instruction
stringlengths 11
3.5k
| context
stringlengths 15
23.5k
| response
stringlengths 2
26k
|
|---|---|---|
From the passage provided, extract the average altitude in miles that the ISS orbits at. | The ISS programme evolved from the Space Station Freedom, a 1984 American proposal to construct a permanently crewed Earth-orbiting station, and the contemporaneous Soviet/Russian Mir-2 proposal from 1976 with similar aims. The ISS is the ninth space station to be inhabited by crews, following the Soviet and later Russian Salyut, Almaz, and Mir stations and the American Skylab. It is the largest artificial object in the solar system and the largest satellite in low Earth orbit, regularly visible to the naked eye from Earth's surface. It maintains an orbit with an average altitude of 400 kilometres (250 mi) by means of reboost manoeuvres using the engines of the Zvezda Service Module or visiting spacecraft. The ISS circles the Earth in roughly 93 minutes, completing 15.5 orbits per day. | The ISS orbits the Earth at an average altitude of 250 miles. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Dusan Tadic ensured that Southampton remain the spot-kick kings of the Premier League with his penalty against Chelsea on Sunday. The Saints have a near perfect record when it comes to penalties in the Premier League era, scoring 52 of their 55 kicks for a 95 per cent success rate. During their time in the Premier League they have had two of the best penalty takers around. In the 1990s and early 2000s, Matt Le Tissier was the designated penalty taker – and his career record was 47 goals from 48 kicks - which is one reason why their record is so impressive. Dusan Tadic scores from the spot against Chelsea - Southampton's 52nd success in the Premier League era . Matt Le Tissier only missed one penalty during his career - against Nottingham Forest in 1993 . His sole failure to score came in March 1993 in a match against Nottingham Forest, his effort being saved by keeper Mark Crossley. Since promotion back to the Premier League in 2012 they had Rickie Lambert with a perfect record from the spot - six from six in the Premier League before his transfer to Liverpool. Of the teams who have been ever present in the Premier League since its inception back in 1992, Chelsea have the best record with a success rate of 88 per cent (99 goals from 113 penalties). Dennis Wise beats Everton keeper Neville Southall from 12 yards back in 1997 . Manchester United's Eric Cantona was one of the most accurate penalty takers in the Premier League . Spurs forward Harry Kane sees his penalty saved by West Ham goalkeeper Adrian earlier this season . Liverpool have been awarded the most penalties of all the clubs that have been in the Premier League since the first season with 132 - of which they scored 101 (77 per cent success rate). Aston Villa have scored just 64 of their 95 spot kicks (67 per cent) since 1992 – the lowest of the ever-present teams. Manchester United have had some excellent penalty takers over the years with Eric Cantona, Ruud van Nistelrooy and Cristiano Ronaldo all proving lethal from 12 yards – but they are down in mid-table with 77 per cent (89 goals from 116 attempts) QPR are struggling at the bottom of the table and they have the worst penalty record from their years in the Premier League with just 12 goals from their 18 attempts (67 per cent). VIDEO Mixed feelings for Mourinho over Saints draw . | Southampton have scored 52 of their 55 penalties in the Premier League . Chelsea have the best record of teams ever present in top flight since 1992 . QPR have the worst record from the spot of current Premier League sides . CLICK HERE for all the latest Premier League news . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | As a famous soap star in her home country, Mexican First Lady Angelica Rivera must have felt right at home during one highlight of her trip to the UK. Last night the glamorous wife of President Enrique Pena Nieto was feted at Buckingham Palace and today she dropped in on another famous stately home - Downton Abbey - to meet the stars of the costume drama. Perhaps the visit signals a new acting role for the 45-year-old beauty, who was joined on set by an elegant-looking Sophie, Countess of Wessex? Scroll down for video . Mexico's First Lady Angelica Rivera (third left) is joined by Sophie, Countess of Wessex (fourth right) on a visit to meet the cast of Downton Abbey, from left to right: Elizabeth McGovern, Hugh Bonneville, Laura Carmichael, Michelle Dockery and Sophie McShera . Ms Rivera holds a bouquet of flowers at the Corporation of City of London banquet at the Guildhall . Ms Rivera looked chic in a tailored black jacket with a bold black and white gingham fishtail knee-length skirt. The mother-of-three, who is famous in Latin America for playing La Gaviota - the seagull - in the hit Mexcian soap opera Distilling Love, carried a patent leather bag and wore her hair loose. Sophie looked classic and elegant in a Prada coat that she wore for the first time on her 50th birthday in January. She teamed it with Bruce Oldfield high heeled courts, a Sophie Habsburg Design bag called Moneypenny in burgundy and a Jaeger-LeCoultre Reverso watch. Her gold UFO earrings are favourites that she's worn on several occasions since 2005. The royal and Ms Rivera posed for a picture with Elizabeth McGovern, who plays Lady Cora, Hugh Bonneville aka the Earl of Grantham, Laura Carmichael who plays Lady Edith, Lady Mary actress Michelle Dockery and Sophie McShera who plays Daisy. It's not the first time Sophie has visited the set and the show's cast members have supported the Countess at events for Tomorrow's People, a charity helping disadvantaged people. Ms Rivera holds a bunch of flowers at the Lord Mayor of the City's dinner at the Guildhall . Angelica shows off her low, loose plait as she talks to Lord Mayor's wife Gilly Yarrow . Angelica and Lord Mayor's wife Gilly Yarrow talk before the official dinner at the historic Guildhall . Ms Rivera is welcomed by Gilly Yarrow (far left0, wife of the Lord Mayor of London . Angelica Rivera signs the Distinguished Visitors Book next to Gilly Yarrow, wife of the Lord Mayor of London Alan Yarrow, and her husband Mexican president Enrique Pena Nieto . In November, the Countess attended a Tomorrow's People fundraiser at St George's church, London, with Downton stars including Laura Carmichael, Jim Carter and Penelope Wilton. However today's visit was a private one as she didn't announce it or post it on her royal diary. Ms Rivera then followed her day out on set with another lavish black tie event, this time at London's Guildhall with her husband who was resplendent in white tie and tails and a sash. The banquet is being thrown in their honour by the Lord Mayor and the City of London Corporation. Once again his wife showed off her impeccable taste with a floor-length black gown and a matching flowing evening jacket, trimmed with fur. As ever her jewellery was kept simple and her loose up-do showed off two dangling diamond earrings. Last night, Ms Rivera and her husband were the guests of honour of the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh at a state dinner at Buckingham Palace. Ms Rivera and her husband President Enrique Pena Nieto were guests of honour at a banquet at the Guildhall . President Nieto and his glamorous wife arrive at the dinner held by the City of London Corporation . The couple have had a busy three days of official events including a state banquet last night . They were joined by the Prince of Wales, the Duchess of Cornwall, the Princess Royal and the Duke of York at the lavish event and dined on a menu of noisettes of Windsor estate lamb and spiced chocolate torte. Hollywood actress Salma Hayek was among the 170 guests and seated between Chancellor George Osborne and Cabinet Secretary and Head of the Civil Service Sir Jeremy Heywood on the horseshoe-shaped table, which was decorated with gold candelabra and elaborate pink, red, purple and green floral displays. Ms Rivera, who was seated between Philip and Prince Charles, was dressed in an asymmetric off-the-shoulder scarlet floor-length gown which co-ordinated with her husband's ceremonial sash. The Queen and Prince Philip hosted President Nieto and his wife Ms Rivera at Buckingham Palace last night . The couple looked elegant at the royal do and Ms Rivera's dress colour co-ordinated with her husband's sash . After a ceremonial welcome on Horse Guards Parade on Monday, the president and the first lady joined the Queen, Philip, Charles, Camilla, Andrew and the Duke and Duchess of Gloucester for lunch in the Blue Drawing Room before going on to view an exhibition of Mexican items from the Royal Collection in the Picture Gallery. Among the exhibits was an embroidered leather and wood horse saddle which was presented to Philip when the monarch and the Duke watched a display of horsemanship during a state visit to the Latin American nation in 1975. The Duke patted the top of the saddle, which is engraved with the name 'Principe Felipe' in his honour as he spoke to Ms Rivera through an interpreter. At an exchange of gifts, the Queen gave the president a copy of a 17th century Adriaen van Diest painting of Buckingham House and a pair of silver framed photographs of herself and Philip. The first lady was given a Linley box. Ms Rivera laughed and joked with Prince Philip as he showed them a Mexican saddle engraved with 'Principe Felipe' - his name in Spanish - dating back to a 1975 visit to the Latin American country . Wearing a pristine white fit and flare tailore coat with black heels and fascinator, Ms Rivera is helped out of her car by a royal footman in full uniform . | Angelica Rivera is in Britain with husband President Enrique Pena Nieto . Mexican leader and his former soap star wife arrived on Monday . Were honoured yesterday by the Queen and Prince Philip with state dinner . Tonight they attended another lavish banquet, at the Guildhall, London . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Those hoping to live out their 90s fantasies and become a modern-day Fresh Prince of Bel Air can now do just that in this stunning mansion - as long as they've got $22million to spare. The 32-room house is certainly not to be sniffed at, with 10 bedrooms and 12 bathrooms - not to mention a waterslide which takes you from inside the house straight into one of the two pools. But that's not all you get for the eye-watering asking price - which equates to £14,212,800. Scroll down for video . Eye-watering: Those with a spare $22million can purchase this two-storey, 32-room home . Lavish: The mansion was built in 2009, and has enough gold leaf and chandeliers to put Versailles to shame . Opulent: Guests can be entertained in splendor in one of the many rooms of the home . Water feature: This slide begins indoors - so the new owner can get to the pool without going outside first . Indeed, this glamorous mansion actually puts the one featured in hit comedy The Fresh Prince to shame. For a start, that house only has five bedrooms and just one pool and is only worth an estimated $8,391,854. What's more, it isn't even in Bel Air, but in the similarly affluent neighboring Brentwood - once home to the likes of Anna Nicole Smith and Arnold Schwarzenegger. In contrast, Bel Air was once the home of Elizabeth Taylor. Built just six years ago in 2009, the mansion's décor echoes the Palace of Versailles with huge chandeliers, mirrors and gold leaf from ceiling to floor. What's more, just like the Banks family home in the 90s sitcom, the house is covered in marble and has its own gym. And for those who don't fancy climbing the sweeping staircase to the home's second floor to one of the four main bedrooms, there is a lift. Tired: The sweeping staircase leads to the four main bedrooms in the house - although there is a lift as well . Choices: There are two 'lagoon-style' pools to chose from in this 6,767 square metre property . Top of the range: The kitchen - which is suitably sumptuous - is fitted out with Meile appliances . Space: The new owner will be able to relax in style with rooms looking out over the garden . Stunning: The house also boasts views out across the exapnse of Los Angeles . Secluded: The home is behind electric gates, which means the owner can relax easily . Each of the four main bedrooms comes with its own individually designed bathroom, while the kitchen is filled with top-of-the-range Miele appliances. It also boasts a 'grotto-style' spa and a racquetball court, and a five bedroom pool house so guests can enjoy their own taste of luxury in the comfort of their own space. However, it does have one definite downside: the listing bizarrely boasts that it also comes with a 'mother-in-law'. Exclusive: The house is in one of Los Angeles' most expensive areas - an area once home to Elizabeth Taylor . Platial: The architect and designer have used gold leaf and copious amounts of marble throughout . Empty: The mansion's wine cellar is ready and waiting to be filled with the finest vintages . Room: The pool house alone boasts five bedrooms - which means there is plenty of space for guests . Exercise: If the pools and racquet courts are not to your fancy, you can try out the home's private gym . Individual: Each of the four bedrooms gets its own uniquely designed bathroom, like this one . A spokesperson for LuxuryEstate.com, which is selling the property, said: 'This house is fit for royalty. The master suite boasts large closets, a spa-styled tub and gorgeous views of the backyard. 'It's ideal for large scale entertaining and has panoramic city to ocean views as well as manicured lawns. 'The house provides an unmatched feeling of luxury and perfection.' Spa: The house also has its own 'grotto-style' spa, for those who grow bored of the two other pools . | Los Angeles mansion also boasts a wine store and a racquetball court . Lavishly decorated home has 10 bedrooms, 12 bathrooms and its own gym . It also has a lift for those who are too tired to climb the stairs to bed . But there is seemingly a downside for those who can afford its cost: the house is advertised as coming with its own outdoor 'mother-in-law' |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Former Gloucester and Sale boss Bryan Redpath has been appointed as the new head coach of Greene King IPA Championship club Yorkshire Carnegie on a two-year contract. The 44-year-old former Scotland international will join the Leeds club with immediate effect, 24 hours after leaving Sale, and becomes their fourth head coach in a year following the departures of James Lowes, Gary Mercer and Tommy McGee. Executive president Sir Ian McGeechan, who has been in temporary charge, said: 'We are delighted to have secured a coach of the calibre of Bryan for Yorkshire Carnegie. Former Gloucester and Sale boss Bryan Redpath has been named as Yorkshire Carnegie's new head coach . Yorkshire Carnegie's executive president Sir Ian McGeechan was thrilled to have secured Redpath . 'He is someone I have known well for many years and I can see that the same drive and passion he had as a player has been carried through into his coaching career.' Redpath said: 'I am excited about the massive opportunity and challenge we have here at Yorkshire Carnegie. 'There is a clear vision for what the club wants to do over the next few years and I want to be part of that project.' Redpath evades the tackle of Leicester's Harry Ellis during his playing days for Sale back in 2004 . | Bryan Redpath will join the Leeds club with immediate effect . The 44-year-old former Scotland international has signed a two-year deal . Redpath joins the clubs just 24 hours after leaving his post at Sale Sharks . Bristol are currently second in the Greene King IPA Championship . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Wayne Rooney has backed Harry Kane to impress should he make his England debut in Friday night's European Championship qualifier with Lithuania at Wembley. The Tottenham Hotspur forward, who has scored 29 goals in all competitions this campaign, has been called up to the senior national squad for the first time. And England captain Rooney believes the 21-year-old has what it takes to succeed on the international stage. Wayne Rooney has backed Harry Kane (left) to prosper at international level ahead of a possible England bow . Kane sets off in pursuit of Rooney during England's training session in Enfield on Thursday . Hodgson pictured during England's final training session before the Lithuania qualifier on Friday night . Ray Lewington shows Roy Hodgson some notes during Thursday morning's training session . 'His season has been incredible, it's his first year in the Premier League and to score the goals, his performances have been excellent,' he said. 'He fully deserves the call-up. We've seen that he's a goalscorer, if he gets a chance he can finish. It's great for English football. 'He's been on a different route to me and he's having a tremendous season. 'If there's anything I can help him with then I'm here but at the minute he's doing well. I'm sure he's got family and friends around him to keep his feet on the ground. 'If he keeps doing what he's doing, he'll have no problems.' Kane, in the England squad for the first time, fires in a shot during training at Enfield . Manchester City goalkeeper Joe Hart gets down to make a save during training at Enfield . Rooney, the captain, carries the ball forward during a practice match in training on Thursday . Danny Welbeck is hoping to retain his place in the England starting XI for the match against Lithuania . England enter their qualifier with a 100 per cent record in Group E and then travel to Turin to play Italy in a friendly on Tuesday night. Manager Roy Hodgson confirmed that Kane would make his full Three Lions debut in one of the matches but gave nothing else away. He said: 'I'm not prepared to reveal the line-up. I've been very happy with Harry Kane this week. He's done well. 'He's not in any way damaged his chances of playing in the senior teams and I am sure over the course of the two games we will see him make his full debut. 'We'll see if that's from the start against Lithuania or on Tuesday or coming on as a substitute.' Gary Neville leads the session as Rooney and Kane watch on . Rooney scans for options on the training pitch as first time call-up Harry Kane looks on . Kane issues instructions in training as the Tottenham hotshot prepares to make his England debut . Hodgson, who will hold contract talks with Football Association chairman Greg Dyke within the next year, has welcomed the selection decisions presented to him by the current England squad. He said: 'There's quite a lot of tight decisions. I welcome tight decisions. If we're to progress and get better, we need competition in all areas. 'It's nice to see Kyle Walker back after injuries. The centre backs Chris Smalling and Phil Jones, who have missed part of the season, are doing well. 'The competition is hotting up - except in the goalkeeping area. We thought we had three top-class goalkeepers and now we only have one.' That follows the withdrawal of Southampton's Fraser Forster with a serious knee injury that could rule him out for the rest of the season. Hodgson and Rooney at the pre-match press conference at Tottenham's training ground on Thursday . The England squad arrive for their final training session ahead of the Lithuania qualifier . Goalkeeper Jack Butland makes a save during training . Hodgson called Queens Park Rangers stopper Rob Green and Stoke's Jack Butland into his squad to compensate for Forster's absence, which he described as 'devastating.' He added: 'We've been in touch. There's not much we can do to cheer him up.' As he prepares to win his 102nd England cap against Lithuania, Rooney was asked whether assuming the captain's armband last year had changed him. He replied: 'I had huge boots to fill taking over from Steven Gerrard and you learn things along the way. I knew I wouldn't make all the right decisions along the way. 'It's a different experience but the players have reacted well and we're winning games. I'm pleased with the job I've done. Hopefully that can continue and we keep winning games.' | England captain says Harry Kane's form is 'great for English football' Tottenham hotshot could make his senior England debut against Lithuania . Kane has scored 29 times for his club this season . 'His season has been incredible,' said Manchester United's Wayne Rooney . Roy Hodgson said Kane would make debut either against Lithuania or Italy . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Ten-man Roma scored a late equalizer to salvage a 1-1 draw with Juventus on Monday and keep alive their faint Serie A title hopes. Former Barcelona midfielder Seydou Keita headed in following a free-kick in the 78th minute at the Stadio Olimpico after Carlos Tevez had given Juventus the lead 14 minutes earlier with a curling free-kick. Tevez's goal came shortly after Vasilios Torosidis was shown a second yellow card for a debatable foul on Arturo Vidal, marking the fourth red for Roma in their last four Serie A meetings with Juventus. Seydou Keita rose highest at the back post to head the home side level with just over 10 minutes to play . Keita turns away in celebration after heading his side's equaliser as Gianluigi Buffon pics the ball out the net . The former Barcelona midfielder celebrates with former Arsenal striker Gervinho . The latest red card could revive the controversy that followed the teams' first meeting this season in October, which Juventus won 3-2 with the aid of glaring refereeing errors. The rematch was a physical test that saw 11 yellow cards brandished. It marked Roma's sixth consecutive draw at home and the Giallorossi's seventh stalemate in their last eight matches. 'We needed three points and nothing else,' Keita said. Juventus maintain a nine-point lead over Roma with 13 rounds remaining, while Roma moved four points ahead of third-place Napoli in the race for a direct Champions League berth. 'I'm pleased with what we did until the 70th minute,' Juventus coach Massimiliano Allegri said. 'In the second half we improved a lot, we took the lead, but then we stopped playing. 'The season still has a long way to go and we're going to have to win more matches, especially on the road. We took a step forward but we're still far from reaching our goal.' Carlos Tevez gives the visitors the lead with a sublime free kick after Roma were reduced to 10 men . Tevez lifts his shirt as he runs towards the travelling support to celebrate his stunning free kick . The former Manchester City striker celebrates his strike with team=mate Leonardo Bonucci . Vasilis Torosidis was sent off for Roma and Tevez struck from the resulting free kick . 'Down a goal with 10 men, a reaction like that shows the squad is alive and has personality and character,' Roma coach Rudi Garcia said. 'Now we've got to focus on defending second place. 'The match was very tactical with the goals coming from set pieces.' The match started 15 minutes late to show solidarity for crisis-hit Parma, who are on the verge of financial failure and have had their last two matches postponed indefinitely. Neither side produced clear chances in a tense and physical first-half that saw no shots on goal. The closest either team came to scoring early on came when Kostas Manolas intercepted a cross from Alvaro Morata and nearly redirected it into his own net in the 22nd minute. On the half-hour mark, Keita couldn't take advantage of a close-range opportunity and goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon quickly collected the danger. Roma XI (4-3-3): De Sanctis, Torosidis, Manolas, Yanga Mbiwa, Cholevas, Pjanic, De Rossi (Nainggolan 73), Keita, Gervinho, Totti (Iturbe 71), Ljajic (Florenzi 65) Subs not used: Skorupski, Curci, Astori, Spolli, Cole, Paredes, Ucan, Sanabria, Verde . Scorer(s): Keita 78 . Booked: De Rossi, Pjanic, Yanga Mbiwa . Sent off: Torosidis 63 . Juventus XI (3-5-2): Buffon, Caceres, Bonucci, Chiellini, Evra, Lichtsteiner (Padoin 90), Vidal, Marchisio, Pereyra, Tevez, Morata (Coman 84) Subs not used: Storari, Rubinho, Barzagli, Ogbonna, De Ceglie, Pogba, Pepe, Llorente, Matri . Scorer(s): Tevez 64 . Booked: Evra, Morata . Referee: D Orsato . Former Manchester united left back Patrice Evra tangles with Roma midfielder Miralem Pjanic . Former Arsenal forward Gervinho (right) tries to escape the challenge of Giorgio Chiellini . Juventus manager Max Allegri issues instructions to his players from the sidelines . Juventus winger Roberto Pereyra dribbled past three defenders to set up Tevez in the 42nd but the Argentine's shot was deflected wide. Both sides came out with more aggression for the second-half and a long, angled shot from Vidal went just wide in the 50th. It wasn't until just after the hour mark, though, that the course of the match changed. That was when Torosidis was penalised for what appeared to be a light touch on Vidal. With Juve free-kick specialist Andrea Pirlo missing due to injury, Tevez stepped up, and curled the resulting free-kick over Roma's wall and inside the left post from 22 yards. Roma goalkeeper Morgan De Sanctis was left rooted as the ball sailed past him into the net. The home crowd set off flares as they wave flags during the top of the table clash on Monday night . Roma legend Totti makes his way out for the warm-up ahead of kick off at the Olympic Stadium, Rome . It was Tevez's 15th goal of the season, moving one ahead of Inter Milan's Mauro Icardi atop the league scoring chart. Buffon then preserved the lead by pushing wide a header from Manolas in the 72nd. In the 77th, Juventus defender Giorgio Chiellini - the recipient of Luis Suarez's bite at the World Cup - was shown a yellow for a foul on Roma substitute Juan Iturbe just outside the area on the right flank. Florenzi's ensuing free kick was redirected by Keita beyond the reach of Buffon with Juventus midfielder Claudio Marchisio claiming the last touch in a failed attempt to deny the goal-bound effort. | Roma held Juventus to a 1-1 draw in the top-of-the-table clash . Roma defender Vasilis Torosidis was sent off for a second bookable . Carlos Tevez gave visitors the lead with brilliant free kick after 64 minutes . Seydou Keita equalised for the home side with just over 10 minutes left . |
What are the three bands of Bay Miwok Native Americans associated with the area of Walnut Creek as per the passage. Display the results in a bulleted format. | Walnut Creek is a city in Contra Costa County, California, United States, located in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area, about 16 miles (26 kilometers) east of the city of Oakland. With a total population of 70,127 per the 2020 census, Walnut Creek serves as a vibrant hub for its neighboring cities because of its location at the junction of the highways from Sacramento and San Jose (I-680) and San Francisco/Oakland (SR-24), and its accessibility by BART. Its active downtown neighborhood features hundred-year-old buildings and extensive high-end retail establishments. The city shares its borders with Clayton, Lafayette, Alamo, Pleasant Hill, and Concord.
Downtown Walnut CreekThere are three bands of Bay Miwok Native Americans associated with the area of Walnut Creek (the stream for which the city is named): the Saclan, whose territory extended through the hills east of present-day cities of Oakland, Rossmoor, Lafayette, Moraga and Walnut Creek; the Volvon (also spelled Bolbon, Wolwon or Zuicun), who were near Mt. Diablo; and the Tactan, located on the San Ramon Creek in present-day Danville and Walnut Creek.The city of Walnut Creek has developed within the earlier area of four extensive Mexican land grants. One of these land grants – measuring 18,000 acres (73 km2) – belonged to Juana Sanchez de Pacheco. The grant was called Rancho Arroyo de Las Nueces y Bolbones, named after the principal waterway, Arroyo de las Nueces (Walnut Creek in English), and for the local group of Volvon indigenous Americans (also known as Bolbones in Spanish). The Arroyo de las Nueces was named for the local species of walnut tree, the California Walnut. The two grandsons of Sanchez de Pacheco inherited the thousands of acres of land. One, Ygnacio Sibrian, built the first roofed home in the valley in about 1850. | Saclan
Volvon
Tactan |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | A Florida teacher is facing suspension for calling a 14-year-old Muslim student 'rag-head Taliban'. Deyab-Houssein Wardani, from Weston, said Maria Valdes first called him names in his French class at Cypress Bay High School last month when he walked in wearing a hooded sweater. 'And she said, "Oh, no, the Taliban is here",' he told WSVN. 'And at first I took it as a joke because I didn't really know what Taliban was. 'I raised my hand, and she said, "Yes, Taliban", and everyone just kind of laughed.' Over the next several days, the 64-year-old teacher, who often nicknames her students, continued referring to Deyab-Houssein as 'Taliban' - even calling him 'rag-head Taliban'. Scroll down for video . Hurt: Muslim student Deyab-Houssein Wardani, left, was repeatedly called 'Taliban' by his French teacher, to the anger of his father, Youssef Wardani, right. They have called for the teacher to be fired or suspended . The teenager, who is an honor role student and a Boy Scout, asked his parents what the word meant, and they were shocked when they learned where he had heard it. 'He's a 14-year-old boy,' his father Youssef Wardani, a Lebanese immigrant whose wife is from Morocco, told CBS Miami. 'He should not have to worry about these kind of actions from a teacher in a class in a school and in a state that advertises diversity.' The parents contacted the assistant principal of the school, and when asked about the name-calling, Mrs Valdes admitted that she had called their son 'rag-head Taliban', WSVN reported. The school then told the Wardanis that their son could move into another French class. 'Seriously!!' Mr Wardani wrote on a Facebook page detailing the incident 'She does the crime and he is the one to be punished.' Accomplished: The Wardani family, right, said their 14-year-old son 'DH' is a hard-working Boy Scout and honor roll student who should not have to worry about such name-calling - especially from a teacher . And when Mr Wardani asked the teacher about what she had said, her response was less than reassuring, he wrote on Facebook. 'She responded with huffing and puffing accompanied with rolling eyes and arrogance,' he wrote. 'She showed no remorse whatsoever!' He said that at first he only wanted an apology, but now he is calling for the teacher to be fired or suspended without pay for a year. Broward County Public Schools has launched an investigation into the incident. 'This situation is being taken seriously,' it said in a statement. 'The district launched an immediate investigation into the matter and will be bringing forward to the school board in March a recommendation for disciplinary action regarding this situation.' Taking action: Administrators at Cypress Bay High School said they are investigating. They will reportedly not fire the teacher but could suspend her for five days - but the Wardanis say that is not enough . CBS reported that the teacher, who has worked for the district for 11 years and has no prior disciplinary record, will not be fired but could face a suspension. Mr Wardani said he was told she would be suspended for five days - but he said that is not enough. The school district is expected to take disciplinary action during a meeting on March 17. In the meantime, Deyab-Houssein, who is known to friends and family as 'DH', has been returning to the same French class but admits it's awkward now. 'I am extremely disappointed with her, and I guess you could say it's sad that someone would think like that to this day,' the boy said. | Deyab-Houssein Wardani said his French teacher, Maria Valdes, 64, called him 'Taliban' when he walked into class at Cypress Bay High last month . She called him the name repeatedly, inciting laughter from other students . When he asked his parents what the word meant, they contacted the school who said the boy could switch classes . But the parents called for the teacher to be fired or suspended and an investigation has been launched . The school has told them Mrs Valdes could be fired for five days but the issue will be heard at a district board meeting later this month . |
Extract the names of the the Handler family from these passages | Ruth Handler watched her daughter Barbara play with paper dolls, and noticed that she often enjoyed giving them adult roles. At the time, most children's toy dolls were representations of infants. Realizing that there could be a gap in the market, Handler suggested the idea of an adult-bodied doll to her husband Elliot, a co-founder of the Mattel toy company. He was unenthusiastic about the idea, as were Mattel's directors.
During a trip to Europe in 1956 with her children Barbara and Kenneth, Ruth Handler came across a German toy doll called Bild Lilli. The adult-figured doll was exactly what Handler had in mind, so she purchased three of them. She gave one to her daughter and took the others back to Mattel. The Lilli doll was based on a popular character appearing in a comic strip drawn by Reinhard Beuthin for the newspaper Bild. Lilli was a blonde bombshell, a working girl who knew what she wanted and was not above using men to get it. The Lilli doll was first sold in Germany in 1955, and although it was initially sold to adults, it became popular with children who enjoyed dressing her up in outfits that were available separately. | Ruth Handler, Barbara Handler, Elliot Handler, Kenneth Handler |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | It was a privilege to watch Lionel Messi on Wednesday when he produced a performance that will live long in the memory. There have been times over the last 12 months, particularly at the World Cup, when I wondered whether we had seen the best of him but what he did against Manchester City was magnificent proof that he is still the best around. What he did to City — and the way he has played since Christmas — makes me think he has jumped back above Cristiano Ronaldo in their struggle to be football’s No 1. It will make their battle in this weekend’s Clasico even more intriguing. Lionel Messi was in inspired form against Manchester City and proved he is still the best around . Cristiano Ronaldo has struggled of late and Messi may have jumped back above the Real Madrid star . I am hoping that the Champions League will produce the dream final of Barcelona versus Bayern Munich — I will be in Berlin on June 6 — and it would be fascinating to see Messi in this form in a showdown against his mentor. We all saw Pep Guardiola’s reaction to Messi’s trickery during the game and, afterwards in Barcelona, I was among a group from Sky that went for some dinner when we were fortunate to bump into Bayern’s manager. He gave us a couple of moments of his time and, inevitably, Guardiola was asked whether he fancied coming up against Messi when the quarter-final draw was made. Bayern, after all, have been in outstanding form, scoring goals for fun, but his reaction was telling. ‘No! No! No!’ said Guardiola. ‘If I have to face Messi, I want it to be in one game rather than two!’ If they do happen to face each other in Berlin — and after Friday's draw it is not wrong to expect Barcelona and Bayern Munich to reach the semi-finals at least — we could safely say we will be in for a rare treat. Milner slides as Messi nutmegs him and goes the opposite way during their Champions League match . Messi slips the ball through Manchester City midfielder Milner's legs at the Nou Camp . James Milner approaches Barcelona star Messi during their Champions League tie on Wednesday . Bayern Munich manager Pep Guardiola (centre) reacts to the ridiculous skill from Messi during the match . | It was a privilege to watch Lionel Messi against Manchester City . The Argentine forward is back at his best unlike Cristiano Ronaldo . Barcelona host Real Madrid in El Clasico on Sunday at the Nou Camp . Bayern Munich manager Pep Guardiola admitted that he does not want to face Messi - his former player - over two legs in the Champions League . |
Summarise me a history of the Aches National Park creation | Humans have occupied the region since the last ice age 10,000 years ago. Fremont people and Ancestral Puebloans lived in the area until about 700 years ago. Spanish missionaries encountered Ute and Paiute tribes in the area when they first came through in 1775, but the first European-Americans to attempt settlement in the area were the Mormon Elk Mountain Mission in 1855, who soon abandoned the area. Ranchers, farmers, and prospectors later settled Moab in the neighboring Riverine Valley in the late 1870s. Word of the beauty of the surrounding rock formations spread beyond the settlement as a possible tourist destination.
The Arches area was first brought to the attention of the National Park Service by Frank A. Wadleigh, passenger traffic manager of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad. Wadleigh, accompanied by railroad photographer George L. Beam, visited the area in September 1923 at the invitation of Alexander Ringhoffer, a Hungarian-born prospector living in Salt Valley. Ringhoffer had written to the railroad to interest them in the tourist potential of a scenic area he had discovered the previous year with his two sons and a son-in-law, which he called the Devils Garden (known today as the Klondike Bluffs). Wadleigh was impressed by what Ringhoffer showed him, and suggested to Park Service director Stephen T. Mather that the area be made a national monument.
The following year, additional support for the monument idea came from Laurence Gould, a University of Michigan graduate student (and future polar explorer) studying the geology of the nearby La Sal Mountains, who was shown the scenic area by local physician Dr. J. W. "Doc" Williams.
A succession of government investigators examined the area, in part due to confusion as to the precise location. In the process, the name Devils Garden was transposed to an area on the opposite side of Salt Valley that includes Landscape Arch, the longest arch in the park. Ringhoffer's original discovery was omitted, while another area nearby, known locally as the Windows, was included. Designation of the area as a national monument was supported by the Park Service in 1926 but was resisted by President Calvin Coolidge's Interior Secretary, Hubert Work. Finally, in April 1929, shortly after his inauguration, President Herbert Hoover signed a presidential proclamation creating the Arches National Monument, consisting of two comparatively small, disconnected sections. The purpose of the reservation under the 1906 Antiquities Act was to protect the arches, spires, balanced rocks, and other sandstone formations for their scientific and educational value. The name Arches was suggested by Frank Pinkely, superintendent of the Park Service's southwestern national monuments, following a visit to the Windows section in 1925.
In late 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed a proclamation that enlarged the Arches to protect additional scenic features and permit the development of facilities to promote tourism. A small adjustment was made by President Dwight Eisenhower in 1960 to accommodate a new road alignment.
In early 1969, just before leaving office, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed a proclamation substantially enlarging the Arches. Two years later, President Richard Nixon signed legislation enacted by Congress, which significantly reduced the total area enclosed, but changed its status. Arches National Park was formally dedicated in May 1972.
In 1980, vandals attempted to use an abrasive kitchen cleanser to deface ancient petroglyphs in the park, prompting park officials to recruit physicist John F. Asmus, who specialized in using lasers to restore works of art, to use his technology to repair the damage. Asmus "zapped the panel with intense light pulses and succeeded in removing most of the cleanser". In 2016, there was another vandalism event on Frame Arch in the park, where a section if the rock was carved out. Due to advances in technology, in 2018 the arch was repaired through color match and modern infilling methods. | First Humans appeared in this region during the last ice age 10000 years ago. The first settlers began in 1775 but were abandoned before 1855 when ranchers, farmers, and prospectors settled in Moab(the closest city to the Arches). The first attention to these beautiful rock formations was broad in 1923 by Frank A. Wadleigh. Devils Garden(known as Klondike Bluffs today) got its name from a prospector from Salt Valley Alexander Ringhoffer, Devils Garden was transposed to an area on the opposite side of Salt Valley. Landscape Arch is the longest arch in the park and the fifth longest in the world!
In 1929, President Herbert Hoover signed a presidential proclamation creating the Arches National Monument to protect the arches, spires, balanced rocks, and other sandstone formations for their scientific and educational value. The name Arches was suggested by Frank Pinkely, in 1925. From 1938 multiple presidents of the United States of America signed multiple proclamations to protest scenic features and permits for road constructions in order to attract tourists into the area but only in 1972 Arches National Park was officially created.
In 1980, vandals tried to destroy ancient petroglyphs in the park, which physicist John F. Asmus restored using laser technology for restoration. In 2016, another vandalism event happened on Frame Arch a section of rocks was carved, but thanks to technology, it was restored. |
Please give me a list of popular street foods available in South Korea | Bungeoppang This fish-shaped bun filled with sweet red beans is a classic street snack. It is known to have come from Japan in the 1930s. Taiyaki which was famous in Japan became Bungeoppang. In Japanese, "Tai" means sea bream, and "yaki" means roasted. So this is a cheap street snack which imitates the more expensive Japanese food. It was the most common street food in the 1950s and 1960s, after the Japanese colonial period. It has appeared again since the 1990s. Boong o bbang.jpg
Eomuk Fish cake is a mixture of fish meat and wheat flour. The hot sauce flavored with soy sauce can be addictive to many. Eomuk is also a typical Japanese food. It used to be called oden; Japanese oden is boiled tofu, fish cake, konjac, jelly, and boiled egg on a skewer. It was after the time of enlightenment in 1876 that the eomuk tang (fish cake soup) was brought to Korea. It entered Korea at the port of Bu-san and became a widespread Korean street food. As the home of fish cake history, Busan boasts that its fish cake is the best in Korea. Eomuk-kkochi.jpg
Hotteok Hotteok is a traditional street food in South Korea. It is commonly eaten in the winter. Normally, hotteok is made of dough filled with cinnamon-flavored raw sugar. Nowadays, there are varieties of hotteok with nuts like peanuts. or a colored hotteok with green tea powder and corn flour. Hotteok.jpg
Hoppang Hoppang means steamed bun in Korean. A steamed bun is made from flour, usually from the United States, and red beans. Ingredients such as vegetables, meat, sweet pumpkin, curry and pizza are added, and additional variants on the hoppang theme are constantly being developed. It can be found both on the street and at convenience stores. Hoppang (inside).jpg
Tteokbokki Tteokbokki is stir-fried rice cake, a traditional Korean food. There is a history of food similar to tteokbokki in a book called '食療纂要' compiled at the time of Chosun, Sejo in 1460. Before kochujang tteokbokki, there was food similar to tteokbokki in the old court. In the 1800s cookbook "是議全書", there is a record that "I ate white rice cake with beef sirloin, soy sauce, onion, rice cake and so on." It re-emerged in the late 1960s, with a Kochujang (red chili paste) sauce. Tteok-bokki.jpg
Gyeran-ppang Gyeran-ppang (egg bread) is a warm street snack sold throughout South Korea. The fluffy, oblong-shaped loaf of bread is sweet and savory with a whole egg inside the pancake dough.
Gyeranppang by travel oriented.jpg
Dak-kkochi Dak-kkochi, called Korean chicken skewers, is a popular South Korean street food consisting of small pieces of chicken and scallions grilled on a skewer.
Street Food - Chicken skewers - Dakkochi (닭꼬치) (10585858164).jpg
Galbi Galbi is a term which means rib and typically come from pork or chicken. It is a popular dish where the meat is marinated with a mixture of soy sauce, garlic, sugar, and sesame seeds. It is usually placed on a stick since the stick is readily available to dispose and to cook on a grill. Of course, beef galbi can be used to make soup (galbitang) and steamed galbi (galbijjim). But these dishes, while excellent in their own right, are overshadowed by their grilled leader (Kim 2018). Galbi with bamboo leaves.jpg
Sundae Sundae is a type of blood sausage that is mixed with pig intestine and stuffed with cellophane noodles, vegetables, and meat. It's usually served cut up into bite size pieces with lung and liver from the pig on the side as a garnish. Sundae.jpg
Gunbam Gunbam is a street food that is considered one of the most popular snacks in winter. It is a roasted chestnut baked in a brazier, which tastes both savory and sweet. | Bungeoppang, Eomuk, Hotteok, Hoppang, Tteokbokki, Gyeranppang, Dak-kkochi, Galbi, Sundae, Gunbam |
Can you give me some background on Perez v. Campbell | Perez v. Campbell, 402 U.S. 637 (1971), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that Arizona's law suspending a driver's license was unconstitutional due to its conflict with the federal Bankruptcy Act under the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution.
Background
The plaintiffs, Mr. Adolfo and Mrs. Emma Perez, were licensed uninsured motorists in the state of Arizona. Insurance was not required under Arizona law. Mr. Perez was involved in a traffic accident and, unable to pay the associated costs, soon filed for bankruptcy. Arizona, under its financial responsibility laws, withdrew the Perez' licenses, and the couple filed suit in district court, where their claim was denied. The Perez family's appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit was denied, and they subsequently appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which granted certiorari. | Perez v. Campbell, 402 U.S. 637 (1971), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that Arizona's law suspending a driver's license was unconstitutional due to its conflict with the federal Bankruptcy Act under the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution.
The plaintiffs, Mr. Adolfo and Mrs. Emma Perez, were licensed uninsured motorists in the state of Arizona. Insurance was not required under Arizona law. Mr. Perez was involved in a traffic accident and, unable to pay the associated costs, soon filed for bankruptcy. Arizona, under its financial responsibility laws, withdrew the Perez' licenses, and the couple filed suit in district court, where their claim was denied. The Perez family's appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit was denied, and they subsequently appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which granted certiorari. |
Who was charged in August 1902, under the Offences against the Person Act 1861 with incitement to murder? | In August 1902, he was charged under the Offences against the Person Act 1861 with incitement to murder - during the course of a speech against an eviction - of Major-General Devinish Meares. That December, he was found guilty and sentenced to eight months' imprisonment. After the passing of the Evicted Tenants Act, 1908, some of this holding, but not his house, was returned to him | Denis Kilbride (September 1848 – 24 October 1924) was an Irish nationalist politician, who as member of the Irish Parliamentary Party represented South Kerry (1887–1895), and North Galway (1895–1900) and South Kildare (1903–1918) as a Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
He was educated at Clongowes Wood. He was evicted, along with other subtenants of the 5th Marquess of Lansdowne, was evicted from his 500-acre (2.0 km2) holding during the Luggacurran evictions, Stradbally, County Laois, in March 1887.
Kilbride's rent was 760 pounds a year, although the holding was valued at only 450. Although he was a large tenant, he and other tenants adopted the Plan of Campaign.
To raise awareness of the evictions, Kilbride travelled with William O'Brien to Canada, where the Marquess of Lansdowne was governor general, and the USA.
In August 1902, he was charged under the Offences against the Person Act 1861 with incitement to murder - during the course of a speech against an eviction - of Major-General Devinish Meares. That December, he was found guilty and sentenced to eight months' imprisonment. After the passing of the Evicted Tenants Act, 1908, some of this holding, but not his house, was returned to him.
He died at his residence in Luggacurran in 1924 aged 76 and was buried in Clopook cemetery. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Islamic State murderer Jihadi John had links to the 2005 bomb plotters who tried to blow up London's tube system just weeks after the horrific July 7 attack which killed 52 people, it has been revealed. Mohammed Emwazi, who was unmasked as Islamic State's cold-blooded executioner last week, was a member of a terror cell that was known to have links to the failed July 21, 2005 attacks on London. Documents have revealed a key figure of his London-based terror cell talked to one of the terrorists on the day of the attempted tube bombing - the would be terrorist was later jailed for life over the failed attack. Scroll down for video . Mohammed Emwazi (pictured) who was revealed as Islamic State's cold-blooded executioner Jihadi John this week, was a member of a terror cell that was known to have links to the failed July 21 attacks on London . The revelation has raised even more questions over how Emwazi, the Islamic State extremist behind the beheading of western hostages, was able to run away from Britain and the scrutiny of the security services despite being a member of the watched terror cell. Emwazi, who was brought up in west London, was subject to a no fly order and was on a terror watch list but still managed to leave without detection. It was revealed this week that he was a 'person of interest' to MI5 as a member of a cell known as The London Boys, which was set up to recruit and raise funds for Somalia-based terror group al Shabab. MI5 was also aware of Emwazi for six years before he appeared on a hostage video for the first time in August 2014. And now, even more worryingly, it has been revealed at least one member of his network had a connection with the worst terrorist atrocity to take place on British soil. The failed July 21 attacks came just two weeks after four men blew themselves up on London's tubes and a bus, killing 52 people and injuring more than 700 in 2005. CCTV footage of failed July 21 bomber Hussein Osman (circled in green) at Clapham Junction train station . Metropolitan Police footage showing Ismail Abdurahman with Hussein Osman at Vauxhall train station . Court documents seen by The Observer reveal a leading member of Emwazi's network had a phone conversation on the day of the attacks with Hussein Osman, who was later jailed for life for placing an explosive at Shepherd's Bush tube station. The documents show that security services were aware that associates of the 12-strong west London terror group had joined the four July 21 bombers at a training camp in Cumbria a year before the attempted terror attack. On Friday, Boris Johnson lashed out at Home Secretary Theresa May for watering down strict anti-terror powers which may have helped Emwazi escape the net and travel to Syria. The London Mayor accused his Tory leadership rival of giving the 'benefit of the doubt' to terror suspects like Emzawi. Mr Johnson's attack comes amid the growing controversy over who is to blame for MI5's failure to stop 'known wolf' Emwazi leaving Britain for the front line in Syria in 2013. The Government's independent reviewer of terror legislation David Anderson admitted MI5 may have 'slipped up'. But he said: 'One won't know until there's been an inquiry or a report of some kind.' But experts believe Emwazi was helped to escape Britain by his terror associates who had been allowed back to London by the Government in 2011. Mayor of London Boris Johnson (pictured right) lashed out at Home Secretary Theresa May on Friday for 'watering down' strict anti-terror powers which may have helped Emwazi escape the net and travel to Syria . It is understood that three members of Emwazi's network were made subject in 2011 to control orders brought in by the last Labour government, which meant they had to live outside London. But the control orders were disbanded by the coalition and they were instead subject to Tpims – terrorism prevention and investigation measures – which allowed them to return to London and re-engage with Emwazi. Two of the men on these weakened orders – known only as BX and CC in the court documents – aided with money, a false identity and bogus travel documents by the London jihadi cell. The power to relocate terror suspects was reintroduced a fortnight ago, under growing pressure from the security services. Mr Johnson slammed the 2011 'mistake' to scrap the 'internal exile' powers contained in Labour's control order regime. The Mayor of London said: 'We need to keep a very, very close eye on these people. 'The decision to modify the control orders, to water them down I think in retrospect looks as though it was a mistake because it is vital to be able, when you are controlling these people to be able to relocate them, to take them away from their support networks and look after them, to monitor them properly. 'We are now back on the right track and it just confirms to me the vital importance of us being able to monitor these people, to keep tabs on them, to look at what they are saying to each other in their email, their electronic contact. 'This whole thing needs to be tackled very, very robustly. 'We need to have a very strong security response that gives our people, gives our security services and the police the surveillance powers that they need.' British Journalist David Haines (pictured) who was killed by Jihadi John - believed to be Mohammed Emwazi . Labour's shadow home secretary Yvette cooper shadow backed the London Mayor's attack on Mrs May. She said: 'We warned the Government from the start not to abolish control orders. I said in Parliament many times that those relocation powers were immensely important and that removing them would make it easier for terror suspects to organise.' The Labour shadow minister added: 'At the very least, the Prime Minister should ask the Intelligence and Security Committee to examine the period following the scrapping of relocation. 'Parliament needs to know whether the legislation to alter counter terror powers affected the UK's ability to prevent people travelling to Syria. 'The Home Secretary has a duty to protect national security, so if the decisions she made on legislation against expert advice have weakened national security instead, the public and Parliament have a right to know.' A Home Office spokesman said: 'Control orders were not working and were being struck down by the courts. 'Tpims have been endorsed by the courts, counter-terrorism reviewers, the police, and the Security Service. 'Following a review of the powers available to manage the terrorist threat, the range of measures available under the TPIM Act is being extended including a measure to allow Tpim subjects to be relocated to different parts of the country. 'Additionally the Counter-Terrorism and Security Act, which became law this month, will bolster our already considerable armoury of powers to disrupt the ability of people to travel abroad to fight, reduce the risks they pose on their return and combat the underlying ideology that feeds, supports and sanctions terrorism.' | Mohammed Emwazi was revealed as Islamic State's executioner last week . He had links to the 2005 bomb plotters who tried to blow up the tube . Failed attack was due to take place just two weeks after 21/7 bombing . 52 people were killed and 700 injured in worst terror attack on British soil . Court documents reveal key member of Emwazi's watched terror cell spoke to one of the failed terrorists on the day of the attempted bombing . Revelation raises urgent questions over how Emwazi was able to leave UK . |
Describe the quantitative easing in 3 bullet points or less. | Quantitative easing (QE) is a monetary policy action where a central bank purchases predetermined amounts of government bonds or other financial assets in order to stimulate economic activity. Quantitative easing is a novel form of monetary policy that came into wide application after the financial crisis of 2007-2008. It is intended to mitigate an economic recession when inflation is very low or negative, making standard monetary policy ineffective. Quantitative tightening (QT) does the opposite, where for monetary policy reasons, a central bank sells off some portion of its holdings of government bonds or other financial assets.
Similar to conventional open-market operations used to implement monetary policy, a central bank implements quantitative easing by buying financial assets from commercial banks and other financial institutions, thus raising the prices of those financial assets and lowering their yield, while simultaneously increasing the money supply. However, in contrast to normal policy, quantitative easing usually involves the purchase of riskier or longer-term assets (rather than short-term government bonds) of predetermined amounts at a large scale, over a pre-committed period of time.
Central banks usually resort to quantitative easing when their nominal interest rate target approaches or reaches zero. Very low interest rates induce a liquidity trap, a situation where people prefer to hold cash or very liquid assets, given the low returns on other financial assets. This makes it difficult for interest rates to go below zero; monetary authorities may then use quantitative easing to further stimulate the economy rather than trying to lower the interest rate further.
Quantitative easing can help bring the economy out of recession and help ensure that inflation does not fall below the central bank's inflation target. However QE programmes are also criticized for their side-effects and risks, which include the policy being more effective than intended in acting against deflation (leading to higher inflation in the longer term), or not being effective enough if banks remain reluctant to lend and potential borrowers are unwilling to borrow. Quantitative easing has also been criticized for raising financial asset prices, contributing to inequality. Quantitative easing was undertaken by some major central banks worldwide following the global financial crisis of 2007–08, and again in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. | 1- Quantitative easing (QE) is a monetary policy action in which the government buys bonds and other assets to keep long term interest rate low to stimulate the economy.
2- It was introduced after the great financial crisis (GFC) in 2008.
3- It contributes to inequality by raising financial assets. |
Who coined the phrase "Bike-shedding" and when? | The law of triviality is C. Northcote Parkinson's 1957 argument that people within an organization commonly or typically give disproportionate weight to trivial issues. Parkinson provides the example of a fictional committee whose job was to approve the plans for a nuclear power plant spending the majority of its time on discussions about relatively minor but easy-to-grasp issues, such as what materials to use for the staff bicycle shed, while neglecting the proposed design of the plant itself, which is far more important and a far more difficult and complex task.
The law has been applied to software development and other activities. The terms bicycle-shed effect, bike-shed effect, and bike-shedding were coined based on Parkinson's example; it was popularised in the Berkeley Software Distribution community by the Danish software developer Poul-Henning Kamp in 1999 and, due to that, has since become popular within the field of software development generally.
Argument
A bicycle shed
The concept was first presented as a corollary of his broader "Parkinson's law" spoof of management. He dramatizes this "law of triviality" with the example of a committee's deliberations on an atomic reactor, contrasting it to deliberations on a bicycle shed. As he put it: "The time spent on any item of the agenda will be in inverse proportion to the sum [of money] involved." A reactor is so vastly expensive and complicated that an average person cannot understand it (see ambiguity aversion), so one assumes that those who work on it understand it. However, everyone can visualize a cheap, simple bicycle shed, so planning one can result in endless discussions because everyone involved wants to implement their own proposal and demonstrate personal contribution.
After a suggestion of building something new for the community, like a bike shed, problems arise when everyone involved argues about the details. This is a metaphor indicating that it is not necessary to argue about every little feature based simply on having the knowledge to do so. Some people have commented that the amount of noise generated by a change is inversely proportional to the complexity of the change.
The law of triviality is supported by behavioural research. People tend to spend more time on small decisions than they should, and less time on big decisions than they should. A simple explanation is that during the process of making a decision, one has to assess whether enough information has been collected to make the decision. If people make mistakes about whether they have enough information, they will tend to stop too early for big decisions. The reason is that big decisions require collecting information for a long time. It leaves more time to make a mistake (and stop) before getting enough information. Conversely, for small decisions, where people should stop early, they may continue to ponder for too long by mistake.
Related principles and formulations
There are several other principles, well-known in specific problem domains, which express a similar sentiment.
Wadler's law, named for computer scientist Philip Wadler, is a principle which asserts that the bulk of discussion on programming-language design centers on syntax (which, for purposes of the argument, is considered a solved problem), as opposed to semantics.
Sayre's law is a more general principle, which holds (among other formulations) that "In any dispute, the intensity of feeling is inversely proportional to the value of the issues at stake"; many formulations of the principle focus on academia. | The phrase "bike-shedding" was introduced in 1957 by C. Northcote Parkinson. |
Who is Géraldine Chauvet | Géraldine Chauvet is a French operatic mezzo-soprano. | Early life:She was born in Bayeux and studied music at the University of Tours, initially specializing in flute and piano. She studied singing with Udo Reinmann, later with Mezzo-soprano Grace Bumbry in Salzburg and finally with Mezzo-soprano Brigitte Fassbaender.
Career:Chauvet came to world attention in 2009, appearing in Carmen at the Arena di Verona conducted by Placido Domingo with the stage direction of Franco Zeffirelli.
In 2011 she debuted in the US, first at Avery Fisher Hall as Adriano in Rienzi by Wagner and six months later at the Metropolitan Opera House (Lincoln Center) as Sesto in La clemenza di Tito by Mozart. She also debuted in Asia : China, Japan, South Korea & United Arab Emirates performing:
Samson et Dalila as Dalila, in Seoul, together with José Cura as Samson
Carmen, in Tokyo, together with Placido Domingo as Don José, with TV Broadcast, released on DVD
Il Barbiere di Siviglia as Rosina, in Oman at the National Opera
Il Barbiere di Siviglia as Rosina, at the Pechino National Opera Beijing
Performances 2008–2019
Adalgisa in Norma at the Teatro Comunale di Bologna and the Teatro de Palma de Mallorca (2008)
Soloist in Rossini's Petite Messe Solennelle with the Fondazione Arturo Toscanini in Parma (2008)
Donna Anna in Pacini's Don Giovanni Tenorio at the Rossini in Wildbad Festival (2008)
Emilia in Rossini's Otello, Rossini in Wildbad Festival, recorded by Naxos (2008)
The title role in Carmen at Teatro Comunale Luciano Pavarotti in Modena (2009), the Ravenna Festival (2009) and the Arena di Verona (2009) conducted by Plácido Domingo
Charlotte in Werther at Teatro F.Cilea in Italy, beside Giuseppe Filianoti, conducted by Alain Guingal
Donna Elvira in Don Giovanni at the Arena of Avenches in Swisse (2009)
Rosina in Il Barbiere di Siviglia with Opera Giocosa of Savona in Italy (2009)
Carmen with Plácido Domingo as Don Josè at the Forum Halle A in Tokyo, in the Domingo Gala, released on DVD (2010)
Il diluvio universale by Donizetti at the St.Gallen Staadttheater (2010)
Requiem by Donizetti at St.Gallen Festspiele (2010)
Carmen (title role) at Arena di Verona (2010)
Adalgisa in Norma (first time in France) at Festival du Theatre Antique de Sanxay (2010)
Carmen (title role) at the Grand Theatre de Bordeaux (2010)
Il Postino (Donna Rosa) at Theater an der Wien (with Plácido Domingo as Pablo Neruda) conducted by Jesus Lopez Cobos (2010)
Carmen (title role) at the Teatro di San Carlo in Naples, Mischa van Hoecke (director), Alain Guingal (conductor), television broadcast (2011)
Carmen (title role) at "Les Soirées Lyriques de Sanxay" of the Festival de Sanxay (with Thiago Arancam and Alexander Vinogradov) (2011)
Samson et Dalila (as Dalila) with Josè Cura, Sejong Cultural Center of Seoul (September 2011)
Opera on Ice' at the Arena di Verona (broadcast in 40 Countries and released on DVD (October 2011)
Les dialogues des Carmelites (Mère Marie) at the Opéra de Massy (Mère Marie) 2012
Rienzi (Adriano), New York (2012)
Romeo et Juliettte by Berlioz, Netherlands Television Symphony Orchestra of Amsterdam and Utrecht (2012)
Nabucco (Fenena) at Washington National Opera (2012)
Zerlina in Don Giovanni, opening night of the 2012 season at the Arena di Verona,
Rienzi (Adriano) at the Theatre du Capitole de Toulouse (2012)
Sesto in La clemenza di Tito, Metropolitan Opera debut (10 December 2012)
Les Dialogues des Carmelites (Mère Marie) at the Grand Opèra de Bordeaux (January 2013)
Jenufa (Kostelnicka) at the Opéra d'Avignon (February 2013)
Verdi Requiem at the (San Antonio Symphony) in USA (May 2013)
Il Barbiere di Siviglia (Rosina) at the (Pechino Beijing Opera) in China, on 2013
Nabucco (Fenena) at the (Arena di Verona) (August 2013)
Il Barbiere di Siviglia (Rosina) at the (Muscat Theater) of Oman (September 2013)
Verdi Requiem at the (Washington Kennedy Center) in (November 2013)
Il Barbiere di Siviglia (Rosina) at the (Teatro San Carlo di Napoli) (January 2014)
Roberto Devereux (Sara) at the (New York Lincoln Center) with (Mariella Devia) (2014)
Charlotte Salomon (Franziska Kann) at the (Salzburger Festspiele) (2014)
Opera Gala at the (Festival d'Annecy) with TV Broadcast (2014)
Carmen (Lead Role) at the (New Orleans Opera) with (Bryan Hymel) (2014)
Among her Engagements in the Season 2015 – 2016 – 2017 :
La damnation de Faust as Margherita at the Opéra de Bordeaux
Hamlet as Reine Gertrude at the Opéra d'Avignon
Carmen (Lead Role) at the Washington National Opera
La Gioconda as Laura at the Theatre Municipal de Santiago de Chile (2016)
Carmen (Lead Role) at the Herodius Atticus of Athens (2016)
Gala at the Spanish Castle of Praha (TV Broadcast) (2016)
Carmen (Lead Role) at the Goteborg Sweden Opera (2017)
La Gioconda as Laura at the Malmo Operan (2017)
Cavalleria Rusticana as Santuzza at the Opera du Rhin de Strasbourg (2017)
Les Contes d'Hoffmann as Nicklauss at The Metropolitan Opera of New York (2017)
Nabucco as Fenena at Arena di Verona (2018)
Carmen (Leading Role) at Arena di Verona (2018)
UPCOMING DATES 2019
Nabucco as Fenena at Hamburg Staatsoper (2019)
Don Giovanni by Mozart, as Donna Elvira at Innsbruck Landestheater (2019)
Les Contes d'Hoffmann as Giulietta at Lausanne Opera (2019)
References: L'Arena (30 July 2009). «Carmen, il ruolo che preferisco»[permanent dead link] (in Italian) |
Given a reference text about Elk Grove, what state is it located in and about how many people live there? | Elk Grove is a city in Sacramento County, California, United States. Located just south of the state capital of Sacramento, it is part of the Sacramento–Arden-Arcade–Roseville Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2020 Census, the population of the city was 176,124. A 2021 Census estimate puts the population of the city at 178,997. Elk Grove has many wineries, wine cellars, and vineyards. Elk Grove was the fastest-growing city in the U.S. between July 1, 2004, and July 1, 2005, and is also presently the second-largest city in Sacramento County by population.
The City of Elk Grove became the first city in California to be incorporated in the 21st century. It is a general law city with a council/manager form of government. One of Elk Grove's largest employers is the Elk Grove Unified School District, which is the city's second largest employer. | Elk Grove is a city in California and has a population of about 180,000. |
What is contrafact? | Parker's style of composition involved interpolation of original melodies over existing jazz forms and standards, a practice known as contrafact and still common in jazz today. Examples include "Ornithology" (which borrows the chord progression of jazz standard "How High the Moon" and is said to be co-written with trumpet player Little Benny Harris), and "Moose The Mooche" (one of many Parker compositions based on the chord progression of "I Got Rhythm"). The practice was not uncommon prior to bebop, but it became a signature of the movement as artists began to move away from arranging popular standards and toward composing their own material. Perhaps Parker's most well-known contrafact is "Koko," which is based on the chord changes of the popular bebop tune "Cherokee," written by Ray Noble. | Contrafact is a type of jazz composition where the composer takes the basic structure of a popular song, rearranges it and provides a new melody to the song. Charlie Parker was a jazz musician and composer who used this style of composition extensively. Some of the best known examples of Parker's use of contrafact are:
"Ornithology"- Based on the popular song "How High the Moon"
"Moose the Moose"- Based on the standard "I've Got Rhythm"
"Koko"-Based on the swing standard "Cherokee" |
What is a personality test? | The origins of personality assessment date back to the 18th and 19th centuries, when personality was assessed through phrenology, the measurement of bumps on the human skull, and physiognomy, which assessed personality based on a person's outer appearances. Sir Francis Galton took another approach to assessing personality late in the 19th century. Based on the lexical hypothesis, Galton estimated the number of adjectives that described personality in the English dictionary. Galton's list was eventually refined by Louis Leon Thurstone to 60 words that were commonly used for describing personality at the time. Through factor analyzing responses from 1300 participants, Thurstone was able to reduce this severely restricted pool of 60 adjectives into seven common factors. This procedure of factor analyzing common adjectives was later utilized by Raymond Cattell (7th most highly cited psychologist of the 20th Century—based on the peer-reviewed journal literature), who subsequently utilized a data set of over 4000 affect terms from the English dictionary that eventually resulted in construction of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) which also measured up to eight second-stratum personality factors. Of the many introspective (i.e., subjective) self-report instruments constructed to measure the putative Big Five personality dimensions, perhaps the most popular has been the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) However, the psychometric properties of the NEO-PI-R (including its factor analytic/construct validity) has been severely criticized. | Personality test is a test of measuring human personality constructs. Its origin can be dated back to 18th century. There are many different types of personality assessment measures. These tests are designed to draw knowledge about an individual's interest, interactive style and many other things. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Smartphones really are addictive and the more you use one, the worse it gets, a new study has revealed. Moodiness, loneliness and jealousy are all key indicators of smartphone addiction, along with an obsession with physical appearance, the University of Derby study found. Psychology lecturer, Dr Zaheer Hussain, who co-authored the study, found that the more you use a smartphone, the higher your risk of becoming addicted. A Study by University of Derby says 13 per cent of us are addicted, and the average user spends 3.6 hours a day on their smartphone (stock image shown). Moodiness, loneliness and jealousy are all key indicators of addiction. An obsession with physical appearance is also a telling sign . He explained that higher scores of narcissism - defined as excessive interest or admiration of oneself and one’s physical appearance - is the most common and obvious sign of the addiction. An obsession with taking selfies and posting them on social media is one key indication. ‘A significant positive relationship was found between narcissism and addiction to the phones, suggesting that the more narcissistic a person is, the more likely they are to be addicted to their smartphone,’ he said. In a move that might seem counter-intuitive, a Berlin-based psychologist has developed an app to help wean us off our gadgets. Called Offtime, it limits which apps can be used to avoid distractions, or prevents people from contacting you unless in an emergency. It doesn’t limit connectivity permanently; instead, users can enable Offtime mode for any time when they need to focus, or at set times during the day. And there are various levels of customisation. For example, all calls, texts and notifications can be blocked during Offtime. Alternatively, users can pre-select so-called VIP contacts that are never blocked, and can get hold of the phone owner even when Offtime is enabled. The study found that 13 per cent of 256 participants were addicts. The average age of those who took part in the online survey was 29. As a result, the researchers say they believe it should be made compulsory that anyone selling smartphones should warn customers of their potentially addictive properties. Dr Hussain said: ‘The study informs us about smartphone overuse and the impact on psychological well-being. 'We now use smartphones on a daily basis and for various tasks so being aware of the psychological effects is very important. ‘There are various smartphone apps such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and Candy Crush, as well as Skype and email that make smartphone use psychologically more attractive and can lead to addiction.’ The study also revealed the average user spent 3.6 hours per day on the device, and when the participants were asked if they used their phone in banned areas, 35 per cent answered yes. Social networking sites were the most popularly used apps - 87 per cent - followed by instant messaging apps - 52 per cent - and then news apps - 51 per cent. Relationships were also noted in the research as, despite 46.8 per cent of participants speaking positively of improved social relations, nearly a quarter admitted their smartphones create communication issues within ‘real life’. A study in 2011 found more than half of adults and two thirds of teenagers said they have used their smartphone while socialising with others (stock image shown). Nearly a quarter of adults and a third of teenagers have also used them during mealtimes, according to the study . Professor James Elander, Head of the Centre for Psychological Research at the University of Derby, said: ‘This study is a very timely one with much potential impact, and the findings show that users should be more aware of how they are using their smartphones and of the potential risks of excessive use. A study in 2011 found more than half of adults and two thirds of teenagers said they have used their smartphone while socialising with others. Nearly a quarter of adults and a third of teenagers have used them during mealtimes and over a fifth of adults admitted using or answering their handset in the bathroom. The research found that the line between work and social time is also becoming increasingly blurred with 30 per cent of smartphone users saying they regularly take personal calls during working hours and work calls while they are on holiday. In 2013, John Benson from Blackpool said his addiction to his smartphone led to him losing his job and relationship. His therapist, Steve Pope, said for some of his patients smartphones are ‘as addictive as cocaine or any other drug.’ The research paper, titled: ‘Smartphone Use, Addiction, Narcissism, and Personality: A Mixed Methods Investigation’ has recently been published in the International Journal of Cyber Behaviour, Psychology and Learning (IJCBPL). | Study by University of Derby says 13 per cent of us are addicted . And the average user spends 3.6 hours a day on their smartphone . Moodiness, loneliness and jealousy are all key indicators of addiction . An obsession with physical appearance is also a telling sign . Study says phones should come with warnings that say they are addictive . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | New Rangers boss Stuart McCall admits he would never have landed the job if Mike Ashley was still pulling the strings at Ibrox. The former Motherwell manager has been put in charge until the end of the season. The decision to replace caretaker Kenny McDowall, who has now left the club, is the second major upheaval at the club in the space of a week following Dave King's boardroom coup last Friday. Stuart McCall has been named Rangers manager until the end of the season . McCall, like the club's new board, is a man the Light Blues faithful can trust following his trophy-laden stint as Rangers player during the mid-90s. But the 50-year-old does not believe the former regime, backed by Newcastle United owner Ashley's millions, would have welcomed him through the front door on Edmiston Drive so readily. He said: 'I don't think I'd have been offered the job if the new regime hadn't come in. 'I had a chat with John Gilligan yesterday and Paul Murray late last night. It was a whirlwind. 'I'm delighted for the people in charge of the club because I know how much it means to them. I'm delighted for the supporters because that is what they want. McCall will attempt to guide Rangers to promotion from the Championship to the Scottish Premiership . 'That's not to say the people on the board are going to be great successes. But whatever they do, it will be for the good of the club.' McCall hopes he can lead the club to promotion and claim the job on a permanent basis. But he acknowledges the task will be a tough one. The former nine-in-a-row midfielder - who will give up his coaching duties with Scotland while in charge at Ibrox - said: 'My first question was: What do they deem a success? 'You could turn things around slightly, get to the play-off final, get your goalie sent-off after five minutes and then lose on penalty kicks. These are the thin lines between success and failure. 'I think success would be if we could start putting results together, getting belief in everyone, smiles on faces and turn things around.' | Stuart McCall has taken over as Rangers boss until the end of the season . He replaces caretaker manager Kenny McDowall who has left the club . Dave King has made the first move of his tenure after his boardroom coup . McCall admitted he would not have come in under the old regime . |
From the passage provided, extract the year Kabaddi was added to Asian Games | Kabaddi is a sport developed centered on Jallikattu. It is common among the Ayar tribal people who lived in the Mullai geographical region of ancient Tamil Nadu. A player going to the opposition is treated like a Bull. It is like taming a bull without touching it, as it is mentioned in Sangam Literature that the game called Sadugudu was practised since ages. There are also accounts of Gautam Buddha having played the game recreationally. There is another version to this sport origins and rich history, Legend has it that kabaddi originated in Tamil Nadu over 4,000 years ago.
The game was said to have been popular among the Yadava people. An Abhang by Tukaram stated that the lord Krishna played the game in his youth.
Modern kabaddi is a synthesis of the game played in various forms under different names in the Indian subcontinent. India has been first credited with having helped to popularise kabaddi as a competitive sport, with the first organized competitions occurring in the 1920s, their introduction to the programme of the Indian Olympic Games in 1938, the establishment of the All-India Kabaddi Federation in 1950, and it being played as a demonstration sport at the inaugural 1951 Asian Games in New Delhi. These developments helped to formalize the sport, which had traditionally been played in villages, for legitimate international competition.
After being demonstrated again at the 1982 Asian Games in Delhi, Kabaddi was added to the Asian Games programme beginning in 1990. | Kabaddi was added to the Asian Games programme beginning in 1990. |
Who finished the Wheel of Time series? | Sanderson rose to prominence in late 2007 when Harriet McDougal, the wife and editor of author Robert Jordan, chose Sanderson to complete the final books in Jordan's epic fantasy series The Wheel of Time after Jordan's death. McDougal asked Sanderson to finish the series after being deeply impressed by his first Mistborn novel, The Final Empire. Tor Books made the announcement on December 7, 2007. After reviewing what was necessary to complete the series, Sanderson and Tor announced on March 30, 2009, that a final three books would be published instead of just one.
The first of these, The Gathering Storm, was published on October 27, 2009, and reached the number-one spot on the New York Times bestseller list for hardcover fiction.Towers of Midnight, the second-to-last Wheel of Time book, was published just over a year after The Gathering Storm on November 2, 2010, debuting at number one on the bestseller list. In early 2013, the series was completed with the publication of A Memory of Light. | The death of Robert Jordan, the original author of the Wheel of Time series, prompted his wife and editor, Harriet McDougal, to find someone to complete her late husband's work. She chose Brandon Sanderson, who had recently released the popular first novel of the Mistborn series, The Final Empire. Sanderson agreed after reviewing Jordan's notes. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | World Cup champions Germany honoured the tragic loss of 150 lives in the Germanwings plane disaster in the French Alps with a minute's silence ahead of their friendly against Australia. Joachim Low's side also wore black armbands in tribute after the crash near Digne on Tuesday left no survivors with the fatalities including 16 schoolchildren. The crowd and players alike shared in solemn silence before kick-off against the recently crowned Asian Cup champions at the Fritz-Walter-Stadion in Kaiserslautern. The German team observes a minute's silence before their match against Australia in a plane tragedy tribute . The crowd, officials and Australia side join the Germans as they honour the 150 lives lost in the French Alps . A fan holds a sign reading 'R.I.P 4U9525', the number of the Germanwings flight from Barcelona to Dusseldorf . Earlier on Wednesday, Real Madrid and Bayern Munich held their own minute's silences at training. Around half the victims in the crash are believed to be German and national Football Association president Wolfgang Niersbach said before the match: 'It is the one clear thought which overshadows everything else. 'We owe it to the victims and their families that the football family share in their grief,' he said of the German FA's website. National team manager Oliver Bierhoff added: 'We are deeply saddened and stunned. Our thoughts are with the families of the victims.' Germany's starting XI stand arm-in-arm wearing black armbands after the tragedy in the French Alps . German defender Benedikt Howedes holds a sign saying 'Haltern mourn' in relation to the plane crash . | Germanwings plane crashed near Digne in the French Alps on Tuesday . Around half of victims on board plane are believed to be German . Joachim Low's side hosted Australia in Kaiserslautern on Wednesday night . Real Madrid and Bayern Munich held minute silences at training . |
List the 6 naturally occurring noble gases. | The noble gases (historically also the inert gases; sometimes referred to as aerogens) make up a class of chemical elements with similar properties; under standard conditions, they are all odorless, colorless, monatomic gases with very low chemical reactivity. The six naturally occurring noble gases are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and the radioactive radon (Rn).
Oganesson (Og) is a synthetically produced highly radioactive element. Although IUPAC has used the term "noble gas" interchangeably with "group 18" and thus included oganesson, it may not be significantly chemically noble and is predicted to break the trend and be reactive due to relativistic effects. Because of the extremely short 0.7 ms half-life of its only known isotope, its chemistry has not yet been investigated.
For the first six periods of the periodic table, the noble gases are exactly the members of group 18. Noble gases are typically highly unreactive except when under particular extreme conditions. The inertness of noble gases makes them very suitable in applications where reactions are not wanted. For example, argon is used in incandescent lamps to prevent the hot tungsten filament from oxidizing; also, helium is used in breathing gas by deep-sea divers to prevent oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide toxicity.
The properties of the noble gases can be well explained by modern theories of atomic structure: Their outer shell of valence electrons is considered to be "full", giving them little tendency to participate in chemical reactions, and it has been possible to prepare only a few hundred noble gas compounds. The melting and boiling points for a given noble gas are close together, differing by less than 10 °C (18 °F); that is, they are liquids over only a small temperature range.
Neon, argon, krypton, and xenon are obtained from air in an air separation unit using the methods of liquefaction of gases and fractional distillation. Helium is sourced from natural gas fields that have high concentrations of helium in the natural gas, using cryogenic gas separation techniques, and radon is usually isolated from the radioactive decay of dissolved radium, thorium, or uranium compounds. Noble gases have several important applications in industries such as lighting, welding, and space exploration. A helium-oxygen breathing gas is often used by deep-sea divers at depths of seawater over 55 m (180 ft). After the risks caused by the flammability of hydrogen became apparent in the Hindenburg disaster, it was replaced with helium in blimps and balloons. | The six naturally occurring noble gases are:
1. Helium (He)
2. Neon (Ne)
3. Argon (Ar)
4. Krypton (Kr)
5. Xenon (Xe)
6. Radon (Rn) |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Her profile is one of the most famous in the world and is seen every day on coins, stamps and bank notes, but now, the Queen is to get a new look. A new coin portrait of Her Majesty has been unveiled by the Royal Mint and will be used on currency from this year. The effigy, which was designed by engraver Jody Clark, is only the fifth official coin portrait made during the Queen's 63-year reign and replaces the current one, which first appeared in 1998. Scroll down for video . New look: The latest coin portrait of the Queen has been unveiled by the Royal Mint . Familiar: The profile, which shows the Queen in the George IV diadem, will be used on coins from 2015 on . Unlike the previous one, which shows Her Majesty in the Girls of Great Britain tiara, the new portrait shows her wearing the George IV State Diadem and a delicate pair of drop earrings. Commissioned in 1820 by George IV, the diadem, which is most often seen during the State Opening of Parliament, has 1,333 diamonds and 169 pearls, arranged in rose, thistle and shamrock designs to represent England, Scotland and Ireland. Like its owner, the diadem also has a long history of appearing on coins and bank notes, having appeared on currency belonging to the UK, Australia, Canada and the British Caribbean territories among many others. The new portrait was chosen from a selection of anonymously submitted designs, with creator Jody Clark becoming, at 34, the youngest engraver ever to create a royal coin portrait. Likeness: The new portrait is an updated version of the Ian Rank-Broadley design, created in 1997 . Creator: 34-year-old engraver Jody Clark, from the Lake District, created the winning design . New look: The new coin portrait is only the fifth to be produced during the Queen's reign, with the first in 1953 . 'I really liked the four previous coin portraits - each one is strong in its own way,' says a delighted Mr Clark. 'I hope that I’ve done Her Majesty justice and captured her as I intended. 'The news that my design had been chosen was quite overwhelming, and I still can’t quite believe that my royal portrait will be featured on millions of coins.' Speaking about the decision to award Mr Clark the job, Kevin Clancy, director of the Royal Mint Museum, said the judging panel’s decision was 'pretty unanimous'. Mr Clark, who is originally from the Lake District, says his family are 'really proud', adding: 'They’ve had to keep quiet about this. 'It’s going to be hard to top this. It’s going to take a while to sink in. I’m really happy with how it’s turned out. I can only hope everyone appreciates it.' The first coin portrait of the Queen's reign appeared in 1953, shortly after she took the throne, and was designed by Mary Gillick. Heading for your wallet: The new coin will be introduced this year . Although the four subsequent designs show her wearing a crown, her first portrait showed a fresh-faced young Queen wearing nothing more than an evergreen wreath. That all changed when a new coin portrait entered circulation in April 1968, which showed a sterner version of the Queen in the George IV diadem. The image, which was designed by Arnold Machin, was replicated on stamps and remains one of the most famous portraits of the Queen ever created. In 1985 came another new coin portrait, this time by Raphael Maklouf who once again showed the monarch in the George IV diadem. Unusually, the new portrait proved controversial with Maklouf accused of making the effigy 'flatteringly youthful'. Unimpressed, he swiftly hit back at critics, telling them his intention had been to create something 'regal and ageless'. For the fourth coin portrait of the Queen, which replaced Maklouf's design in 1997, Her Majesty chose to wear the magnificent Girls of Great Britain tiara. The gem, which was made for Queen Mary on the occasion of her wedding in 1893, is one of the most spectacular in the Royal Collection and features 13 brilliant-cut diamonds as its centrepiece. Along with its appearance on the 1997 coins, it was also worn by the Queen to marry the Duke of Edinburgh in November 1947. In charge: Royal Mint chief executive Adam Lawrence in front of the five royal coin portraits . Famous: The 1968 portrait on the left is used on all stamps while the one on the right was introduced in 1997 . | The new coin portrait will feature on coins from this year onwards . Shows the Queen in the George IV diadem which boasts 1,333 diamonds . Replaces 1997 coin portrait and was designed by Jody Clark, 34 . New portrait is only the fifth of the Queen's reign so far . |
Extract the most famous songs of the slashtones in a comma separated list. | The Slashtones (also known as "Harry Slash & The Slashtones") are an American musical group, formed in 1993 by New York native Harry Slash under the name "Harry & The Slashtones". Harry would later change the band's name many times, from "The Slashtones", to "Life?!","Not The Slashtones" and then to "Harry Slash & The Slashtones" during the era that Harry Slash produced music for Extreme Championship Wrestling. Their best known songs are the ECW theme ("This Is Extreme!"), Taz's theme ("Survive! (If I Let You)") and Sabu's theme ("Huka Blues"). After Extreme Championship Wrestling went bankrupt in 2001, Harry Slash continued to record and perform with the band after changing its name back to "The Slashtones". The name of the band is a parody of Béla Fleck and the Flecktones, itself a play on Dick Dale and the Del-Tones. | This Is Extreme, Survive! (If I Let You), Huka Blues |
From the passage below, please extract the most recent country to join NATO. | NATO is a military alliance of twenty-nine European and two North American countries that constitutes a system of collective defense. The process of joining the alliance is governed by Article 10 of the North Atlantic Treaty, which allows for the invitation of "other European States" only and by subsequent agreements. Countries wishing to join must meet certain requirements and complete a multi-step process involving political dialog and military integration. The accession process is overseen by the North Atlantic Council, NATO's governing body. NATO was formed in 1949 with twelve founding members and has added new members nine times. The first additions were Greece and Turkey in 1952. In May 1955, West Germany joined NATO, which was one of the conditions agreed to as part of the end of the country's occupation by France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, prompting the Soviet Union to form their own collective security alliance (commonly called the Warsaw Pact) later that month. Following the end of the Franco regime, newly-democratic Spain chose to join NATO in 1982.
In 1990, the negotiators reached an agreement that a reunified Germany would be in NATO under West Germany's existing membership. The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 led many former Warsaw Pact and post-Soviet states to initiate discussions about joining NATO. Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic became NATO members in 1999, amid much debate within NATO itself and Russian opposition. NATO then formalized the process of joining the organization with "Membership Action Plans", which aided the accession of seven Central and Eastern Europe countries shortly before the 2004 Istanbul summit: Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Two countries on the Adriatic Sea—Albania and Croatia—joined on 1 April 2009 before the 2009 Strasbourg–Kehl summit. The next member states to join NATO were Montenegro on 5 June 2017, North Macedonia on 27 March 2020 and Finland on 4 April 2023.
Russia's invasion of Ukraine prompted Finland and Sweden to apply for NATO membership in May 2022, and the ratification process for Sweden is in progress. Finland officially joined on 4 April 2023. Ukraine applied for NATO membership in September 2022 after Russia claimed to annex part of its territory. Two other states have formally informed NATO of their membership aspirations: Bosnia and Herzegovina and Georgia. Kosovo also aspires to join NATO. Joining the alliance is a debate topic in several other European countries outside the alliance, including Austria, Ireland, Malta, Moldova, and Serbia. | Russia's invasion of Ukraine prompted Finland and Sweden to apply for NATO membership in May 2022. Finland officially joined NATO on April 4, 2023. |
Given this text about gradient descent, what is gradient descent, and who invented it? | In mathematics, gradient descent (also often called steepest descent) is a first-order iterative optimization algorithm for finding a local minimum of a differentiable function. The idea is to take repeated steps in the opposite direction of the gradient (or approximate gradient) of the function at the current point, because this is the direction of steepest descent. Conversely, stepping in the direction of the gradient will lead to a local maximum of that function; the procedure is then known as gradient ascent.
Gradient descent is generally attributed to Augustin-Louis Cauchy, who first suggested it in 1847. Jacques Hadamard independently proposed a similar method in 1907. Its convergence properties for non-linear optimization problems were first studied by Haskell Curry in 1944, with the method becoming increasingly well-studied and used in the following decades. | In mathematics, gradient descent (also often called steepest descent) is a first-order iterative optimization algorithm for finding a local minimum of a differentiable function. Gradient descent is generally attributed to Augustin-Louis Cauchy, who first suggested it in 1847 |
Given this paragraph about computer engineering, what is RISC? | In computer engineering, a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) is a computer architecture designed to simplify the individual instructions given to the computer to accomplish tasks. Compared to the instructions given to a complex instruction set computer (CISC), a RISC computer might require more instructions (more code) in order to accomplish a task because the individual instructions are written in simpler code. The goal is to offset the need to process more instructions by increasing the speed of each instruction, in particular by implementing an instruction pipeline, which may be simpler given simpler instructions. | RISC stands for reduced instruction set computer. It is a computer architecture designed to simplify the individual instructions given to the computer to accomplish tasks. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | England coach Peter Moores should be removed from his current position and put in charge of the 'kids', according to former captain Michael Vaughan. Moores, handed a second stint as head coach last April, has come under intense fire since England's defeat by Bangladesh on Monday condemned them to an early return from the World Cup. Vaughan believes Moores' talents have been wasted: 'Moores was at his best working with the Lions (development team) many years ago,' Vaughan said in the Daily Telegraph. Peter Moores (centre) oversaw a disastrous World Cup campaign with England in Australia and New Zealand . Moores would be better off working with young cricketers, according to Michael Vaughan . 'The job of England coach has become about man management, helping with tactics and picking the right team. At international level you do not have time to coach. 'What is the best thing for English cricket going forward? I believe it is time to remover Peter Moores from his current position and put him in a job where he can have the biggest impact on English cricket.' 'I always say the best coach works with kids and development programmes between the age of 15 and 20.' Vaughan said England's conservative approach to the one-day game had resulted in them being left behind by the likes of Australia, New Zealand, Sri Lanka and India, while even Ireland, Vaughan said, were playing better one-day cricket. Vaughan played for England and oversaw some amazing success while he was captaining the side . Moores should be removed from his current position and put him in a job where he can have the biggest impact on English cricket, according to Vaughan . 'England started the tournament by picking a Test match batting line-up for one-day cricket ,' Vaughan said. '(Managing director) Paul Downton said last night England needed more players appearing in Twenty20 leagues around the world to gain experience. 'Well, Alex Hales has been doing that but England did not pick him. Ravi Bopara, Michael Carberry, Luke Wright, Ben Stokes and Jason Roy, they all played Big Bash cricket but were ignored. England should have looked at these guys last year. England vice-captain Jos Buttler looks disappointed after England were eliminated from the World Cup . A defeat by Bangladesh left England unable to progress from their Pool in the World Cup . 'You do not need five gears any more, you need eight. 'England do not get the fact that you need four Jos Buttlers, not one. You need four or five who have the ability to strike it at a rate of 120 per 100 balls.' Vaughan said the World Cup had been a wasted opportunity for England to change tack. 'I felt they had a free hand here, with no expectation of success,' he said. 'They had the chance to play expansive cricket and press 'G' for gamble. Instead they played the safest, and most timid way.' | Peter Moores was handed a send stint as England head coach last April . Michael Vaughan has condemned England's approach at the World Cup . They were eliminated after a defeat by Bangladesh on Monday . Vaughan says Moores' talents have been wasted and he would be better off working with 'kids... between the age of 15 and 20' |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Chelsea captain John Terry has revealed how manager Jose Mourinho keeps his Barclays Premier League title-chasing team on their toes and says he sometimes goes wild even when they are winning. Mourinho has guided Chelsea to the top of the Premier League this season, six points clear of nearest rivals Manchester City with a game in hand, and it seems his methods are getting results. Captain Terry says that the Portuguese coach is unpredictable, calmly reacting to games when Chelsea are struggling or kicking off with his players when they are winning. Jose Mourinho keeps his Chelsea team on their toes, according to captain John Terry . Terry says Mourinho can flip tables over when Chelsea are winning but stay calm when they are losing . 'Sometimes you're losing a game at half-time, which doesn't happen often at this club, and you expect to come in and get a rollicking,' Terry said. 'But you come in and the manager is calm, collected, the complete opposite. He's like, "Listen, we're going to win the game. We're going to get an early goal" and he talks you through it.' While Mourinho's calmer side has been used to get his team through difficult periods, such as when they were drawing 2-2 with Hull City at half-time on Sunday after taking an early two-goal lead, he can also operate at the other end of the scale. Mourinho sometimes knocks tables over and sends water flying during his half-time speeches . The Blues boss used his calmer side to help them through a difficult moment against Hull City . But Terry feels those little details from Mourinho's behaviour keep his team ready for anything, something that has helped them take the initiative in the title race all season while winning the Capital One Cup earlier this month. 'Other times you'll be winning 2-0 or 3-0 and you'll come in happy at half-time and he'll go ballistic,' Terry told Chelsea Pitch Owners. 'Tables will go over, bottles of water will go flying. You think "where's that come from?" 'But you go out for the second half and win the game 5-0 rather than scraping through 3-1, 3-2. 'He knows when players take their foot off the gas. He can sense something before the game. He just gets a feel for everyone and every single game. And I look at that and think no one else has got that that I’ve experienced.' Terry and his team-mates celebrate at full-time at the KC Stadium as Chelsea took another step towards a title . The Chelsea captain congratulates Eden Hazard on opening the scoring against Hull with Nemanja Matic . | John Terry says Jose Mourinho always keeps Chelsea's players guessing . Portuguese coach can get angry during a win or stay calm when losing . Terry describes how Mourinho can throw tables over when not happy . The Special One's methods are working at the top of the Premier League . READ: How Terry had to warm up toilet seats for Dennis Wise at Chelsea . CLICK HERE for all the latest Chelsea news . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Bryan Robson has paid Chris Smalling a huge compliment by likening his recent performances to those of Paul McGrath and Gary Pallister. Five years after signing for United, Smalling is yet to convince many United fans he and Phil Jones are suitable long-term replacements for Nemanja Vidic and Rio Ferdinand, who left Old Trafford last summer after long and distinguished careers. The 25-year-old has been the object of a few taunts, most recently in the Manchester derby last November when he was sent off in the 39th minute. Manchester United defender Chris Smalling (centre) has impressed Bryan Robson in recent weeks . Robson believes Smalling's passing has been 'crisper' during his displays against Arsenal and Newcastle . Smalling, already on a booking, showed a complete lack of composure by hacking down James Milner in the corner to earn his second yellow and United went on to lose 1-0 against a City team that was there for the taking. Smalling has since shown signs of improvement, though. His commanding performance in last week's 3-0 victory over Tottenham caught Robson's eye and the former United captain thinks that bodes well for Louis van Gaal ahead of Sunday's trip to Anfield. Robson said: 'Chris is a good defender. I have seen him improve over the last few games. 'I even thought against Arsenal and Newcastle away, his passing was a lot better, a lot crisper, so he has come on to a good game, he is in good form at the moment and that will be important at Liverpool.' Smalling kept 26-goal striker Harry Kane quiet last Sunday and the former Fulham man ventured forward, striding confidently with the ball at his feet on a few occasions. The end product was not good enough to suggest Van Gaal has a new Beckenbauer in his squad just yet, but Robson was so impressed by Smalling's confidence that he felt moved to liken the centre-back to two United greats in Pallister and McGrath. Smalling kept a close eye on Tottenham striker Harry Kane during Manchester United's win against Spurs . The former lifted 10 trophies at United and the latter would have won much more than the 1985 FA Cup had he not fought a long-running battle with alcoholism which eventually cost him his place at the club. 'Paul McGrath could do that and so could Gary Pallister,' Robson said when invited to liken Smalling's display to a figure from the past. 'When you keep possession at the back sometimes it's really important that your defenders break past the forwards and they get into the midfield area. 'That means one of your midfield players should be able to get space and I thought Chris did that particularly well against Tottenham and that made it difficult for the Tottenham players.' Smalling seemed pleased to be compared to two defensive stalwarts of the Sir Alex Ferguson era. Robson has compared Smalling to former Manchester United defender McGrath . Smalling has also been compared with Gary Pallister (left, pictured with Peter Schmeichel in 1996) 'It's a great feeling know that people are taking notice,' Smalling said. 'I am just hoping I can keep it up and keep a good run and contribute to our results.' Smalling will have to be at his very best again on Sunday at Anfield. Van Gaal has warned the centre-back - and the rest of his team-mates - they must not get sent off in this volatile fixture. As well as pride and bragging rights, a place in the top four is at stake. Liverpool have not lost since they fell 3-0 at Old Trafford in December and a victory for the hosts would move them above United into fourth for the first time since August. Robson thinks victory against Liverpool would deliver a significant blow to the Reds' top-four hopes and is not ruling out a second-place finish for United, who trail City by just two points after their loss at Burnley last weekend. 'Yes, (second) is a realistic target,' the former United captain said. 'We have to play City and Arsenal at home and if we beat both of them all of a sudden your points tally is looking really good. 'When you talk about the top teams it seems as if you look at it like you are going to get beat all the time and the lads have proven that they can perform really well against a top team like Tottenham. 'And a win at Liverpool at this stage of the season would be a fantastic result for us.' Bryan Robson and Chris Smalling were speaking at the launch of bwin Manchester United Casino - the world's first club-based real money casino app which is available now on Android from bwin.com/manutdcasino and will be available soon on iOS through the App Store. | Bryan Robson has lavished praise on Manchester United's Chris Smalling . Smalling has failed to hold down a first-team spot since joining United . Robson insists Smalling has improved his passing range in recent weeks . |
From the passage provided, extract the number of casualties by nation during World War II | According to Russian government figures, USSR losses within postwar borders now stand at 26.6 million, including 8 to 9 million due to famine and disease. In August 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) researchers estimated Poland's dead at between 5.6 and 5.8 million. Historian Rüdiger Overmans of the Military History Research Office (Germany) published a study in 2000 that estimated the German military dead and missing at 5.3 million, including 900,000 men conscripted from outside of Germany's 1937 borders, in Austria, and in east-central Europe. The Red Army claimed responsibility for the majority of Wehrmacht casualties during World War II. The People's Republic of China puts its war dead at 20 million, while the Japanese government puts its casualties due to the war at 3.1 million. | USSR - 26.6 million
Poland - 5.8 million
Germany - 5.3 million
China - 20 million
Japan - 3.1 million |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | The US government is still unable to explain around five per cent of UFO sightings in its archives. Now one team of ‘alien hunters’ has dug up some of the best images to see if the public can shed light on the eerie glows, mysterious orbs and flying objects from the last few decades. Among them is a remarkable 1957 photo taken by a test pilot near Edwards Air Force Base in California, allegedly showing a UFO following a B-47 jet. Scroll down for video . In 1957 this picture was taken by a test pilot near Edwards Air Force Base in California. It shows a UFO allegedly following a B-47 jet . Another, released by the Aerial Phenomena Group, shows three mysterious lights over the Manhattan skyline taken in 1984. It was taken by Philipe Orego from New Jersey, and researchers could find no sign of a hoax at the time. ‘A UFO picture tells a thousand lies,’ Nigel Watson author of the UFO Investigations Manual told DailyMail.com . ‘The basic problem is that if a UFO photograph is taken in daylight and looks close, clear and sharp, you suspect it is a fake. ‘If it is out-of-focus, distant and hard to define, then it can be a picture of anything in the sky - from an insect, bird to a balloon or drone. ‘The pictures here don’t seem to be faked but each has its own story to tell. With old pictures, blobs or spots can appear due to the way the film is developed or mishandled in the processing stage. ‘ . On the right is an image taken by Felippe Orego showing three lights over the Manhattan skyline, New York, on May 9, 1984. The left image, allegedly showing a UFO, was taken in Ward, Colorado in 1929 . Searchlights focus on an unidentified object over Los Angeles on February 25, 1942. The bright dots around the flashes are anti-aircraft shells exploding . The picture on the left was taken on New Year's Day in 1939 with unidentified object appearing in the top left. The right image shows a picture of a UFO taken somewhere in the US on June 10, 1964, and was discovered in an attic a number of years later . Watson said that a good case to illustrate this point is the image of the UFO over Los Angeles. In February 1942, fears of a Japanese air raid and invasion struck LA. On 23 February, a Japanese submarine allegedly shelled the Elwood Oil Field near Goleto, north of Los Angeles. In the early hours of 25 February, a fleet of mystery aircraft were seen heading for the city. Army Chief of Staff General George Marshall reported in a memorandum to President Roosevelt dated 26 February 1942 that as many as 15 airplanes may have been involved. Although 1430 rounds were expended by the 37th Coast Artillery Brigade’s anti-aircraft guns no aircraft was hit or shot down and no bombs were dropped by the aircraft. The only conclusion was that commercial aircraft were used by enemy agents to determine the location of anti-aircraft guns and to spread alarm. ‘This invasion scare became the subject of Steven Spielberg’s high-rolling comedy movie ‘1941’ (1979) that shows how fear ensnares people in a web of obsession and conflict fuelled by rumours and the media,’ said Watson. ‘The lasting evidence of the craft was a photograph of a ‘wigwam’ of searchlights converging on an unidentified aircraft over Culver City.’ An analysis by UFO expert Dr Bruce Maccabee suggests that the object caught by the searchlight beams was 100 feet wide. In the summer of 1966, a flight official photographed two red spheres over the Swiss airport Zurich-Kloten. The photo was later released by Swiss Air pilot Ferdinand Schmid . On the left, Jack LeMonde, who served with the US Marine Corp, was photographed on horseback near the Pickwick Riding stables in Burbank, California on a June morning in 1945. A UFO can be see in the image to the right of the horse's ear. On the right a passenger on a plane from Hong Kong to southwest China claimed to have seen a 'UFO like flying object' outside the window of the plane in 2012 . Four brightly glowing, unidentified objects appeared in the sky at 9:35 am.on July 15, 1952 over a parking lot in Salem, Massachusetts . The US Condon Committee examined many UFO photographs, and concluded that such cases should be selected and analysed according to the following criteria: . How clear is the photograph? Does it present evidence of something unusual after astronomical, meteorological, photographic and optical effects are ruled out? Could it be to misinterpretation? Are light and shadows in the photograph consistent? If a film camera is used, has the negative been tampered with? Is the sharpness and focus of the picture in agreement with the visual observations? Are the time intervals of a set of photographs consistent with the witness testimony? Does the focus and contrast agree with the given distance of the object? Can the size and distance of the UFO be discerned with reference to objects either in front of, or behind the UFO? Steven Lacey, another UFO believer, using Photoshop cleared up the image to reveal an image of a classic flying saucer. This made him conclude that this image is ‘a very convincing argument for the presence of alien craft in our skies.’ ‘In contrast, aviation historian Brett Holman puts forward a convincing case that the searchlights are converging on a small cloud rather than a UFO or extra-terrestrial battlecruiser,’ said Watson. ‘And, he has found other examples of antiaircraft searchlights illuminating clouds that look like flying saucers. ‘A UFO picture certainly says more than a thousand words, but it still depends on our prejudices and expectations to decide whether it depicts something extraordinary or mundane.’ A number of 'closed' cases were also recently revealed by the US government who opened its files into 12,000 encounters with UFOs spanning between 1947-1969. Microfilms of these cases, collectively known as Project Blue Book, have become available for anyone to view online. One of the most famous is the Lubbock Lights incident, which was reported on August 30, 1951 in Texas by three professors. The witnesses were sitting in the backyard of one of the professor's homes when they saw 20 to 30 'lights' fly overhead. One of the professors said the objects 'appeared to be about the size of a dinner plate and they were greenish-blue, slightly fluorescent in colour. 'They were smaller than the full moon at the horizon. There were about a dozen to fifteen of these lights...they were absolutely circular...it gave all of us...an extremely eerie feeling.' The USAF concluded that these lights were most likely caused by birds named plovers, which have white breasts that can reflect lights from cities below. Another image, titled simply 'Winter 1951', shows what the photographer believed to be a flying saucer. However, scientists discovered that the eerie shape was a lenticular cloud which are created by moist air that has condensed at a high altitude. The Lubbock Lights incident was reported August 30, 1951 in Texas. The USAF said that these lights were most likely caused by birds named plovers, whose white breasts could reflect lights from the city below . This image, titled simply 'Winter 1951', was taken in New Zealand. While the photographer believed this to be a flying saucer, the USAF concluded that it was in fact a lenticular cloud. The lens-shaped formations are the result of moist air that has condensed at a high altitude . Kenneth Arnold saw nine UFOs over Mount Rainier, on 24 June 1947 and the US government agencies took an interest in reports. A similar sighting (pictured) occured over Tulsa, Oklahoma on July 12, 1947 . | Unresolved cases include 1957 image by a pilot allegedly showing a UFO following a B-47 jet . Another shows searchlights focusing on an unidentified object flying over LA in February 1942 . ‘The pictures here don’t seem to be faked,' UFO investigator, Nigel Watson told DailyMail.com . But he added that there may be other explanations, such as the way a photograph is developed . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Sebastian Vettel paid an emotional homage to Michael Schumacher for providing the inspiration for his maiden victory with Ferrari. Four-times world champion Vettel was highly emotional as he stood on top of the podium after taking the chequered flag in the Malaysian Grand Prix in only his second race with the Maranello marque. Not since Schumacher's last triumph with the Scuderia at the Chinese Grand Prix in 2006 have the German and Italian national anthems been played back to back to hail such a combined Ferrari success. Sebastian Vettel (centre) jumps for joy after his impressive Malaysian Grand Prix win with Ferrari on Sunday . Vettel (centre) holds up his trophy as Lewis Hamilton (second left) and Nico Rosberg (second right) applaud . Vettel revealed it was former Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher who inspired his skillful win in Malaysia . For Vettel, it was the realisation of 'a dream' sparked by his hero Schumacher who won five of his seven titles with Ferrari, but who suffered life-changing injuries following a skiing accident 15 months ago. 'The team has been phenomenal, welcoming me the first day,' recalled Vettel. 'I remember when the gate opened in Maranello it was like a dream coming true. 'I remember the last time I was there was as a young kid watching Michael over the fence driving around in the Ferrari, and now I'm driving that very red car. It's incredible. 'Of course, when I grew up Michael was my hero, and for all of us - and I speak for all of the kids at the go-kart track at the time in Germany - we looked up to him. 'When he turned up every year, and to look after us a little bit, it made our lives. 'So that's why I think...I probably don't understand yet how special it is. Very, very emotional.' Vettel's win was no fluke, beating Mercedes duo Lewis Hamilton and Nico Rosberg in a straight fight as he made good use of better tyre wear in the 30 degree heat at the Sepang International Circuit. Schumacher (right) celebrates winning the Malaysian Grand Prix with team-mate Rubens Barrichello in 2000 . Following Mercedes' domination last season, when only technical woes denied them victories in all but three of the 19 races, and after an easy win in the season-opening event in Australia, this defeat came as a surprise to reigning champion Hamilton. 'Huge congratulations to Seb and Ferrari,' said Hamilton, who finished 8.5secs adrift of Vettel at the end of the 56 laps. 'You have to hand it to them - I wasn't expecting them to be as quick as they were. They had some serious pace and deserved the win.' Rosberg, meanwhile, was left chewing on his words as a fortnight ago after the race in Australia he had called on Ferrari to give them a fight. It was a case of 'be careful what you wish for', with an unhappy Rosberg stating: 'Ferrari did an awesome job and deserved to win. Vetel crosses the finishing line and gives the fistpump as Ferrari team members celebrate at trackside . Ferrari's Vettel in front ahead of German compatriot Rosberg, of Mercedes, during the Malaysian Grand Prix . Four-time world champion Vettel on his way to a comfortable victory at the Malaysian Grand Prix on Sunday . F1 stats provided by F1 Stat Blog . 'We'll be back next race. All I can say now, on behalf of our team is: game on, Ferrari!' Kimi Raikkonen could arguably have joined team-mate Vettel in the top three but for a lap-one puncture as the Finn finished fourth. Behind Williams duo Valtteri Bottas and Felipe Massa in fifth and sixth, Max Verstappen created Formula One history by becoming the youngest to score points at the age of 17 years 180 days by claiming seventh in his Toro Rosso. Ferrari's Finnish driver Kimi Raikkonen makes his way back to the pits with a blown out tyre . As for Fernando Alonso, what must he be thinking after quitting Ferrari last year to join struggling McLaren as in his first race for the team he retired after 21 laps with an ERS cooling problem. Team-mate Jenson Button retired 21 laps later with a turbo issue, leaving neither of the team's cars classified for the first time since the 2006 United States Grand Prix. Although three laps down, Manor's Roberto Merhi saw the flag, a triumph for the team who unfortunately had to withdraw Will Stevens ahead of the race after failing to fix a fuel pressure problem. | Sebastian Vettel revealed Michael Schumacher was the inspiration for win . The four-time world champion described his compatriot as his 'hero' Formula 1 legend Schumacher won five of seven world titles with Ferrari . Vettel finished 8.5secs ahead of current world champion Lewis Hamilton in Kuala Lumpur . CLICK HERE for all the latest F1 news . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | More than $72,000 dollars has been raised in 48 hours for the three children of a mother who was killed with an axe in an alleged domestic violence incident over the weekend. Tara Costigan, whose body was found on the laundry floor of a Calwell home in Canberra on Saturday, leaves behind two sons aged 11 and nine, and a newborn girl only one week old. Nearly $75,00 had been raised for the 28-year-old's children by Wednesday afternoon, only two days after the Go Fund Me page was created by her high school friend Emma Luke. Tara Costigan, who was murdered on Saturday, leaves behind three children including a one-week-old daughter . Over $70,000 had been raised for the 28-year-old's children by Wednesday afternoon, only two days after the Go Fund Me page was created by her high school friend Emma Luke . 'Everybody's touched by it. She has so many friends and other people who just want to help her kids at this time. Her family is massive as well, so lots of support for them,' Ms Luke told Fairfax. Ms Costigan's cousin, Nathan Costigan, confirmed that 'all of the money raised would be forwarded to the three children whose safety and wellbeing he said were the family's first priority right now'. 'A HUGE thank you to Emma Luke who started the gofundme page for the children. I can confirm it is legit, and I am meeting my local member Nicole Lawder MLA to source legal advice and a solicitor for the kids to ensure they receive every cent,' Mr Costigan said on Tuesday. While more than 1,400 people have submitted donations on the page, hundreds more have offered clothing and toys after being touched by the tragedy. 'I am donating today because if my wife and I were to pass I would want to know that my little ones were looked after too. No one should have to grow up without their parents but should that happen its nice to know that society has your back,' one donor wrote. Ms Costigan's cousin, Nathan Costigan, confirmed that all of the money raised would be forwarded to the three children whose safety and wellbeing he said were the family's first priority' On Monday, Ms Costigan's former partner Marcus Rappel, 40, (pictured) fronted the ACT Magistrates Court where he was charged with her murder . 'I'm not in a position where I can donate money but I do have size 000 and 00 baby girls clothing I would happily donate if you are in need of them. Please contact me and I'll post to you. Thoughts are with all Tara's family and friends,' another wrote. A fundraising walk has also been organised by the Canberra Mums Exercise Group, which Ms Costigan was a member of, for March 22. 'Tara Costigan, was murdered over the weekend. To honour her life, raise funds for her three children that are now tragically without their mother, and to stand up against domestic violence, we would like as many of you as possible to participate in the fundraising walk,' the event's organisers said. More than 1700 people are expected to attend the walk. It comes amidst revelations that Ms Costigan (right) had been granted an interim domestic violence order against Rappel (left) just one day before he allegedly killed her . While more than 1,400 people have submitted donations to her children, hundreds more have offered clothing and toys after being touched by the tragedy . On Monday, Ms Costigan's former partner Marcus Rappel, 40, fronted the ACT Magistrates Court where he was charged with her murder, assaulting her sister and another man as well as breaching a protection order. The courtroom was filled with dozens of Ms Costigan's supporters who yelled out at and tried to attack Rappel when he appeared, The Canberra Times reports. One person was heard calling the accused a 'f***ing animal' while another screamed 'don't you look at us you piece of s***'. It comes amidst revelations that Ms Costigan had been granted an interim domestic violence order against Rappel just one day before he allegedly killed her. 'I think one positive point (if thats possible) is that this tragedy has again raised the issue of domestic violence and that it is very real in our community,' Mr Costigan said. Sorry we are not currently accepting comments on this article. | Tara Costigan was found on the floor in a Calwell home next to an axe . Fundraising page to support the three children she left behind - including a one-week-old girl - has raised over $72,000 in 48 hours . Over 1,400 people donated and hundreds more offered clothing and toys . Her former partner Marcus Rappel, 40, has been charged with her murder . Ms Costigan had been granted an interim domestic violence order against him the day before he allegedly killed her . |
How many Children Trump has? | In 1977, Trump married Czech model Ivana Zelníčková. They had three children: Donald Jr. (born 1977), Ivanka (born 1981), and Eric (born 1984). Ivana became a naturalized United States citizen in 1988. The couple divorced in 1990, following Trump's affair with actress Marla Maples. Trump and Maples married in 1993 and divorced in 1999. They have one daughter, Tiffany (born 1993), who was raised by Marla in California. In 2005, Trump married Slovenian model Melania Knauss. They have one son, Barron (born 2006). Melania gained U.S. citizenship in 2006. | From his marriages he has 5 children from three marriages. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | He may only have spent a season and a half in Istanbul, but Didier Drogba showed he still has a soft spot for Galatasaray. The Chelsea striker took time out to pay a visit to his former team-mates at their training base in Turkey. Galatasaray shared a selection of images on Instagram of the 37-year-old forward, who was sporting a camouflage jacket, on his visit to the club. Didier Drogba paid a visit to Turkey to see some of his former Galatasaray team-mates . The 37-year-old Chelsea striker sported a camouflage jacket on his trip to Istanbul . Drogba with Galatasaray manager Hamza Hamzaoglu at the team's training headquarters . Drogba spent a season and a half at Galatasaray before rejoining Chelsea in the summer of 2014 . Drogba scored 20 goals in 53 matches for Galatasaray during his spell there and helped them to the Turkish league title in 2013. The Ivorian then rejoined Chelsea in the summer of 2014 having left the club two years earlier following their Champions League success. Drogba also took time out last October to meet his former team-mates when Galatasaray travelled to London for a Champions League tie against Arsenal at the Emirates. The 37-year-old has scored six times for Jose Mourinho's side this season in all competitions. After joining from Shanghai Shenhua in 2013, Drogba helped Galatasaray win the Turkish league title . Drogba has scored six goals for Chelsea this season since his return to the west London side . | Didier Drogba spent a season and a half at Galatasaray . Turkish club shared images of the striker's visit to his former club . Drogba rejoined Chelsea in 2014 after helping Gala win the Turkish title . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Arsenal manager Arsene Wenger is hopeful Francis Coquelin and Aaron Ramsey will ease his midfield selection problems for Wednesday's clash against Queens Park Rangers. Coquelin, who has been a revelation for the Gunners since his return from a loan spell at Charlton, fractured his nose in Sunday's win over Everton and is a doubt for the visit to Loftus Road. Wenger feared the Frenchman may require surgery, but it is understood Coquelin has not been ruled out of the clash against Rangers and could still play in the London derby despite taking the hefty blow. Aaron Ramsey has suffered from fitness problems this season but could return against Queens Park Rangers . The Welsh midfielder has not played for the Gunners since their clash against Leicester in early February . Gunners medical staff will make a late call on his availability and if Coquelin is selected, he'll be fitted for a protective mask to ensure no further damage is caused. In addition, key midfielder Ramsey is set for a first team recall after recovering from a hamstring injury. The Wales international hasn't played since February 10, limping off during the closing stages of Arsenal's 2-1 win over Leicester. But Ramsey returned to training towards the end of last week and should be available for selection on Wednesday night. His return to fitness means Arsenal could yet decide against risking Coquelin's nose against Chris Ramsey's side despite his growing importance to the first-team. This clash of heads in the left Francis Coquelin with bloody gushing out of his nose against Everton . Midfielder Coquelin had to be substituted after fracturing his nose but could also return against QPR . | Aaron Ramsey hasn't played for Arsenal since February 10 . Francis Coquelin suffered a fractured nose in their game against Everton . The Wales midfielder is set to return for the Gunners' clash with QPR . Manager Arsene Wenger is hopeful that Coquelin will also be available . CLICK HERE for all the latest Arsenal news . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Louis van Gaal has filled his players’ heads with so much information this season they look shackled. In a dressing room where everything is analysed, the players look unable to break free. If ever a fixture can change that, it’s this one. Manchester United against Arsenal is a game to inspire any player and, with a potential trip to Wembley, you can see players like Wayne Rooney falling back on their natural attacking instincts. If they do break from Van Gaal’s mould, those creative personalities could come flooding through. Wayne Rooney and his Manchester United team-mates have looked shackled under Louis van Gaal's regime . PLAYING AT PACE . United have dominated possession recently but Arsenal won’t be troubled if United play keep-ball. The win at City shows how they are now just as happy hitting teams on the counter as they are keeping possession. With Alexis Sanchez, Danny Welbeck and Theo Walcott, they have pace to burn and with no Jonny Evans it means another change in the United backline, which will only increase uncertainty. Arsenal speedsters such as Theo Walcott can cause United's defence all sorts of problems at Old Trafford . WATCH OUT FOR WELBECK . Danny Welbeck would have been smarting when he was sold by Van Gaal. He is a good finisher, a mature player and there is no way he will want to see United troop out for a Cup final in May. Danny Welbeck will be looking to prove a point to Louis van Gaal who moved him on from Old Trafford . THE FORTRESS IS CRUMBLING . When Arsenal last played United in the FA Cup, Sir Alex Ferguson’s side won 2-0 in 2011. Since he left, Old Trafford has not been the same. In a season and a half, United have lost nine league games at home. That’s as many as Ferguson lost in his last six seasons. Teams don’t fear going there and even the home fans don’t know what to expect these days. Arsenal will hope to exploit any doubts. Old Trafford has not quite been the fortress of old since Sir Alex Ferguson's departure . Van Gaal's side have played 33 games this season, nine fewer than Arsenal, so should be fresher. In the table of minutes played by both squads, only two United players are in the top 10 and one is goalkeeper David de Gea. MINUTES PLAYED . Per Mertesacker, Arsenal: 3150 . Santi Cazorla, Arsenal: 3121 . Alexis Sanchez, Arsenal: 3081 . David de Gea, Man Utd: 2970 . Calum Chambers, Arsenal: 2392 . Wayne Rooney, Man Utd: 2383 . Kieran Gibbs, Arsenal: 2287 . Wojciech Szczesny Arsenal 2279 . Nacho Monreal, Arsenal: 2266 . Laurent Koscielny, Arsenal: 2194 . MY MEMORIES OF A CLASSIC RIVALRY . There has always been a great rivalry between these sides, but I never played at Old Trafford with any fear. I went there as a youngster in 1986 and won with Arsenal and during the Wenger years we had a team that could go and win anywhere. We were a physical team but we could play, and it was almost a compliment when United tried to match our physicality. In 1999, Ryan Giggs scored that classic FA Cup goal and it turned the season. Arsenal could have won the double but United went on to win the treble. Andy Cole made a run to drag me out of position, but sometimes you just have to admire moments of genius. The other game people love to remind me of is the ‘Battle of Old Trafford’ in 2003. In the little black book of opposition players, Ruud van Nistelrooy was one not to be trusted. He was a top player and a fighter, but he would look for any reason to go down. Perhaps I overreacted, but the whole team was infuriated by him. And I’m still not convinced I deserved to give away the penalty that Ruud eventually missed! Martin Keown clashed with former Manchester United striker Ruud van Nistelrooy in 2003 . | The likes of Alexis Sanchez, Danny Welbeck and Theo Walcott can cause Manchester United problems on the counter . Danny Welbeck will be looking to prove a point to Louis van Gaal . Old Trafford is not quite the fortress it once was . In a season and a half, United have lost nine league games at home . Man Utd vs Arsenal: Team news, match stats, probable line ups and more . CLICK HERE for all the latest Manchester United news . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Shocked students have described the moment their teacher was found hanged in a locked classroom as they arrived for school on Monday morning. Photography teacher Jillian Jacobson, 31, was discovered at El Dorado High School in Placentia, California, by her own students, who held a candlelit vigil last night for her 'beautiful soul'. Many had just arrived for school and were caught off-guard when the students who discovered popular, well-liked Mrs Jacobson burst into their classroom, clearly distressed. Scroll down for video . Tragic: Photography teacher Jillian Jacobson, 31 (left with a student) was discovered at El Dorado High School in Placentia, California, by her own students, who held a candlelit vigil for her 'beautiful soul' Authorities: Lt Eric Point of Placentia police (left) said preliminary investigations indicated a suicide. Right, an Orange County Fire Authority Chaplain pauses to speak to a student waiting for a ride after the school shut . One sophomore, named only as Holly, told the Orange County Register: 'I was in the class next door when I saw her students run out of the room with pale faces. 'Then teachers were running, then firefighters.' Freshman Tessa Hoover, who was in the classroom next door, added: 'We didn't know what was happening. 'Our teacher ran out of our class, then into the room next door. Then she started screaming. 'Right away we knew something really horrible had happened.' She told the Register her digital media arts teacher returned and locked the door before they were ushered into the gym a few minutes later. Devastating: A 31-year-old California teacher identified by her students as Jillian Jacobson (left and right) was discovered on Monday morning hanging in a classroom. It was distressed students who raised the alarm . Reaction: Lr Eric Point speaks to members of the media outside the school where the teacher was found . Fortitude: Assistant Superintendent Candi Plahy said school was due to resume today to help students cope . Frank Leon, 16, said his teacher left to unlock Jacobson's classroom and he heard 'screaming, crying,' he told the LA Times. 'It freaked the hell out of me.' He added that his teacher was screaming 'Oh my God, oh my God!' Last night more than 100 candles, flowers, cards and trinkets had been placed outside the school gates as students paid tribute to Mrs Jacobson on Twitter. 'We love you Mrs Jacobson,' wrote one. 'You'll never be forgotten.' Another, Mitch Brick, posted a photo of a sunset as he wrote: 'Mrs Jacobson has taught me so much about photography, much love sent out to her, rest in peace. 'Mrs. Jacobson told me that to be a good photographer, you need to get creative and think outside the box.' Kiley Sullivan wrote: 'My heart goes out to El Dorado High School Such a horrible thing to hear. Photo was my favorite class because of her. RIP Mrs Jacobson.' And Amber Guttilla said: 'For those who did not know Mrs Jacobson, there was not a teacher on this planet who cared more for her students. 'Her compassion knew no bounds and she always put us first. Please don't get caught up in the news stories that will only remember her for her final decision. You are so loved Mrs J.' Another user, Chelsey, tweeted: 'By far the most amazing teacher I've ever had. You will be greatly missed and forever in our hearts. RIP Jillian.' Assistant Superintendent Candi Plahy said school was due to resume today to help students cope. Shocking find: Jacobson was found inside a classroom at El Dorado High School in Placentia, California . Students and co-workers remembered the teacher's upbeat smile and thanked her for inspiring them . Crisis counselors have been made available on campus for the most traumatised students. Captain Steve Concialdi, of the Orange County Fire Authority, says the teacher took her life sometime before 8.40am yesterday. According to the police official, students who found the victim initially arrived to a locked classroom. After the two students were let inside by another teacher, the three found the teacher and helped cut her down from the ceiling. Responding paramedics found her lying on the classroom floor suffering from cardiac arrest, and performed CPR but were unable to revive the teacher. She was pronounced dead at the scene. Assistant Superintendent Kevin Lee with Placentia-Yorba Linda Unified School District said classes were dismissed for the day at 11am. A force for good: Jacobson's (left) father reportedly had killed himself, and she always urged teens not to resort to suicide . He also confirmed there there was an 'emergency medical situation' involving a teacher. Online records show that Jacobson was married and lived with her 34-year-old husband in Anaheim. He has been notified. Several students told the OC Register that Jacobson's father killed himself, and she that she always urged teens in distress not to resort to suicide. There is no word at this time on what may have prompted the popular teacher to end her life. Police said no note was found at the scene, but Lt Eric Point said the preliminary investigation indicated suicide. For confidential support on suicide matters call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline on 1-800-273-8255 or see www.suicidepreventionlifeline.org for details. | Devastated students identified the teacher as married Jillian Jacobson . She taught photography at El Dorado High School in Placentia, California . They found her in locked classroom yesterday as they arrived for school . 'Our teacher ran out of class', said one. 'Then she started screaming' Jacobson was married and lived with her 34-year-old husband in Anaheim . Her father killed himself, but she showed no previous signs of depression . Students held candlelit vigil for what they called her 'beautiful soul' |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Police arrested former Premier League footballer Calum Davenport for allegedly assaulting one of his own team-mates after a local league match in Bedfordshire. Davenport, 32, a former England Under 21 defender who played for West Ham, has been bailed by officers after a man in his 30s received head injuries in the away changing room at Cranfield United. Both men were playing for Elstow Abbey FC and Davenport had been sent off. Calum Davenport (pictured here in 2009) was arrested for allegedly assaulting his team-mate . Davenport was arrested after playing for Elstow Abbey at Cranfield United (ground pictured above) Village football club Elstow play in Division 1 of the Bedfordshire County Football League . His Premier League career ended in August 2009 when he was stabbed in the legs by his sister's boyfriend. Ed Frost, chairman of Cranfield United told the Bedfordshire on Sunday: 'The incident occurred in the away changing room between away players, it was isolated there and didn't spill over into the club house. 'This followed a tense game between two teams at the top of the table, in which Mr Davenport was sent off in the latter stages.' An ambulance spokeswoman said: 'The East of England Ambulance Service Trust was called to an incident on Crawley Road at 3.32pm on Saturday, March 14. Davenport had spells at West Ham and Tottenham but struggled to hold down a first-team place at either club . 'An ambulance was called to a man in his 30s with a suspected head injury and who was taken unwell. He was taken to Bedford Hospital for further care.' Bedfordshire Police have bailed Davenport until April 17. The defender started his career at Coventry before joining Tottenham for £1.3million but he only made 20 appearances over three years and spent time on loan at West Ham, Southampton and Norwich. Davenport joined the Hammers permanently in 2007 but was again farmed out on loan, to Watford and Sunderland. He spent two years with United Counties team Wootton Blue Cross in a bid to regain fitness ahead of a return to the senior game which never transpired. In 2009, Davenport was charged with assaulting his sister during an incident in which he was stabbed in both legs. He was later cleared of all charges. Sorry we are not currently accepting comments on this article. | Calum Davenport was arrested for allegedly assaulting his team-mate . The incident happened after Davenport had played for Elstow Abbey FC . Davenport can count Tottenham and West Ham among his former clubs . The 32-year-old defender has been bailed until April 17 . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Chelsea youngster Ruben Loftus-Cheek would be playing regularly in the Barclays Premier League if his side weren't under pressure in a title race situation, according to manager Jose Mourinho. Loftus-Cheek was on the bench for Chelsea's 1-0 win over West Ham on Wednesday and is now a full-time member of Mourinho's first-team squad having made substitute appearances against Sporting Lisbon and Manchester City this season. And Mourinho believes the 19-year-old midfielder is ready to play in the first team at Chelsea, although he is yet to start a game even in the absence of Nemanja Matic or John Obi Mikel. Ruben Loftus-Cheek would already be playing for Chelsea if the pressure wasn't so great, says Jose Mourinho . Mourinho had high praise for Loftus-Cheek despite him not appearing from the bench against West Ham . Mourinho rates the 19-year-old midfielder and has used him against Sporting Lisbon and Manchester City . Find out more about Ruben Loftus-Cheek with Sportsmail's guide to the 19-year-old midfielder HERE. 'I had Ruben Loftus-Cheek on the bench and I have to say that, in my opinion, next year, this kid will be a big surprise in the Premier League,' Mourinho said after the win over West Ham. 'This season, if I was not playing for the title and if we were not playing with the pressure we have when you are playing for the title, this kid would already be on the pitch. 'But it's step-by-step and today was again a day for (Kurt) Zouma to help John (Terry) and (Gary) Cahill in a game when (Diafra) Sakho and (Enner) Valencia are very difficult opponents.' Loftus-Cheek could even see more game-time before the end of the season, with Mourinho likely to rest players for a potential Champions League bid if Chelsea wrap up the title early enough. The youngster has already been earmarked as a future England international by Mourinho and previously attracted the interest of Manchester City, Manchester United, Real Madrid and Barcelona. Kurt Zouma (left) was selected for a second successive game in midfield in Mourinho's Chelsea side . Loftus-Cheek takes on Carlos Mane of Sporting Lisbon in the Champions League in December . March 15: Southampton (H) March 22: Hull City (A) April 4: Stoke City (H) April 12: Queens Park Rangers (A) April 18: Manchester United (H) April 26: Arsenal (A) April 29: Leicester City (A) May 2: Crystal Palace (H) May 9: Liverpool (H) May 16: West Bromwich Albion (A) May 24: Sunderland (H) | Jose Mourinho says Ruben Loftus-Cheek is ready for the Premier League . But manager is leaving the youngster out due to Chelsea's title pressure . Midfielder was on the bench for Chelsea's 1-0 win over West Ham . Loftus-Cheek has come on as a substitute twice for Chelsea this season . CLICK HERE for all the latest Chelsea news . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Bradford boss Phil Parkinson is relishing his side's return to the role of FA Cup outsiders after watching them keep their Wembley hopes alive with a gutsy goalless draw against Reading at Valley Parade. The Bantams' recent knockout heroics had made them narrow favourites to book their place in the semi-finals for the first time since 1911 despite the face they faced higher league opposition. But after watching Gary Liddle come closest in a clattering clash when he hit the woodwork late in the first half, Parkinson was keen to revive the siege mentality which helped them to wins over Chelsea and Sunderland. Phil Parkinson is congratulated by Jose Mourinho as Bradford shocked Chelsea at Stamford Bridge . Parkinson the manager collides with Garath McCleary of Reading during the FA Cup Quarter Final match . Parkinson said: 'We will go down there for the replay really as the underdogs and we will approach it in a positive fashion because we're at our best when we do that. 'We won at Stamford Bridge which was seen as a day out for us because no-one expected us to go and get a result. So we are still very much alive and kicking.' The draw will mean a rare return for Parkinson to the club for whom he made 361 appearances and as a player and was voted their best ever central midfielder in an online poll. Andrew Davies heads the ball wide of the Reading goal during the FA Cup Quarter Final match at Valley Parade . 'I'm looking forward to going back there because I haven't got down there many times since I left,' added Parkinson. 'Obviously I would have preferred to have gone through but the next best scenario is the replay.' Pavel Pogrebnyak and Oliver Norwood also hit the post for Reading who were bidding to make their own bit of history by reaching the last four for the first time since 1927. And Steve Clarke's men know they will probably never have a better chance than their replay against League One opposition which is scheduled for a week on Monday at the Madejski Stadium. Pavel Pogrebnyak heads the ball onto the post during the FA Cup Quarter Final match . Clarke had plainly set his side up to combat the physical nature of the Bantams who had stunned Sunderland in the fifth round and taken the lead inside the first four minutes. And the tone for a full-throttle but low-quality encounter was set in a robust opening minute as Billy Knott barged over Jamie Mackie and moments later Nathaniel Chalobah's challenge left James Hanson stretched out on the deck. The bruising encounter continued in the same vein from the first whistle to the last with Reading captain Alex Pearce playing the last three minutes with a broken nose after an accidental clash with Bradford substitute Francois Zoko. Stephen Darby applauds the fans following their team's 0-0 draw during match between Bradford and Reading . Bradford had stepped up the pace in the second half with chances for Hanson and Andrew Davies but it was Reading who came closest to snatching it when Norwood's late free-kick caused a mighty scramble in the home box. Clarke said he hoped the replay would attract a sell-out crowd at the Madejski Stadium but rejected his side's role as favourites and stressed the Bantams were still very much in the hunt for a semi-final place. Billy Knott strikes the ball as Daniel Williams of Reading closes in during the FA Cup Quarter Final match . 'We are both still in the hat and can look forward to the draw, and both teams will fancy their chances in the replay,' said Clarke. 'We hit the post twice and on another day we could have nicked it but it's probably a fair result and now we will look forward to them coming back to our place. 'I knew we were in the game from the first minute from the way we were challenging and getting the second balls. I knew we were determined to get them back to our place if that was the best we could do, and everyone was 100 per cent concentrated on that.' Jon Stead of Bradford City reacts after seeing a goalscoring chance missed during the FA Cup Quarter Final . | Phil Parkinson is relishing his side's return to the role of FA Cup underdog . Bradford kept their Wembley hopes alive with a gutsy goalless draw . They were favourites to reach semi finals for the first time since 1911 . Parkinson is keen to revive mentality which helped them beat Chelsea . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | There is a small corner of north Manchester which can boast two mini sporting dynasties that continue to be remarkably productive. Most famously from Bury are the Nevilles, whose notoriety takes in the worlds chiefly of football and netball, together with Phil's England age group honours at cricket. And then there are the Crosses, who can field a West Ham United footballer, a Superleague netballer and two very accomplished cricketers, the youngest of whom is becoming a fixture in England's women's cricket team. Kate Cross is part of the seam attack for England's women's cricket team and helped them win the Ashes . Kate Cross is daughter of former Upton Park striker David, but has followed more the path of her brother Bobby, who was contracted to Lancashire. The first girl to gain a place at the county's cricket academy, she has progressed to becoming part of England's seam attack, and was part of the team that won the women's Ashes last year. 'We've got quite a few connections with the Nevilles, they live not far up the road from us,' says Kate, 23. 'Phil and Gary went to the school next to our house and my sister Jenny played netball with Tracey [who is now England's interim head coach]. My mum still plays netball in the same league as Tracey's Mum.' These days David is a scout for Blackburn Rovers, and while he is best remembered for his 99 goals with the Hammers, he is a lifelong cricket nut. 'My dad was able to play cricket at the beginning of his football career and towards the end. I am too young to have seen him play, but I did manage to play a game of cricket for the thirds at Heywood with him when I was 14.' Cricketer Cross (left) is the daughter of former West Ham United striker David (right) The Neville brothers Phil (left) and Gary, pictured here playing in 2005, are also from Bury . Tracey Neville (right) is a retired netball player and is pictured here at the 1998 Commonwealth Games . These are exciting times for young women getting involved in elite sports, as evidenced by the BBC Sports Personality of the Year team award to the England rugby team, ahead of competition such as Paul McGinley's Ryder Cup victors. The paying public are yet to be convinced in many instances, but there is a big drive to promote women's sport among governing bodies, backed by many in the media. But it was not always a fashionable cause, as the younger Cross daughter recalls when she was given a place in Lancashire's boys academy at the age of 15. 'At the time there seemed to be some mixed feelings about it in a few quarters. There were quite a few people set in their ways with their cricket who were saying she has taken the position of a boy. Because I would never play in the Lancashire men's first team they didn't see it as the right investment. 'Although there was a bit of negativity it gave me the realisation that I could go further with my cricket.' Priority given to the women's game has grown to the point where the national team are now on full-time contracts that also involve them doing promotional work for the sport with the Chance To Shine charity. Cross (left) is pictured here with Sportsmail's Mike Dickson at the ECB's National Academy at Loughborough . Cross is just back from a tour of New Zealand where England edged both the one-day international and Twenty20 series, with Cross in particular shining with the ball in the ODIs. Greater financial commitment in several countries is quickening up the evolution of the women's game. While Cross bowls her late outswing at around 70mph, and the very fastest in the women's game are in the mid-seventies, power and speed are on the rise. As Serena Williams has consistently shown with her serve in tennis, it is possible that women can propel a ball with similar power to men. 'I don't see it happening in cricket in the near future but I think it could happen,' says Cross. 'It starts as a young cricketer and if girls are now able to focus on cricket at an early age you will definitely see the speeds go up. 'Women's cricket has changed in the past few years, it used to be a lot more tactical because we didn't have the strength, but in the last few years we have really worked on that and power hitting. The England women's cricket team celebrate their Ashes victory at the WACA in Perth last year . 'It's more about boundaries. A few years ago it was more about hitting the gaps but we have got a lot stronger. I really noticed at the Twenty20 World Cup in March how much other teams are improving. I'm sure Deandra Dottin (the phenomenal West Indian hitter) can strike it as far as any man in the game. She is not someone you want to bowl at.' Cross and her fellow squad members are grateful for the financial support they get from the ECB that has allowed them to train full-time. But what about the argument that you cannot really be professional in sport unless people, or television companies, are prepared to part with money to watch? 'I've heard that said, and it's true that we certainly don't get the crowds the men get. But it has to start somewhere and the ECB have invested that money in us and hopefully our game will improve, and that will bring more crowds in. 'We sold Chelmsford out last year for a Twenty20 and got 2,000 at Wormsley for the Test against India. We get a bit lost at Lord's because it's difficult to pack the ground out. But I have seen a difference in the crowds we are getting, and it's different to Australia, who commented on how many came. When we played at the MCG there were about 200 spectators, which wasn't many in there.' Cross in action with the bat for England in a Test match against India at Wormsley last August . Her career highlight was her Test debut in January, when she helped bowl England to victory in the Ashes Test at Perth with 6-70 in temperatures that got up above 100F. 'I will remember that for a long time, one of the reasons we won the game was because we were more mentally prepared for the heat. I have never felt so shattered afterwards. We had won by lunchtime and went to a waterfront pub and I had some food at 4pm, and then it just hit me. I went to bed at 6pm and slept through until 9 the next morning.' She admits to not following women's sport a great deal, but wants to make sure that there are more names to look up to for the next generation. 'I really got into the Winter Olympics this year, watching athletes like Lizzy Yarnold. When I was growing up I looked up to Andrew Flintoff, and remember the 2005 Ashes. Hopefully in the future there will be more female names and role models.' | Kate Cross is the daughter of former West Ham striker David . Kate's brother Bobby was contracted to Lancashire and her sister Jenny was a Superleague netballer . Also from Bury are the Nevilles, with Gary and Phil former footballers and Tracey a retired netball player who is now the England interim head coach . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | David de Gea's fine form for Manchester United is being rewarded at international level as Spain coach Vicente del Bosque appears set to hand him a rare start against Holland on Tuesday. De Gea features on the front of both Marca and AS as Spain look for revenge against the team that thrashed them 5-1 at the 2014 World Cup in their opening game of the tournament in Brazil. Marca makes comparisons between De Gea and former Manchester United and Holland goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar, who played at the venue for Tuesday's friendly, the Amsterdam Arena, for Ajax in his career. The Spanish press feature heavily on David de Gea, who is in line to start for Spain against Holland . De Gea (left) has been in superb form for Manchester United this season and now has a chance with Spain . Holland thrashed Spain 5-1 when the two teams last met at the 2014 World Cup in Brazil . AS leads with a picture of De Gea making what has become a trademark one-handed diving save in training as Iker Casillas, the man he is replacing, looks on. The paper adds that De Gea 'faces a great test' with Del Bosque set to heavily rotate for the encounter against Guus Hiddink's side. Meanwhile in Italy, La Gazzetta dello Sport demand Italy to 'step on the gas' as they prepare to play England in a friendly in Turin. The paper adds that 'it is never a friendly with England'. Media in Italy are expecting a performance against England as boss Antonio Conte returns to Turin . Corriere dello Sport leads with the fury of Juventus fans that the Italian Football Association (FIGC) have covered up the number 32 around the stadium of the Italian giants, which represents the amount of times they have won the Scudetto. They also feature on Antonio Conte's return to the club he left to take the job of Italy manager after their exit from the World Cup last year. | David de Gea is set to start ahead of Iker Casillas when Spain play Holland . The last time the two sides met was at the World Cup and Holland won 5-1 . Italian media order Italy to 'step on the gas' when they host England . |
Who is Solveig Margrete Fiske | Solveig Margrete Fiske (born 26 October 1952) is a theologian and bishop emerita in the Church of Norway, serving as the bishop of Hamar between 2006 and 2022, when she retired.
Originally from Frei in Møre og Romsdal, she graduated from the Free Faculty of Theology (now the MF Norwegian School of Theology) in 1980, and completed her practical examinations there in 1981. She briefly worked as a consultant for the Church Council in 1981, followed by an assignment to the parish in Elverum as a chaplain between 1982 and 1994. In 1994, she became the parish priest in Løten, a position she held for 12 years. | Solveig Margrete Fiske (born 26 October 1952) is a theologian and bishop emerita in the Church of Norway, serving as the bishop of Hamar between 2006 and 2022, when she retired. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | King Felipe of Spain and his wife Queen Letizia stepped out to welcome Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos to Madrid today. The royals laughed together as they arrived for the official welcoming ceremony at El Pardo palace outside Madrid. Letizia, 42, who looked chic in a nude skirt and blouse with black detailing, walked with the Colombian first lady Maria Clemencia Rodriguez during the event. King Felipe and Queen Letizia of Spain arrive at the ceremony welcoming the Colombian president to Spain . Queen Letizia of Spain (right) and Colombian president's wife Maria Clemencia Rodriguez (left) followed their husbands during the official ceremony welcoming the South American leaders to Madrid . The mother-of-two teamed a nude blouse with a nude and black patterned pencil skirt and patent nude heels. Her coat was an elegant tailored wool affair and she held a discreet black leather clutch. As usual, the Spanish royal opted for small pearl drop earrings, while her hair was worn in a simple side parting. Her South American counterpart, Maria Clemencia Rodriguez went for a grey dress with matching pearl-studded biker-style jacket. Queen Letizia and husband Felipe welcomed their Colombian counterparts on a three-day visit to Spain . From left to right, Queen Letizia of Spain, Juan Manuel Santos, the president of Colombia, King Felipe VI of Spain and Maria Clemencia Rodriguez, the first lady of Colombia on the steps of La Zarzuela palace . The women walked behind their husbands and seemed to have plenty to talk during the stately event which was then followed by an official luncheon at La Zarzuela Palace. The foursome reviewed the troops and listened to their national anthems to kick off Santos's three-day long visit to Spain. No doubt Letizia, a former top newspaper and TV journalist had much to discuss with Santos, who is the former deputy director of El Tiempo, the main Colombian newspaper. Just last week, art-lover Letizia and her husband attended the 34th ARCO International Contemporary Art Fair at the IFEMA exhibition site in the Spanish capital, which will feature Colombian artists this year. Queen Letizia attended the 34th ARCO International Contemporary Art Fair in Madrid . The Spanish queen looked chic and colour co-ordinated in a shift dress, black leather clutch and suede shoes . Felipe Varela Studded Dress . Not available online . Visit site . She's a royal who's garnered a firm fashion following and with outfits like this, it's easy to see why Queen Letizia's style goes down such a storm. We love the way she's introduced a slight edginess to her look thanks to the studded dress which puts a fresh spin on the otherwise classic colour block design. Her chic frock is by one of her favourite designers, Felipe Varela, who's designs she often turns to for public appearances. That said, we love the fact she also champions the Spanish high-street by regularly wearing brands like Zara, Uterque and Mango. Love Letizia's dress too? Well although her exact style isn't available, you can still channel her look by snapping up a studded dress from our edit below! MICHAEL Michael Kors Studded Asymmetrical Hem Sheath Dress at Nordstrom . Visit site . Rebecca Taylor Charlotte Lace-Paneled Silk Studded Dress at Saks Fifth Avenue . Visit site . Trina Turk Naomi Studded Ponte Dress at Neiman Marcus . Visit site . Nasty Gal Vintage Party Hardy Studded Dress . Visit site . The royals admired huge sculptures, including an untitled art work consisting of a bronze swirl of metal extending out of a matte metal dome, alongside the nation's education, culture and sports minister Ignacio Wert and the Mayor of Madrid, Ana Botella. At the event, which will run until 1 March, Letizia gazed at one piece made up of a vast canvas covered in red paint, nailed to the wall, which appeared to drip into a red pool on the floor where lay clustered a paint roller, pots and brushes. Letizia and her regal husband are no strangers to events celebrating art and culture, they recently attended the inauguration of a a Picasso exhibition at the Museo de Belas Artes in A Coruna in the north west coastal region of Galicia. Letizia and King Felipe admired modern sculpture with Spanish politicians and officials . Letizia cut an elegant figure surrounded by grey-suited officials at the annual art event in Madrid . Letizia kept her make-up classic with her usual soft smoky eye and plum-coloured lipstick . In seeming tribute to the legendary Spanish artist, Letizia even wore a Breton-striped top for the event. The pair also attended the Picasso Museum in Malaga on Spain's Costa del Sol, in September, before attending a formal dinner . Earlier this week Letizia attended a meeting with the board of the Royal Council on Disability. One of Letizia's favoured causes, the mother-of-two appeared deep in concentration as she listened to the points raised by her fellow board members. King Felipe and Queen Letizia admire the works of art in the white-walled Madrid exhibition space . | Queen Letizia welcomed Colombian First Lady Maria Clemencia Rodriguez . Joined husband King Felipe in event at El Pardo palace outside Madrid . King Felipe VI escorted Colombian president Juan Manuel Santos . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | The FA want to send two Great Britain football teams to compete in the 2016 Rio Olympics but a row has broken out with other home nations even before the qualification process starts. FA technical director Dan Ashworth and England Under 21 manager Gareth Southgate want young England players to gain tournament experience. Their view has the backing of chairman Greg Dyke, leading to the FA changing their mind about sending only a women’s side — if any — to Brazil. The FA’s departing general secretary Alex Horne wrote to the other three countries on his last day in office at Wembley informing them that it was now their intention to enter both Olympic football competitions. FA chairman Greg Dyke has backed the idea of sending both a men's and women's team to Rio . England U21 boss Gareth Southgate (centre) wants young England players to get tournament experience . FA technical director Dan Ashworth, pictured talking to Roy Hodgson, shares the views of the Under 21 boss . Former Manchester united midfielder Ryan Giggs captained Team GB at the 2012 Olympics . However, the manner of the FA taking the lead on raising the teams infuriated Wales, especially, and Northern Ireland, leading to a stormy meeting between officials at the IFAB summit in Belfast last Friday. Scotland were less concerned because of their long, unequivocal opposition to the GB football format, which they see as a threat to their independence within FIFA. The main sensitivity with the Welsh and the Irish was why the FA had the divine right to be the national association with the football seat on the British Olympic Association since its inception in 1905. Wales are also upset about the FA reneging — owing to a rules change — on a gentlemen’s agreement over the rotation of the British vice-president seat on FIFA executive committee. Arsenal midfielder Aaron Ramsey misses a penalty during the clash with South Korea . Craig Bellamy celebrates scoring against Senegal at Old Trafford during the 2012 Olympics . Team GB players look on during a penalty shoutout defeat by South Korea at London 2012 Olympics . Giggs in action for Team GB during an Olympics warm-up match against Brazil at the Riverside Stadium . The rumpus has led to FIFA telling the FA to sort out the internal fighting before submitting their GB football applications. The men’s side would need to reach the last four of the European Under 21 Championship this summer to qualify. The Olympic issue has raised extra emotions because it follows all the fuss around the home nations providing players at London 2012 for a Team GB side that the BOA mandated England to select. A BOA spokesperson said: ‘We have received confirmation from the FA of their intention to enter into the qualification process for Rio for both men’s and women’s tournaments.’ | The FA want to send a GB men's and women's football team to Rio in 2016 . Wales and Northern Ireland were left furious by the FA taking the lead . Stormy meeting took place between officials at IFAB summit in Belfast . |
Name the academic institutions which John Cena attended. | Cena was born in West Newbury, Massachusetts on April 23, 1977, to Carol (née Lupien) and John Joseph Cena. His mother is of English and French-Canadian descent, while his father, a former ring announcer for Chaotic Wrestling, has Italian ancestry. His maternal grandfather was baseball player Tony Lupien, while his maternal great-grandfather was businessman Ulysses J. Lupien. He is the second oldest of five brothers: Dan, Matt, Steve, and Sean. A fan of wrestling growing up, he would create championship belts out of cardboard for himself and his brothers. He is a cousin of computer scientist Natalie Enright Jerger and was raised Roman Catholic. Cena was teased and beaten up while in school, and asked for a weightlifting bench at the age of 12.
Cena attended Central Catholic High School in Lawrence, Massachusetts, before transferring to Cushing Academy, a private prep boarding school in Ashburnham, Massachusetts. He then attended Springfield College in Springfield, Massachusetts, where he was an NCAA Division III All-American center and captain on their college football team, wearing the number 54. He graduated from Springfield College in 1999 with a degree in exercise physiology and body movement, after which he pursued a bodybuilding career and worked as a limousine driver. Cena worked in the store area of Gold's Gym for $6 an hour. | Central Catholic High School, Cushing Academy, a private prep boarding school in Ashburnham, Massachusetts, Springfield College. |
Given the text, write a summary of the effects of the Super Mushroom power-up in the Super Mario videogame series | Mushroom power-ups appear in almost every Super Mario game. The most iconic of these is the Super Mushroom. The Super Mushroom increases the character's size, turning them into a "Super" variant, and allows them to break certain blocks. When hit by an enemy, the character reverts to their smaller size instead of losing a life. When the character is in their "Super" form, most blocks that would contain a Super Mushroom instead offer a more powerful power-up such as the Fire Flower. The Super Mushroom is similar in appearance to the Amanita muscaria, with an ivory stalk below a most commonly red and white (originally red and orange) spotted cap. Created by chance, Shigeru Miyamoto stated in an interview that beta tests of Super Mario Bros. proved Mario too tall, so the development team implemented mushrooms to grow and shrink Mario. Different variants of mushroom power-ups appear in the series. For example, Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels introduces the Poison Mushroom, which causes damage when collected; and New Super Mario Bros. introduces the Mini Mushroom, which shrinks the character to miniature size; and the Mega Mushroom, grows the character into a towering, invulnerable giant who destroys enemies and the environment by running through them.
Super Mario Bros. 3 introduces suits to the Super Mario series, many of which are based on animals or Mario enemies. The Raccoon Suit (provisioned by a Super Leaf) and the Tanooki Suit each provide the character with a tail that enables flight. In addition, the Tanooki Suit lets the character spontaneously change into an invincible statue for about five seconds. Super Mario Bros. 3 includes a Hammer Bros. suit, which allows Mario and Luigi to throw hammers as projectiles to defeat enemies at a distance. Other suits in later games in the series include the Frog Suit, Penguin Suit, Cat Suit, Boomerang Suit, and Bee Suit. | The Super Mushroom is one of the main power-ups in the Super Mario games and appear in almost every game of the series.
The Super Mushroom makes Mario bigger, more stronger and therefore able to break certain blocks. When Mario takes damage, for example when hit by an enemy. he loses the power-up, and turns back to its original small size.
There are other variants of the mushroom power-up throughout the Super Mario series. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | It has been almost a decade since the TV show Footballers' Wives left our living rooms, but the OTT bling on the real-life premiership players shows no signs of losing its shine. Just yesterday, Steven Fletcher, who has scored just seven times in two years for Sunderland, suffered a Twitter backlash after the photograph of him with his new £260,000 Lamborghini Aventador supercar went viral. The 27-year-old footballer was criticised by fans who said the car was ‘undeserved’ given his recent performances on the pitch. Aventador: Steven Fletcher, who has scored just seven times in two years for Sunderland, suffered a Twitter backlash after the photograph of him with the supercar on the driveway of his home went viral . But Steven isn't the only footballer to use his social networking accounts to show off the trappings of wealth to thousands of fans. Stars including Andy Carroll, John Terry and Cristiano Ronaldo have all used Instagram and Twitter to falunt their expensive goodies. Everything from customised sports cars and private jets to at-home beauty salons are posted online nowadays. Even David Beckham can't resist a cheeky snap or two of himself in a posh infinity pool. So who are some of the flashiest footballers around? Read on to find out... Andy Carroll posted this picture of himself on holiday with the words: 'Champagne spray anyone??? #SaveWaterSprayChampagne' Billi Mucklow, fiancee of Andy Carroll posted this snap of her new in-house beauty salon with the words: 'Biggest shock of my life secret key, lead to a secret room in my new house! My very own salon called "Billutifuls"' Real Madrid's Cristiano Ronaldo uploaded this picture with the words: 'Morning ride' Cristiano also posted this snap: 'Good morning! Leaving for training with this nice weather' David Beckham enjoys a coffee on board a private jet with the caption: 'Next stop, H&M store on Gran Via' David Beckham couldn't resist grinning as he posed for this snap with the words: 'Enjoying the pool at Marina Bay Sands' Arsenal's Mesut Özil uploaded this picture of himself on a private jet with the caption: 'Good n8.Home sweet home..' Liverpool's Mario Balotelli uploaded this picture of himself at the 4FKmotorsport showrooms in Milan . Wigan Atheltic's Jermaine Pennant posed this on Instagram with the words: #tbt my old DBS...... We had fun we did . Jermaine also uploaded a snap of another of his sports cars with the words: 'My 3rd baby... Soon to be gone!!' Spurs player Emmanuel Adebayor has some of the flashiest clothing in the premier league . Wolves star Bakary Sako posted this snap of crystal-encrusted boots on his Instagram with the words: 'I will be playing my 100 games for Wolves this weekend so a special day deserve a special boots' Chelsea's Didier Drgoba uploaded these snaps of himself on a helicopter in Monaco with the words: 'Flying man stays flyyyyy!' Didier also posted these snaps of himself on a private jet with the words: 'We Had an amazing day with extra nice people' Don't follow Chelsea's John Terry if you get holiday envy, the footballer posted this snap with the words: 'Loving Dubai' John Terry continued t'o post snaps of his holiday with the words: Left: 'Summer Knee Boarding.So proud of my babies,' and right: What a great experience Scuba Diving at the Atlantis' Blackpool FC player Jamie O'Hara likes to showcase his possessions. He posted this picture with the words: 'In that business mood today, getting stuff sorted' | Sunderland's Steven Fletcher slammed for bragging about a Lamborghini . But the striker isn't the only footballer to show off on social media . FEMAIL rounds up the flashiest footballers on Instagram and Twitter . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | (CNN)From the sweltering heat of the Sahara Desert to the subzero temperatures at both North and South Poles, Fiona Oakes' running obsession knows no bounds. Dubbed the "Queen of the Extreme," the record-breaking runner has completed more than 50 marathons and ultramarathons, but she remains determinedly modest about her feats. "I don't keep my medals, I don't know where they are. I don't have trophies -- people have cabinets of trophies -- the dogs have chewed most of mine," Oakes told CNN's Human to Hero series. "I don't have cuttings from newspapers ... I'm not interested. I would never say to people: 'I am this' or 'I am that' -- it's not something that I'm predisposed to shout about. I don't think I'm very special at all, to be honest." Perhaps the 48-year-old needs to rethink her definition of special given her punishing schedule is religiously maintained despite her suffering from a potentially crippling knee complaint -- a legacy of reconstructive surgery during her teens. "I had a tumor (in my right knee) when I was 14 years old, it wasn't discovered until I was 17, by which time I had lost an awful lot of weight -- I think I weighed around five stone," she explains. "In the end I had radical surgery to remove the kneecap and knee joint. It was in plaster for about three years. I was told that I wouldn't walk properly again, let alone do anything like running. It's painful when I run, but I can manage it because I know what to expect." Oakes started running properly just over a decade ago and soon found her stride, winning her first half-marathon in a course-record time before stepping up to compete over 26.2 miles and beyond. Today, she routinely finishes conventional marathons in around two hours, 50 minutes and has a personal best of two hours, 38 minutes -- a shade over the A standard required to qualify for the 2012 Olympic Games. When she's not pounding the tarmac in city marathons, Oakes competes in some of the world's toughest endurance races counting the Volcano Marathon in Chile's Atacama Desert -- an 150-mile ultramarathon run at altitudes in excess of 4,400 meters (14,600 feet) -- and the similarly challenging Marathon des Sables where competitors run six marathons in six days through the Sahara Desert among her conquests. She still winces at the memory of competing in that 154-mile Saraha event, dubbed the world's toughest footrace. "The Marathon des Sables in 2012 was appallingly tough. The week before I went I broke two toes -- a horse stood on my foot. "Trying to complete the Marathon des Sables is a tough ask, but trying to complete it with broken toes was brutal. For the whole week I lived on painkillers ... it was just appalling, but it did toughen me up," she says. The following year, Oakes broke three world records becoming the fastest woman to run a marathon on each continent -- clocking an aggregate time of 26 hours, 18 minutes and 43 seconds -- as well as recording the fastest aggregate and elapsed times for running marathons on all seven continents plus the North Pole -- a place she remembers warmly. "I think my favorite marathon has to be the North Pole, purely because it's a marathon on the top of the world. It's such an unrealistic place to be actually running a marathon, and also I caught a glimpse of a polar bear -- which has to be one of the highlights of my life." There is no let up in her schedule when she's crosses the finish line -- once she's got her breath back it's straight back to the day job running an animal sanctuary at her home in Asheldham, Essex. With 400 animals including horses, pigs, sheep and dogs to care for around the clock as well as keeping up her training routine of 100 miles every week, it's no surprise that Oakes has little time for anything else. "My life is very, very regimented, it's hard to fit in the running around caring for the animals. I have to get up at 3.30 in the morning and I work through till probably nine or 10 o'clock at night," she says. "People forget that if you train for something very, very hard it has a detrimental effect on the people around you. I have no personal or family life. Every minute of my time that is not spent caring for my animals is spent dedicated to running. "It might be that whenever someone else is having a Christmas day lunch, I'm putting my running shoes and going out to run 30 miles." Running has helped her raise money for the animal sanctuary and also allowed her to promote a positive image of veganism, though Oakes, who hasn't eaten animal products since her teenage years, is keen not to sound too preachy. "I don't like to dwell on the vegan thing because (you) quickly gets marked as some sort of fruitcake or an animal rights extremist and I don't want to appear to be telling people what to do -- it's a personal thing," she says. But she cannot deny feeling a deep sense of satisfaction about helping change the perception that vegans somehow lack energy because of their diet. "I became so frustrated by constantly being told you can't do (running) as a vegan (and that) vegans are weak, vegans will keel over if they try to do something extreme. I wanted to prove my point. "I just want to be an example to say that if these people are considering this lifestyle, it can be done on a plant-based diet." As if to hammer home her point, Oakes recently attempted to run seven marathons in seven days on seven continents -- running in a "cow costume" to raise awareness of animal cruelty. Her hopes of completing the Triple 7 Quest were dashed at the last though when poor weather prevented her flying from Chile to Antarctica to complete the final leg of the race. "It was really devastating at the finish, but I couldn't wait, I had to come home for the animals. I'm not at an extendable budget with time so I had to leave," she said. Next month, Oakes will be off on her travels again, returning to Morocco to compete in her third Marathon des Sables, before heading back onto the road to compete at the Berlin Marathon later in the year where she aims to better her 17th-place finish achieved in 2006. "I'm always focusing on what I'm about to do next," she says, before quietly conceding running isn't always her favorite activity. "I don't particularly enjoy running. The training is extremely difficult and I do push to the absolute limits. I enjoy the results that are achieved from the running ... I like to take on challenges that would be almost impossible and prove that I can do it." | British amateur runner competes in marathons and ultramarathons . Oakes underwent reconstructive surgery on knee as a teenager . The 48-year old runs to raise money for her animal sanctuary . Oakes is passionate about veganism and promoting positive image of plant-based diet . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Ajax manager Frank de Boer has revealed he has aspirations to one day manage Tottenham or Liverpool after previously going close to taking up the reins at White Hart Lane and Anfield. De Boer, who has won four Dutch titles at Ajax, has been linked with a move to the Barclays Premier League on multiple occasions and the 44-year-old has now confirmed rumours linking him with a move to England. The former Dutch international has admitted he was in the running to replace Tim Sherwood at White Hart Lane in the summer, while he was previously approached by Liverpool. Ajax manager Frank de Boer has revealed he previously came close to joining Tottenham and Liverpool . Mauricio Pochettino beat off competition from De Boer to take up the reins at White Hart Lane . Speaking exclusively to FourFourTwo, De Boer said: 'Together with Mauricio Pochettino I was the biggest candidate, and if they had chosen me, I would've done it. "If I get an offer from a club in the future, I will consider the possibility and then follow my feeling. I look at whether it's a club where I think I can present myself well and where I'll be able to act in the way I like. 'Before, there was potential interest from Monaco as well, but it wasn't something I was looking for at that moment. Liverpool and Spurs are clubs I could manage. 'Liverpool approached me in the same way Tottenham did this year, wanting to hold exploratory talks first.' De Boer is keen on following fellow countryman Louis van Gaal and Ronald Koeman to England . | Frank de Boer came close to landing Tottenham job in the summer . Current White Hart Lane boss Mauricio Pochettino pipped him to the post . Liverpool also previously made an approach, according to De Boer . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Take a look at the amount of fuel for star formation in the universe, compared to the number of stars, and you'll notice something strange - there should be 10 times as many stars as there are. It's a problem that has perplexed scientists, but now a study claims to have an answer, saying that the heat in star-forming clouds may be hindering stellar formation. They say that the temperatures are likely too hot to allow reasonable amounts of star formation, which leads to the observed lower number of stars we see in the cosmos today. Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Michigan State University have proposed a new theory for the lack of stars. Based on the amount of stellar fuel there should be 10 times as many. But the reason is because temperatures stop them forming. The Hubble Ultra Deep Field image is shown here . For a star to form, it relies on a cloud of gas to cool sufficiently so that it can gather into the large mass required for stellar formation. In particular, intracluster gas - that near the centre of a galaxy cluster - is normally a prime region for stellar formation. But just a handful of stars in are born every year in some galaxies, despite an abundance of this gas, so there must be something hindering the gas from cooling and forming stars. Last month astronomers discovered stars forming in a remote region of the Milky Way not thought possible before. The stars were seen in a cloud of molecular gas 16,000 light-years below the flattened disc of our galaxy - further than any others ever seen. And if any planets were to form around these stars, inhabitants would see the entire glory of the spiral galaxy above them in their night sky. The amazing discovery - led by Dr Denilso Camargo of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul in Porto Alegre, Brazil - marks the first time that star-forming clusters that are part of the Milky Way have been found this far from our galaxy. ‘This is the first time astronomers have found stars being born in such a remote location,’ said Dr Camargo. ‘Our work shows that the space around the galaxy is a lot less empty than we thought.’ 'The amount of fuel for star formation outpaces the amount of stars 10 times, so these clusters should be really star-rich,' said Dr Michael McDonald, a Hubble Fellow in Massachusetts Institute of Technology's (MIT) Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research. 'You really need some mechanism to prevent gas from cooling, otherwise the universe would have 10 times as many stars.' The theory proposed by the researchers from MIT and Michigan State University suggests a number of reasons for why this is so. For some galaxy clusters, the researchers say, the intracluster gas may simply be too hot - on the order of hundreds of millions of degrees Celsius. Even if one region experiences some cooling, the intensity of the surrounding heat would keep that region from cooling further - an effect known as conduction. 'For these hotter clusters, they're stuck in this hot state, and will never cool and form stars,' Dr McDonald says. 'Once you get into this very high-temperature regime, cooling is really inefficient, and they're stuck there forever.' He added to MailOnline that maybe, over tens of billions of years, they would cool down enough for stars to form. Dr McDonald told MailOnline that one of the only clusters observed to be 'cool' enough to allow rapid stellar formation was the Phoenix Cluster, shown here. 'This system was identified in the paper as the only cluster that appears to be undergoing a massive cooling-induced starburst,' he said. Meanwhile, for so-called 'cool core' galaxy clusters, the gas near the center may be cool enough to form some stars. However, a portion of this cooled gas may rain down into a central black hole, which then spews out hot material that serves to reheat the surroundings, preventing many stars from forming - an effect the team terms 'precipitation-driven feedback.' 'Some stars will form, but before it gets too out of hand, the black hole will heat everything back up -- it's like a thermostat for the cluster,' Dr McDonald said. 'The combination of conduction and precipitation-driven feedback provides a simple, clear picture of how star formation is governed in galaxy clusters.' Dr McDonald also explained to MailOnline that, if a human were to venture into one of these hot clusters, they 'probably wouldn't feel hot, because the particles are very low density.' 'So the heat exchange between your body and the hot gas would be very slow,' he added. 'You'd likely be killed by the lack of oxygen and extreme low pressure much faster.' The team collected data from the Chandra X-ray Observatory (illustration shown) and the South Pole Telescope - an observatory in Antarctica that searches for far-off massive galaxy clusters. Dr McDonald and his colleagues compared their theoretical framework to observations of distant galaxy clusters, and found that their theory matched the observed differences between clusters. The team collected data from the Chandra X-ray Observatory and the South Pole Telescope - an observatory in Antarctica that searches for far-off massive galaxy clusters. The researchers compared their theoretical framework with the gas cooling times of every known galaxy cluster, and found that clusters filtered into two populations - very slowly cooling clusters, and clusters that are cooling rapidly, closer to the rate predicted by the group as a critical threshold. By using the theoretical framework, Dr McDonald says researchers may be able to predict the evolution of galaxy clusters, and the stars they produce. 'We've built a track that clusters follow,' Dr McDonald said. 'The nice, simple thing about this framework is that you're stuck in one of two modes, for a very long time, until something very catastrophic bumps you out, like a head-on collision with another cluster.' The researchers hope to look deeper into the theory to see whether the mechanisms regulating star formation in clusters also apply to individual galaxies. Preliminary evidence, he says, suggests that is the case. 'If we can use all this information to understand why or why not stars form around us, then we've made a big step forward,' Dr McDonald said. This Hubble image of galaxy NGC 1275 reveals the fine, thread-like filamentary structures in the gas surrounding the galaxy. The red filaments are composed of cool gas being suspended by a magnetic field, and are surrounded by the 100-million-degree gas in the center of the Perseus galaxy cluster . | Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Michigan State University have proposed a new theory for the lack of stars . Based on the amount of stellar fuel there should be 10 times as many . But the reason is because temperatures stop them forming . In some clusters of galaxies temperatures are too high for stars to form . And black holes regulate the temperatures so they never get too cool . |