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Cargo cults are religious practices that have appeared in many traditional tribal societies in the wake of interaction with technologically advanced cultures. They focus on obtaining the material wealth (the "cargo") of the advanced culture by imitating the actions they believe cause the appearance of cargo: by building landing strips, mock aircraft, mock radios, and the like. The cultists' successes in copying the appearance of an airport cannot make up, in the end, for the failure to produce any cargo.

Cargo cults are religious practices that have appeared in many traditional tribal societies in the wake of interaction with technologically advanced cultures. They focus on obtaining the material wealth (the "cargo") of the advanced culture by imitating the actions they believe cause the appearance of cargo: by building landing strips, mock aircraft, mock radios, and the like. The cultists' commitment to copying the appearance of an airport cannot make up, in the end, for their failure to produce any cargo.

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Cargo cult science is a pseudoscientific method of research that favors evidence that confirms an assumed hypothesis while underreporting evidence that contradicts it. The term cargo cult science was first used by physicist Richard Feynman during his 1974 commencement address at the California Institute of Technology. Cargo cults are religious practices that have appeared in many traditional tribal societies in the wake of interaction with technologically advanced cultures. They focus on obtaining the material wealth (the "cargo") of the advanced culture by imitating the actions they believe cause the appearance of cargo: by building landing strips, mock aircraft, mock radios, and the like. The cultists' commitment to copying the appearance of an airport cannot make up, in the end, for their failure to produce any cargo .

Cargo cult science is a form of pseudoscience in which an imagined hypothesis is offered after the fact for some observed phenomenon, and further occurrences of the phenomenon are deemed to be proof of the hypothesis. It can be paraphrased as, "It has been observed to work in the past, while other methods have been observed not to work." In contrast with the scientific method, there is no vigorous effort to disprove the hypothesis. The term cargo cult science was first used by physicist Richard Feynman during his 1974 commencement address at the California Institute of Technology. Cargo cults are religious practices that have appeared in many traditional tribal societies in the wake of interaction with technologically advanced cultures. They focus on obtaining the material wealth (the "cargo") of the advanced culture by imitating the actions they believe cause the appearance of cargo: by building landing strips, mock aircraft, mock radios, and the like. Similarly, although cargo cult sciences employ the trappings of the scientific method, like an airplane with no motor, they fail to deliver anything of value .

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Cargo cult science is a form of pseudoscience in which an imagined hypothesisis offered after the fact for some observed phenomenon, and further occurrences of the phenomenon are deemed to be proof of the hypothesis. It can be paraphrased as, "It has been observed to work in the past, while other methods have been observed not to work." In contrast with the scientific method, there is no vigorous effort to disprove the hypothesis. The term cargo cult science was first used by physicist Richard Feynman during his 1974 commencement address at the California Institute of Technology.

Cargo cult science is a pseudoscientific method of research that favors evidence that confirms an assumed hypothesis. In contrast with the scientific method, there is no vigorous effort to disprove the hypothesis. The term cargo cult science was first used by physicist Richard Feynman during his 1974 commencement address at the California Institute of Technology.

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Cargo cults are religious practices that have appeared in many traditional tribal societies in the wake of interaction with technologically advanced cultures. They focus on obtaining the material wealth (the "cargo") of the advanced culture by imitating the actions they believe cause the appearance of cargo: by building landing strips, mock aircraft, mock radios, and the like. Similarly, although cargo cult sciences employ the trappings of the scientific method, like an airplane with no motor , they fail to deliver anything of value.

Cargo cults are religious practices that have appeared in many traditional tribal societies in the wake of interaction with technologically advanced cultures. They focus on obtaining the material wealth (the "cargo") of the advanced culture by imitating the actions they believe cause the appearance of cargo: by building landing strips, mock aircraft, mock radios, and the like. Similarly, although cargo cult sciences employ the trappings of the scientific method, they fail — like an airplane with no motor — to deliver anything of value.

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The high point, in terms of well-known candy, came during the ten years Rick Santorum sat at the candy desk (1997–2007). Being a senator from Pennsylvania, he filled the candy desk with Hershey candy and Just Born products (such as Mike and Ike and Hot Tamales). During this time period, Hershey shipped roughly 100 pounds of chocolate and other candy four times a year for Santorum to fill the desk. When Santorum did not win re-election during the 2006 U.S. Senate elections, Kirk Saville, a spokesman for Hershey , said about the company's no longer being able to supply sweets for the candy desk, "We were pleased to be a small part of sweetening up congressional proceedings . "

The high point, in terms of well-known candy, came during the ten years Rick Santorum sat at the candy desk (1997–2007). Being a senator from Pennsylvania, he filled the candy desk with Hershey candy and Just Born products (such as Mike and Ike and Hot Tamales). During this time period, Hershey shipped roughly 100 pounds of chocolate and other candy four times a year for Santorum to fill the desk. When Santorum did not win re-election during the 2006 U.S. Senate elections, Hershey stopped supplying the desk. "We were pleased to be a small part of sweetening up congressional proceedings " said Kirk Saville, a spokesman for Hershey.

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Mohéli , also known as Mwali, is an autonomous island that forms part of the Union of the Comoros. It is the smallest of the three major islands in the country. Location Mohéli is located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Africa . It is the smallest of the four major Comoro Islands. Population Its population, , is about 38,000. Capital Its capital and largest city is Fomboni. Ethnic groups Its main ethnic group, as on the other Comoros islands Grande Comore and Anjouan as well as the French territory Mayotte, is the Comorian ethnic group, a synthesis of Bantu, Arab, Malay and Malagasy culture, and the main religion is Sunni Islam. Rejoining Comoros Mohéli rejoined Comoros in 1998. In 2002, Mohéli ratified the new Comorian constitution, which provided for a less centralized federal government and more power to the island governments. It helped settle continuing political turmoil on Comoros and continuing secessionism on Anjouan. Also in 2002 , Mohamed Said Fazul was elected president. His supporters won most seats in Mohéli's delegation to Parliament in the legislative elections of 2004. Protected areas On 19 April 2001, the first protected area in this countryMohéli Marine Parkwas gazetted. This was the culmination of a unique process by which the local communities in the ten villages around the park boundaries negotiated a collaborative arrangement with the government for the establishment and management of the park. Not surprisingly therefore, the marine park programme was among the 27 finalists selected from nearly 500 nominations by the Equator Initiative, a partnership between the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), IUCN, the UN Foundation and four other international groups, to promote community-based initiatives aimed at furthering sustainable development .

Mohéli , also known as Mwali, is an autonomous island that forms part of the Union of the Comoros. It is the smallest of the three major islands in the country. It is located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Africa and is is the smallest of the four major Comoro Islands. Its capital and largest city is Fomboni. Population Mohéli's population, , is about 38,000. Its main ethnic group, as on the other Comoros islands Grande Comore and Anjouan as well as the French territory Mayotte, is the Comorian ethnic group, a synthesis of Bantu, Arab, Malay and Malagasy culture, and the main religion is Sunni Islam. Rejoining Comoros Mohéli rejoined Comoros in 1998. In 2002, Mohéli ratified the new Comorian constitution, which provided for a less centralized federal government and more power to the island governments. It helped settle continuing political turmoil on Comoros and continuing secessionism on Anjouan. The same year , Mohamed Said Fazul was elected president. His supporters won most seats in Mohéli's delegation to Parliament in the legislative elections of 2004. Environment Protected areas On 19 April 2001, the first protected area in this countryMohéli Marine Parkwas gazetted. This was the culmination of a unique process by which the local communities in the ten villages around the park boundaries negotiated a collaborative arrangement with the government for the establishment and management of the park. The marine park programme was among the 27 finalists selected from nearly 500 nominations by the Equator Initiative, a partnership between the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), IUCN, the UN Foundation and four other international groups, to promote community-based initiatives aimed at furthering sustainable development . Important Bird Area A 6,268 ha tract encompassing the highlands of the interior of the western part of the island, including Mount Mlédjélé, has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports populations of Comoro olive pigeons, Comoro blue pigeons, tropical shearwaters, Moheli scops owls, Malagasy harriers, Moheli brush warblers, Moheli bulbuls, Comoro thrushes, Humblot's sunbirds and red-headed fodies .

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History Map of Mohéli. Flag of the Sultanate between 1891 and 1904. Postage stamps were issued for Mohéli briefly under French rule; this two-centime value dates from 1906. Until 1830, Mohéli was part of the Ndzuwani Sultanate, which also controlled the neighbouring island of Anjouan. In 1830, migrants from Madagascar led by Ramanetaka, who later changed his name to Abderemane, took over the island and established the sultanate of Mwali. In the mid-nineteenth century its ruler was Queen Jumbe-Souli. In 1886, France made the island a protectorate. Independence Separatist flag(1997–1998). On 11 August 1997, Mohéli seceded from the Comoros, a week after Anjouan. Mohéli's secessionist leaders were Said Mohamed Soefu who became President, and Soidri Ahmed, who became Prime Minister. Rejoining Comoros Mohéli rejoined Comoros in 1998. In 2002, Mohéli ratified the new Comorian constitution, which provided for a less centralized federal government and more power to the island governments. It helped settle continuing political turmoil on Comoros and continuing secessionism on Anjouan. The same year, Mohamed Said Fazul was elected president. His supporters won most seats in Mohéli's delegation to Parliament in the legislative elections of 2004.

History Map of Mohéli. Postage stamps were issued for Mohéli briefly under French rule; this two-centime value dates from 1906. Until 1830, Mohéli was part of the Ndzuwani Sultanate, which also controlled the neighbouring island of Anjouan. In 1830, migrants from Madagascar led by Ramanetaka, who later changed his name to Abderemane, took over the island and established the sultanate of Mwali. In the mid-nineteenth century its ruler was Queen Jumbe-Souli. In 1886, France made the island a protectorate. Independence On 11 August 1997, Mohéli seceded from the Comoros, a week after Anjouan. Mohéli's secessionist leaders were Said Mohamed Soefu who became President, and Soidri Ahmed, who became Prime Minister. Rejoining Comoros Mohéli rejoined Comoros in 1998. In 2002, Mohéli ratified the new Comorian constitution, which provided for a less centralized federal government and more power to the island governments. It helped settle continuing political turmoil on Comoros and continuing secessionism on Anjouan. The same year, Mohamed Said Fazul was elected president. His supporters won most seats in Mohéli's delegation to Parliament in the legislative elections of 2004. Flags

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Thaification was a step in the creation in the 20th century of the Thai nation state in which Thai people occupy a dominant position, as opposed to the historically multicultural kingdom of Siam. A related term, "Thainess", describes the particular characteristics that distinguish Thai persons from others. Targets The main targets of Thaification were ethnic Chinese and other ethnic groups on the edges of the kingdom, geographically and culturally: the Lao of Isan (อีสาน), the hill tribes of western and northern Thailand, and the Muslim (มุสลิม) ethnic Malay of southern Thailand . There has also been a Thaification of the immigrant Indian, and Vietnamese population .

Thaification was a step in the creation in the 20th century of the Thai nation state in which Central Thai people occupy a dominant position, as opposed to the historically multicultural kingdom of Siam. A related term, "Thainess", describes the particular characteristics that distinguish Thai persons from others. Targets The main targets of Thaification were ethnic Chinese and other ethnic groups on the edges of the kingdom, geographically and culturally: the Lao of Isan (อีสาน), the hill tribes of western and northern Thailand, and also Thais who speak Southern Thai language . There has also been a Thaification of the immigrant Indian, and Vietnamese population , Thaification also target against and the ethnic Malay but not successful .

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Targets The main targets of Thaification were ethnic Chinese and other ethnic groups on the edges of the kingdom, geographically and culturally: the Lao of Isan (อีสาน), the hill tribes of western and northern Thailand, and also Thais who speak Southern Thai language. There has also been a Thaification of the immigrant Indian , and Vietnamese population, Thaification also target against and the ethnic Malay but not successful.

Targets The main targets of Thaification were ethnic Chinese and other ethnic groups on the edges of the kingdom, geographically and culturally: the Lao of Isan (อีสาน), the hill tribes of western and northern Thailand, and also Thais who speak the Southern Thai language. There has also been a Thaification of the immigrant Indian and Vietnamese populations. Thaification also targeted the ethnic Malay but was perhaps least successful.

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Fellowship in Dental Surgery of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (FDSRCS) The Royal College of Surgeons of England:FDSis a Dental postgraduate professional qualification. It is bestowed by the Faculty of Dental Surgery of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh and The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow each has its equivalent Fellowship degree. The Faculty can also grant other qualifications as the Membership of the Faculty of Dental Surgery of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (MFDSRCS), Diploma in Dental Public Health, Diploma in Special Care Dentistry, Membership in Restorative Dentistry and the Membership in Surgical Dentistry. The FDSRCS was mostly granted after passing examinations currently it could still be granted by the faculty after consideration of the applicants career and achievements, this is done through an election process by the faculty's council .

Fellowship in Dental Surgery of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (FDSRCS) The Royal College of Surgeons of England:FDSis a Dental postgraduate professional qualification. It is bestowed by the Faculty of Dental Surgery of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Similar degrees The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh and The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow each has its equivalent Fellowship degree. Other degrees The Faculty can also grant other qualifications as the Membership of the Faculty of Dental Surgery of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (MFDSRCS), Diploma in Dental Public Health, Diploma in Special Care Dentistry, Membership in Restorative Dentistry and the Membership in Surgical Dentistry. Current regulations The FDSRCS was mostly granted after passing examinations currently it could still be granted by the faculty after consideration of the applicants career and achievements, this is done through an election process by the faculty's councilThe Royal College of Surgeons of England:FDS .

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In order to investigate the gait strategies likely to be favored at low gravity, a series of predictive, computational simulations of gait are performed using a physiological model of the musculoskeletal system, without assuming any particular type of gait. A computationally efficient optimization strategy is utilized allowing for multiple simulations. The results reveal skipping as more efficient and less fatiguing than walking or running and suggest the existence of a walk-skip rather than a walk-run transition at low gravity.

In order to investigate the gait strategies likely to be favored at low gravity, a study by Ackermann and van den Bogert ran a series of predictive, computational simulations of gait using a physiological model of the musculoskeletal system, without assuming any particular type of gait. They used a computationally efficient optimization strategy , allowing for multiple simulations. Their results reveal skipping as more efficient and less fatiguing than walking or running and suggest the existence of a walk-skip rather than a walk-run transition at low gravity.

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When the guqin is played, the modern name for a plucked seven-string Chinese musical instrument of the zither family , a number of aesthetic elements are involved. In the past, written in a lot of literature, there is discussion and analysis of what is called shengjiang 〔聲像〕 or "manifestations of sound" of the qin. These are basically single words used to describe the mood or theme of the piece. The number of these 'manifestations' are disputed. Some say only 4, some say 13-16, and some say over 24. Listed in some qinpu they have very lengthy descriptions of each manifestation, going into every detail.

The guqin (; ) is a Chinese musical instrument with a long history of being played since ancient times. When the guqin is played , a number of aesthetic elements are involved. Classical descriptions of guqin aesthetics discuss shengjiang 〔聲像〕 or "manifestations of sound" of the qin. These are single words used to describe the mood or theme of the piece. The number of these 'manifestations' are disputed. Some say only 4, some say 13-16, and some say over 24. Listed in some qinpu they have very lengthy descriptions of each manifestation, going into every detail.

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The crèche (from French) in zoology refers to care of another's offspring, for instance in a colony . This term is generally used in the study of bird colonies . Many penguins form crèches, in addition to many other birds such as the Canada goose, common eider and common shelduck. Among reptiles, spectacled caiman also raise their young in crèches, one female taking care of her own as well as several others' offspring. Life in Cold Blood: Armoured Giants Lions are another notable species to form crèches. Females within a pride will provide mutual protection and will even nurse each other's cubs. However, studies have shown that cubs raised in crèches tend to have lower feeding-rates than if they were raised by one mother. This indicates that in lions, the crèche is a defensive formation. University of Minnesota Lion Research Center See also Crèche Seabird colony Category: Bird

The crèche (from French) in zoology refers to care of another's offspring, for instance in a colony , usually those of birds . Many penguins form crèches, as do the Canada goose, common eider , common shelduck, and many other birds. Common mergansers raise young in crèches of around thirty to forty ducklings, though single females leading over seventy ducklings have been observed. Among reptiles, spectacled caiman also raise their young in crèches, in which one female takes care of her own as well as several others' offspring. Lions are another notable species to form crèches. Females within a pride will provide mutual protection and will even nurse each other's cubs. However, studies have shown that cubs raised in crèches tend to have lower feeding-rates than if they were raised by one mother. This indicates that in lions, the crèche is a defensive formation. See also Seabird colony Category: Evolutionary biology Category:Social systems Category:Bird behav

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Etymology The word is Goidelic in origin: gleann in Irish and Scottish Gaelic, glion in Manx. In Manx, glan is also to be found meaning glen. It is cognate with Welsh glyn. Examples in Northern England, such as Glenridding, Westmorland, or Glendue, near Haltwhistle, Northumberland, are thought to derive from the aforementioned Cumbric cognate, or another Brythonic equivalent. This likely underlies some examples in Southern Scotland.%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% As the name of a river, it is thought to derive from the Irish word glan meaning clean, or the Welsh word gleindid meaning purity. An example is the Glens of Antrim in Northern Ireland where nine glens radiate out from the Antrim plateau to the sea along the coast between Ballycastle and Larne.

%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Cheese balls taste good. Egg

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See also Deontic logic List of Logical Paradoxes Pragmatics Speech acts Temporal logic

See also Deontic logic Free choice inference List of Logical Paradoxes Speech acts Pragmatics Temporal logic

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Allen, K.R., Blieszner, R., Roberto, K.A.(2011). Perspectives on extended family and fictive kin in later years: Strategies and meanings of kin representation. Journal of Family Issues, 32(9), 1156 – 1177. Retrieved March 21, 2011, from ERIC database.%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Wells, J., (2009). The Closeness of Sisters: Imagining Cassandra and Jane. The Closeness of Sisters: Imagining Cassandra and Jane. Persuasions: The Jane Austen Journal On-Line, 30(1), 1775 – 1817. Retrieved March 21, 2011, from MLA International Bibliography. Wiszniewski, J., Lusseau, D.,%DIFDELCMD < & %%% Moller, L.M. (2010). Female bisexual kinship ties maintain social cohesion in dolphin network. Animal Behavior, 80(5), 895 – 904. Retrieved March 21, 2012, from ScienceDirect database. Further reading

%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% %DIFDELCMD < & %%% Further reading

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Female bonding can be further explored within the human context of relationships within the family. For example, the positive mother-daughter ties which develop have been described to provide immense emotional, financial and instrumental support; indicating that female bonding is present. In an alternative study, a mother described her daughters as "more like sisters, communicating that equality...was an essential feature of their current relationships. They used the language of companionate ties..." (Allen, K.R., Blieszner, R., Roberto, K.A., 2011, 1167) In addition to mother-daughter ties, sibling ties can be carefully examined for further exemplification in female bonding. There is much evidence that sister-sister ties are the strongest ties that exist, out of the possible combinations of gendered sibling ties which are shared. In a recent study, an interviewee described her relationship shared with her sister as the most enduring and intimate of her life. (Wells, J., 2009, 1776) This further suggests the emotional sharing which is said to be the primary foundation on which female bonding is founded. There has also been evidence within animal context regarding the genetic theory behind female bonding. A study that "investigated the social network structure of an embayment population of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops aduncus, ... examined the impact of sex...in maintaining the cohesion of the social network." (Wiszniewski, J., Lusseau, D., Moller, L.M., 2010, 895) The results of this article prove that there was "greater influence on female[s] than on male social relationships, as association strength was positively correlated with genetic relatedness between females".

Female bonding can be further explored within the human context of relationships within the family. For example, the positive mother-daughter ties which develop have been described to provide immense emotional, financial and instrumental support; indicating that female bonding is present. In an alternative study, a mother described her daughters as "more like sisters, communicating that equality...was an essential feature of their current relationships. They used the language of companionate ties..." In addition to mother-daughter ties, sibling ties can be carefully examined for further exemplification in female bonding. There is much evidence that sister-sister ties are the strongest ties that exist, out of the possible combinations of gendered sibling ties which are shared. In a recent study, an interviewee described her relationship shared with her sister as the most enduring and intimate of her life. This further suggests the emotional sharing which is said to be the primary foundation on which female bonding is founded. There has also been evidence within animal context regarding the genetic theory behind female bonding. A study that "investigated the social network structure of an embayment population of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops aduncus, ... examined the impact of sex...in maintaining the cohesion of the social network." The results of this article prove that there was "greater influence on female[s] than on male social relationships, as association strength was positively correlated with genetic relatedness between females".

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Homocystine (4,4'-disulfanediylbis(2-aminobutanoic acid)) is a substance consisting of two homocysteine molecules joined by a disulphide bond. Its relationship with homocysteine is analogous to the relationship between cystine and cysteine. Category:Organic compoun

Homocystine is a chemical compound consisting of two homocysteine molecules joined by a disulfide bond. Its relationship with homocysteine is analogous to the relationship between cystine and cysteine. Category:Organic disulfides Category:Amino aci

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Lehane eventually left the SDF and was a founding member of the Socialist Party of Great Britain in 1904. He was the first General Secretary of the SPGB (June 1904 to August 1905) and was a prominent public speaker for the Party. He was expelled along with most of the rest of Islington branch on 18 September 1906. His downfall came as follows. At the 1906 Annual Conference Bexley branch tabled a motion calling on the party to adopt a policy of socialist industrial unionism. This was voted down and charges brought against the branch. They were eventually expelled but Islington branch, led by Lehane, argued that the question should never have arisen and demanded that the Executive Committee should be removed for not rescinding the Bexley resolution and refusing to alter the record of the resolution. Islington ceased activity when this did not happen. Charges were hence brought against the branch. After being expelled the group continued to meet for a while as Islington branch of the SPGB (in the fashion of the dissident branches of the 1990s) and published two pamphlets (Rocks Ahead and More Rocks Ahead) both authored by Lehane. Category: Socialist Party of Great Britain members Lehan, Con Category: 1877 births Category:1919 deaths Category: People from County Cork Category:Cler

Cornelius Lehane at "the cottage" in Union Square, New York City speaking during a Socialist anti-war rally against World War I. The sign reads "War is hell, Socialism alone stands for brotherhood, Working men of the world will work for Socialism." Lehane eventually left the SDF and was a founding member of the Socialist Party of Great Britain in 1904. He was the first General Secretary of the SPGB (June 1904 to August 1905) and was a prominent public speaker for the Party. He was expelled along with most of the rest of Islington branch on 18 September 1906. His downfall came as follows. At the 1906 Annual Conference Bexley branch tabled a motion calling on the party to adopt a policy of socialist industrial unionism. This was voted down and charges brought against the branch. They were eventually expelled but Islington branch, led by Lehane, argued that the question should never have arisen and demanded that the Executive Committee should be removed for not rescinding the Bexley resolution and refusing to alter the record of the resolution. Islington ceased activity when this did not happen. Charges were hence brought against the branch. After being expelled the group continued to meet for a while as Islington branch of the SPGB (in the fashion of the dissident branches of the 1990s) and published two pamphlets (Rocks Ahead and More Rocks Ahead) both authored by Lehane. Category: 1877 births Category:1919 deaths Category: Clerks Category:Irish anti-war activists Category:Irish atheists Category:Irish socialists Category: People from County Cork Lehan, Con Category:Socialist Party of Great Britain membe

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Cornelius "Con" Lehane (also spelled O'Lyhane) (1877–31 December 1919) was a socialist active in the Irish Socialist Republican Party, the Social Democratic Federation, and the Socialist Party of Great Britain. Lehane was born in Coachford, County Cork in 1877. Although a graduate in Irish and chemistry from the Cork Technical School, by profession Lehane was a clerk (cf. E. J. B. Allen). Like Valentine McEntee, Lehane had been a member of James Connolly’s Irish Socialist Republican Party and indeed was one of the dozen or so most important members. As ‘Proletarian’ he wrote many articles for the ISRP journal, The Workers Republic, and designed the front cover for the ISRP’s Workers’ Republic pamphlet series. (He may well have designed the cover of the SPGB’s first pamphlet, which is carried out in a similar fashion). O’Lyhane, as he was then known, was the moving force behind the Cork branch (1897–1902). He clashed with Connolly over the latter’s attempts to mollify Catholic opinion by a ban on religious discussion within the party. In 1902 as a result of his uncompromising atheism he was denounced from the pulpit and lost his job. Lehane is described as "the colourful and brash ISRP organiser in Cork. Young, energetic and with a strong grasp of socialist politics," by the historian of the ISRP, David Lynch. David Lynch devotes almost a chapter in his book about the ISRP to Con Lehane, Radical Politics in Modern Ireland A History of the Irish Socialist Republican Party 1896-1904. .Radical Politics in Modern Ireland- A History of the Irish Socialist Republican Party 1896-1904 (Irish Academic Press), David Lynch, pp. 21 He then moved to England, joining the Social Democratic Federation around the turn of the century. Cornelius Lehane at "the cottage" in Union Square, New York City speaking during a Socialist anti-war rally against World War I. The sign reads "War is hell, Socialism alone stands for brotherhood, Working men of the world will work for Socialism." Lehane eventually left the SDF and was a founding member of the Socialist Party of Great Britain in 1904. He was the first General Secretary of the SPGB (June 1904 to August 1905) and was a prominent public speaker for the Party. He was expelled along with most of the rest of Islington branch on 18 September 1906. His downfall came as follows. At the 1906 Annual Conference Bexley branch tabled a motion calling on the party to adopt a policy of socialist industrial unionism. This was voted down and charges brought against the branch. They were eventually expelled but Islington branch, led by Lehane, argued that the question should never have arisen and demanded that the Executive Committee should be removed for not rescinding the Bexley resolution and refusing to alter the record of the resolution. Islington ceased activity when this did not happen. Charges were hence brought against the branch. After being expelled the group continued to meet for a while as Islington branch of the SPGB (in the fashion of the dissident branches of the 1990s) and published two pamphlets (Rocks Ahead and More Rocks Ahead) both authored by Lehane . Some time after leaving the SPGB he emigrated to the U.S., where in 1913 he cooperated with Larkin. The SPGB noted his presence there in 1915.Socialist Standard, December 1915 In 1917 he was jailed for his opposition to the war. He died on 31 December 1919 in a New York City hospital shortly after being released from prison.

Cornelius "Con" Lehane (also spelled O'Lyhane) (1877–31 December 1919) was a socialist active in the Irish Socialist Republican Party, the Social Democratic Federation, and the Socialist Party of Great Britain. Ireland Lehane was born in Coachford, County Cork in 1877. Although a graduate in Irish and chemistry from the Cork Technical School, by profession Lehane was a clerk (cf. E. J. B. Allen). Like Valentine McEntee, Lehane had been a member of James Connolly’s Irish Socialist Republican Party and indeed was one of the dozen or so most important members. As ‘Proletarian’ he wrote many articles for the ISRP journal, The Workers Republic, and designed the front cover for the ISRP’s Workers’ Republic pamphlet series. (He may well have designed the cover of the SPGB’s first pamphlet, which is carried out in a similar fashion). O’Lyhane, as he was then known, was the moving force behind the Cork branch (1897–1902). He clashed with Connolly over the latter’s attempts to mollify Catholic opinion by a ban on religious discussion within the party. In 1902 as a result of his uncompromising atheism he was denounced from the pulpit and lost his job. Lehane is described as "the colourful and brash ISRP organiser in Cork. Young, energetic and with a strong grasp of socialist politics," by the historian of the ISRP, David Lynch. David Lynch devotes almost a chapter in his book about the ISRP to Con Lehane, Radical Politics in Modern Ireland A History of the Irish Socialist Republican Party 1896-1904. .Radical Politics in Modern Ireland- A History of the Irish Socialist Republican Party 1896-1904 (Irish Academic Press), David Lynch, pp. 21 Britain He then moved to England, joining the Social Democratic Federation around the turn of the century. Cornelius Lehane at "the cottage" in Union Square, New York City speaking during a Socialist anti-war rally against World War I. The sign reads "War is hell, Socialism alone stands for brotherhood, Working men of the world will work for Socialism." Lehane eventually left the SDF and was a founding member of the Socialist Party of Great Britain in 1904. He was the first General Secretary of the SPGB (June 1904 to August 1905) and was a prominent public speaker for the Party. He was expelled along with most of the rest of Islington branch on 18 September 1906. His downfall came as follows. At the 1906 Annual Conference Bexley branch tabled a motion calling on the party to adopt a policy of socialist industrial unionism. This was voted down and charges brought against the branch. They were eventually expelled but Islington branch, led by Lehane, argued that the question should never have arisen and demanded that the Executive Committee should be removed for not rescinding the Bexley resolution and refusing to alter the record of the resolution. Islington ceased activity when this did not happen. Charges were hence brought against the branch. After being expelled the group continued to meet for a while as Islington branch of the SPGB (in the fashion of the dissident branches of the 1990s) and published two pamphlets (Rocks Ahead and Another Political Wreck) both signed by Lehane and his branch . Some time after leaving the SPGB he emigrated to the U.S., where in 1913 he cooperated with Jim Larkin. The SPGB noted his presence there in 1915.Socialist Standard, December 1915 In 1917 he was jailed for his opposition to the war. He died on 31 December 1919 in a New York City hospital shortly after being released from prison.

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Plant health is concerned with Ecosystem health with a special focus on plants The control of plant pests and plant pathology, e.g. by plant disease forecasting and taking necessary countermeasures Tree health See also Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Global Plant Clinic cf. Medicinal plants

Plant health is concerned with Ecosystem health with a special focus on plants The control of plant pests , plant diseases and plant pathology, e.g. by plant disease forecasting and taking necessary countermeasures Tree health See also Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service American Phytopathological Society Plant Protection and Quarantine Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Global Plant Clinic cf. Medicinal plants

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Plant health is concerned with Ecosystem health with a special focus on plants The control of plant pests and plant pathology , e.g. by plant disease forecasting and taking necessary countermeasures Tree health See also Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service American Phytopathological Society Plant Protection and Quarantine Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Global Plant Clinic cf. Medicinal plants

Plant health includes the protection of plants, as well as scientific and regulatory frameworks for controlling plant pests or pathogens. Plant health is concerned with : Ecosystem health with a special focus on plants Tree health The control of plant pests The control of plant pathology See also Plant disease forecasting, predicting the occurrence or change in severity of plant diseases Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service American Phytopathological Society Plant Protection and Quarantine Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Global Plant Clinic Medicinal plants References

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Use in professional sports There have been many notable professional athletes who have undergone the procedure. Partially because of the high level of stress placed on the knees by these athletes, the surgery is not a panacea and results have been mixed. Many players' careers effectively end despite the surgery. However, some players such as Jason Kidd, Steve Yzerman, John Stockton, Kenyon Martin and Zach URL have been able to return at or near their pre-surgery form while players Ron Harper, Brian Grant, Chris Webber, Allan Houston, Penny Hardaway, and the late Derek Smith never regained their old form. Others such as Jamal Mashburn and Terrell Brandon never recovered and retired. Portland Trail Blazers rookie Greg Oden underwent the procedure on his right knee in early September 2007 and missed the entire 2007-2008 NBA season. At only 19 at the time of the surgery, doctors were confident that he would return to at or near full strength by the 2008-2009 season; he had a second microfracture surgery, this time on his left knee, in November 2010. Subsequently, Oden did not play in the NBA for over four years, missing the entirety of the 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 NBA seasons. "Greg Oden undergoes microfracture surgery" The former San Antonio Spurs and Houston Rockets player, Tracy McGrady also underwent microfracture surgery; doctors were confident that the 2 time scoring champion will return to full strength. As of 2012 he has not had the same speed and jumping ability as he formerly did. He retired in 2013, never regaining his previous form after the surgery. In October 2005, young star Amar'e Stoudemire of the NBA's Phoenix Suns underwent one of the highest-profile microfracture surgeries to date. He returned to the court in March 2006 and initially appeared to have made a full recovery, but subsequently started feeling stiffness in both knees (his right knee had been overcompensating for the injured left knee). He and the team doctor decided he needed more time to rehab and he did not return until the 2006-2007 NBA season."Amaré back in Valley", Paul Coro, The Arizona Republic, March 30, 2006 During the 2006-2007 season, Stoudemire returned to form, averaging 20.4 points and 9.6 rebounds per game while playing in all 82 regular-season games and the 2007 NBA All-Star Game. His recent success has brought positive publicity to the procedure, further distancing it from a previous reputation as a possible "career death sentence" in the sports world, though he was one of the youngest of the aforementioned players to undergo the surgery."The Daily Dime 3.17.07: 10 Drops of NBA Knowledge. (Section 3, Western Conference)", Marc Stein, ESPN.com, March 17, 2007 In June 2010, Grady Sizemore of the Cleveland Indians underwent microfracture surgery after injuring his left knee while diving back to first base earlier in the season. Sizemore was re-activated as the Indians center fielder in April 2011, ending an 11-month stretch of being disabled due to his injury. In his first game back on April 17, 2011 Sizemore showed no signs of slowing down as he had 2 hits in 4 AB which included a double and Home Run . Currently, Sizemore is the only player in MLB history to come back from knee microfracture surgery and play centerfield . "Sizemore’s running and Indians are winning" Famous New Zealand surf life saver Libby Bradley is anticipated to have this surgery in 2019, after rolling her ankle in a surf event ,

Use in professional sports Many notable professional athletes have undergone the procedure. Partially because of the high level of stress placed on the knees by these athletes, the surgery is not a panacea and results have been mixed. Many players' careers effectively end despite the surgery. However, some players such as Jason Kidd, Steve Yzerman, John Stockton, Kenyon Martin and Zach URL have been able to return at or near their pre-surgery form while players Ron Harper, Brian Grant, Chris Webber, Allan Houston, Penny Hardaway, and the late Derek Smith never regained their old form. Others such as Jamal Mashburn and Terrell Brandon never recovered and retired. Portland Trail Blazers rookie Greg Oden underwent the procedure on his right knee in early September 2007 and missed the entire 2007-2008 NBA season. At only 19 at the time of the surgery, doctors were confident that he would return to at or near his full strength by the 2008-2009 season; he had a second microfracture surgery, this time on his left knee, in November 2010. Subsequently, Oden did not play in the NBA for over four years, missing the entirety of the 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 NBA seasons. "Greg Oden undergoes microfracture surgery" The former San Antonio Spurs and Houston Rockets player, Tracy McGrady also underwent microfracture surgery; doctors were confident that the two-time scoring champion will return to full strength. As of 2012 he has not had the same speed and jumping ability he formerly did. McGrady retired in 2013, never regaining his previous form after the surgery. In October 2005, young star Amar'e Stoudemire of the NBA's Phoenix Suns underwent one of the highest-profile microfracture surgeries to date. He returned to the court in March 2006 and initially appeared to have made a full recovery, but subsequently started feeling stiffness in both knees (his right knee had been overcompensating for the injured left knee). He and the team doctor decided he needed more time to rehab and he did not return until the 2006-2007 NBA season."Amaré back in Valley", Paul Coro, The Arizona Republic, March 30, 2006 During the 2006-2007 season, Stoudemire returned to form, averaging 20.4 points and 9.6 rebounds per game while playing in all 82 regular-season games and the 2007 NBA All-Star Game. His success brought positive publicity to the procedure, further distancing it from a previous reputation as a possible "career death sentence" in the sports world, though he was one of the youngest of the aforementioned players to undergo the surgery."The Daily Dime 3.17.07: 10 Drops of NBA Knowledge. (Section 3, Western Conference)", Marc Stein, ESPN.com, March 17, 2007 In June 2010, Grady Sizemore of the Cleveland Indians underwent microfracture surgery after injuring his left knee while diving back to first base earlier in the season. Sizemore was re-activated as the Indians center fielder in April 2011, ending an 11-month stretch of being disabled due to his injury. In his first game back on April 17, 2011 Sizemore showed no signs of slowing down as he had two hits in four AB which included a double and home run . Currently, Sizemore is the only player in MLB history to come back from knee microfracture surgery and play center field . "Sizemore’s running and Indians are winning" New Zealand surf life-saver Libby Bradley was expected to have this surgery in 2019, after rolling her ankle in a surf event .

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The Women's Classical Caucus, Inc. (WCC) is an affiliate of the American Philological Association, the organization for North American scholars and teachers of Greek and Latin language, literature, and culture (known as "classicists"), Greek and Roman historians, and scholars of ancient philosophy, science, material culture, papyrology, epigraphy, and other fields. The WCC also maintains liaisons with the American Institute of Archaeology and with Lambda , formerly the Lesbian and Gay Classical Caucus. External links WCC Official Website APA Official Website AIA Official Website Lambda Official Website Cloelia

The Women's Classical Caucus, Inc. (WCC) is an affiliate of the American Philological Association, the organization for North American scholars and teachers of Greek and Latin language, literature, and culture (known as "classicists"), Greek and Roman historians, and scholars of ancient philosophy, science, material culture, papyrology, epigraphy, and other fields. The WCC also maintains liaisons with the American Institute of Archaeology and with the Lambda Classical Caucus , formerly the Lesbian and Gay Classical Caucus. External links WCC Official Website APA Official Website AIA Official Website LCC Official Website Cloelia

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Metapragmatics is a term commonly associated with the semiotically-informed linguistic anthropology of Michael Silverstein that describes how the effects and conditions of language use themselves become objects of discourse. Metapragmatic signalling allows participants to construe what is going on in an interaction. Examples include: describing the "correct way" of using language ("I before E except after C."), specifying under which conditions a specific kind of communication are, or should be, used ("You should never tell a dirty joke at a funeral."), signalling, explicitly or implicitly, the type of social event occurring (explicit: "I promise to be there at 3:00 p.m." implicit: "I will be there at 3:00 p.m.") linking speech to another event outside the moment of speaking ("Every day she goes jogging." ). Self-referential, or reflexive, metapragmatic statements are indexical. That is, their meaning comes from their temporal contiguity with their referent: themselves. Example: "This is an example sentence."

Metapragmatics is a term commonly associated with the semiotically-informed linguistic anthropology of Michael Silverstein that describes how the effects and conditions of language use themselves become objects of discourse. Overview Metapragmatic signalling allows participants to construe what is going on in an interaction. Examples include: describing the "correct way" of using language ("I before E except after C."), specifying under which conditions a specific kind of communication are, or should be, used ("You should never tell a dirty joke at a funeral."), signalling, explicitly or implicitly, the type of social event occurring (explicit: "I promise to be there at 3:00 p.m." implicit: "I will be there at 3:00 p.m.") linking speech to another event outside the moment of speaking ("Every day she goes jogging." ). Self-referential, or reflexive, metapragmatic statements are indexical. That is, their meaning comes from their temporal contiguity with their referent: themselves. Example: "This is an example sentence." See also Metasemantics Metasyntax

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Metapragmatics is a term commonly associated with the semiotically-informed linguistic anthropology of Michael Silverstein that describes how the effects and conditions of language use themselves become objects of discourse.

In linguistics, metapragmatics is the study of how the effects and conditions of language use themselves become objects of discourse. The term is commonly associated with the semiotically-informed linguistic anthropology of Michael Silverstein

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Overview Metapragmatic signalling allows participants to construe what is going on in an interaction. Examples include: describing the "correct way" of using language ("I before E except after C."), specifying under which conditions a specific kind of communication are, or should be, used ("You should never tell a dirty joke at a funeral."), signalling , explicitly or implicitly, the type of social event occurring (explicit: "I promise to be there at 3:00 p.m." implicit: "I will be there at 3:00 p.m.") linking speech to another event outside the moment of speaking ("Every day she goes jogging." ).

Overview Metapragmatic signalling allows participants to construe what is going on in an interaction. Examples include: Describing the "correct way" of using language ("I before E except after C."), Specifying under which conditions a specific kind of communication are, or should be, used ("You should never tell a dirty joke at a funeral."), Signalling , explicitly or implicitly, the type of social event occurring (explicit: "I promise to be there at 3:00 p.m." implicit: "I will be there at 3:00 p.m.") Linking speech to another event outside the moment of speaking ("Every day she goes jogging." ).

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Category: Pragmatics Category:Semiotics Category:Anthropolog

Category: Semantics Category: Pragmatics Category:Semiotics Category:Anthropolog

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The open-question argument is a philosophical argument put forward by British philosopher G. E. Moore in §13 of Principia Ethica (1903),. to refute the equating of the property of goodness with some non-moral property, X, whether naturalistic (e.g. pleasure) or supernatural (e.g. God's command). That is, Moore's argument attempts to show that no moral property is identical to a natural property., p. 230. The argument takes the form of syllogistic modus tollens: The type of question Moore refers to in this argument is an identity question, "Is it true that X is Y?" Such a question is an open question if a conceptually competent speaker can question this; otherwise the question is closed. For example, "I know he is a vegan, but does he eat meat?" would be a closed question. However, "I know that it is pleasurable, but is it good?" is an open question; the answer cannot be deduced from the conceptual terms alone. The open-question argument claims that any attempt to identify morality with some set of observable, natural properties will always be liable to an open question, and that if this is true, then moral facts cannot be reduced to natural properties and that therefore ethical naturalism is false. Put another way, Moore is saying that any attempt to define good in terms of a natural property fails because such definitions can be transformed into closed questions (the subject and predicate being conceptually identical ; that is, the two terms mean the same thing); however, all purported naturalistic definitions of good are transformable into open questions . It can still be questioned whether good is the same thing as pleasure, etc. Shortly before (in section §11), Moore said if good is defined as pleasure ( or any other natural property ) "good" may be substituted for "pleasure" anywhere it occurs. However, "pleasure is good" is a meaningful, informative statement; but "good is good" (after making the substitution) is a non-informative tautology.

The open-question argument is a philosophical argument put forward by British philosopher G. E. Moore in §13 of Principia Ethica (1903),. to refute the equating of the property of goodness with some non-moral property, X, whether natural (e.g. pleasure) or supernatural (e.g. God's command). That is, Moore's argument attempts to show that no moral property is identical to a natural property., p. 230. The argument takes the form of a syllogism modus tollens: The type of question Moore refers to in this argument is an identity question, "Is it true that X is Y?" Such a question is an open question if a conceptually competent speaker can question this; otherwise it is closed. For example, "I know he is a vegan, but does he eat meat?" would be a closed question. However, "I know that it is pleasurable, but is it good?" is an open question; the answer cannot be determined from the conceptual terms alone. The open-question argument claims that any attempt to identify morality with some set of observable, natural properties will always be liable to an open question, and that if this is true, then moral facts cannot be reduced to natural properties and that therefore ethical naturalism is false. Put another way, Moore is saying that any attempt to define good in terms of a natural property fails because such definitions can be transformed into closed questions (the subject and predicate being conceptually identical , that is, the two terms mean the same thing); however, all purported naturalistic definitions of good are transformable into open questions , for it can still be questioned whether good is the same thing as pleasure, etc. Shortly before (in section §11), Moore had said if good is defined as pleasure , or any other natural property , "good" may be substituted for "pleasure" , or that other property, anywhere where it occurs. However, "pleasure is good" is a meaningful, informative statement; but "good is good" (after making the substitution) is an uninformative tautology.

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REDIRECT Mass communication special

Photographers mate (or PH) was a rating in the United States Navy's aviation and public affairs community. It was merged into the Mass communication specialist rating on 1 July 2006. History The father of naval photography, Walter Leroy "Dick" Richardson, enlisted as a ship's cook on 1 November 1911. In 1914 he transferred to Naval Air Station Pensacola, where his hobby of photography earned him the designation of Official Station Photographer. Richardson reenlisted as an Aviation machinist's mate in 1915 and, after attending the Army school of aerial photography at Langley Air Force Base, organized the Navy's photographic section of Bureau of Navigation. In 1918 Richardson was commissioned as an officer of the Naval Reserve Flying Corps at the first Navy photo school at NAS Miami, Florida. When World War I ended Lieutenant (junior grade) Richardson and a few enlisted personnel opened a school at Anacostia training navy photographers for still photography, aerial photography, motion picture photography, developing and printing. The school moved to NAS Pensacola in 1923, and the first navy photographic training textbook was published in 1927. As World War II unfolded in Europe, a Navy officer was sent to England to observe and adopt British photo interpretation methods. He returned to set up the Navy's first photographic interpretation school. As the war expanded, Navy photographers were trained by Movietone News, Kodak, and Fairchild Camera and Instrument company. Many civilian photographers fulfilled their military obligation serving in combat photography units (CPUs). The war saw 1.500 naval officers and 5,300 enlisted men trained at the Navy photography school. The Navy Photographic Science Laboratory established at Washington, D.C. in 1943 was later renamed the Naval Photographic Center. In 1948, the photographer's mate abbreviation changed from PHOM to PH, and the symbol of the camera on the rating badge was replaced by divergent light rays passing through a lens. As jet aircraft appeared, the old film width was replaced by and then film in larger cameras. The RF-8 Crusader was replaced by the RA-5 Vigilante aboard super carriers equipped with a chute from the flight deck to a photo darkroom so film packages detached from the aircraft upon landing could be fed into developing machines to be available for debriefing when the pilot reached his ready room. Navy photographers were sent to the University of Southern California to study motion picture production techniques, and to Syracuse University for photojournalism training. Sources Category:United States Navy rati

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Modern physics The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system cannot change. The zero-energy universe states that the amount of energy in the universe minus the amount of gravity is exactly zero. That is the only kind of universe that could come from nothing , assuming such a zero-energy universe already is nothing. by Alexei V. Filippenko and Jay M. Pasachoff Such a universe would need to be flat, a state which does not contradict current observations that the universe is flat with a 0.5\% margin of error.

Modern physics The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system cannot change. The zero-energy universe hypothesis states that the amount of energy in the universe minus the amount of gravity is exactly zero. In this kind of universe , matter could be created from nothing through a vacuum fluctuation , assuming such a zero-energy universe already is nothing. by Alexei V. Filippenko and Jay M. Pasachoff Such a universe would need to be flat, a state which does not contradict current observations that the universe is flat with a 0.5\% margin of error.

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To erastes, whether the appeal and seduction of the eromenos lies in their masculinity or femininity is contested. Dover discovered a line of Athenian Kritias quoted by a Roman writer, ‘In males, the most beautiful appearance is that which is female; but in females, the opposite.’Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 68. However, due to the lack of specific context and further supporting evidence, we cannot conclude that female characteristics of eromenos are the stimuli of pederasty. He also found that beardless male and female faces share the same contours, except for the eyes. Some scholars like Eva Cantarella and Cohen found that the lengths of time during which one ought to resist one's suitors' advances were similar in both same-sex and different-sex courtships; since the honour lay not in the refusal, but the choice of which was the best time to give in. ref> Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World, 18. </ref> Also, Garrison argues that the love of boys by men is emblematic of attitudes prevalent among the ruling class, in which love for women is devalued. The love for eromenoi can be related to misogyny in Ancient Greece.Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World, 18.

To erastes, whether the appeal and seduction of the eromenos lies in their masculinity or femininity is contested. Dover discovered a line of Athenian Kritias quoted by a Roman writer, ‘In males, the most beautiful appearance is that which is female; but in females, the opposite.’Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 68. However, due to the lack of specific context and further supporting evidence, we cannot conclude that female characteristics of eromenos are the stimuli of pederasty. He also found that beardless male and female faces share the same contours, except for the eyes. Some scholars like Eva Cantarella and Cohen found that the lengths of time during which one ought to resist one's suitors' advances were similar in both same-sex and different-sex courtships; since the honour lay not in the refusal, but the choice of which was the best time to give in. Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World, 18. Also, Garrison argues that the love of boys by men is emblematic of attitudes prevalent among the ruling class, in which love for women is devalued. The love for eromenoi can be related to misogyny in Ancient Greece.Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World, 18.

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Some individuals and organizations have promoted designs for a flag representing the planet Earth, though none have been officially recognized as such by any governmental body. Widely recognized flags associated with Earth include the flag of the United Nations. On the other hand, many individuals and non-governmental organizations don’t want to recognize the flag of the United Nations as flag of Earth, because the United Nations is a considerably bureaucratic, governmental organization representing the nations on Earth rather than Earth itself. Listed below are some of the most commonly recognized flags of Earth: Most commonly recognized 350x350px|EarthFlag EarthFlag A number of activists has, since a similar design by Oskar Pernefeldt was designed in 2015, started to raise attention for this proposal of the flag of Earth. Several big organizations, like for instance Discovery Channel with its series Expedition To The Edge (see last episode), have started to contribute to the spreading of the EarthFlag.%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% “The EarthFlag’s design was inspired by the cosmos and Earth itself. Being part of the universe in which everything is interconnected, the single most unique attribute of Planet Earth is ‘life’ itself. The Seed of Life can be found in many cultures around the world and is considered to be a sacred geometry in which everything is interconnected. It provides a base from which the infinite fractal nature of the universe and life can be understood and is a blueprint for the most fundamental shapes of creation. This is why we refer to the EarthFlag as ‘The Blueprint’.” EarthFlag Foundation The color blue is based on the 29\% land (green) and 71\% water (blue) composition of the Earth’s surface. EarthFlag Foundation has proposed to call this color EarthBlue. The Flag of United Nations%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Flag of the United Nations Adopted in 1946, the flag of the United Nations has been used to indicate world unity, although it technically only represents the United Nations itself. It has a geographical representation of the planet, and its high visibility usage makes it a well-known contender for representing Earth. During the planning for NASA's Moon landings of the 1960s, it was suggested that a UN flag be used in place of the flag of the URL EarthFlag Foundation Website by Stichting EarthFlag Foundation Authentic Earth Flag Website Official Website Authentic Earth Flag Endorsement John McConell's Endorsement of earthflag.net as the Authentic Earth Flag. The History of Earth Day and The Authentic Earth Flag by John McConnell Flags of the World James Cadle's "Flag of Earth" description Flag Of Planet Earth Proposal by artist Oskar Pernfeldt

Some individuals and organizations have promoted designs for a flag representing the planet Earth, though none have been officially recognized as such by any governmental body. Widely recognized flags associated with Earth include the flag of the United Nations. Listed below are some of the most commonly recognized flags of Earth: %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% United Nations flag 350px|The Flag of the United Nations Adopted in 1946, the flag of the United Nations has been used to indicate world unity, although it technically only represents the United Nations itself. It has a geographical representation of the planet, and its high visibility usage makes it a well-known contender for representing Earth. During the planning for NASA's Moon landings of the 1960s, it was suggested that a UN flag be used in place of the flag of the URL Authentic Earth Flag Website Official Website Authentic Earth Flag Endorsement John McConell's Endorsement of earthflag.net as the Authentic Earth Flag. The History of Earth Day and The Authentic Earth Flag by John McConnell Flags of the World James Cadle's "Flag of Earth" description Flag Of Planet Earth Proposal by artist Oskar Pernfeldt

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Selective perception is the tendency not to notice and more quickly forget stimuli that cause emotional discomfort and contradict our prior beliefs. For example, a teacher may have a favorite student because they are biased by in-group favoritism. The teacher ignores the student's poor attainment. Conversely, they might not notice the progress of their least favorite student .

Selective perception is the tendency not to notice and more quickly forget stimuli that cause emotional discomfort and contradict our prior beliefs. For example, a teacher let's say their name is "Mrs.Noelle" she may have a favorite student named Thanh, since he is her favorite she may not notice the progress of her least favorite let's say Tyra .

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Selective perception is the tendency not to notice and more quickly forget stimuli that cause emotional discomfort and contradict our prior beliefs. For example, a teacher let's say their name is "Mrs.Noelle" she may have a favorite student named Thanh, since he is her favorite she may not notice the progress of her least favorite let's say Tyra .

Selective perception is the tendency not to notice and more quickly forget stimuli that cause emotional discomfort and contradict our prior beliefs. For example, a teacher may have a favorite student because they are biased by in-group favoritism. The teacher ignores the student's poor attainment. Conversely, they might not notice the progress of their least favorite student .

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Rosy retrospection refers to the psychological phenomenon of people sometimes judging the past disproportionately more positively than they judge the present. The Romans occasionally referred to this phenomenon with the Latin phrase "", which translates into English roughly as "the past is always well remembered". Rosy retrospection is very closely related to the concept of nostalgia. The difference between the terms is that rosy retrospection is a cognitive bias, whereas the broader phenomenon of nostalgia is not necessarily based on a biased perspective. Although rosy retrospection is a cognitive bias, and distorts a person's view of reality to some extent, some people theorize that it may in part serve a useful purpose in increasing self-esteem and a person's overall sense of well-being. For example, Terence Mitchell and Leigh Thompson mention this possibility in a chapter entitled "A Theory of Temporal Adjustments of the Evaluation of Events" in a book of collected research reports from various authors entitled "Advances in Managerial Cognition and Organizational Information Processing".

Rosy retrospection refers to the psychological phenomenon of people sometimes judging the past disproportionately more positively than they judge the present. The Romans occasionally referred to this phenomenon with the Latin phrase "", which translates into English roughly as "the past is always well remembered". Rosy retrospection is very closely related to the concept of nostalgia. The difference between the terms is that rosy retrospection could be understood as a cognitive bias, whereas the broader phenomenon of nostalgia is not usually seen as based on a biased perspective. Although according to this view rosy retrospection is a cognitive bias, which would distort a person's view of reality to some extent, some people theorize that it may in part serve a useful purpose in increasing self-esteem and a person's overall sense of well-being. For example, Terence Mitchell and Leigh Thompson mention this possibility in a chapter entitled "A Theory of Temporal Adjustments of the Evaluation of Events" in a book of collected research reports from various authors entitled "Advances in Managerial Cognition and Organizational Information Processing".

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NASA in Star City The "Prophylactory" (aka the "Prophy"), a three-floor dormitory to house Americans during the Apollo-Soyuz Project, was built by the Russians during the Apollo-Soyuz Project. NASA leased the second floor for team housing and for the office of the Director of Operations, Russia. NASA also built several duplexes for housing, during the Shuttle-Mir program.NASA history

NASA in Star City The "Prophylactory" (aka the "Prophy"), was a three-floor dormitory built by the Russians to house Americans during the Apollo-Soyuz Project. NASA leased the second floor for team housing and for the office of the Director of Operations, Russia. NASA also built several duplexes for housing, during the Shuttle-Mir program.NASA history

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Many of the proposals in the document, such as opposition to racism, opposition to weapons of mass destruction, support of human rights, and a proposition of an international court are fairly uncontroversial and are widely accepted today in the Western world. However, in addition to its absolute rejection of theism and deism, various controversial stances are strongly supported, notably the right to unrestricted abortion and contraception.

In addition to its absolute rejection of theism and deism, various political stances are supported, such as opposition to racism, opposition to weapons of mass destruction, support of human rights, a proposition of an international court , and the right to unrestricted abortion and contraception.

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United States Attached Secondary Suite in Seattle In the United States, secondary suites are generally referred to as accessory dwelling units or "ADUs". Zoning permissions and laws concerning accessory dwelling units can vary widely by state and URL Accessory dwelling units were popular in the early 20th century in the United States. However, ADUs became less common after WWII , when a shift to suburban development occurred and many municipalities banned ADUs through zoning regulations. With increases in the price of housing in many cities and suburbs, increased awareness of the costs of low-density car-oriented development patterns, and an increased need to care for aging Americans, many government entities and advocacy groups have increasingly supported URL Some critics perceive ADUs to be a threat to the character of single-family residential neighborhoods.

United States Attached Secondary Suite in Seattle In the United States, secondary suites are generally referred to as accessory dwelling units or "ADUs". Zoning permissions and laws concerning accessory dwelling units can vary widely by state and URL Accessory dwelling units were popular in the early 20th century in the United States. ADUs became less common after WWII , however , when a shift to suburban development occurred and many municipalities banned ADUs through zoning regulations. With increases in the price of housing in many cities and suburbs, increased awareness of the costs of low-density car-oriented development patterns, and an increased need to care for aging Americans, many government entities and advocacy groups have increasingly supported URL Some critics perceive ADUs to be a threat to the character of single-family residential neighborhoods.

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Several states have enacted legislation to promote accessory dwelling units. In California, Government Code Sections 65852.150, 65852.2 & 65852.22 pertain to local regulation of URL SB 1069 and AB 2299 are California bills approved in 2016 and effective January 1, 2017, that limit local government authority to prohibit ADUs in certain cases (and also reduce cost and bureaucracy hurdles to construction).SB 1069: URL 2299: URL . And, in Jan 1st 2020 the state of California passed the most linent ADU 's laws in the country allowing not one but two accessory units . One called ADU and the other called JADU. State exempt ADU can now be at least 800 sqft, while JADU is limited to 550 sqft. URL The states of Vermont and New Hampshire have also adopted a number of bills that promote accessory dwelling units and reduce regulatory barriers to ADU construction. The State of Illinois considered, but did not adopt, HB4869 which would have required municipalities to permit (and reasonably regulate) accessory dwelling units (ADUs). Basement Apartment Suite in Seattle Several local governments across the United States have enacted ordinances to both permit and promote accessory dwelling units. Some cities have included accessory dwelling units in larger missing middle housing and affordable housing strategies including Seattle, Portland, and Minneapolis. Many other communities have maintained wide-spread single-family zoning but still updated codes to permit accessory dwelling units. Notable examples include large cities such as Los Angeles, CA and the City of Chicago, IL. Diverse smaller jurisdictions that permit accessory dwelling units include as Lexington, KY, Santa Cruz, CA. and the County of Maui in Hawaii.

Several states have enacted legislation to promote accessory dwelling units. In California, Government Code Sections 65852.150, 65852.2 & 65852.22 pertain to local regulation of URL SB 1069 and AB 2299 are California bills approved in 2016 and effective January 1, 2017, that limit local government authority to prohibit ADUs in certain cases (and also reduce cost and bureaucracy hurdles to construction).SB 1069: URL 2299: URL On Jan 1, 2020 , the state of California passed the most lenient ADU laws in the country allowing not one but two accessory units , one called ADU and the other called JADU. State exempt ADUs can now be at least 800 sqft, while JADUs are limited to 550 URL The states of Vermont and New Hampshire have also adopted a number of bills that promote accessory dwelling units and reduce regulatory barriers to ADU construction. The State of Illinois considered, but did not adopt, HB4869 which would have required municipalities to permit (and reasonably regulate) accessory dwelling units (ADUs). Basement Apartment Suite in Seattle Several local governments across the United States have enacted ordinances to both permit and promote accessory dwelling units. Some cities have included accessory dwelling units in larger missing middle housing and affordable housing strategies including Seattle, Portland, and Minneapolis. Many other communities have maintained wide-spread single-family zoning but still updated codes to permit accessory dwelling units. Notable examples include large cities such as Los Angeles, CA and the City of Chicago, IL. Diverse smaller jurisdictions that permit accessory dwelling units include as Lexington, KY, Santa Cruz, CA. and the County of Maui in Hawaii.

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Several states have enacted legislation to promote accessory dwelling units. In California, Government Code Sections 65852.150, 65852.2 & 65852.22 pertain to local regulation of URL SB 1069 and AB 2299 are California bills approved in 2016 and effective January 1, 2017, that limit local government authority to prohibit ADUs in certain cases (and also reduce cost and bureaucracy hurdles to construction).SB 1069: URL 2299: URL On Jan 1, 2020, the state of California passed the most lenient ADU laws in the country allowing not one but two accessory units, one called ADUand the other called JADU. State exempt ADUs can now be at least 800 sqft , while JADUs are limited to 550 URL The states of Vermont and New Hampshire have also adopted a number of bills that promote accessory dwelling units and reduce regulatory barriers to ADU construction. The State of Illinois considered, but did not adopt, HB4869 which would have required municipalities to permit (and reasonably regulate) accessory dwelling units (ADUs). Basement Apartment Suite in Seattle Several local governments across the United States have enacted ordinances to both permit and promote accessory dwelling units. Some cities have included accessory dwelling units in larger missing middle housing and affordable housing strategies including Seattle, Portland, and Minneapolis. Many other communities have maintained wide-spread single-family zoning but still updated codes to permit accessory dwelling units. Notable examples include large cities such as Los Angeles, CA and the City of Chicago, IL. Diverse smaller jurisdictions that permit accessory dwelling units include as Lexington, KY, Santa Cruz, CA. and the County of Maui in Hawaii.

Several states have enacted legislation to promote accessory dwelling units. In California, Government Code Sections 65852.150, 65852.2 & 65852.22 pertain to local regulation of URL SB 1069 and AB 2299 are California bills approved in 2016 and effective January 1, 2017, that limit local government authority to prohibit ADUs in certain cases (and also reduce cost and bureaucracy hurdles to construction).SB 1069: URL 2299: URL On January 1, 2020, the state of California passed the most lenient ADU laws in the country allowing not one but two types of accessory units, the accessory dwelling unit (ADU) and the junior accessory dwelling unit (JADU). State-exempt ADUs can now be at least 800 square feet , while JADUs are limited to 550 square URL The states of Vermont and New Hampshire have also adopted a number of bills that promote accessory dwelling units and reduce regulatory barriers to ADU construction. The State of Illinois considered, but did not adopt, HB4869 which would have required municipalities to permit (and reasonably regulate) accessory dwelling units (ADUs). Basement Apartment Suite in Seattle Several local governments across the United States have enacted ordinances to both permit and promote accessory dwelling units. Some cities have included accessory dwelling units in larger missing middle housing and affordable housing strategies including Seattle, Portland, and Minneapolis. Many other communities have maintained wide-spread single-family zoning but still updated codes to permit accessory dwelling units. Notable examples include large cities such as Los Angeles, CA and the City of Chicago, IL. Diverse smaller jurisdictions that permit accessory dwelling units include as Lexington, KY, Santa Cruz, CA. and the County of Maui in Hawaii.

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Magan Singh Rajvi is a former Indian football player. He hails from Indian state of Rajasthan. He was part of the Indian football team which won bronze medal at the 1970 Asian Games. He was also captained the Indian team in 1973 and 1974. He is one of the few and 6th hat trick scorer of India which he scored against Thailand on 23 July 1974 at 1974 Merdeka Cup. Personal life Magan Singh is a retired Superintendent of Police (RAC) Bikaner Range. He is from a village situated 60 km from Bikaner named Dheengsari. He is related to Maharaja Karni Singh of Bikaner, who won Arjun Awarda in 1961 in shooting. His elder brother Chain Singh Rajvi was vice-captain of the Indian Football Team . He was additional Superintendent of Police.

Magan Singh Rajvi is a former Indian football player. He hails from Indian state of Rajasthan. He was part of the Indian football team which won bronze medal at the 1970 Asian Games. He was also captained the Indian team in 1973 and 1974. He is one of the few and 6th hat trick scorer of India which he scored against Thailand on 23 July 1974 at 1974 Merdeka Cup. Personal life Magan Singh is a retired Superintendent of Police (RAC) Bikaner Range. He is from a village situated 60 km from Bikaner named Dheengsari. He is related to Maharaja Karni Singh of Bikaner, who won Arjun Awarda in 1961 in shooting. His elder brother Chain Singh Rajvi was also an illustrious and accomplished footballer who attended Indian Football team camp and was also the vice-captain of the famous RAC Bikaner Football Team of which Magan Singh was captain . He was additional Superintendent of Police.

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Variations include bringing the soles of the feet together as in Baddha Konasana, or letting the legs fall outward into a straddle. In Iyengar Yoga, the pose, also called "Legs-up-the-Wall Pose", is described as "a restful practice, where the body is inverted without effort", and the lower back and buttocks are supported with a pile of blankets, while the legs are rested against a wall, either together or allowed to fall outwards . In Urdhva Prasarita Padasana, the back is on the ground, the arms are above the head, and the legs are raised either partly or to the vertical .

In Iyengar Yoga, the pose, also called "Legs-up-the-Wall Pose", is described as "a restful practice, where the body is inverted without effort", and the lower back and buttocks are supported with a pile of blankets, while the legs are rested against a wall, either together or allowed to fall outwards into a straddle . In Urdhva Prasarita Padasana, the back is on the ground, the arms are above the head, and the legs are raised either partly or to the vertical . In pregnancy, the pose can be practised as "Wall Butterfly", with the buttocks and feet against a wall, feet together as in Baddha Konasana, the knees falling to the sides. The hands can be used to press the knees. Variations include bringing the soles of the feet together , or letting the legs fall outward into a straddle .

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The bias blind spot appears to be a true blind spot in that it is unrelated to actual decision making ability. Performance on indices of decision making competence are not related to individual differences in bias blind spot. In other words, everyone seems to think they are less biased than others, regardless of their actual decision making ability.

The bias blind spot appears to be a true blind spot in that it is unrelated to actual decision making ability. Performance on indices of decision making competence are not related to individual differences in bias blind spot. In other words, most people appear to believe that they are less biased than others, regardless of their actual decision making ability.

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Roderick Maclean ( – 8 June 1921) was a Scotsman who attempted to assassinate Queen Victoria on 2 March 1882, at Windsor, England, with a pistol. This was the last of eight attempts by separate people to kill or assault Victoria over a period of four decades. Maclean's motive was purportedly a curt reply to some poetry that he had mailed to the Queen. Tried for high treason on 20 April, the Scotsman was found "not guilty, but insane" by a jury after five minutes' deliberation, and he lived out his remaining days in Broadmoor Asylum. The verdict prompted the Queen to ask for a change in English law so that those implicated in cases with similar outcomes would be considered as "guilty, but insane"; this led to the Trial of Lunatics Act 1883.

Roderick Edward Maclean ( – 8 June 1921) was a Scotsman who attempted to assassinate Queen Victoria on 2 March 1882, at Windsor, England, with a pistol. This was the last of eight attempts by separate people to kill or assault Victoria over a period of four decades. Maclean's motive was purportedly a curt reply to some poetry that he had mailed to the Queen. At his trial, Dr. Charles Vernon Hitchins testified that MacLean had been certified insane in June 1880, two years before the attempted assassination, and he had been sent to Somerset Lunatic Asylum. He was living 14, Wadham Street in Weston-super-Mare. Dr. Hitchins stated that Maclean was complaining of headaches and believed that all the people in England are against him, and he felt he must injure someone because they are conspiring to deceive him. He had also sent letters to his sister in 1880, Caroline Maclean, stating that, "If I cannot commit a murder one way, I will another way, and all can add is, if there is more difficulty, there may be more victims." Multiple doctors also testified that Maclean was insane and "did not believe he was capable of appreciating the nature or quality of any act which he might commit." Tried for high treason on 20 April, the Scotsman was found "not guilty, but insane" by a jury after five minutes' deliberation, overseen by Lord Chief Justice Coleridge. and he lived out his remaining days in Broadmoor Asylum. The verdict prompted the Queen to ask for a change in English law so that those implicated in cases with similar outcomes would be considered as "guilty, but insane"; this led to the Trial of Lunatics Act 1883.

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Imam Nasr ad-Din was a Lamtuna Berber religious and military leader, who from 1644 to 1674 led an alliance of Sanhadja Berber tribes in an attempt to repulse the Maqil Arabs then entering their areas of the western Sahara desert (mainly today's Mauritania, southern Morocco and Western Sahara). The conflict, the Char Bouba war (or 30-years war) was eventually lost by the Berber tribes , and they were reduced to subordinate roles in the elaborate tribal hierarchy that was then developed by the Arabo-Berber Moorish people that resulted from the fusion between indigenous and immigrant peoples.

Imam Nasr ad-Din was a Lamtuna Berber religious and military leader, who from 1644 to 1674 led an alliance of Sanhadja Berber tribes against the Maqil Arabs of the western Sahara desert (mainly today's Mauritania, southern Morocco and Western Sahara). Nasr ad-Din was killed in battle in 1674 and the Char Bouba war (or 30-years war) was lost by the Berber tribes . They were reduced to subordinate roles in the elaborate tribal hierarchy that was then developed by the Arabo-Berber Moorish people that resulted from the fusion between indigenous and immigrant peoples. References

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Agnosticism is the view that the existence of God, of the divine or the supernatural is unknown or unknowable . (page 56 in 1967 edition) Another definition provided is the view that "human reason is incapable of providing sufficient rational grounds to justify either the belief that God exists or the belief that God does not exist."

Agnosticism is the view that the existence of God, of the divine or the supernatural is not certainly known. If the question is "Does God exist?", yes would imply theism, no would imply atheism, and "I'm not sure" would imply agnosticism; that God possibly can or cannot exist . (page 56 in 1967 edition) Another definition provided is the view that "human reason is incapable of providing sufficient rational grounds to justify either the belief that God exists or the belief that God does not exist."

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Automotive Industry Painting robots are used by vehicle manufacturers to do detailing work on their cars in a consistent and systematic way. Some of these robots are designed with a robotic arm that moves vertically and horizontally, to apply paint on all parts of the car. A patent granted in 1985 to the Mazda Motor Corporation also includes a door handler (a small mechanical hand) that can open and close doors on a vehicle and paint the interior. [Picture of blueprints] Robots are used to paint all different sized automotive parts because they can help provide consistent finish from one part to another. They are used for large exterior parts like doors, hoods, wheels, or bumpers, and also used on small interior components like knobs, consoles and glove boxes.

Automotive Industry Robotic Painting robots are used not only by vehicle manufacturers to do detailing work on their cars in a consistent and systematic way. Some of these robots are designed with a robotic arm that moves vertically and horizontally, to apply paint on all parts of the car. A patent granted in 1985 to the Mazda Motor Corporation also includes a door handler (a small mechanical hand) that can open and close doors on a vehicle and paint the interior. [Picture of blueprints] Robots are used to paint all different sized automotive parts because they can help provide consistent finish from one part to another. They are used for large exterior parts like doors, hoods, wheels, or bumpers, and also used on small interior components like knobs, consoles and glove boxes. by Solomon Ngunjiri

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Automotive Industry Robotic Painting robots are used not only by vehicle manufacturers to do detailing work on their cars in a consistent and systematic way. Some of these robots are designed with a robotic arm that moves vertically and horizontally, to apply paint on all parts of the car. A patent granted in 1985 to the Mazda Motor Corporation also includes a door handler (a small mechanical hand) that can open and close doors on a vehicle and paint the interior. [Picture of blueprints] Robots are used to paint all different sized automotive parts because they can help provide consistent finish from one part to another. They are used for large exterior parts like doors, hoods, wheels, or bumpers, and also used on small interior components like knobs, consoles and glove boxes. by Solomon Ngunjiri

Automotive Industry Painting robots are used by vehicle manufacturers to do detailing work on their cars in a consistent and systematic way. Some of these robots are designed with a robotic arm that moves vertically and horizontally, to apply paint on all parts of the car. A patent granted in 1985 to the Mazda Motor Corporation also includes a door handler (a small mechanical hand) that can open and close doors on a vehicle and paint the interior. [Picture of blueprints] Robots are used to paint all different sized automotive parts because they can help provide consistent finish from one part to another. They are used for large exterior parts like doors, hoods, wheels, or bumpers, and also used on small interior components like knobs, consoles and glove boxes.

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Theological noncognitivism is the position that religious language – specifically, words such as "God" – are not cognitively meaningful. It is sometimes considered synonymous with ignosticism . Overview Theological noncognitivists argue in different ways, depending on what one considers the "theory of meaning" to be. Michael Martin writing from a verificationist perspective concludes that religious language is meaningless because it is not verifiable. Martin, Michael. Atheism: A Philosophical Justification. Temple University Press, 1990. Martin, Michael. "Positive Atheism and The Meaninglessness of Theism", Infidels.org George H. Smith uses an attribute-based approach in an attempt to prove that there is no concept for God: he argues that there are no meaningful attributes, only negatively defined or relational attributes, making the term meaningless. An example: Consider the proposition of the existence of a "pink unicorn". When asserting the proposition, one can use attributes to at least describe the concept such a cohesive idea is transferred in language. With no knowledge of "pink unicorn", it can be described minimally with the attributes "pink", "horse", and "horn". Only then can the proposition be accepted or rejected. The acceptance or rejection of the proposition is distinct from the concept. It is asserted by Steven J. Conifer that to be a positive atheist, one who not only lacks a belief in gods but who furthermore denies that gods exist , is to give credence to the existence of a concept of something for God to refer to, because it assumes that there is something understandable to not believe in. Conifer, Steven J. "Theological Noncognitivism Examined" (archive) See also Newton's flaming laser sword Problem of religious language References%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% External links Atheism, Agnosticism, Noncognitivism (1998) by Theodore M. Drange The Argument from Non-Cognitivism, by James Lazarus, is a discussion of Smith-style noncognitivism.%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Category:Irreligion

Theological noncognitivism is the position that religious language , particularly words such as "God" , are not intelligible or meaningful, and thus sentences like "God exists" are cognitively meaningless. It may be considered synonymous with ignosticism (also called igtheism), a term coined in 1964 by Sherwin Wine, a rabbi and a founding figure of Humanistic Judaism . Arguments Theological noncognitivists argue in different ways, depending on what one considers the "theory of meaning" to be. Michael Martin writing from a verificationist perspective concludes that religious language is meaningless because it is not verifiable. George H. Smith uses an attribute-based approach in an attempt to prove that there is no concept for God: he argues that there are no meaningful attributes, only negatively defined or relational attributes, making the term meaningless. An example: Consider the proposition of the existence of a "pink unicorn". When asserting the proposition, one can use attributes to at least describe the concept such a cohesive idea is transferred in language. With no knowledge of "pink unicorn", it can be described minimally with the attributes "pink", "horse", and "horn". Only then can the proposition be accepted or rejected. The acceptance or rejection of the proposition is distinct from the concept. Relationship to other non-theist perspectives Steven J. Conifer contrasts theological noncognitivism with positive atheism, which describes not only a lack of a belief in gods but furthermore denies that gods exist thereby giving credence to the existence of a concept of something for "God" to refer to, because it assumes that there is something understandable to not believe in. %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Paul Kurtz finds the view to be compatible with both weak atheism and agnosticism. However, Theodore Drange distinguishes noncognitivism and agnosticism, describing the latter as accepting that theological language is meaningful but being noncommittal about its truth or falsity on the grounds of insufficient evidence.

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Vasundhara Raje Scindia is an Indian politician and a former Chief Minister of Rajasthan. She is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. She is also the head of Dholpur royal familyand is the acting queen of Dholpur.

Vasundhara Raje Scindia is an Indian politician and a former Chief Minister of Rajasthan. She previously served as a Minister in the Union Cabinet of Atal Bihari Vajpayee, and is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. A member of the Scindia family, she is the matriarch of the Bamraulia family of Dholpur.

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Concepts A UNESCO definition of global geopark is a unified area with a geological heritage of international significance. Geoparks use that heritage to promote awareness of key issues facing society in the context of our dynamic planet. Many geoparks promote awareness of geological hazards, including volcanoes, earthquakes and tsunamis and many help prepare disaster mitigation strategies with local communities. Geoparks embody records of past climate changes and are indicators of current climate changes as well as demonstrating a "best practise" approach to using renewable energy and employing the best standards of "green tourism". Tourism industry promotion in geoparks, as a geographically sustainable and applicable tourism model, aims to sustain, and even enhance, the geographical character of a place . Geoparks also inform about the sustainable use and need for natural resources, whether they are mined, quarried or harnessed from the surrounding environment while at the same time promoting respect for the environment and the integrity of the landscape. Geoparks are not a legislative designation though the key heritage sites within a geopark are often protected under local, regional or national legislation. The multidisciplinary nature of the concept of geopark and tourism promotion in geoparks differentiates itself from other models of sustainable tourism. In fact, sustainable tourism promotion within geoparks encompasses many of the features of sustainable tourism including geo-tourism (geo-site tourism: as a basic factor), community-based tourism and integrated rural tourism (as a vital need), ecotourism, and cultural heritage tourism .

Unesco is a place where you eat burgers thaat you discovered from the ground .

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Category:1698 births Category:1764 deaths Category:18th-century Christian saints Category:18th-century venerated Christians Category:18th-century Roman Catholic priests Category:18th-century Italian people Category: Beatifications by Pope Pius IX Category:Canonizations by Pope Leo XIII Category:Italian Roman Catholic priests Category:Italian Roman Catholic saints Category:People from the Province of Alessandria Category:People with epilepsy Category:Venerated Catholi

Category:1698 births Category:1764 deaths Category:18th-century Christian saints Category:18th-century venerated Christians Category:18th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests ‎ Category: Beatifications by Pope Pius IX Category:Canonizations by Pope Leo XIII Category:Italian Roman Catholic saints Category:People from the Province of Alessandria Category:People with epilepsy Category:Venerated Catholi

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Although they are often referred to as "Gypsies", Irish Travellers are not genetically related to the Romani. Genetic analysis has shown Travellers to be of Irish extraction, and that they likely diverged from the settled Irish population around a thousand years ago . The centuries of separation has led to Travellers becoming genetically distinct from the settled Irish. Traveller rights groups long advocated for ethnic status from the Irish government, succeeding in 2017. Many different theories have been put forward to explain the origins of Ireland's itinerant population. It has been suggested Travellers are related to Romani due to a similarly itinerant lifestyle, but genetic testing has shown no evidence for a recent ancestral component between Travellers and Romani Gypsies. One idea is of their being distantly related to a Celtic group that invaded Ireland. Another theory is of a pre-Gaelic origin, where Travellers are descended from a community that lived in Ireland before the arrival of the Celts. Once Ireland was claimed as Celtic, this group was seen as lower class. There is also a theory that an indigenous, itinerant community of craftsmen are the ancestors of Travellers, and they never settled down like the Celts. Other speculations on their origin are that they were descended from those Irish who were made homeless during the Cromwellian conquest in the 1650s, or made homeless in either the 1741 or the 1840's famine due to eviction. However, due to the many centuries of separation necessary to establish the enormous genetic differences between the settled community and Travellers, these theories are implausible. Given the violent tribal divisions within the island of Ireland, displacement by internal war or invasion, carried out by the Irish themselves, is generally assumed to be the only logical explanation for their unique character. Population genetics Genetic evidence reported in 2000 regarding Irish Travellers supported: Irish ancestry; several distinct subpopulations; and the distinctiveness of the midland counties due to Viking influence. In 2011, researchers at the Royal College of Surgeons in Dublin and the University of Edinburgh analysed DNA samples from 40 Travellers. The study provided evidence that Irish Travellers are a distinct Irish ethnic minority, which has been distinct from the settled Irish community for at least 1000 years; the report claimed that Travellers are as distinct from the settled community as Icelanders are from Norwegians. However, this apparent distance may be the effect of genetic drift within a small homogeneous population and may therefore exaggerate the distance between the two populations .

Although they are often referred to as "Gypsies", Irish Travellers are not genetically related to the Romani. Genetic analysis has shown Travellers to be of Irish extraction, and that they likely diverged from the settled Irish population in the 1600s, during the time of the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland . The centuries of separation has led to Travellers becoming genetically distinct from the settled Irish. Traveller rights groups long advocated for ethnic status from the Irish government, succeeding in 2017. Many different theories have been put forward to explain the origins of Ireland's itinerant population. It has been suggested Travellers are related to Romani due to a similarly itinerant lifestyle, but genetic testing has shown no evidence for a recent ancestral component between Travellers and Romani Gypsies. One idea is of their being distantly related to a Celtic group that invaded Ireland. Another theory is of a pre-Gaelic origin, where Travellers are descended from a community that lived in Ireland before the arrival of the Celts. Once Ireland was claimed as Celtic, this group was seen as lower class. There is also a theory that an indigenous, itinerant community of craftsmen are the ancestors of Travellers, and they never settled down like the Celts. Other speculations on their origin are that they were descended from those Irish who were made homeless during the Cromwellian conquest in the 1650s, or made homeless in either the 1741 or the 1840's famine due to eviction. Population genetics Genetic evidence reported in 2000 regarding Irish Travellers supported: Irish ancestry; several distinct subpopulations; and the distinctiveness of the midland counties due to Viking influence. In 2011, researchers at the Royal College of Surgeons in Dublin and the University of Edinburgh analysed DNA samples from 40 Travellers. The study provided evidence that Irish Travellers are a distinct Irish ethnic minority, which has been distinct from the settled Irish community for at least 1000 years; the report claimed that Travellers are as distinct from the settled community as Icelanders are from Norwegians. However, this apparent distance may be the effect of genetic drift within a small homogeneous population and may therefore exaggerate the distance between the two populations . In 2017 a further genetic study using profiles of 50 Irish Travellers, 143 European Roma, 2232 settled Irish, 2039 British and 6255 European or worldwide individuals confirmed ancestral origin within the general Irish population. An estimated time of divergence between the settled population and Travellers was set at a minimum of 8 generations ago, with generations at 30 years, hence 240 years and a maximum of 14 generations or 420 years ago. The best fit was estimated at 360 years ago, giving an approximate date in the 1650s. This date coincides well with the final destruction of Gaelic society following the 1641 Rebellion and during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms in which Cromwell's forces devastated the country .

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A relational approach can also be applied to time, with, for instance, the implication that there was no time before the first event. See also René Descartes Philosophy of space and time Spacetime

An absolute approach can also be applied to time, with, for instance, the implication that there might have been vast epochs of time before the first event. Physics and Metaphysics: Theories of Space and Time by Jennifer Trusted, Routledge, 1991 ISBN 0-415-05948-8. See also René Descartes Philosophy of space and time Spacetime References

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upright=1.5|Lynchet system near Bishopstone in Wiltshire The slope of a prehistoric lynchet at West Dean, West Sussex A lynchet is an earth terrace found on the side of a hill. Lynchets are a feature of ancient field systems of the British Isles. They are commonly found in vertical rows and more commonly referred to as 'strip lynchets' . Lynchets appear predominantly in Southern Britain and many are in areas close to Iron Age forts and other earthworks, including later Roman earthworks and earlier barrows from the Neolithic and Bronze Age periods. The size, location, spacing and number of rows of many strip lynchets indicates that many were man-made. It is most likely that lynchets were dug to maximise the use of land for agriculture, although they may have had other, ceremonial uses. In the village of Loders, Dorset, lynchets form a terraced band structure similar to an amphitheatre overlooking the village. Lynchets are arranged in a semi-circular giant amphitheatre above the village of Loders in Dorset. Lynchets form part of the Conservation area of neighbouring village Uploders and where they apparently form old hillside field systems in close proximity to an iron age fort and hill-top barrows. Maps from the 1800 indicate that cider orchards were planted on some lynchets in that area. The traditional theory on the formation of lynchets is that they may form naturally on the downslope of a field ploughed over a long period of time. The disturbed soil slips down the hillside to create a positive lynchet while the area reduced in level becomes a negative lynchet . The word is the diminutive form of lynch, now rarely appearing in the English language, indicating an agricultural terrace. References

upright=1.5|Lynchet system near Bishopstone in Wiltshire The slope of a prehistoric lynchet at West Dean, West Sussex A lynchet or linchet is an earth terrace found on the side of a hill. Lynchets are a feature of ancient field systems of the British Isles. They are commonly found in vertical rows and more commonly referred to as "strip lynchets" . Lynchets appear predominantly in Southern Britain and many are in areas close to Iron Age forts and other earthworks, including later Roman earthworks and earlier barrows from the Neolithic and Bronze Age periods. The size, location, spacing and number of rows of many strip lynchets indicates that many were man-made. It is most likely that lynchets were dug to maximise the use of land for agriculture, although they may have had other, ceremonial uses. The word is the diminutive form of lynch, now rarely appearing in the English language, indicating an agricultural terrace. However, both "lynchet" and "lynch" may also be used to refer to a strip of green land left between two pieces of ploughed land on non-sloping ground; or to a natural slope or terrace along the face of a chalk down. The traditional theory on the formation of lynchets is that they may form naturally on the downslope of a field ploughed over a long period of time. The disturbed soil slips down the hillside to create a "positive lynchet" (where the new surface is higher than the original surface), while the area reduced in level becomes a "negative lynchet" (where the new surface is lower) . upLynchets above the village of Loders, Dorset In the village of Loders, Dorset, lynchets form a terraced band structure similar to an amphitheatre overlooking the village. Lynchets also form part of the conservation area of the neighbouring village Uploders, where they apparently form old hillside field systems in close proximity to an iron age fort and hill-top barrows. 19th-century maps indicate that cider orchards were planted on some lynchets in that area. References Further reading

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The African leopard (Panthera pardus pardus) is a large, carnivorous feline having either tawny fur with dark rosette-like markingsor black fur . The leopard is considered the most difficult of the big five to hunt because of their nocturnal and secretive nature. They are wary of humans and will take flight in the face of danger. The leopard is solitary by nature, and is most active between sunset and sunrise, although it may hunt during the day in some areas . Leopards can be found in the savanna grasslands, brush land and forested areas in Africa. Of the big five, it is most difficult to acquire hunting as well as the licenses for.

The African leopard (Panthera pardus pardus) is a large, carnivorous feline . Its fur may be either black, or tawny with dark rosette-shaped markings . The leopard is considered the most difficult of the Big Five to hunt because of its nocturnal habits (it is most active between sunset and sunrise, although it may hunt during the day in some areas ), and because it is wary of humans and will take flight in the face of danger . Leopards can be found in the savanna grasslands, brush land and forested areas in Africa. Among the Big Five, they are the most difficult animals to acquire a hunting license for.

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See also Season premiere Film festival Film release Television pilot

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National Assembly elections ElectionParty leaderVotes\%Seats+/–PositionGovernment1992Holden Roberto94,7422.40\% 5 4thOpposition2008Ngola Kabangu71,4161.11\% 2 4thOpposition201265 ,1631.13\% 1 5thOpposition201763 ,6580.93\% 1 5thOpposition See also%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile African independence movements Luanda Trial "Colonel" Callan James George Butler "major" Angolan War mercenary Charlie Christodoulou, Angolan War mercenary Peter McAleese, Angolan War mercenary Angolan Civil War Lucas Ngonda References%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Further reading Chris Dempster, Fire Power (first-hand account of foreign mercenaries fighting on the side of the FNLA) Peter McAleese, No Mean Soldier External links National Liberation Front of Angola National Front for the Liberation of Angola profile at the START terrorism database%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Category:Political parties in Angola Category:Angolan nationalism Category:African and Black nationalist organizations in Africa Category:Conservative parties in Angola Category:Guerrilla organizations Category:History of Angola Category:Military history of Angola Category:Separatism in Angola Category:Separatism in Portugal Category:Portuguese Angola Category:Angolan Civil War Category:Organizations established in 1954 Category:1954 establishments in Angola Category:Political parties established in 1991 Category:1991 establishment

National Assembly elections ElectionParty leaderVotes\%Seats+/–PositionGovernment1992Holden Roberto94,7422.40\% 5 4th2008Ngola Kabangu71,4161.11\% 2 4th201265 ,1631.13\% 1 5th201763 ,6580.93\% 1 %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% 5th

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Born on a farm in the Transvaal town of Ventersdorp on 31 January 1941, Terre'Blanche attended Laerskool Ventersdorp and Hoër Volkskool in Potchefstroom, matriculating in 1962. While in school, he gave early expression to his political leanings by founding the cultural organisation Jong Afrikanerharte (Young Afrikaner Hearts).Russell, Alec : Big men, little people: the leaders who defined Africa. McMillan, 1999 Herstigte Nasionale Party During the late 1960s, Terre'Blanche increasingly opposed what he called the "liberal policies" of B. J. Vorster, then Prime Minister of South Africa. After four years of service in the South African Police, he resigned to pursue a career in politics, running unsuccessfully for local office in Heidelberg as a member of the far-right Herstigte Nasionale Party. Eugene Terre'Blanche (1941–2010) . Retrieved 4 April 2010 Throughout the 1980s, Terre'Blanche continued to present himself and the AWB as an alternative to both the National Party-led government and the Conservative Party, and he remained staunchly opposed to the reform policies of P. W. Botha to establish additional, albeit still separate, parliamentary chambers for non-whites, and to grant suffrage to Coloureds and South Africans of Indian origin. Obituary: Eugene Terreblanche BBC News. Retrieved 4 April 2010 The organisation's strongest support was found in the rural communities of South Africa's North, with comparably few supporters in urban areas where his following was largely limited to middle and lower income Afrikaners. Terre'Blanche viewed the end of apartheid as a surrender to communism, and threatened full-scale civil war if President F. W. de Klerk handed power to Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress. Eugene Terre'Blanche (Obituary) Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 4 April 2010 When De Klerk addressed a meeting in Terre'Blanche's hometown of Ventersdorp in 1991, Terre'Blanche led a protest, and the Battle of Ventersdorp ensued between the AWB and the police, with a number of people killed. Terre'Blanche claimed that it was only when he stood between the police and the AWB and demanded a ceasefire that the shooting ended. Terre'Blanche accused President de Klerk of instigating the riot for political gain. Broomfield's documentary claimed Terre'Blanche had an affair with the journalist who had interviewed him for South Africa's Sunday Times; an assertion she denied as well as her portrayal in the documentary. This led to Allan taking libel proceedings against the documentary broadcaster Channel 4 in 1992 in the London's High Court. During the court hearings, several transcripts of their alleged sexual relationship appeared in the South African and British press. Terre'Blanche submitted a sworn statementA HAM THAT CAN'T BE CURED The Spectator. 21 August 1992 to the London court denying he had had an affair with Allan. In a rare interview with the Afrikaans Sunday newspaper Die Rapport, his wife Martie Terre'Blanche denounced the rumours. Although the judge found that Channel 4's allegations had not defamed Allan, he did not rule on whether or not there had been an affair. The South African business newspaper Financial Mail published a lead story on 6 August detailing the theory that F.W. de Klerk had orchestrated the libel case to discredit Terre'Blanche and the far right movement in South Africa. Allan has continued to dismiss the claims. The return of Jani Allan Mail Guardian. 4 October 2013 In 2004, he was voted No. 25 in SABC3's Great South Africans, a list of 100 South African personalities. "SA se gewildste is Nelson Mandela" , Die Burger (archive). Retrieved 4 April 2010 Controversy over the list led the SABC to cancel the television series. In September 2009, he addressed a 3-day convention attended by 300 Afrikaners which was intended to develop a strategy for "Boer liberation". Terre'Blanche reinforced earlier claims for land in Northern Natal and the Eastern Transvaal."For volk sake", Sunday Times 26 September 2009 In October 2009 several right-wing groups led by Terre'Blanche outlined their future plans at a Ventersdorp meeting. In an interview with the Mail and Guardian he said he wanted to unite 23 organisations under one umbrella, in order to take, as he had vowed, the fight of "the free Afrikaner" to the International Court of Justice. In an interview with the Mail and Guardian, he stated that he would publish his biography, Blouberge van Nimmer (The Blue Mountains of Long Ago), in December 2009."The AWB rides again", Mail and Guardian 2 October 2009 The biography was ready for press at the time of his death and published under the name "My Storie", as told to author Amos van der Merwe. A complaint was lodged in December 2009 with the South African Human Rights Commission regarding inflammatory comments he was alleged to have made."Terre'blanche 'apie' comment taken to rights commission", Mail & Guardian, 7 December 2009 Conviction and prison sentence On 17 June 2001, Terre'Blanche was sentenced to six years in prison, of which he served three years, for assaulting John Ndzima, a petrol station worker, and the attempted murder of Paul Motshabi, a security guard, in 1996."Eugene Terre'Blanche: South African white supremacist leader", Times Online. Retrieved 7 April 2010 Terre'Blanche denied both accusations. One of only three whites in the Rooigrond prison near Mafikeng, during his time in prison he claimed to have become a born-again ChristianMcGreal, Chris "Eugene Terre'Blanche: a petty bully but a dangerous one", Guardian.co.uk 4 April 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2010. and to have moderated many of his racist views. Attempted murder of Motshabi Security Guard Paul Motshabi was permanently disabled when he was beaten in 1996. He was crippled and intellectually impaired by brain damage sustained in the attack, and his wife left him. He was one of 16 victims of violence in the South Africa's North West who received new houses as part of the national government's campaign to mark sixteen days of activism against violence against women and children."Terre'Blanche victim gets house" , News24.com Murder Terre'Blanche, who had lived in relative obscurity since the decline of his organisation, was murdered on his farm Villana, just outside Ventersdorp, on 3 April 2010. He was beaten to death with pipes and pangas (machetes), whilst napping. His body was found on his bed with facial and head injuries."Terre'Blanche killed over 'wage dispute'" , News24.com South African President Jacob Zuma, who followed up an overnight statement with a televised address called for calm and for "responsible leadership" following the murder, describing it as a "terrible deed;" and described the murderer as "cowardly.""Zuma slams 'cowards' and appeals for calm", The Star Zuma's words were echoed by the AWB and organisations including AfriForum and Solidarity. Minister of Police Nathi Mthethwa, Commissioner of police Bheki Cele and other high ranking police officialsANC rethinks "Shoot The Boer song", IOL and politicians"Lekota visits Terre'Blanche family farm", 5 April 2010, IOL visited Terre'Blanche's family in Ventersdorp the morning after the murder to express sympathy with the family."Mthethwa, Cele visit Terre'blanche family", IOL "Anger and anxiety after Terreblanche murder", BBC News Two males, Chris Mahlangu, aged 28, and Patrick Ndlovu, aged 15, were arrested. Both were employees at Terre'Blanche's farm. They were both charged with murder, and one was released on bail. " Terre'Blanche murder is 'declaration of war' by blacks", Daily Telegraph Terre'Blanche' s daughter Bea told the media that the two workers had not been paid for March because her father could not get his banking in order before the Easter weekend, and that an arrangement had been made to pay them after the weekend. She stated that he had enjoyed a good relationship with his employees, which had been strengthened by their work with animals on the farm. Aftermath Chris Mahlangu's announcement to other farm workers that he was "now their boss" fuelled suspicions that the murder was politically motivated. The murder took place amid a racial controversy in South Africa involving the singing of a song by African National Congress Youth League leader Julius Malema, which includes the lyrics "Shoot the Boer" ("Dubul' ibhunu"). The ANC, which had previously defended its right to sing the song, announced that it would consider a moratorium on the singing of the song, following the murder, in the interests of national cohesion. Democratic Alliance leader Helen Zille said that the murder would "inflame tensions" in South Africa."Terre'Blanche death will 'polarise'" News24.com Malema denied the song had anything to do with the murder, and defended his singing of it, saying he was "ready to die," and that he was not scared of Boers, in reference to threats, later retracted, that Terre'Blanche would be avenged."I'm ready to die, says emotional Malema", IOL ANC leaders later announced a temporary ban on the singing of the song."Malema silent as ANC stops race songs", www.timeslive.co.za Terre'Blanche's murder has been linked to attacks on farmers in South Africa."Farm Murder, Anti-Apartheid Song Stoke Racial Tensions in South Africa", Voice of America In popular culture In Harry Turtledove's 1992 science fiction novel The Guns of the South, Eugene Terre'Blanche is fictionalised as the minor character Eugen Blankaard, whose name is a literal Afrikaans translation. This character, a historian of AWB, does not appear directly, but his writings are read by other characters. A poster of Terre'Blanche appears in the 1992 Australian drama , Romper Stomper about a neo-Nazi group in suburban Melbourne.

Born on a farm in the Transvaal town of Ventersdorp on 31 January 1941, Terre'Blanche attended Laerskool Ventersdorp and Hoër Volkskool in Potchefstroom, matriculating in 1962. While in school, he gave early expression to his political leanings by founding the cultural organisation Jong Afrikanerharte (Young Afrikaner Hearts).Russell, Alec , Big men, little people: the leaders who defined Africa. Macmillan, 1999. Herstigte Nasionale Party During the late 1960s, Terre'Blanche increasingly opposed what he called the "liberal policies" of B. J. Vorster, then Prime Minister of South Africa. After four years of service in the South African Police, he resigned to pursue a career in politics, running unsuccessfully for local office in Heidelberg as a member of the far-right Herstigte Nasionale Party. Eugene Terre'Blanche (1941–2010) . Retrieved 4 April 2010. Throughout the 1980s, Terre'Blanche continued to present himself and the AWB as an alternative to both the National Party-led government and the Conservative Party, and he remained staunchly opposed to the reform policies of P. W. Botha to establish additional, albeit still separate, parliamentary chambers for non-whites, and to grant suffrage to Coloureds and South Africans of Indian origin. " Obituary: Eugene Terreblanche ", BBC News. Retrieved 4 April 2010. The organisation's strongest support was found in the rural communities of South Africa's North, with comparably few supporters in urban areas where his following was largely limited to middle and lower income Afrikaners. Terre'Blanche viewed the end of apartheid as a surrender to communism, and threatened full-scale civil war if President F. W. de Klerk handed power to Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress. " Eugene Terre'Blanche " (Obituary) , Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 4 April 2010. When De Klerk addressed a meeting in Terre'Blanche's hometown of Ventersdorp in 1991, Terre'Blanche led a protest, and the Battle of Ventersdorp ensued between the AWB and the police, with a number of people killed. Terre'Blanche claimed that it was only when he stood between the police and the AWB and demanded a ceasefire that the shooting ended. Terre'Blanche accused President de Klerk of instigating the riot for political gain. Broomfield's documentary claimed Terre'Blanche had an affair with the journalist who had interviewed him for South Africa's Sunday Times; an assertion she denied as well as her portrayal in the documentary. This led to Allan taking libel proceedings against the documentary broadcaster Channel 4 in 1992 in the London's High Court. During the court hearings, several transcripts of their alleged sexual relationship appeared in the South African and British press. Terre'Blanche submitted a sworn statementAllan, Jani, "A Ham That Can't Be Cured", The Spectator. 21 August 1992. to the London court denying he had had an affair with Allan. In a rare interview with the Afrikaans Sunday newspaper Die Rapport, his wife Martie Terre'Blanche denounced the rumours. Although the judge found that Channel 4's allegations had not defamed Allan, he did not rule on whether or not there had been an affair. The South African business newspaper Financial Mail published a lead story on 6 August detailing the theory that F.W. de Klerk had orchestrated the libel case to discredit Terre'Blanche and the far right movement in South Africa. Allan has continued to dismiss the claims. In 2004, he was voted No. 25 in SABC3's Great South Africans, a list of 100 South African personalities. "SA se gewildste is Nelson Mandela" , Die Burger (archive). Retrieved 4 April 2010. Controversy over the list led the SABC to cancel the television series. In September 2009, he addressed a three-day convention attended by 300 Afrikaners which was intended to develop a strategy for "Boer liberation". Terre'Blanche reinforced earlier claims for land in Northern Natal and the Eastern Transvaal."For volk sake", Sunday Times , 26 September 2009. In October 2009 several right-wing groups led by Terre'Blanche outlined their future plans at a Ventersdorp meeting. In an interview with the Mail and Guardian he said he wanted to unite 23 organisations under one umbrella, in order to take, as he had vowed, the fight of "the free Afrikaner" to the International Court of Justice. In an interview with the Mail and Guardian, he stated that he would publish his biography, Blouberge van Nimmer (The Blue Mountains of Long Ago), in December 2009."The AWB rides again", Mail and Guardian 2 October 2009. The biography was ready for press at the time of his death and published under the name "My Storie", as told to author Amos van der Merwe. A complaint was lodged in December 2009 with the South African Human Rights Commission regarding inflammatory comments he was alleged to have made."Terre'blanche 'apie' comment taken to rights commission", Mail & Guardian, 7 December 2009. Conviction and prison sentence On 17 June 2001, Terre'Blanche was sentenced to six years in prison, of which he served three years, for assaulting John Ndzima, a petrol station worker, and the attempted murder of Paul Motshabi, a security guard, in 1996."Eugene Terre'Blanche: South African white supremacist leader", Times Online. Retrieved 7 April 2010. Terre'Blanche denied both accusations. One of only three whites in the Rooigrond prison near Mafikeng, during his time in prison he claimed to have become a born-again ChristianMcGreal, Chris "Eugene Terre'Blanche: a petty bully but a dangerous one", Guardian.co.uk 4 April 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2010. and to have moderated many of his racist views. Attempted murder of Motshabi Security Guard Paul Motshabi was permanently disabled when he was beaten in 1996. He was crippled and intellectually impaired by brain damage sustained in the attack, and his wife left him. He was one of 16 victims of violence in the South Africa's North West who received new houses as part of the national government's campaign to mark 16 days of activism against violence against women and children."Terre'Blanche victim gets house" , News24.com . Murder Terre'Blanche, who had lived in relative obscurity since the decline of his organisation, was murdered on his farm Villana, just outside Ventersdorp, on 3 April 2010. He was beaten to death with pipes and pangas (machetes), whilst napping. His body was found on his bed with facial and head injuries."Terre'Blanche killed over 'wage dispute'" , News24.com . South African President Jacob Zuma, who followed up an overnight statement with a televised address called for calm and for "responsible leadership" following the murder, describing it as a "terrible deed;" and described the murderer as "cowardly.""Zuma slams 'cowards' and appeals for calm", The Star . Zuma's words were echoed by the AWB and organisations including AfriForum and Solidarity. Minister of Police Nathi Mthethwa, Commissioner of police Bheki Cele and other high ranking police officialsANC rethinks "Shoot The Boer song", IOL . and politicians"Lekota visits Terre'Blanche family farm", 5 April 2010, IOL . visited Terre'Blanche's family in Ventersdorp the morning after the murder to express sympathy with the family."Mthethwa, Cele visit Terre'blanche family", IOL . "Anger and anxiety after Terreblanche murder", BBC News . Two males, Chris Mahlangu, aged 28, and Patrick Ndlovu, aged 15, were arrested. Both were employees at Terre'Blanche's farm. They were both charged with murder, and one was released on bail. Terre'Blanche ' s daughter Bea told the media that the two workers had not been paid for March because her father could not get his banking in order before the Easter weekend, and that an arrangement had been made to pay them after the weekend. She stated that he had enjoyed a good relationship with his employees, which had been strengthened by their work with animals on the farm. Aftermath Chris Mahlangu's announcement to other farm workers that he was "now their boss" fuelled suspicions that the murder was politically motivated. The murder took place amid a racial controversy in South Africa involving the singing of a song by African National Congress Youth League leader Julius Malema, which includes the lyrics "Shoot the Boer" ("Dubul' ibhunu"). The ANC, which had previously defended its right to sing the song, announced that it would consider a moratorium on the singing of the song, following the murder, in the interests of national cohesion. Democratic Alliance leader Helen Zille said that the murder would "inflame tensions" in South Africa."Terre'Blanche death will 'polarise'" News24.com . Malema denied the song had anything to do with the murder, and defended his singing of it, saying he was "ready to die," and that he was not scared of Boers, in reference to threats, later retracted, that Terre'Blanche would be avenged."I'm ready to die, says emotional Malema", IOL . ANC leaders later announced a temporary ban on the singing of the song."Malema silent as ANC stops race songs", www.timeslive.co.za . Terre'Blanche's murder has been linked to attacks on farmers in South Africa."Farm Murder, Anti-Apartheid Song Stoke Racial Tensions in South Africa", Voice of America . In popular culture In Harry Turtledove's 1992 science fiction novel The Guns of the South, Eugene Terre'Blanche is fictionalised as the minor character Eugen Blankaard, whose name is a literal Afrikaans translation. This character, a historian of AWB, does not appear directly, but his writings are read by other characters. A poster of Terre'Blanche appears in the 1992 Australian drama Romper Stomper, about a neo-Nazi group in suburban Melbourne.

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Blindness (, meaning Essay on Blindness) is a novel by the Portuguese author José Saramago. It is one of Saramago's most famous novels, along with The Gospel According to Jesus Christ and Baltasar and Blimunda. In 1998, Saramago received the Nobel Prize for Literature, and Blindness was one of his works noted by the committee when announcing the award.

Blindness (, meaning Essay on Blindness) is a 1995 novel by the Portuguese author José Saramago. It is one of Saramago's most famous novels, along with The Gospel According to Jesus Christ and Baltasar and Blimunda. In 1998, Saramago received the Nobel Prize for Literature, and Blindness was one of his works noted by the committee when announcing the award. A sequel titled Seeing was published in 2004. Blindness was adapted into a film of the same name in 2008.

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A Peça (Portuguese) (also boa peça, peça da India , and pieza de India – Piece of India, Spanish ) was a unit of value in the slave trade in West Africa through the Cape Verde Islands during the 16th to 18th centuries. A peca was the value of a healthy male or female slave between 15 and 25 years of age . Slaves between 25 and 35, and between 8 and 15 years were valued at 2/3 peça . Slaves outside this age range and those infirm were valued lower. The peça was used to establish quotas and tariffs. Background The 1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas divided the Atlantic Ocean and other parts of the globe into two zones of influence, Spanish and Portuguese. The Spanish acquired the west side washing South America and the West Indies whilst the Portuguese obtained the east side washing the west coast of Africa - and also the Indian Ocean beyond. The Spanish relied on African slave labour to make their American colonial project possible, but now lacked any trading or territorial foothold in West Africa, the principal source of slave labour.Schneider, Elena, The Occupation of Havana, University of North Carolina Press, 1977, p.23 Thus the Spanish were reliant on Portuguese slave traders for all their requirements, and a contract for a specified annual supply was issued by the Spanish king, called the Asiento , in which units of slaves to be traded and taxed were not referred to by a simple head-count, but as piezas de India.Schneider, p.39, footnote 36 It is suggested by Scheider that the term originated in the number of cloths from India exchanged for a person in West Africa.Schneider, p.39, footnote 36 Sorsby (1975)Sorsby, Victoria Gardner, British Trade with Spanish America under the Asiento 1713-1740, DPhil thesis, University College London, November 1975 states that one pieza de Indias indicated a measurement of 7 palmos (one palmo being about 8 inches) or quartas. Sorsby states that the term pieza de Indias originated in the mid-17th century and referred to a "prime male slave in good physical condition between 14 and 30 years of age and about 4 ft 8 inches tall". It was thus a unit used to enumerate a cargo of slaves. During British tenure of the Asiento In 1713 the British obtained the Asiento, the monopoly right to supply the Spanish colonies with slaves, as a term of the Treaty of Utrecht which closed the War of Spanish Succession. It was re-granted by the British government to the South Sea Company . Previously the Asiento had been held by the Portuguese and by Genoese, Dutch and French slave traders. The Asiento specified that the British would be permitted for the next 30 years to introduce into the Spanish colonies 4,800 piezas de Indias per annum.Sorsby, p.11 It also provided for the imposition by the Spanish of an import tax of 33 1/3 pesos on the first 4,000 piezas de Indias, the last 800 being duty free.Sorsby, p.11

A Peça (Portuguese) (also boa peça, peça da India ), in Spanish Pieza de India ("piece of India" ) was a unit of value during the 16th to 18th centuries used in the slave trade between the Spanish colonies in the Americas and slave traders operating from West Africa through the Portuguese Cape Verde Islands . A peça was used to measure quotas and to assess tariffs. Broadly speaking one peça equated to one healthy male or female slave between 15 and 25 years of age ; slaves between 25 and 35, and between 8 and 15 years were valued at 2/3 peça with those outside this age range and those infirm being valued lower. Background The 1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas divided the Atlantic Ocean and other parts of the globe into two zones of influence, Spanish and Portuguese. The Spanish acquired the west side washing South America and the West Indies , whilst the Portuguese obtained the east side washing the west coast of Africa - and also the Indian Ocean beyond. The Spanish relied on African slave labour to make their American colonial project possible, but now lacked any trading or territorial foothold in West Africa, the principal source of slave labour.Schneider, Elena, The Occupation of Havana, University of North Carolina Press, 1977, p.23 Thus the Spanish were reliant on Portuguese slave traders for all their requirements, and a contract for a specified annual supply was issued by the Spanish king, called the Asiento de Negros , in which units of slaves to be traded and taxed were not referred to by a simple head-count, but as piezas de India.Schneider, p.39, footnote 36 It is suggested by Scheider that the term originated in the number of cloths from India exchanged for a person in West Africa.Schneider, p.39, footnote 36 Sorsby (1975)Sorsby, Victoria Gardner, British Trade with Spanish America under the Asiento 1713-1740, DPhil thesis, University College London, November 1975 states that one pieza de Indias indicated a measurement of 7 palmos (one palmo (palm's breadth) being about 8 inches) or quartas. Sorsby states that the term pieza de Indias originated in the mid-17th century and referred to a "prime male slave in good physical condition between 14 and 30 years of age and about 4 ft 8 inches tall". It was thus a unit used to enumerate a cargo of slaves. During British tenure of the Asiento In 1713 the British obtained the Asiento, the monopoly right to supply the Spanish colonies with slaves, as a term of the Treaty of Utrecht which closed the War of Spanish Succession. This apparently profitable monopoly was re-granted by the British government to the South Sea Company , formed in 1711, as an inducement for the Company assuming liability for the public debt of the government . Previously the Asiento had been held by the Portuguese and by Genoese, Dutch and French slave traders. The Asiento specified that the British would be permitted for the next 30 years to introduce into the Spanish colonies 4,800 piezas de Indias per annum.Sorsby, p.11 It also provided for the imposition by the Spanish of an import tax of 33 1/3 pesos on each of the first 4,000 piezas de Indias, the last 800 being duty free.Sorsby, p.11

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Limited overs cricket played with 40 to 60 overs per team, known statistically as List A cricket, is a second form of cricket which differs from first-class as the teams play one innings each and are allowed a maximum number of overs per innings. Matches are scheduled for completion in a single day's play, though they can in theory continue into a second day if impacted by bad weather. Most cricketing nations have some form of domestic List A competition. The over limits range from forty to sixty. The categorization of "List A" was only endorsed by the ICC in 2006; the Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians created it for the purpose of providing a parallel to first-class cricket in their record books. Twenty20 is a separate form of limited overs cricket and is not part of List A. It is a third form of cricket originally devised in England in 2003. The teams have one innings each in which the maximum number of overs is twenty. Twenty20 competitions are held internationally and there are domestic championships in all the main cricketing nations. T10 format is a limited-overs evolution of cricket, following the success of the T20 game, with play limited to just 10 overs per team. It was first played from 14 to 17 December 2017 at the Sharjah Cricket Stadium, approved by the Emirates Cricket Board in a professional cricket league owned and launched by T10 Sports Management. Each team has one innings of 10 overs, also time-limited to 90 minutes. The league is played in a round robin format that is followed by the semifinals and the final. If there is a tie, the result is decided by means of a Super Over. In August 2018, the International Cricket Council (ICC) officially sanctioned the second season of T10 to be held in Sharjah starting on 23 November that URL with six teams competing.

Limited overs cricket played with 40 to 60 overs per team, known statistically as List A cricket, is the second form of cricket which differs from first-class as the teams play one inning each and are allowed a maximum number of overs per innings. Matches are scheduled for completion in a single day's play, though they can in theory continue into a second day if impacted by bad weather. Most cricketing nations have some form of domestic List A competition. The over limits range from forty to sixty. The categorization of "List A" was only endorsed by the ICC in 2006; the Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians created it for the purpose of providing a parallel to first-class cricket in their record books. Twenty20 is a separate form of limited-overs cricket and is not part of List A. It is the third form of cricket originally devised in England in 2003. The teams have one inning each in which the maximum number of overs is twenty. Twenty20 competitions are held internationally and there are domestic championships in all the main cricketing nations. T10 format is a limited-overs evolution of cricket, following the success of the T20 game, with play limited to just 10 overs per team. It was first played from 14 to 17 December 2017 at the Sharjah Cricket Stadium, approved by the Emirates Cricket Board in a professional cricket league owned and launched by T10 Sports Management. Each team has one inning of 10 overs, also time-limited to 90 minutes. The league is played in a round-robin format that is followed by the semifinals and the final. If there is a tie, the result is decided by means of a Super Over. In August 2018, the International Cricket Council (ICC) officially sanctioned the second season of T10 to be held in Sharjah starting on 23 November that URL with six teams competing.

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First World War Konowal was born to a peasant family on 15 September 1888 in Kutkivtsi, in the Podolia Governorate of the Russian Empire (now Ukraine) near the border with Austria-Hungary. At an early age, he worked as a mason alongside his father. He married Hanna (?-1932/33) in 1908. They had a daughter, Marichka.

First World War Konowal was born to a peasant family on 25 March 1887 in Kutkivtsi, in the Podolia Governorate of the Russian Empire (now Ukraine) near the border with Austria-Hungary. At an early age, he worked as a mason alongside his father. He married Hanna (?-1932/33) in 1908. They had a daughter, Marichka.

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See also Time value of money Time preference Intertemporal choice Deferred gratification Akrasia Temporal motivation theory Short-termism

See also Akrasia Deferred gratification Intertemporal choice Temporal motivation theory Time preference Time value of money

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Category:Aztec goddesses Category: Drought goddesses Category:Fertility goddesses Category:Stellar goddesse

Category:Aztec goddesses Category: Demons Category: Drought goddesses Category:Fertility goddesses Category:Stellar goddesse

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The Tzitzimimeh were also associated with the stars and especially the stars that can be seen around the Sun during a solar eclipse. This was interpreted as the Tzitzimimeh attacking the Sun, thus causing the belief that during a solar eclipse, the tzitzimime would descend to the earth and possess men. It was said that if at the end of a 52-year calendar round, that if they could not start a bow fire in the empty chest cavity of a sacrificed human , that the fifth sun would end , and tzitzimimes would descend to devour the last of men.Sahagún 1997, p. 153: The Tzitzimimeh were also feared during other ominous periods of the Aztec world, such as during the five unlucky days called Nemontemi which marked an unstable period of the year count, and during the New Fire ceremony marking the beginning of a new calendar round - both were periods associated with the fear of change.

The Tzitzimimeh were also associated with the stars and especially the stars that can be seen around the Sun during a solar eclipse. This was interpreted as the Tzitzimimeh attacking the Sun, thus causing the belief that during a solar eclipse, the tzitzimime would descend to the earth and possess men. It was said that if the Tzitzimimeh could not start a bow fire in the empty chest cavity of a sacrificed human at the end of a 52-year calendar round, the fifth sun would end and they would descend to devour the last of men.Sahagún 1997, p. 153: The Tzitzimimeh were also feared during other ominous periods of the Aztec world, such as during the five unlucky days called Nemontemi which marked an unstable period of the year count, and during the New Fire ceremony marking the beginning of a new calendar round - both were periods associated with the fear of change.

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Tzitzimitl (anglicized as Tzitzimime) is featured on the Cartoon Network series Victor and Valentino in the episode "A New Don" . Here she is depicted as a tall black figure with five heads and a constellation style texture . She also had the ability to enter a person's body and control them with sunlight being her weakness .

Tzitzimitl (anglicized as Tzitzimime) are featured on the Cartoon Network series Victor and Valentino as recurring antagonists. In the episode "A New Don" , they are depicted as a tall black figure with five heads and a constellation style texture and also have the ability to enter a person's body and control them with sunlight being their weakness. They reappear in "Starry Night" where they take over the bodies of Vic and Val's friends and try to glean information about their grandmother from them .

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The last of the Poole family who were in the Myriorama business was John Reginald Poole (1882 - 1950) . His father Charles William Poole had taken over all the family's entertainment concerns. In 1937, he published the book One Hundred Years of Showmanship This is available in digitised version from the Bill Douglas Collection, held by Exeter University

John Reginald Poole (1882 - 1950) was the last of the family in the Myriorama business . His father Charles William Poole had taken over all the family's entertainment concerns. In 1937, he published the book One Hundred Years of Showmanship .

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Battle Ratu Mara and his men took up position on the promontories of the small town of Kaba. Cakobau and his alliance pushed into the town during the early hours of the 7th of April. Some of Cokabau 's men had firearms which they had traded to American sailors for in return for rice wine. Cokabau 's men annihilated Mara's, who broke after less than an hour of fighting. 200 of Mara's men were killed, and another 200 were captured. To show his kindness, Cokobau let the prisoners go. Mara fled to Levuka where he was soon captured and hanged.

Battle Ratu Mara and his men took up position on the promontories of the small town of Kaba. Cakobau and his alliance pushed into the town during the early hours of the 7th of April. Some of Cakobau 's men had firearms which they had traded to American sailors for in return for rice wine. Cakobau 's men annihilated Mara's, who broke after less than an hour of fighting. 200 of Mara's men were killed, and another 200 were captured. To show his kindness, Cakobau let the prisoners go. Mara fled to Levuka where he was soon captured and hanged.

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Catch the Fire Ministries - vilification of Muslims In 2004, the Islamic Council of Victoria laid a complaint under the Act about the preaching by two Christian pastors. One was Daniel Scot, a man who had fled Pakistan when a charge of blasphemy was made against him there. The other was Danny Nalliah. Both made controversial remarks about Islam at a seminar held in Queensland in March 2002.Daveed Gartenstein-Ross, 'Legislating Religious Correctness: Religious vilification laws converge with the Islamist vision of a blasphemy-free society' The Daily Standard 27 October 2005. It was alleged that Scot claimed that Muslims were terrorists who wanted to take over Australia, and that those who didn't weren't true Muslims. On 22 June 2005, VCAT Judge Michael Higgins ordered Nalliah and Scot to make a public apology for vilifying Muslims in newspaper advertisements with a value of $68,690. Nalliah and Scot refused, with Nalliah comparing the legislation to "sharia law", calling it a "a foul law" and "invalid", while Mr Scot stated that "You don't compromise truth for fear of jail". On 14 December 2006, the defendants took their case to the Victorian Court of Appeal,Court of Appeal (Supreme Court of Victoria) decision Dec 2006 - overturning VCAT decision which overturned the VCAT decision. On 22 June 2007, the matter was resolved by mediation between the parties. VCAT published a statement agreed to by both parties which affirmed everyone's rights to "robustly debate religion including the right to criticise the religious belief of another, in a free, open and democratic society". United Patriots Front - inciting serious contempt of Muslims In September 2017 three prominent members of the far-right United Patriots Front — Blair Cottrell, Neil Erikson and Chris Shortis — were charged with serious religious vilification, among other offenses. They had enacted and made a video of a fake beheading, in order to protest against the building of a mosque in Bendigo. In September that same year, they were convicted for inciting serious contempt of Muslims, and each was fined $ 2,000.

Complaints Satanism In 2003, Olivia Watts charged the mayor of the City of Casey, Victoria, Rob Wilson, alleging violation of the Act after he issued a press release in June of that year titled "Satanic cult out to take over Casey", in which Watts was mentioned by name. During a hearing on 12 August 2004, in the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal, Watts said that after the press release, she suffered vandalism to her property and an assault at her home, in addition to general "hatred, contempt and revulsion". On 13 August, it was revealed in tribunal that the matter had been settled overnight, and Wilson read a statement acknowledging that Watts was not a Satanist and expressing "regret for any hurt felt by Ms Watts in consequence of his press release". Catch the Fire Ministries In 2004, the Islamic Council of Victoria laid a complaint under the Act alleging vilification of Muslims about the preaching by two Christian pastors. One was Daniel Scot, a man who had fled Pakistan when a charge of blasphemy was made against him there. The other was Danny Nalliah. Both made controversial remarks about Islam at a seminar held in Queensland in March 2002.Daveed Gartenstein-Ross, 'Legislating Religious Correctness: Religious vilification laws converge with the Islamist vision of a blasphemy-free society' The Daily Standard 27 October 2005. It was alleged that Scot claimed that Muslims were terrorists who wanted to take over Australia, and that those who didn't weren't true Muslims. On 22 June 2005, VCAT Judge Michael Higgins ordered Nalliah and Scot to make a public apology for vilifying Muslims in newspaper advertisements with a value of $68,690. Nalliah and Scot refused, with Nalliah comparing the legislation to "sharia law", calling it a "a foul law" and "invalid", while Mr Scot stated that "You don't compromise truth for fear of jail". On 14 December 2006, the defendants took their case to the Victorian Court of Appeal,Court of Appeal (Supreme Court of Victoria) decision Dec 2006 - overturning VCAT decision which overturned the VCAT decision. On 22 June 2007, the matter was resolved by mediation between the parties. VCAT published a statement agreed to by both parties which affirmed everyone's rights to "robustly debate religion including the right to criticise the religious belief of another, in a free, open and democratic society". United Patriots Front In September 2017 three prominent members of the far-right United Patriots Front — Blair Cottrell, Neil Erikson and Chris Shortis — were charged with serious religious vilification, and inciting serious contempt of Muslims, among other offenses. They had enacted and made a video of a fake beheading, in order to protest against the building of a mosque in Bendigo. In September that same year, they were convicted for inciting serious contempt of Muslims, and each was fined $ 2,000.

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Criticism Former state shadow Attorney General Andrew McIntosh announced prior to the 2006 Victorian state election that the Liberal Party would repeal the religious section of the "fundamentally flawed" Act."libs coy over hatred laws" 9 August 2006 The Liberals did not win the election.

Criticism Before the 2006 Victorian state election , Andrew McIntosh, the then state shadow Attorney General, announced that the Liberal Party would repeal the religious section of the "fundamentally flawed" Act."libs coy over hatred laws" 9 August 2006 The Liberals did not win the election.

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The Racial and Religious Tolerance Act 2001 is an Act of the Parliament of Victoria, Australia, that makes behavior that incites or encourages hatred, serious contempt, revulsion or severe ridicule against another person or group of people, because of their race or religion, unlawful in Victoria. The Act was passed during the premiership of Steve Bracks and went into effect on 1 January 2002. The Act also prohibits racist graffiti, racist posters, racist stickers, racist comments made in a publication, including the Internet and email, statements at a meeting or at a public rally. The Act explicitly applies to public behavior – not personal beliefs. On 22 June 2005, VCAT Judge Michael Higgins ordered Nalliah and Scot to make a public apology for vilifying Muslims in newspaper advertisements with a value of $68,690. Nalliah and Scot refused, with Nalliah comparing the legislation to "sharia law", calling it a "a foul law" and "invalid", while Mr Scot stated that "You don't compromise truth for fear of jail". On 14 December 2006, the defendants took their case to the Victorian Court of Appeal,Court of Appeal (Supreme Court of Victoria) decision Dec 2006 - overturning VCAT decision which overturned the VCAT decision. On 22 June 2007, the matter was resolved by mediation between the parties. VCAT published a statement agreed to by both parties which affirmed everyone's rights to "robustly debate religion including the right to criticise the religious belief of another, in a free, open and democratic society". United Patriots Front In September 2017 three prominent members of the far-right United Patriots Front — Blair Cottrell, Neil Erikson and Chris Shortis — were charged with serious religious vilification, and inciting serious contempt of Muslims, among other offenses. They had enacted and made a video of a fake beheading, in order to protest against the building of a mosque in Bendigo. In September that same year, they were convicted for inciting serious contempt of Muslims, and each was fined $2,000.

The Racial and Religious Tolerance Act 2001 is an Act of the Parliament of Victoria, Australia, that makes behaviour that incites or encourages hatred, serious contempt, revulsion or severe ridicule against another person or group of people, because of their race or religion, unlawful in Victoria. The Act was passed during the premiership of Steve Bracks and went into effect on 1 January 2002. The Act also prohibits racist graffiti, racist posters, racist stickers, racist comments made in a publication, including the Internet and email, statements at a meeting or at a public rally. The Act explicitly applies to public behaviour – not personal beliefs. On 22 June 2005, VCAT Judge Michael Higgins ordered Nalliah and Scot to make a public apology for vilifying Muslims in newspaper advertisements with a value of $68,690. Nalliah and Scot refused, with Nalliah comparing the legislation to "sharia law", calling it a "a foul law" and "invalid", while Mr Scot stated that "You don't compromise truth for fear of jail". On 14 December 2006, the defendants took their case to the Victorian Court of Appeal,Court of Appeal (Supreme Court of Victoria) decision Dec 2006 - overturning VCAT decision which overturned the VCAT decision. On 22 June 2007, the matter was resolved by mediation between the parties. VCAT published a statement agreed to by both parties which affirmed everyone's rights to "robustly debate religion including the right to criticise the religious belief of another, in a free, open and democratic society". United Patriots Front In September 2017 three prominent members of the far-right United Patriots Front — Blair Cottrell, Neil Erikson and Chris Shortis — were charged with inciting serious contempt of Muslims, among other offences. They had in 2015 enacted and made a video of a fake beheading, in order to protest against the building of a mosque in Bendigo..

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Michael Geoffrey Skinner (born 27 November 1979) is an English rapper, singer-songwriter, musician, and record producer. He is best known for the music project The Streets, but has also released music as a solo artist, as part of The D.O.T and under the pseudonym The Darker the Shadow the Brighter the Light.

Michael Geoffrey Skinner (born 27 November 1979) is an English rapper, singer-songwriter, musician, and record producer. Best known for the music project The Streets, Skinner has also released music as a solo artist, as part of The D.O.T with frequent collaborator Rob Harvey, and under the pseudonym The Darker the Shadow the Brighter the Light.

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The Darker the Shadow the Brighter the Light Soundcloud Release (2017 )

The Darker the Shadow the Brighter the Light The Streets (2021 )

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Active vs. Passive Eruption Active Eruption Active eruption is known as eruption of teeth into the mouth towards the occlusal plane. This is a natural path of eruption of all the teeth as they emerge from gingiva and continue erupting until they make contact with the opposing tooth. Passive Eruption Passive eruption is known as movement of the gingiva apically or away from the crown of the tooth to the level of Cementoenamel junction (CEJ) after the tooth has erupted completely. Problems in gingival tissue migrating apically can give rise to what is known as Altered or Delayed passive eruption. In this phenomenon, the gingival tissues fail to move apically and thus lead to shorter clinical crowns with more square-shaped teeth and appearance of what is known as Gummy smile. Coslet Classification Coslet et al. classified delayed passive eruption into two types which related the bone crest of a tooth to the Mucogingival junction (MGJ) of that tooth. These two groups were further divided based on the position of the alveolar bone crest to the cementoenamel junction. Type Osseous crest levelAttached gingival levelGingival margin levelTreatment Type 1aApical to CEJAdequateIncisal to CEJGingivectomy Type 1bAt CEJAdequate Incisal to CEJGingivectomy and osseous surgeryType 2aApical to CEJInadequateIncisal to CEJApically positioned flap Type 2bAt CEJInadequate Incisal to CEJApically positioned flap and osseous surgery

Active vs. Passive eruption Active eruption Active eruption is known as eruption of teeth into the mouth towards the occlusal plane. This is a natural path of eruption of all the teeth as they emerge from gingiva and continue erupting until they make contact with the opposing tooth. Passive eruption Passive eruption is known as movement of the gingiva apically or away from the crown of the tooth to the level of Cementoenamel junction (CEJ) after the tooth has erupted completely. Problems in gingival tissue migrating apically can give rise to what is known as altered or delayed passive eruption. In this phenomenon, the gingival tissues fail to move apically and thus lead to shorter clinical crowns with more square-shaped teeth and appearance of what is known as gummy smile. Coslet classification Coslet et al. classified delayed passive eruption into two types which related the bone crest of a tooth to the Mucogingival junction (MGJ) of that tooth. These two groups were further divided based on the position of the alveolar bone crest to the cementoenamel junction. Type Osseous crest levelAttached gingival levelGingival margin levelTreatment Type 1aApical to CEJAdequateIncisal to CEJGingivectomy Type 1bAt CEJAdequate Incisal to CEJGingivectomy and osseous surgeryType 2aApical to CEJInadequateIncisal to CEJApically positioned flap Type 2bAt CEJInadequate Incisal to CEJApically positioned flap and osseous surgery

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200px|Sefa-utaki Utaki (御嶽) is an Okinawan term for a sacred place . Although the term utaki is used throughout the Okinawa region , the terms suku and on are heard in the Miyako and Yaeyama regions respectively. Utaki are usually located on the outskirts of villages and are places for the veneration of gods and ancestors. Most gusuku have places of worship, and it is theorized that the origins of both gusuku and utaki are closely related.

200px|Sefa-utaki Utaki (御嶽) is an Okinawan term for a sacred place , often a grove, cave, or mountain. They are central to the Ryukyuan religion and the former noro system. Although the term utaki is used throughout the Ryukyu Islands , the terms suku and on are heard in the Miyako and Yaeyama regions respectively. Utaki are usually located on the outskirts of villages and are places for the veneration of gods and ancestors. Most gusuku have places of worship, and it is theorized that the origins of both gusuku and utaki are closely related.

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Category:1979 births Category: American record producers Category:American rock singers Category:American male singer-songwriters Category: American singer-songwriters Category:Living people Category:Singers from New Jersey Category: People from Dumont, New Jersey Category:People with epilepsy Category:Rutgers University alumni Category:Songwriters from New Jersey Category:Catholics from New Jersey Category:21st-century American singers Category:21st-century male singers Category:United Nations (band) members Category:No Devotion member

Category:1979 births Category: Living people Category:American rock singers Category:American male singer-songwriters Category: Record producers from New Jersey Category:Singers from New Jersey Category:Songwriters from New Jersey Category: Catholics from New Jersey Category: People from Dumont, New Jersey Category:People with epilepsy Category:Rutgers University alumni Category:21st-century American singers Category:21st-century male singers Category:United Nations (band) members Category:No Devotion member

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Brain Glial scar Other Arterial stiffness Arthrofibrosis (knee, shoulder, other joints) Crohn's disease (intestine) Dupuytren's contracture (hands, fingers) Keloid (skin) Kidney fibrosis Mediastinal fibrosis (soft tissue of the mediastinum) Myelofibrosis (bone marrow) Peyronie's disease (penis) Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (skin) Progressive massive fibrosis (lungs); a complication of coal workers' pneumoconiosis Retroperitoneal fibrosis (soft tissue of the retroperitoneum) Scleroderma/systemic sclerosis (skin, lungs) Some forms of adhesive capsulitis (shoulder)

Brain Glial scar Other Arterial stiffness Arthrofibrosis (knee, shoulder, other joints) Chronic kidney disease Crohn's disease (intestine) Dupuytren's contracture (hands, fingers) Keloid (skin) Mediastinal fibrosis (soft tissue of the mediastinum) Myelofibrosis (bone marrow) Peyronie's disease (penis) Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (skin) Progressive massive fibrosis (lungs); a complication of coal workers' pneumoconiosis Retroperitoneal fibrosis (soft tissue of the retroperitoneum) Scleroderma/systemic sclerosis (skin, lungs) Some forms of adhesive capsulitis (shoulder)

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Anatomical location Fibrosis can occur in many tissues within the body, typically as a result of inflammation or damage, and examples include: Micrograph showing cirrhosis of the liver. The tissue in this example is stained with a trichrome stain, in which fibrosis is colored blue. The red areas are the nodular liver tissue Lungs Fibrothorax Pulmonary fibrosis Cystic fibrosis Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (idiopathic meaning the cause is unknown) Radiation-induced lung injury (following treatment for cancer) Liver Bridging fibrosis An advanced stage of liver fibrosis seen in the progressive form of chronic liver diseases. The term “bridging” means ‘the formation of “bridge” (by the band of mature & thick fibrous tissue) obliterating portal area to central vein’, leads to the formation of pseudolobules. The long term exposure of hepatotoxin (like thioacetamide, carbon tetrachloride, diethylnitrosamine , etc. ) results in the bridging fibrosis in experimental animal models.

Anatomical location Fibrosis can occur in many tissues within the body, typically as a result of inflammation or damage, and examples include: Micrograph showing cirrhosis of the liver. The tissue in this example is stained with a trichrome stain, in which fibrosis is colored blue. The red areas are the nodular liver tissue Lungs Fibrothorax Pulmonary fibrosis Cystic fibrosis Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (idiopathic meaning the cause is unknown) Radiation-induced lung injury (following treatment for cancer) Liver Bridging fibrosis An advanced stage of liver fibrosis seen in the progressive form of chronic liver diseases. The term “bridging” means ‘the formation of “bridge” (by the band of mature & thick fibrous tissue) obliterating portal area to central vein’, leads to the formation of pseudolobules. Long-term exposure to hepatotoxin (e.g. thioacetamide, carbon tetrachloride, diethylnitrosamine ) results in the bridging fibrosis in experimental animal models.

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Before ForDisc, many anthropologists based their studies off of museum skeletal collections such as the Hamann-Todd collection that is housed at Case Western Reserve in Cleveland, Ohio, and the Terry collection housed at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC. These museum collections house skeletal remains that were amassed from 50 to 100 years ago. Due to the age of these collections, their use in a medico-legal context did not produce accurate determination of the biological profile. ForDisc was forensic anthropologists solution to this problem, and allowed for classification when some measurements are not available.

Before ForDisc, many anthropologists based their studies on museum skeletal collections such as the Hamann-Todd collection that is housed at Case Western Reserve in Cleveland, Ohio, and the Terry collection housed at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC. These museum collections house skeletal remains that were amassed 50 to 100 years ago. Due to the age of these collections, their use in a medico-legal context did not produce accurate determination of the biological profile. ForDisc was forensic anthropologists ' solution to this problem, and allowed for classification when some measurements are not available.

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History The activity of walking and photographing with a group of other photographers dates back more than 100 years. An early example of photography clubs is The Camera Club of New York, established in 1884. The Eastman Kodak Company of New York launched the Brownie camera in 1900. The camera sold for $1 and put photography in the hands of the average consumer. As photography became part of people's daily lives, photography clubs such as societies and associations, proliferated around the world to support this emerging technology. Photography: researching its history, processes, and photographers: Photography societies associations Adding to the confusion is that "photo walk" and "photowalk" are used interchangeably. Scott Kelby, one of the most well-known photowalking event leaders, has used both forms of the word since 2007. Scott Kelby, Archives, Photowalk The first photowalk-specific organization on Meetup was established in 2009 and named HoustonPhotowalks. That organization uses the single word "photowalk" form. Without tight controls and good organization, events can get out of control and in some cases involve the police. Police mistake photowalk for rave

History The activity of walking and photographing with a group of other photographers dates back more than 100 years. An early example of photography clubs is The Camera Club of New York, established in 1884. The Eastman Kodak Company of New York launched the Brownie camera in 1900. The camera sold for $1 and put photography in the hands of the average consumer. As photography became part of people's daily lives, photography clubs such as societies and associations, proliferated around the world to support this emerging technology. Adding to the confusion is that "photo walk" and "photowalk" are used interchangeably. Scott Kelby, one of the most well-known photowalking event leaders, has used both forms of the word since 2007. The first photowalk-specific organization on Meetup was established in 2009 and named HoustonPhotowalks. That organization uses the single word "photowalk" form. Without tight controls and good organization, events can get out of control and in some cases involve the police.

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The standard, unsolvable, arrangement of the three cups. In this version , cups A and C are upside down and B is upright The solvable version of the problem. In the impossible version , cups A and C are upright , and cup B is turned down . The three cups problem, also known as the three cup challenge and other variants, is a mathematical puzzle that, in its most common form, cannot be solved.

The standard, unsolvable, arrangement of the three cups. Here , cups A and C are upright and B is upside down. The solvable version of the problem. Here , cups A and C are upside down , and cup B is upright . The three cups problem, also known as the three cup challenge and other variants, is a mathematical puzzle that, in its most common form, cannot be solved.

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In Haitian folklore, Ti Malice (or Malis) is a trickster character , nemesis of Tonton (Uncle) Bouqui (or Bouki ) . While Ti Malice is smart and guileful, Uncle Bouqui, while hardworking , is also very greedy. It is the apt manipulation of this greed that allows Ti Malice to often best Uncle Bouqui. These characters are said to be a split of Anansi, the trickster character of the Ashanti of Ghana. Category:Storytelling Category:Trickster god

Ti Malice is a trickster character and nemesis of Tonton (Uncle) Bouki in Haitian folklore . While Ti Malice is smart and guileful, Uncle Bouki is hardworking but is also very greedy. It is the manipulation of this greed that allows Ti Malice to often get the best Uncle Bouqui. These characters are said to be a split of Anansi, the trickster character of the Ashanti of Ghana. Category:Haitian mythology Category:Storytelling Category:Trickster god

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Premiership (1974–1978) After the resignation of Edward O. LeBlanc in 1974, John succeeded him as Premier of Dominica. Following the murder of a number of tourists in the mid-1970s and the emergence of a black power movement, John introduced legislation so broadly drawn that it even regulated acceptable modes of dress. Later, he indicated that revolutionary groups would not be tolerated. His reign as Premier and Prime Minister was regarded as one of the most tumultuous periods in Dominica's history. He was responsible for the infamous "Dread Act", which was meant to combat the lawlessness of countless Dominican youth .

Premiership (1974–1978) After the resignation of Edward O. LeBlanc in 1974, John succeeded him as Premier of Dominica. Following the murder of a number of tourists in the mid-1970s and the emergence of a black power movement, John introduced legislation so broadly drawn that it even regulated acceptable modes of dress. Later, he indicated that revolutionary groups would not be tolerated. His reign as Premier and Prime Minister was regarded as one of the most tumultuous periods in Dominica's history. He was responsible for the infamous Prohibited and Undesirable Societies Act or "Dread Act", which was passed in 1974 and was meant to combat the lawlessness of countless Dominican youth . That act made it legal to arrest any “Dread” without a warrant and deny bail to anyone wearing "a badge of the society" i.e. dreadlocks .

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On 29 May 1979, two protesters who were against John’s austere leadershipwere killed by government security forces. Several other persons were injured and resistance to his rule strengthened as public servants went on strike and the country was completely shut down. The Committee for National Salvation, led by Charles Savarin, called for a general strike and the resignation of John and the government. On June 11, 1979 President Frederick Degazon fled to Britain. John was voted out of office by the House of Assembly on June 20, 1979 and the general strike ended the next day.

Resentment against the Labour Party government led by John continued to grow after the implementation of the Dread Act. On 29 May 1979, John's attempts to quell opposition to his leadership, led to a clash outside parliament in which a young man named Phillip Timothy and another individual was killed and a dozen others wounded. Resistance to his rule strengthened as public servants went on strike and the country was completely shut down. The Committee for National Salvation, led by Charles Savarin, called for a general strike and the resignation of John and the government. One by one, Labour Party parliamentarians resigned their positions in the cabinet and they were often aided by a rain of stones from protesters. The first Labour Party minister to resign was Oliver Seraphin who then went on to become interim Prime Minister until elections in July 1980. On June 11, 1979 President Frederick Degazon fled to Britain. John was voted out of office by the House of Assembly on June 20, 1979 and the general strike ended the next day.

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Buddhism in Pakistan took root some 2,300 years ago under the Mauryan king Ashoka. Buddhism has played a major role in the history of Pakistan—the land of which over time has been part of predominantly Buddhist empires such as the Indo-Greek Kingdom, the Kushan Empire, and the Maurya Empire of Ashoka . Buddhism first reached what is now Pakistan during Ashoka’s reign when he sent a monk from Varanasi called Majjhantika to preach in Kashmir and Gandhara.

Buddhism in Pakistan took root some 2,300 years ago under the Mauryan king Ashoka. Buddhism was been the religion of predominantly Buddhist empires such as the Indo-Greek Kingdom, the Kushan Empire, and the Maurya Empire of Ashoka which ruled over what is now Pakistan. Buddhism first reached what is now Pakistan during Ashoka’s reign when he sent a monk from Varanasi called Majjhantika to preach in Kashmir and Gandhara.

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In Australia it is a legal requirement to have attended a course or gained a qualification in order to PAT . Proof of a company's competence takes the form of a course certificate or qualification. A formal examination process for the topic is operated in collaboration with EAL or city and guilds (the awarding body) under the authority of the QCA (The Qualifications and Curriculum Authority)who validate and authorise the qualification . In New Zealand it is not a legal requirement to attend a training course however persons undertaking Portable Appliance Testing must be deemed Competent by a Responsible person (being the owner of the premise. electrical equipment or someone with a legal responsibility for the safety of electrical equipment).

In Australia it is not a legal requirement to have attended a course or gained a qualification in order to PAT - AS/NZS 3760 2010 stipulates a Competent Person may Test and Tag, and that a person may be a Competent Person through formal training (i.e. a test and tag course), experience on the job, qualification, or combination thereof What Is AS/NZS 3760? . In New Zealand it is not a legal requirement to attend a training course however persons undertaking Portable Appliance Testing must be deemed Competent by a Responsible person (being the owner of the premises electrical equipment or someone with a legal responsibility for the safety of electrical equipment).

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The Pact of Umar, issued by the Second Islamic Caliph Umar, imposed a long list of humiliating conditions on dhimmis. For example, dhimmis had to move from their seats if a Muslim wished to sit there, and there were forbidden from manifesting their religion in URL

The Pact of Umar, issued by the Second Islamic Caliph Umar, imposed a long list of humiliating conditions on dhimmis. For example, dhimmis had to move from their seats if a Muslim wished to sit there, and they were forbidden from manifesting their religion in URL The Pact of Umar gained canonical status in Islamic jurisprudence.

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Dhimmitude, a derogatory political term for the status of dhimmis Gentile Ger toshav, in Judaism, a non-Jewish resident alien of a theocratic Jewish state Jizyah Musta'min Persecution of Buddhists Persecution of Christians Persecution of Hindus Persecution of Jews Persecution of Sikhs Zunnar Notes

Notes

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Legal definition Terrorism is a crime under the Human Security Act of 2007 which describes such acts as causing "widespread and extraordinary fear and panic among the populace". The first group to be officially listed as a terrorist organization under the law is the Abu Sayyaf on September 10, 2015 by the Basilan provincial court. Four rubber tree tappers and one paramilitary escort are killed, and eight others wounded, when a group of armed men ambush their vehicle as it entered the Tumahubong Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries Incorporated Development Cooperative in Sapak Bulak village, Sumisip town, at around 5 a.m. in the morning. 27 November Zamboanga Peninsula 3 27 Improvised Explosive Devicecenter|50px 2019 Date Location Deaths Injuries Type Description27 January ARMM20102bombingJamaah Ansharut Daulah (Rullie Rian Zeke and Ulfah Handayani Saleh) with Abu Sayyaf (Ajang-Ajang faction) 2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings: 20 people are killed and 82 other people are wounded during the mass at the Jolo Cathedral following the two explosions happening at the inside and outside of the same place. 3 April Soccsksargen05bombingUnknown 2019 Isulan bombings: Another explosion following on April (1:45 p.m), after the August 28 blast and September 2, 2018 at the same site, in the southern Philippine town of Isulan, hits the chicken restaurant in Poblacion, Isulan.,5 person are wound.28 June ARMM822bombingOne of the two suspected bombers detonated an explosive while being checked prior to entry at the military camp. The other suspect dashed inside, was shot, but was still able to detonate another explosive. Abu Sayaff faction led by Hatib Hajan Sawadjaan was the main suspect of the said bombing. 7 September Soccsksargen07bombingUnknown 2019 Isulan bombings: On 7am in the morning the blast took the place in the southern Philippine town of Isulan, hits the bakery shop at the Motor parking in Poblacion, Isulan. , 7 persons were wounded.8 September ARMM10bombingAbu Sayaff (Hajan Sawadjaan Group)

Legal definition Terrorism is a crime under the Human Security Act of 2007 which describes such acts as causing "widespread and extraordinary fear and panic among the populace". The first group to be officially listed as a terrorist organization under the law is the Abu Sayyaf on September 10, 2015 , by the Basilan provincial court. Four rubber tree tappers and one paramilitary escort are killed, and eight others wounded, when a group of armed men ambush their vehicle as it entered the Tumahubong Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries Incorporated Development Cooperative in Sapak Bulak village, Sumisip town, at around 5 a.m. 27 November Zamboanga Peninsula 3 27 Improvised Explosive Devicecenter|50px 2019 Date Location Deaths Injuries Type Description27 January ARMM20102bombingJamaah Ansharut Daulah (Rullie Rian Zeke and Ulfah Handayani Saleh) with Abu Sayyaf (Ajang-Ajang faction) 2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings: 20 people are killed and 82 other people are wounded during the mass at the Jolo Cathedral following the two explosions happening at the inside and outside of the same place. 3 April Soccsksargen05bombingUnknown 2019 Isulan bombings: Another explosion following on April (1:45 p.m), after the August 28 blast and September 2, 2018 , at the same site, in the southern Philippine town of Isulan, hits the chicken restaurant in Poblacion, Isulan.,5 person are wound.28 June ARMM822bombingOne of the two suspected bombers detonated an explosive while being checked prior to entry at the military camp. The other suspect dashed inside, was shot, but was still able to detonate another explosive. Abu Sayaff faction led by Hatib Hajan Sawadjaan was the main suspect of the said bombing. 7 September Soccsksargen07bombingUnknown 2019 Isulan bombings: At 7am the blast took the place in the southern Philippine town of Isulan, hits the bakery shop at the Motor parking in Poblacion, Isulan. 7 persons were wounded.8 September ARMM10bombingAbu Sayaff (Hajan Sawadjaan Group)

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The Lord of the Manor must only exercise his rights so far as to leave a "sufficiency" of resource for commoners. This was at Issue in 1889 when the Lord of the Manor and owner of Banstead Downs and Heath, a Mr Hartopp, excavated gravel and threatened to reduce the available pasture. The meaning of sufficiency was challenged in court, expert witnesses stated that the grazing capacity was 1200 animals, the commoners rights totaled 1440 animals, and 600 animals were normally turned out. It was decided sufficiency was whether enough grazing would be available for all the animals that could be turned out. The judgement was that "The Lord is bound to leave pasture enough to satisfy the commoners rights whether such rights are to be exercised or not". Commoners also have the right to "peaceful enjoyment" of their rights, so that they cannot be hindered by the Lord of the Manor . This was first proposed in 1500 and became case law in 1827. A guide to the Law of Commons. Ian Campbell LLB. Open Spaces Society 1971

The lord of the manor must only exercise his rights so far as to leave a "sufficiency" of resource for commoners. This was at issue in 1889 when the lord of the manor and owner of Banstead Downs and Heath, a Mr Hartopp, excavated gravel and threatened to reduce the available pasture. The meaning of sufficiency was challenged in court, expert witnesses stated that the grazing capacity was 1,200 animals, the commoners rights totaled 1,440 animals, and 600 animals were normally turned out. It was decided sufficiency was whether enough grazing would be available for all the animals that could be turned out. The judgment was that "The Lord is bound to leave pasture enough to satisfy the commoners rights whether such rights are to be exercised or not". Commoners also have the right to "peaceful enjoyment" of their rights, so that they cannot be hindered by the kord of the manor . This was first proposed in 1500 and became case law in 1827.

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Publication history 200px|The only edition of the Treatises published in America during the 18th century (1773) Two Treatises was first published , anonymously , in December 1689 (following printing conventions of the time, its title page was marked 1690). Locke was unhappy with this edition, complaining to the publisher about its many errors . For the rest of his life, he was intent on republishing the Two Treatises in a form that better reflected his meaning. Peter Laslett, one of the foremost Locke scholars, has suggested that Locke held the printers to a higher "standard of perfection" than the technology of the time would permit.Laslett, Peter. "Introduction." Two Treatises of Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1988), 9. Be that as it may, the first edition was indeed replete with errors. The second edition was even worse, and finally printed on cheap paper and sold to the poor. The third edition was much improved, but Locke was still not satisfied .See via Google Books He made corrections to the third edition by hand and entrusted the publication of the fourth to his friends, as he died before it could be brought out.Laslett, "Introduction," 8–9. The Two Treatises begin with a Preface announcing what Locke hopes to achieve, but he also mentions that more than half of his original draft, occupying a space between the First and Second Treatises, has been irretrievably lost.Locke, John. Two Treatises of Government. Ed. Peter Laslett. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1988), 137. Peter Laslett maintains that, while Locke may have added or altered some portions in 1689, he did not make any revisions to accommodate for the missing section; he argues, for example, that the end of the First Treatise breaks off in mid-sentence.Laslett, "English Revolution," 42.

Publication history 200px|The only edition of the Treatises published in America during the 18th century (1773) Two Treatises was first published anonymously in December 1689 (following printing conventions of the time, its title page was marked 1690). Locke was dissatisfied with the numerous errors and complained to the publisher . For the rest of his life, he was intent on republishing the Two Treatises in a form that better reflected its intended meaning. Peter Laslett, one of the foremost Locke scholars, has suggested that Locke held the printers to a higher "standard of perfection" than the technology of the time would permit.Laslett, Peter. "Introduction." Two Treatises of Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1988), 9. Be that as it may, the first edition was indeed replete with errors. The second edition was even worse, in addition to being printed on cheap paper and sold to the poor. The third edition was much improved, but still deemed unsatisfactory by Locke .See via Google Books He manually corrected the third edition by hand and entrusted the publication of the fourth to his friends, as he died before it could be brought out.Laslett, "Introduction," 8–9. Two Treatises is prefaced with Locke announcing what he aims to achieve, also mentioning that more than half of his original draft, occupying a space between the First and Second Treatises, has been irretrievably lost.Locke, John. Two Treatises of Government. Ed. Peter Laslett. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1988), 137. Peter Laslett maintains that, while Locke may have added or altered some portions in 1689, he did not make any revisions to accommodate for the missing section; he argues, for example, that the end of the First Treatise breaks off in mid-sentence.Laslett, "English Revolution," 42.

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State of Nature Locke defines the state of nature thus: To properly understand political power and trace its origins, we must consider the state that all people are in naturally. That is a state of perfect freedom of acting and disposing of their own possessions and persons as they think fit within the bounds of the law of nature. People in this state do not have to ask permission to act or depend on the will of others to arrange matters on their behalf. The natural state is also one of equality in which all power and jurisdiction is reciprocal and no one has more than another. It is evident that all human beings—as creatures belonging to the same species and rank and born indiscriminately with all the same natural advantages and faculties—are equal amongst themselves. They have no relationship of subordination or subjection unless God (the lord and master of them all) had clearly set one person above another and conferred on him an undoubted right to dominion and sovereignty.Two Treatises on Government: A Translation into Modern English, ISR/Google Books, 2009, p. 70. The work of Thomas Hobbes made theories based upon a state of nature popular in 17th-century England , even as most of those who employed such arguments were deeply troubled by his absolutist conclusions. Locke's state of nature can be seen in light of this tradition. There is not and never has been any divinely ordained monarch over the entire world, Locke argues. However, the fact that the natural state of humanity is without an institutionalized government does not mean it is lawless. Human beings are still subject to the laws of God and nature. In contrast to Hobbes, who posited the state of nature as a hypothetical possibility, Locke takes great pains to show that such a state did indeed exist. Actually, it still exists in the area of international relations where there is not and is never likely to be any legitimate overarching government (i.e., one directly chosen by all the people subject to it). Whereas Hobbes stresses the disadvantages of the state of nature, Locke points to its good points. It is free, if full of continual dangers (2nd Tr., § 123). Finally, the proper alternative to the natural state is not political dictatorship/tyranny but democratically elected government and the effective protection of basic human rights to life, liberty, and property under the rule of law.

State of Nature Locke defines the state of nature thus: To properly understand political power and trace its origins, we must consider the state that all people are in naturally. That is a state of perfect freedom of acting and disposing of their own possessions and persons as they think fit within the bounds of the law of nature. People in this state do not have to ask permission to act or depend on the will of others to arrange matters on their behalf. The natural state is also one of equality in which all power and jurisdiction is reciprocal and no one has more than another. It is evident that all human beings—as creatures belonging to the same species and rank and born indiscriminately with all the same natural advantages and faculties—are equal amongst themselves. They have no relationship of subordination or subjection unless God (the lord and master of them all) had clearly set one person above another and conferred on him an undoubted right to dominion and sovereignty.Two Treatises on Government: A Translation into Modern English, ISR/Google Books, 2009, p. 70. In 17th-century England, the work of Thomas Hobbes popularized theories based upon a state of nature , even as most of those who employed such arguments were deeply troubled by his absolutist conclusions. Locke's state of nature can be seen in light of this tradition. There is not and never has been any divinely ordained monarch over the entire world, Locke argues. However, the fact that the natural state of humanity is without an institutionalized government does not mean it is lawless. Human beings are still subject to the laws of God and nature. In contrast to Hobbes, who posited the state of nature as a hypothetical possibility, Locke takes great pains to show that such a state did indeed exist. Actually, it still exists in the area of international relations where there is not and is never likely to be any legitimate overarching government (i.e., one directly chosen by all the people subject to it). Whereas Hobbes stresses the disadvantages of the state of nature, Locke points to its good points. It is free, if full of continual dangers (2nd Tr., § 123). Finally, the proper alternative to the natural state is not political dictatorship/tyranny but democratically elected government and the effective protection of basic human rights to life, liberty, and property under the rule of law.

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Locke argued that atheists should not be tolerated because "Promises, covenants, and oaths, which are the bonds of human society, can have no hold upon or sanctity for an atheist". Klibansky and Gough, p. 135. There is, however, a passage added in a later edition of the Essay concerning Human Understanding, where Locke perhaps questioned "whether 'atheism' was necessarily inimical to political obedience."Marshall, p. 680.

Locke argued that atheists should not be tolerated because "Promises, covenants, and oaths, which are the bonds of human society, can have no hold upon or sanctity for an atheist". However, after that he adds: "As for other practical opinions, though not absolutely free from all error, if they do not tend to establish domination over others, or civil impunity to the Church in which they are taught, there can be no reason why they should not be tolerated". There exists also a passage added in a later edition of the Essay concerning Human Understanding, where Locke perhaps questioned "whether 'atheism' was necessarily inimical to political obedience."Marshall, p. 680.

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Learning and using Focusing One can learn the Focusing technique from one of several books, or from a Focusing trainer or practitioner . Focusing is easiest to sense and do in the presence of a "listener"—either a Focusing trainer, a therapist, or a layperson trained in Focusing. However, the practice can be done alone. Gendlin's book details the six steps of Focusing, which can also be taught as a four-step process, while emphasizing that there is an essence to Focusing which is a flow that is beyond steps .

Learning and using Focusing One can learn the Focusing technique from a Focusing trainer , practitioner, or therapist . Focusing is easiest to sense and do in the presence of a "listener"—either a Focusing trainer, a therapist, or a layperson trained in Focusing. However, the practice can be done alone. Gendlin's book details the six steps of Focusing, , however it emphasises that the essence of Focusing is not adhering to these steps, but following the life-process. When the person learns the basics, they are able to weave through the process increasingly more and more organically .

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Folk etymology – sometimes called popular etymology, analogical reformation, or etymological reinterpretation – is a change in a word or phrase resulting from the replacement of an unfamiliar form by a more familiar one. The form or the meaning of an archaic, foreign, or otherwise unfamiliar word is reinterpreted as resembling more familiar words or morphemes.

Folk etymology (also known as popular etymology, analogical reformation, or etymological reinterpretation ) is a change in a word or phrase resulting from the replacement of an unfamiliar form by a more familiar one. The form or the meaning of an archaic, foreign, or otherwise unfamiliar word is reinterpreted as resembling more familiar words or morphemes.

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Islambol, a folk etymology meaning ' full of Islam ', is one of the names of Istanbul used after the Ottoman conquest of 1453.

Islambol, a folk etymology meaning ' Islam abounding ', is one of the names of Istanbul used after the Ottoman conquest of 1453.

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Fipexide (Attentil, Vigilor) is a psychoactive drug of the piperazine chemical class which was developed in Italy in 1983. Missale C, Pasinetti G, Govoni S, Spano PF, Trabucchi M. Fipexide: a new drug for the regulation of dopaminergic system at the macromolecular level. Bollettino Chimico Farmaceutico. 1983 Feb;122(2):79-85. It was used as a nootropic drug in Italy and France, mainly for the treatment of senile dementia, Bompani R, Scali G. Fipexide, an effective cognition activator in the elderly: a placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1986;10(2):99-106. but is no longer in common use due to the occurrence of rare adverse drug reactions including feverGuy C, Blay N, Rousset H, Fardeau V, Ollagnier M. Fever caused by fipexide. Evaluation of the national pharmacovigilance survey. Therapie. 1990 Sep-Oct;45(5):429-31. and hepatitis. Fipexide is similar in action to other nootropic drugs such as piracetam and has a few similarities in chemical structure to centrophenoxine. Chemically, it is an amide union of parachlorophenoxyacetate and methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine (MDBZP), and has been shown to metabolize to the latter, which plays a significant role in its effects.

Fipexide (Attentil, Vigilor) is a psychoactive drug of the piperazine chemical class which was developed in Italy in 1983. It was used as a nootropic drug in Italy and France, mainly for the treatment of senile dementia, but is no longer in common use due to the occurrence of rare adverse drug reactions including fever and hepatitis. Fipexide is similar in action to other nootropic drugs such as piracetam and has a few similarities in chemical structure to centrophenoxine. Chemically, it is an amide union of parachlorophenoxyacetate and methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine (MDBZP), and has been shown to metabolize to the latter, which plays a significant role in its effects.

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Granule docking is an important glucose-dependent step in human insulin secretion that is dysregulated in T2D .

Granule docking is an important glucose-dependent step in human insulin secretion that is does not work properly in Type 2 Diabetes .