conversations
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[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "During a flood the labels on three bottles of chemicals were lost. The unlabeled bottles contain strontium nitrate, lithium carbonate, and potassium sulfate. Explain how flame tests could help to identify and re-label the bottles. Be specific about what color flame test is expected for each chemical. What color would you expect for lithium carbonate? What color would you expect for strontium nitrate? What color would you expect for potassium sulfate?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The flame tests can help identify what each element is based off the color it burns, and the bar code that comes from the spectroscope. Just like today, in our lab, we took notes on what the color looked like with our naked eye, and then we took the spectroscope to go into more depth of what other colors are presented in the flame. In depth, the copper ion looked as a bright aquamarine with just our human eye, but when we looked through the spectroscope, we found out that it also had tints of yellow, blue, and red along with green. We can use our notes and discoveries from today to help predict what the color of chemicals would end up looking like. Such as...\\nLithium Carbonate, would be presented as a vibrant red, but actually have tints of orange in it. \\nStrontium Nitrate, would start as a red, and then turn into a bright orange once the chemical has burned for a while. \\nPotassium Sulfate, would look like a light pink, or in other words a very dull purple."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Some store sell fireplace crystals. When sprinkled on the fire they turn the flame colors such as green-blue, red, and violet. What types of ions do these crystals contain? In other words, what specifically will give a green-blue color? A red color? Violet?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "From our notes from our lab today, we found out that the Copper ion would give off the color of an aquamarine color, or better know as a blue-green color. The fireplace crystals also would include Lithium ions, which is presented as a bright red. Lastly, the fireplace crystal includes Potassium ions because when burned, it has a light purple, or in other words violet color."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Manganese would have what configuration (last term), according to its position on the table?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "3d^5"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What color is observed when a compound containing __________ is placed in a flame?\\nCalcium (Ca+2)\\nPotassium (K) \\nLithium (Li+1) \\nStrontium (Sr+2) \\nBarium (Ba+2) \\nSodium (Na)\\nCopper (Cu+2)"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Calcium (Ca+2): Started as a faint green, but changed into a bright orange. \\nPotassium (K): Light pink or violet\\nLithium (Li+1): Vibrant red to a rull red after a while\\nStrontium (Sr+2): Super bright red at the beginning, but changed to a dull orange.\\nBarium (Ba+2): Lime green (main color) with tints of red, yellow, green, and orange\\nSodium (Na): Yellow\\nCopper (Cu+2): Green"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which of the following rules requires that each of the p orbitals at a particular energy level receive one electron before any of them can have two electrons?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Hund's rule"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "The third energy level in an atom can hold a maximum of how many electrons?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "18\\nThis answer is correct.2 electrons in 3s 6 electrons in 3p and 10 electrons in 3d"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Based on Hund's Rule, how many unpaird electrons would be predicted for an atom of arsenic (atomic #33)?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "3"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which concept in Dalton's atomic theory has been modified?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Atoms cannot be divided"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "The density of aluminum is 2.7 g/cm^3. What is the volume of 16.2 grams?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "6 cm ^3"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "An object with a mass of 15 g raises the level of water in a graduated cylinder from 45.2 mL to 50.2 mL. What is the density of the object?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "3.0 g/mL"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Chlorine ion has 17 protons, 18 electrons, and 18 neutrons. What is the charge of the ion?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "-1"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "A calcium ion (+2 charge) has how many electrons?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "18"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Phosphorus-33 with a charge of -3 has how many protons?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "15"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Protons have what charge?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "positive charge"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "A neutral carbon atom has what amount of protons?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "6 protons"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What does the law of definite proportions say? (John Dalton)"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "...\\n(This states that a given chemical compound always contains its component elements in a fixed ration (by mass) and does not depend on its source and method of preparation. )"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What did James Chadwick discover?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Neutrons"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What is always the same wether it is an atom, ion, or isotope?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Protons = gives identity"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Ion?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Charged atom"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Cation?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Positively charged ion formed by loosing electrons"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Anion?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Negatively charged ion formed by gaining electrons"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What makes up the mass of an atom?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "(amu) Mass= protons (positive) + neutrons (neutral)"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What does the mass on the periodic table represent?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Weighted average"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What is always equal?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Atomic number and number of protons"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How to find mass?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Number of protons and neutrons added together"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What is the nucleus of an atom made of?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Protons and Neutrons"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "If all silicon atoms exist as the following:\\n 92% 28-Si\\n 5% 29-Si \\n3% 30-Si\\nWhat is the average atomic mass?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "28.09 amu"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What is average atomic mass of Lithium if 7.42% exists as 6-Li and 92.58% exists as 7-Li ?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "6.941 amu"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "In the quantum-mechanical model of the atom, which of the following is NOT one of the four quantum numbers needed to specify the probable location of an electron?\\nA. Principal quantum number (n) which describes the energy level/distance from the nucleus\\nB. Heisenberg number (H) which describes the electron's position and momentum.\\nC. Angular quantum number (l) which describes the shape of an electron's orbital\\nD. Magnetic quantum number (ml) which describes the orbitals orientation in space"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "B"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "s orbitals can have how many different orientations in space?\\nA. 1\\nB. 3\\nC. 5\\nD. 7"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "A"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "d orbitals can have how many different orientations in space?\\nA. 1\\nB. 3\\nC. 5\\nD. 7"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "C"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which of the orbitals below do not exist due to the constraints upon the angular quantum number?\\nA. 2d\\nB. 2s\\nC. 2p\\nD. 1s"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "A"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which of the orbitals below do not exist due to the constraints upon the angular quantum number?\\nA. 3f\\nB. 3d\\nC. 3p\\nD. 3s"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "A"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which one of the following is an incorrect orbital notation?\\nA. 4f\\nB. 2d\\nC. 3s\\nD. 2p"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "B"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How many quantum numbers are necessary to designate a particular electron in an atom?\\nA. 3\\nB. 4\\nC. 2\\nD. 1"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "B"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which two elements have the same ground-state electron configuration?\\nA. I and S \\nB. Cu and Ag \\nC. Li and Na\\nD. No two elements have the same ground-state electron configuration"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "D"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which of the following is the Aufbau Principle?\\n\\nA. An orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons. To occupy the\\nsame orbital, two electrons must spin in the opposite direction.\\n\\nB. Electrons are added one at a time to the lowest energy\\norbitals available until all the electrons of the atoms have been\\naccounted for.\\n\\nC. If two or more orbitals of equal energy are available, electrons\\nwill occupy them singly before filling orbitals in pairs."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "B"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which of the following is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?\\n\\nA. An orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons. To occupy the\\nsame orbital, two electrons must spin in the opposite direction.\\n\\nB. Electrons are added one at a time to the lowest energy\\norbitals available until all the electrons of the atoms have been\\naccounted for.\\n\\nC. If two or more orbitals of equal energy are available, electrons\\nwill occupy them singly before filling orbitals in pairs."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "A"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which of the following is the Hund's Rule?\\n\\nA. An orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons. To occupy the\\nsame orbital, two electrons must spin in the opposite direction.\\n\\nB. Electrons are added one at a time to the lowest energy\\norbitals available until all the electrons of the atoms have been\\naccounted for.\\n\\nC. If two or more orbitals of equal energy are available, electrons\\nwill occuply them singly before filling orbitals in pairs."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "C"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Explain what it means for an atom to be electrically neutral."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The total electrical charges of the atom (+) (-) is therefore zero and the atom to be neutral."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Explain what two isotopes of the same element have in common and what is different about them. Include when an isotope is considered to be the most stable."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Two of the same isotopes of the same chemical element, different isotopes of an element have the same number of protons in the nucleus."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Explain the structure of the electron cloud. Include how many electrons are held on each level, where valence electrons are, and which electrons are the craziest"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "First you draw the nucleus and in it write you protons and neutrons. Then draw the first shell and it can only hold 2 electrons, and the second and third one holds only 8 electrons, the fourth shell holds 18. Valence electrons are in the outer most level and are the craziest."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Explain why elements in the same group have similar properties."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Elements in the same group have similar properties because they share similar amounts of electrons in their outer shell,valence electrons."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What are the subatomic particles of an atoms?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "protons, neutrons, electrons"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Can you create an atom with Atomic Number equal to 2? Click the red submit button once you think you have it correct."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Put the following onto the holotable:\\n- 2 protons- 2 electrons\\n\\n*You can click the red button after only those because it will put on the neutrons for you!"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Can you create an atom with Mass Number of 3 and a neutral charge? Click the red submit button when you think you have it correct."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Put the following onto the holotable:\\n- 2 protons- 2 electrons- 1 neutron\\n\\n*You can click the red button after !"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Can you turn the atom you created into a cation? Click the red submit button once you are done."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Just take off one electron from the diagram\\n\\n*You can click the red button after!"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Are the atoms in this image the isotopes of the same element?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "No, since they don't have the same Atomic number"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What is the atomic number of lithium?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "3, equal to the number of protons"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Lithium proton and neutrons?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "4\\n Li\\n3"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "I identified an element with atomic number equal to six in the samples you brought back. What element is it?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Carbon"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "We have found 2 isotopes of carbon in our samples, the first with mass number 14 and the second with mass number 12. how many neutrons are in each of the isotopes?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The first has 8 neutrons and the second has 6 neutrons"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "The second element I identified has 26 protons but only 23 electrons. Can you tell me the name of it after consulting the periodic table?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "It is a cation of iron"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What were the early theories of matter?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Matter was composed of earth, water, air, and fire. It was also commonly accepted that matter could be endlessly divided into smaller and smaller pieces"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Why were Democritus's ideas rejected by other philosophers of his time?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Because he could not answer the questions proposed"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What were Democritus's ideas?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "-He believed matter was made up of tiny individual particles called atomos, from which the English word atom is derived. \\n-Democritus believed that atoms could not be created, destroyed, or further divided. \\n-matter was not infinitely divisible"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What did Dalton Believe about matter?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "-All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms\\n-All atoms of a given element are identical, having the same size, mass, and chemical properties. Atoms of a specific element are different from those of any other element\\n-Atoms cannot be created, divided into smaller particles, or destroyed.\\n-Different atoms combine in simple whole-number ratios to form compounds\\n-In a chemical reaction, atoms are separated, combined, or rearranged."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which statements in Dalton's original atomic theory are now considered to be correct? Incorrect?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "-Dalton was wrong about atoms being indivisible (they are divisible into several subatomic particles) and about all atoms of a given element having identical properties (atoms of an element may have slightly different masses)"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How did Democritus's method hamper the acceptance of his ideas? How did Dalton's method foster the acceptance of his ideas?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "-Dalton revived and revised Democritus's ideas base upon the results of scientific research he conducted"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What does the term \"stable\" mean?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "happy\\n\\nfull shelf"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "how many elements are naturally occurring"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "90%"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "how many elements are essential to life"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "25"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which of the following statements is part of Democritus's theory about atoms?\\na. atoms are the smallest piece of matter\\nb. atoms are always standing still\\nc. atoms join together to form different materials"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "a. atoms are the smallest piece of matter"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "We know that Democritus was right about atoms. So why did people ignore Democritus's ideas for such a long time?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "No proof"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How did Dalton think atoms formed new substances?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Atoms combined with other atoms"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which of the following statements is NOT part of Rutherford's revision of his former teacher's atomic theory?\\na. Atoms are made mostly of empty space\\nb. the nucleus is a dense, charged center of the atom\\nc. Lightweight, negative electrons move in the nucleus\\nd. Most of an atoms mass is in the nucleus\\ne. the diameter of the nucleus of an atom is 10 times smaller than the diameter of the atom"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "c. Lightweight, negative electrons move in the nucleus"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What are the three basic components (particles) that make up the atom?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "-Protons\\n-Neutrons\\n-Electrons"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What are the two main regions of the atom called"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "-Electron Cloud=Negative Charge\\n-Nucleus=Positive Charge"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How does the size of the nucleus compare to the size of the atom?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "It is very small. 10,000 x the size of the atom."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What holds the electrons and the nucleus together?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Electrical forces."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What are the charges on the electron, the proton and the neutron?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "1. Negative one charge\\n2. Positive one charge\\n3. Zero (neutral)"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Why is the overall charge of the atom neutral?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Because the number of protons equal the number of electrons."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What did Rutherford's \"Gold Foil\" experiment show?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "It showed that the some of the particles had a positively charged large nucleus."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "When two atoms meet, what parts of the atom interact?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The electrons."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Electrons, found outside the nucleus form clouds. What are the letters and shapes of two electrons described in the video? What is the relative energy of the two clouds? Fill in the table below."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Letter Designation of the Cloud: \\n1.P-cloud\\n2.S-cloud\\n\\nShape of the Cloud\\n1. Hour glass\\n2. Sphere\\n\\nRelative Energy of the Clouds:\\n1. Higher Energy \\n2. Lower Energy"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "When electrons absorb energy and move to a higher energy state, they eventually give up that energy and move to a lower state, what happens when electrons make that transition?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "They change from an S-shape cloud to a P-shape cloud. It had a flashing light."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How to find how many neutrons are in an atom?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Subtract the atomic number from the atomic mass"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What is a coefficient?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "A number placed in front of a chemical symbol or formula"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What is a subscript?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "a number written below and to the right of a chemical symbol"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Cathode rays are made of?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Electrons"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Why do electrons from the negative end of the tube move to the positive end?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Opposites attract"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What was Thompson working with when he discovered cathode rays?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Magnets"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Why could Bohr's model be called a planetary model of the atom?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Planted orbited the sun like electrons orbit the nucleus"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What did Rutherford discover in his experiment?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Nucleus"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "In which model are atoms imagined as tiny balls?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Dalton"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Who proposed a model with electrons moving in specific layers?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Bohr"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What does atom mean?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Indivisible"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "In which model are atoms are imagined as the solar system?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Bohr"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What are the two subatomic particles found in the nucleus?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "protons and neutrons"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What is the symbol for an atom containing 20 protons and 22 neutrons?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Ca"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What is the total number of protons in an atom of 36Cl?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "17"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "In which pair does each atom have the same number of neutrons?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "15N and 16O"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What is the total number of neutrons in an atom of 19F?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "10"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which particle is electrically neutral?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "neutron"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which pair of atoms are isotopes of element x?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "226 91X and 227 91X"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which pair of elements are isotopes?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "40 19K and 42 19K"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "An isotope of which element has an atomic number of 6 and a mass number of 14?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "carbon"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What is the total number of electrons in a Mg atom?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "12"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How many electrons are in a neutral atom of 7 3Li?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "3"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What is the mass number of an ion that consists of 20 protons, 20 neutrons, and 18 electrons?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "40"
}
] |