conversations
listlengths 2
2
|
|---|
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "According to Bohr, why do atoms emit light?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "According to the Bohr model, atoms emit light because excited electrons are returning to lower energy states, emitting the energy difference. This energy always has a specific wavelength because the electrons can only exist in set orbits."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How do electrons get to an excited state?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Electrons get to an excited state by absorbing the energy of a photon."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which of the following transitions would produce the greatest amount of energy: 2→1, 3→2, or 4→3?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "2→1"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How can emission spectra be used to identify unknown elements?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Because each element has a different number of protons and electrons, their \"n\" values differ from each other. Each element thus produces its own emission spectra which allows scientists to identify elements."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What is an emission spectrum?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "An emission spectrum is the frequencies of light emitted from an atom."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How did emission spectra of gases affect our understanding of atomic structure?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Emission spectra showed that electrons only emit radiation at certain wavelengths and frequencies, and, therefore, energy levels. This indicating that electrons could be found in specific energy levels or orbits."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which of the following transitions would produce the greatest amount of energy: 1→2, 3→1, or 2→1?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "3→1"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Why did scientists need to improve upon the Bohr model?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The Bohr model was only able to explain the emission spectrum of hydrogen."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Explain how the double slit experiment has impacted our understanding of atomic structure."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The double slit experiment illustrates that electrons are both a particle and a wave. It also shows that we cannot determine the path of an individual electron but we can determine the probable distribution of electrons."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What is the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The position and momentum of an electron cannot be known simultaneously."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Why does the dual nature of matter make it difficult to observe very small particles like electrons?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Observing these particles changes their momentum, so position and momentum cannot be simultaneously known."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Based on the research of Albert Einstein, what change would most likely result in stopping the emission of electrons from this metal?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "the use of light that has a lower frequency"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which event would be impossible to explain by using John Dalton's model of the atom?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "An iron atom emits particles when it is struck by light."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Natalie observes these characteristics in the model of an atom.\\n\\n(i) includes positive charge\\n(ii) contains electrons\\n(iii) explains the photoelectric effect\\n(iv) suggests the probable location of electrons\\n\\nWhich model is Natalie most likely examining?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "electron-cloud model"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "This flow chart shows the amount of energy that is emitted by each type of light.\\n\\n ultraviolet > blue light > yellow light > red light (minimum energy) (maximum energy)\\n. \\n\\nIn an experiment, shining which type of light on a strip of metal would be least likely to produce the photoelectric effect?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "bright red light"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which two parts give an atom its mass?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Both the protons and neutrons have mass. Each has a mass of one atomic mass unit (AMU)."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which two parts give an atom its charge?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "An atom's charge comes from the protons which are positive and it's electrons which are negative."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What must be equal to create a neutral atom?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The protons and electrons must be equal for the atom to be neutral."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What must be done to create an ion?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "An ion is created when the protons and electrons are not equal. More protons than electrons will make a positive ion. More electrons than protons will make a negative ion."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How is atomic charge calculated?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Each pairing of a proton with an electron results in zero charge. Unequal numbers of protons or electrons will result in a charge. Example: If an atom has one extra proton than electron, it will have a +1 charge. If it has two extra electrons than protons, it will have a -1 charge."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How is mass calculated?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Mass is all the protons (each has a mass of 1AMU) added together with all the neutrons (each also has a mass of 1AMU). Example: 3 protons and 4 neutrons give a mass of 7AMU."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which particle determines the name of the element?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The proton determines which element it is and therefore its name."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What makes an element unstable?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "An element is unstable when there are either too few or too many neutrons to balance the protons."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What is the name of Dalton's theory?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Dalton's Atomic theory"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What are elements made up of?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Atoms"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What did J.J. Thompson discover?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The electron"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What is the charge of an electron?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Negative"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How did J.J. Thompson discover the electron?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "By using a cathode ray"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What did J.J. Thompson's model represent?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "A plum pudding"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What did Ernst Rutherford do?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The gold foil experiment"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What did Rutherford find out?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "That the nucleus was positively charged"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What did Bohr find out?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Created the model of an atom"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What does Bohr's model consist of?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Nucleus with protons, electrons, and neutrons"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Why does Bohr's model represent the solar system?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The electrons orbit just like the planets"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How much does the first energy level hold in Bohr's model?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "2"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How much does the second energy level hold in Bohr's model?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "8"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How much does the third energy level hold in Bohr's model?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "18"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How much does the fourth energy level hold in Bohr's model?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "32"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What did Dalton Discover?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "All elements are made up of atoms"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which diagram depicts the plum pudding model of an atom?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Diagram B"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which diagram depicts Rutherford's actual results from his gold foil experiment? How did the actual results differ from his expected results?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Diagram B. The alpha particles were deflected at large angles"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What did Rutherford conclude from the results of His experiment"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "There are tiny defense defense regions in the center of the atom which contained all the atoms positive charge and virtually all its mass."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Explain why Rutherford expected the alpha particles to pass through the plum pudding model of the atom with little or no deflection."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The electrons are so small that they wouldn't be able to deflect more massive particles."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "1)What kind of particles do the arrows represent? \\n2)What is the charge of the particles?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "1)alpha partcle plan \\n2)2+ charge positive"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What is a cathode ray?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Streams of electrons observed in vacuum tubes"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What do the experiments in A, B, and C have in common?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "They all contain (+) and (-) charges utilizing a cathode ray."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Compare the experimental setup in B with the setup in C. HOW do they differ? What do both experiments show in terms of the cathode rays charge."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Model C uses forces of (+) and (-) charges and model B uses N+S magnets."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Examine the cathode ray experiment in B. What does this experiment show?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The ray bends towards the N end of the magnet"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Lead has an atomic number of 82. How many protons and electrons does lead have?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "82 protons and 82 electrons"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Oxygen has 8 electrons. how many protons does oxygen have?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "8"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Zinc has 30 protons. what is its atomic number?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "30"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Astatine has 85 protons. what is its atomic number?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "85"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Democritus, Dalton, or both?\\nAll matter is made of tiny pieces."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "both"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Democritus, Dalton, or both?\\nMatter is made of empty space through which atoms move."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Democritus"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Democritus, Dalton, or both?\\nAtoms cannot be divided."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "both"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Democritus, Dalton, or both?\\nAtoms cannot be created."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "both"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Democritus, Dalton, or both?\\nAtoms cannot be destroyed."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "both"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Democritus, Dalton, or both?\\nDifferent atoms combine in whole-number ratios to form compounds."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Dalton"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Democritus, Dalton, or both?\\nThe properties of atoms vary based on shape, size, and movement."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Democritus"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Democritus, Dalton, or both?\\nDifferent kinds of atoms come in different sizes and shapes."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Democritus"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "The nucleus makes up about what percentage of the mass of an atom?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "99.97%"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Who proposed the nuclear atomic model?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Rutherford"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Who determined the mass-to-charge ratio of an electron?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "J.J. Thomson"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Who calculated the mass of an electron?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Robert Millikan"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Rutherfordium's atomic number is 104. How many p+ and e- does it have?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "104 each"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "An isotope has atomic number 19 and mass number 39. How many protons, electrons, & neutrons does it have?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "39-19=20 \\np&e= 19\\nn=20"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What is Neon-22 in symbolic notation?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "22/10 Ne\\n\\n(Atomic mass/ atomic #) > Symbol"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "The mass of an electron is ... ?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "• smaller than the mass of a proton\\n• smaller than the mass of a neutron\\n• a tiny fraction of the mass of an atom"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "One atomic mass unit is ... ?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which plate do the beta particles bend toward?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Positive, they are negatively charged"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Why do gamma rays not bend?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "They have no charge"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What are found in the space surrounding the nucleus of an atom?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "electrons"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What type of electron is available to form bonds?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "valence"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What type of ion is formed when an atom loses electrons?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "positive"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Carbon-12 is the most common isotope of carbon. It has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons. Of its 6 electrons, 4 are valence. How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "4"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which of the following statements most accurately describes the difference between ionic and covalent bonds?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Electrons are exchanged between atoms held together by ionic bonds but they are shared between atoms held together by covalent bonds"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "If Chlorine were located in Column 17 of the Periodic Table, how many valence electrons does it have?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "7"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Based on the Chlorine Block, how many protons does a neutral Chlorine atom have?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "17"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Based on the Chlorine Block, what is the mass number of Chlorine?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "35"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which of the following is the correct number of electrons the energy levels can hold?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "1st: 2 2nd: 8 3rd: 18 4th: 32"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What subatomic particle(s) are located in the nucleus of an atom?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "protons and neutrons"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What are the charges, locations, and names of the 3 subatomic particles?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Protons,nucleus,+\\nElectrons,electron cloud, -\\nNeutrons, nucleus, neutral 0"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What is the atomic number?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The number that classifies an element and where it is on the periodic table"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What does the atomic number tell you? Does it ever change?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "It tells you the amount of protons and electrons the atom has (but only for atoms not ions) and the atomic number never changes"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What is the mass number?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Why is it called the mass number?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Because it's the total amount of mass in an atom, the weight of the protons and neutrons because electrons have no mass"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How do you determine the number of protons neutrons and electrons?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Protons/electrons: same as the atomic number\\nNeutrons: mass #- atomic#"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What is a valence electron? List 4 elements and their number of valence electrons"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Is the value of electrons on the outermost ring\\nLithium: 1\\nBeryllium:2\\nBoron: 3\\nCarbon:4"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "When an atom is neutrally charged, what is true about the atom?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "A normal atom has a neutral charge with equal numbers of positive and negative particles. That means an atom with a neutral charge is one where the electrons is equal to the atomic number"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What is an ion"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "An atom that has a net positive or negative electric charge is called an ion"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What is a cation?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "An atom with a positive charge is a cation p>e, +, giving away electrons"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What is an anion?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "An ion with a negative charge is an anion p<e, -, receiving electrons"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "When does an atom have a positive charge or a negative charge?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Positive charge when the protons are greater than the electrons (cation) p>e\\n\\nNegative charge when the protons are less than the electrons (anions) p<e"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "List 2 examples of atoms that would be \"givers\" of electrons and why are they givers?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Ex: Na+1, Be+2, B+3 are all givers because it'd be easier to get rid of less electrons then recieve more electrons"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What are the atoms after they gave away electrons?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Cation, +, p>e"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "List 2 examples of atoms that would be \"receivers\" of electrons and why they are receivers?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Examples: F-1, N-1\\nThey are receivers because it's easier to recieve fewer electrons than to give away more electrons"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What are atoms called after they have receiver electrons?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Anions- e>p"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What are the maximum numbers of electrons for each energy region? What is the octet rule?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "1st shell: 2e=1s2\\n2nd shell: 8e= 2s2, 2p2\\n3rd shell: 8 or 18= 3s2,3p6\\n2,8,8,18"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How do isotopes hydrogen-2 and hydrogen-3 differ?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Hydrogen-3 has one more electron then hydrogen-2"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Do atoms of isotopes of an element have different numbers of protons?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "False"
}
] |