak was born in Konin, Poland, on August 25, 1959.", "XL Leisure Group The XL Leisure Group (XLLG) was a major tour operating company in the UK, consisting of charter and scheduled airlines, holiday companies and flight-only tour operators. It also has operations in France, Germany, Ireland, Australia and Cyprus. The group's UK companies were placed into administration on 12 September 2008.", "Young & Rubicam Y&R (originally Young & Rubicam) is a marketing and communications company specializing in advertising, digital and social media, sales promotion, direct marketing and brand identity consulting.", "Zilog Zilog, Inc., previously known as ZiLOG, is an American manufacturer of 8-bit and 16-bit microcontrollers. Its most famous product is the Z80 series, 8-bit microprocessors that were compatible with the Intel 8080 but far less expensive. The Z80 was widely used during the 1980s in many popular home computers, notably the ZX81. 16 and 32-bit processors were also produced by the company, but these did not see widespread use." ]

[ "Abatte Barihun Abate Berihun (Hebrew: אבטה בריהון‎, born 1967) is an Israeli jazz saxophonist and composer. His sound is reminiscent of John Coltrane's, who has highly influenced Berihun.", "Adam Taubitz Adam Taubitz (born 7 October 1967 in Chorzów, Upper Silesia) is a German jazz and classic musician, violinist, trumpeter, guitarist bandleader, and composer. From 1997 he was Principal 2nd Violinist in the Berlin Philharmonic under Claudio Abbado. He is perhaps best known for his work with the Berlin Philharmonic Jazz Group, which he established in 1999, and with the Aura Quartett.", "Al Hirt Al Hirt (November 7, 1922 – April 27, 1999) was an American trumpeter and bandleader. He is best remembered for his million-selling recordings of \"Java\" and the accompanying album Honey in the Horn (1963), and for the theme song to The Green Hornet. His nicknames included \"Jumbo\" and \"The Round Mound of Sound\".", "Al Killian Albert H. (Al) Killian (October 15, 1916 in Birmingham, Alabama – September 5, 1950 in Los Angeles, California) was an American jazz trumpet player and occasional bandleader during the big band era, also known for playing jump blues and East Coast blues.", "Alan Silva Alan Silva (born Alan Treadwell da Silva, Bermuda, January 22, 1939) is an American free jazz double bassist and keyboard player.", "Andy Dickens Andy Dickens (born 11 March 1953) is an English jazz trumpeter, singer and bandleader.Dickens was born in Birmingham, England, the son of a patent agent and headmistress. Educated at Solihull School he began playing trumpet at the age of 14.", "B. A. Rolfe Benjamin Albert Rolfe (October 24, 1879 – April 23, 1956) was an American musician known as \"The Boy Trumpet Wonder\" who went on to be a bandleader, recording artist, radio personality and film producer.Born in Brasher Falls, New York, Rolfe was the son of a music director. At a young age he played the piccolo and cornet in his father's band, touring the U.S. East Coast as well as Europe.", "Benny Benack Benidict E. \"Benny\" Benack (August 31, 1921 – July 23, 1986), was at the forefront of the Pittsburgh jazz scene in the 1960s and '70s. A talented trumpet player, Benack was made famous by his song \"Beat'em Bucs\" and was a staple at Pittsburgh Pirates and Pittsburgh Steelers games. The Benny Benack Orchestra played the styles of traditional jazz, dixieland, and swing.", "Benny Carter Bennett Lester \"Benny\" Carter (August 8, 1907 – July 12, 2003) was an American jazz alto saxophonist, clarinetist, trumpeter, composer, arranger, and bandleader. He was a major figure in jazz from the 1930s to the 1990s, and was recognized as such by other jazz musicians who called him King.", "Billie Rogers Billie Rogers (née Zelda Louise Smith (May 31, 1917 - January 18, 2014) was an American jazz trumpet player and singer who was a member of the trumpet section and featured soloist with Woody Herman from 1941 to 1943. She led her own band in 1943, then at the end of that year, joined the Jerry Wald band and remained a member until October 1945, when she left to form her own sextet. Rogers is credited as being the first woman to hold a horn position in a major jazz orchestra.", "Bobby Hackett Robert Leo \"Bobby\" Hackett (January 31, 1915 – June 7, 1976) was an American jazz musician who played trumpet, cornet and guitar with the bands of Glenn Miller and Benny Goodman in the late 1930s and early '40s. Hackett is probably best known for being the featured soloist on some of the Jackie Gleason mood music albums during the 1950s.", "Brad Turner (musician) Brad Turner is a Canadian jazz trumpeter and pianist who has won two Juno Awards and six Canadian National Jazz Awards for categories including Jazz Trumpeter of the Year, Jazz Composer of the Year, and Musician of the Year. He has performed and recorded with such artists as Joe Lovano, Kenny Wheeler, John Scofield, Michael Moore, Renee Rosnes, Jimmy Greene, Ingrid Jensen, Dylan van der Schyff, Mike Murley, Seamus Blake, Kenny Werner, and Ernie Watts.", "Bunk Johnson Willie Gary \"Bunk\" Johnson (December 27, 1879 - July 7, 1949) was a prominent early New Orleans jazz trumpet player in the early years of the 20th century who enjoyed a revived career in the 1940s.Johnson gave the year of his birth as 1879, although there is speculation that he may have actually been younger by as much as a decade.", "Bunny Berigan Roland Bernard \"Bunny\" Berigan (November 2, 1908 – June 2, 1942) was an American jazz trumpeter who rose to fame during the swing era, but whose career and influence were shortened by a losing battle with alcoholism that ended with his early death at age 33 from cirrhosis. Although he composed some jazz instrumentals like \"Chicken and Waffles\" and \"Blues\", Berigan was best known for his virtuoso jazz trumpeting.", "Calvin Boze Calvin Boze (October 15, 1916 – June 1970) was an American trumpeter and bandleader, best known for his recordings at the turn of the 1950s.", "Charlie Spivak Charlie Spivak (February 17, 1905 or 1907 – March 1, 1982) was an American trumpeter and bandleader, best known for his big band in the 1940s.", "Claude Gordon Claude Gordon, the \"King of Brass\", was a trumpet virtuoso, band director, educator, lecturer, and author. He was born on April 15, 1916 in Helena, Montana. His father was a clarinet soloist as well as an orchestral director. Claude's mother was a concert pianist. His other brothers and sisters were also musically inclined and they all worked together to form a family orchestra led by their father. They performed as the staff orchestra for a local radio station.", "Cleveland Eaton Cleveland \"Cleve\" Eaton (born August 31, 1939) is an American jazz double bassist from Fairfield, Alabama, a suburb of Birmingham, Alabama. His most famous accomplishments are substantial playing stints with the Ramsey Lewis Trio and later with the Count Basie Orchestra. His 1975 recording Plenty Good Eaton is also considered a classic in the funk music genre.", "Clifford Thornton Clifford Edward Thornton III (September 6, 1936(?) - November 25, 1989(?)) was an American composer, trombonist, trumpeter, political activist, and educator. His work (associated with Avant-garde music and free jazz of the 1960s and 1970s) intentionally abrogated established musical and political boundaries, and had significant effect on his contemporaties.", "Danny Davis (country musician) Danny Davis (May 29, 1925 – June 12, 2008) was a country music band leader, trumpet player, vocalist and producer, best known as the founder and leader of the Nashville Brass.", "Dave Bartholomew David Louis \"Dave\" Bartholomew (born December 24, 1918) is an American musician, band leader, composer, arranger and record producer, prominent in the music of New Orleans throughout the second half of the 20th century. Originally a trumpeter, Bartholomew has been active in many musical genres, including rhythm and blues, big band, swing music, rock and roll, New Orleans jazz and Dixieland.", "Dave Douglas (trumpeter) Dave Douglas (born March 24, 1963) is an American jazz trumpeter and composer whose music derives from jazz, classical music, folk music, electronica and klezmer.Since 1993, Douglas has recorded more than forty albums as a bandleader. He has produced more than fifty, including all albums released by his independent label, Greenleaf Music.", "David Weiss (musician) David Weiss (born October 21, 1964 in New York City) is a jazz trumpeter and the founder of The New Jazz Composers Octet, a group dedicated to innovation in jazz. He studied music at North Texas State University, graduating in 1986. Returning to New York, he performed with Jaki Byard, Frank Foster, and Jimmy Heath. He continued his studies with trumpeters Tommy Turrentine and Bill Hardman, as well as attending Barry Harris's jazz classes.", "Dizzy Gillespie John Birks \"Dizzy\" Gillespie (/ɡɨˈlɛspi/; October 21, 1917 – January 6, 1993) was an American jazz trumpeter, bandleader, composer and occasional singer.AllMusic's Scott Yanow wrote, \"Dizzy Gillespie's contributions to jazz were huge.", "Doc Cheatham Adolphus Anthony Cheatham, better known as Doc Cheatham (June 13, 1905 – June 2, 1997), was a jazz trumpeter, singer, and bandleader.After having played in some of the leading jazz groups from the 1920s on, Cheatham enjoyed renewed acclaim in later decades of his career. He himself agreed with the critical assessment that he was probably the only jazz musician to create his best work after the age of 70.", "Doc Severinsen Carl Hilding \"Doc\" Severinsen (born July 7, 1927) is an American pop and jazz trumpeter. He is best known for leading the NBC Orchestra on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.", "Dominick Farinacci Dominick Farinacci (born March 3, 1983) is an American jazz trumpeter, composer, and big band leader. He is currently signed to the E1 Music label. Farinacci was one of 18 artists worldwide invited to be a part of the inaugural class of the Jazz Studies Program at The Juilliard. Farinacci has won the \"International New Star Award\", Disney's \"New Star Award\", and topped the charts as one of Japan's No. 1 jazz musicians.", "Don Albert For the architect, see Don Albert & Partners.Albert Anité Dominique, better known by his stage name Don Albert (August 5, 1908, New Orleans - March 4, 1980, San Antonio, Texas) was an American jazz trumpeter and bandleader.Albert's uncle was Natty Dominique, and he was also a relative of Barney Bigard. He got his start playing in parade brass bands in New Orleans at the beginning of the 1920s.", "Don Sleet Donald Clayborn \"Don\" Sleet (November 27, 1938 – December 31, 1986) was an American jazz trumpeter. He was a member of Howard Rumsey's Lighthouse All-Stars and Lenny McBrowne and the Four Souls. Widely considered a gifted musician, compared to the likes of Art Farmer and Kenny Dorham, Sleet had a short career as a result of his drug abuse, recording only one album as a leader.", "Edna White Flora Edna White (October 23, 1892 – June 25, 1992), known professionally as Edna White and privately for much of her life as Edna White Chandler, was an American classical and vaudeville trumpet player, bandleader, and composer. A child prodigy, she led one of the first successful all-female bands, and was the first trumpet player to give a recital at Carnegie Hall.", "Erik Truffaz Erik Truffaz (Chêne-Bougeries, 3 April 1960 in Switzerland) is a French jazz trumpeter, infusing elements of hip hop, rock and roll and dance music into his compositions. He signed with the French EMI label in 1996. Truffaz gained international attention with his second album on Blue Note, The Dawn, produced together with Patrick Muller, Marcello Giuliani and Mark Erbetta.", "Erskine Hawkins Erskine Ramsay Hawkins (July 26, 1914 – November 11, 1993) was an American trumpet player and big band leader from Birmingham, Alabama, dubbed \"The 20th Century Gabriel\". He is most remembered for composing the jazz standard \"Tuxedo Junction\" (1939) with saxophonist and arranger Bill Johnson. The song became a popular hit during World War II, rising to No. 7 nationally (version by the Erskine Hawkins Orchestra) and to No. 1 nationally (version by the Glenn Miller Orchestra).", "Freddie Hubbard Frederick Dewayne \"Freddie\" Hubbard (April 7, 1938 – December 29, 2008) was an American jazz trumpeter. He was known primarily for playing in the bebop, hard bop and post-bop styles from the early 1960s onwards. His unmistakable and influential tone contributed to new perspectives for modern jazz and bebop.", "Freddie Jameson Freddie Jameson, also known as Fred Jameson, (born Frederick William Jameson, 4 October 1929, London) is an English trumpet player, composer and arranger, who worked for several leading British bandleaders in the 1950s and 1960s.Born in London Jameson was educated at Battersea Grammar School where he played cornet in the Cadet Corps Brass Band under the direction of Dr Harold Hind.", "Gerald Wilson Gerald Stanley Wilson (September 4, 1918 – September 8, 2014) was an American jazz trumpeter, big band bandleader, composer/arranger, and educator, who was based in Los Angeles, California, since the early 1940s. In addition to being a band leader, Wilson wrote arrangements for many other prominent artists including Duke Ellington, Sarah Vaughan, Ray Charles, Julie London, Dizzy Gillespie, Ella Fitzgerald, Benny Carter, Lionel Hampton, Billie Holiday, Dinah Washington, and Nancy Wilson.", "Gerard Presencer Gerard Presencer (born 12 September 1972) is an English jazz trumpeter. He currently lives in Copenhagen, Denmark.", "Gracie Cole Grace Elizabeth Agnes Annie \"Gracie\" Cole (8 September 1924 – 28 December 2006) was an English trumpeter and bandleader. She was lead soloist in Ivy Benson's all-girls band during the 1940s, going on to form her own all-female band in the 1950s.", "Guido Basso Guido Basso, CM (born 27 September 1937 in Montreal) is a jazz musician from Montreal. He started playing the trumpet when he was nine. Settling in Toronto in 1960, he became a studio trumpeter. He also occasionally played harmonica in-studio. In 1963, he became a music director for CBLT, a post he held until 1967. He was made a member of the Order of Canada in 1994.He is a trumpeter, flugelhornist, harmonica-player, arranger, composer, conductor.", "Guy Barker Guy Jeffrey Barker MBE (born 26 December 1957) is an English jazz trumpeter and composer. Barker was born in Chiswick, London, the son of an actress and a stuntman. He started playing the trumpet at the age of twelve, and within a year had joined the National Youth Jazz Orchestra.", "Harry James Harry Haag James (March 15, 1916 – July 5, 1983) was an American musician who is best known as a trumpet playing band leader who led a big band from 1939 to 1946. He broke up his band for a short period in 1947 but shortly after he re-organized his band and was active again with his band from then until his death in 1983.", "Henry Jerome Henry Jerome (né Henry Jerome Pasnik; 12 November 1917 New York City — 23 March 2011 Plantation, Florida) was an American big band leader, trumpeter, arranger, composer, and record company executive. Jerome formed his first dance band in 1932 in Norwich, Connecticut. His bands flourished throughout the 1940s, 1950s, and early 1960s. Jerome went on to become A&R director at Decca Records in 1959 and A&R director for Coral Records, a Decca subsidiary, in the late 1960s.", "Hot Lips Page Oran Thaddeus Page (January 27, 1908 – November 5, 1954) was an American jazz trumpeter, singer, and bandleader born in Dallas, Texas, United States. He was better known as Hot Lips Page by the public, and Lips Page by his fellow musicians. He was known as a scorching soloist and powerful vocalist.Page was a member of Walter Page's Blue Devils, Artie Shaw's Orchestra and Count Basie's Orchestra, and he worked with Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith and Ida Cox.", "Irvin Mayfield Irvin Mayfield, Jr. (born December 23, 1977) is a Grammy and Billboard Award-winning artist with 25 albums to his credit. Mayfield is the founding Artistic Director of the New Orleans Jazz Orchestra and currently serves as Jazz Artist in Residence for the Apollo Theater; he served as Artistic Director of Jazz for the Minnesota Orchestra from 2009-2015.", "Jack Jackson (British radio) Jack Jackson (20 February 1906 – 15 January 1978) was an English trumpeter and bandleader popular during the British dance band era, and who later became a highly influential radio disc jockey.", "Jack Walrath Jack Walrath (born May 5, 1946 in Stuart, Florida) is an American post-bop jazz trumpeter and musical arranger known for his work with Ray Charles, Gary Peacock, Charles Mingus and Glenn Ferris, among others.", "Jacobo Rubalcaba Jacobo González Rubalcaba (1895–1960) was a Cuban musician, composer, bandleader and educator. Born in Sagua La Grande, he adopted his mother's maiden name for professional use.Rubalcaba showed deep interest in music from his early years. When he turned fifteen, he received musical training at an academy in his hometown in addition to his work as a tailor. Humble, dignified and courteous, Rubalcaba was a remarkable student and quickly became engrossed in his studies.", "Jay Saunders Jay Saunders (né John Henry Saunders III; born 29 June 1944 Sacramento, California) is an American trumpeter and music educator at the collegiate level. In the 1970s, Saunders was a lead trumpeter with big bands — notably the Stan Kenton Orchestra (early seventies) — and a session musician in the Dallas area. Saunders is currently on the faculty at the University of North Texas College of Music where he teaches jazz trumpet, jazz recordings, and directs the One O'Clock Lab Band.", "Jean-Pierre Canihac Jean-Pierre Canihac is a French performer of early music and a founding member of Sacqueboutiers. Soloist of international ensembles, he has performed under the baton of Jordi Savall, Jean-Claude Malgoire, Nikolaus Harnoncourt, René Clemencic, Andrew Parrott, William Christie and Philippe Herreweghe. He has taught the cornett and natural trumpet in international academies of ancient music like Saintes, Genève, Barcelona and Daroca.", "Jens Winther Jens Winther (29 October 1960 – 24 February 2011) was a Danish jazz trumpeter, composer, arranger and bandleader. He composed for and played in a long line of European big bands and other orchestras. His work includes compositions for symphony orchestras, chamber ensembles and choirs. As a bandleader, he was noted on the international Jazz scene with his JW European Quartet (originally a quintet), particularly since 2007. In 2008, he founded the fusion band JW Electrazz.", "Jimmy Dorsey James \"Jimmy\" Dorsey (February 29, 1904 – June 12, 1957) was a prominent American jazz clarinetist, saxophonist, trumpeter, composer, and big band leader. He was known as \"JD\". He recorded and composed the jazz and pop standards \"I'm Glad There Is You (In This World of Ordinary People)\" and \"It's The Dreamer In Me\".", "Jimmy Vivino Jimmy Vivino (born January 10, 1955) is an American guitarist, keyboard player, singer, producer, and music director. He is best known as the leader of Jimmy Vivino and the Basic Cable Band, the house band for the TBS late night program Conan. He was also a member of The Tonight Show Band, the house band on The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien and its predecessor, Late Night with Conan O'Brien on NBC.", "Jimmy Wade Jimmy Wade was an American jazz trumpeter and bandleader.Wade began leading groups in the Chicago area about 1916. He played in California and Seattle, Washington with Lucille Hegamin, and then moved with her to New York City, where they played together until 1922. When he returned to Chicago, he played with Doc Cooke, and then put together another group of his own, Jimmy Wade's Syncopators.", "Joe Cabot Joe Cabot (born July 12, 1921 as Joseph Claude Caputo) is an American jazz trumpeter, bandleader, and musical director. He is best known for his responsive phrasing and mute-on/mute-off virtuosity. His original composition, \"Slow Down, Sugar, Take Your Time,\" was praised by music critic John Wilson and likened to the stylings of the Nat Cole Trio in an Oct. 31, 1982 piece in the New York Times‍ '​ Arts and Leisure section.", "Joe Morris (trumpeter) Joseph L.", "Joe Smith (musician) Joe \"Fox\" Smith (June 28, 1902 – December 2, 1937) was an American jazz trumpeter.Smith was born on the June 28, 1902 in Ripley, Ohio. He came from a family of musicians—his father, Luke Smith, Sr. was a bandleader, and six of his brothers also played the trumpet or trombone: Luke, Stanley, Doonie, Charles, and Carpathia, and Russell.", "Joe Wilder Joseph Benjamin Wilder (February 22, 1922 – May 9, 2014) was an American jazz trumpeter, bandleader, and composer.Wilder was awarded the Temple University Jazz Master's Hall of Fame Award in 2006. The National Endowment for the Arts honored him with its highest honor in jazz, the NEA Jazz Masters Award for 2008.", "John Brunious John Brunious Jr. (October 12, 1940 – February 12, 2008) was a jazz trumpeter and the bandleader for the Preservation Hall Jazz Band.John Brunious, Jr. was born October 12, 1942 into a Louisiana Creole family, the eldest son of John \"Picket\" Brunious, Sr., one of the founding fathers of jazz trumpeters in New Orleans, and Nazimova \"Chinee\" Santiago.", "John Hubbard Beecher This article is about John Beecher, the bandleader. For John Beecher, the poet, see John Beecher.John Hubbard Beecher, also known as Little John Beecher (8 February 1927 Marshalltown, Iowa – 6 August 1987 Muscogee County, Georgia) was an American bandleader, jazz trumpeter and valve trombonist, and a singer of novelty songs. His band, \"Little John Beecher and his Orchestra,\" was active throughout the 1950s, and was booked by National Orchestra Service of Omaha, Nebraska.", "Kenny Ball Kenneth Daniel \"Kenny\" Ball (22 May 1930 – 7 March 2013) was an English jazz musician, best known as the bandleader, lead trumpet player and vocalist in Kenny Ball and his Jazzmen.", "Kenny Dorham McKinley Howard \"Kenny\" Dorham (August 30, 1924 – December 5, 1972) was an American jazz trumpeter, singer, and composer born in Fairfield, Texas. Dorham's talent is frequently lauded by critics and other musicians, but he never received the kind of attention or public recognition from the jazz establishment that many of his peers did.", "Kevin Davy Kevin G.Davy (Born 29 October 1961, Nottingham, UK) is a British jazz trumpeter/flugelhorn player, composer, arranger and bandleader. Now residing in London via Manchester, Davy has amassed an impressive musical resume spanning over three decades.", "Lloyd Hunter Lloyd Hunter (May 4, 1910-month and date unknown, 1961) was an African-American trumpeter and big band leader from North Omaha, Nebraska.", "Louis Armstrong Louis Armstrong (August 4, 1901 – July 6, 1971), nicknamed Satchmo or Pops, was an American jazz trumpeter, singer, and one of the pivotal and most influential figures in jazz music.Coming to prominence in the 1920s as an \"inventive\" trumpet and cornet player, Armstrong was a foundational influence in jazz, shifting the focus of the music from collective improvisation to solo performance.", "Louis Prima, Jr. Louis Prima, Jr. (born June 16, 1965) is an American, Las Vegas-based entertainer, singer, and songwriter. He bridges the gap between the swing and rock eras.", "Louis Prima Louis Prima (December 7, 1910 – August 24, 1978) was an American singer, actor, songwriter, and trumpeter. Prima rode the musical trends of his time, starting with his seven-piece New Orleans style jazz band in the late 1920s, then leading a swing combo in the 1930s, a big band in the 1940s, a Vegas lounge act in the 1950s, and a pop-rock band in the 1960s.", "Lu Watters Lucius \"Lu\" Watters (December 19, 1911 in Santa Cruz, California – November 5, 1989 in Santa Rosa, California) was a trumpeter and bandleader of the Yerba Buena Jazz Band in the \"West Coast revival\" of Dixieland style jazz musicmusic. As with other forms of early jazz revival, such as trad jazz, the musicians tended to be white and had little or no actual connections to New Orleans.Watters played trumpet by the age of 11 and had his first work on a cruise ship.", "Mark Masters (musician) Mark Alton Masters (born November 13, 1957) is an American jazz trumpeter, composer and arranger.According to biographer Michael G.", "Marlon Jordan Marlon Jordan (born August 21, 1970 in New Orleans, Louisiana) is an American jazz trumpeter, composer, and bandleader.", "Maurice McAdow Maurice Clark McAdow (17 November 1904 Greenville, Illinois — 20 August 2001 Denton, Texas) was an American conductor, trumpeter, and music educator (with high proficiency on woodwinds) who served as director of bands at the University of North Texas College of Music for 29 years, from fall 1945 to spring 1975. The concert bands under his direction were acclaimed for performing a wide repertoire that exhibited advanced levels of musicianship commensurate with a major music school.", "Maynard Ferguson Walter Maynard Ferguson (May 4, 1928 – August 23, 2006) was a Canadian jazz musician and bandleader. He came to prominence playing in Stan Kenton's orchestra before forming his own band in 1957. He was noted for his bands, which often served as stepping stones for up-and-coming talent, and his ability to play expressively and accurately in a remarkably high register.", "Mercer Ellington Mercer Kennedy Ellington (11 March 1919 – 8 February 1996) was an American jazz trumpeter, composer, and arranger.", "Miles Davis Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26, 1926 – September 28, 1991) was an American jazz musician, trumpeter, bandleader, and composer.", "Nat Gonella Nathaniel Charles (Nat) Gonella (7 March 1908 – 6 August 1998) was an English jazz trumpeter, bandleader, vocalist and mellophonist born in London, perhaps most notable for his work with the big band he founded, The Georgians, during the British dance band era.His vocal style was reminiscent of Louis Armstrong, though the voice was often eclipsed by his achievements as a band leader and trumpeter.", "Neil Yates Neil Yates (born in Stockport, Cheshire, 1970) is a British jazz and folk musician.", "Nick LaRocca Dominic James \"Nick\" LaRocca (April 11, 1889 – February 22, 1961), was an early jazz cornetist and trumpeter and the leader of the Original Dixieland Jass Band. He is the composer of one of the most recorded jazz classics of all-time, \"Tiger Rag\". He was part of what is generally regarded as the first recorded jazz band, a band which recorded and released the first jazz recording, \"Livery Stable Blues\" in 1917.", "Niklas Eklund Niklas Eklund (born 1969) is a Swedish trumpeter. He was born in Göteborg (Gothenburg) into a musical family; his father, Bengt, was a noted trumpeter and conductor. Eklund studied with his father, as well as at the School of Music and Musicology of Göteborg University.Further studies took place under the tutelage of Edward H. Tarr at the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis.", "Ollie Mitchell Ollie Mitchell (April 8, 1927 – May 11, 2013) was an American musician and bandleader. Born Oliver Edward Mitchell in Los Angeles on April 8, 1927, he was the son of Harold Mitchell, lead trumpeter for MGM Studios, who also taught Ollie to play the trumpet.", "Orbert Davis Orbert Davis is an American jazz trumpeter and bandleader.", "Ovie Alston Overton \"Ovie\" Alston (December 14, 1905 – 1989) was an American jazz trumpeter, vocalist, and bandleader.Alston played with Bill Brown and His Brownies in New York in 1928, recording with them for Brunswick Records. He was hired by Claude Hopkins in 1931 and remained with him until 1936; it is for this association that he is best known.", "Pacho Galan Pacho Galan (1906—1979) was a Colombian composer and band leader of several Colombian music forms. His songs include Boquita Sala, Rio Y Mar, Fiesta de Cumbia, Cumbia Alegre and Ay Cosita Linda, which became one of his most famous after Nat King Cole recorded his own rendition of the song.", "Papa Celestin Oscar \"Papa\" Celestin (January 1, 1884 in Napoleonville, Louisiana – December 15, 1954) was an American jazz bandleader, trumpeter, cornetist and vocalist.", "Percy Humphrey Percy Gaston Humphrey (January 13, 1905 – July 22, 1995) was a jazz trumpet player and bandleader in New Orleans, Louisiana.In addition to his own jazz band, Percy Humphrey and His Crescent City Joymakers, for more than thirty years he was leader of the Eureka Brass Band. He also played in the band of the pianist Sweet Emma Barrett.", "Pete Brown (jazz musician) James Ostend \"Pete\" Brown (November 9, 1906, Baltimore, Maryland - September 20, 1963, New York City, New York) was an American jazz alto saxophonist and bandleader.Brown learned to play piano, trumpet, and saxophone while young. He played in New York with Bernie Robinson's orchestra in 1928, and played from 1928 to 1934 with Charlie Skeets. In 1937 he worked in the band of John Kirby; for several years in the 1930s he worked with Frankie Newton, who was also a member of Kirby's band.", "Red Perkins Frank Shelton \"Red\" Perkins was a bandleader of one of the oldest Omaha-based territory bands, The Dixie Ramblers. Born in Muchakinock (a coal mining camp near Oskaloosa, Iowa) on December 26, 1890, Perkins' band was based in the city's Near North Side. National Orchestra Service booked his gigs. He died September 27, 1976 in Minneapolis.", "Reuben Reeves Reuben \"River\" Reeves (October 25, 1905, Evansville, Indiana – September 1955, New York City) was an American jazz trumpeter and bandleader.Reeves started out playing locally in the Midwest; he moved to New York City in 1924 and then to Chicago in 1925. In 1926 he joined Erskine Tate's orchestra, then played with Fess Williams and Dave Peyton (1928-1930).", "Roy Hargrove Roy Anthony Hargrove (born October 16, 1969) is an American jazz trumpeter. He won worldwide notice after winning two Grammy Awards for differing types of music, in 1997 and in 2002. Hargrove has played primarily with jazz musicians including Wynton Marsalis and Herbie Hancock.Hargrove was the bandleader of the progressive group The RH Factor, which combined elements of jazz, funk, hip-hop, soul, and gospel music.", "Rufus Reid Rufus Reid (born February 10, 1944, in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American jazz bassist, educator, and composer. He lives in Teaneck, New Jersey.", "Sam Morgan (musician) Sam Morgan (1895–1936) was a New Orleans jazz trumpet player and bandleader.The recordings by Sam Morgan's Jazz Band for Columbia Records in 1927 are some of the highest regarded New Orleans classic jazz recordings of the decade, and continue to be influential.Sidemen in the band included brothers Isaiah and Andrew Morgan on trumpet and tenor sax, respectively, Earl Fouché on alto sax and Jim Robinson on trombone.", "Sean Jones (trumpeter) Sean Jones (b. May 29, 1978 in Warren, Ohio) is an American trumpeter and composer featured on the 2007 Grammy Award-winning Turned to Blue from Nancy Wilson. As a bandleader, Jones has released five albums under the Mack Avenue Records label. He performs with his own groups both nationally and internationally. Jones often plays at music venues and jazz festivals such as the Monterey Jazz Festival, Detroit International Jazz Festival and Montreal International Jazz Festival.", "Sharkey Bonano Joseph \"Sharkey\" Bonano (April 9, 1904 – March 27, 1972), also known as Sharkey Banana or Sharkey Bananas, was a jazz trumpeter, band leader, and vocalist.Sharkey was known for playing searing hot and technically virtuoso trumpet with a beautiful tone.", "Sonny Dunham Elmer \"Sonny\" Dunham (November 16, 1911 – July 9, 1990) was an American trumpet player and bandleader. A versatile musician, he was one of the few trumpet players who could double on the trombone with equal skill.", "Sun Ra Sun Ra (born Herman Poole Blount, legal name Le Sony'r Ra; May 22, 1914 – May 30, 1993) was an American jazz composer, bandleader, piano and synthesizer player, poet and philosopher known for his \"cosmic philosophy,\" prolific musical output, and performances.", "Syd Lawrence Syd Lawrence (26 June 1923 – 5 May 1998), was a British bandleader from Chester, England, who became famous in the UK for his orchestra's Big Band sound, which drew on the 1940s style of music of Glenn Miller and Count Basie amongst others.Born in Wilmslow in 1923, Lawrence was a talented trumpet player during World War II. He wrote and arranged music. He was based in Cairo during the war years, playing and arranging for the RAF service bands.", "Sylvester Ahola Sylvester Ahola (May 24, 1902 – February 13, 1995), a.k.a. Hooley, was a classic jazz trumpeter and cornetist born in Gloucester, Massachusetts. He became most popular in England rather than the United States, and first began performing with Frank Ward and His Orchestra. In 1925 he started playing with Paul Specht and His Orchestra, with whom he did a two-month-long tour of England that following year.", "Teddy Riley (jazz) Theodore \"Teddy\" Riley (10 May 1924 – 14 November 1992) was a jazz trumpet player and bandleader. On occasion he also sang and played flugelhorn.Riley was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, where he would spend most of his career. His father Amos Riley (c. 1879 - 1925) was also a New Orleans trumpeter and bandleader.Mostly known for playing jazz, he also worked and recorded with various Rhythm & Blues bands.", "Terence Blanchard Terence Oliver Blanchard (born March 13, 1962) is an American jazz trumpeter, bandleader, composer, arranger, and film score composer.Since Blanchard emerged on the scene in 1980 with the Lionel Hampton Orchestra and then shortly thereafter with Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers, he has been a leading artist in jazz.", "Terumasa Hino Terumasa Hino (日野 皓正, Hino Terumasa, born October 25, 1942 in Tokyo) is a Japanese jazz trumpeter. Currently based in New York, Hino is widely acknowledged as one of Japan's finest jazz musicians. His instruments include the trumpet, cornet and flügelhorn.", "Theo Croker Theodore Lee Croker (born July 18, 1985), is a jazz trumpeter, singer, and bandleader from Leesburg, Florida.", "Theodore Carpenter Theodore \"Wingie\" Carpenter (April 15, 1898 – July 21, 1975) was a jazz trumpet player, singer, and band leader active from the 1920s through the 1960s.Carpenter lost his left arm as the result of an accident during his early teens, with the amputation performed by a noted surgeon who was an uncle of jazz musician Doc Cheatham. Sometime later, he took up the trumpet and by 1920 he was working in traveling carnival shows, and in 1921 he toured with Herbert's Minstrel Band.", "Tommy Dorsey Thomas Francis \"Tommy\" Dorsey, Jr. (November 19, 1905 – November 26, 1956) was an American jazz trombonist, trumpeter, composer, and bandleader of the Big Band era. He was known as the \"Sentimental Gentleman of Swing\", because of his smooth-toned trombone playing. Although he was not known for being a notable soloist, his technical skill on the trombone gave him renown amongst other musicians. He was the younger brother of bandleader Jimmy Dorsey.", "Wayne Bergeron Wayne Bergeron (born January 16, 1958) is an American jazz musician and trumpet player who rose to fame in the mid 1980s after playing lead trumpet in Maynard Ferguson's band. He is notable for his consistency and ability in the upper register of the instrument, some of which is highlighted in his scream trumpet work in the soundtrack of The Incredibles.", "Willie Mitchell (musician) Willie L. Mitchell (March 1, 1928 – January 5, 2010) was an American trumpeter, bandleader, soul, R&B, rock and roll, pop and funk record producer and arranger who ran Royal Studios in Memphis, Tennessee. He was best known for his Hi Records label of the 1970s, which released albums by a large stable of popular Memphis soul artists, including Mitchell himself, Al Green, O. V. Wright, Syl Johnson, Ann Peebles and Quiet Elegance.", "Wingy Manone Joseph Matthews \"Wingy\" Manone (February 13, 1900 – July 9, 1982) was an American jazz trumpeter, composer, singer, and bandleader. His recordings included \"Tar Paper Stomp\", \"Nickel in the Slot\", \"Downright Disgusted Blues\", \"There'll Come a Time (Wait and See)\", and \"Tailgate Ramble\".", "Woody Shaw Woody Herman Shaw, Jr. (December 24, 1944 – May 10, 1989) was an American virtuoso trumpeter, flugelhornist, cornetist, composer and band leader, described by NPR Music as \"the last great trumpet innovator\".Shaw is regarded as one of the great jazz band leaders and innovators of his generation. Born with a photographic memory and perfect pitch, he was considered to have been generations ahead of his time.", "Ziggy Elman Harry Aaron Finkelman (May 26, 1914 – June 26, 1968), better known by the stage name Ziggy Elman, was an American jazz trumpeter most associated with Benny Goodman, though he also led his own group known as Ziggy Elman and His Orchestra.Elman was born in Philadelphia, but his family settled in Atlantic City, New Jersey when he was four. His father was a violinist who had hoped Harry would play violin as well. Although he did learn to play the violin, Harry preferred the brass instruments." ]

[ "Benning National Forest Benning National Forest was established by the U.S. Forest Service in Georgia on October 3, 1924 with 78,560 acres (317.9 km2) from Fort Benning. On December 2, 1927 the transfer was rescinded.", "Brian Jones Lewis Brian Hopkin Jones (28 February 1942 – 3 July 1969) was the founder and original bandleader of the Rolling Stones.Jones was a multi-instrumentalist, with his main instruments being the guitar, harmonica and keyboards.", "Dix National Forest Dix National Forest was established in New Jersey by the U.S. Forest Service on April 10, 1925 with 6,785 acres (27.46 km2) from part of the Fort Dix Military Reservation. On April 6, 1928 the executive order for its creation was rescinded and the forest was abolished.", "Earl Hines Earl Kenneth Hines, universally known as Earl \"Fatha\" Hines (December 28, 1903 – April 22, 1983), was an American jazz pianist and bandleader. He was one of the most influential figures in the development of jazz piano and, according to one major source, is \"one of a small number of pianists whose playing shaped the history of jazz\".Trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie, a member of the Earl Hines big-band along with Charlie Parker, wrote, \"The piano is the basis of modern harmony.", "Farnell Newton Farnell Newton (born March 21, 1977) is a composer and trumpeter. He was born in Miami, Florida. He moved to Philadelphia in 1992, where he attended the Philadelphia High School for Creative and Performing Arts.", "Frank Coughlan Frank James Coughlan (1904-1979) was an Australian jazz musician and band leader. He is described in the Australian Dictionary of Biography as \"One of the most influential musicians in the development of jazz in Australia\".Coughlan was born on 7 June 1904 in Emmaville, New South Wales. His father William was a tin miner and leader of the Glen Innes and District band, and taught all his five sons to play brass instruments.Coughlan moved to Sydney in 1922.", "Henry Halstead Henry Halstead (November 16, 1897 – March 19, 1984) was a U.S. bandleader.Henry Halstead's Orchestra began in early 1922 and over the next 20 years Halstead's band engagements extended from coast to coast, including the Blossom Room at Hotel Roosevelt, New York City; the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California; the St.", "Hugh Masekela Hugh Ramopolo Masekela (born 4 April 1939) is a South African trumpeter, flugelhornist, cornetist, composer, and singer. He is the father of American television host Sal Masekela.", "Jo Ann Greer Jo Ann Greer (born Catherine Joan Greer on April 3, 1927 in Atlantic City, NJ and died May 24, 2001) had one of the most distinctive and elegant voices, yet least-known faces of all the successful jazz and pop singers in show business.Her career spanned nearly 50 years, but the two fields in which she primarily worked — movie dubbing and band-singing — seldom gave her the credit she deserved.", "Joey DeFrancesco Joey DeFrancesco (born April 10, 1971) is an American jazz organist, trumpeter, and vocalist. He is a Grammy-nominated artist who has released more than 30 albums, including recordings with jazz legends Miles Davis and Jimmy Smith.", "John Thirkell John \"Johnny\" Thirkell is a British trumpet and flugelhorn player, who has appeared on hundreds of pop, rock, and jazz recordings. Through the 1980s and early 1990s he was on at least one album in the UK Charts continuously, without a break, for over 13 years.", "Kenny Baker (trumpeter) Kenny Baker (1 March 1921 in Withernsea, East Riding of Yorkshire – 7 December 1999) was an accomplished player of jazz trumpet, cornet and flugelhorn, and a composer.", "Lew Soloff Lewis Michael Soloff (February 20, 1944 – March 8, 2015) was an American jazz trumpeter, composer and actor. From New York City, he studied trumpet at the Eastman School of Music and the Juilliard School. He worked with Blood, Sweat & Tears from 1968 until 1973.", "Mark Egan Mark Egan (Born 1951 in Brockton, Massachusetts) is an American jazz bass guitarist and trumpeter, arguably best known for his membership in the Pat Metheny Group from 1977 to 1980, and the Gil Evans Orchestra. He is co-founder of the jazz fusion band, Elements.Egan has maintained a solo career, with three platinum and three gold albums to his credit, and has served as bandleader of his own ensembles to positive reviews.", "Meade National Forest Meade National Forest was established in Maryland by the U.S. Forest Service on April 10, 1925 with 4,725 acres (19.12 km2) from part of the Camp Meade Military Reservation. On December 2, 1927 the executive order for its creation was rescinded and the forest was abolished.", "Pine Plains National Forest Pine Plains National Forest was established in New York by the U.S. Forest Service on April 10, 1925 with 9,800 acres (40 km2) from part of the Pine Plains Military Reservation. On December 2, 1927 the executive order for its creation was rescinded and the forest was abolished. The lands are presently part of Fort Drum.", "Raymond Harry Brown Raymond Harry \"Ray\" Brown (born November 7, 1946) is an American composer, arranger, trumpet player, and jazz educator. He has performed as trumpet player and arranged music for Stan Kenton (early 1970s), Bill Watrous, Bill Berry, Frank Capp – Nat Pierce (Juggernaut Big Band), and the Full Faith and Credit Big Band.Brown joined Kenton in September 1971, succeeding Gary Lee Pack [b.", "Richard Maltby, Sr. Richard Eldridge Maltby, Sr. (June 26, 1914 – August 19, 1991) was an American musician, conductor, arranger and bandleader, most notable for his 1956 recording (Themes From) The Man With the Golden \"rm\\. He was also the father of the Broadway lyricist and director Richard Maltby, Jr.After studying briefly at Northwestern University's music school, he left college to become a full time musician.", "Russell Jacquet Russell Jacquet (December 4, 1917 - February 28, 1990) was an American trumpeter. Jacquet was born on December 14, 1917 in Saint Martinville, Louisiana. He was the elder brother of well-known tenor saxophonist Illinois Jacquet, who he worked with through the years. Jacquet had stints with Floyd Ray and Milt Larkin before he began studying music at Wiley College and Texas Southern University.", "Swing music Swing music, or simply swing, is a form of American music that developed in the early 1930s and became a distinctive style by 1940. Swing uses a strong rhythm section of double bass and drums as the anchor for a lead section of brass instruments such as trumpets and trombones, woodwinds including saxophones and clarinets, and sometimes stringed instruments such as violin and guitar, medium to fast tempos, and a \"lilting\" swing time rhythm.", "The Chakachas The Chakachas were a Belgian based group of Latin soul studio musicians. Also known as Les Chakachas or Los Chakachas, they were formed by bandleader Gaston Bogaert, ex-Los Juano Boengs and The Continentals, percussion (conga and tumba); Tito Puente's singer wife Kari Kenton, vocals and maracas; Vic Ingeveldt (a Dutchman from Liege), saxophone; Charlie Lots, trumpet; Christian Marc, piano; Henri Breyre, guitar and backing vocals; and Bill Raymond, bass guitar.", "Tommy Ladnier Thomas James \"Tommy\" Ladnier (May 28, 1900 – June 4, 1939) was an American jazz trumpeter. French jazz critic Hugues Panassié rated him second only to Louis Armstrong.Ladnier was born in Mandeville, Louisiana across Lake Pontchartrain from New Orleans. He played in the local Independence Band led by clarinetist Isidore Fritz (a.k.a. Frick) from c. 1914. Trumpeter Bunk Johnson sometimes also played with this band and gave young Ladnier tuition. In 1917, he moved with his mother to Chicago.", "Vic Schoen Victor \"Vic\" Schoen (March 26, 1916 – January 5, 2000) was an American bandleader, arranger, and composer whose career spanned from the 1930s until his death in 2000.", "W. C. Handy William Christopher Handy (November 16, 1873 – March 28, 1958) was an American blues composer and musician. He was widely known as the \"Father of the Blues\".Handy remains among the most influential of American songwriters. Though he was one of many musicians who played the distinctively American form of music known as the blues, he is credited with giving it its contemporary form.", "Shake a Hand \"Shake a Hand\" is a 1953 single written by trumpeter and bandleader Joe Morris and originally performed by Faye Adams, whose version hit number one on the R&B chart for nine weeks. The song, which has a strong gospel feel throughout, depicts a reassuring new lover making promises. \"Just give me a chance, I'll take care of everything.\"", "George Colligan George Colligan (born December 29, 1969) is a jazz pianist, organist, drummer, trumpet player, educator, composer and bandleader based in Portland, Oregon.", "Give Me All Night \"Give Me All Night\" is the 2nd single from Carly Simon's 1987 album Coming Around Again. The song was written by Simon and produced by Paul Samwell-Smith.", "Haiku (album) Haiku is an album by trumpeter/bandleader Don Ellis recorded in 1973 and released on the MPS label.", "Give Me All Your Love \"Give Me All Your Love\" is a song by the English hard rock/heavy metal band Whitesnake. The song is taken from the group's 1987 multi-platinum self-titled album.", "Give Me a Sign \"Give Me a Sign\", or as listed on charts and the single \"Give Me a Sign (Forever and Ever)\", is the second single and power ballad from alternative metal band Breaking Benjamin's 2009 album Dear Agony.", "I Can't Believe She Gives It All to Me \"I Can't Believe She Gives It All to Me\" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Conway Twitty. It was released in November 1976 as the first single from the album Play Guitar Play. \"I Can't Believe She Gives It All to Me\" was Conway Twitty's 18th number one on the country chart. The single stayed at number one for a single week and spent a total of 12 weeks on the country chart.", "Gustavo Bergalli Gustavo Bergalli (born December 14, 1940 in Buenos Aires. Argentina) is an Argentine jazz trumpeter and bandleader." ]

[ "Abel Axe The Abel Axe is an electric guitar invented by Jeff Abel from Wyoming, United States and engineered by James Jones. Made from aircraft grade T-6 Billet aluminum, its distinguishing features are the various sized holes dotting the body. All Abel Axes are made in the United States. Abel Axe has won the Emerging Manufacturer Award in the 1999 Annual Manufacturing Awards Ceremony. Mark Slaughter, leader of the band Slaughter, owned an Abel Axe.", "Aberdeen chronograph The Aberdeen chronograph was the first portable instrument for measuring ordnance muzzle velocity and striking power. It was invented in 1918 by Alfred Lee Loomis at the U.S. Army's Aberdeen Proving Ground. The method prevalent at the time was the Boulenge chronograph, which relied on the projectile breaking two wire screens and measuring the time between circuit-breaking.", "Abraham Lincoln's patent Abraham Lincoln's patent is a patented invention to lift boats over shoals and obstructions in a river. It is the only United States patent ever registered to a President of the United States. Lincoln conceived the idea of inventing a mechanism that would lift a boat over shoals and obstructions when on two different occasions the boat on which he traveled got hung up on obstructions.", "Aerogel Aerogel is a synthetic porous ultralight material derived from a gel, in which the liquid component of the gel has been replaced with a gas. The result is a solid with extremely low density and low thermal conductivity. Nicknames include frozen smoke, solid smoke, solid air, or blue smoke owing to its translucent nature and the way light scatters in the material. It feels like fragile expanded polystyrene to the touch.", "American Heritage of Invention & Technology American Heritage of Invention & Technology was a quarterly magazine dedicated to the history of technology. It was a spinoff of American Heritage magazine. It started in the summer of 1985 and there were three issues a year until 1992, when it became quarterly. Following the Summer 2007 issue (volume 23, number 1), publication was suspended (along with American Heritage itself).", "American Inventor American Inventor was a reality television series based on a competition to be named America's best inventor. It was conceived by UK entrepreneur Peter Jones, who appears on the British version of the somewhat similar programme Dragons' Den, a format originated in Japan where it is owned by Sony. It was produced by Jones alongside Simon Cowell and the producers of American Idol. It premiered on ABC on March 16, 2006.", "Artificial cardiac pacemaker A pacemaker (or artificial pacemaker, so as not to be confused with the heart's natural pacemaker) is a medical device which uses electrical impulses, delivered by electrodes contracting the heart muscles, to regulate the beating of the heart.The primary purpose of a pacemaker is to maintain an adequate heart rate, either because the heart's natural pacemaker is not fast enough, or because there is a block in the heart's electrical conduction system.", "Artificial neuron An artificial neuron is a mathematical function conceived as a model of biological neurons. Artificial neurons are the constitutive units in an artificial neural network. Depending on the specific model used they may be called a semi-linear unit, Nv neuron, binary neuron, linear threshold function, or McCulloch–Pitts (MCP) neuron. The artificial neuron receives one or more inputs (representing dendrites) and sums them to produce an output (representing a neuron's axon).", "Ballistic electron emission microscopy Ballistic electron emission microscopy or BEEM is a technique for studying ballistic electron transport through a variety of materials and material interfaces. BEEM is a three terminal scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) technique that was invented in 1988 at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California by L. Douglas Bell and William Kaiser. The most popular interfaces to study are metal-semiconductor Schottky diodes, but metal-insulator-semiconductor systems can be studied as well.", "BigBelly BigBelly is a solar powered, rubbish-compacting bin, manufactured by U.S. company BigBelly Solar for use in public spaces such as parks, beaches, amusement parks, and universities. The bin was designed and originally manufactured in Needham, Massachusetts by Seahorse Power, a company set up in 2003 with the aim of reducing fossil fuel consumption. The first machine was installed in Vail, Colorado in 2004.", "Black light A black light, also referred to as a UV-A light, Wood's light, or simply ultraviolet light, is a lamp that emits long wave (UV-A) ultraviolet light and not much visible light. The lamp has a violet filter material, either on the bulb or in a separate glass filter in the lamp housing, which blocks most visible light and allows through UV, so the lamp has a dim violet glow when operating.", "Cash register A cash register, also referred to as a till in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries, is a mechanical or electronic device for registering and calculating transactions. It is usually attached to a drawer for storing cash and other valuables. The cash register is also usually attached to a printer, that can print out receipts for record keeping purposes.", "Catalytic converter A catalytic converter is a vehicle emissions control device that converts toxic pollutants in exhaust gas to less toxic pollutants by catalyzing a redox reaction (oxidation or reduction). Catalytic converters are used with internal combustion engines fueled by either petrol (gasoline) or diesel—including lean-burn engines.The first widespread introduction of catalytic converters was in the United States automobile market. To comply with the U.S.", "Chemical laser A chemical laser is a laser that obtains its energy from a chemical reaction. Chemical lasers can reach continuous wave output with power reaching to megawatt levels. They are used in industry for cutting and drilling.Common examples of chemical lasers are the chemical oxygen iodine laser (COIL), all gas-phase iodine laser (AGIL), and the hydrogen fluoride (HF) and deuterium fluoride (DF) lasers, both operating in the mid-infrared region.", "Chemical oxygen iodine laser Chemical oxygen iodine laser, or COIL, is an infrared chemical laser. As the beam is infrared, it cannot be seen with the naked eye. It is capable of output power scaling up to megawatts in continuous mode. Its output wavelength is 1.315 µm, a transition wavelength of atomic iodine.The laser is fed with gaseous chlorine, molecular iodine, and an aqueous mixture of hydrogen peroxide and potassium hydroxide.", "Comptometer The comptometer was the first commercially successful key-driven mechanical calculator, patented in the USA by Dorr E. Felt in 1887.A key-driven calculator is extremely fast because each key adds or subtracts its value to the accumulator as soon as it is pressed and a skilled operator can enter all of the digits of a number simultaneously, using as many fingers as required, making them sometimes faster to use than electronic calculators.", "Contour crafting Contour crafting is a building printing technology being researched by Behrokh Khoshnevis of the University of Southern California's Information Sciences Institute (in the Viterbi School of Engineering) that uses a computer-controlled crane or gantry to build edifices rapidly and efficiently with substantially less manual labor. It was originally conceived as a method to construct molds for industrial parts.", "Dishmaker A dishmaker was designed by Leonardo Bonanni. It can create cups, bowls, and plates and recycle them into their raw material when they are done being used. Barbara Wheaton did not want to wash dishes and wanted a more durable, disposable dish (Zetter 2005). The MIT Media Lab’s Counter Intelligence Group created a machine that did just that, making dishes on demand out of food-safe materials then recycling them for use later (Zetter 2005).", "Drop Stop Drop Stop is a patented device designed to prevent items from falling down in between a car's front seats and center console. It was invented by Marc Newburger and Jeffrey Simon of Los Angeles.Drop Stop is constructed out of black Neoprene filled with polyester fiberfill and is about 17 inches long. It has a slot sewn into it where the seat belt latch can fit through. This anchors the device, allowing the car seat to slide back-and-forth freely.", "Ferris wheel A Ferris wheel, named after George Washington Gale Ferris, Jr., (sometimes called a big wheel, observation wheel, or, in the case of the very tallest examples, giant wheel) is a nonbuilding structure consisting of a rotating upright wheel with multiple passenger-carrying components (commonly referred to as passenger cars, cabins, capsules, gondolas, or pods) attached to the rim in such a way that as the wheel turns, they are kept upright, usually by gravity.Some of the largest modern Ferris wheels have cars mounted on the outside of the rim, with electric motors to independently rotate each car to keep it upright.", "Franklin stove The Franklin stove is a metal-lined fireplace named after Benjamin Franklin, who invented it in 1741. It had a hollow baffle near the rear (to transfer more heat from the fire to a room's air) and relied on an \"inverted siphon\" to draw the fire's hot fumes around the baffle. It was intended to produce more heat and less smoke than an ordinary open fireplace. It is also known as a \"circulating stove\" or the \"Pennsylvania fireplace\".", "Fresno scraper The Fresno Scraper is a machine pulled by horses used for constructing canals and ditches in sandy soil. The design of the Fresno Scraper forms the basis of most modern earthmoving scrapers, having the ability to scrape and move a quantity of soil, and also to discharge it at a controlled depth, thus quadrupling the volume which could be handled manually.", "Fused deposition modeling Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is an additive manufacturing technology commonly used for modeling, prototyping, and production applications. It is one of the techniques used for 3D printing.FDM works on an \"additive\" principle by laying down material in layers; a plastic filament or metal wire is unwound from a coil and supplies material to produce a part.The technology was developed by S. Scott Crump in the late 1980s and was commercialized in 1990.", "Gas laser A gas laser is a laser in which an electric current is discharged through a gas to produce coherent light. The gas laser was the first continuous-light laser and the first laser to operate on the principle of converting electrical energy to a laser light output. The first gas laser, the Helium–neon laser (HeNe), was co-invented by Iranian-Azerbaijani physicist Ali Javan and American physicist William R. Bennett, Jr. in 1960.", "Gilhoolie The Gilhoolie is a kitchen appliance that opens jars and bottles. It was invented by Dr. C. W. Fuller, a retired dentist from Yonkers, New York. The Gilhoolie debuted in 1953. It was patented in 1954 as a \"cam operated sliding jaw closure remover\".", "Glass harmonica The glass harmonica, also known as the glass armonica, bowl organ, hydrocrystalophone, or simply the armonica or harmonica (derived from ἁρμονία, harmonia, the Greek word for harmony), is a type of musical instrument that uses a series of glass bowls or goblets graduated in size to produce musical tones by means of friction (instruments of this type are known as friction idiophones).", "Glucose meter A glucose meter (or glucometer) is a medical device for determining the approximate concentration of glucose in the blood. It can also be a strip of glucose paper dipped into a substance and measured to the glucose chart. It is a key element of home blood glucose monitoring (HBGM) by people with diabetes mellitus or hypoglycemia.", "Henry Blair (inventor) Henry Blair (1807–1860) was the second African American inventor to receive a patent.He was born in Glen Ross, Maryland, United States in 1807. His first invention was the Seed-Planter, patented October 14, 1834, which allowed farmers to plant more corn using less labor in a smaller amount of time. On August 31, 1836 he obtained a second patent for a cotton planter. This invention worked by splitting the ground with two shovel-like blades which were pulled along by a horse.", "Henry rifle The Henry repeating rifle is a lever-action breech-loading tubular magazine rifle famed both for its use at the Battle of the Little Bighorn and being the basis for the iconic Winchester rifle of the American Wild West.Designed by Benjamin Tyler Henry in 1860, the Henry was introduced in the early 1860s and produced through 1866 in the United States by the New Haven Arms Company.", "Holographic drive A holographic disk is a form of data storage designed for computers, created by InPhase Technologies. The smaller holographic drives can store thirty times the information of a Blu-ray Disc.Holographic drives store information in a manner different from normal DVD drives. While DVDs hold information on the surface or just below the surface, holographic drives pack data in a gel, using a pair of laser beams that cross through the entirety of the gel.", "Hutchinson Patent Stopper Charles G. Hutchinson invented and patented the Hutchinson Patent Stopper in 1879 as a replacement for cork bottle stoppers which were commonly being used as stoppers on soda water or pop bottles. His invention employed a wire spring attached to a rubber seal. Production of these stoppers was discontinued after 1912.", "Ice resurfacer An ice resurfacer is a vehicle or hand-pushed device used to clean and smooth the surface of an ice sheet, usually in an ice rink. The two major manufacturers are Resurfice Corporation, which sells Olympia-brand machines, and Frank J. Zamboni & Company. The first ice resurfacer was developed by Frank Zamboni in 1949 in the city of Paramount, California. Zamboni /zæmˈboʊni/ is an internationally registered trademark.", "Induction motor An induction or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding. An induction motor therefore does not require mechanical commutation, separate-excitation or self-excitation for all or part of the energy transferred from stator to rotor, as in universal, DC and large synchronous motors.", "Industrial robot An industrial robot is defined by ISO 8373 as an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose manipulator programmable in three or more axes.", "Jeans Jeans are trousers typically made from denim or dungaree cloth. Often the term \"jeans\" refers to a particular style of pants, called \"blue jeans,\" which were invented by Jacob Davis in 1871 and patented by Davis and Levi Strauss on May 20, 1873. Originally designed for cowboys and miners, jeans became popular in the 1950s among teenagers, especially members of the greaser subculture.", "Kinetoscope The Kinetoscope is an early motion picture exhibition device. The Kinetoscope was designed for films to be viewed by one individual at a time through a peephole viewer window at the top of the device.", "LAWKS The Lake and Walker Knife Safety system (LAWKS) is a patented addition to folding knives using the Walker Linerlock, designed by noted Knifemakers' Guild members Ron Lake and Michael Walker. The safety comes in two versions: original LAWKS and the Columbia River Knife & Tool company's patented AutoLAWKS. These additions raise manufacturing and engineering costs, but increase safety and security.", "Lightning Switch Lightning Switch is a wireless and batteryless remote control switch technology manufactured by PulseSwitch Systems, a member of The Face Companies Group of Norfolk, Virginia. It is most commonly used as a wireless light switch.", "Lightning rod A lightning rod (US, AUS) or lightning conductor (UK) is a metal rod or metallic object mounted on top of an elevated structure, such as a building, a ship, or even a tree, electrically bonded using a wire or electrical conductor to interface with ground or \"earth\" through an electrode, engineered to protect the structure in the event of lightning strike.", "Liner lock The Linerlock is a locking mechanism for folding pocket knives. A Linerlock is a folding knife with a side-spring lock that can be opened and closed with one hand without repositioning the knife in the hand. The lock is self-adjusting for wear. The modern Linerlock traces its lineage to the late 19th century, but in the 1980s the design was improved by custom knifemaker Michael Walker.", "Merrill Wheel-Balancing System The Merrill Wheel-Balancing System was the world's first electronic dynamic wheel-balancing system. It was invented in 1945 by Marcellus Merrill at the Merrill Engineering Laboratories, 2390 South Tejon Street, Englewood, Colorado, and is now recorded on the list of IEEE Milestones in electronic engineering and as an American Society of Mechanical Engineers landmark. Before Merrill's invention, all wheel-balancing for automobiles, trucks, etc., required removal of the wheel from the vehicle.", "Microwave oven A microwave oven, commonly referred to as a microwave, is a kitchen appliance that heats and cooks food by exposing it to electromagnetic radiation in the microwave spectrum. This induces polar molecules in the food to rotate and produce thermal energy in a process known as dielectric heating.", "Mouse button A mouse button is a microswitch on a computer mouse which can be pressed (“clicked”) to select or interact with an element of a graphical user interface.The three-button scrollmouse has become the most commonly available design.", "Native American contributions This is an alphabetic list of achievements in science and technology made by Indigenous peoples of the Americas during the 13,500 years or more that they have inhabited the American continent.", "Neuticles Neuticles are prosthetic testicular implants for neutered dogs and other domestic animals. Creator Gregg Miller won the 2005 Ig Nobel Prize in Medicine, a parody of the real Nobel Prize, for his invention.According to the website, over 500,000 pets have been 'neuticled' since the product was introduced in 1995 in all 50 states of the USA and 49 countries.", "Nuclear submarine A nuclear submarine is a submarine powered by a nuclear reactor. The performance advantages of nuclear submarines over \"conventional\" (typically diesel-electric) submarines are considerable. Nuclear propulsion, being completely independent of air, frees the submarine from the need to surface frequently, as is necessary for conventional submarines.", "Nuclear weapon A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or a combination of fission and fusion (thermonuclear weapon). Both reactions release vast quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter. The first fission \"\\atomic\") bomb test released the same amount of energy as approximately 20,000 tons of TNT (see Trinity (nuclear test)).", "Pattern playback The Pattern Playback[1][2] is an early talking device that was built by Dr. Franklin S. Cooper and his colleagues, including John M. Borst and Caryl Haskins, at Haskins Laboratories in the late 1940s and completed in 1950. There were several different versions of this hardware device. Only one currently survives. The machine converts pictures of the acoustic patterns of speech in the form of a spectrogram back into sound.", "Personal computer A personal computer is a general-purpose computer whose size, capabilities and original sale price make it useful for individuals, and is intended to be operated directly by an end-user with no intervening computer operator. This contrasts with the batch processing or time-sharing models that allowed larger, more expensive minicomputer and mainframe systems to be used by many people, usually at the same time.", "Phonograph The phonograph is a device invented in 1877 for the mechanical recording and reproduction of sound. In its later forms it is also called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name since c. 1900). The sound vibration waveforms are recorded as corresponding physical deviations of a spiral groove engraved, etched or impressed into the surface of a rotating cylinder or disc.", "Photosensitive glass Photosensitive glass is a crystal-clear glass that belongs to the lithium-silicate family of glasses, in which an image of a mask can be captured by microscopic metallic particles in the glass when it is exposed to short wave radiations such as ultraviolet light. Photosensitive glass was first discovered by S. Donald Stookey in 1937", "Quantum well laser A quantum well laser is a laser diode in which the active region of the device is so narrow that quantum confinement occurs. Laser diodes are formed in compound semiconductor materials that (quite unlike silicon) are able to emit light efficiently. The wavelength of the light emitted by a quantum well laser is determined by the width of the active region rather than just the bandgap of the material from which it is constructed.", "RAM press A RAM press (or ram press) is a machine, invented in the USA in the mid-1940s, that is used to press clay into moulded shapes, such as plates and bowls. In operation a slice of de-aired clay body is placed in between two shaped porous moulds, and vertical movement of the moulds presses the body into the required shape.", "Radial arm saw A radial arm saw is a cutting machine consisting of a circular saw mounted on a sliding horizontal arm. Invented by Raymond DeWalt in 1922, the radial arm saw was the primary tool used for cutting long pieces of stock to length until the introduction of the power miter saw in the 1970s.In addition to making length cuts, a radial arm saw may be configured with a dado blade to create cuts for dado, rabbet or half lap joints.", "Rumford fireplace The Rumford fireplace is a tall, shallow fireplace designed by Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, an Anglo-American physicist best known for his investigations of heat. Its shallow, angled sides are designed to reflect heat into the room, and streamlined throat minimizes turbulence, thereby carrying away smoke with little loss of heated room air.", "Segway PT The Segway PT is a two-wheeled, self-balancing, battery-powered electric vehicle invented by Dean Kamen. It is produced by Segway Inc. of New Hampshire. The name Segway is derived from the word segue, meaning smooth transition. PT is an abbreviation for personal transporter.Computers, sensors, and electric motors in the base of the Segway PT keep the device upright when powered on with balancing enabled.", "Sholes and Glidden typewriter The Sholes and Glidden typewriter (also known as the Remington No. 1) was the first commercially successful typewriter. Principally designed by the American inventor Christopher Latham Sholes, it was developed with the assistance of fellow printer Samuel W. Soule and amateur mechanic Carlos S. Glidden. Work began in 1867, but Soule left the enterprise shortly thereafter, replaced by James Densmore, who provided financial backing and the driving force behind the machine's continued development.", "Sono arsenic filter The Sono arsenic filter was invented in 2006 by Abul Hussam, who is a chemistry professor at George Mason University (GMU) in Fairfax, Virginia. It was developed to deal with the problem of arsenic contamination of groundwater. The filter is now in use in Hussam's native Bangladesh.", "Stanley Meyer's water fuel cell The water fuel cell is a technical design of a \"perpetual motion machine\" created by American Stanley Allen Meyer (August 24, 1940 – March 20, 1998), around which a case of controversy developed. He claimed that an automobile retrofitted with the device could use water as fuel instead of gasoline. Meyer's claims about his \"Water Fuel Cell\" and the car that it powered were found to be fraudulent by an Ohio court in 1996.", "Teleidoscope A teleidoscope is a kind of kaleidoscope, with a lens and an open view, so it can be used to form kaleidoscopic patterns from objects outside the instrument, rather than from items installed as part of it. It was invented by John Lyon Burnside III, who filed a patent for the invention in 1970 and was granted it in 1972.The lens at the end of the tube is not an optical requirement, but protects the internals of the teleidoscope. A spherical ball lens is often used.", "Telephone A telephone, or phone, is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be heard directly.", "Thomas Edison Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb.", "Timeline of United States inventions The following articles cover the timeline of United States inventions Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890) Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945) Timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991) Timeline of United States inventions (after 1991)", "Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945) A timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945) encompasses the ingenuity and innovative advancements of the United States within a historical context, dating from the Progressive Era to the end of World War II, which have been achieved by inventors who are either native-born or naturalized citizens of the United States.", "Timeline of United States inventions (1946–91) A timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991) encompasses the ingenuity and innovative advancements of the United States within a historical context, dating from the era of the Cold War, which have been achieved by inventors who are either native-born or naturalized citizens of the United States.", "Timeline of United States inventions (after 1991) A timeline of United States inventions (after 1991) encompasses the ingenuity and innovative advancements of the United States within a historical context, dating from the Contemporary era to the present day, which have been achieved by inventors who are either native-born or naturalized citizens of the United States.", "Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890) A timeline of United States inventions (before 1890) encompasses the ingenuity and innovative advancements of the United States within a historical context, dating from the Colonial Period to the Gilded Age, which have been achieved by inventors who are either native-born or naturalized citizens of the United States.", "Traffic cone Traffic cones, also called traffic pylons, road cones, highway cones, safety cones, witch's hat, or construction cones, are usually cone-shaped markers that are placed on roads or footpaths to temporarily redirect traffic in a safe manner. They are often used to create separation or merge lanes during road construction projects or automobile accidents, although heavier, more permanent markers or signs are used if the diversion is to stay in place for a long period of time.", "Tri-star (wheel arrangement) The tri-star is a novel wheel design—originally by Robert and John Forsyth, assignors to Lockheed in 1967—in which three wheels are arranged in an upright triangle with two on the ground and one above them. If either of the wheels in contact with the ground gets stuck, the whole system rotates over the obstruction. (Patent #3,348,518)Its most famous application was the Landmaster, a unique armoured personnel carrier (APC) from the film Damnation Alley.", "Vacuum cleaner A vacuum cleaner is a device that uses an air pump (a centrifugal fan in all but some of the very oldest models), to create a partial vacuum to suck up dust and dirt, usually from floors, and from other surfaces such as upholstery and draperies. The dirt is collected by either a dustbag or a cyclone for later disposal.", "Vacuum tube In electronics, vacuum tube, electron tube, tube (in North America), or valve (in Britain and some other regions) is a device that controls electric current between electrodes in an evacuated container.Vacuum tubes mostly rely on thermionic emission of electrons from a hot filament or a cathode heated by the filament. This type is called a thermionic tube or thermionic valve. A phototube, however, achieves electron emission through the photoelectric effect.", "Water Talkies Water Talkies are devices which makes talking underwater possible. They were invented by Rich Stachowski, Jr. in 1995 (at age 10).The Water Talkie is a colorful, cone-shaped device that amplifies voices underwater for up to 15 feet. What started as one product turned into a company producing water toys \"made by a kid for kids\" - a line of eight pool toys.Rich Stachowski won the 1999 Entrepreneur of the Year Award (the youngest ever) for this invention.", "Well counter A well counter is a device used for measuring radioactivity in small samples. It usually employs a sodium iodide crystal detector. It was invented in 1951 by Hal Anger, who is also well known for inventing the scintillation camera. Anger filed U.S. patent #2,779,876 on March 3, 1953 for his \"Radio-Activity Distribution Detector\" which was later issued on January 29, 1957.", "Xerography Xerography or electrophotography is a dry photocopying technique. Its fundamental principle was invented by Hungarian physicist Pál Selényi and based on Selényi's publications Chester Carlson applied for and was awarded U.S. Patent 2,297,691 on October 6, 1942. The technique was originally called electrophotography.", "Zipper A zipper, zip, fly or zip fastener, formerly known as a clasp locker, is a commonly used device for binding the edges of an opening of fabric or other flexible material, like on a garment or a bag. It is used in clothing (e.g., jackets and jeans), luggage and other bags, sporting goods, camping gear (e.g. tents and sleeping bags), and other items. Whitcomb L. Judson was an American inventor from Chicago who was the first to invent, conceive of the idea, and to construct a workable zipper." ]

[ "1889 College Football All-America Team The 1889 College Football All-America team was the first College Football All-America Team. The team was selected by Caspar Whitney and published in This Week's Sports.The team selected by Whitney in 1889 marked the origin of the \"All-America\" teams that have since appeared in every collegiate sport from men's ice hockey to women's gymnastics. All eleven members of the 1889 All-America team played for three teams—Harvard, Princeton or Yale, then known as the \"Big Three\" of college football.", "1992 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media.", "1993 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media.", "1994 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media.", "2014 College Football All-America Team The 2014 College Football All-America Team includes those players of American college football who have been honored by various selector organizations as the best players at their respective positions. The selector organizations award the \"All-America\" honor annually following the conclusion of the fall college football season. The original All-America team was the 1889 College Football All-America Team selected by Caspar Whitney and Walter Camp.", "2 and 3 Part Inventions 2 and 3 Part Inventions is a ballet made by New York City Ballet ballet master Jerome Robbins on students at its affiliated school, the School of American Ballet, to Bach's Inventions and Sinfonias, BWV 772–801, (1720–23). The premiere took place on Saturday, 4 June 1994 at the Juilliard Theater, Lincoln Center. The City Ballet premiere was Thursday, 19 January 1995, and it was revived for City Ballet's 90th anniversary celebration of the choreographer, performed again by students from S.A.B.", "ARPANET The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was an early packet switching network and the first network to implement the protocol suite TCP/IP. Both technologies became the technical foundation of the Internet.", "Acrylic paint Acrylic paint is a fast-drying paint containing pigment suspension in acrylic polymer emulsion. Acrylic paints are water-soluble, but become water-resistant when dry. Depending on how much the paint is diluted with water or modified with acrylic gels, media, or pastes, the finished acrylic painting can resemble a watercolor or an oil painting, or have its own unique characteristics not attainable with other media.", "Adobe Flash Adobe Flash (formerly called Macromedia Flash and Shockwave Flash) is a multimedia and software platform used for creating vector graphics, animation, browser games, rich Internet applications, desktop applications, mobile applications and mobile games. Flash displays text, vector and raster graphics to provide animations, video games and applications.", "Adrian Peterson Adrian Lewis Peterson (born March 21, 1985) is an American football running back for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Vikings seventh overall in the 2007 NFL Draft. He played college football at Oklahoma. Peterson set the NCAA freshman rushing record with 1,925 yards as a true freshman during the 2004 season. As a unanimous first-team All-American, he became the first freshman to finish as the runner-up in the Heisman Trophy balloting.", "Airbag An airbag is a vehicle safety device. It is a type of occupant restraint system that consists of a flexible fabric bag, also known as an airbag cushion. The airbag module is designed to inflate rapidly then quickly deflate during a collision or impact with another object or a sudden deceleration. The purpose of the airbag is to provide occupant protection and restraint during a crash event.", "Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell (March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator who is credited with inventing the first practical telephone.Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work.", "Anthony Pollok Anthony Pollok (1829 – July 4, 1898) was an American patent attorney who, with Marcellus Bailey, helped prepare Alexander Graham Bell's patents for the telephone and related inventions.", "Antonio Meucci Antonio Santi Giuseppe Meucci (Italian: [anˈtɔːnjo meˈuttʃi]; 13 April 1808 – 18 October 1889) was an Italian inventor and an associate of Giuseppe Garibaldi. Meucci is best known for developing a voice-communication apparatus which several sources credit as the first telephone.Meucci set up a form of voice-communication link in his Staten Island, New York home in which the second-floor bedroom connected to his laboratory. He submitted a patent caveat for his telephonic device to the U.S.", "Argon oxygen decarburization Argon oxygen decarburization (AOD) is a process primarily used in stainless steel making and other high grade alloys with oxidizable elements such as chromium and aluminum. After initial melting the metal is then transferred to an AOD vessel where it will be subjected to three steps of refining; decarburization, reduction, and desulphurization. AOD was invented in 1954 by the Lindé Division of The Union Carbide Corporation (which became known as Praxair in 1992).", "Army Inventions Board The Australian Army Inventions Board, otherwise known as the Army Inventions Directorate, was a government body of the Commonwealth of Australia, set up in 1942 to handle the thousands of inventions submitted by the public. These inventions numbered some 27,000; a mere 127 of which were eventually accepted by the Army as being of notable value or suitable for military purposes.", "Arthur Pitney Arthur H. Pitney (1871–1933) was an American inventor best known as the father of the postage meter. Postage meters are used today by millions of businesses to imprint postage on envelopes and parcels. Meter indicia serve as proof of payment, functioning as a postage stamp, a cancellation mark, and a dated postmark all in one. Pitney filed a patent application, in Stamford, Connecticut for the world’s first postage meter on December 9, 1901.", "Automatic transmission This is about the transmission type for cars. For other meanings of \"AT\", see AT.An automatic transmission (also called auto gear shift, self-shifting transmission or A/T) is a type of motor vehicle transmission that can automatically change gear ratios as the vehicle moves, freeing the driver from having to shift gears manually.", "BASIC BASIC (an acronym for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages whose design philosophy emphasizes ease of use.In 1964, John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz designed the original BASIC language at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. They wanted to enable students in fields other than science and mathematics to use computers.", "Barcode A barcode is an optical machine-readable representation of data relating to the object to which it is attached. Originally barcodes systematically represented data by varying the widths and spacings of parallel lines, and may be referred to as linear or one-dimensional (1D). Later they evolved into rectangles, dots, hexagons and other geometric patterns in two dimensions (2D). Although 2D systems use a variety of symbols, they are generally referred to as barcodes as well.", "Bathysphere The Bathysphere (Greek words βαθύς (bathus), \"deep\" and σφαῖρα (sphaira), \"sphere\") was a unique spherical deep-sea submersible which was unpowered and lowered into the ocean on a cable, and was used to conduct a series of dives off the coast of Bermuda from 1930 to 1934. The Bathysphere was designed in 1928 and 1929 by the American engineer Otis Barton, to be used by the naturalist William Beebe for studying undersea wildlife.", "Bell X-1 The Bell X-1, designated originally as XS-1, was a joint National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics-U.S. Army Air Forces-U.S. Air Force supersonic research project built by the Bell Aircraft Company. Conceived during 1944 and designed and built during 1945, it achieved a speed of nearly 1,000 miles per hour (1,600 km/h; 870 kn) during 1948.", "Beulah Louise Henry Beulah Louise Henry (September 28, 1887 – 1973) was an American inventor. In the 1930s, she was given the nickname \"Lady Edison\" for her many inventions.Her inventions include a bobbin-free sewing machine and a vacuum ice cream freezer. Though she was awarded around 49 patents over her lifetime, she had around 110 inventions total.", "Bioactive glass Bioactive glasses are a group of surface reactive glass-ceramic biomaterials and include the original bioactive glass, Bioglass. The biocompatibility of these glasses has led them to be investigated extensively for use as implant materials in the human body to repair and replace diseased or damaged bone.", "Breakfast cereal Breakfast cereal (or just cereal) is a food made from processed grains that is often eaten as the first meal of the day. It is eaten hot or cold, usually mixed with milk, yogurt, or fruit. Some companies promote their products for the health benefits from eating oat-based and high-fiber cereals. In America, cereals are often fortified with vitamins. A significant proportion of cold cereals are made with high sugar content.", "Brown truss A Brown truss is a type of bridge truss, used in covered bridges. It is noted for its economical use of materials and is named after the inventor, Josiah Brown Jr., of Buffalo, New York, who patented it July 7, 1857 as US patent 17,722.", "Bubble gum Bubble gum is a type of chewing gum, designed to freshen breath and to be inflated out of the mouth as a bubble.", "Burr Truss The Burr Arch Truss — or simply Burr Truss or Burr Arch — is a combination of an arch and a multiple kingpost truss design. It was invented in 1804 by Theodore Burr, patented on April 3, 1817, and used in bridges, usually covered bridges.", "C (programming language) C (/ˈsiː/, as in the letter c) is a general-purpose, imperative computer programming language, supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope and recursion, while a static type system prevents many unintended operations.", "Canadian Patents and Development Limited Canadian Patents and Development Limited (CPDL) was a Canadian agency tasked with promoting the commercialization of inventions and discoveries arising from government departments and agencies, as well as those disclosed to it by universities and others publicly funded organizations. The National Research Council of Canada (NRC) founded CPDL on October 24, 1947, as a subsidiary Crown Corporation under part 1 of the Canadian Companies Act (now Canadian Corporations Act).", "Candy apple Candy apples, also known as toffee apples outside of North America, are whole apples covered in a hard toffee or sugar candy coating, with a stick inserted as a handle. These are a common treat at autumn festivals in Western culture in the Northern Hemisphere, such as Halloween and Guy Fawkes Night because these festivals fall in the wake of the annual apple harvest. Although candy apples and caramel apples may seem similar, they are made using distinctly different processes.", "Candy corn Candy corn is a candy most often found in the United States and Canada, popular primarily around Halloween. The three colors of the candy – a broad yellow end, a tapered orange center, and a pointed white tip – mimic the appearance of kernels of corn. Each piece is approximately three times the size of a real kernel from a ripe or dried ear.Candy corn is made primarily from sugar, corn syrup, confectioners wax, artificial coloring and binders.", "Carbonless copy paper Carbonless copy paper (CCP), non-carbon copy paper, or NCR paper (No Carbon Required, taken from the initials of its creator, National Cash Register) is a type of coated paper designed to transfer information written on the front onto sheets beneath.", "Clay Puett (Hoyt) Clay Puett (1899-1998) was the inventor of the enclosed electric starting gate used at all major thoroughbred race tracks around the world. On July 1, 1939, Puett's invention made its debut at Exhibition Park, Vancouver, British Columbia. It was an immediate success. By the end of 1940, Puett's gate was a fixture at all major North American race tracks. Prior to Puett's invention, races were commonly started with ropes, ribbons, or wooden barriers.", "Coca-Cola Coca-Cola is a carbonated soft drink. It is produced by The Coca-Cola Company of Atlanta, Georgia, and is often referred to simply as Coke (a registered trademark of The Coca-Cola Company in the United States since March 27, 1944).", "Cocaine (drink) Cocaine is a highly caffeinated energy drink distributed by Redux Beverages. It contains more caffeine than rival energy drinks Red Bull and Rockstar, symbolized by three and a half steer heads on the label. Aside from caffeine, the label claims 750 milligrams of taurine, another common ingredient found in many energy drinks.", "College Football All-America Team The College Football All-America Team is an honor given annually to the best American college football players at their respective positions. The original usage of the term All-America seems to have been to the 1889 College Football All-America Team selected by Caspar Whitney and published in This Week's Sports in association with football pioneer Walter Camp.", "Cotton candy Cotton candy (U.S., India, Canada), candy floss (UK, Pakistan, Ireland, New Zealand, India, South Africa, Canada), or fairy floss (Australia, South Africa) is a form of spun sugar.", "Cotton gin A cotton gin is a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds, allowing for much greater productivity than manual cotton separation. The fibers are processed into clothing or other cotton goods, and any undamaged cotton was used for clothes.", "Cotton swab Cotton swabs (American) or cotton buds (British) consist of a small wad of cotton wrapped around one or both ends of a short rod, usually made of either wood, rolled paper, or plastic. They are commonly used in a variety of applications including first aid, cosmetics application, cleaning, and arts and crafts. The cotton swab was invented in the 1920s by Leo Gerstenzang after he attached wads of cotton to toothpicks.", "Credit card A credit card is a payment card issued to users (cardholders) as a method of payment. It allows the cardholder to pay for goods and services based on the holder's promise to pay for them.", "Cris Collinsworth Anthony Cris Collinsworth (born January 27, 1959) is a former American college and professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) for eight seasons, all with the Cincinnati Bengals, during the 1980s. He played college football for the University of Florida, and was recognized as an All-American. He is currently a television sportscaster for NBC, Showtime, and the NFL Network and winner of 15 Sports Emmy Awards.", "DNA computing DNA computing is a branch of computing which uses DNA, biochemistry, and molecular biology hardware, instead of the traditional silicon-based computer technologies. DNA computing—or, more generally, biomolecular computing—is a fast-developing interdisciplinary area.Template:Really? Research and development in this area concerns theory, experiments, and applications of DNA computing.", "DOS DOS /dɒs/, short for disk operating system, is an acronym for several computer operating systems that were operated by using the command line.MS-DOS dominated the IBM PC compatible market between 1981 and 1995, or until about 2000 including the partially MS-DOS-based Microsoft Windows (95, 98, and Millennium Edition). \"DOS\" is used to describe the family of several very similar command-line systems, including MS-DOS, PC DOS, DR-DOS, FreeDOS, ROM-DOS, OSx16, \"Horizon OS\" and PTS-DOS.", "Dat Nguyen Dat Tan Nguyen (/ˌdæt ˈwɪn/; Vietnamese: Nguyễn Tấn Đạt, pronounced [ŋʷjə̌ˀn tə̌n ɗàːt]) (born Sept 25, 1975) a sports radio host and former football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for seven seasons. He played college football for Texas A&M University, and earned All-American honors. He played professionally for the NFL's Dallas Cowboys and became the first Vietnamese-American to be drafted, play and be recognized as an All-Pro in the NFL.", "Dendrochronology Dendrochronology (from δένδρον, dendron, \"tree limb\"; χρόνος, khronos, \"time\"; and -λογία, -logia) or tree-ring dating, is the scientific method of dating based on the analysis of patterns of tree rings, also known as growth rings. Dendrochronology can date the time at which tree rings were formed, in many types of wood, to the exact calendar year.", "Dental floss Dental floss is a cord of thin filaments used to remove food and dental plaque from between teeth in areas a toothbrush is unable to reach. As the build-up of plaque in interproximal areas is the primary cause of dental disease, such as gingivitis and dental caries, the use of floss is commonly recommended in order to prevent these conditions from developing.", "Dianetics Dianetics is a set of ideas and practices regarding the metaphysical relationship between the mind and body created by L. Ron Hubbard; Dianetics is practiced by followers of Scientology and separate independent Dianeticist groups.", "Direct current Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of electric charge. Direct current is produced by sources such as batteries, thermocouples, solar cells, and commutator-type electric machines of the dynamo type. Direct current may flow in a conductor such as a wire, but can also flow through semiconductors, insulators, or even through a vacuum as in electron or ion beams. The electric current flows in a constant direction, distinguishing it from alternating current (AC).", "Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 1998 on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions is a European Union directive in the field of patent law, made under the internal market provisions of the Treaty of Rome. It was intended to harmonize the laws of Member States regarding the patentability of biotechnological inventions, including plant varieties (as legally defined) and human genes.", "Doggles Doggles are a commercial brand of sunglasses for dogs in the form of tinted goggles designed to fit the shape of a dog's head.While marketed as a fashion item, several practical and medical uses have been reported, and prescription lenses for dogs with impaired eyesight are available.", "Douglas Engelbart Douglas Carl Engelbart (January 30, 1925 – July 2, 2013) was an American engineer and inventor, and an early computer and Internet pioneer. He is best known for his work on founding the field of human–computer interaction, particularly while at his Augmentation Research Center Lab in SRI International, resulting in the invention of the computer mouse, and the development of hypertext, networked computers, and precursors to graphical user interfaces.", "Edison Bugg's Invention Edison Bugg's Invention is a 1916 silent comedy film featuring Oliver Hardy.", "Edith Dunham Foster Edith Dunham Foster (1864–1950) was an American educational film maker who served as the editor of the Motion Picture Community Bureau, which furnished nearly all of the films seen by American armed forces during World War I.Foster's son Warren Dunham Foster was president of the Motion Picture Community Bureau.", "Electron beam ion trap Electron beam ion trap (EBIT) is an electromagnetic bottle that produces and confines highly charged ions. An EBIT uses an electron beam focused with a powerful magnetic field to ionize atoms to high charge states by successive electron impact.It was invented by M. Levine and R. Marrs at LLNL and LBNL.", "Electronic libretto An electronic libretto system is used primarily in opera houses and is a device which presents translations of lyrics into an audience's language or transcribes lyrics that may be difficult to understand in the sung form.", "Equatorial sextant The Equatorial Sextant , also known as Altitude Instrument, was first invented and made by William Austin Burt. He patented it November 4, 1856, in the United States as patent No. 16,002, which was followed by patents in England, France and Belgium. The purpose of this type of sextant was to get an accurate position of a ship at sea. Burt applied the principles of his earlier Solar Compass invention to navigation.", "Explosions in the Sky Explosions in the Sky is an American post-rock band from Texas. The quartet originally played under the name Breaker Morant, then changed to the current name in 1999. The band has garnered popularity beyond the post-rock scene for their elaborately developed guitar work, narratively styled instrumentals, what they refer to as \"cathartic mini-symphonies,\" and their enthusiastic and emotional live shows.", "Fax Fax (short for facsimile), sometimes called telecopying or telefax, is the telephonic transmission of scanned printed material (both text and images), normally to a telephone number connected to a printer or other output device.", "Fidelipac The Fidelipac, commonly known as a \"NAB cartridge\" or simply \"cart\", is a magnetic tape sound recording format, used for radio broadcasting for playback of material over the air such as radio commercials, jingles, station identifications, and music. Fidelipac is the official name of this industry standard audio tape cartridge.", "Fire sprinkler A fire sprinkler or sprinkler head is the component of a fire sprinkler system that discharges water when the effects of a fire have been detected, such as when a predetermined temperature has been exceeded. Fire sprinklers are extensively used worldwide, with over 40 million sprinkler heads fitted each year. In buildings protected by properly designed, and maintained fire sprinklers, over 99% of fires were controlled by fire sprinklers alone.", "Fleshlight The Fleshlight is a brand of artificial vagina sex toy which is primarily marketed to heterosexual men as a masturbatory aid. The Fleshlight was designed by Steve Shubin, who was granted a patent in 1998 for his invention, as a \"device for discreet sperm collection\", and is marketed by Interactive Life Forms. It is named for the flesh-like material used in its inner sleeve, as well as the plastic case that houses the sleeve, which is fashioned to look like an oversized flashlight.", "Flo & Eddie Flo & Eddie (Mark Volman, Flo aka Phlorescent Leech, and Howard Kaylan, Eddie) are a comedic musical duo.The two were the original founding members of the Top 40 rock group the Turtles. After the Turtles dissolved, Volman and Kaylan first joined the Mothers of Invention as Phlorescent Leech & Eddie. Due to contractual restrictions made early in their career, Volman and Kaylan were prevented from using the name 'the Turtles', as well as their own names in a musical context.", "Floppy disk A floppy disk, also called a diskette or just disk, is a type of disk storage composed of a disk of thin and flexible magnetic storage medium, sealed in a rectangular plastic carrier lined with fabric that removes dust particles.", "Four Great Inventions The Four Great Inventions (simplified Chinese: 四大发明; traditional Chinese: 四大發明) are inventions from ancient China that are celebrated in Chinese culture for their historical significance and as symbols of ancient China's advanced science and technology.The Four Great Inventions are: Compass Gunpowder Papermaking PrintingThese four discoveries had a large impact on the development of civilization throughout the world.", "Frank Zappa Frank Vincent Zappa (December 21, 1940 – December 4, 1993) was an American musician, songwriter, composer, and record and film producer. In a career spanning more than 30 years, Zappa composed rock, jazz, orchestral and musique concrète works. He also directed feature-length films and music videos, and designed album covers. Zappa produced almost all of the more than 60 albums he released with the band the Mothers of Invention and as a solo artist.", "Freak Out! Freak Out! is the debut album by American band The Mothers of Invention, released June 27, 1966 on Verve Records. Often cited as one of rock music's first concept albums, the album is a satirical expression of frontman Frank Zappa's perception of American pop culture. It was also one of the earliest double albums in rock music (although Bob Dylan's Blonde on Blonde preceded it by a week), and the first 2-record debut.", "Fuel dispenser A fuel dispenser is a machine at a filling station that is used to pump gasoline, diesel, CNG, CGH2, HCNG, LPG, LH2, ethanol fuel, biofuels like biodiesel, kerosene, or other types of fuel into vehicles. Fuel dispensers are also known as bowsers (in Australia), petrol pumps (in Commonwealth countries), or gas pumps (in North America).", "Gamma probe A gamma probe is a handheld device used with a Geiger-Muller tube or scintillation counter, for intraoperative use following interstitial injection of a radionuclide, to locate regional lymph nodes by their radioactivity. It is used primarily for sentinel lymph node mapping and parathyroid surgery. The Gamma Probe is also used for RSL (Radioactive Seed Localization), to locate small and non-palpable breast lesions.", "Go (programming language) Go, also commonly referred to as golang, is a programming language developed at Google in 2007 by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson.", "Graphophone The Graphophone was the name and trademark of an improved version of the phonograph. It was invented at the Volta Laboratory established by Alexander Graham Bell in Washington, D.C., United States.Its trademark usage was acquired successively by the Volta Graphophone Company, then the American Graphophone Company, the North American Phonograph Company, and finally by the Columbia Phonograph Company (later to become Columbia Records), all of which either produced or sold Graphophones.", "Hank Foldberg Henry Christian \"Hank\" Foldberg, Sr. (March 12, 1923 – March 7, 2001) was an American college and professional football player who became a college football coach. Foldberg played college football for Texas A&M University and the United States Military Academy, and thereafter, he played professionally for Brooklyn Dodgers and the Chicago Hornets of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC). He later served as the head football coach of Wichita State University and Texas A&M University.", "Highway Hi-Fi Highway Hi-Fi was a system of proprietary players and seven-inch phonograph records with standard LP center holes designed for use in automobiles. Designed and developed by Peter Goldmark, who also developed the LP microgroove, the discs utilized 135 grams of vinyl each, enough to press a then-still-standard 10-inch LP (12-inch LPs of the period commonly used 160 grams of vinyl each and 45s used roughly 70 grams).", "Infunitum Infunitum, pronounced /in-FUN-item/, is a social-based board game which rewards players for unique answers to hundreds of topics.", "Invent This! Invent This! is a TV series that aired on TechTV at the end of 2003. Invent This! profiled ordinary people demonstrating their inventions. Only one season (13 half-hour episodes) were shot. The show was not renewed when TechTV and G4 merged in early 2004.", "Invention An invention is a unique or novel device, method, composition or process. The invention process is a process within an overall engineering and product development process. It may be an improvement upon a machine or product, or a new process for creating an object or a result. An invention that achieves a completely unique function or result may be a radical breakthrough. Such works are novel and not obvious to others skilled in the same field.", "Inventions and Sinfonias (Bach) The Inventions and Sinfonias, BWV 772–801, also known as the Two- and Three-Part Inventions, are a collection of thirty short keyboard compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750): 15 inventions, which are 2-part contrapuntal pieces, and 15 sinfonias, which are 3-part contrapuntal pieces.", "Ionocraft An ionocraft or ion-propelled aircraft (commonly known as a lifter or hexalifter) is a device that uses an electrical electrohydrodynamic (EHD) phenomenon to produce thrust in the air without requiring any combustion or moving parts.The term \"ionocraft\" dates back to the 1960s, an era in which EHD experiments were at their peak.", "Jake Matthews Jacob \"Jake\" Matthews (born February 11, 1992) is an American football offensive tackle for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Falcons sixth overall in the 2014 NFL Draft. He played college football at Texas A&M.", "Jeff Zimmerman (American football) Jeffrey Alan Zimmerman (born January 10, 1963) is an American former college and professional football player who was an offensive lineman in the National Football League for four seasons during the late 1980s and early 1990s. He played college football for the University of Florida, and was twice recognized as an All-American. The Dallas Cowboys selected him in the third round of the 1987 NFL Draft.", "Jim Sherwood Jim \"Motorhead\" Sherwood (May 8, 1942 – December 25, 2011) was an American rock musician notable for playing soprano, tenor and baritone saxophone, tambourine, vocals and vocal sound effects in Frank Zappa's Mothers of Invention. He appeared on all the albums of the original Mothers line-up and the 'posthumous' releases Burnt Weeny Sandwich and Weasels Ripped My Flesh, as well as certain subsequent Zappa albums. He also appeared in the films 200 Motels, Video from Hell and Uncle Meat.", "K-Y Jelly K-Y Jelly is a water-based, water-soluble personal lubricant, most commonly used as a lubricant for sexual intercourse. A variety of different products and formulas are produced under the K-Y banner. According to the company, \"The origins of the brand name 'K-Y' are unknown.", "Kong (dog toy) Kong (sometimes KONG) is a popular line of dog toys and cat toys introduced in 1976. The classic Kong resembles a snowman-like structure of three balls pushed together. Kongs also come in several variations for dogs of different ages and sizes.", "Lambda calculus Lambda calculus (also written as λ-calculus) is a formal system in mathematical logic for expressing computation based on function abstraction and application using variable binding and substitution. First formulated by Alonzo Church to formalize the concept of effective computability, lambda calculus found early successes in the area of computability theory, such as a negative answer to Hilbert's Entscheidungsproblem.", "Laser printing Laser printing is an electrostatic digital printing process. It produces high-quality text and graphics (and moderate-quality photographs) by repeatedly passing a laser beam back and forth over a negatively charged cylindrical drum to define a differentially-charged image. The drum then selectively collects electrically charged powdered ink (toner), and transfers the image to paper, which is then heated in order to permanently fuse the text and/or imagery.", "Light-emitting diode A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction diode, which emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons.", "Lisp (programming language) Lisp (historically, LISP) is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive, fully parenthesized Polish prefix notation.Originally specified in 1958, Lisp is the second-oldest high-level programming language in widespread use today; only Fortran is older (by one year). Like Fortran, Lisp has changed a great deal since its early days, and a number of dialects have existed over its history.", "List of Academic All-America Team Members of the Year List of Academic All-America Team Members of the Year is a list of the annual selection by the College Sports Information Directors of America and its Academic All-America sponsor of the individual athlete selected as the most outstanding of the approximately 1640 annual Academic All-America selections. Since the 2012 awards, one winner has been chosen for each of four divisions.", "List of Alabama Crimson Tide football All-Americans The Alabama Crimson Tide college football team competes as part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), and represents the University of Alabama in the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). All-America selections are individual player recognitions made after each season when numerous publications release lists of the their ideal team.", "List of All-American Girls Professional Baseball League players The following is a list of players who formed part of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League during its twelve years of existence, from its inception in 1943 through the 1954 season.This list presents data from an eight-year collaborative research project commanded by the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Players Association and is considered to be the definitive list of all the known players that ever formed part of the league.The association was largely responsible for the opening of Women in Baseball, a permanent display at the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, which was unveiled in 1988 to honor the entire All-American Girls Professional Baseball League.", "List of All Grown Up! characters This is a list of fictional characters from the Nickelodeon animated television series, All Grown Up!.", "List of Arizona Wildcats football All-Americans The Arizona Wildcats college football team competes as part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), and represents the University of Arizona in the South Division of the Pacific-12 Conference (Pac-12). All-America selections are individual player recognitions made after each season when numerous publications release lists of the their ideal team.", "List of Australian inventions This is a list of Australian inventions consisting of products and technology invented in Australia from pre-European-settlement in 1788 to the present. The inventions are listed in chronological order based on the date of their introduction.Australian inventions include the very old, such as woomera, and the very new, such as the scramjet, first fired at the Woomera rocket range.", "List of Austrian inventions and discoveries Austrian inventions and discoveries are objects, processes or techniques invented or discovered partially or entirely by a person born in Austria. In some cases, their Austrianess is determined by the fact that they were born in Austria, of non-Austrian people working in the country.", "List of Chinese inventions China has been the source of many innovations, scientific discoveries and inventions. This includes the Four Great Inventions: papermaking, the compass, gunpowder and printing (both woodblock and movable type).", "List of Dutch inventions and discoveries The Netherlands, despite its comparatively modest size and population, had a considerable part in the making of the modern society.", "List of Florida Gators football All-Americans This list of Florida Gators football All-Americans includes those members of the Florida Gators football team who have received All-American honors from one or more selector organizations.", "List of Indian inventions and discoveries This list of Indian inventions and discoveries details the inventions, scientific discoveries and contributions of India, including both the ancient and medieval nations in the subcontinent historically referred to as India and the modern Indian state. It draws from the whole cultural and technological history of India, during which architecture, astronomy, cartography, metallurgy, logic, mathematics, metrology and mineralogy were among the branches of study pursued by its scholars.", "List of Irish inventions and discoveries Irish inventions and discoveries are objects, processes or techniques which owe their existence either partially or entirely to an Irish person. Often, things which are discovered for the first time, are also called \"inventions\", and in many cases, there is no clear line between the two. Below is a list of such inventions.", "List of Japanese inventions This is a list of Japanese inventions.", "List of Korean inventions and discoveries This is a list of Korean inventions and discoveries.", "List of North Carolina Tar Heels football All-Americans The North Carolina Tar Heels college football team competes as part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), and represents the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in the Coastal Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). All-America selections are individual player recognitions made after each season when numerous publications release lists of the their ideal team.", "List of Oklahoma Sooners football All-Americans This is a list of Oklahoma Sooners college football players who were named first team All-Americans. The selecting organizations for football All-Americans that the NCAA recognizes include the Associated Press, American Football Coaches Association, Football Writers Association of America, The Sporting News, and the Walter Camp Football Foundation. The NCAA defines consensus All-Americans as players who were accorded a majority of votes at their positions by these selectors.", "List of Oregon Ducks football All-Americans The Oregon Ducks college football team competes as part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), and represents the University of Oregon in the North Division of the Pacific-12 Conference (Pac-12). All-America selections are individual player recognitions made after each season when numerous publications release lists of the their ideal team.", "List of Pakistani inventions and discoveries This article lists inventions and discoveries made by scientists with Pakistani nationality within Pakistan and outside the country, as well as those made in the territorial area of what is now Pakistan prior to the independence of Pakistan in 1947.", "List of Pittsburgh Panthers football All-Americans This list of Pittsburgh Panthers football All-Americans includes those members of the Pittsburgh Panthers football team who have received All-American honors from one or more selector organizations.", "List of Puerto Rican scientists and inventors Before Christopher Columbus and the Spanish Conquistadors landed on the island of \"Borikén\" (Puerto Rico), the Tainos who inhabited the island depended on their astronomical observations for the cultivation of their crops.In 1581, Juan Ponce de León II, the grandson of the Conquistador Juan Ponce de León, studied an eclipse and its effects on the island and was able to establish the exact geographical coordinates of San Juan with his observations.During the 19th century the economies of many countries in the world suffered from the spread of crop failures. @en <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Rican_scientists_and_inventors?oldid=680000504> .\n<http://dbpedia.org/resource/George_Leonard> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> George Burr Leonard (1923 – January 6, 2010) was an American writer, editor, and educator who wrote extensively about education and human potential. He was President Emeritus of the Esalen Institute, past-president of the Association for Humanistic Psychology, President of ITP International, and a former editor of Look Magazine.", "List of Swiss inventions and discoveries The following list is composed of items, techniques and processes that were invented by or discovered by people from Switzerland.", "List of Taiwanese inventions and discoveries This is a list of inventions by people who were born in Taiwan or current citizens of Taiwan.", "List of Wild Kratts episodes This is a list of episodes for the series Wild Kratts. Some episodes focus on an environmental problem, while other episodes have a villain.", "List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization The list of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization refers to the technological and civilizational achievements of the Indus Valley Civilisation, a lost civilization which flourished in the Bronze Age around the Indus River basin in what is today mainly Pakistan and northwest portions of the Republic of India. It is also called the Harappan Civilization, after one of its centres, Harappa.", "List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world A number of inventions were made in the medieval Islamic world, a geopolitical region that has at various times extended from Spain and Africa in the west to Afghanistan and the Indian subcontinent in the east. The inventions listed here were developed during the medieval Islamic world, which covers a period from the early Caliphate to the later Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal empires.", "Lists of etymologies This is a list of etymological lists.", "Magnetic stripe card A magnetic stripe card is a type of card capable of storing data by modifying the magnetism of tiny iron-based magnetic particles on a band of magnetic material on the card. The magnetic stripe, sometimes called swipe card or magstripe, is read by swiping past a magnetic reading head. Magnetic stripe cards are commonly used in credit cards, identity cards, and transportation tickets.", "Marco Peña Marco Peña was the guitarist for the American rock band The Ataris from 1999 to 2001. He is credited as having played on their album End Is Forever although it is thought that Kris Roe played all the guitar parts on this record. He currently lives in Santa Barbara, California and co owner of Connected Partners, an invention firm established to develop his various inventions.", "Monopoly (game) Monopoly is a board game that originated in the United States in 1903 as a way to demonstrate that an economy which rewards wealth creation is better than one in which monopolists work under few constraints and to promote the economic theories of Henry George and in particular his ideas about taxation and women’s rights. The current version was first published by Parker Brothers in 1935.", "Mouse (computing) In computing, a mouse is a pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of a pointer on a display, which allows for fine control of a graphical user interface.Physically, a mouse consists of an object held in one's hand, with one or more buttons. Mice often also feature other elements, such as touch surfaces and \"wheels\", which enable additional control and dimensional input.", "Nanoimprint lithography Nanoimprint lithography is a method of fabricating nanometer scale patterns. It is a simple nanolithography process with low cost, high throughput and high resolution. It creates patterns by mechanical deformation of imprint resist and subsequent processes. The imprint resist is typically a monomer or polymer formulation that is cured by heat or UV light during the imprinting. Adhesion between the resist and the template is controlled to allow proper release.", "Napoleon Murphy Brock Napoleon Murphy Brock (born June 7, 1945) is an American singer, saxophonist and flute player who is best known for his work with Frank Zappa in the 1970s, including the albums Apostrophe, Roxy and Elsewhere, One Size Fits All, and Bongo Fury. He contributed notable vocal performances to the Zappa songs \"Village of the Sun\" and \"Florentine Pogen.\"", "National College Baseball Hall of Fame The National College Baseball Hall of Fame, located in Lubbock, Texas, is a museum operated by the College Baseball Foundation serving as the central point for the study of the history of college baseball in the United States.", "National Inventors Hall of Fame The National Inventors Hall of Fame (NIHF) is an American not-for-profit organization dedicated to the inventors and their inventions.", "Nuclear power plant A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. As is typical in all conventional thermal power stations the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to an electric generator which produces electricity. As of 23 April 2014, the IAEA report there are 435 nuclear power reactors in operation operating in 31 countries.", "Obsidian hydration dating Obsidian hydration dating (OHD) is a geochemical method of determining age in either absolute or relative terms of an artifact made of obsidian.Obsidian is a volcanic glass that was used by prehistoric people as a raw material in the manufacture of stone tools such as projectile points, knives, or other cutting tools through knapping, or breaking off pieces in a controlled manner.Obsidian obeys the property of mineral hydration, and absorbs water, when exposed to air, at well defined rate.", "Oil tanker An oil tanker, also known as a petroleum tanker, is a merchant ship designed for the bulk transport of oil. There are two basic types of oil tankers: the crude tanker and the product tanker. Crude tankers move large quantities of unrefined crude oil from its point of extraction to refineries. Product tankers, generally much smaller, are designed to move refined products from refineries to points near consuming markets.Oil tankers are often classified by their size as well as their occupation.", "Oil well An oil well is a boring in the Earth that is designed to bring petroleum oil hydrocarbons to the surface. Usually some natural gas is produced along with the oil. A well that is designed to produce mainly or only gas may be termed a gas well.", "Optical mouse An optical computer mouse uses only a light source, typically a laser, and a light detector, such as an array of photodiodes, to detect movement relative to a surface.", "PDCA PDCA (plan–do–check–act or plan–do–check–adjust) is an iterative four-step management method used in business for the control and continuous improvement of processes and products. It is also known as the Deming circle/cycle/wheel, Shewhart cycle, control circle/cycle, or plan–do–study–act (PDSA). Another version of this PDCA cycle is OPDCA.", "PageRank PageRank is an algorithm used by Google Search to rank websites in their search engine results. PageRank was named after Larry Page, one of the founders of Google. PageRank is a way of measuring the importance of website pages. According to Google: PageRank works by counting the number and quality of links to a page to determine a rough estimate of how important the website is. The underlying assumption is that more important websites are likely to receive more links from other websites.", "Particle accelerator A particle accelerator is a device that uses electromagnetic fields to propel charged particles to high speeds and to contain them in well-defined beams.Large accelerators are best known for their use in particle physics as colliders (e.g. the LHC at CERN, RHIC at Brookhaven National Laboratory, and Tevatron at Fermilab), FACET at SLAC National Accelerator.", "Perl Perl is a family of high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming languages. The languages in this family include Perl 5 and Perl 6.Though Perl is not officially an acronym, there are various backronyms in use, the most well-known being \"Practical Extraction and Reporting Language\". Perl was originally developed by Larry Wall in 1987 as a general-purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing easier. Since then, it has undergone many changes and revisions.", "Philo Farnsworth Philo Taylor Farnsworth (August 19, 1906 – March 11, 1971) was an American inventor and television pioneer. He made many contributions that were crucial to the early development of all-electronic television. He is perhaps best known for inventing the first fully functional all-electronic image pickup device (video camera tube), the \"image dissector\", as well as the first fully functional and complete all-electronic television system.", "Phonograph cylinder Phonograph cylinders are the earliest commercial medium for recording and reproducing sound. Commonly known simply as \"records\" in their era of greatest popularity (c. 1896–1915), these hollow cylindrical objects have an audio recording engraved on the outside surface, which can be reproduced when they are played on a mechanical cylinder phonograph. In the 1910s, the competing disc record system triumphed in the marketplace to become the dominant commercial audio medium.", "Plasma display A plasma display panel (PDP) is a type of flat panel display common to large TV displays 30 inches (76 cm) or larger. They are called \"plasma\" displays because they use small cells containing electrically charged ionized gases, which are plasmas.", "Pneumoencephalography Pneumoencephalography (sometimes abbreviated PEG; also referred to as an \"air study\") was a common medical procedure in which most of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was drained from around the brain by means of a lumbar puncture and replaced with air, oxygen, or helium to allow the structure of the brain to show up more clearly on an X-ray image.", "Polymerase chain reaction The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technology in molecular biology used to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.Developed in 1983 by Kary Mullis, PCR is now a common and often indispensable technique used in medical and biological research labs for a variety of applications.", "Portuguese inventions The Portuguese inventions are the inventions created by people born in Portugal (continent or overseas) or whose nationality is Portuguese. These inventions were created mainly during the age of Portuguese Discoveries, but as well, during modernity.Relying on trade secret explains, in part, the difficulty often experienced by researchers in documenting Portuguese inventions, as many are not described in patent documents, or other technical documents.", "Potato chip A potato chip (American English) or crisp (British English) is a thin slice of potato that has been deep fried, baked, kettle cooked, or popped until crunchy. Potato chips are commonly served as a snack, side dish, or appetizer.", "Preparation H Preparation H is a brand of medications made by Pfizer, used in the treatment of hemorrhoids.", "Professor Farnsworth Professor Hubert J. Farnsworth, or simply Professor, is a fictional character in the American animated television series Futurama. Farnsworth is the mad scientist proprietor of the Planet Express delivery service, for whom the main characters work. He is the great (×30) nephew of Philip J. Fry, the series' protagonist.", "Proposed directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions The Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions (Commission proposal COM(2002) 92), procedure number 2002/0047 (COD) was a proposal for a European Union (EU) directive aimed to harmonise national patent laws and practices concerning the granting of patents for computer-implemented inventions, provided they meet certain criteria.The proposal became a major focus for conflict between those who regarded the proposed directive as a way to codify the case law of the Boards of Appeal of the European Patent Office (unrelated to the EU institutions) in the sphere of computing, and those who asserted that the directive is an extension of the patentability sphere, not just a harmonisation, that ideas are not patentable and that the expression of those ideas is already adequately protected by the law of copyright.Following several years of debate and numerous conflicting amendments to the proposal, the proposal was rejected on 6 July 2005 by the European Parliament by an overwhelming majority of 648 to 14 votes.", "QWERTY QWERTY is the most common modern-day keyboard layout for Latin script. The name comes from reading the first six keys appearing on the top left letter row of the keyboard (Q, W, E, R, T, and Y) from left to right. The QWERTY design is based on a layout created for the Sholes and Glidden typewriter and sold to Remington in 1873. It became popular with the success of the Remington No.", "Radar gun A radar speed gun (also radar gun and speed gun) is a device used to measure the speed of moving objects. It is used in law-enforcement to measure the speed of moving vehicles and is often used in professional spectator sport, for things such as the measurement of bowling speeds in cricket, speed of pitched baseballs, athletes and tennis serves.A radar speed gun is a Doppler radar unit that may be hand-held, vehicle-mounted or static.", "Radiocarbon dating Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon (14C), a radioactive isotope of carbon.The method was developed by Willard Libby in the late 1940s and soon became a standard tool for archaeologists. Libby received the Nobel Prize for his work in 1960.", "Ring spinning Ring spinning is a method of spinning fibres, such as cotton, flax or wool, to make a yarn. The ring frame developed from the throstle frame, which in its turn was a descendant of Arkwright's water frame. Ring spinning is a continuous process, unlike mule spinning which uses an intermittent action. In ring spinning, the roving is first attenuated by using drawing rollers, then spun and wound around a rotating spindle which in its turn is contained within an independently rotating ring flyer.", "Roy Estrada Roy Estrada (also known as \"Roy Ralph Moleman Guacamole Guadalupe Hidalgo Estrada\" and \"Orejón\"; born April 17, 1943 in Santa Ana, California) is an American musician and vocalist, best known for his bass guitar work with Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention and for having been a founding member of Little Feat, playing on their first two albums.He is also a convicted sex offender, having had three criminal convictions for molesting a child in 1977, 1994 and 2012, and he is currently incarcerated, ineligible for parole until he is 93 years old.", "Ruth Underwood Ruth Underwood (born Ruth Komanoff, May 23, 1946) is a retired professional musician, best known for playing xylophone, marimba, vibraphone and other percussion instruments in Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention.", "SPARK Museum of Electrical Invention The SPARK Museum of Electrical Invention (formerly the American Museum of Radio and Electricity) is an interactive museum located in Bellingham, Washington, which offers educational experiences for audiences of all ages through galleries and public programs that illustrate the development and use of electricity, radio and the related inventions that changed the course of human history.", "Sandy Bull Alexander \"Sandy\" Bull (February 25, 1941 – April 11, 2001) was an American folk musician and composer. Bull was an accomplished player of many stringed instruments, including guitar, pedal steel guitar, banjo, and oud. His early work blends non-western instruments with 1960s folk revival, and has been cited as important in the development of psychedelic music.His albums often presented an eclectic repertoire including extended modal improvisations on oud.", "Scanning acoustic microscope A scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) is a device which uses focused sound to investigate, measure, or image an object (a process called scanning acoustic tomography). It is commonly used in failure analysis and non-destructive evaluation. It also has applications in biological and medical research. The semiconductor industry has found the SAM useful in detecting voids, cracks, and delaminations within microelectronic packages.", "Scottie Reynolds Scottie Reynolds (born October 10, 1987) is an American professional basketball player who plays for Enel Brindisi of the Italian Serie A. Prior to his professional career he played college basketball for Villanova.Reynolds also played for the United States in the 2007 Pan Am Games.", "Scottish inventions and discoveries Scottish inventions and discoveries are objects, processes or techniques either partially or entirely invented or discovered by a person born in or descended from Scotland. In some cases, an invention's Scottishness is determined by the fact that it came into existence in Scotland (e.g., animal cloning), by non-Scots working in the country.", "Scroll wheel A scroll wheel (or mouse wheel) is a hard plastic or rubbery disc (the \"wheel\") on a computer mouse that is perpendicular to the mouse surface. It is normally located between the left and right mouse buttons.", "Shopping cart A shopping cart (also called a trolley in the UK and Australia, and a buggy in some parts of the United States and Canada), is a cart supplied by a shop, especially supermarkets, for use by customers inside the shop for transport of merchandise to the check-out counter during shopping.", "Silica gel Silica gel is a granular, vitreous, porous form of silicon dioxide made synthetically from sodium silicate. Silica gel is tough and hard; it is more solid than common household gels like gelatin or agar. It is a naturally occurring mineral that is purified and processed into either granular or beaded form.", "Solar cell See also PhotovoltaicsA solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon. It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed to light.", "Space tourism Space tourism is space travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. A number of startup companies have sprung up in recent years, such as Virgin Galactic and XCOR Aerospace, hoping to create a sub-orbital space tourism industry.", "Stereo-Pak The Muntz Stereo-Pak, commonly known as the 4-track cartridge, is a magnetic tape sound recording cartridge technology. The in-car tape player that played the Stereo-Pak cartridges was called the Autostereo, but it was generally marketed under the common Stereo-Pak trade name.The Stereo-Pak cartridge was inspired by the Fidelipac 3-track tape cartridge system invented by George Eash in 1954 and used by radio broadcasters for commercials and jingles beginning in 1959.", "Stereolithography Stereolithography (SLA or SL; also known as optical fabrication, photo-solidification, solid free-form fabrication, solid imaging and Resin printing) is an additive manufacturing or 3D printing technology used for producing models, prototypes, patterns, and production parts up one layer at a time using lithographic methods. For example by curing a photo-reactive resin with a UV laser or another similar power source.", "Storyboard A storyboard is a graphic organizer in the form of illustrations or images displayed in sequence for the purpose of pre-visualizing a motion picture, animation, motion graphic or interactive media sequence. The storyboarding process, in the form it is known today, was developed at Walt Disney Productions during the early 1930s, after several years of similar processes being in use at Walt Disney and other animation studios.", "Susceptor A susceptor is a material used for its ability to absorb electromagnetic energy and convert it to heat (which is sometimes designed to be re-emitted as infrared thermal radiation). This energy is typically radiofrequency or microwave radiation used in industrial heating processes, and also occasionally in microwave cooking. The name is derived from susceptance, an electrical property of materials that measures their tendency to convert electromagnetic energy to heat.", "Sybian A Sybian (/ˈsɪbiən/), or Sybian saddle, is a masturbation device primarily designed for use by women. It consists of a saddle-like seat containing an electric motor, gearbox speed reducer, and mechanism connected to a rod that protrudes from a hole in the top center. Various attachments can be added to the rod, which vibrates, rotates and may also stimulate the clitoris externally.", "Tea bag A tea bag is a small, porous sealed bag containing tea leaves and used with water for brewing the beverage called tea, or herbs or spices for brewing herbal teas (also known as \"tisane\"). Tea bags are commonly made of filter paper, silk or food grade plastic. The bag contains the tea leaves while the tea is steeped, making it easier to dispose of the leaves, and performs the same function as a tea infuser.", "Technological and industrial history of the United States The technological and industrial history of the United States describes the United States' emergence as one of the most technologically advanced nations in the world. The availability of land and literate labor, the absence of a landed aristocracy, the prestige of entrepreneurship, the diversity of climate and a large easily accessed upscale and literate free market all contributed to America's rapid industrialisation.", "Teledildonics Teledildonics (also known as \"cyberdildonics\") is real or fictional technology for remote sex (or, at least, remote mutual masturbation), where tactile sensations are communicated over a data link between the participants.", "Television A television, commonly referred to as TV, telly or the tube, is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting sound with moving images in monochrome (black-and-white), colour, or in three dimensions. It can refer to a television set, a television program, or the medium of television transmission. Television is a mass medium, for entertainment, educational television, news and advertising .Television became available in crude experimental forms in the late 1920s.", "The Heroic Age of American Invention The Heroic Age of American Invention is a 1961 science book for children by L. Sprague de Camp, published by Doubleday.", "The Mothers of Invention The Mothers of Invention were an American rock band from California that served as the backing musicians for Frank Zappa. Their work is marked by the use of sonic experimentation, innovative album art, and elaborate live shows.Originally an R&B band called The Soul Giants, the band's original lineup included Ray Collins, David Coronado, Ray Hunt, Roy Estrada and Jimmy Carl Black.", "The Stolen Invention The Stolen Invention is a 1910 American silent short drama produced by the Thanhouser Company. The film focuses on John Deering, an inventor, whose invention interests Mr. Cobleigh. Deering rejects the small sum Cobleigh offers for the invention, so Cobleigh decides to drugs Deering. The effect of the drug makes him temporarily insane and Deering is sent to the asylum, Cobleigh than forges Deering's signature and secure the invention.", "Ticker tape Ticker tape was the earliest digital electronic communications medium, transmitting stock price information over telegraph lines, in use between around 1870 through 1970. It consisted of a paper strip that ran through a machine called a stock ticker, which printed abbreviated company names as alphabetic symbols followed by numeric stock transaction price and volume information.", "Timeline of United States discoveries Timeline of United States discoveries encompasses the breakthroughs of human thought and knowledge of new scientific findings, phenomena, places, things, and what was previously unknown to exist.", "Timeline of historic inventions The timeline of historic inventions is a chronological list of particularly important or significant technological inventions and the people who created the inventions.Note: Dates for inventions are often controversial. Inventions are often invented by several inventors around the same time, or may be invented in an impractical form many years before another inventor improves the invention into a more practical form.", "Tom Fowler (musician) Thomas W. Fowler (commonly referred to as Tom Fowler in credits, born June 10, 1951, in Salt Lake City, Utah) is named after a street that El Chivo lives on. He is an American bass guitarist and upright bassist. He has played with It's a Beautiful Day, Frank Zappa, The Mothers of Invention, Jean-Luc Ponty, Ray Charles, Steve Hackett, and many others.", "Torpedo (petroleum) A torpedo is an explosive device used, especially in the early days of the petroleum industry, to fracture the surrounding rock at the bottom of an oil well to stimulate the flow of oil and to remove built-up paraffin wax that would restrict the flow. Earlier torpedoes used gunpowder, but the use of nitroglycerin eventually became widespread. The development of hydraulic fracturing rendered torpedoes obsolete, and is the primary fracturing process used today.", "UBV photometric system UBV photometric system, also called the Johnson system (or Johnson-Morgan system), is a wide band photometric system for classifying stars according to their colors. It is the first known standardized photoelectric photometric system. The letters U, B, and V stand for ultraviolet, blue, and visual magnitudes, which are measured for a star in order to classify it in the UBV system.", "USable USable is a special idea contest to transfer US American ideas into practice in Germany. USable is initiated by the German Körber-Stiftung (foundation Körber). It is doted with 150,000 Euro and awarded every two years. All persons which know Germany and the USA from their own experience can take part in the contest. The nationality of the contestants does not matter.Usable/Mexico <requeriments for usable>", "United States patent law Under United States law, a patent is a right granted to the inventor of a (1) process, machine, article of manufacture, or composition of matter, (2) that is new, useful, and non-obvious. A patent is the right to exclude others from using a new technology.", "Urinary catheterization In urinary catheterization a latex, polyurethane, or silicone tube known as a urinary catheter is inserted into a patient's bladder via the urethra. Catheterization allows the patient's urine to drain freely from the bladder for collection. It may be used to inject liquids used for treatment or diagnosis of bladder conditions. A clinician, often a nurse, usually performs the procedure, but self-catheterization is also possible.", "Venus 2000 Venus 2000 is a sexual stimulation tool for men. It is a masturbation aid with controllable strokes. The machine works with or without an erection.", "Vitascope Vitascope was an early film projector first demonstrated in 1895 by Charles Francis Jenkins and Thomas Armat. They had made modifications to Jenkins patented \"Phantoscope\", which cast images via film & electric light onto a wall or screen. The Vitascope is a large electrically-powered projector that uses light to cast images. The images being cast are originally taken by the kinetoscope mechanism onto gelatin film.", "Walter Camp Walter Chauncey Camp (April 7, 1859 – March 14, 1925) was an American football player, coach, and sports writer known as the \"Father of American Football\". He invented the sport's line of scrimmage and the system of downs. With John Heisman, Amos Alonzo Stagg, Pop Warner, Fielding H. Yost, and George Halas, Camp was one of the most accomplished persons in the early history of American football. He played college football at Yale College from 1876 to 1882.", "Waterphone A waterphone (also ocean harp or AquaSonic waterphone) is a type of inharmonic acoustic percussion instrument consisting of a stainless steel resonator bowl or pan with a cylindrical neck and bronze rods of different lengths and diameters around the rim of the bowl. The resonator may contain a small amount of water giving the waterphone a vibrant ethereal sound that has appeared in movie soundtracks, record albums, and live performances.", "Windscreen wiper A windscreen wiper or windshield wiper is a device used to remove rain, snow, ice and debris from a windscreen or windshield. Almost all motor vehicles, including cars, trucks, train locomotives, watercraft with a cabin and some aircraft, are equipped with such wipers, which are usually a legal requirement.A wiper generally consists of a metal arm, pivoting at one end and with a long rubber blade attached to the other.", "Wood's glass Wood's glass is an optical filter glass invented in 1903 by American physicist Robert Williams Wood (1868–1955) which allows ultraviolet and infrared light to pass through while blocking most visible light. It was developed as a light filter used in communications during World War I. His \"invisible radiation\" technique worked both in infrared daylight communication and ultraviolet night communications.", "Zip (file format) ZIP is an archive file format that supports lossless data compression. A .ZIP file may contain one or more files or directories that may have been compressed. The .ZIP file format permits a number of compression algorithms, though DEFLATE is the most common. This format was originally created in 1989 by Phil Katz, and was first implemented in PKWARE, Inc.'s PKZIP utility, as a replacement for the previous ARC compression format by Thom Henderson." ]

[ "Asajaya Asajaya (Chinese: 雅沙再也) is a small Sarawakian town located in the Samarahan Division. Most of its inhabitants are made up of the Malay, Chinese and Iban people. Asajaya has a small town, known as Pekan Asajaya. It is a focal point for the residents nearby. There is a district office - Pejabat Daerah Asajaya, which translates as Asajaya District Office. One of the most important ways to expand or make Asajaya as advanced as other comparable towns is through education.", "Malay Peninsula The Malay Peninsula (Malay: Semenanjung Tanah Melayu, Thai: คาบสมุทรมลายู rtgs: Khapsamut Malayu) is a peninsula in Southeast Asia. The land mass runs approximately north-south and, at its terminus, is the southernmost point of the Asian mainland. The area contains the southernmost tip of Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia, and Southern Thailand.The Titiwangsa Mountains are part of the Tenasserim Hills system, and form the backbone of the Peninsula.", "Malaysian Chinese The Malaysian Chinese or Chinese Malaysian (Chinese: trad 馬來西亞華人, simp 马来西亚华人, pin Mǎláixīyà Huárén) consists of people of full or partial Chinese – particularly Han Chinese ancestry who were born in or immigrated to Malaysia. In 2010, there were nearly 6,960,900 people self-identifying as \"Chinese\" who hold Malaysian nationality.", "Peranakan Peranakan Chinese and Baba-Nyonya are the descendants of Chinese immigrants who came to the Malay archipelago and British Malaya (now Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore) between the 15th and 17th centuries.Members of this community in Malaysia address themselves as \"Baba Nyonya\". Nyonya is the term for the women and Baba for the men." ]

[ "Alliance of Small Island States Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) is an intergovernmental organization of low-lying coastal and small island countries. Established in 1990, the main purpose of the alliance is to consolidate the voices of Small Island Developing States (SIDS) to address global warming. AOSIS has been very active from its inception, putting forward the first draft text in the Kyoto Protocol negotiations as early as 1994.", "Bjelkarøy Bjelkarøyna or Bjelkarøy is an island in Sund municipality in Hordaland county, Norway. The 1.1-square-kilometre (270-acre) island lies in the southern part of the Raunefjorden between the mainland Bergen Peninsula and the large island of Sotra. The small island of Lerøyna lies just east of Bjelkarøyna and the city of Bergen is located just to the east on the mainland. The island has a small number of permanent residents and many vacation cabins.", "Borneo Borneo (/ˈbɔrnioʊ/; Indonesian: Kalimantan, Malay: Borneo) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest island in Asia. At the geographic center of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and east of Sumatra.The island is divided among three countries: Malaysia and Brunei in the north, and Indonesia to the south. Approximately 73% of the island is Indonesian territory.", "British Malaya The term British Malaya loosely describes a set of states on the Malay Peninsula and the island of Singapore that were brought under British control between the 18th and the 20th centuries. Unlike the term \"British India\", which excludes the Indian princely states, British Malaya is often used to refer to the Malay States under indirect British rule as well as the Straits Settlements that were under the sovereignty of the British Crown.", "Brunei Brunei (/bruːˈnaɪ/, broo-NYE), officially the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace (Malay: Negara Brunei Darussalam, Jawi: نڬارا بروني دارالسلام‎), is a sovereign state located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea, the country is completely surrounded by the state of Sarawak, Malaysia. It is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang.", "Case Inlet steamboats Case Inlet steamboats served the small communities along the shore of Case Inlet in southern Puget Sound from the 1870s to 1924.", "Crypteroniaceae The Crypteroniaceae are a family of flowering trees and shrubs. The family includes about 10 species in 3 genera, native to Indomalaya.The Crypteroniaceae are native to tropical lowland and submontane rain forests. The genus Axinandra includes four species, one in Sri Lanka (A. zeylanica) and the others in Borneo and the Malay Peninsula. Crypteronia includes seven species, ranging from eastern India through Southeast Asia and southern China to the Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, and New Guinea.", "Dapeng Peninsula Dapeng Peninsula or Dapengbandao (大鹏半岛) is a peninsula in the east of Longgang district, that lies in the Shenzhen area of Guangdong Province in China, to the north-east of Hong Kong. Dapengbandao consists of the subdistricts Kuichong, Dapeng and Nan'ao. To the southwest of the peninsula is Mirs Bay and to the northeast is Daya Bay. The Dapeng dialect is the main dialect is across the whole peninsula.", "Demographics of Brunei This article is about the demographic features of the population of Brunei, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. Like neighbouring countries, Brunei is a Malay-dominated country.", "Ecoregions in the Philippines The Philippine archipelago is one of the world's great reservoirs of biodiversity and endemism. The archipelago includes over 7000 islands, and a total land area of 300,780 km².The Philippines was never connected to mainland Asia via land bridges, so the flora and fauna of the islands had to cross ocean straits to reach the Philippines. The Philippines is part of the Indomalaya ecozone, and its flora and fauna is mostly derived from tropical Asia.", "Ethnic Malays Malays (Malay: Melayu, Jawi: ملايو) are an ethnic group of Austronesian peoples predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula; East Sumatra; Southern Thailand; the Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar; Pulau Ujong; coastal Borneo, including Brunei, West Kalimantan; and coastal Sarawak and Sabah and the smaller islands which lie between these locations — areas that are collectively known as the Malay world.", "Federated Malay States The Federated Malay States (FMS) was a federation of four protected states in the Malay Peninsula—Selangor, Perak, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang—established by the British government in 1895, which lasted until 1946, when they, together with two of the former Straits Settlements (Malacca and Penang) and the Unfederated Malay States, formed the Malayan Union.", "Federated Malay States Railways The Federated Malay States Railways (FMSR) was a consolidated railroad operator in British Malaya (present day Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore) during the first half of the 20th century.", "Filipinos in Malaysia Filipinos in Malaysia comprise migrants and residents from the Philippines and their descendants living in Malaysia. Because of the short distance between the two nations, many Filipinos have emigrated there. Between 245,000 and 636,544 Filipinos live in Malaysia. Many of them are illegal residents while there are a smaller number of migrant workers and fewer permanent residents.", "First island chain The first island chain refers to the first chain of major archipelagos out from the East Asian continental mainland coast. Principally composed of the Kuril Islands, Japanese Archipelago, Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, the northern Philippines, and Borneo; from the Kamchatka Peninsula to the Malay Peninsula. Some definitions of the first island chain anchor the northern end on the Russian Far East coast north of Sahkalin Island, with Sahkalin Island being the first link in the chain.", "Frank Swettenham Sir Frank Athelstane Swettenham, GCMG, CH (28 March 1850 – 11 June 1946) was the first Resident General of the Federated Malay States, a British protectorate that is now part of independent Malaysia), which was formed by combining a number of sultanates. He served from 1 July 1896 to 1901. He was also an amateur photographer. He was born in Belper, Derbyshire, Britain.He was one of close to forty former British Empire officials to actually oppose the Malayan Union.", "Geography of Singapore Singapore is a small, heavily urbanised, island city-state in Southeast Asia, located at the end of the Malayan Peninsula between Malaysia and Indonesia. Singapore has a total land area of 714.3 square kilometres (275.8 sq mi).The Singapore area comprises mainland and other islands. The mainland of Singapore measures 50 kilometres (31 mi) from east to west and 26 kilometres (16 mi) from north to south with 193 kilometres (120 mi) of coastline.", "Gertak Sanggul Gertak Sanggul is a village in Penang, Malaysia, located on the southwest coast of Penang island. The main ethnic group in this village is Chinese with a small number of Malays. The Chinese names of this village are MeiHu (美湖/ 'beautiful lake'), or WeiHu (尾湖) in Chinese Dialects. It is a fishing village; there is also pig farming.", "Gordon Bennett (union organiser) Gordon Bennett (known locally as Tai Ko Seng [Big Brother Who Delivers]) (died 1989 or 1991) was an English-born labour advocate on Christmas Island.", "Granite Island (South Australia) Granite Island, also known by the Ramindjeri people as Nulcoowarra, is a small island next to Victor Harbor, South Australia, not far from South Australia's capital city, Adelaide. Although there are no permanent residents, there are buildings and shelters on the island, including a cafe. It is a popular tourist attraction, particularly for people wishing to see little penguins (commonly called \"fairy penguins\") which live there.", "Hat Yai Hat Yai (Thai: หาดใหญ่, pronounced [hàːt jàj], also Haad Yai or Had Yai) is a city in southern Thailand near the Malaysian border. Located at 7°1′N 100°28′E, it is 946 km south of Bangkok, and has a population of 158,218 (2012) in the city itself and about 800,000 in the greater Hat Yai area. Hat Yai is the largest city of Songkhla Province, the largest metropolitan area in the south, and the third largest metropolitan area of the country. It is often mistaken for being the provincial capital.", "History of Malaysia Malaysia is a Southeast Asian country located on strategic sea-lane that exposes it to global trade and foreign culture.", "Indian languages in Singapore Indian languages in Singapore are mainly used by the country's 332,300 ethnic South Asian residents, who form about 9% of Singaporean citizens and permanent residents. As a result of historical migration and settlement patterns, Singapore Indians came to the island from various parts of South Asia speaking a variety of Indian languages. Today, most ethnic Indians in Singapore are locally born second, third, fourth or even fifth generation descendants of immigrant forefathers.", "Johor Johor (/ˈdʒɵhɔr/) or Johore is a Malaysian state, located in the southern portion of Peninsular Malaysia. It is one of the most developed states in Malaysia. The state capital city of Johor is Johor Bahru, formerly known as Tanjung Puteri (Malay for Princess's Cape). The royal city of the state is Muar also known to be a popular tourist attraction.", "Kampung Jahang Kampung Jahang or (commonly known as Jahang by locals) is a traditional Malay village located within the outskirt of Gopeng, Perak. It is one of many Malay villages located to the east side of Gopeng, near to the hill slopes. Everybody here is from the Malay Rawa community. There are very little commercial activity here however there are small kiosk erected by locals to sell foods (kueh) and even beverages. The residents usually go to Gopeng to get their rations and other significant deals.", "Kelantan Kelantan (Malay pronunciation: [kəˈlantan]; Jawi: كلنتن; Thai: กลันตัน; rtgs: Kalantan) is a state of Malaysia. The capital and royal seat is Kota Bharu. The honorific of the state is Darul Naim, (Jawi: دار النعيم, \"The Blissful Abode\").Kelantan is positioned in the north-east of Peninsular Malaysia. It is bordered by Narathiwat Province of Thailand to the north, Terengganu to the south-east, Perak to the west, and Pahang to the south.", "Kuala Sawah Kuala Sawah is a small town located in Negeri Sembilan, state of Malaysia. It is location 10 km away from Seremban. There are about 5000 residents in this area. The population consists of Chinese, Malay and Indian.", "Languages of Singapore The four Languages of Singapore that are recognised by the Singapore Government are: English, Malay, Mandarin, and Tamil.", "Larantuka Malay Larantuka Malay is a contact variety of Malay spoken in and around the city of Larantuka on the island of Flores in Indonesia, and in two enclaves: the village of Wure on the island of Adonara (across a narrow strait from Larantuka) and four villages on Konga Bay, about 40 kilometers south of Larantuka on Flores, and serves more generally as a lingua franca on the eastern tip of Flores and nearby islands. There are approximately 23,000 native speakers of Larantuka Malay.", "Leizhou Peninsula The Leizhou Peninsula, formerly romanized as the Luichow Peninsula, is a peninsula in the southernmost part of Guangdong province in southern China.", "Liaodong Peninsula The Liáodōng Peninsula (simplified Chinese: 辽东半岛; traditional Chinese: 遼東半島; pinyin: Liáodōng Bàndǎo) is a peninsula in Liaoning Province of Northeast China, historically known in the West as Southeastern Manchuria. Liaodong (formerly spelled Liaotung) means \"East of the Liao River\"; referring to the Liao River which divided the Yan commanderies of Liaoxi (simplified Chinese: 辽西; traditional Chinese: 遼西) (West of the Liao River) and Liaodong during time of the Warring States period.", "List of airports in Singapore This is a list of airports in Singapore, grouped by type and sorted by location.Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, 137 kilometres (85 mi) north of the equator, south of the Malaysian state of Johor and north of Indonesia's Riau Islands. Singapore is a city-state.", "List of governors of Penang This is the list of people who have held the highest political office in Penang and its previous entities. Penang is a state in Malaysia.Until the 18th century, the island of Penang was part of the Sultanate of Kedah. In 1786, the island was ceded by the Sultan of Kedah to the East India Company, Francis Light representing the company.", "List of islands in the South China Sea Islands in the South China Sea includes the South China Sea Islands (Spratly Islands, Pratas Islands, Paracel Islands and Macclesfield Bank), islands on the China coast, on the Vietnam coast, on the Borneo coast, and the peripheral islands of Taiwan, the Philippines, etc.", "Loon Straits, Manitoba Loon Straits is a community in the Canadian province of Manitoba. A designated place in Canadian census data, the community had a population of 16 in the Canada 2006 Census.Loon Straits falls under the authority of The Northern Affairs Act and lies on the eastern shore of Lake Winnipeg about 50 km. north of Manigotagan, Manitoba. This places it in the South Basin of the lake; in fact it is only about 25 miles south of the narrowest point.", "Mainland Mainland is a name given to a large landmass in a region (as contrasted with a nearby island or islands), or to the largest of a group of islands in an archipelago. Sometimes its residents are called \\Mainlanders\\\".\"", "Malacca Malacca (Malay: Melaka), dubbed \"The Historic State\", is a state in Malaysia and located in the southern region of the Malay Peninsula, next to the Straits of Malacca.It borders Negeri Sembilan to the north and Johor to the south. The capital is Malacca City, which is 148 kilometres (92 miles) south east of Malaysia's capital city Kuala Lumpur, 235 kilometres (146 miles) north west of Johor's largest city Johor Bahru, and 95 km (59 miles) north west of Johor's second largest city, Batu Pahat.", "Malacca Sultanate The Malacca Sultanate (Malay: Kesultanan Melayu Melaka; Jawi script: كسلطانن ملايو ملاك) was a Malay sultanate centred in the modern-day state of Malacca, Malaysia. Conventional historical thesis marks circa 1400 as the founding year of the sultanate by a renegade Malay Raja of Singapura, Parameswara who was also known as Iskandar Shah.", "Malay Archipelago The Malay Archipelago (Indonesian: Kepulauan Melayu, Malay: Kepulauan Melayu or Nusantara) is the archipelago between mainland Southeast Asia and Australia. It has also been called the Indo-Australian Archipelago, East Indies, and other names over time. The name was taken from the 19th-century European concept of a Malay race.Situated between the Indian and Pacific Oceans, the group of over 25,000 islands is the largest archipelago by area, and fourth by number of islands in the world.", "Malay Singaporeans Singaporean Malay or Malay Singaporean (Malay: Melayu Singapura; Jawi:ملايو سيڠاڤورا) are defined by the Singaporean government and by intellectuals in the country using the broader concept of the Malay race, akin to the Malaysian definition.", "Malay language Malay (/məˈleɪ/; Bahasa Melayu; Jawi script: بهاس ملايو) is a major language of the Austronesian family. It is the national language of Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore.", "Malay world The Malay world or Malay realm (Malay: Dunia Melayu or Alam Melayu, Jawi: دونيا ملايو or عالم ملايو) is a concept or an expression, that has been utilised by different authors and groups over time, to denote several different notions, that derived from varied interpretations of Malayness, either as a racial category, as a linguistic group, or as a political-cultural group.", "Malaysia Malaysia (/məˈleɪʒə/ mə-LAY-zhə or /məˈleɪsiə/ mə-LAY-see-ə) (Malaysian pronunciation: [məlejsiə]) is a federal constitutional monarchy located in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of 329,847 square kilometres (127,350 sq mi) separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions, Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia (Malaysian Borneo).", "Malaysian literature Malaysian literature is the collection of literary works produced in the Malay peninsula until 1963 and in Malaysia thereafter. Malaysian literature is typically written in any of the country's four main languages: Malay, English, Chinese and Tamil. It portrays various aspects of Malaysian life and comprises an important part of the culture of Malaysia.The earliest works of Malaysian literature were transmitted orally in the absence of writing scripts.", "Matak Matak (Indonesian: Pulau Matak) is an island in the Anambas Islands of Indonesia, located in the South China Sea between the Malay Peninsula and Borneo. The island is a base for oil companies including Conoco Phillips, Premier Oil and Star Energy, and is served by Matak Airport (MWK/WIOM).Population of Matak Island estimated in the range of number of 1500-2500. Residents in here usually work for the oil companies.There is also factory in this island, such as Kosel Yamato", "Mergui Archipelago The Mergui Archipelago (also Myeik Archipelago or Myeik Kyunzu; Burmese: မြိတ်ကျွန်းစု) is an archipelago in far southern Myanmar (Burma) and is part of the Tanintharyi Region. It consists of more than 800 islands, varying in size from very small to hundreds of square kilometres, all lying in the Andaman Sea off the western shore of the Malay Peninsula near its landward (northern) end where it joins the rest of Indochina.", "Microhyla heymonsi Microhyla heymonsi (commonly known as the dark-sided chorus frog or the Taiwan rice frog) is a species of narrow-mouthed frog found in northeastern India, southern China, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia south to the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra as well as the Great Nicobar Island. It was originally described from Taiwan.As microhylids in general, Microhyla heymonsi is a small frog: males reach 16–21 mm (0.63–0.83 in) and females 22–26 mm (0.87–1.02 in) in snout-vent length.", "Monarchies of Malaysia The monarchies of Malaysia refer to the constitutional monarchy system as practised in Malaysia. The political system of Malaysia is based on the Westminster parliamentary system with the features of a federation.Nine of the states of Malaysia are constitutionally headed by traditional Malay rulers. The nine states are collectively referred to as the Malay States. State constitutions limit eligibility for the thrones to male Malay Muslim of royal descent.", "Muar State Railway The Muar State Railway (MSR) (Malay: Keretapi Kerajaan Muar ; Jawi: كريتاڤي كراجأن موار) was a railroad operating in the district of Muar in Johor, Malaya (now Malaysia). Significantly, the MSR was the second railway line to operate in Johor after the short-lived Johore Wooden Railway (JWR), and began operation in 1890, five years after the opening of Perak Railway's Taiping-Port Weld line.", "Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin A Non-Resident Indian (NRI) is a citizen of India who holds an Indian passport and has temporarily emigrated to another country for six months or more for employment, residence, education or any other purpose.A Person of Indian Origin (PIO) is a person of Indian origin or ancestry but who is not a citizen of India and is the citizen of another country.", "Northern Michigan Northern Michigan, also known as Northern Lower Michigan (known colloquially to residents of more southerly parts of the state and summer residents from cities such as Chicago as \"up north\"), is a region of the U.S. state of Michigan. A popular tourist destination, it is home to several small- to medium-sized cities, extensive state and national forests, lakes and rivers, and a large portion of Great Lakes shoreline.", "Outline of Singapore The following outline is provided as an overview and topical guide to Singapore:Singapore – sovereign republic comprising the main island of Singapore and smaller outlying islands which are located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula in Southeast Asia. Singapore lies 137 kilometres (85 mi) north of the equator, south of the Malaysian state of Johor and north of Indonesia's Riau Islands. Singapore is one of three remaining true city-states in the world.", "Pahang Pahang (Malay pronunciation: [paˈhaŋ]) is the third largest state in Malaysia, after Sarawak and Sabah, and the largest in Peninsular Malaysia. The state occupies the huge Pahang River river basin. It is bordered to the north by Kelantan, to the west by Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, to the south by Johor and to the east by Terengganu and the South China Sea.Its state capital is Kuantan, and the royal seat is at Pekan.", "Pahang Malay Pahang Malay (Standard Malay: bahasa Melayu Pahang; Jawi: بهاس ملايو ڤهڠ) is a dialect of Malay language spoken in the Malaysian state of Pahang. It is regarded as the dominant Malay dialect spoken along the vast riverine systems of Pahang, but co-exists with other Malay dialects traditionally spoken in the state. Along the coastline of Pahang, Terengganu Malay is spoken in a narrow strip of sometimes discontiguous fishermen villages and towns.", "Pekan Air Panas Pekan Air Panas is a small town in the district of Segamat, Johor, Malaysia, which is named after the hot springs available there. It is located about 14 km from Labis via Jalan Ayer Panas (Johor State Route J151). The town is also known as Tenang (not to be confused with Tenang Station, another town also located in Segamat District). A majority of the residents of the town are Chinese and Malay communities.Pekan Air Panas is famed for its hot springs.", "Penang Penang is a state in Malaysia located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia, by the Strait of Malacca.Penang state is bordered by Kedah in the north and east, and Perak in the south.", "Peninsula A peninsula (Latin: paeninsula from paene \"almost\" and insula \"island\") is a piece of land that is bordered by water on three sides but connected to mainland. The surrounding water is usually understood to belong to a single contiguous body, but is not always explicitly defined as such.A peninsula can also be a headland, cape, island promontory, bill, point, or spit. A point is generally considered a tapering piece of land projecting into a body of water that is less prominent than a cape.", "Peninsular Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia (Malay: Semenanjung Malaysia), also known as West Malaysia (formerly Malaya), is the part of Malaysia which lies on the Malay Peninsula and surrounding islands. Its area is 130,598 square kilometres (50,424 sq mi). It shares a land border with Thailand in the north. To the south is the island of Singapore.Across the Strait of Malacca to the west lies the island of Sumatra (Indonesia). East Malaysia (on the island of Borneo) is to the east across the South China Sea.", "Petaling Jaya Petaling Jaya (commonly called \"PJ\" by locals) is a major Malaysian city originally developed as a satellite township for Kuala Lumpur. It is located in the Petaling district of Selangor with an area of approximately 97.2 square kilometres (37.5 sq mi). Petaling Jaya was granted city status on 20 June 2006.Petaling Jaya is surrounded by the Malaysian capital, Kuala Lumpur to the east, the Gombak District to the north, the capital of Selangor, Shah Alam to the west and Subang Jaya to the south.", "Poon Saan Poon Saan is a small settlement on Christmas Island, an external territory of Australia. Ethnic Chinese make up the majority of inhabitants. In Cantonese, Poon Saan (半山, Jyutping: bun3 saan1) means \"halfway up the hill\". The architecture of Poon Saan reflects the Chinese heritage of the majority of residents in being Singapore style units, rather than the Western style common in the Settlement.Poon Saan is the second largest settlement on Christmas Island.", "Postage stamps and postal history of Singapore This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Singapore.Singapore is an island city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, 137km north of the equator, south of the Malaysian state of Johor and north of Indonesia's Riau Islands. Singapore is the smallest nation in Southeast Asia.The island rose in importance during the 14th century and became an important port until it was destroyed by Portuguese raiders in 1613.", "Pulau Ujong Pulau Ujong (Malay: literally 'island at the end') or Singapore Island is the main island of Singapore. It is part of the Malay Archipelago and is located at the tip of Peninsular Malaysia. The island forms the majority of the country in terms of area and population as citizens are unable to reside in smaller islands of Singapore.", "Resident (title) A Resident, or in full Resident Minister, is a government official required to take up permanent residence in another country. A representative of his government, he officially has diplomatic functions which are often seen as a form of indirect rule.", "Riau-Lingga Sultanate Riau-Lingga Sultanate (Malay/Indonesian: Kesultanan Riau-Lingga, Jawi: كسولتانن رياو-ليڠڬ), also known as the Lingga-Riau Sultanate, Riau Sultanate or Lingga Sultanate was a Malay sultanate that existed from 1824 to 1911, before being dissolved following the Dutch intervention.The sultanate was an effect of the partition of the Johor-Riau Sultanate that separated the Peninsular Johor and the island of Singapore from the Riau archipelago after the succession dispute following the death of Mahmud III of Johor, when Abdul Rahman II was crowned as the first Sultan of Riau-Lingga.", "Sabah Sabah (Malay pronunciation: [saˈbah]) is Malaysia's easternmost state, one of two Malaysian states on the island of Borneo. It is also one of the founding members of the Malaysian federation alongside Sarawak, Singapore (expelled in 1965) and the Federation of Malaya. Like Sarawak, this territory has an autonomous law especially in immigration which differentiates it from the rest of the Malaysian Peninsula states.", "Sarawak Sarawak (Malay pronunciation: [saˈrawaʔ]) is one of the two Malaysian states on the island of Borneo. It is also one of the founding members of the Malaysian federation alongside North Borneo (Sabah), Singapore (expelled in 1965) and the Federation of Malaya (Peninsula Malaysia or West Malaysia). This territory has an autonomous law especially in immigration, which differentiates it from the rest of the Malaysian Peninsula states.", "Shandong Peninsula The Shandong Peninsula is a peninsula in Shandong province in eastern China, between the Bohai Sea and Huanghai Sea (Yellow Sea). The Empire of Japan received the territory from the German Empire after World War I.", "Singapore Singapore (/ˈsɪŋəpɔr/ or /ˈsɪŋɡəpɔr/), officially the Republic of Singapore, and often referred to as the Lion City, the Garden City, and the Red Dot, is a leading global city-state and island country in Southeast Asia. It lies at the southernmost tip of continental Asia, one degree (137 km; 85 mi) north of the equator, and is separated from Peninsular Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to the north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the Singapore Strait to the south.", "Singapore River The Singapore River is a river in Singapore that flows from the Central Area, which lies in the Central Region in the southern part of Singapore before emptying into the ocean. The immediate upper watershed of the Singapore River is known as the Singapore River Planning Area, although the northernmost part of the watershed becomes River Valley. As the Central Area is treated as a central business district, nearly all land surrounding it is commercial.", "Singapore Strait The Singapore Strait (or Straits of Singapore; simplified Chinese: 新加坡海峡; traditional Chinese: 星加坡海峽; pinyin: Xīnjiāpō Hǎixiá Malay: Selat Singapura) is a 105-kilometer long, 16-kilometer wide strait between the Strait of Malacca in the west and the South China Sea in the east. Singapore is on the north of the channel and the Riau Islands are on the south. The Indonesia-Singapore border lies along the length of the straits.It includes Keppel Harbour and many small islands.", "Small Island Small Island may refer to: Small Island (novel), novel by Andrea Levy Small Island (TV film), miniseries based on this novel Small Island (Antarctica), island in the Antarctic", "Small Island Developing States Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are low-lying coastal countries that tend to share similar sustainable development challenges, including small but growing populations, limited resources, remoteness, susceptibility to natural disasters, vulnerability to external shocks, excessive dependence on international trade, and fragile environments.", "Socheongdo Socheongdo or Socheong Island is a small 5 kilometer long and 3 kilometer wide island in Ongjin County, Incheon, South Korea, located in south Daecheong Island, near the Northern Limit Line. It is situated in the Yellow Sea, lying 200 km northwest of Incheon, 40 km southwest of the mainland of South Hwanghae, North Korea, and 200 km northeast of Shandong Peninsula, China.", "Southeast Asia Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India, west of New Guinea and north of Australia. The region lies near the intersection of geological plates, with heavy seismic and volcanic activity. Southeast Asia consists of two geographic regions: Maritime Southeast Asia, comprising Indonesia, East Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, East Timor, Brunei, and Christmas Island.", "Sri Lankan Malays Malays of Sri Lanka (also known in Sinhalese language as Ja Minissu meaning Javanese) originated in Southeast Asia. The group consists of about 40,000 people and they make up 0.20% of the Sri Lankan population.", "Srivijaya Srivijaya (also written Sri Vijaya, Indonesian/Malay: Sriwijaya, Thai: ศรีวิชัย rtgs: Siwichai, known by the Chinese as Shih-li-fo-shih and San-fo-ch'i) was a dominant thalassocratic city-state based on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, which influenced much of Southeast Asia. Srivijaya was an important centre for the expansion of Buddhism from the 8th to the 12th century.", "Subregion A subregion is a part of a larger region or continent and is usually based on location. Cardinal directions, such as south or southern, are commonly used to define a subregion.", "Sunda Shelf Geologically, the Sunda Shelf is a southeast extension of the continental shelf of Southeast Asia. Major landmasses on the shelf include the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Madura, Bali and their surrounding smaller islands. It covers an area of approximately 1.85 million km2. Sea depths over the shelf rarely exceed 50 metres and extensive areas are less than 20 metres resulting in strong bottom friction and strong tidal friction.", "Sungai Rokam Kampung Sungai Rokam is a small village located in Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia.Kampung Sungai Rokam is also considered by its residents to be the most desirable Malay suburban area to live in due to its location which is near to Ipoh town as well as its natural environment. The word \"kampung\" means village in the Malay language.", "Taraka hamada The Forest Pierrot (Taraka hamada) is a small butterfly found in Asia, that belongs to the Lycaenids (or Blues) family.", "Tashi Dor Tashi Dor (30.774°N 90.891°E / 30.774; 90.891) is a peninsula protruding into Namtso Lake from its south-eastern corner, in the Tibetan Region of China.On the peninsula is a small monastery and several hermit caves. Nomadic herders frequently camp on the peninsula, and many species of migratory birds make their home there. The 2005 completion of a paved road linking Tashi Dor with Lhasa, to the south, has precipitated the rapid expansion of tourist-oriented facilities on the peninsula.", "Teluk Tempoyak Teluk Tempoyak is a small coastal village in Penang, Malaysia. It is located within Batu Maung town at the southeastern region of Penang Island. The population is approximately 400–500 people, with the majority being Malay and the rest Chinese. Most of the residents here work as fisherman and some operate seafood stalls at the food court which is famous for their smoked fish. There is a chalet here that was built on water. It also has a seafood restaurant.", "Terengganu Terengganu (Malay pronunciation: [tərəŋganu]; Jawi:ترڠڬانو) formerly spelled Trengganu or Tringganu is a sultanate and constitutive state of federal Malaysia. The state is also known by its Arabic honorific, Darul Iman \"\\Abode of Faith\"). The coastal city of Kuala Terengganu which stands at the mouth of the broad Terengganu River is both the state and royal capital as well as the largest city in Terengganu.", "The Birds of the Malay Peninsula The Birds of the Malay Peninsula is a major illustrated ornithological reference work conceived and started by Herbert Christopher Robinson. The full title is The Birds of the Malay Peninsula: a general account of the birds inhabiting the region from the isthmus of Kra to Singapore with the adjacent islands. It comprises five substantial (large octavo) hardbound volumes of text, with 125 plates (123 in colour) by Henrik Grönvold and 11 maps. It was published by H. F. and G. Witherby, London." ]