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口腔护理是必要的，包括保持口腔清洁、勤喂水，禁用刺激性、腐蚀性、酸性或过热的食品、饮料及药物。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1,
2,
3
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "口腔护理"
},
{
"indices": [
11,
12,
13,
14,
15,
16
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "保持口腔清洁"
},
{
"indices": [
18,
19,
20
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "勤喂水"
},
{
"indices": [
22,
23,
24,
25,
26,
27,
28,
29,
30,
31,
32,
33,
34,
35,
36,
37,
38,
39,
40,
41,
42,
43,
44,
45
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "禁用刺激性、腐蚀性、酸性或过热的食品、饮料及药物"
}
] |
对DMD的基因检测技术包括DNA印记法杂交、限制性片段长度多态性的连锁分析及缺失热点外显子的聚合酶链反应（PCR），进行DMD的基因诊断，但DMD基因庞大，自发突变率高，因此对于点突变型DMD的诊断尚缺乏系统的研究。 | [
{
"indices": [
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "DMD的基因检测技术"
},
{
"indices": [
13,
14,
15,
16,
17,
18,
19,
20
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "DNA印记法杂交"
},
{
"indices": [
22,
23,
24,
25,
26,
27,
28,
29,
30,
31,
32,
33,
34,
35,
36
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "限制性片段长度多态性的连锁分析"
},
{
"indices": [
38,
39,
40,
41,
42,
43,
44,
45,
46,
47,
48,
49,
50,
51
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "缺失热点外显子的聚合酶链反应"
},
{
"indices": [
53,
54,
55
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "PCR"
},
{
"indices": [
60,
61,
62,
63,
64,
65,
66,
67
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "DMD的基因诊断"
},
{
"indices": [
70,
71,
72,
73,
74
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "DMD基因"
},
{
"indices": [
78,
79,
80,
81,
82,
83
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "自发突变率高"
},
{
"indices": [
89,
90,
91,
92,
93,
94,
95
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "点突变型DMD"
}
] |
利用肾上腺皮质激素和联苯双酯等可降低血清酶水平。 | [
{
"indices": [
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "肾上腺皮质激素"
},
{
"indices": [
10,
11,
12,
13
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "联苯双酯"
},
{
"indices": [
18,
19,
20
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "血清酶"
}
] |
有人用别嘌呤醇治疗本病，患者的临床症状有所好转，血清CK下降。 | [
{
"indices": [
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "别嘌呤醇治疗"
},
{
"indices": [
24,
25,
26,
27
],
"label": "ite",
"score": 1,
"text": "血清CK"
}
] |
有人提出早期给予乳酸钠，可增强患者的肌力。 | [
{
"indices": [
8,
9,
10
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "乳酸钠"
}
] |
因此，常需早期进行光照治疗，严重者则需要换血，以防核黄疸的发生。 | [
{
"indices": [
9,
10,
11,
12
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "光照治疗"
},
{
"indices": [
20,
21
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "换血"
},
{
"indices": [
25,
26,
27
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "核黄疸"
}
] |
发生于幼儿或儿童期者，可轻重不一，轻者可终生无症状，重者可发生严重贫血伴有苍白、黄疸、乏力及运动耐力下降。 | [
{
"indices": [
31,
32,
33,
34
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "严重贫血"
},
{
"indices": [
33,
34
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "贫血"
},
{
"indices": [
37,
38
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "苍白"
},
{
"indices": [
40,
41
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "黄疸"
},
{
"indices": [
43,
44
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "乏力"
},
{
"indices": [
46,
47,
48,
49,
50,
51
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "运动耐力下降"
}
] |
但也有严重者可出现高输出量心功能衰竭和循环衰竭、严重缺氧甚至死亡。 | [
{
"indices": [
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15,
16,
17
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "高输出量心功能衰竭"
},
{
"indices": [
19,
20,
21,
22
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "循环衰竭"
},
{
"indices": [
24,
25,
26,
27
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "严重缺氧"
}
] |
虽然胆石症可发生于早至4～5岁的患儿，但大多见于年长儿童；如未行脾切除者，约有50%的病例将来可合并胆石症。 | [
{
"indices": [
2,
3,
4
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "胆石症"
},
{
"indices": [
32,
33,
34
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "脾切除"
},
{
"indices": [
50,
51,
52
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "胆石症"
}
] |
血涂片显微镜检查可见数目不等的球形红细胞，MCV、MCH多数正常，MCHC增加（360～380g/L），红细胞直径缩短，但体积正常。 | [
{
"indices": [
3,
4,
5,
6,
7
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "显微镜检查"
},
{
"indices": [
15,
16,
17,
18,
19
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "球形红细胞"
},
{
"indices": [
21,
22,
23
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "MCV"
},
{
"indices": [
25,
26,
27
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "MCH"
},
{
"indices": [
33,
34,
35,
36,
37,
38
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "MCHC增加"
},
{
"indices": [
33,
34,
35,
36
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "MCHC"
},
{
"indices": [
52,
53,
54,
55,
56,
57,
58
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "红细胞直径缩短"
},
{
"indices": [
52,
53,
54
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "红细胞"
}
] |
8.单链构象多态性分析（SSCP）、PCR-核苷酸测序等可确定基因突变点。 | [
{
"indices": [
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "单链构象多态性分析"
},
{
"indices": [
12,
13,
14,
15
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "SSCP"
},
{
"indices": [
18,
19,
20,
21,
22,
23,
24,
25,
26
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "PCR-核苷酸测序"
},
{
"indices": [
31,
32,
33,
34,
35
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "基因突变点"
},
{
"indices": [
31,
32
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "基因"
}
] |
HS须与其他有球形红细胞的溶血性贫血病症鉴别。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "HS"
},
{
"indices": [
7,
8,
9,
10,
11
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "球形红细胞"
},
{
"indices": [
13,
14,
15,
16,
17,
18
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "溶血性贫血病"
}
] |
其他类型的免疫性贫血如自身免疫性溶血性贫血、药物引起溶血性贫血、输血后溶血反应等，这些病例可因Coombs试验阳性确诊，但HS则Coombs试验阴性。 | [
{
"indices": [
5,
6,
7,
8,
9
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "免疫性贫血"
},
{
"indices": [
11,
12,
13,
14,
15,
16,
17,
18,
19,
20
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "自身免疫性溶血性贫血"
},
{
"indices": [
22,
23,
24,
25,
26,
27,
28,
29,
30
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "药物引起溶血性贫血"
},
{
"indices": [
32,
33,
34,
35,
36,
37,
38
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "输血后溶血反应"
},
{
"indices": [
36
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "血"
},
{
"indices": [
47,
48,
49,
50,
51,
52,
53,
54,
55,
56
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "Coombs试验阳性"
},
{
"indices": [
47,
48,
49,
50,
51,
52,
53,
54
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "Coombs试验"
},
{
"indices": [
61,
62
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "HS"
},
{
"indices": [
64,
65,
66,
67,
68,
69,
70,
71
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "Coombs试验"
}
] |
但它们均存在原发病因，一般不难鉴别，必要时可作红细胞膜蛋白电泳分析，继发HS者应无连接蛋白、锚蛋白、蛋白3等的缺乏。 | [
{
"indices": [
23,
24,
25,
26,
27,
28,
29,
30,
31,
32
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "红细胞膜蛋白电泳分析"
},
{
"indices": [
34,
35,
36,
37
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "继发HS"
},
{
"indices": [
41,
42,
43,
44
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "连接蛋白"
},
{
"indices": [
41,
42,
43,
44,
45,
46,
47,
48,
49,
50,
51,
52,
53,
54,
55,
56
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "连接蛋白、锚蛋白、蛋白3等的缺乏"
},
{
"indices": [
46,
47,
48
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "锚蛋白"
},
{
"indices": [
50,
51,
52
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "蛋白3"
}
] |
发生严重溶血或溶血危象时应输注红细胞，发生再障危象时需输注红细胞，必要时加输血小板。 | [
{
"indices": [
2,
3,
4,
5
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "严重溶血"
},
{
"indices": [
4,
5
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "溶血"
},
{
"indices": [
5
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "血"
},
{
"indices": [
7,
8,
9,
10
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "溶血危象"
},
{
"indices": [
7,
8
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "溶血"
},
{
"indices": [
8
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "血"
},
{
"indices": [
13,
14
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "输注"
},
{
"indices": [
15,
16,
17
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "红细胞"
},
{
"indices": [
21,
22,
23,
24
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "再障危象"
},
{
"indices": [
27,
28
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "输注"
},
{
"indices": [
29,
30,
31
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "红细胞"
},
{
"indices": [
36,
37
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "加输"
},
{
"indices": [
38,
39,
40
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "血小板"
}
] |
用于治疗隐睾的激素，主要有绒毛膜促性腺激素（HCG）、黄体生成激素释放激素（LHRH）和促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）。 | [
{
"indices": [
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "治疗隐睾的激素"
},
{
"indices": [
13,
14,
15,
16,
17,
18,
19,
20
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "绒毛膜促性腺激素"
},
{
"indices": [
22,
23,
24
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "HCG"
},
{
"indices": [
27,
28,
29,
30,
31,
32,
33,
34,
35,
36
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "黄体生成激素释放激素"
},
{
"indices": [
38,
39,
40,
41
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "LHRH"
},
{
"indices": [
44,
45,
46,
47,
48,
49,
50,
51,
52
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "促性腺激素释放激素"
},
{
"indices": [
54,
55,
56,
57
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "GnRH"
}
] |
人的一生中，都可能在某个特定时期，特定条件下出现这样那样的SID，因而早期诊断和治疗对SID具有重大意义。 | [
{
"indices": [
29,
30,
31
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "SID"
},
{
"indices": [
43,
44,
45
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "SID"
}
] |
这种情况常伴有小型室间隔缺损，后者临床上可不明显，或已自发性关闭。 | [
{
"indices": [
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "小型室间隔缺损"
}
] |
继发于左心室显著肥厚的弥漫性室间隔肥厚可突入右室或流出道，因而造成梗阻（Bernheim效应）。 | [
{
"indices": [
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "左心室显著肥厚"
},
{
"indices": [
3,
4,
5
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "左心室"
},
{
"indices": [
11,
12,
13,
14,
15,
16,
17,
18
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "弥漫性室间隔肥厚"
},
{
"indices": [
14,
15,
16
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "室间隔"
},
{
"indices": [
22,
23
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "右室"
},
{
"indices": [
33,
34
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "梗阻"
},
{
"indices": [
36,
37,
38,
39,
40,
41,
42,
43,
44,
45
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "Bernheim效应"
}
] |
这些表现的存在应怀疑肺动脉瓣下狭窄的存在，但明确诊断有赖于超声、心导管及心血管造影术。 | [
{
"indices": [
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15,
16
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "肺动脉瓣下狭窄"
},
{
"indices": [
29,
30
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "超声"
},
{
"indices": [
32,
33,
34
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "心导管"
},
{
"indices": [
36,
37,
38,
39,
40,
41
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "心血管造影术"
}
] |
急性中毒是儿科的常见急症之一，儿童以食入中毒最多见，年龄多见于1～5岁。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1,
2,
3
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "急性中毒"
},
{
"indices": [
5,
6
],
"label": "dep",
"score": 1,
"text": "儿科"
},
{
"indices": [
18,
19,
20,
21
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "食入中毒"
}
] |
因此，在遇到急性中毒时，家长应尽可能提供毒物；另外，即使对于可疑中毒者，亦应及早给予治疗处理，争取抢救时间，避免中毒进一步加重，降低和减少病死率及后遗症。 | [
{
"indices": [
6,
7,
8,
9
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "急性中毒"
},
{
"indices": [
32,
33
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "中毒"
},
{
"indices": [
56,
57
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "中毒"
}
] |
毒物进入消化道后，毒物对肠道的直接刺激以及破坏消化道局部组织，可引起腹痛、恶心、呕吐和腹泻等症状。 | [
{
"indices": [
4,
5,
6
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "消化道"
},
{
"indices": [
12,
13,
14,
15,
16,
17,
18
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "肠道的直接刺激"
},
{
"indices": [
12,
13
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "肠道"
},
{
"indices": [
21,
22,
23,
24,
25,
26,
27,
28,
29
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "破坏消化道局部组织"
},
{
"indices": [
23,
24,
25,
26,
27,
28,
29
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "消化道局部组织"
},
{
"indices": [
34,
35
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "腹痛"
},
{
"indices": [
34
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "腹"
},
{
"indices": [
37,
38
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "恶心"
},
{
"indices": [
40,
41
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "呕吐"
},
{
"indices": [
43,
44
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "腹泻"
},
{
"indices": [
43
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "腹"
}
] |
消化道症状严重者常会伴随发生脱水、酸中毒、电解质紊乱等症状。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "消化道症状严重"
},
{
"indices": [
0,
1,
2
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "消化道"
},
{
"indices": [
14,
15
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "脱水"
},
{
"indices": [
17,
18,
19
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "酸中毒"
},
{
"indices": [
21,
22,
23,
24,
25
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "电解质紊乱"
}
] |
其中部分患儿在急性中毒时出现致死性的心力衰竭和休克。 | [
{
"indices": [
7,
8,
9,
10
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "急性中毒"
},
{
"indices": [
14,
15,
16,
17,
18,
19,
20,
21
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "致死性的心力衰竭"
},
{
"indices": [
18,
19,
20,
21
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "心力衰竭"
},
{
"indices": [
23,
24
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "休克"
}
] |
原因有两种：一种为毒物直接作用于心肌，引起心肌功能障碍和心力衰竭；另一种为毒物通过对血管及神经系统的作用，抑制氧摄取和氧代谢，导致严重心律失常、低血压或电解质代谢紊乱，最终引起继发性心力衰竭。 | [
{
"indices": [
16,
17
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "心肌"
},
{
"indices": [
21,
22,
23,
24,
25,
26
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "心肌功能障碍"
},
{
"indices": [
28,
29,
30,
31
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "心力衰竭"
},
{
"indices": [
42,
43
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "血管"
},
{
"indices": [
45,
46,
47,
48
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "神经系统"
},
{
"indices": [
53,
54,
55,
56,
57,
58,
59,
60,
61
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "抑制氧摄取和氧代谢"
},
{
"indices": [
55
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "氧"
},
{
"indices": [
59
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "氧"
},
{
"indices": [
65,
66,
67,
68,
69,
70
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "严重心律失常"
},
{
"indices": [
72,
73,
74
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "低血压"
},
{
"indices": [
76,
77,
78,
79,
80,
81,
82
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "电解质代谢紊乱"
},
{
"indices": [
88,
89,
90,
91,
92,
93,
94
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "继发性心力衰竭"
}
] |
中毒患儿可出现刺激性呛咳、呼吸困难、发绀、肺水肿及呼吸节律不整，严重者导致呼吸中枢抑制或呼吸肌麻痹以及呼吸衰竭。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "中毒"
},
{
"indices": [
7,
8,
9,
10,
11
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "刺激性呛咳"
},
{
"indices": [
13,
14,
15,
16
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "呼吸困难"
},
{
"indices": [
18,
19
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "发绀"
},
{
"indices": [
21,
22,
23
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "肺水肿"
},
{
"indices": [
25,
26,
27,
28,
29,
30
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "呼吸节律不整"
},
{
"indices": [
37,
38,
39,
40,
41,
42
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "呼吸中枢抑制"
},
{
"indices": [
37,
38,
39,
40
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "呼吸中枢"
},
{
"indices": [
44,
45,
46,
47,
48
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "呼吸肌麻痹"
},
{
"indices": [
51,
52,
53,
54
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "呼吸衰竭"
}
] |
当神经系统受到毒素直接损害或中毒后的缺血缺氧损伤后，可继而发生神经功能失调，严重者出现脑器质性破坏和功能衰竭。 | [
{
"indices": [
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15,
16,
17,
18,
19,
20,
21,
22,
23
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "神经系统受到毒素直接损害或中毒后的缺血缺氧损伤"
},
{
"indices": [
1,
2,
3,
4
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "神经系统"
},
{
"indices": [
11,
12
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "损害"
},
{
"indices": [
14,
15
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "中毒"
},
{
"indices": [
18,
19,
20,
21,
22,
23
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "缺血缺氧损伤"
},
{
"indices": [
31,
32,
33,
34,
35,
36
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "神经功能失调"
},
{
"indices": [
31,
32
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "神经"
},
{
"indices": [
43
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "脑"
},
{
"indices": [
43,
44,
45,
46,
47,
48,
49,
50,
51,
52,
53
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "脑器质性破坏和功能衰竭"
},
{
"indices": [
50,
51,
52,
53
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "功能衰竭"
}
] |
临床相关症状有烦躁、惊厥、瘫痪、昏迷、去大脑强直以及中枢性呼吸衰竭和神经源性休克。 | [
{
"indices": [
7,
8
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "烦躁"
},
{
"indices": [
10,
11
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "惊厥"
},
{
"indices": [
13,
14
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "瘫痪"
},
{
"indices": [
16,
17
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "昏迷"
},
{
"indices": [
19,
20,
21,
22,
23
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "去大脑强直"
},
{
"indices": [
20,
21
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "大脑"
},
{
"indices": [
26,
27,
28,
29,
30,
31,
32
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "中枢性呼吸衰竭"
},
{
"indices": [
34,
35,
36,
37,
38,
39
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "神经源性休克"
}
] |
在度过急性中毒急性期后，部分患儿可遗留后遗症，如腐蚀性毒物中毒引起的消化道变形和狭窄，影响正常饮食；脑部中毒损害或严重缺氧后发生精神运动功能障碍等。 | [
{
"indices": [
3,
4,
5,
6
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "急性中毒"
},
{
"indices": [
24,
25,
26,
27,
28,
29,
30
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "腐蚀性毒物中毒"
},
{
"indices": [
34,
35,
36,
37,
38,
39,
40,
41
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "消化道变形和狭窄"
},
{
"indices": [
34,
35,
36
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "消化道"
},
{
"indices": [
43,
44,
45,
46,
47,
48
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "影响正常饮食"
},
{
"indices": [
50,
51,
52,
53,
54,
55
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "脑部中毒损害"
},
{
"indices": [
57,
58,
59,
60
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "严重缺氧"
},
{
"indices": [
64,
65,
66,
67,
68,
69,
70,
71
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "精神运动功能障碍"
}
] |
对诊断一时不明确且伴昏迷者，应与下列疾病进行鉴别：①低血糖；②酮症酸中毒；③颅内出血；④中枢感染；⑤肝性脑病；⑥尿毒症；⑦电解质紊乱。 | [
{
"indices": [
10,
11
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "昏迷"
},
{
"indices": [
26,
27,
28
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "低血糖"
},
{
"indices": [
31,
32,
33,
34,
35
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "酮症酸中毒"
},
{
"indices": [
38,
39,
40,
41
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "颅内出血"
},
{
"indices": [
44,
45,
46,
47
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "中枢感染"
},
{
"indices": [
50,
51,
52,
53
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "肝性脑病"
},
{
"indices": [
56,
57,
58
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "尿毒症"
},
{
"indices": [
61,
62,
63,
64,
65
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "电解质紊乱"
}
] |
急性中毒伴有下列表现时，提示病情危重：①深昏迷；②休克或血压不稳定；③高热或体温不升；④呼吸衰竭；⑤心力衰竭或严重心律失常；⑥惊厥持续状态；⑦肾衰竭；⑧DIC；⑨血钠高于150mmol/L或低于120mmol/L。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1,
2,
3
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "急性中毒"
},
{
"indices": [
20,
21,
22
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "深昏迷"
},
{
"indices": [
25,
26
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "休克"
},
{
"indices": [
28,
29,
30,
31,
32
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "血压不稳定"
},
{
"indices": [
28,
29
],
"label": "ite",
"score": 1,
"text": "血压"
},
{
"indices": [
35,
36
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "高热"
},
{
"indices": [
38,
39,
40,
41
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "体温不升"
},
{
"indices": [
44,
45,
46,
47
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "呼吸衰竭"
},
{
"indices": [
50,
51,
52,
53
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "心力衰竭"
},
{
"indices": [
55,
56,
57,
58,
59,
60
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "严重心律失常"
},
{
"indices": [
63,
64,
65,
66,
67,
68
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "惊厥持续状态"
},
{
"indices": [
63,
64
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "惊厥"
},
{
"indices": [
71,
72,
73
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "肾衰竭"
},
{
"indices": [
76,
77,
78
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "DIC"
},
{
"indices": [
81,
82,
83,
84,
85,
86,
87,
88,
89,
90,
91,
92,
93,
94,
95,
96,
97,
98,
99,
100,
101,
102,
103,
104,
105
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "血钠高于150mmol/L或低于120mmol/L"
},
{
"indices": [
81,
82
],
"label": "ite",
"score": 1,
"text": "血钠"
}
] |
有毒气体（氯气、一氧化碳等）中毒者应首先脱离中毒环境，加强通风，积极吸氧，以排除呼吸道内残留毒气。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "有毒气体（氯气、一氧化碳等）中毒"
},
{
"indices": [
22,
23
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "中毒"
},
{
"indices": [
27,
28,
29,
30
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "加强通风"
},
{
"indices": [
32,
33,
34,
35
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "积极吸氧"
},
{
"indices": [
40,
41,
42,
43,
44,
45,
46,
47
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "呼吸道内残留毒气"
},
{
"indices": [
40,
41,
42
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "呼吸道"
}
] |
食入水溶性毒物者可用胃肠道脱毒方法，包括催吐、洗胃、导泻和胃肠内吸附毒物。 | [
{
"indices": [
10,
11,
12,
13,
14
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "胃肠道脱毒"
},
{
"indices": [
20,
21
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "催吐"
},
{
"indices": [
23,
24
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "洗胃"
},
{
"indices": [
26,
27
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "导泻"
},
{
"indices": [
29,
30,
31,
32,
33,
34,
35
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "胃肠内吸附毒物"
}
] |
透析疗法为中毒治疗中的重要措施之一。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1,
2,
3
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "透析疗法"
},
{
"indices": [
5,
6
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "中毒"
}
] |
如经初步治疗后症状无好转或继续加重，可考虑做腹膜透析或血液透析治疗。 | [
{
"indices": [
22,
23,
24,
25
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "腹膜透析"
},
{
"indices": [
27,
28,
29,
30
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "血液透析"
}
] |
惊厥者给予地西泮、肾上腺皮质激素，并注意呼吸支持。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "惊厥"
},
{
"indices": [
5,
6,
7
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "地西泮"
},
{
"indices": [
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "肾上腺皮质激素"
},
{
"indices": [
20,
21,
22,
23
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "呼吸支持"
}
] |
严重者可给予透析治疗。 | [
{
"indices": [
6,
7,
8,
9
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "透析治疗"
}
] |
重者可予透析治疗。 | [
{
"indices": [
4,
5,
6,
7
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "透析治疗"
}
] |
重者加用肾上腺皮质激素，透析治疗，并给予生命支持。 | [
{
"indices": [
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "肾上腺皮质激素"
},
{
"indices": [
12,
13,
14,
15
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "透析治疗"
},
{
"indices": [
20,
21,
22,
23
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "生命支持"
}
] |
解磷定15～30mg/kg，每4～12小时静滴一次，或氯解磷定10～15mg/kg，肌内注射，2～3小时后可重复1次，直至血胆碱酯酶恢复正常。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1,
2
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "解磷定"
},
{
"indices": [
21,
22
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "静滴"
},
{
"indices": [
27,
28,
29,
30
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "氯解磷定"
},
{
"indices": [
42,
43,
44,
45
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "肌内注射"
},
{
"indices": [
61,
62,
63,
64,
65
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "血胆碱酯酶"
}
] |
伤口扩创，用依地酸钙钠、过氧化氢、呋喃西林溶液、冷开水或1∶5000高锰酸钾溶液冲洗，反复吸引毒液；无条件扩创可用火焰烧灼伤口，破坏毒素；皮下注射多价或特异性抗蛇毒血清，口服或注射蛇药；补液利尿，重者给予肾上腺皮质激素。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1,
2,
3
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "伤口扩创"
},
{
"indices": [
6,
7,
8,
9,
10
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "依地酸钙钠"
},
{
"indices": [
12,
13,
14,
15
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "过氧化氢"
},
{
"indices": [
17,
18,
19,
20,
21,
22
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "呋喃西林溶液"
},
{
"indices": [
24,
25,
26
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "冷开水"
},
{
"indices": [
28,
29,
30,
31,
32,
33,
34,
35,
36,
37,
38,
39
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "1∶5000高锰酸钾溶液"
},
{
"indices": [
40,
41
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "冲洗"
},
{
"indices": [
53,
54
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "扩创"
},
{
"indices": [
57,
58,
59,
60,
61,
62
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "火焰烧灼伤口"
},
{
"indices": [
69,
70,
71,
72
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "皮下注射"
},
{
"indices": [
73,
74
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "多价"
},
{
"indices": [
76,
77,
78,
79,
80,
81,
82,
83
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "特异性抗蛇毒血清"
},
{
"indices": [
85,
86
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "口服"
},
{
"indices": [
88,
89
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "注射"
},
{
"indices": [
90,
91
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "蛇药"
},
{
"indices": [
93,
94,
95,
96
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "补液利尿"
},
{
"indices": [
102,
103,
104,
105,
106,
107,
108
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "肾上腺皮质激素"
}
] |
扩创后局部可注射3%依米丁1ml（稀释至4～9ml），或用蛇药外敷；输液利尿；重者给予肾上腺皮质激素，防治过敏性休克及肺水肿，生命功能支持。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "扩创"
},
{
"indices": [
6,
7
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "注射"
},
{
"indices": [
10,
11,
12
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "依米丁"
},
{
"indices": [
29,
30
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "蛇药"
},
{
"indices": [
31,
32
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "外敷"
},
{
"indices": [
34,
35,
36,
37
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "输液利尿"
},
{
"indices": [
43,
44,
45,
46,
47,
48,
49
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "肾上腺皮质激素"
},
{
"indices": [
54,
55,
56,
57
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "敏性休克"
},
{
"indices": [
59,
60,
61
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "肺水肿"
},
{
"indices": [
63,
64,
65,
66,
67,
68
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "生命功能支持"
}
] |
近年来选择性冠状动脉造影和超声检查的广泛开展，冠状动脉畸形更加引起临床界的注意。 | [
{
"indices": [
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "选择性冠状动脉造影"
},
{
"indices": [
13,
14,
15,
16
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "超声检查"
},
{
"indices": [
23,
24,
25,
26,
27,
28
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "冠状动脉畸形"
}
] |
患有本畸形的患儿常有阵发性烦躁不安及哭吵，似与疼痛有关，并伴有苍白与出汗，但更常见的为喂养困难、呼吸急促、呼吸道症状及其他左心衰竭的表现。 | [
{
"indices": [
3,
4
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "畸形"
},
{
"indices": [
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15,
16
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "阵发性烦躁不安"
},
{
"indices": [
18,
19
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "哭吵"
},
{
"indices": [
23,
24
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "疼痛"
},
{
"indices": [
31,
32
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "苍白"
},
{
"indices": [
34,
35
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "出汗"
},
{
"indices": [
43,
44,
45,
46
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "喂养困难"
},
{
"indices": [
48,
49,
50,
51
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "呼吸急促"
},
{
"indices": [
53,
54,
55,
56,
57
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "呼吸道症状"
},
{
"indices": [
61,
62,
63,
64
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "左心衰竭"
}
] |
心脏常严重扩大，由于二尖瓣环扩张或乳头肌梗死，可出现二尖瓣关闭不全的杂音。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "心脏常严重扩大"
},
{
"indices": [
0,
1
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "心脏"
},
{
"indices": [
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "二尖瓣环扩张"
},
{
"indices": [
10,
11,
12,
13
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "二尖瓣环"
},
{
"indices": [
17,
18,
19,
20,
21
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "乳头肌梗死"
},
{
"indices": [
17,
18,
19
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "乳头肌"
},
{
"indices": [
26,
27,
28,
29,
30,
31,
32,
33,
34,
35
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "二尖瓣关闭不全的杂音"
},
{
"indices": [
26,
27,
28
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "二尖瓣"
}
] |
胸片可显示心脏扩大、慢性肺静脉充血。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15,
16
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "胸片可显示心脏扩大、慢性肺静脉充血"
},
{
"indices": [
0,
1
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "胸片"
},
{
"indices": [
5,
6
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "心脏"
},
{
"indices": [
12,
13,
14
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "肺静脉"
},
{
"indices": [
16
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "血"
}
] |
心内膜弹力纤维增生症、心肌炎、糖原累积病累及心脏可有类似表现。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "心内膜弹力纤维增生症"
},
{
"indices": [
11,
12,
13
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "心肌炎"
},
{
"indices": [
15,
16,
17,
18,
19
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "糖原累积病"
},
{
"indices": [
22,
23
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "心脏"
}
] |
目前治疗方法主要有两种：左冠状动脉重新植入主动脉或主动脉冠状动脉间搭桥。 | [
{
"indices": [
12,
13,
14,
15,
16,
17,
18,
19,
20,
21,
22,
23
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "左冠状动脉重新植入主动脉"
},
{
"indices": [
25,
26,
27,
28,
29,
30,
31,
32,
33,
34
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "主动脉冠状动脉间搭桥"
}
] |
如这些方法行不通时，可结扎异常的左冠状动脉，这样不仅能消除分流，还可通过侧支血管更好地供应存活心肌。 | [
{
"indices": [
11,
12,
13,
14,
15,
16,
17,
18,
19,
20
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "结扎异常的左冠状动脉"
},
{
"indices": [
29,
30
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "分流"
},
{
"indices": [
36,
37,
38,
39
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "侧支血管"
},
{
"indices": [
47,
48
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "心肌"
}
] |
可有心肌缺血症状或猝死。 | [
{
"indices": [
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "心肌缺血症状"
},
{
"indices": [
2,
3
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "心肌"
},
{
"indices": [
5
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "血"
},
{
"indices": [
9,
10
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "猝死"
}
] |
诊断依赖于心血管造影，但目前无特殊治疗方法。 | [
{
"indices": [
5,
6,
7,
8,
9
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "心血管造影"
}
] |
1959年证实该病因为性染色体X呈单体性所致。 | [
{
"indices": [
11,
12,
13,
14,
15
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "性染色体X"
}
] |
Turner综合征的表型是女性，其发生率低是因为X单体的胚胎不易存活，99%的病例发生流产。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "Turner综合征"
},
{
"indices": [
24,
25,
26
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "X单体"
},
{
"indices": [
43,
44
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "流产"
}
] |
患者为女性表型，生长缓慢，成年期身高约135～140cm。 | [
{
"indices": [
8,
9,
10,
11
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "生长缓慢"
},
{
"indices": [
13,
14,
15,
16,
17,
18,
19,
20,
21,
22,
23,
24,
25,
26,
27
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "成年期身高约135～140cm"
}
] |
颈短，50%有颈蹼，后发际低，两乳头距离增宽，随年龄增长而乳头色素变深。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "颈短"
},
{
"indices": [
0
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "颈"
},
{
"indices": [
7,
8
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "颈蹼"
},
{
"indices": [
7
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "颈"
},
{
"indices": [
10,
11,
12,
13
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "后发际低"
},
{
"indices": [
15,
16,
17,
18,
19,
20,
21
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "两乳头距离增宽"
},
{
"indices": [
15,
16,
17
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "两乳头"
},
{
"indices": [
23,
24,
25,
26,
27,
28,
29,
30,
31,
32,
33,
34
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "随年龄增长而乳头色素变深"
},
{
"indices": [
29,
30,
31,
32
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "乳头色素"
}
] |
还有肘外翻及皮肤多痣等症状。 | [
{
"indices": [
2,
3,
4
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "肘外翻"
},
{
"indices": [
2
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "肘"
},
{
"indices": [
6,
7,
8,
9
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "皮肤多痣"
},
{
"indices": [
6,
7
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "皮肤"
},
{
"indices": [
9
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "痣"
}
] |
约35%患儿伴有心脏畸形，以主动脉缩窄为多见。 | [
{
"indices": [
8,
9,
10,
11
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "心脏畸形"
},
{
"indices": [
14,
15,
16,
17,
18
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "主动脉缩窄"
}
] |
患者多因生长迟缓、青春期无性征发育以及原发性闭经等而就诊，其血清FSH及LH在婴儿期即已升高，而雌二醇水平很低。 | [
{
"indices": [
4,
5,
6,
7
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "生长迟缓"
},
{
"indices": [
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15,
16
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "青春期无性征发育"
},
{
"indices": [
19,
20,
21,
22,
23
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "原发性闭经"
},
{
"indices": [
30,
31,
32,
33,
34,
35,
36,
37,
38,
39,
40,
41,
42,
43,
44,
45
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "血清FSH及LH在婴儿期即已升高"
},
{
"indices": [
30,
31,
32,
33,
34
],
"label": "ite",
"score": 1,
"text": "血清FSH"
},
{
"indices": [
36,
37
],
"label": "ite",
"score": 1,
"text": "LH"
},
{
"indices": [
48,
49,
50,
51,
52,
53,
54
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "雌二醇水平很低"
},
{
"indices": [
48,
49,
50,
51,
52
],
"label": "ite",
"score": 1,
"text": "雌二醇水平"
}
] |
有时伴有一些先天畸形，构成各种综合征，但无颈短、后发际低及肘外翻等Turner综合征的表现。 | [
{
"indices": [
6,
7,
8,
9
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "先天畸形"
},
{
"indices": [
21,
22
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "颈短"
},
{
"indices": [
21
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "颈"
},
{
"indices": [
24,
25,
26,
27
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "后发际低"
},
{
"indices": [
29,
30,
31
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "肘外翻"
},
{
"indices": [
29
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "肘"
},
{
"indices": [
33,
34,
35,
36,
37,
38,
39,
40,
41
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "Turner综合征"
}
] |
主要病理表现结缔组织炎性细胞浸润，血管内膜增生，血管壁萎缩、纤维化，结果造成管腔狭窄或闭塞。 | [
{
"indices": [
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "结缔组织炎性细胞浸润"
},
{
"indices": [
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "结缔组织炎性细胞"
},
{
"indices": [
17,
18,
19,
20,
21,
22
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "血管内膜增生"
},
{
"indices": [
24,
25,
26,
27,
28,
29,
30,
31,
32
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "血管壁萎缩、纤维化"
},
{
"indices": [
24,
25,
26
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "血管壁"
},
{
"indices": [
38,
39,
40,
41,
42,
43,
44
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "管腔狭窄或闭塞"
}
] |
系统性硬化症患儿发生雷诺现象。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "系统性硬化症"
},
{
"indices": [
10,
11,
12,
13
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "雷诺现象"
}
] |
系统性硬化症的预后主要依据受累的系统。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "系统性硬化症"
},
{
"indices": [
13,
14
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "受累"
}
] |
维生素K缺乏症是由于维生素K缺乏引起的凝血障碍性疾病。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "维生素K缺乏症"
},
{
"indices": [
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "维生素K缺乏"
},
{
"indices": [
19,
20,
21,
22,
23,
24,
25
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "凝血障碍性疾病"
}
] |
各地众多有关婴儿维生素K缺乏性出血症的研究表明，维生素K缺乏是世界性婴儿发病和死亡的重要原因。 | [
{
"indices": [
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15,
16,
17
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "维生素K缺乏性出血症"
},
{
"indices": [
24,
25,
26,
27,
28,
29
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "维生素K缺乏"
}
] |
1995年，Sutor等报道，该病病死率为19%～33%，21%～67%的患者遗留神经系统后遗症。 | [
{
"indices": [
41,
42,
43,
44,
45,
46,
47
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "神经系统后遗症"
}
] |
迟发型者约90%以上见于单纯母乳喂养儿，单纯母乳喂养儿维生素K缺乏性出血的机会是人工喂养儿的15～20倍，如合并腹泻、使用抗生素、肝胆疾病和长期禁食患儿更易发生，常见急性或亚急性颅内出血，以蛛网膜下腔、硬膜下、硬膜外出血为多见，脑室、脑实质出血少见，临床上有严重的中枢神经系统功能失常及颅内高压的表现，表现为高声尖叫、频繁呕吐、反复抽搐，严重的患儿可出现昏迷。 | [
{
"indices": [
14,
15
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "母乳"
},
{
"indices": [
22,
23
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "母乳"
},
{
"indices": [
27,
28,
29,
30,
31,
32,
33,
34,
35
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "维生素K缺乏性出血"
},
{
"indices": [
35
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "血"
},
{
"indices": [
56,
57
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "腹泻"
},
{
"indices": [
56
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "腹"
},
{
"indices": [
61,
62,
63
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "抗生素"
},
{
"indices": [
65,
66,
67,
68
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "肝胆疾病"
},
{
"indices": [
83,
84,
85,
86,
87,
88,
89,
90,
91,
92
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "急性或亚急性颅内出血"
},
{
"indices": [
95,
96,
97,
98,
99,
100,
101,
102,
103,
104,
105,
106,
107,
108,
109
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "蛛网膜下腔、硬膜下、硬膜外出血"
},
{
"indices": [
114,
115,
116,
117,
118,
119,
120,
121
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "脑室、脑实质出血"
},
{
"indices": [
129,
130,
131,
132,
133,
134,
135,
136,
137,
138,
139,
140,
141
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "严重的中枢神经系统功能失常"
},
{
"indices": [
143,
144,
145,
146
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "颅内高压"
},
{
"indices": [
154,
155,
156,
157
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "高声尖叫"
},
{
"indices": [
159,
160,
161,
162
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "频繁呕吐"
},
{
"indices": [
164,
165,
166,
167
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "反复抽搐"
},
{
"indices": [
177,
178
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "昏迷"
}
] |
迟发性新生儿出血症，大多表现为颅内出血、烦躁不安、脑性尖叫、拒奶、嗜睡。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "迟发性新生儿出血症"
},
{
"indices": [
15,
16,
17,
18
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "颅内出血"
},
{
"indices": [
20,
21,
22,
23
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "烦躁不安"
},
{
"indices": [
25,
26,
27,
28
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "脑性尖叫"
},
{
"indices": [
25
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "脑"
},
{
"indices": [
30,
31
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "拒奶"
},
{
"indices": [
33,
34
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "嗜睡"
}
] |
体检发现前囟饱满，颅缝增宽，Moro反射、觅食反射消失。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "体检"
},
{
"indices": [
4,
5,
6,
7
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "前囟饱满"
},
{
"indices": [
4,
5
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "前囟"
},
{
"indices": [
9,
10,
11,
12
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "颅缝增宽"
},
{
"indices": [
9,
10
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "颅缝"
},
{
"indices": [
14,
15,
16,
17,
18,
19,
20,
21,
22,
23,
24,
25,
26
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "Moro反射、觅食反射消失"
}
] |
进行B超、CT及MRI检查有助于诊断，不仅可确定出血部位、范围，还可随访疗效，进行预后判断。 | [
{
"indices": [
2,
3
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "B超"
},
{
"indices": [
5,
6
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "CT"
},
{
"indices": [
8,
9,
10,
11,
12
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "MRI检查"
},
{
"indices": [
24,
25
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "出血"
},
{
"indices": [
25
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "血"
}
] |
幕上肿瘤尚可伴有癫痫及局部脑损害症状。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1,
2,
3
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "幕上肿瘤"
},
{
"indices": [
8,
9
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "癫痫"
},
{
"indices": [
11,
12,
13,
14,
15
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "局部脑损害"
}
] |
幕下肿瘤可有眼震颤、肢体共济运动差等小脑损害症状及低位脑神经（Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ）损害症，呕吐也很常见，多与肿瘤刺激第四脑室底的延髓呕吐中枢有关。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1,
2,
3
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "幕下肿瘤"
},
{
"indices": [
6,
7,
8
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "眼震颤"
},
{
"indices": [
6
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "眼"
},
{
"indices": [
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15,
16
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "肢体共济运动差"
},
{
"indices": [
10,
11
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "肢体"
},
{
"indices": [
18,
19,
20,
21,
22,
23
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "小脑损害症状"
},
{
"indices": [
25,
26,
27,
28,
29,
30,
31,
32,
33,
34,
35,
36,
37,
38,
39,
40,
41,
42,
43
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "低位脑神经（Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ）损害症"
},
{
"indices": [
45,
46
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "呕吐"
},
{
"indices": [
54,
55,
56,
57,
58,
59,
60,
61,
62,
63,
64,
65,
66,
67,
68,
69
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "肿瘤刺激第四脑室底的延髓呕吐中枢"
},
{
"indices": [
58,
59,
60,
61,
62
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "第四脑室底"
},
{
"indices": [
64,
65,
66,
67,
68,
69
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "延髓呕吐中枢"
}
] |
另外，随着维生素A强化食品的发展或大量滥用维生素A制剂而导致维生素A中毒的现象也有增多的趋势。 | [
{
"indices": [
5,
6,
7,
8
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "维生素A"
},
{
"indices": [
21,
22,
23,
24,
25,
26
],
"label": "dru",
"score": 1,
"text": "维生素A制剂"
},
{
"indices": [
30,
31,
32,
33,
34,
35
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "维生素A中毒"
}
] |
维生素D缺乏可致佝偻病、骨软化和骨质疏松；而维生素D中毒则表现为：高钙血症、高尿钙症和软组织内的钙沉积（肌肉乏力、关节疼痛），临床上还表现为消化道症状和烦躁等。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "维生素D缺乏"
},
{
"indices": [
8,
9,
10
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "佝偻病"
},
{
"indices": [
12,
13,
14
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "骨软化"
},
{
"indices": [
16,
17,
18,
19
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "骨质疏松"
},
{
"indices": [
22,
23,
24,
25,
26,
27
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "维生素D中毒"
},
{
"indices": [
33,
34,
35,
36
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "高钙血症"
},
{
"indices": [
38,
39,
40,
41
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "高尿钙症"
},
{
"indices": [
43,
44,
45,
46,
47,
48,
49,
50
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "软组织内的钙沉积"
},
{
"indices": [
43,
44,
45
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "软组织"
},
{
"indices": [
52,
53,
54,
55
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "肌肉乏力"
},
{
"indices": [
52,
53
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "肌肉"
},
{
"indices": [
57,
58,
59,
60
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "关节疼痛"
},
{
"indices": [
57,
58
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "关节"
},
{
"indices": [
70,
71,
72,
73,
74
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "消化道症状"
},
{
"indices": [
70,
71,
72
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "消化道"
},
{
"indices": [
76,
77
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "烦躁"
}
] |
其保护血管内皮屏障、改善微循环的作用，有利于预防动脉粥样硬化及相关的心血管疾病；另外，还能保持红细胞膜的完整性和抑制血栓的形成，并有一定的抗风湿和抗癌作用；其抗氧化作用与硒相互协同，共同防止多不饱和脂肪酸被氧化成过氧化脂质。 | [
{
"indices": [
3,
4,
5,
6
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "血管内皮"
},
{
"indices": [
24,
25,
26,
27,
28,
29
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "动脉粥样硬化"
},
{
"indices": [
34,
35,
36,
37,
38
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "心血管疾病"
},
{
"indices": [
47,
48,
49,
50
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "红细胞膜"
},
{
"indices": [
58,
59
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "血栓"
},
{
"indices": [
70,
71
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "风湿"
},
{
"indices": [
74
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "癌"
},
{
"indices": [
95,
96,
97,
98,
99,
100,
101
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "多不饱和脂肪酸"
},
{
"indices": [
106,
107,
108,
109,
110
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "过氧化脂质"
}
] |
病程发展缓慢，直到成年后因肺纤维增生可出现咳嗽、气短，严重者当心肺功能不全时出现呼吸困难、发绀及杵状指（趾）。 | [
{
"indices": [
13,
14,
15,
16,
17
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "肺纤维增生"
},
{
"indices": [
21,
22
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "咳嗽"
},
{
"indices": [
24,
25
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "气短"
},
{
"indices": [
31,
32,
33,
34,
35,
36
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "心肺功能不全"
},
{
"indices": [
40,
41,
42,
43
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "呼吸困难"
},
{
"indices": [
45,
46
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "发绀"
},
{
"indices": [
48,
49,
50,
51,
52,
53
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "杵状指（趾）"
},
{
"indices": [
50
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "指"
},
{
"indices": [
52
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "趾"
}
] |
少数患者有反复呼吸道感染史。 | [
{
"indices": [
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "反复呼吸道感染史"
}
] |
确诊有赖于肺活检。 | [
{
"indices": [
5,
6,
7
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "肺活检"
}
] |
但典型X线胸片、高分辨CT、支气管肺泡灌洗有较高的诊断价值。 | [
{
"indices": [
3,
4,
5,
6
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "X线胸片"
},
{
"indices": [
8,
9,
10,
11,
12
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "高分辨CT"
},
{
"indices": [
14,
15,
16,
17,
18,
19,
20
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "支气管肺泡灌洗"
}
] |
病毒主要通过空气飞沫传播。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1
],
"label": "mic",
"score": 1,
"text": "病毒"
},
{
"indices": [
8,
9
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "飞沫"
}
] |
成人型CML的药物治疗也可用于JCML治疗。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "成人型CML"
},
{
"indices": [
7,
8,
9,
10
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "药物治疗"
},
{
"indices": [
15,
16,
17,
18
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "JCML"
}
] |
异基因骨髓移植是唯一有可能获得长期无病生存的治疗方法。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "异基因骨髓移植"
}
] |
因某种原因使这种活瓣样功能受损时，尿液即倒流入输尿管，严重时到达肾脏，这种现象称膀胱输尿管反流。 | [
{
"indices": [
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "活瓣样功能受损"
},
{
"indices": [
17,
18,
19,
20,
21,
22,
23,
24,
25,
26,
27,
28,
29,
30,
31,
32,
33
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "尿液即倒流入输尿管，严重时到达肾脏"
},
{
"indices": [
17,
18
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "尿液"
},
{
"indices": [
23,
24,
25
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "输尿管"
},
{
"indices": [
32,
33
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "肾脏"
},
{
"indices": [
40,
41,
42,
43,
44,
45,
46
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "膀胱输尿管反流"
}
] |
膀胱输尿管反流分为原发性和继发性两种。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "膀胱输尿管反流"
}
] |
前者系活瓣机能先天性发育不全，后者继发于下尿路梗阻，如后尿道瓣膜及神经源性膀胱等。 | [
{
"indices": [
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "活瓣机能先天性发育不全"
},
{
"indices": [
20,
21,
22,
23,
24
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "下尿路梗阻"
},
{
"indices": [
27,
28,
29,
30,
31
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "后尿道瓣膜"
},
{
"indices": [
33,
34,
35,
36,
37,
38
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "神经源性膀胱"
}
] |
1958年Politano-Leadbetter首先报道采用抗反流的输尿管膀胱再吻合术来解决膀胱输尿管反流。 | [
{
"indices": [
30,
31,
32,
33,
34,
35,
36,
37,
38,
39,
40,
41,
42
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "抗反流的输尿管膀胱再吻合术"
},
{
"indices": [
46,
47,
48,
49,
50,
51,
52
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "膀胱输尿管反流"
}
] |
胎儿肾积水中，由反流引起的也很常见。 | [
{
"indices": [
2,
3,
4
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "肾积水"
},
{
"indices": [
8,
9
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "反流"
}
] |
种族与原发性膀胱输尿管反流也有关，如白人女孩是黑人女孩的10倍，但一旦发生，其程度和自然缓解的可能性没有区别。 | [
{
"indices": [
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "原发性膀胱输尿管反流"
}
] |
原发性膀胱输尿管反流与遗传之间的关系也有报告。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "原发性膀胱输尿管反流"
}
] |
故现提倡凡直系亲属有反流病史的均应接受排尿性膀胱尿道造影（VCUG）筛查。 | [
{
"indices": [
10,
11
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "反流"
},
{
"indices": [
19,
20,
21,
22,
23,
24,
25,
26,
27
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "排尿性膀胱尿道造影"
},
{
"indices": [
29,
30,
31,
32
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "VCUG"
}
] |
此外，输尿管旁憩室、输尿管开口于膀胱憩室内、异位输尿管口以及膀胱功能紊乱，也可造成膀胱输尿管反流。 | [
{
"indices": [
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "输尿管旁憩室"
},
{
"indices": [
10,
11,
12,
13,
14,
15,
16,
17,
18,
19,
20
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "输尿管开口于膀胱憩室内"
},
{
"indices": [
10,
11,
12
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "输尿管"
},
{
"indices": [
16,
17,
18,
19,
20
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "膀胱憩室内"
},
{
"indices": [
22,
23,
24,
25,
26,
27
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "异位输尿管口"
},
{
"indices": [
30,
31,
32,
33,
34,
35
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "膀胱功能紊乱"
},
{
"indices": [
41,
42,
43,
44,
45,
46,
47
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "膀胱输尿管反流"
}
] |
1959年Hodson首先发现肾瘢痕多见于泌尿系感染反复发作的小儿，并观察到有肾瘢痕的小儿中97%有膀胱输尿管反流，因此提出“反流性肾病”这一概念。 | [
{
"indices": [
15,
16,
17
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "肾瘢痕"
},
{
"indices": [
21,
22,
23,
24,
25
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "泌尿系感染"
},
{
"indices": [
39,
40,
41
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "肾瘢痕"
},
{
"indices": [
50,
51,
52,
53,
54,
55,
56
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "膀胱输尿管反流"
},
{
"indices": [
63,
64,
65,
66,
67
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "反流性肾病"
}
] |
高血压的发生与肾瘢痕有关，肾瘢痕越多，发生高血压的危险越高，患双侧严重肾瘢痕的小儿随访20年以上，20%有高血压，单侧病变者为8%。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1,
2
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "高血压"
},
{
"indices": [
7,
8,
9
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "肾瘢痕"
},
{
"indices": [
13,
14,
15,
16,
17,
18,
19,
20,
21,
22,
23,
24,
25,
26,
27,
28
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "肾瘢痕越多，发生高血压的危险越高"
},
{
"indices": [
13
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "肾"
},
{
"indices": [
31,
32,
33,
34,
35,
36,
37
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "双侧严重肾瘢痕"
},
{
"indices": [
53,
54,
55
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "高血压"
},
{
"indices": [
57,
58,
59,
60
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "单侧病变"
}
] |
因此凡超声发现的肾积水都应行VCUG，以排除反流。 | [
{
"indices": [
3,
4
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "超声"
},
{
"indices": [
8,
9,
10
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "肾积水"
},
{
"indices": [
14,
15,
16,
17
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "VCUG"
},
{
"indices": [
22,
23
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "反流"
}
] |
由于相当一部分患儿是无症状反流，在高危人群中用超声进行反流筛查有实际意义。 | [
{
"indices": [
10,
11,
12,
13,
14
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "无症状反流"
},
{
"indices": [
23,
24
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "超声"
},
{
"indices": [
27,
28,
29,
30
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "反流筛查"
}
] |
因某种原因使这种活瓣样功能受损时，尿液即倒流入输尿管，严重时到达肾脏，这种现象称膀胱输尿管反流。 | [
{
"indices": [
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13,
14
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "活瓣样功能受损"
},
{
"indices": [
17,
18,
19,
20,
21,
22,
23,
24,
25,
26,
27,
28,
29,
30,
31,
32,
33
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "尿液即倒流入输尿管，严重时到达肾脏"
},
{
"indices": [
17,
18
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "尿液"
},
{
"indices": [
23,
24,
25
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "输尿管"
},
{
"indices": [
32,
33
],
"label": "bod",
"score": 1,
"text": "肾脏"
},
{
"indices": [
40,
41,
42,
43,
44,
45,
46
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "膀胱输尿管反流"
}
] |
膀胱输尿管反流分为原发性和继发性两种。 | [
{
"indices": [
0,
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "膀胱输尿管反流"
}
] |
前者系活瓣机能先天性发育不全，后者继发于下尿路梗阻，如后尿道瓣膜及神经源性膀胱等。 | [
{
"indices": [
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "活瓣机能先天性发育不全"
},
{
"indices": [
20,
21,
22,
23,
24
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "下尿路梗阻"
},
{
"indices": [
27,
28,
29,
30,
31
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "后尿道瓣膜"
},
{
"indices": [
33,
34,
35,
36,
37,
38
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "神经源性膀胱"
}
] |
1958年Politano-Leadbetter首先报道采用抗反流的输尿管膀胱再吻合术来解决膀胱输尿管反流。 | [
{
"indices": [
30,
31,
32,
33,
34,
35,
36,
37,
38,
39,
40,
41,
42
],
"label": "pro",
"score": 1,
"text": "抗反流的输尿管膀胱再吻合术"
},
{
"indices": [
46,
47,
48,
49,
50,
51,
52
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "膀胱输尿管反流"
}
] |
胎儿肾积水中，由反流引起的也很常见。 | [
{
"indices": [
2,
3,
4
],
"label": "dis",
"score": 1,
"text": "肾积水"
},
{
"indices": [
8,
9
],
"label": "sym",
"score": 1,
"text": "反流"
}
] |