qingy2019/atoms · Datasets at Hugging Face

conversations listlengths 2 2
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Figure 8 shows the periodic table entry for hydrogen. How many neutrons do most hydrogen atoms have?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "0" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "A periodic table is shown in Figure 9. In which part of the periodic table would you look to find a metal?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "A periodic table is shown in Figure 9. Which statements tells how the elements in section C differ from the elements in the other areas?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "They have properties of both metals and nonmetals." } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Some atoms form positive ions, and others form negative ions. Based on what you know about charges and how they interact, which statement best describes the importance of ions?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Positive and negative ions will attract, bringing together different atoms of different elements to form compounds." } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What does the term \"group\" mean?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A column on the periodic table; For the \"A\" elements, the ______ number is the number of valence electrons all atoms in that family have" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What does the term \"period\" mean?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A row on the periodic table: the ______ number is the number of energy levels that all atoms in that row have" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What does the term \"hydrogen\" mean?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Identify a nonmetal with one valence electron" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What does the term \"arsenic\" mean?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Identify the metalloid in period 4 that is more reactive than Selenium" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What does the term \"argon\" mean?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Identify the nonmetal in period 3 that is less reactive than Sulfur" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What does the term \"oxygen\" mean?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Identify the nonmetal in period 2 that is less reactive than nitrogen and more reactive than Fluorine" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What does the term \"helium\" mean?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Identify the noble gas with two valence electrons" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What does the term \"nitrogen\" mean?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Identify the element that has five valance electrons and two energy levels" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What discoveries are each of the people famous for?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Democritus: naming the atom as identical indivisable units. Aristotle: didn't believe you could ever stop dividing. Dalton: performed experiments to prove atom existed. Thompson: discovered smaller particles inside atom (electrons). Rutherford: revised model to include nucleus. Bohr: electrons orbit nucleus. Schrodinger: electrons orbit in clouds. Chadwick: discovered neutrons." } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What discovery demonstrated that atoms are not the smallest particles?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "J.J. Thomson discovery of electrons inside atoms." } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "In what part of the atom is most of the mass located?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "nucleus" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What are the two differences between the atomic theory described by Thomson and that described by Rutherford." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Thomson's theory included the atoms having electrons, while Rutherford's said that atoms have a nucleus and electrons orbit the nucleus. the two differences are where the electrons ARE and nucleus or no-nucleus." } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Identify the difference in how Bohr's theory and the modern theory describe the location of electrons." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "the difference is that Bohr's theory was that electrons orbited in definite circular paths, while the modern theory says that electrons orbit in clouds." } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What does the current model of the atom look like?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "the current model of an atom has a nucleus in the center, and many electron clouds orbiting around it." } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Which observation provided Albert Einstein the clue that he needed to explain the photoelectric effect?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Energy of electrons depends on light's frequency, not intensity" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "The Bohr model of the atom explained why emission spectra are discrete. It could also be used to explain the photoelectric effect. Which is a correct explanation of the photoelectric effect according to the model?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Electrons need specific amounts of energy to \"jump\" off an atom and be emitted." } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Which scientist is known for developing the planetary model of the atom?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Niels Bohr" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Which statement about the electron-cloud model is true?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "NOT:\\nIt specifies the location and momentum of an electron." } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Which statement about Niels Bohr's atomic model is true?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Each orbit has a specific energy level." } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "How did Niels Bohr describe electrons in his atomic model?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "They orbit the central nucleus in discrete paths." } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What happens when the electron moves from the first energy level to the second energy level?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "NOT:\\nEnergy is absorbed, and an emission line is produced." } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Kumar is producing the photoelectric effect by using red light. He wants to increase the energy of emitted electrons. Based on the research of Albert Einstein, what is the best way for him to do this?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Use a different colored light that has a higher frequency." } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "This flow chart shows the amount of energy that is emitted by each type of light.\\n\\n ultraviolet > blue light > yellow light > red light\\n (maximum energy) (minimum energy)\\n\\nIn an experiment, shining which type of light on a strip of metal would be least likely to produce the photoelectric effect?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "NOT:\\nultraviolet light" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is in matter?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Atoms-they are the building blocks of matter." } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What happens when atoms bond?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "They can form molecules, elements, compounds, or mixtures." } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is an element?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "An element is a substance that is made entirely from one type of atom. For example, the element hydrogen is made from atoms containing a single proton and a single electron." } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "How are elements arranged?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "On the periodic table of elements by their properties and atomic mass." } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Who was the first to arrange elements?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Dmitri Mendeleev- a Russian Chemist" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is a compound?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "2 or more elements chemically combined" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is a mixture?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is a solution?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A mixture where one substance is dissolved in another." } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "The plum pudding model of the atom states what?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "an atom is made up of electrons in a sea of positive charges." } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Who's gonna ace this test?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "YOU ARE :)" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What does Rutherford's model of the atom say?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The atom is mostly empty space.\\nElectrons orbit around the center of the atom.\\nThe atom's positive charge is located in the atom's nucleus." } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What does Dalton's atomic theory say?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Atoms cannot be created or destroyed.\\nAtoms cannot be broken down into smaller pieces.\\nAll atoms of an element are identical.\\nChemical reactions cause atoms to be rearranged." } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What was the Gold Foil Experiment?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "alpha particles are fired at a thin sheet of gold foil and most went right through it, but some bounced off of it, causing belief that most of an atom is empty space." } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is average atomic mass?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The weighted energy of all isotopes of an atom" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "How do you calculate atomic mass?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "atomic mass of each isotope x abundance= answer(amu)" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "How do you calculate isotopic mass?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "atomic mass of each isotope X abundance= answer(amu)" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is the significant figure rule when multiplying/dividing?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Smallest number of sig figs" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is the significant figure rule when adding/subtracting?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Smallest number of numbers behind the decimal place" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is the Law Of Conservation Of Mass?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Energy can be neither created or destroyed, but converted from one form to another" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is the Law of Definite proportions?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The fact that a chemical compound contains the same elements in exactly the same proportions by mass regardless of the size of the sample or source of the compound" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is the Law of Multiple Proportions?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "If two or more different compounds are composed of the same two elements, then the ratio of the masses of the second element combined with a certain mass of the first element is always a ratio of small whole numbers." } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What are horizontal rows in the periodic table called?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Periods" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What are vertical rows in the periodic table called?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Groups" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Are elements listed in increasing or decreasing atomic number?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "increasing" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What does the period tell us?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "how many energy levels an atom in that row has around the nucleaus" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is Coloumbic Attraction?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "the force of attraction between positive and negative particle" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "How is Coloumbic attraction effected when protons are added?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "it increases" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "How is Coloumbic attraction effected when distance is added?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "it decreases" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Does Atomic Radius increase or decrease across a period?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Decrease" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Does Electronegativity increase or decrease across a period?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Increase" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Does Ionization energy increase or decrease across a period?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Increase" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is Electronegativity?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The ability of an atom's nucleus to attract the electrons of the another atom when they are chemically bonded in a covalent bond" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is Ionization Energy?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "ionization energy is the energy required to completely remove an electron from an atom" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is Atomic Radius?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Distance from the nucleus to the valence electrons" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "how is the isotopic symbol arranged?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Are you gonna ace this?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "YUHHHH" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Which of the following particles has almost no mass?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "electron" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Why are atoms neutral?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The # of protons equals the # of electrons" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "How do you find the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Subtract the atomic number from the mass number\\n\\nMass # - Atomic # = number of neutrons" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is the mass number of a sulfur atom that contains 16 protons, 16 neutrons and 16 electrons?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Mass # = 32 \\n(16 protons + 16 neutrons)" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "If an element has 79 protons, 118 neutrons and 79 electrons, what is its atomic number?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Atomic # = 79\\n(Atomic # = # of protons)" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Where does the majority of an atom's mass exist?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "the nucleus" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is the difference between atomic mass and mass number?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Atomic mass is the weighted average of the masses of all of the isotopes of an element.\\nMass number is the sum of the protons and neutrons for a given atom. (It is NOT an average.)" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is the charge of the nucleus?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "positive - due to the presence of protons" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Why is the overall charge of an atom neutral?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "same amount of protons and electrons" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "How will atoms achieve a stable number of valence electrons?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Atoms can GAIN, LOSE or SHARE valence electrons to get the stable number (8 - for most atoms) in their outer energy level." } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Which subatomic particle determines an atom's identity?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The number of protons determines the identity of an atom.\\nEx: all atoms with 6 protons are carbon atoms; all atoms with 20 protons are calcium atoms" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Which subatomic particle determines an atom's reactivity?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The electron arrangement determines reactivity, specifically the number of electrons in the outer energy level" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Protons repel each other in the nucleus. What holds the nucleus together?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The strong force" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "If the nucleus was the size of a grape, the electrons would be almost a mile away! What does this tell us about the atom?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The atom is mostly empty space." } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What do diamond and graphite both have in common?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "They are both are made of pure carbon atoms." } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Why are diamonds and graphite so different if they both are made of the same atom (carbon)?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The carbon atoms are arranged differently." } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Where is most of the mass in the atom?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Nucleus" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "What two subatomic particles are the same size?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Protons and Neutrons" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 2: Part A\\nA sample of tap water consists of water, fluoride ions, calcium ions, and several other dissolved ions. The ions are evenly distributed throughout the water.\\nWhich term or terms could be used to describe this sample of tap water?\\nCheck all that apply.\\n mixture\\n heterogeneous mixture\\n homogenous mixture\\n solution\\n pure chemical substance\\n compound\\n element" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "mixture\\nhomogenous mixture\\nsolution" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 2: Part B\\nA sample of pure aluminum that is free of impurities is used to prepare a beverage can.\\nWhich term or terms could be used to describe this sample of aluminum?\\nCheck all that apply\\n mixture\\n heterogeneous mixture\\n homogenous mixture\\n solution\\n pure chemical substance\\n compound\\n element" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "pure chemical substance\\nelement" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 2: Part C\\nA blood sample contains several different types of cells, each of which contains different combinations of specific ions and molecules. The cells are suspended in water, and the water also contains many molecules and ions.\\nWhich term or terms could be used to describe this sample of blood?\\nCheck all that apply.\\n mixture\\n heterogeneous mixture\\n homogenous mixture\\n solution\\n pure chemical substance\\n compound\\n element" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "mixture\\nheterogeneous mixture" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 2: Part D\\nA gas turbine is filled with pure methane for use as a fuel.\\nWhich term or terms could be used to describe the contents of this gas turbine?\\nCheck all that apply.\\n mixture\\n heterogeneous mixture\\n homogenous mixture\\n solution\\n pure chemical substance\\n compound\\n element" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "pure chemical substance\\ncompound" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 4: Part A\\nWhat is the ratio of hydrogen atoms (H) to oxygen atoms (O) in 2 L of water? Enter the simplest whole number ratio in order of hydrogen to oxygen, respectively." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "2, 1" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 4: Part B\\nHow many atoms of hydrogen (H) are present in 200 molecules of ammonia (NH₃)?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "600" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 4: Part C\\nA solution of ammonia and water contains 4.50×10²⁵ water molecules and 5.20×10²⁴ ammonia molecules. How many total hydrogen atoms are in this solution?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "H₂O: 2(4.50x10²⁵)=9.00x10²⁵\\nNH₃: 3(5.20x10²⁴)=1.56x10²⁵\\n9.00x10²⁵+1.56x10²⁵=1.06x10²⁶ H atoms" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 5: Part A\\nThere are two different compounds of sulfur and fluorine.\\nIn SF6, the mass of fluorine per gram of sulfur is 3.55 g F/g S.\\nIn the other compound, SFX, the mass of fluorine per gram of sulfur is 1.18 g F/g S.\\nWhat is the value of X for the second compound?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "1.18*3=3.55\\nF6 to Fx = 3:1 \\nX=2" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 5: Part B\\nSamples of three different compounds were analyzed and the masses of each element were determined.\\nCompound Mass N Mass O \\nA 5.6 3.2\\nB 3.5 8.0\\nC 1.4 4.0\\nIf you were John Dalton and had never heard of a mole, which of the following would you think were possible sets of formulas for the compounds A, B, and C, respectively?\\nCheck all that apply.\\n NO2, NO8, NO10 \\n NO, NO2, NO4 \\n NO4, NO10, NO5 \\n N2O, N2O4, N2O5" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "N₂O, N₂O₄, N₂O₅" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 6: Part A\\nWhich of the following reactions is possible according to Dalton's atomic theory?\\n N2→O2\\n N2+O2→2NO\\n CO2→NO2\\n H2O→H2S" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "N₂+O₂→2NO" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 6: Part B\\nThe law of conservation of mass states that mass is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction. This can be gleaned from the third postulate in Dalton's series.\\nMagnesium oxide decomposes into magnesium and oxygen. If 16.12 g of magnesium oxide decomposes to form 9.72 g of magnesium, what mass of oxygen gas is also released in the reaction?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "16.12-6.72=6.40g" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 7: Part A\\nWhich of the following statements is correct?\\n The particles that comprise cathode rays are about 100 times less massive than a hydrogen atom.\\n Cathode rays are attracted to the cathode in a cathode ray tube.\\n The charge on the oil drops in Millikan's experiment were all multiples of −1.60 × 10−19 C.\\n Positive and negative charges repel one another." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The charge on the oil drops in Millikan's experiment were all multiples of −1.60 × 10−19 C." } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 8: Part A\\nThe element magnesium has significantly fewer protons and neutrons than gold. If you were to use Mg in place of Au in the Rutherford experiment, how would you predict the results from the experiment to change?\\n\\n There would be no change.\\n The center spot would be smaller and the alpha particle scattering would be reduced.\\n The center spot would be smaller and the alpha particle scattering would be the same.\\n The center spot would be larger and there would be more alpha particle scattering." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The center spot would be smaller and the alpha particle scattering would be reduced." } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 8: Part B\\nHow do the results of the Rutherford experiment suggest that the nucleus is positively charged?\\n\\n The large center spot is caused by small alpha particle deflections when they pass by a positively charged nucleus.\\n The Rutherford experiment can't tell us the nucleus is positively charged.\\n Because the center spot disappears when gold is placed in front of the alpha particle beam.\\n Because some of the alpha particles are scattered at wide angles." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The large center spot is caused by small alpha particle deflections when they pass by a positively charged nucleus." } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 9: Part A\\nWhich subatomic particle(s) are found in the nucleus of the atom?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "protons, neutrons" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 9: Part B\\nThe atomic number of carbon is 6. What is the mass number of a carbon atom with 5 neutrons?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "n+p=mass\\n6+5= 11" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 9: Part C\\nAn atom has a mass number of 24 and 13 neutrons. What is the atomic number of this atom?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "24-13=11" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 9: Part D\\nAn atom of iron is represented by ⁵⁷₂₆Fe. How many neutrons are in the nucleus of this atom?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "57-26=31" } ]
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 9: Part E\\nGive the nuclear symbol for the isotope of argon for which A=38?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "³⁸₁₈Ar" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Figure 8 shows the periodic table entry for hydrogen. How many neutrons do most hydrogen atoms have?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "0" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "A periodic table is shown in Figure 9. In which part of the periodic table would you look to find a metal?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "A periodic table is shown in Figure 9. Which statements tells how the elements in section C differ from the elements in the other areas?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "They have properties of both metals and nonmetals." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Some atoms form positive ions, and others form negative ions. Based on what you know about charges and how they interact, which statement best describes the importance of ions?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Positive and negative ions will attract, bringing together different atoms of different elements to form compounds." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What does the term \"group\" mean?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A column on the periodic table; For the \"A\" elements, the ______ number is the number of valence electrons all atoms in that family have" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What does the term \"period\" mean?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A row on the periodic table: the ______ number is the number of energy levels that all atoms in that row have" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What does the term \"hydrogen\" mean?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Identify a nonmetal with one valence electron" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What does the term \"arsenic\" mean?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Identify the metalloid in period 4 that is more reactive than Selenium" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What does the term \"argon\" mean?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Identify the nonmetal in period 3 that is less reactive than Sulfur" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What does the term \"oxygen\" mean?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Identify the nonmetal in period 2 that is less reactive than nitrogen and more reactive than Fluorine" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What does the term \"helium\" mean?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Identify the noble gas with two valence electrons" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What does the term \"nitrogen\" mean?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Identify the element that has five valance electrons and two energy levels" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What discoveries are each of the people famous for?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Democritus: naming the atom as identical indivisable units. Aristotle: didn't believe you could ever stop dividing. Dalton: performed experiments to prove atom existed. Thompson: discovered smaller particles inside atom (electrons). Rutherford: revised model to include nucleus. Bohr: electrons orbit nucleus. Schrodinger: electrons orbit in clouds. Chadwick: discovered neutrons." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What discovery demonstrated that atoms are not the smallest particles?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "J.J. Thomson discovery of electrons inside atoms." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "In what part of the atom is most of the mass located?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "nucleus" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What are the two differences between the atomic theory described by Thomson and that described by Rutherford." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Thomson's theory included the atoms having electrons, while Rutherford's said that atoms have a nucleus and electrons orbit the nucleus. the two differences are where the electrons ARE and nucleus or no-nucleus." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Identify the difference in how Bohr's theory and the modern theory describe the location of electrons." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "the difference is that Bohr's theory was that electrons orbited in definite circular paths, while the modern theory says that electrons orbit in clouds." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What does the current model of the atom look like?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "the current model of an atom has a nucleus in the center, and many electron clouds orbiting around it." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Which observation provided Albert Einstein the clue that he needed to explain the photoelectric effect?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Energy of electrons depends on light's frequency, not intensity" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The Bohr model of the atom explained why emission spectra are discrete. It could also be used to explain the photoelectric effect. Which is a correct explanation of the photoelectric effect according to the model?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Electrons need specific amounts of energy to \"jump\" off an atom and be emitted." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Which scientist is known for developing the planetary model of the atom?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Niels Bohr" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Which statement about the electron-cloud model is true?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "NOT:\\nIt specifies the location and momentum of an electron." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Which statement about Niels Bohr's atomic model is true?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Each orbit has a specific energy level." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "How did Niels Bohr describe electrons in his atomic model?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "They orbit the central nucleus in discrete paths." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What happens when the electron moves from the first energy level to the second energy level?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "NOT:\\nEnergy is absorbed, and an emission line is produced." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Kumar is producing the photoelectric effect by using red light. He wants to increase the energy of emitted electrons. Based on the research of Albert Einstein, what is the best way for him to do this?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Use a different colored light that has a higher frequency." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "This flow chart shows the amount of energy that is emitted by each type of light.\\n\\n ultraviolet > blue light > yellow light > red light\\n (maximum energy) (minimum energy)\\n\\nIn an experiment, shining which type of light on a strip of metal would be least likely to produce the photoelectric effect?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "NOT:\\nultraviolet light" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is in matter?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Atoms-they are the building blocks of matter." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What happens when atoms bond?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "They can form molecules, elements, compounds, or mixtures." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is an element?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "An element is a substance that is made entirely from one type of atom. For example, the element hydrogen is made from atoms containing a single proton and a single electron." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "How are elements arranged?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "On the periodic table of elements by their properties and atomic mass." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Who was the first to arrange elements?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Dmitri Mendeleev- a Russian Chemist" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is a compound?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "2 or more elements chemically combined" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is a mixture?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is a solution?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A mixture where one substance is dissolved in another." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The plum pudding model of the atom states what?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "an atom is made up of electrons in a sea of positive charges." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Who's gonna ace this test?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "YOU ARE :)" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What does Rutherford's model of the atom say?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The atom is mostly empty space.\\nElectrons orbit around the center of the atom.\\nThe atom's positive charge is located in the atom's nucleus." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What does Dalton's atomic theory say?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Atoms cannot be created or destroyed.\\nAtoms cannot be broken down into smaller pieces.\\nAll atoms of an element are identical.\\nChemical reactions cause atoms to be rearranged." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What was the Gold Foil Experiment?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "alpha particles are fired at a thin sheet of gold foil and most went right through it, but some bounced off of it, causing belief that most of an atom is empty space." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is average atomic mass?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The weighted energy of all isotopes of an atom" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "How do you calculate atomic mass?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "atomic mass of each isotope x abundance= answer(amu)" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "How do you calculate isotopic mass?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "atomic mass of each isotope X abundance= answer(amu)" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is the significant figure rule when multiplying/dividing?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Smallest number of sig figs" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is the significant figure rule when adding/subtracting?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Smallest number of numbers behind the decimal place" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is the Law Of Conservation Of Mass?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Energy can be neither created or destroyed, but converted from one form to another" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is the Law of Definite proportions?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The fact that a chemical compound contains the same elements in exactly the same proportions by mass regardless of the size of the sample or source of the compound" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is the Law of Multiple Proportions?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "If two or more different compounds are composed of the same two elements, then the ratio of the masses of the second element combined with a certain mass of the first element is always a ratio of small whole numbers." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What are horizontal rows in the periodic table called?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Periods" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What are vertical rows in the periodic table called?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Groups" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Are elements listed in increasing or decreasing atomic number?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "increasing" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What does the period tell us?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "how many energy levels an atom in that row has around the nucleaus" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is Coloumbic Attraction?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "the force of attraction between positive and negative particle" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "How is Coloumbic attraction effected when protons are added?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "it increases" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "How is Coloumbic attraction effected when distance is added?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "it decreases" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Does Atomic Radius increase or decrease across a period?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Decrease" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Does Electronegativity increase or decrease across a period?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Increase" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Does Ionization energy increase or decrease across a period?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Increase" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is Electronegativity?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The ability of an atom's nucleus to attract the electrons of the another atom when they are chemically bonded in a covalent bond" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is Ionization Energy?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "ionization energy is the energy required to completely remove an electron from an atom" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is Atomic Radius?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Distance from the nucleus to the valence electrons" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "how is the isotopic symbol arranged?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Are you gonna ace this?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "YUHHHH" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Which of the following particles has almost no mass?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "electron" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Why are atoms neutral?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The # of protons equals the # of electrons" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "How do you find the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Subtract the atomic number from the mass number\\n\\nMass # - Atomic # = number of neutrons" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is the mass number of a sulfur atom that contains 16 protons, 16 neutrons and 16 electrons?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Mass # = 32 \\n(16 protons + 16 neutrons)" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "If an element has 79 protons, 118 neutrons and 79 electrons, what is its atomic number?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Atomic # = 79\\n(Atomic # = # of protons)" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Where does the majority of an atom's mass exist?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "the nucleus" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is the difference between atomic mass and mass number?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Atomic mass is the weighted average of the masses of all of the isotopes of an element.\\nMass number is the sum of the protons and neutrons for a given atom. (It is NOT an average.)" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What is the charge of the nucleus?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "positive - due to the presence of protons" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Why is the overall charge of an atom neutral?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "same amount of protons and electrons" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "How will atoms achieve a stable number of valence electrons?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Atoms can GAIN, LOSE or SHARE valence electrons to get the stable number (8 - for most atoms) in their outer energy level." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Which subatomic particle determines an atom's identity?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The number of protons determines the identity of an atom.\\nEx: all atoms with 6 protons are carbon atoms; all atoms with 20 protons are calcium atoms" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Which subatomic particle determines an atom's reactivity?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The electron arrangement determines reactivity, specifically the number of electrons in the outer energy level" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Protons repel each other in the nucleus. What holds the nucleus together?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The strong force" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "If the nucleus was the size of a grape, the electrons would be almost a mile away! What does this tell us about the atom?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The atom is mostly empty space." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What do diamond and graphite both have in common?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "They are both are made of pure carbon atoms." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Why are diamonds and graphite so different if they both are made of the same atom (carbon)?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The carbon atoms are arranged differently." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Where is most of the mass in the atom?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Nucleus" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "What two subatomic particles are the same size?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Protons and Neutrons" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 2: Part A\\nA sample of tap water consists of water, fluoride ions, calcium ions, and several other dissolved ions. The ions are evenly distributed throughout the water.\\nWhich term or terms could be used to describe this sample of tap water?\\nCheck all that apply.\\n mixture\\n heterogeneous mixture\\n homogenous mixture\\n solution\\n pure chemical substance\\n compound\\n element" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "mixture\\nhomogenous mixture\\nsolution" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 2: Part B\\nA sample of pure aluminum that is free of impurities is used to prepare a beverage can.\\nWhich term or terms could be used to describe this sample of aluminum?\\nCheck all that apply\\n mixture\\n heterogeneous mixture\\n homogenous mixture\\n solution\\n pure chemical substance\\n compound\\n element" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "pure chemical substance\\nelement" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 2: Part C\\nA blood sample contains several different types of cells, each of which contains different combinations of specific ions and molecules. The cells are suspended in water, and the water also contains many molecules and ions.\\nWhich term or terms could be used to describe this sample of blood?\\nCheck all that apply.\\n mixture\\n heterogeneous mixture\\n homogenous mixture\\n solution\\n pure chemical substance\\n compound\\n element" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "mixture\\nheterogeneous mixture" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 2: Part D\\nA gas turbine is filled with pure methane for use as a fuel.\\nWhich term or terms could be used to describe the contents of this gas turbine?\\nCheck all that apply.\\n mixture\\n heterogeneous mixture\\n homogenous mixture\\n solution\\n pure chemical substance\\n compound\\n element" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "pure chemical substance\\ncompound" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 4: Part A\\nWhat is the ratio of hydrogen atoms (H) to oxygen atoms (O) in 2 L of water? Enter the simplest whole number ratio in order of hydrogen to oxygen, respectively." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "2, 1" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 4: Part B\\nHow many atoms of hydrogen (H) are present in 200 molecules of ammonia (NH₃)?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "600" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 4: Part C\\nA solution of ammonia and water contains 4.50×10²⁵ water molecules and 5.20×10²⁴ ammonia molecules. How many total hydrogen atoms are in this solution?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "H₂O: 2(4.50x10²⁵)=9.00x10²⁵\\nNH₃: 3(5.20x10²⁴)=1.56x10²⁵\\n9.00x10²⁵+1.56x10²⁵=1.06x10²⁶ H atoms" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 5: Part A\\nThere are two different compounds of sulfur and fluorine.\\nIn SF6, the mass of fluorine per gram of sulfur is 3.55 g F/g S.\\nIn the other compound, SFX, the mass of fluorine per gram of sulfur is 1.18 g F/g S.\\nWhat is the value of X for the second compound?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "1.18*3=3.55\\nF6 to Fx = 3:1 \\nX=2" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 5: Part B\\nSamples of three different compounds were analyzed and the masses of each element were determined.\\nCompound Mass N Mass O \\nA 5.6 3.2\\nB 3.5 8.0\\nC 1.4 4.0\\nIf you were John Dalton and had never heard of a mole, which of the following would you think were possible sets of formulas for the compounds A, B, and C, respectively?\\nCheck all that apply.\\n NO2, NO8, NO10 \\n NO, NO2, NO4 \\n NO4, NO10, NO5 \\n N2O, N2O4, N2O5" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "N₂O, N₂O₄, N₂O₅" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 6: Part A\\nWhich of the following reactions is possible according to Dalton's atomic theory?\\n N2→O2\\n N2+O2→2NO\\n CO2→NO2\\n H2O→H2S" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "N₂+O₂→2NO" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 6: Part B\\nThe law of conservation of mass states that mass is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction. This can be gleaned from the third postulate in Dalton's series.\\nMagnesium oxide decomposes into magnesium and oxygen. If 16.12 g of magnesium oxide decomposes to form 9.72 g of magnesium, what mass of oxygen gas is also released in the reaction?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "16.12-6.72=6.40g" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 7: Part A\\nWhich of the following statements is correct?\\n The particles that comprise cathode rays are about 100 times less massive than a hydrogen atom.\\n Cathode rays are attracted to the cathode in a cathode ray tube.\\n The charge on the oil drops in Millikan's experiment were all multiples of −1.60 × 10−19 C.\\n Positive and negative charges repel one another." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The charge on the oil drops in Millikan's experiment were all multiples of −1.60 × 10−19 C." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 8: Part A\\nThe element magnesium has significantly fewer protons and neutrons than gold. If you were to use Mg in place of Au in the Rutherford experiment, how would you predict the results from the experiment to change?\\n\\n There would be no change.\\n The center spot would be smaller and the alpha particle scattering would be reduced.\\n The center spot would be smaller and the alpha particle scattering would be the same.\\n The center spot would be larger and there would be more alpha particle scattering." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The center spot would be smaller and the alpha particle scattering would be reduced." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 8: Part B\\nHow do the results of the Rutherford experiment suggest that the nucleus is positively charged?\\n\\n The large center spot is caused by small alpha particle deflections when they pass by a positively charged nucleus.\\n The Rutherford experiment can't tell us the nucleus is positively charged.\\n Because the center spot disappears when gold is placed in front of the alpha particle beam.\\n Because some of the alpha particles are scattered at wide angles." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The large center spot is caused by small alpha particle deflections when they pass by a positively charged nucleus." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 9: Part A\\nWhich subatomic particle(s) are found in the nucleus of the atom?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "protons, neutrons" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 9: Part B\\nThe atomic number of carbon is 6. What is the mass number of a carbon atom with 5 neutrons?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "n+p=mass\\n6+5= 11" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 9: Part C\\nAn atom has a mass number of 24 and 13 neutrons. What is the atomic number of this atom?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "24-13=11" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 9: Part D\\nAn atom of iron is represented by ⁵⁷₂₆Fe. How many neutrons are in the nucleus of this atom?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "57-26=31" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "Item 9: Part E\\nGive the nuclear symbol for the isotope of argon for which A=38?" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "³⁸₁₈Ar" } ]