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94940 | 1 | Its a nice island in animal crossing. Other claims and legends are false | In Yolngu culture, Baralku (or Bralgu) is the island of the dead and the place where the Djanggawul originated. It is said to lie to the east of Arnhem Land, and is where the Barnumbirr creator-spirit (who is identified as Venus) came from (see Aboriginal Astronomy) as she guided the Djanggawul sisters. Barnumbirr is also said to live on the island and rises into the sky as Venus. References Category:Australian Aboriginal mythology Category:Mythological islands Category:Mythological place | [
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94940 | 2 | In Yolngu culture, Baralku (or Bralgu) is the island of the dead and the place where the Djanggawul originated. It is said to lie to the east of Arnhem Land , and is where the Barnumbirr creator-spirit (who is identified as Venus) came from (see Aboriginal Astronomy ) as she guided the Djanggawul sisters. Barnumbirr is also said to live on the island and rises into the sky as Venus. Category:Australian Aboriginal mythology Category:Mythological islands Category: Mythological place | In Yolngu culture, Baralku (or Bralgu) is the island of the dead and the place where the Djanggawul originated. It is said to lie to the east of Arnhem Land and is where Barnumbirr the creator-spirit (who is identified as Venus) came from (see Aboriginal astronomy ) as she guided the Djanggawul sisters. Barnumbirr is also said to live on the island and rises into the sky as Venus. Category:Australian Aboriginal mythology Category:Mythological islands Category: Afterlife place | [
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94940 | 3 | In Yolngu culture, Baralku(or Bralgu) is the island of the dead and the place where the Djanggawul originated. It is said to lie to the east of Arnhem Land and is where Barnumbirr the creator-spirit ( who is identified as Venus) came from (see Aboriginal astronomy) as she guided the Djanggawul sisters. Barnumbirr is also said to live on the island and rises into the sky as Venus. | Baralku, also written Burralku or Bralgu, is a place connected with creation ancestors in the mythology of the Yolngu people of Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is referred to as island of the dead , and the place where the ancestors known as Djanggawul (Djan'kawu) originated. Baralku is said to lie to the east of Arnhem Land and is where Barnumbirr the creator-spirit ( represented by Venus, the Morning Star in Aboriginal astronomy) as she guided the Djanggawul sisters. Barnumbirr is also said to live on the island and rises into the sky as Venus. | [
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949551 | 1 | See also Votive deposit Ex-voto Votive candle Grave goods Category: Religious_places Category:Animal sacrifice Category:Sa | See also Ex-voto Grave goods Votive candle Votive deposit Category: Animal sacrifice Category:Religious places Category:Sa | [
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949551 | 2 | Votive sites are sites where animal sacrifice in the form of bones deposited in a split in a block of stone or beneath a cairn are made. The sites strongly resemble graves or tombs , however no human bones are found. Such finds are made in Hallstatt culture sites, and they presumably also represent graves. Votive sites, or (North & East Saami) "seite" or (South Saami) "storiockare" (storjunkare) are representative especially among Saami groups and hence are most common in Lappland. It was believed that stones ruled over the food resources and hence were protected from Giants by the help of Thor. However, findings are also made down to Scania, Sweden where an earlier interpretation in 1589 was a rendezvous point of Huns and Goths. Findings in Central Europe are usually devoted to the Hallstatt culture. A similar worship in stones is known in Crete. | Votive sites are sites where animal sacrifice , in the form of bones deposited in a split in a block of stone or beneath a cairn , are made. The sites strongly resemble graves or tombs ; however, no human bones are found. Such finds are made in Hallstatt culture sites, and presumably represent graves. Votive sites, or (North & East Saami) "seite" or (South Saami) "storiockare" (storjunkare) are representative , especially among Saami groups and hence are most common in Lappland. It was believed that stones ruled over the food resources and as such were protected from Giants by the help of Thor. However, findings are also made down to Scania, Sweden where an earlier interpretation , in 1589 , was a rendezvous point of Huns and Goths. Findings in Central Europe are usually devoted to the Hallstatt culture. A similar worship in stones is known in Crete. | [
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9506019 | 1 | 400px|Diagram of an American football field . The rectangular field of play used for American football games measures long between the goal lines, and () wide. The field is made of grass. In addition, there are end zones extending another past the goal lines to the "end lines", for a total length of . When the "football field" is used as unit of measurement, it is usually understood to mean , although technically the full length of the official field, including the end zones, is . There is a goal centered on each end line, with a crossbar above the ground and goalposts apart extending at least above the crossbar. Between the goal lines, additional lines span the width of the field at 5-yard intervals. These lines give the football fieldan appearance resembling that of a gridiron, which gives rise to "gridiron" being a nickname for a football field and for the sport itself . The goal lines span the width of the field and run parallel to each end line. The 100 yards between the goal lines where most gameplay occurs is officially called the field of play in the NFL rulebook. Additional lines span the width of the field at 5-yard intervals from each goal line. End zones According to the high school rulebook recommendations, the field should be angled at approximately 1.2° (rising inch per foot, or 1 in 48) upward from each sideline to the center of the field so that the center is higher than the sidelines.NFHS Rules 2012, pp. 11–12, 13, 28. | 400px|Diagram of a modern American football field. 400px|Diagram of an early version of an American football field ; the intersecting gridlines of this early form gave birth the field's nickname of "gridiron" . The rectangular field of play used for American football games measures long between the goal lines, and () wide. The field is made of grass. In addition, there are end zones extending another past the goal lines to the "end lines", for a total length of . When the "football field" is used as unit of measurement, it is usually understood to mean , although technically the full length of the official field, including the end zones, is . There is a goal centered on each end line, with a crossbar above the ground and goalposts apart extending at least above the crossbar. Between the goal lines, additional lines span the width of the field at 5-yard intervals. Originally, these lines ran across the field, giving it a checkerboard-like appearance resembling that of a gridiron, which gave rise to "gridiron" being a nickname for a football field and for the sport itself that has remained while the appearance has not . The goal lines span the width of the field and run parallel to each end line. The 100 yards between the goal lines where most gameplay occurs is officially called the field of play in the NFL rulebook. Additional lines span the width of the field at 5-yard intervals from each goal line. End zones According to the high school rulebook recommendations, the field should be angled at approximately 1.2° (rising inch per foot, or 1 in 48) upward from each sideline to the center of the field so that the center is higher than the sidelines.NFHS Rules 2012, pp. 11–12, 13, 28. See also Canadian football field | [
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9510615 | 1 | Besides heredity, focal infection and autointoxication was psychiatry's predominant explanation of schizophrenia near the turn of the 20th century. In American state New Jersey , the director of the psychiatric asylum at Trenton State Hospital since 1907 was Henry Cotton. Drawing influence from the medical popularity of focal infection theory, Cotton identified focal infections as the main causes of dementia praecox (now schizophrenia) and manic depression (now bipolar disorder) . Cotton routinely prescribed surgery to clean the nasal sinuses and to extract the tonsils and dentition. Yet, seeking to clean the entire body of focal infections, Cotton frequently prescribed surgical removal of the appendix, gall bladder, spleen, stomach, colon, cervix, ovaries, testicles, and thereby claimed up to 85\% cure rate. | Besides heredity, focal infection and autointoxication was psychiatry's predominant explanation of schizophrenia near the turn of the 20th century. Henry Andrews Cotton , the director starting in 1907 of the psychiatric asylum at Trenton State Hospital in the American state of New Jersey, identified focal infections as the main causes of dementia praecox (now schizophrenia) and manic depression (now bipolar disorder) , drawing influence from the medical popularity of focal infection theory . Cotton routinely prescribed surgery to clean the nasal sinuses and to extract the tonsils and dentition. Seeking to clean the entire body of focal infections, Cotton frequently prescribed surgical removal of the appendix, gall bladder, spleen, stomach, colon, cervix, ovaries, testicles, and thereby claimed up to 85\% cure rate. | [
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9511398 | 1 | The Litunga of Barotseland (now in Zambia) is the king or paramount chief of the ZAMBIA. king resides near the Zambezi River and the town of Mongu, at Lealui on the floodplain in the dry season, and on higher ground at Limulunga on the edge of the floodplain in the wet season. The Litunga moves between these locations in what is known as the Kuomboka ceremony. List of Litungas Rulers (title Mbumu wa Litunga) Sipopa Lutangu (1864 - 1876)Family tree of Litungas Mowa Mamili – Regent (1876) Mwanawina II (1876 - 1878) Lubosi I (1st time) (1878 - 1884) Akufuna Tatila (1884 - 1885) Sikufele (in rebellion) (1885) Lubosi I (Lewanika I) (2nd time) (1885 - 1916) Mokamba - Regent (1916) Yeta III (1916 - 1945) Shemakone Kalonga Wina -Regent (1st time) (1945 - 1946) Imwiko Lewanika (1946 - 1948) Shemakone Kalonga Wina -Regent (2nd time) (1948) Mwanawina III (1948 - 1968) Hastings Ndangwa Noyoo -Regent (1968) Godwin Mbikusita Lewanika II (1968 - 1977) Ilute Yeta IV (1977 - 2000 ) | The Litunga of Barotseland (now in Zambia) is the king or paramount chief of the Lozi people. The Litunga resides near the Zambezi River and the town of Mongu, at Lealui on the floodplain in the dry season, and on higher ground at Limulunga on the edge of the floodplain in the wet season. The Litunga moves between these locations in what is known as the Kuomboka ceremony. The current Litunga is Lubosi II. List of Litungas Rulers (title Mbumu wa Litunga) Sipopa Lutangu (1864 - 1876)Family tree of Litungas Mowa Mamili – Regent (1876) Mwanawina II (1876 - 1878) Lubosi I (1st time) (1878 - 1884) Akufuna Tatila (1884 - 1885) Sikufele (in rebellion) (1885) Lubosi I (Lewanika I) (2nd time) (1885 - 1916) Mokamba - Regent (1916) Yeta III (1916 - 1945) Shemakone Kalonga Wina -Regent (1st time) (1945 - 1946) Imwiko Lewanika (1946 - 1948) Shemakone Kalonga Wina -Regent (2nd time) (1948) Mwanawina III (1948 - 1968) Hastings Ndangwa Noyoo -Regent (1968) Godwin Mbikusita Lewanika II (1968 - 1977) Ilute Yeta IV (1977 - 2000 ) Lubosi II Imwiko (2000–Present ) | [
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95170 | 1 | Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition that considers words and thought as tools and instruments for prediction, problem solving, and action, and rejects the idea that the function of thought is to describe, represent , or mirror reality. Pragmatists contend that most philosophical topics—such as the nature of knowledge, language, concepts, meaning, belief, and science—are all best viewed in terms of their practical uses and successes . | Pragmatism is a practical approach to living. Pragmatists, prefer problem solving, and action, and rejects ideas that misrepresent, distort , or mirror reality. Pragmatists contend that most philosophical topics—such as the nature of knowledge, language, concepts, meaning, belief, and science—are all best phrased with verisimilitude, or as true to life as possible . | [
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951929 | 1 | Some typographers have believed that, when reading, people can recognize words by deciphering boumas, not just individual letters, or that the shape of the word is related to readability and/or legibility. The claim is that this is a natural strategy for increasing reading efficiency. However, considerable study and experimentation by cognitive psychologists led to their general acceptance of a different, and largely contradictory, theory by the end of the 1980s: parallel letterwise recognition.Adams, M.J. (1979). Models of word recognition. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 133-176.McClelland, J.L. & Johnson, J.C. (1977). The role of familiar units in perception of words and nonwords. Perception and Psychophysics, 22, 249-261.Paap, K.R., Newsome, S.L., & Noel, R.W. (1984). Word shape’s in poor shape for the race to the lexicon. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 10, 413-428.Rayner, K. (1975). The perceptual span and peripheral cues in reading. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 65-81. In recent years ( 2000 –2016 ) parallel letterwise recognition has been more evangelized to typographers by Microsoft's Dr Kevin Larson, via conference presentations and a widely read article . | Some typographers have believed that, when reading, people can recognize words by deciphering boumas, not just individual letters, or that the shape of the word is related to readability and/or legibility. The claim is that this is a natural strategy for increasing reading efficiency. However, considerable study and experimentation by cognitive psychologists led to their general acceptance of a different, and largely contradictory, theory by the end of the 1980s: parallel letterwise recognition.Adams, M.J. (1979). Models of word recognition. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 133-176.McClelland, J.L. & Johnson, J.C. (1977). The role of familiar units in perception of words and nonwords. Perception and Psychophysics, 22, 249-261.Paap, K.R., Newsome, S.L., & Noel, R.W. (1984). Word shape’s in poor shape for the race to the lexicon. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 10, 413-428.Rayner, K. (1975). The perceptual span and peripheral cues in reading. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 65-81. In recent years ( starting from 2000 ) parallel letterwise recognition has been more evangelized to typographers by Microsoft's Dr Kevin Larson, via conference presentations and a widely read article . Nonetheless, ongoing research (starting from 2009) often supports the bouma model of reading . | [
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95208 | 1 | In Aboriginal mythology (specifically: Arrernte), the Inapertwa are the simple creatures with which the Numakulla modelled all life ( Plant , animals, birds) on Earth . The Inapertwa is a Human within the animal. That is, the totem of the organism. & \Spencer | In Aboriginal mythology (specifically: Arrernte), the Inapertwa are the simple , ancestral creatures with which the Numakulla modelled all life ( plant , animals, birds) on Earth , which they then formed ito human beings. The "totems"inaccurate term. of the Arrernte are named after individual Inapertwa formed into animals, then into humans. References Leach, Maria, ed. (1984). Funk& Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology, and Legend. New York: HarperCollins. Roberts, Ainslie and Charles P. Mountford. (1973). The Dreamtime Book: Australian Aboriginal Myths. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, p. 48.\Spencer, Sir Baldwin. (1904). Northern Tribes of Central Australia. London: Macmillan, p. 749. Category:Australian Aboriginal mythology Category: | [
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9522461 | 1 | Freedom of wombs (Spanish Libertad de vientres) (Portuguese Lei do Ventre Livre), also referred to as free birth or the law of wombs, was a 19th century judicial principle in several Latin America countries that forbade the enslavement of enslavedpeople's children at birth. This overturned a tradition of enslavement in European colonies in the Americas where babies born to enslaved women became the property of the women's owners. Although intended to be a gradual abolition of slavery, the principle was unevenly applied and many countries did not follow through with full abolition . The Freedom of Wombs Law, commonly referred to as The Free Womb Law, was indeed a rule that all children who were born and raised from enslavedwomen were not enslaved at birth . This law provided protections of slave savings for each and every child, so that they could be protected if anything were to happen. This also acknowledged that slaves could be self-purchased because they eventually did not need to get permission from, or have to really listen to their masters, and or multiple slave owners. This also allowed for potential slave registration to comply with it. It is also known that Congressional leads have changed the outcome of the Free Womb Law.Caulfield, Sueann, et al. "Interpreting Machado De Assis: Paternalism, Slavery, and the Free Womb Law." Honor, Status, and Law in Modern Latin America, Duke University Press, 2005, pp. 99–99. | Freedom of wombs (Spanish Libertad de vientres) (Portuguese Lei do Ventre Livre), also referred to as free birth or the law of wombs, was a 19th century judicial concept in several Latin America countries ,that declared that all wombs bore free children. All children are born free, even if the mother is enslaved. It did not go into effect unless a country adopted it and included it in its constitution or other legislation. It overturned a tradition of enslavement in European colonies in the Americas , under which babies born to enslaved women became the property of the women's owners. Although intended to be a step towards ending slavery, it was unevenly adopted . The Freedom of Wombs Law, commonly referred to as The Free Womb Law, was indeed a law specifying that all children are born free, even if the mother is enslaved . This law provided protections of slave savings for each and every child, so that they could be protected if anything were to happen. This also acknowledged that slaves could be self-purchased because they eventually did not need to get permission from, or have to really listen to their masters, and or multiple slave owners. This also allowed for potential slave registration to comply with it. It is also known that Congressional leadsiniciatives? have changed the outcome of the Free Womb Law.Caulfield, Sueann, et al. "Interpreting Machado De Assis: Paternalism, Slavery, and the Free Womb Law." Honor, Status, and Law in Modern Latin America, Duke University Press, 2005, pp. 99–99. | [
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9522461 | 2 | By country A movement for independence from Spain grew in the American colonies in the 19th century, influenced by liberal ideas, such as the abolition of slavery, which Mexico had declared in 1829 by President Vicente Guerrero, Great Britain in 1833, and the United States in 1865 at the end of that country's civil war. One of the first steps in gradual abolition was the Ley de Libertad de Vientres, an 1811 law written by Manuel de Salas of Chile."Manuel de Salas" In Colombia, the Law of wombs was first passed by the government of Antioquia in 1814, but it was not until 1824 that the country accepted URL After years of laws that only purported a partial advancement towards abolition, President José Hilario López because of the growing popular unrest, pushed Congress to pass total abolition in May 21 of 1851. Former owners were compensated with governmentissued bonuses . In Brazil, the Rio Branco Law, also referred to as "Law of Free Birth", was passed by the Brazilian Parliament on 1871. By the 1870s social tensions were rising due to slavery in Brazil between conservatives versus liberals . As a compromise, Parliament favored the idea of emancipating slaves and enacted a law freeing children born to enslaved women. The "Law of Free Birth" made it so that children born to an enslavedwomen were not enslaved . Slaves eventually were then granted freedom through manumission and later on, emancipation laws that target older slaves.Caulfield, Sueann, et al. "Interpreting Machado De Assis: Paternalism, Slavery, and the Free Womb Law." Honor, Status, and Law in Modern Latin America, Duke University Press, 2005, pp. 99. | By country A movement for independence from Spain grew in the American colonies in the 19th century, influenced by liberal ideas, such as the abolition of slavery, which Mexico had declared in 1829 by President Vicente Guerrero, Great Britain in 1833, and the United States in 1865 at the end of that country's civil war. One of the first steps toward abolition was the Ley de Libertad de Vientres, an 1811 law written by Manuel de Salas of Chile."Manuel de Salas" In Colombia, the Law of Wombs was first passed by the government of Antioquia in 1814, but it was not until 1824 that the country accepted URL After years of laws that only purported a partial advancement towards abolition, President José Hilario López , because of the growing popular unrest, pushed Congress to pass total abolition on May 21 , 1851. Former owners were compensated by the government . In Brazil, the Rio Branco Law, also referred to as "Law of Free Birth", was passed by the Brazilian Parliament on 1871. By the 1870s social tensions were rising due to slavery . As a compromise, Parliament enacted a law freeing children born to enslaved women. The "Law of Free Birth" meant that no children were born enslaved . Slaves eventually were then granted freedom through manumission and later on, emancipation laws that targeted older slaves.Caulfield, Sueann, et al. "Interpreting Machado De Assis: Paternalism, Slavery, and the Free Womb Law." Honor, Status, and Law in Modern Latin America, Duke University Press, 2005, pp. 99. | [
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9522461 | 3 | Freedom of wombs (Spanish Libertad de vientres) (Portuguese Lei do Ventre Livre), also referred to as free birth or the law of wombs, was a 19th century judicial concept in several Latin America countries, that declared that all wombs bore free children. All children are born free, even if the mother is enslaved. It did not go into effect unless a country adopted it and included it in its constitution or other legislation. It overturned a tradition of enslavement in European colonies in the Americas , under which babies born to enslaved women became the property of the women's owners. Although intended to be a step towards ending slavery, it was unevenly adopted. | Freedom of wombs (Spanish Libertad de vientres) (Portuguese Lei do Ventre Livre), also referred to as free birth or the law of wombs, was a 19th century judicial concept in several Latin American countries, that declared that all wombs bore free children. All children are born free, even if the mother is enslaved. This principle did not go into effect unless a country adopted it and included it in its constitution or other legislation. It overturned a tradition , under which babies born to enslaved women became the property of the women's owners. Intended as a step towards ending slavery, it was unevenly adopted. | [
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95247 | 1 | Category:Australian Aboriginal mythology Category:Arrernt | References Category:Australian Aboriginal mythology Category:Arrernt | [
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95249 | 1 | In Australian Aboriginal mythology, Tjinimin is the ancestor of the Australian peoples. He is associated with the bat and with Kunmanggur the rainbow snake . One story of Tjinimin tells of an argument between him and the Great Rainbow Snake where Tjinimin wanted to have sex with Great Rainbow Snake 's consorts, the Green Parrot-Girls. Upon losing Tjinimin hung upside down in a tree and admired the stars, vowing to never have sex again. Soon after, his nose falls off, supposedly explaining to the native culture why bats in the region have such short noses. | In Australian Aboriginal mythology, Tjinimin is the ancestor of the Australian peoples. He is associated with the bat and with Kunmanggur the rainbow serpent . One story of Tjinimin tells of an argument between him and the Great Rainbow Serpent where Tjinimin wanted to have sex with Great Rainbow Serpent 's consorts, the Green Parrot-Girls. Upon losing Tjinimin hung upside down in a tree and admired the stars, vowing to never have sex again. Soon after, his nose falls off, supposedly explaining to the native culture why bats in the region have such short noses. | [
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95252 | 1 | In Australian Aboriginal mythology, Ulanji is a snake-ancestor of the Binbinga. He bit the heads off some flying foxes and took out two of their ribs and their heart. Category:Australian Aboriginal mytholog | In Australian Aboriginal mythology, Ulanji is a snake-ancestor of the Binbinga. He bit the heads off some flying foxes and took out two of their ribs and their heart. Ulanji emerged from the ground at a place called Markumundana. He walked along to a large hill, Windilumba, where he made a spring, and also a mountain close by. He crossed what is now known as the Limmen Creek, and made a range of hills and a valley, with a large number of water-holes and plenty of lilies in them. He left behind numbers of Ulanji spirits, which emanated from his body, wherever he performed ceremonies. After travelling over a great extent of country, and making many mungai (totem animal) spots, he finally went into the ground at a water-hole called Uminiwura.Spencer, Sir Baldwin. (1904). Northern Tribes of Central Australia. London: Macmillan, p. 171. The Binbinga believe that both men and women can see the spirit children at the mungai spots. Sources References Category:Australian Aboriginal mythology Category:Legendary serpent | [
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953069 | 1 | Life Born in Calgary, Alberta, to parents Joseph and Frances Cardinal, Douglas Cardinal is the eldest of eight children. His father was of Blackfoot/Kainai and Algonquin heritage, and his mother was of German and Métis descent. His mother worked as a nurse and was well educated. Cardinal's parents met in 1926, and in the first half of the 20th century women had very little status and rights. The patriarchal society did not recognize educated women like Frances Cardinal. However, his father's tribe's societal norms accepted a matrilineal culture, where women are very respected and admired. These cultural ideas shaped Cardinal's upbringing and affected his worldview and relationship with his heritage. He has recalled that his mother told him at a young age, “You’re going to be an architect.” Cardinal grew up in the small city of Red Deer, Alberta. He was sent to St. Joseph's Convent Catholic Residential School and spent the remainder of his high school years in Red Deer. Grey Nuns taught him about arts and culture , and he has said that his religious school influenced him immensely. Living away from the rest of his family made him focus on his academic achievements. Traditional sacred architecture and its role in culture made him want to create spaces as powerful and inspirational as churches and basilicas. It also ignited in him a passion for architecture in those early years. St. Mary's Church St. Mary's Church in Red Deer, Alberta is Cardinal's first building. Upon his return to Alberta, Cardinal met with Father Werner Merx, who wanted the new church be innovative and unique. The archbishop of the church has already appointed another architect for the job, but Merx insisted on hiring Cardinal and realizing his vision. The archbishop whom they needed to convince turned out to be Anthony Jordan, who helped to resolve legal case for Cardinal 10 years earlier. Douglas Cardinal was approved for a job. | Life Born in Calgary, Alberta, to parents Joseph and Frances Cardinal, Douglas Cardinal is the oldest of eight children. His father was of Blackfoot/Kainai and Algonquin heritage, and his mother was of German and Métis descent. His mother worked as a nurse and was well educated. Cardinal's parents met in 1926, and in the first half of the 20th century women had very little status and rights. The patriarchal society did not recognize educated women like Frances Cardinal. However, his father's tribe's societal norms accepted a matrilineal culture, where women are very respected and admired. These cultural ideas shaped Cardinal's upbringing and affected his worldview and relationship with his heritage. He has recalled that his mother told him at a young age, “You’re going to be an architect.” Cardinal grew up a couple of miles outside the small city of Red Deer, Alberta. He was sent to St. Joseph's Convent Catholic , a boarding school for children who lived in the country and wanted to go beyond the 8th grade, which was all that most one-room country schools offered. Cardinal finished high school there. The much-loved Daughters of Wisdom who ran the boarding school taught both Catholic and Protestant children there, and like many other boarders, Cardinal was taught about arts and culture by the Sisters. He has said that this religious school influenced him immensely. Living a few miles away from the rest of his family made him focus on his academic achievements. Traditional sacred architecture and its role in culture made him want to create spaces as powerful and inspirational as churches and basilicas. It also ignited in him a passion for architecture in those early years. St. Mary's Church St. Mary's Church in Red Deer, Alberta is Cardinal's first building. Upon his return to Alberta, Cardinal met with Father Werner Merx, who wanted the new church to be innovative and unique. The archbishop of the church has already appointed another architect for the job, but Merx insisted on hiring Cardinal and realizing his vision. The archbishop whom they needed to convince turned out to be Anthony Jordan, who helped to resolve legal case for Cardinal 10 years earlier. Douglas Cardinal was approved for a job. | [
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953069 | 2 | Life Born in Calgary, Alberta, to parents Joseph and Frances Cardinal, Douglas Cardinal is the oldest of eight children. His father was of Blackfoot / Kainai and Algonquin heritage, and his mother was of German and Métis descent. His mother worked as a nurse and was well educated. Cardinal's parents met in 1926, and in the first half of the 20th century women had very little status and rights. The patriarchal society did not recognize educated women like Frances Cardinal. However, his father's tribe's societal norms accepted a matrilineal culture, where women are very respected and admired. These cultural ideas shaped Cardinal's upbringing and affected his worldview and relationship with his heritage. He has recalled that his mother told him at a young age, “You’re going to be an architect.” Cardinal grew up a couple of miles outside the small city of Red Deer, Alberta. He was sent to St. Joseph's Convent Catholic, a boarding school for children who lived in the country and wanted to go beyond the 8th grade, which was all that most one-room country schools offered. Cardinal finished high school there. The much-loved Daughters of Wisdom who ran the boarding school taught both Catholic and Protestant children there, and like many other boarders, Cardinal was taught about arts and culture by the Sisters. He has said that this religious school influenced him immensely. Living a few miles away from the rest of his family made him focus on his academic achievements. Traditional sacred architecture and its role in culture made him want to create spaces as powerful and inspirational as churches and basilicas. It also ignited in him a passion for architecture in those early years. | Life Born in Calgary, Alberta, to parents Joseph and Frances Cardinal, Douglas Cardinal is the oldest of eight children. His father was of Sikina / Blackfoot and Algonquin heritage, and his mother was of German and Métis descent. His mother worked as a nurse and was well educated. Cardinal's parents met in 1926, and in the first half of the 20th century women had very little status and rights. The patriarchal society did not recognize educated women like Frances Cardinal. However, his father's tribe's societal norms accepted a matrilineal culture, where women are very respected and admired. These cultural ideas shaped Cardinal's upbringing and affected his worldview and relationship with his heritage. He has recalled that his mother told him at a young age, “You’re going to be an architect.” Cardinal grew up a couple of miles outside the small city of Red Deer, Alberta. For his earliest education, he attended a nearby Industrial School (a residential Indian School). He was later sent to St. Joseph's Convent Catholic, a boarding school for children who lived in the country and wanted to go beyond the 8th grade, which was all that most one-room country schools offered. Cardinal finished high school there. The much-loved Daughters of Wisdom who ran the boarding school taught both Catholic and Protestant children there, and like many other boarders, Cardinal was taught about arts and culture by the Sisters. He has said that this religious school influenced him immensely. Living a few miles away from the rest of his family made him focus on his academic achievements. Traditional sacred architecture and its role in culture made him want to create spaces as powerful and inspirational as churches and basilicas. It also ignited in him a passion for architecture in those early years. | [
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954079 | 1 | Film screening room at Georgetown University, Washington D.C. Film studies is an academic discipline that deals with various theoretical, historical, and critical approaches to the cinema . It is sometimes subsumed within media studies and is often compared to television studies. Film studies is less concerned with advancing proficiency in film production than it is with exploring the narrative, artistic, cultural, economic, and political implications of the cinema. In searching for these social-ideological values, film studies takes a series of critical approaches for the analysis of production, theoretical framework, context, and creation.Sikov, Ed. "Introduction." Introduction pg.1-4. Film Studies: an Introduction. New York: Columbia UP , 2010. Print. Google Books Also, in studying film, possible careers include critic or production. Overall the study of film continues to grow, as does the industry on which it focuses. Academic journals publishing film studies work include Sight & Sound, Film Comment, Film International, CineAction, Screen, Journal of Cinema and Media Studies, Film Quarterly and Journal of Film and Video. Modern film studies Today film studies exists worldwide as a discipline with specific schools dedicated to it. The aspects of film studies have grown to encompass numerous methods for teaching history, culture and society. Many liberal arts colleges and universities contain courses specifically geared toward the analysis of film. Also exemplifying the increased diversity of film studies is the fact that high schools across the United States offer classes on film theory. Many programs conjoin film studies with media and television studies, taking knowledge from all parts of visual production in the approach. With the growing technologies such as 3-D film and YouTube, films are now concretely used to teach a reflection of culture and art around the world as a primary medium. Due to the ever-growing dynamic of film studies, a wide variety of curricula have emerged for analysis of critical approaches used in film.Grieveson, Lee. "Cinema Studies." Inventing Film Studies. Durham: Duke UP, 2008. 67. Print. Although each institution has the power to form the study material, students are usually expected to grasp a knowledge of conceptual shifts in film, a vocabulary for the analysis of film form and style, a sense of ideological dimensions of film, and an awareness of extra textual domains and possible direction of film in the future.Dix, Andrew. Beginning Film Studies. Manchester UP. 2-14. Print.Google Books Universities offer their students a course in the field of film analysis to critically engage with the production of films which also allows the students to take part in research and seminars of specialized topics to enhance their critical abilities. United States film studies In the United States, universities offer courses specifically toward film studies, and schools committed to minor/major programs. Currently 144 different tertiary institutions nationwide offer a major program in film studies. This number continues to grow each year with new interest in the film studies discipline. Institutions offering film degrees as part of their arts or communications curriculum differ from institutions with a dedicated film program. The curriculum is in no way limited to films made in the United States; a wide variety of films can be analyzed. With the United States' film industry generating by far the highest global box office returns and second worldwide only to India in terms of number of filmgoers and number of productions, the attraction for film studies is high. To obtain a degree in the United States, a person is likely to pursue careers in the production of film, especially directing and producing films.Polan, Dana, and Haidee Wasson. "Young Art, Old Colleges." Inventing Film Studies. Durham: Duke UP, 2008. Print. Often classes in the United States will combine new forms of media, such as television or New media, in combination with film study."History of Film Studies in the United States and at Berkeley." Film Studies. Web. 11 Nov. 2010. <>. Those who study film want to be able to analyze the numerous films released in the United States every year in a more academic setting, or to understand the history of cinema as an art form. Films can reflect the culture of the period not only in the United States but around the world. & See also Cinemeducation, the use of film in medical education Cinephilia Film genre Filmmaking Glossary of motion picture terms Experimental film Fictional film History of film List of film periodicals List of film schools List of film schools in the United States Philosophy of film Outline of film | Film screening room at Georgetown University, Washington D.C. Film studies is an academic discipline that deals with various theoretical, historical, and critical approaches to cinema as an art form and a medium . It is sometimes subsumed within media studies and is often compared to television studies. Film studies is less concerned with advancing proficiency in film production than it is with exploring the narrative, artistic, cultural, economic, and political implications of the cinema. In searching for these social-ideological values, film studies takes a series of critical approaches for the analysis of production, theoretical framework, context, and creation.Sikov, Ed. 2010. "Introduction." Pp. 1–4 in Film Studies: An Introduction. New York: Columbia UP . Print. Google Books Also, in studying film, possible careers include critic or production. Overall the study of film continues to grow, as does the industry on which it focuses. Academic journals publishing film studies work include Sight & Sound, Film Comment, Film International, CineAction, Screen, Journal of Cinema and Media Studies, Film Quarterly , and Journal of Film and Video. Approaches to film studies Analytic Cognitive film theory Historical poetics Linguistic film theory Neoformalism Classical Formalist film theory Continental Feminist film theory Film semiotics Marxist film theory Psychoanalytic film theory Screen theory Structuralist film theory Criticism Auteur theory Schreiber theory Modern film studies Today film studies exists worldwide as a discipline with specific schools dedicated to it. The aspects of film studies have grown to encompass numerous methods for teaching history, culture and society. Many liberal arts colleges and universities contain courses specifically geared toward the analysis of film. Also exemplifying the increased diversity of film studies is the fact that high schools across the United States offer classes on film theory. Many programs conjoin film studies with media and television studies, taking knowledge from all parts of visual production in the approach. With the growing technologies such as 3-D film and YouTube, films are now concretely used to teach a reflection of culture and art around the world as a primary medium. Due to the ever-growing dynamic of film studies, a wide variety of curricula have emerged for analysis of critical approaches used in film.Grieveson, Lee. "Cinema Studies." Inventing Film Studies. Durham: Duke UP, 2008. 67. Print. Although each institution has the power to form the study material, students are usually expected to grasp a knowledge of conceptual shifts in film, a vocabulary for the analysis of film form and style, a sense of ideological dimensions of film, and an awareness of extra textual domains and possible direction of film in the future.Dix, Andrew. Beginning Film Studies. Manchester UP. 2-14. Print.Google Books Universities offer their students a course in the field of film analysis to critically engage with the production of films which also allows the students to take part in research and seminars of specialized topics to enhance their critical abilities. United States film studies In the United States, universities offer courses specifically toward film studies, and schools committed to minor/major programs. Currently 144 different tertiary institutions nationwide offer a major program in film studies. This number continues to grow each year with new interest in the film studies discipline. Institutions offering film degrees as part of their arts or communications curriculum differ from institutions with a dedicated film program. The curriculum is in no way limited to films made in the United States; a wide variety of films can be analyzed. With the American film industry generating by far the highest global box office returns and second worldwide only to India in terms of number of filmgoers and number of productions, the attraction for film studies is high. To obtain a degree in the United States, a person is likely to pursue careers in the production of film, especially directing and producing films.Polan, Dana, and Haidee Wasson. "Young Art, Old Colleges." Inventing Film Studies. Durham: Duke UP, 2008. Print. Often classes in the United States will combine new forms of media, such as television or new media, in combination with film study."History of Film Studies in the United States and at Berkeley." Film Studies. Web. 11 Nov. 2010. <>. Those who study film want to be able to analyze the numerous films released in the United States every year in a more academic setting, or to understand the history of cinema as an art form. Films can reflect the culture of the period not only in the United States but around the world. Academic journals Cinema Journal Film Quarterly Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television Journal of Film and Video Journal of Popular Film& Television New Review of Film and Television Studies Screen The Velvet Light Trap Television New Media See also Cinemeducation, the use of film in medical education Cinephilia Film genre Filmmaking Glossary of motion picture terms Experimental film Fictional film History of film Philosophy of film Outline of film Film Studies Association of Canada | [
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9545461 | 1 | A novice in National Hunt horse racing is a horse which has not won in a particular type of race prior to the start of the current season. A novice hurdler has not won a hurdle race before the start of the current season, while a novice chaser has not won a steeplechase before the start of the current season. RSA Chase run over three miles 110 yards. Arkle Challenge Trophy run over two miles (3 km). Neptune Investment Management Novices' Hurdle run over two miles five furlongs. Supreme Novices' Hurdle run over two miles 110 yards. Triumph Hurdle run over two miles one furlong and restricted to four-year-olds only. See also Horseracing in the United Kingdom List of British National Hunt races Category:Horse racing in Great Britai | A novice in horse racing is an inexperienced racehorse which has not run in a certain number of races of a particular type, or not won in such races. The definition of a novice is determined by the horse racing authority in a particular country or area. Flat racing In British Flat racing novice races are generally restricted to horses which have not won more than twice, have not won a race of a particular status or have not run more than twice. Specific conditions apply to auction races restricted to horses sold at public auctions. National Hunt racing A novice in National Hunt horse racing is a horse which has not won in a particular type of race prior to the start of the current season. A novice hurdler has not won a hurdle race before the start of the current season, while a novice chaser has not won a steeplechase before the start of the current season. RSA Insurance Novices' Chase run over three miles 110 yards. Arkle Challenge Trophy run over two miles (3 km). Ballymore Novices' Hurdle run over two miles five furlongs. Supreme Novices' Hurdle run over two miles 110 yards. Triumph Hurdle run over two miles one furlong and restricted to four-year-olds only. See also Horse racing in Great Britain List of British National Hunt races Category:Horse racin | [
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955552 | 1 | A microsleep (MS) is a sudden temporary episode of sleep or drowsiness which may last for a fraction of a second or up to 30 seconds where an individual fails to respond to some arbitrary sensory input and becomes unconscious. International Classification of Sleep Disorders Diagnostic and Coding Manual, , page 343Poudel, G. R., Innes, C. R., Bones, P. J., Watts, R., & Jones, R. D. (2012). Losing the struggle to stay awake: Divergent thalamic and cortical activity during microsleeps. Human Brain Mapping: 00:000-000 MSs occur when an individual loses and regains awareness after a brief lapse in consciousness, or when there are sudden shifts between states of wakefulness and sleep. In behavioral terms, MSs may manifest as droopy eyes, slow eyelid-closure, and head nodding. In electrical terms, microsleeps are often classified as a shift in electroencephalography (EEG) during which 4–7 Hz (theta wave) activity replaces the waking 8–13 Hz (alpha wave) background rhythm. MSs often occur as a result of sleep deprivation , though normal non-sleep-deprived individuals can also experience MSs during monotonous tasks.Chou, Y. H., Chuang, C. C., Zao, J. K., Ko, L. W., & Lin, C. T. (2011, August). An fMRI study of abrupt-awake episodes during behavioral microsleeps. In Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBC, 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE (pp. 5060-5063). IEEE. Some experts define microsleep according to behavioral criteria (head nods, drooping eyelids, etc.), while others rely on EEG markers. Since there are many ways to detect MSs in a variety of contexts there is little agreement on how best to identify and classify microsleep episodes. | A microsleep (MS) is a sudden temporary episode of sleep or drowsiness which may last for a fraction of a second or up to 30 seconds where an individual fails to respond to some arbitrary sensory input and becomes unconscious. International Classification of Sleep Disorders Diagnostic and Coding Manual, , page 343Poudel, G. R., Innes, C. R., Bones, P. J., Watts, R., & Jones, R. D. (2012). Losing the struggle to stay awake: Divergent thalamic and cortical activity during microsleeps. Human Brain Mapping: 00:000-000 MSs occur when an individual loses and regains awareness after a brief lapse in consciousness, often without warning, or when there are sudden shifts between states of wakefulness and sleep. In behavioural terms, MSs may manifest as droopy eyes, slow eyelid-closure, and head nodding. In electrical terms, microsleeps are often classified as a shift in electroencephalography (EEG) during which 4–7 Hz (theta wave) activity replaces the waking 8–13 Hz (alpha wave) background rhythm. MSs frequently occur as a result of sleep deprivation . However, healthy individuals who are not sleep-deprived or tired can also experience MSs during monotonous tasks.Chou, Y. H., Chuang, C. C., Zao, J. K., Ko, L. W., & Lin, C. T. (2011, August). An fMRI study of abrupt-awake episodes during behavioral microsleeps. In Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBC, 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE (pp. 5060-5063). IEEE. Some experts define microsleep according to behavioral criteria (head nods, drooping eyelids, etc.), while others rely on EEG markers. Since there are many ways to detect MSs in a variety of contexts there is little agreement on how best to identify and classify microsleep episodes. | [
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95601 | 1 | See also Babaylan Barakah Chakra Charm Qi or Chi Quintessence or Aether Guṇa Kami in Shintoism Manas in early Buddhism Manna Magic Mysticism Occult Prana Ritual Scientific skepticism Spell Supernatural Taboo Talisman Yorishiro in Shintoism | See also Barakah Chakra Charm Qi or Chi Quintessence or Aether Guṇa Kami in Shintoism Manas in early Buddhism Manna Magic Mysticism Occult Philippine shamans or Babaylan Prana Ritual Scientific skepticism Spell Supernatural Taboo Talisman Yorishiro in Shintoism | [
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956730 | 1 | Friendship/warmth It is more acceptable for women to touch than men in social or friendship settings, possibly because of the inherent dominance of the person touching over the person being touched. Women and girls are commonly known for interacting with each other through touch than men and boys do as same-sex touch is acceptable for women. Whitcher and Fisher conducted a study to see whether therapeutic touch to reduce anxiety differed between the sexes . A nurse was told to touch patients for one minute while the patients looked at a pamphlet during a routine preoperative procedure. Females reacted positively to the touch, whereas males did not. It was surmised that males equated the touch to being treated as inferior or dependent. | Friendship/warmth It is more acceptable for women to touch than men in social or friendship settings, possibly because of the inherent dominance of the person touching over the person being touched. Women and girls are commonly known for interacting with each other through touch than men and boys do as same-sex touch is acceptable for women. Whitcher and Fisher conducted a study to see whether friendly touch in a healthcare setting reduced anxiety equally or differently between men and women . A nurse was told to touch patients for one minute while the patients looked at a pamphlet during a routine preoperative procedure. Females reacted positively to the touch, whereas males did not. It was surmised that males equated the touch to being treated as inferior or dependent. | [
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9569950 | 1 | Born to a docker father, he moved to what was then metropolitan France in 1952, did his studies at Faidherbe Secondary School in Lille and then at the University of Paris I where he obtained a PhD in economic and social sciences. He began his career at a subsidiary of Crédit Lyonnais Bank. In 1990, after an experience in Spie Batignolles, he founded a financial firm thanks to which he took control of the Compagnie des Signaux, known as CS Communication et Systèmes. He has been nominated as the "commissaire à l'égalité des chances" in François Fillon government by French president Nicolas Sarkozy on December 17 , 2008.French plan to break taboo on ethnic data causes uproar, Angelique Chrisafis, The Guardian, March 23, 2009. | Born to a docker father, he moved to what was then metropolitan France in 1952, and did his studies at Faidherbe Secondary School in Lille and then at the University of Paris I where he obtained a PhD in economic and social sciences. Sabeg began his career at a subsidiary of Crédit Lyonnais Bank. In 1990, after an experience in Spie Batignolles, he founded a financial firm thanks to which he took control of the Compagnie des Signaux, known as CS Communication et Systèmes. He has been nominated as the "commissaire à l'égalité des chances" in François Fillon government by French president Nicolas Sarkozy on 17 December 2008.French plan to break taboo on ethnic data causes uproar, Angelique Chrisafis, The Guardian, March 23, 2009. | [
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957837 | 1 | Andromeda Chained to a Rock by Gustave Doré (1869). | Andrómeda by Juan Antonio de Frías y Escalante (1633-1670), depicting princess Andromeda of Greek mythology chained to a rock as a sacrifice to the dragonlike sea monster Cetus | [
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957837 | 2 | Andrómeda by Juan Antonio de Frías y Escalante ( 1633-1670 ), depicting princess Andromeda of Greek mythology chained to a rock as a sacrifice to the dragonlike sea monster Cetus In Jay Williams's tale The Practical Princess, a dragon demands that a king should sacrifice his daughter to him so that he will leave the rest of the kingdom alone. But the princess saves herself by making a "princess dummy" out of straw, and filling it with boiling pitch and tar. The princess dresses the dummy in one of her own gowns, then goes to the dragon's cave where she offers herself as a sacrifice. The unwitting dragon swallows the straw dummy whole, and the pitch and tar explodes inside the dragon's stomach, killing him. Afterwards, the princess observes, "Dragons are not very smart." In the Isaac Asimov short story Prince Delightful and the Flameless Dragon, it is revealed that Dragons used to be slain as part of a passage from princehood to adulthood, though after a while, they became a protected species. Contrary to popular myth, they do not eat princesses as they tend to smell of cheap perfume and give indigestion . In the few stories, a princess can be rescued by an anthropomorphic animal as well. For instance, in Kate DiCamillo's book The Tale of Despereaux, a mouse named Despereaux Tilling sets out on the quest to rescue Princess Pea from a group of rats led by Chiaroscuro. And in the 2006 video game Sonic the Hedgehog, Sonic, the high-speed blue hedgehog, has to save Princess Elise multiple times from mad scientist Doctor Eggman, who attempts to release the sun god's raw power from within the princess, and help free her from heavy burden . | Andrómeda by Juan Antonio de Frías y Escalante ( 1633–1670 ), depicting Princess Andromeda of Greek mythology chained to a rock as a sacrifice to the dragonlike sea monster Cetus In Jay Williams's tale The Practical Princess, a dragon demands that a king should sacrifice his daughter to him so that he will leave the rest of the kingdom alone. But the princess saves herself by making a "princess dummy" out of straw, and filling it with boiling pitch and tar. The princess dresses the straw dummy in one of her own gowns, then goes to the dragon's cave where she offers herself as a sacrifice. The unwitting dragon swallows the dummy whole, and the pitch and tar explodes inside the dragon's stomach, killing him. Afterwards, the princess observes, "Dragons are not very smart." In the Isaac Asimov short story Prince Delightful and the Flameless Dragon, it is revealed that Dragons used to be slain as part of a passage from princehood to adulthood, though after a while, they became a protected species. Contrary to popular myth, they do not eat princesses as they tend to smell of cheap perfume and give indigestion . | [
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9579143 | 1 | Nutritional Requirements Animals obtain aromatic amino acids from their diet, but all plants and micro-organisms must synthesize their aromatic amino acids through the metabolically costly shikimate pathway in order to make them. Phenylalanine, tryptophan, and histidine are essential amino acids for animals. Since they are not synthesized in the human body, they must be derived from the diet. Tyrosine is semi-essential; therefore, it can be synthesized by the animal, but only from phenylalanine. Phenylketonuria, a genetic disorder that occurs as a result of the inability to breakdown phenylalanine, is due to a lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. A dietary lack of tryptophan can cause stunted skeletal development. There is evidence to suggest that a high dietary intake of aromatic amino acids may increase the rate of hypertension, although more research is required. Blue diaper syndrome is an autosomal recessive disease that is caused by poor tryptophan absorption in the body. | Nutritional Requirements Animals obtain aromatic amino acids from their diet, but all plants and micro-organisms must synthesize their aromatic amino acids through the metabolically costly shikimate pathway in order to make them. Phenylalanine, tryptophan, and histidine are essential amino acids for animals. Since they are not synthesized in the human body, they must be derived from the diet. Tyrosine is semi-essential; therefore, it can be synthesized by the animal, but only from phenylalanine. Phenylketonuria, a genetic disorder that occurs as a result of the inability to breakdown phenylalanine, is due to a lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. A dietary lack of tryptophan can cause stunted skeletal development. Excessive intake of aromatic amino acids far beyond levels obtained through normal protein consumption might lead to hypertension, something which could go un-noticed for a long time in healthy individuals. It could be caused by other factors as well such as the use of various herbs and foods like chocolate which inhibit monoamine oxidase enzymes to varying degrees, and also some medications. Aromatic trace amines like tyramine can displace norepinephrine from peripheral monoamine vesicles and in people taking MAOIs this occurs to the extent of being life threatning. for Blue diaper syndrome is an autosomal recessive disease that is caused by poor tryptophan absorption in the body. | [
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9589324 | 1 | Mulungushi is a river (and a small town nearby) in central Zambia which has taken on a symbolic and historical meaning synonymous with the independence and identity of the nation , and has been given to a number of events, localities, buildings and organisations, including: the Mulungushi Rock of Authority (see below); the Mulungushi Declaration, a policy statement made by President Kenneth Kaunda in 1968 on the nationalisation of the means of production; Mulungushi Village, a suburb of Lusaka; Mulungushi Hall, an international conference and convention centre, used also as an official reception centre by the Zambian government, and the site of several conferences and negotiations of the independence and anti-apartheid movements in southern Africa; Mulungushi House, a large office building in Lusaka, home to government departments and businesses; Mulungushi University in Kabwe; a number of businesses, such as Zambia-China Mulungushi Textiles Ltd; several roads. Other uses and links Mulungushi River, the origin of the name Mulungushi Dam, a dam on that river The Mulungushi River area was also the site of a training camp for Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army fighters in the 1970s sometimes referred to as the 'Mulungushi camp' but this was not an official name and it was not related to the Zambian use of the name . Mulungushi Rock In 1960 in the then Northern Rhodesia, nationalists who had broken away from the Zambian African National Congress wanted to convene a conference under the banner of a new party, the United National Independence Party (UNIP) on future directions and how to achieve independence, in a place where they would not be under the eye of the colonial authorities. A site was chosen on a rocky area by the Mulungushi River north of Broken Hill (Kabwe) where up to 2000 participants could meet in the open air and camp in temporary shelters, where there was a good supply of water. The conference led to the UNIP under the leadership of Kenneth Kaunda becoming the major party of independence, and thereafter the Mulungushi Rock was used for UNIP party conferences and for major policy speeches such as the Mulungushi Declaration or Mulungushi Reforms in 1968. Later it became known as the 'Mulungushi Rock of Authority' and it has been used by other political parties for their party conferences and major speeches and by other organisations . | Mulungushi is a river (and a small town nearby) in central Zambia which has taken on a symbolic and historical meaning synonymous with the independence and identity of the nation . The name has been given to a number of events, localities, buildings and organisations, including: Mulungushi Rock of Authority , an outdoor venue for political conventions and meetings; The Mulungushi Declaration, a policy statement made by President Kenneth Kaunda in 1968 on the nationalisation of the means of production; Mulungushi Village, a suburb of Lusaka; Mulungushi Hall, an international conference and convention centre, used also as an official reception centre by the Zambian government, and the site of several conferences and negotiations of the independence and anti-apartheid movements in southern Africa; Mulungushi House, a large office building in Lusaka, home to government departments and businesses; Mulungushi University ; A number of businesses, such as Zambia-China Mulungushi Textiles Ltd; Several roads. Other uses and links Mulungushi River, the origin of the name Mulungushi Dam, a dam on that river The Mulungushi River area was also the site of a training camp for Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army fighters in the 1970s sometimes referred to as the 'Mulungushi camp' but this was not an official name and it was not related to the Zambian use of the name . | [
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959072 | 1 | Upbringing and early career Born Warren Lee Tamahori , in Wellington, New Zealand , he is of Māori ancestry on his father's side and British on his mother's. | Upbringing and early career Tamahori was born in Wellington, New Zealand . He is of Māori ancestry on his father's side and British on his mother's. | [
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9593 | 1 | Existentialism ("existentialism". Lexico. Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 2 March 2020. or ) is a form of philosophical inquiry that explores the problem of human existence and centers on the lived experience of the thinking, feeling, acting individual . In the view of the existentialist, the individual's starting point has been called "the existential angst," a sense of dread, disorientation, confusion, or anxiety in the face of an apparently meaningless or absurd world. Existentialist thinkers frequently explore issues related to the meaning, purpose, and value of human existence. | Existentialism ("existentialism". Lexico. Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 2 March 2020. or ) is a form of philosophical inquiry that explores the problem of human existence and centers on the thinking, feeling, and acting . In the view of the existentialist, the individual's starting point has been called "the existential angst," a sense of dread, disorientation, confusion, or anxiety in the face of an apparently meaningless or absurd world. Existentialist thinkers frequently explore issues related to the meaning, purpose, and value of human existence. | [
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9593 | 2 | Two Ukrainian born thinkers , Lev Shestov and Nikolai Berdyaev, became well known as existentialist thinkers during their post-Revolutionary exiles in Paris. Shestov , born into a Ukrainian-Jewish family in Kiev, had launched an attack on rationalism and systematization in philosophy as early as 1905 in his book of aphorisms All Things Are Possible. Berdyaev , also from Kiev but with a background in the Eastern Orthodox Church, drew a radical distinction between the world of spirit and the everyday world of objects. Human freedom, for Berdyaev, is rooted in the realm of spirit, a realm independent of scientific notions of causation. To the extent the individual human being lives in the objective world, he is estranged from authentic spiritual freedom. "Man" is not to be interpreted naturalistically, but as a being created in God's image, an originator of free, creative acts.Ernst Breisach, Introduction to Modern Existentialism, New York (1962), pp. 173–76 He published a major work on these themes, The Destiny of Man, in 1931. | Two Russian philosophers , Lev Shestov and Nikolai Berdyaev, became well known as existentialist thinkers during their post-Revolutionary exiles in Paris. Shestov had launched an attack on rationalism and systematization in philosophy as early as 1905 in his book of aphorisms All Things Are Possible. Berdyaev drew a radical distinction between the world of spirit and the everyday world of objects. Human freedom, for Berdyaev, is rooted in the realm of spirit, a realm independent of scientific notions of causation. To the extent the individual human being lives in the objective world, he is estranged from authentic spiritual freedom. "Man" is not to be interpreted naturalistically, but as a being created in God's image, an originator of free, creative acts.Ernst Breisach, Introduction to Modern Existentialism, New York (1962), pp. 173–76 He published a major work on these themes, The Destiny of Man, in 1931. | [
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959908 | 1 | 20th century +YearDateEvent190027 FebruaryThe Labour Party is founded.190122 JanuaryQueen Victoria dies and Edward VII ascends the throne.190212 JulyArthur Balfour becomes Prime Minister.9 AugustCoronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra.31 MayTreaty of Vereeniging ends the Second Boer War.1903SeptemberThe Lib-Lab pact enables Labour to break into national politics.19048 AprilEntente Cordiale signed between Britain and France.19055 DecemberHenry Campbell-Bannerman becomes Prime Minister.19085 AprilH. H. Asquith becomes Prime Minister.27 AprilThe Summer Olympics open at White City in London.27 OctoberParliament approves old age pensions.19106 MayKing Edward VII dies and George V ascends the throne.191122 JuneCoronation of King George V and Queen Mary.191213 AprilRoyal Flying Corps established.14 - 15 AprilThe RMS Titanic sinks after hitting an iceberg. Over 1500 crew and passengers die.19144 AugustWorld War I: Great Britain declares war on Germany in response to the invasion of Belgium.5 NovemberBritain declares war on the Ottoman Empire.19166 DecemberDavid Lloyd George becomes Prime Minister.19186 FebruaryWomen get the vote for the first time - women over the age of 30 who met a property qualification could vote as a result of the Representation of the People Act 1918.1 AprilThe Royal Air Force is founded, becoming the first independent air force in the world.11 NovemberWorld War I ends.19191 DecemberNancy Astor becomes the first woman to take her seat in parliament.1921The Great Britain road numbering scheme.192218 OctoberThe BBC is founded as the British Broadcasting Company.23 OctoberBonar Law becomes Prime Minister.192322 MayStanley Baldwin becomes Prime Minister.192422 JanuaryRamsay MacDonald becomes Prime Minister.4 NovemberStanley Baldwin becomes Prime Minister for the second time.19264 May - 12 MayThe 1926 United Kingdom general strike takes place.19282 JulyWomen receive the right to vote on the same terms as men (over the age of 21) as a result of the Representation of the People Act 1928.SeptemberThe first film with dialogue is shown in Britain, The Jazz Singer.30 SeptemberAlexander Fleming discovers penicillin.19295 JuneRamsay MacDonald becomes Prime Minister for the second time.1931?The Dominion of Canada later has more recognition as Canada193430 NovemberThe LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman built in Doncaster becomes the first steam locomotive to reach .19357 JuneStanley Baldwin becomes Prime Minister for the third time.193620 JanuaryKing George V dies and Edward VIII ascends the throne.5 - 31 OctoberThe Jarrow March protest occurs.10 DecemberKing Edward VIII abdicates the throne over his proposal to marry American divorcee Wallis Simpson. Automatic accession of George VI.193712 MayCoronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth.28 MayNeville Chamberlain becomes Prime Minister.30 JuneFirst available in the London area, the 999 telephone number is introduced as the world's first emergency telephone service.19383 JulyThe LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard built in Doncaster breaks the land speed record for the fastest steam locomotive, reaching ; the record still stands.19393 SeptemberBritish entry into World War II.194010 MaySir Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister.19458 MayWorld War II ends in Europe.26 JulyClement Attlee becomes Prime Minister.24 OctoberBritain becomes a founding member of the United Nations.194715 AugustIndia gains independence from Britain.19481 JanuaryBritish Rail is established.5 JulyThe National Health Service is founded, bringing state funded healthcare to all.29 July - 14 AugustLondon hosts the 1948 Summer Olympics.14 NovemberBirth of Charles, Prince of Wales.195015 AugustBirth of Anne, Princess Royal.29 AugustBritish troops arrive to support US forces in the Korean War.195126 OctoberSir Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister for the second time.1952?Autocode, regarded as the first compiled programming language, is developed by Alick Glennie.6 FebruaryDeath of King George VI. Automatic accession of Queen Elizabeth II.195325 AprilJames Watson and Francis Crick publish their discovery of the structure of DNA.2 JuneCoronation of Elizabeth II.19546 MayRoger Bannister breaks the four-minute mile with a time of 3:59.4.19556 AprilAnthony Eden becomes Prime Minister.22 SeptemberCommercial television starts with the first ITV broadcast.195617 OctoberBritain opens its first nuclear power station, Calder Hall.195710 JanuaryHarold Macmillan becomes Prime Minister.19585 DecemberThe British motorway system opens with the M6 Preston bypass.196019 FebruaryBirth of Prince Andrew, Duke of York.19611 JulyBirth of Diana, Princess of Wales.196327 MarchThe first report of the Beeching cuts - a railway restructuring plan - was published, The Reshaping of British Railways.19 OctoberAlec Douglas-Home becomes Prime Minister but lasts only 363 days.196410 MarchBirth of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex.16 OctoberHarold Wilson becomes Prime Minister.196524 JanuaryDeath of Sir Winston Churchill.8 NovemberThe death penalty is abolished officially.196727 JulyThe Sexual Offences Act 1967 legalises homosexuality between men over 21.27 OctoberThe Abortion Act 1967 is passed, legalising abortion on certain grounds.19692 MarchConcorde, the world's first supersonic airliner, makes its maiden flight.197019 JuneEdward Heath becomes Prime Minister.197115 FebruaryDecimal Day; the United Kingdom introduces a decimalised currency.197222 January The United Kingdom signs the Treaty of Accession in a ceremony in Brussels which was attended by Prime Minister Edward Heath in preparedness for membership of the European Communities from 1 January 1973.19731 January The United Kingdom joins and becomes a member state of the European Communities.19744 MarchHarold Wilson becomes Prime Minister for the second time.19755 JuneThe United Kingdom chooses to remain a member state of the European Communities in a non-blinding referendum.19765 AprilJames Callaghan becomes Prime Minister.SeptemberBritain becomes the first major Western state to be forced to ask to borrow money from the International Monetary Fund.197825 JulyLouise Brown becomes the first human in history to be born via in vitro fertilisation.19794 MayMargaret Thatcher becomes the first female Prime Minister.27 AugustThe IRA kill the Queen's cousin Lord Mountbatten.198124 JuneThe Humber Bridge opens, the longest single-span bridge in the world.29 JulyWedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer.198221 JuneBirth of Prince William of Wales.2 April - 14 JuneThe Falklands War is fought against Argentina, resulting in British victory and the United Kingdom reclaiming the Falkland Islands.2 NovemberChannel 4 launches across most of England, Scotland and Northern Ireland.1984-19856 March 1984 - 3 March 1985The UK miners' strike takes place, a major strike and protest to prevent Margaret Thatcher's government from closing down the British coal mining industry.198415 SeptemberBirth of Prince Harry of Wales.198625 DecemberThe Christmas episode of the soap opera EastEnders becomes the most watched programme in the United Kingdom with a viewing of 30.1 million.19883 MarchThe Liberal Democrats are founded.198912 MarchTim Berners-Lee invents the World Wide Web.199028 NovemberJohn Major becomes Prime Minister.199118 - 26 MayHelen Sharman becomes the first British person and first European woman in space.19946 MayThe Channel Tunnel opens, the first physical connection between the United Kingdom and France.1996?A sheep named Dolly becomes the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell.19972 MayTony Blair becomes Prime Minister.1 JulyThe United Kingdom hands Hong Kong back to China, marking the end of the British Empire.31 AugustDiana, Princess of Wales, dies due to a traffic collision in Paris.199931 DecemberThe Millennium Dome and London Eye are opened to mark the new millennium. | 20th century +YearDateEvent190027 FebruaryThe Labour Party is founded.190122 JanuaryQueen Victoria dies and Edward VII ascends the throne.190212 JulyArthur Balfour becomes Prime Minister.9 AugustCoronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra.31 MayTreaty of Vereeniging ends the Second Boer War.1903SeptemberThe Lib-Lab pact enables Labour to break into national politics.19048 AprilEntente Cordiale signed between Britain and France.19055 DecemberHenry Campbell-Bannerman becomes Prime Minister.19085 AprilH. 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Automatic accession of George VI.193712 MayCoronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth.28 MayNeville Chamberlain becomes Prime Minister.30 JuneFirst available in the London area, the 999 telephone number is introduced as the world's first emergency telephone service.19383 JulyThe LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard built in Doncaster breaks the land speed record for the fastest steam locomotive, reaching ; the record still stands.19393 SeptemberBritish entry into World War II.194010 MaySir Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister.19458 MayWorld War II ends in Europe.26 JulyClement Attlee becomes Prime Minister.24 OctoberBritain becomes a founding member of the United Nations.194715 AugustIndia gains independence from Britain.19481 JanuaryBritish Rail is established.5 JulyThe National Health Service is founded, bringing state-funded healthcare to all.29 July - 14 AugustLondon hosts the 1948 Summer Olympics.14 NovemberBirth of Charles, Prince of Wales.195015 AugustBirth of Anne, Princess Royal.29 AugustBritish troops arrive to support US forces in the Korean War.195126 OctoberSir Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister for the second time.1952?Autocode, regarded as the first compiled programming language, is developed by Alick Glennie.6 FebruaryDeath of King George VI. Automatic accession of Queen Elizabeth II.195325 AprilJames Watson and Francis Crick publish their discovery of the structure of DNA.2 JuneCoronation of Elizabeth II.19546 MayRoger Bannister breaks the four-minute mile with a time of 3:59.4.19556 AprilAnthony Eden becomes Prime Minister.22 SeptemberCommercial television starts with the first ITV broadcast.195617 OctoberBritain opens its first nuclear power station, Calder Hall.195710 JanuaryHarold Macmillan becomes Prime Minister.19585 DecemberThe British motorway system opens with the M6 Preston bypass.196019 FebruaryBirth of Prince Andrew, Duke of York.19611 JulyBirth of Diana, Princess of Wales.196327 MarchThe first report of the Beeching cuts - a railway restructuring plan - was published, The Reshaping of British Railways.19 OctoberAlec Douglas-Home becomes Prime Minister but lasts only 363 days.196410 MarchBirth of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex.16 OctoberHarold Wilson becomes Prime Minister.196524 JanuaryDeath of Sir Winston Churchill.8 NovemberThe death penalty is abolished officially.196727 JulyThe Sexual Offences Act 1967 legalises homosexuality between men over 21.27 OctoberThe Abortion Act 1967 is passed, legalising abortion on certain grounds.19692 MarchConcorde, the world's first supersonic airliner, makes its maiden flight.197019 JuneEdward Heath becomes Prime Minister.197115 FebruaryDecimal Day; the United Kingdom introduces a decimalized currency.197222 January The United Kingdom signs the Treaty of Accession in a ceremony in Brussels which was attended by Prime Minister Edward Heath in preparedness for membership of the European Communities from 1 January 1973.19731 January The United Kingdom joins and becomes a member state of the European Communities.19744 MarchHarold Wilson becomes Prime Minister for the second time.19755 JuneThe United Kingdom chooses to remain a member state of the European Communities in a non-binding referendum.19765 AprilJames Callaghan becomes Prime Minister.SeptemberBritain becomes the first major Western state to be forced to ask to borrow money from the International Monetary Fund.197825 JulyLouise Brown becomes the first human in history to be born via in vitro fertilisation.19794 MayMargaret Thatcher becomes the first female Prime Minister.27 AugustThe IRA kill the Queen's cousin Lord Mountbatten.198124 JuneThe Humber Bridge opens, the longest single-span bridge in the world.29 JulyWedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer.198221 JuneBirth of Prince William of Wales.2 April - 14 JuneThe Falklands War is fought against Argentina, resulting in a British victory and the United Kingdom reclaiming the Falkland Islands.2 NovemberChannel 4 launches across most of England, Scotland and Northern Ireland.1984-19856 March 1984 - 3 March 1985The UK miners' strike takes place, a major strike and protest to prevent Margaret Thatcher's government from closing down the British coal mining industry.198415 SeptemberBirth of Prince Harry of Wales.198625 DecemberThe Christmas episode of the soap opera EastEnders becomes the most-watched programme in the United Kingdom with a viewing of 30.1 million.19883 MarchThe Liberal Democrats are founded.198912 MarchTim Berners-Lee invents the World Wide Web.199028 NovemberJohn Major becomes Prime Minister.199118 - 26 MayHelen Sharman becomes the first British person and the first European woman in space.19946 MayThe Channel Tunnel opens, the first physical connection between the United Kingdom and France.1996?A sheep named Dolly becomes the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell.19972 MayTony Blair becomes Prime Minister.1 JulyThe United Kingdom hands Hong Kong back to China, marking the end of the British Empire.31 AugustDiana, Princess of Wales, dies due to a traffic collision in Paris.199931 DecemberThe Millennium Dome and London Eye are opened to mark the new millennium. | [
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959928 | 1 | Getting Things Done (GTD) is a personal productivity system developed by David Allen and published in a book of the same name. Described as a time management system, the author states in the book that if a task is on your mind, it will fill your mind completely, which guarantees that you will be incapable of handling yet another task; therefore you will fail to complete any of them. The GTD method rests on the idea of moving all items of interest, relevant information, issues, tasks and projects out of your mind by recording them externally and then breaking them into actionable work items with known time limits. This allows your attention to focus on taking action on each task listed in an external record, instead of recalling them intuitively. Themes Allen first demonstrates stress reduction from the method with the following exercise, centered on a task that has an unclear outcome or whose next action is not defined. Allen calls these sources of stress "open loops", "incompletes", or "stuff". The most annoying, distracting, or interesting task is chosen, and defined as an "incomplete". A description of the successful outcome of the "incomplete" is written down in one sentence, along with the criteria by which the task will be considered completed. The next step required to approach completion of the task is written down. A self-assessment is made of the emotions experienced after completing the steps of this process. He claims stress can be reduced and productivity increased by putting reminders about everything you are not working on into a trusted system external to your mind. In this way, you can work on the task at hand without distraction from the "incompletes". The system in GTD requires you to have the following tools within easy reach: These tools can be physical or electronic as appropriate (e.g., a physical "in" tray or an email inbox). Then, as "stuff" enters your life, it is captured in these tools and processed with the following workflow. Workflow Logic tree diagram illustrating the second and third steps (process/clarify and organize) of the five-step Getting Things Done workflow. The GTD workflow consists of five stages: capture, clarify, organize, reflect, and engage. (The first edition used the names collect, process, organize, plan, and do; the descriptions of the stages are similar in both editions). Once all the material ("stuff") is captured (or collected) in the inbox, each item is clarified and organized by asking and answering questions about each item in turn as shown in the black boxes in the logic tree diagram. As a result, items end up in one of the eight oval end points in the diagram: in the trash on the someday/maybe list in a neat reference filing system on a list of tasks, with the outcome and next action defined if the "incomplete" is a "project" (i.e., if it will require two or more steps to complete it) immediately completed and checked off if it can be completed in under two minutes delegated to someone else and, if you want a reminder to follow up, added to a "waiting for" list on a context-based "next action" list if there is only one step to complete it on your calendar Empty your inbox or inboxes daily or at least weekly ("in" to empty). Don't use your inbox as a "to do" list. Don't put clarified items back into the inbox. Emptying your inbox doesn't mean finishing everything. It just means applying the "capture, clarify, organize" steps to all your "stuff". Next, reflection (termed planning in the first edition) occurs. Multi-step projects identified above are assigned a desired outcome and a single "next action". Finally, a task from your task list is worked on ("engage" in the 2nd edition, "do" in the 1st edition) unless the calendar dictates otherwise. You select which task to work on next by considering where you are (i.e., the "context", such as at home, at work, out shopping, by the phone, at your computer, with a particular person), time available, energy available, and priority. Perspective Allen emphasizes two key elements of GTD — control and perspective. The workflow is the center of the control aspect. The goal of the control processes in GTD is to get everything except the current task out of your head and into this trusted system external to your mind. He borrows a simile used in martial arts termed "mind like water". When a small object is thrown into a pool of water, the water responds appropriately with a small splash followed by quiescence. When a large object is thrown in the water again responds appropriately with a large splash followed by quiescence. The opposite of "mind like water" is a mind that never returns to quiescence but remains continually stressed by every input. With a trusted system and "mind like water" you can have a better perspective on your life. Allen recommends reflection from six levels, called "Horizons of Focus": Horizon 5: Life Horizon 4: Long-term visions Horizon 3: 1-2 year goals Horizon 2: Areas of focus and accountability Horizon 1: Current projects Ground: Current actions | Getting Things Done (GTD) is a personal productivity system developed by David Allen and published in a book of the same name. Described as a time management system, the author states in the book that if a task is on one's mind, it will fill one's mind completely, which guarantees that one will be incapable of handling yet another task; therefore one will fail to complete any of them. The GTD method rests on the idea of moving all items of interest, relevant information, issues, tasks and projects out of one's mind by recording them externally and then breaking them into actionable work items with known time limits. This allows one's attention to focus on taking action on each task listed in an external record, instead of recalling them intuitively. Themes Allen first demonstrates stress reduction from the method with the following exercise, centered on a task that has an unclear outcome or whose next action is not defined. Allen calls these sources of stress "open loops", "incompletes", or "stuff". The most annoying, distracting, or interesting task is chosen, and defined as an "incomplete". A description of the successful outcome of the "incomplete" is written down in one sentence, along with the criteria by which the task will be considered completed. The next step required to approach completion of the task is written down. A self-assessment is made of the emotions experienced after completing the steps of this process. He claims stress can be reduced and productivity increased by putting reminders about everything one is not working on into a trusted system external to one's mind. In this way, one can work on the task at hand without distraction from the "incompletes". The system in GTD requires one to have the following tools within easy reach: These tools can be physical or electronic as appropriate (e.g., a physical "in" tray or an email inbox). Then, as "stuff" enters one's life, it is captured in these tools and processed with the following workflow. Workflow Logic tree diagram illustrating the second and third steps (process/clarify and organize) of the five-step Getting Things Done workflow. The GTD workflow consists of five stages: capture, clarify, organize, reflect, and engage. (The first edition used the names collect, process, organize, plan, and do; the descriptions of the stages are similar in both editions). Once all the material ("stuff") is captured (or collected) in the inbox, each item is clarified and organized by asking and answering questions about each item in turn as shown in the black boxes in the logic tree diagram. As a result, items end up in one of the eight oval end points in the diagram: in the trash on the someday/maybe list in a neat reference filing system on a list of tasks, with the outcome and next action defined if the "incomplete" is a "project" (i.e., if it will require two or more steps to complete it) immediately completed and checked off if it can be completed in under two minutes delegated to someone else and, if one wants a reminder to follow up, added to a "waiting for" list on a context-based "next action" list if there is only one step to complete it on one's calendar Empty one's inbox or inboxes daily or at least weekly ("in" to empty). Don't use one's inbox as a "to do" list. Don't put clarified items back into the inbox. Emptying one's inbox doesn't mean finishing everything. It just means applying the "capture, clarify, organize" steps to all one's "stuff". Next, reflection (termed planning in the first edition) occurs. Multi-step projects identified above are assigned a desired outcome and a single "next action". Finally, a task from one's task list is worked on ("engage" in the 2nd edition, "do" in the 1st edition) unless the calendar dictates otherwise. One selects which task to work on next by considering where one is (i.e., the "context", such as at home, at work, out shopping, by the phone, at one's computer, with a particular person), time available, energy available, and priority. Perspective Allen emphasizes two key elements of GTD — control and perspective. The workflow is the center of the control aspect. The goal of the control processes in GTD is to get everything except the current task out of one's head and into this trusted system external to one's mind. He borrows a simile used in martial arts termed "mind like water". When a small object is thrown into a pool of water, the water responds appropriately with a small splash followed by quiescence. 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9608398 | 1 | Early life He was the fourth son out of a family of 6 children born to Bhana Ram Rao and Mohri devi to a Jat family in small village Ghardana Khurd in Jhunjhunu Rajasthan . After attaining his primary education in the same village he proceeded on to high school in Khetri and then graduated in Mathematics from Chirawa college, Chirawa in Jhunjhunu in 1980. His marriage was solemnised to Mrs Santosh on 15 June 1983. | Early life He was the fourth son out of a family of 6 children born to Bhana Ram Rao and Mohri devi to a yadav family in small village Ghardana Khurd in Jhunjhunu , Rao is surname of yadav,s in AhirwalRajasthan and haryana . After attaining his primary education in the same village he proceeded on to high school in Khetri and then graduated in Mathematics from Chirawa college, Chirawa in Jhunjhunu in 1980. His marriage was solemnised to Mrs Santosh on 15 June 1983. | [
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9608398 | 2 | Early life He was the fourth son out of a family of 6 children born to Bhana Ram Rao and Mohri devi to a yadav family in small village Ghardana Khurd in Jhunjhunu , Rao is surname of yadav,s in AhirwalRajasthan and haryana . After attaining his primary education in the same village he proceeded on to high school in Khetri and then graduated in Mathematics from Chirawa college, Chirawa in Jhunjhunu in 1980. His marriage was solemnised to Mrs Santosh on 15 June 1983. | Early life He was the fourth son out of a family of 6 children born to Bhana Ram Rao and Mohri devi to a Jat family in small village Ghardana Khurd in Jhunjhunu Rajasthan . After attaining his primary education in the same village he proceeded on to high school in Khetri and then graduated in Mathematics from Chirawa college, Chirawa in Jhunjhunu in 1980. His marriage was solemnised to Mrs Santosh on 15 June 1983. | [
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9608398 | 3 | 200px|Maha Rao. The logo on the coat shows the legendary teacher Dronacharya (from Mahabaharat) training his disciple Arjuna. Maha Rao (born 1 July 1958) is a wrestler and wrestling coach from Chirawa, Rajasthan in India. In 2006, he was awarded the Dronacharya Award, the highest award of the land in the field of coaching of sports and athletics, by the government of India. Early life He was the fourth son out of a family of 6 children born to Bhana Ram Rao and Mohri devi to a Jat family in small village Ghardana Khurd in Jhunjhunu Rajasthan. After attaining his primary education in the same village he proceeded on to high school in Khetri and then graduated in Mathematics from Chirawa college, Chirawa in Jhunjhunu in 1980. His marriage was solemnised to Mrs Santosh on 15 June 1983. | 200px|Maha Singh Rao. The logo on the coat shows the legendary teacher Dronacharya (from Mahabaharat) training his disciple Arjuna. Maha Singh Rao (born 1 July 1958) is a wrestler and wrestling coach from Chirawa, Rajasthan in India. In 2006, he was awarded the Dronacharya Award, the highest award of the land in the field of coaching of sports and athletics, by the government of India. Early life He was the fourth son out of a family of 6 children born to Bhana Ram Rao and Mohri devi in a small village Ghardana Khurd in Jhunjhunu Rajasthan. After attaining his primary education in the same village he proceeded on to high school in Khetri and then graduated in Mathematics from Chirawa college, Chirawa in Jhunjhunu in 1980. His marriage was solemnised to Mrs Santosh on 15 June 1983. | [
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9618570 | 1 | The term emotional affair is used to categorise or explain a type of relationship between people. Discussions that you wouldn't have with your partners. A general sense of with-holding praise, authority without aggression, loss of control without with-holding self love. Sharing a placebo effect with numerous "emotional partners." High levels of non-sexual emotional intimacy in adults may occur without the participants being bound by other intimate relationships or may occur between people in other relationships. Emotional energy bonding withheld -- from the partner being in (a) emotional affair(s). The term often describes a bond between two people that mimics the closeness and emotional intimacy of a romantic relationship while never being physically consummated. An emotional affair is sometimes referred to as an affair of the heart. An emotional affair may emerge from a friendship, and progress toward greater levels of personal intimacy and attachment. What distinguishes an emotional affair from a friendship is the assumption of emotional roles between the two participants that mimic of those of an actual relationship - with regards to confiding personal information and turning to the other person during moments of vulnerability or need. | The term emotional affair categorises or explains a type of relationship between people. High levels of platonic emotional intimacy in adults may occur without the participants being bound by other intimate relationships or may occur between people in other relationships. The term often describes a bond between two people that mimics the closeness and emotional intimacy of a romantic relationship while not being physically consummated. An emotional affair is sometimes referred to as an affair of the heart. An emotional affair may emerge from a friendship, and progress toward greater levels of personal intimacy and attachment. What distinguishes an emotional affair from a friendship is the assumption of emotional roles between the two participants that mimic of those of an actual relationship - with regards to confiding personal information and turning to the other person during moments of vulnerability or need. | [
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962035 | 1 | Propagating seismic waves (bottom) and related travel time diagram (top) of the direct (blue) and the first refracted phase (green) Seismic refraction is a geophysical principle (see refraction) governed by Snell's Law . Used in the fields of engineering geology, geotechnical engineering and exploration geophysics , seismic refraction traverses (seismic lines) are performed using a seismograph(s) and/or geophone(s) , in an array and an energy source. The seismic refraction method utilizes the refraction of seismic waves on geologic layers and rock/soil units in order to characterize the subsurface geologic conditions and geologic structure. The methods depend on the fact that seismic waves have differing velocities in different types of soil (or rock): in addition, the waves are refracted when they cross the boundary between different types (or conditions) of soil or rock. The methods enable the general soil types and the approximate depth to strata boundaries, or to bedrock, to be determined. P-Wave Refraction (a.k.a. Compression Wave Refraction) S-Wave Refraction (a.k.a. Shear Wave Refraction) Two Horizontal Layers. 800px|center|Two layers model. Several Horizontal Layers. | Propagating seismic waves (bottom) and related travel time diagram (top) of the direct (blue) and the first refracted phase (green) Seismic refraction is a geophysical principle governed by Snell's Law of refraction. The seismic refraction method utilizes the refraction of seismic waves by rock or soil layers to characterize the subsurface geologic conditions and geologic structure. Seismic refraction is exploited in engineering geology, geotechnical engineering and exploration geophysics . Seismic refraction traverses (seismic lines) are performed using an array of seismograph(s) and/or geophone(s) and an energy source. The methods depend on the fact that seismic waves have differing velocities in different types of soil or rock. The waves are refracted when they cross the boundary between different types (or conditions) of soil or rock. The methods enable the general soil types and the approximate depth to strata boundaries, or to bedrock, to be determined. P-wave refraction S-wave refraction Two horizontal layers 800px|center|Two layers model. Several horizontal layers | [
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9624728 | 1 | An Information School (sometimes abbreviated I-school or iSchool) is a university-level institution committed to understanding the role of information in nature and human endeavors. Synonyms include "School of Information", "Department of Information Studies", or "Information Department". Information Schools faculty conduct research into the fundamental aspects of information and related technologies. In addition to granting academic degrees, information schools educate information professionals, researchers, and scholars for an increasingly information-driven world. See also Education for librarianship Information age List of Information Schools Outline of information science Outline of library science Systems science Bibliography Cronin, B. (2005). An I-dentity crisis? The information schools movement. International Journal of Information Management, 25: 363–365. Debons, A. & Harmon, G. (2006) The I-Conference in Retrospect. Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, April/May. Larsen, R. (2005). An interview with Ron Larsen about I-schools. Coalition for Networked Information, 27-minute audio recording. | An information school (sometimes abbreviated I-school or iSchool) is a university-level institution committed to understanding the role of information in nature and human endeavors. Synonyms include school of information, department of information studies, or information department. Information schools faculty conduct research into the fundamental aspects of information and related technologies. In addition to granting academic degrees, information schools educate information professionals, researchers, and scholars for an increasingly information-driven world. See also Education for librarianship Information age List of information schools Outline of information science Outline of library science Systems science Bibliography Cronin, B. (2005). An I-dentity crisis? The information schools movement. International Journal of Information Management, 25: 363–365. Debons, A. & Harmon, G. (2006) The I-Conference in Retrospect. Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, April/May. Larsen, R. (2005). An interview with Ron Larsen about I-schools. Coalition for Networked Information, 27-minute audio recording. | [
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9629242 | 1 | Literature Winfried Gräf: Maschinensicherheit. Hüthig GmbH & Co. KG, Heidelberg 2004, Armin Schwarz und Matthias Brinkmann: Praxis Profiline – SafetyBUS p – Volume D/J/E. Vogel Industrie Medien GmbH & Co. KG, Würzburg 2004, Armin Schwarz und Matthias Brinkmann: Praxis Profiline – SafetyBUS p – Volume D/E. Vogel Industrie Medien GmbH & Co. KG, Würzburg 2002, EU machinery directive: 98/37/EG Working paper BIA: Prüfgrundsätzen für sichere Bussysteme Reinert, D.; Schaefer, M.: Sichere Bussysteme für die Automation. Hüthig, Heidelberg 2001. | Literature Winfried Gräf: Maschinensicherheit. Hüthig GmbH & Co. KG, Heidelberg 2004, Armin Schwarz und Matthias Brinkmann: Praxis Profiline – SafetyBUS p – Volume D/J/E. Vogel Industrie Medien GmbH & Co. KG, Würzburg 2004, Armin Schwarz und Matthias Brinkmann: Praxis Profiline – SafetyBUS p – Volume D/E. Vogel Industrie Medien GmbH & Co. KG, Würzburg 2002, EU machinery directive: 98/37/EG IFA Report 2/2017: Funktionale Sicherheit von Maschinensteuerungen – Anwendung der DIN EN ISO 13849 BG ETEM, Prüfgrundsatz GS-ET-26: Bussysteme für die Übertragung sicherheitsrelevanter Nachrichten Reinert, D.; Schaefer, M.: Sichere Bussysteme für die Automation. Hüthig, Heidelberg 2001. | [
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9632 | 1 | Disturbance also plays an important role in ecological processes. F. Stuart Chapin and coauthors define disturbance as "a relatively discrete event in time and space that alters the structure of populations, communities, and ecosystems and causes changes in resource availability or the physical environment ". Chapin et al. (2002), p. 285 This can range from tree falls and insect outbreaks to hurricanes and wildfires to volcanic eruptions. Such disturbances can cause large changes in plant, animal and microbe populations, as well as soil organic matter content. Disturbance is followed by succession, a "directional change in ecosystem structure and functioning resulting from biotically driven changes in resource supply." | Disturbance also plays an important role in ecological processes. F. Stuart Chapin and coauthors define disturbance as "a relatively discrete event in time that removes plant biomass ". This can range from tree falls and insect outbreaks to hurricanes and wildfires to volcanic eruptions. Such disturbances can cause large changes in plant, animal and microbe populations, as well as soil organic matter content. Disturbance is followed by succession, a "directional change in ecosystem structure and functioning resulting from biotically driven changes in resource supply." Chapin et al. (2002), p. 285 | [
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9632 | 2 | Disturbance also plays an important role in ecological processes. F. Stuart Chapin and coauthors define disturbance as "a relatively discrete event in time that removes plant biomass". This can range from tree falls and insect outbreaksto hurricanesand wildfires to volcanic eruptions. Such disturbances can cause large changes in plant, animal and microbe populations, as well as soil organic matter content. Disturbance is followed by succession, a "directional change in ecosystem structure and functioning resulting from biotically driven changes in resource supply." Chapin et al. (2002), p. 285 | Disturbance also plays an important role in ecological processes. F. Stuart Chapin and coauthors define disturbance as "a relatively discrete event in time that removes plant biomass". This can range from herbivore outbreaks, treefalls, fires, hurricanes, floods, glacial advances, to volcanic eruptions. Such disturbances can cause large changes in plant, animal and microbe populations, as well as soil organic matter content. Disturbance is followed by succession, a "directional change in ecosystem structure and functioning resulting from biotically driven changes in resource supply." | [
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9641126 | 1 | Category: Political philosophy Category:Philosophical concepts Category:Critical theory Category:Cultural studies Category:Marxist theory Category:Hegemony Category:Cultural hegemony Category:Continental philosophy Category:Marxism Category:Social theories Category:Postmodern | Category: Concepts in political philosophy Category:Critical theory Category:Cultural studies Category:Marxist theory Category:Hegemony Category:Cultural hegemony Category:Continental philosophy Category:Marxism Category:Social theories Category:Postmodern | [
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9645349 | 1 | National Heritage Conservation Commission The Institution mandated by Cap 173 of the Laws of Zambia to manage and Conserve Zambia's outstanding Cultural and Natural Heritage resources is the National Heritage Conservation Commission (NHCC) which has its headquarters in [Lusaka]. According to ICOMOS (see references), the NHCC’s profile report, it lists over 3000 heritage sites in Zambia, including: historic/architectural/buildings (over 384 sites) historic sites (over 180 sites) anthropological sites (over 189 sites) engineering industrial structures (over 62 sites) archaeological sites (over 2000 sites) geomorphological sites, geophysical sites, palaeontological, ecology and other sites. However, only about 15 \% of the country’s land area has been adequately surveyed for cultural heritage and, due to a shortage of funds, the condition of most of the listed sites is not known .ICOMOS Zambia report online, 2002, website accessed 22 February 2007. | National Heritage Conservation Commission The Institution mandated by Cap 173 of the Laws of Zambia to manage and Conserve Zambia's outstanding Cultural and Natural Heritage resources is the National Heritage Conservation Commission (NHCC) which has its headquarters in [Lusaka]. According to ICOMOS (see references), the NHCC’s profile report, it lists over 4000 heritage sites in Zambia, including: historic/architectural/buildings (over 384 sites) historic sites (over 180 sites) anthropological sites (over 189 sites) engineering industrial structures (over 62 sites) archaeological sites (over 2000 sites) geomorphological sites, geophysical sites, palaeontological, ecology and other sites. However, only about 35 \% of the country’s land area has been adequately surveyed for cultural heritage and, due to a shortage of funds, the condition of most of the listed sites is not known , however, the Commission with the assistance from Government has been making strides to ensure more sites are surveyed and opened to the public. So far out of the 4,000 cultural and natural heritage sites, 101 are declared National Monuments .ICOMOS Zambia report online, 2002, website accessed 22 February 2007. | [
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9645349 | 2 | National Heritage Conservation Commission The Institution mandated by Cap 173 of the Laws of Zambia to manage and Conserve Zambia's outstanding Cultural and Natural Heritage resources is the National Heritage Conservation Commission (NHCC) which has its headquarters in [Lusaka]. According to ICOMOS (see references), the NHCC ’ s profile report, it lists over 4000 heritage sites in Zambia, including: historic/architectural/buildings (over 384 sites) historic sites (over 180 sites) anthropological sites (over 189 sites) engineering industrial structures (over 62 sites) archaeological sites (over 2000 sites) geomorphological sites, geophysical sites, palaeontological, ecology and other sites. However, only about 35\% of the country ’ s land area has been adequately surveyed for cultural heritage and, due to a shortage of funds, the condition of most of the listed sites is not known, however, the Commission with the assistance from Government has been making strides to ensure more sites are surveyed and opened to the public. So far out of the 4,000 cultural and natural heritage sites, 101 are declared National Monuments.ICOMOS Zambia report online, 2002, website accessed 22 February 2007. Ayrshire Farm Rock Engravings, Lusaka Chifubwa Stream Cave 6.4 km from Solwezi at 12°13' S 26°25' E. Gwisho Hot-Springs, Lochinvar National Park, Monze: Late Stone Age human skeletons from about 4,000 years ago. Ing-ombe Ilede, Lusitu, is an archaeological site near the town of Siavonga, at 16°11' S 28°19' E. Kalemba Rock Shelter, Chadiza District, with many rock paintings, at 14°7' S 32°30' E. Kalundu Mound, Kalomo, site of a village from at least the ninth century until the twelfth century. Kasamba Stream Grinding Grooves, Samfya — Iron Age site 1.6 km south of boma where axes and iron implements were sharpened, at 11°20' S 29°33' E. Kundabwika Rock Painting — near Kundabwika Falls, 96 km north-west of Mporokoso at 9°13' S 29°19' E. Leopards Hill Cave, Lusaka District. Libala Limestone, Lusaka next to Lusaka Primary School along Chilimbulu road. Makwe Rock Shelter, Katete: Late Stone Age site which yielded many tools, (6000 years old) 3.2 km S of Kondwelani School, at 14°24' S, 31°56' E Maramba Quarry Site, Livingstone — first stratified site of the Middle Pleistocene Hope Fountain Culture in Southern Africa, north side of town. Mkomo Rock Shelter — Iron Age rock shelter and paintings, 64 km west of Chipata at 13°54' S 32°12' E. Mumbwa Caves — in Central Province these caves contain burial sites and evidence of iron smelting and are the site of the Kaonde people's Musaka Jikubi Ceremony. 14°59' S 27°02' E. Munwa Stream Rock Engravings — in Mwense district at 10°29' S 28°40' E. Mwela Rock Paintings, Kasama, 4.8 km from centre, north of the Kasama-Isoka road at 10°10' S 31°13' E. Nachikufu Cave, Mpika District — 18,000-year-old rock paintings in a cave at 12°15' S 31°10' E. Nachitalo Hill, Mkushi District — rock art 55 km south of Ndola near Msofu mission at 13°32' S 28°59' E. Nsalu Cave & Rock Painting, Serenje District — 12,000-year-old rock paintings 30 km north of Kanona at 12°40 ' S 30°45' E. Nyambwezu Rock Shelter, Mwinilunga District, at Nyambwezu Falls, with paintings similar to Chifubwa Stream Cave, probably about 3,000 years old, at 12°00' 25°10' E. Rocklands Farm Rock Paintings 16.km SE of Chipata, two groups of rock paintings on the west side of Katotola Kopje. Sebanzi Hill, Lochinvar National Park, Monze: 2.7 km WSW of the ranch House, the site of a large Iron Age Village, apparently occupied by the ancestors of the Tonga tribe from about A.D. 1100. Sutherland's Farm Site, Livingstone, including two former terraces of the Maramba River, the lower of which contains a home and workshop site of the Great Handaxe Culture. Thandwe Rock Shelter, Chipata District, rock paintings, at 13°49' S 32°28' E Twickenham Road Archaeological Site, Twickenham Road, Olympia Park, Lusaka. Twin Rivers Kopje, 24 km south-west of Lusaka. Victoria Falls Trust Area Archaeological Sites, Livingstone — 5.6 km west of town on north side of Sesheke road, Early to Later Stone Age sites which are the key for determining the Stone Age cultural sequence in the Upper Zambezi Valley Zawi Hill Rock Paintings, 32km north of Chipata near Kamukwe Village. Administrator's House, Kalomo — capital of North-Western Rhodesia, up to 1911. Castle Hotel, Lundazi, built 1956. Livingstone Memorial, Mpika district — built in 1902 to mark the site where David Livingstone died in 1873. Fort Elwes — fort with stone walls on the Congo Pedicle border north of Mkushi. Fort Monze — 1890s, one of the earliest colonial police posts, 12km SSW of Monze. Fort Young 21km SSE of Chipata on the Nsadzu-Mpezeni road at 13°50' S 32°40' E. Mpongwe Fortified Camp, Mpongwe, consisting of a raised bank and double ditch constructed during a period of raiding into the area by the neighbours of the Lima people, probably about 1870 at 13°31' S 28°9' E. Niamkolo Church, Mpulungu — the oldest surviving church building in Zambia, dating from 1895, near Mpulungu on Lake Tanganyika. Nkala Old Boma — built in 1901 as a fortified police camp, at the top of Kapilika Nakalomwe Hill just outside Kafue National Park. Old Drift, Livingstone — the first colonial settlement dating from the 1890s, next to a good river crossing point; its cemetery is in the game park section of the Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park. Old Government House, Livingstone — the main government office and governor's residence 1907-1935 when Livingstone was the capital of North-Western Rhodesia and Northern Rhodesia. Tanganyika Victoria Memorial Institute, Mbala: Technical Institute built around 1905 in memory of Queen Victoria. "The Good News" Monument, Mbala District: commemorating the launching of the London Missionary Society's steamship, The Good News, in 1884. On the Lovu or Lufubu River 6.4 km upstream from Lake Tanganyika at 8°35' S 30°45' E. Chambeshi Monument — located near the north end of Chambeshi Bridge at the spot where German East African forces agreed a cease-fire on 14 November 1918 marking the end of World War I. Collier Monument — to prospector William Collier ’ s 1902 discovery of copper ore at the Roan Antelope Mine in Luanshya. Lusaka Thermal Power Station, Great East Road, Lusaka. Moir And Bell Monument: Mufulira Copper Mines, where the prospectors, J. Moir and G. Bell, discovered copper-bearing ore in 1923. Zambezi Sawmills (Mulobezi) Railway Locomotive Sheds at Livingstone — c1920, now the site of the Livingstone Railway Museum. Kota Kota Penisnula in Gwembe Valley, Southern Province Barotse Plains Cultural Landscape in Mongu. Western Province Lunsemfwa Wonder Gorge and Bell Point: Mkushi District at the confluence of the Lunsemfwa and Mkushi Rivers at 14°39' S 29°07' E. About 75 km east-southeast of Kabwe, Zambia, the Lunsemfwa River cuts a 500m deep gash, known as The Wonder Gorge, through the lip of the Muchinga Escarpment (viewed from Bell ’ s Point). The antenna atop the Taipei 101 skyscraper, the world ’ s tallest building, would just protrude above the rim of this gorge. Chipoma Falls on the Chimanabuwi River, 24 km SSW of Chinsali at 10°46' S 32°01' E. Chirundu Fossil Forest — 50,000-year-old fossil trees, 21 km west of Chirundu at 16°02' S 28°40' E. Chisimba Falls on the Luombe River 7.2 km from Chilubula Mission in Kasama District. Hippo Pool, Chingola on the Kafue River. Kalambo Falls, Mbala District — falls and archaeological site of early human habitation (the falls is shared with Tanzania. Kundabwika Falls on the Kalungwishi River in Kaputa District at 9°13' S 29°19' E Kundalila Falls on the Kaombe River, 12.8 km SE of Kanona in Serenje District. Lake Chirengwa (Sunken Lake) 14 km E of Ndola at 12°58' S 28°45' E. Lake Kashiba SW of Luanshya: a 100 m deep sunken lake at 13°27'S, 27°56'E. Lumangwe Falls on the Kalungwishi River between Mporokoso and Kawambwa Districts at 9°32'35 S 29°23'16 E. Ntumbachushi Falls on the Ngona River, Kawambwa District, at 9°52'S, 28°58'E Zambezi Source, Mwinilunga District: source of the Zambezi river and a botanical reserve, part of Zambezi Source National Forest. | National Heritage Conservation Commission The Institution mandated by Cap 173 of the Laws of Zambia to manage and Conserve Zambia's outstanding Cultural and Natural Heritage resources is the National Heritage Conservation Commission (NHCC) which has its headquarters in [Lusaka]. According to ICOMOS (see references), the NHCC ' s profile report, it lists over 4000 heritage sites in Zambia, including: historic/architectural/buildings (over 384 sites) historic sites (over 180 sites) anthropological sites (over 189 sites) engineering industrial structures (over 62 sites) archaeological sites (over 2000 sites) geomorphological sites, geophysical sites, palaeontological, ecology and other sites. However, only about 35\% of the country ' s land area has been adequately surveyed for cultural heritage and, due to a shortage of funds, the condition of most of the listed sites is not known, however, the Commission with the assistance from Government has been making strides to ensure more sites are surveyed and opened to the public. So far out of the 4,000 cultural and natural heritage sites, 101 are declared National Monuments.ICOMOS Zambia report online, 2002, website accessed 22 February 2007. Ayrshire Farm Rock Engravings, Lusaka Chifubwa Stream Cave 6.4 km from Solwezi at 12°13' S 26°25' E. Gwisho Hot-Springs, Lochinvar National Park, Monze: Late Stone Age human skeletons from about 4,000 years ago. Ing-ombe Ilede, Lusitu, is an archaeological site near the town of Siavonga, at 16°11' S 28°19' E. Kalemba Rock Shelter, Chadiza District, with many rock paintings, at 14°7' S 32°30' E. Kalundu Mound, Kalomo, site of a village from at least the ninth century until the twelfth century. Kasamba Stream Grinding Grooves, Samfya — Iron Age site 1.6 km south of boma where axes and iron implements were sharpened, at 11°20' S 29°33' E. Kundabwika Rock Painting — near Kundabwika Falls, 96 km north-west of Mporokoso at 9°13' S 29°19' E. Leopards Hill Cave, Lusaka District. Libala Limestone, Lusaka next to Lusaka Primary School along Chilimbulu road. Makwe Rock Shelter, Katete: Late Stone Age site which yielded many tools, (6000 years old) 3.2 km S of Kondwelani School, at 14°24' S, 31°56' E Maramba Quarry Site, Livingstone — first stratified site of the Middle Pleistocene Hope Fountain Culture in Southern Africa, north side of town. Mkomo Rock Shelter — Iron Age rock shelter and paintings, 64 km west of Chipata at 13°54' S 32°12' E. Mumbwa Caves — in Central Province these caves contain burial sites and evidence of iron smelting and are the site of the Kaonde people's Musaka Jikubi Ceremony. 14°59' S 27°02' E. Munwa Stream Rock Engravings — in Mwense district at 10°29' S 28°40' E. Mwela Rock Paintings, Kasama, 4.8 km from centre, north of the Kasama-Isoka road at 10°10' S 31°13' E. Nachikufu Cave, Mpika District — 18,000-year-old rock paintings in a cave at 12°15' S 31°10' E. Nachitalo Hill, Mkushi District — rock art 55 km south of Ndola near Msofu mission at 13°32' S 28°59' E. Nsalu Cave & Rock Painting, Serenje District — 12,000-year-old rock paintings 30 km north of Kanona at 12°40 ' S 30°45' E. Nyambwezu Rock Shelter, Mwinilunga District, at Nyambwezu Falls, with paintings similar to Chifubwa Stream Cave, probably about 3,000 years old, at 12°00' 25°10' E. Rocklands Farm Rock Paintings 16.km SE of Chipata, two groups of rock paintings on the west side of Katotola Kopje. Sebanzi Hill, Lochinvar National Park, Monze: 2.7 km WSW of the ranch House, the site of a large Iron Age Village, apparently occupied by the ancestors of the Tonga tribe from about A.D. 1100. Sutherland's Farm Site, Livingstone, including two former terraces of the Maramba River, the lower of which contains a home and workshop site of the Great Handaxe Culture. Thandwe Rock Shelter, Chipata District, rock paintings, at 13°49' S 32°28' E Twickenham Road Archaeological Site, Twickenham Road, Olympia Park, Lusaka. Twin Rivers Kopje, 24 km south-west of Lusaka. Victoria Falls Trust Area Archaeological Sites, Livingstone — 5.6 km west of town on north side of Sesheke road, Early to Later Stone Age sites which are the key for determining the Stone Age cultural sequence in the Upper Zambezi Valley Zawi Hill Rock Paintings, 32 km north of Chipata near Kamukwe Village. Administrator's House, Kalomo — capital of North-Western Rhodesia, up to 1911. Castle Hotel, Lundazi, built 1956. Livingstone Memorial, Mpika district — built in 1902 to mark the site where David Livingstone died in 1873. Fort Elwes — fort with stone walls on the Congo Pedicle border north of Mkushi. Fort Monze — 1890s, one of the earliest colonial police posts, 12 km SSW of Monze. Fort Young 21 km SSE of Chipata on the Nsadzu-Mpezeni road at 13°50' S 32°40' E. Mpongwe Fortified Camp, Mpongwe, consisting of a raised bank and double ditch constructed during a period of raiding into the area by the neighbours of the Lima people, probably about 1870 at 13°31' S 28°9' E. Niamkolo Church, Mpulungu — the oldest surviving church building in Zambia, dating from 1895, near Mpulungu on Lake Tanganyika. Nkala Old Boma — built in 1901 as a fortified police camp, at the top of Kapilika Nakalomwe Hill just outside Kafue National Park. Old Drift, Livingstone — the first colonial settlement dating from the 1890s, next to a good river crossing point; its cemetery is in the game park section of the Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park. Old Government House, Livingstone — the main government office and governor's residence 1907-1935 when Livingstone was the capital of North-Western Rhodesia and Northern Rhodesia. Tanganyika Victoria Memorial Institute, Mbala: Technical Institute built around 1905 in memory of Queen Victoria. "The Good News" Monument, Mbala District: commemorating the launching of the London Missionary Society's steamship, The Good News, in 1884. On the Lovu or Lufubu River 6.4 km upstream from Lake Tanganyika at 8°35' S 30°45' E. Chambeshi Monument — located near the north end of Chambeshi Bridge at the spot where German East African forces agreed a cease-fire on 14 November 1918 marking the end of World War I. Collier Monument — to prospector William Collier ' s 1902 discovery of copper ore at the Roan Antelope Mine in Luanshya. Lusaka Thermal Power Station, Great East Road, Lusaka. Moir And Bell Monument: Mufulira Copper Mines, where the prospectors, J. Moir and G. Bell, discovered copper-bearing ore in 1923. Zambezi Sawmills (Mulobezi) Railway Locomotive Sheds at Livingstone — c1920, now the site of the Livingstone Railway Museum. Kota Kota Peninsula in Gwembe Valley, Southern Province Barotse Plains Cultural Landscape in Mongu. Western Province Lunsemfwa Wonder Gorge and Bell Point: Mkushi District at the confluence of the Lunsemfwa and Mkushi Rivers at 14°39' S 29°07' E. About 75 km east-southeast of Kabwe, Zambia, the Lunsemfwa River cuts a 500m deep gash, known as The Wonder Gorge, through the lip of the Muchinga Escarpment (viewed from Bell ' s Point). The antenna atop the Taipei 101 skyscraper, the world ' s tallest building, would just protrude above the rim of this gorge. Chipoma Falls on the Chimanabuwi River, 24 km SSW of Chinsali at 10°46' S 32°01' E. Chirundu Fossil Forest — 50,000-year-old fossil trees, 21 km west of Chirundu at 16°02' S 28°40' E. Chisimba Falls on the Luombe River 7.2 km from Chilubula Mission in Kasama District. Hippo Pool, Chingola on the Kafue River. Kalambo Falls, Mbala District — falls and archaeological site of early human habitation (the falls is shared with Tanzania. Kundabwika Falls on the Kalungwishi River in Kaputa District at 9°13' S 29°19' E Kundalila Falls on the Kaombe River, 12.8 km SE of Kanona in Serenje District. Lake Chirengwa (Sunken Lake) 14 km E of Ndola at 12°58' S 28°45' E. Lake Kashiba SW of Luanshya: a 100 m deep sunken lake at 13°27'S, 27°56'E. Lumangwe Falls on the Kalungwishi River between Mporokoso and Kawambwa Districts at 9°32'35 S 29°23'16 E. 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964610 | 1 | Border states or European buffer states was a political term used in the West before World War II, and referring to the European nations that won their independence from the Russian Empire after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, the treaty of Brest-Litovsk , and ultimately the defeat of the German Empire and Austria-Hungary in World War I. During the 20th century interwar period the nations of Western Europe implemented a border states policy which aimed at uniting these nations in defense against the Soviet Union and communist expansionism. The border states were interchangeably Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania , and, until their annexation into the Soviet Union, short-lived Belarus and Ukraine. The policy tended to see the border states as a cordon sanitaire, or buffer states, separating Western Europe from the newly formed Soviet Union.Stephanie C. Salzmann, Great Britain, Germany and the Soviet Union, Boydell Press 2013. Page 91. "Both countries regarded eastern Europe as a potential future troublespot due to the numerous conflicting interests... The border states were now regarded as a cordon sanitaire against the spread of communism beyond Soviet Russia,..." This policy was very successful. At the time, the Soviet Union's foreign policy was driven by the trotskyist idea of permanent revolution, the end goal of which was to spread communism worldwide through perpetual warfare. However, the Soviet advance to the west was halted by Poland, who managed to defeat the Red Army during the Polish–Soviet War. Following the war, Polish leader Józef Piłsudski made attempts to unify the border states under a federation called Intermarium, but disputes and different allegiances between and within the group of states prevented such a thing from happening, leaving them more susceptible to possible incursions by their more powerful neighbors. The matter was further complicated by the rise of the expansionist Nazi Germany to the west. In 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, which included a secret clause that sanctioned the partitioning of several border states between the two regimes in the event of war. Only nine days after this treaty was signed, Nazi Germany invaded Poland, and the Soviets followed suit shortly after, beginning World War II in Europe. After the end of the war, all border states except for Finland were transferred to Soviet occupation as a result of the Western betrayal , although Finland had already ceded some of its territory to the Soviet Union following the Winter War. | Border states , or European buffer states , were the European nations that won their independence from the Russian Empire after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and ultimately the defeat of the German Empire and Austria-Hungary in World War I. During the interwar period, the nations of Western Europe implemented a border states policy , which aimed at uniting them in protection against the Soviet Union and communist expansionism. The border states were interchangeably Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and, until their annexation into the Soviet Union, short-lived Belarus and Ukraine. The policy tended to see the border states as a cordon sanitaire, or buffer states, separating Western Europe from the newly formed Soviet Union.Stephanie C. Salzmann, Great Britain, Germany and the Soviet Union, Boydell Press 2013. Page 91. "Both countries regarded eastern Europe as a potential future troublespot due to the numerous conflicting interests... . The border states were now regarded as a cordon sanitaire against the spread of communism beyond Soviet Russia,..." The policy was very successful. At the time, Soviet foreign policy was driven by the Trotskyist idea of permanent revolution, the end goal of which was to spread communism worldwide through perpetual warfare. However, the Soviet advance to the west was halted by Poland, whicglh managed to defeat the Red Army during the Polish–Soviet War. After the war, Polish leader Józef Piłsudski made attempts to unify the border states under a federation called Intermarium, but disputes and different allegiances between and within the group of states prevented such a thing from happening, leaving them more susceptible to possible incursions by their more powerful neighbors. The matter was further complicated by the rise of the expansionist Nazi Germany to the west. In 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, which included a secret clause that sanctioned the partitioning of several border states between the two regimes in the event of war. 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9647304 | 1 | A second plaque in the Bemba language ends with the words Twapela umuchinshi kuli bonse abashipa abalwile mu nkondo iyi which means we honour all brave soldiers in this war. (More Africans than Europeans fought and died on both sides in the East African campaign, thousands more Africans who served as porters (sometimes under force) also died, and the civilian population suffered tremendously). Fred Reid: In Search of Willie Patterson: A Scottish Soldier in the Age of Imperialism Cualann Press, Dunfermaline (2002). p.121. The location of the Monument is on the north bank of the Chambeshi River, near the northern end of the old Chambeshi Bridge (which was built later, this bridge was destroyed by Rhodesian troops during the Rhodesian Bush War, a new bridge was built further upstream) on the Mpika-Kasama road. Most accounts of the war say that Lettow-Vorbeck surrendered at Abercorn (now Mbala), 250 km to the north, giving the impression that he penetrated just the few kilometres to Abercorn from German East Africa, but that is only because he was instructed by the British imperial commanders in Northern Rhodesia to march his undefeated troops there for the official surrender on 23 November 1918. | A second plaque in the Bemba language ends with the words Twapela umuchinshi kuli bonse abashipa abalwile mu nkondo iyi which means we honour all brave soldiers in this war. Fred Reid: In Search of Willie Patterson: A Scottish Soldier in the Age of Imperialism Cualann Press, Dunfermaline (2002). p.121. The location of the Monument is on the north bank of the Chambeshi River, near the northern end of the old Chambeshi Bridge (which was built later, this bridge was destroyed by Rhodesian troops during the Rhodesian Bush War, a new bridge was built further upstream) on the Mpika-Kasama road. Most accounts of the war say that Lettow-Vorbeck surrendered at Abercorn (now Mbala), 250 km to the north, giving the impression that he penetrated just the few kilometres to Abercorn from German East Africa, but that is only because he was instructed by the British military commanders in Northern Rhodesia to march his undefeated troops there for the official surrender on 23 November 1918. Fred Reid: In Search of Willie Patterson: A Scottish Soldier in the Age of Imperialism Cualann Press, Dunfermaline (2002). p.121. | [
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965359 | 1 | Controversy and triumph in the Caribbean Greig was now experimenting with finger-spin to complement his medium pace. He set off to the West Indies with the England team in early 1974 and ran straight into a major controversy. On the second day of the First Test at the Queen's Park Oval in Trinidad, the West Indies had cruised to a first innings lead of 143, thanks mainly to 142 not out from Alvin Kallicharran. With four wickets still in hand, the home team was in a dominant position when the last ball of the day was bowled to Bernard Julien, who blocked it past Greig (fielding in close on the off side) and then headed off to the pavilion with Kallicharran. However, Greig fielded the ball, whirled around, threw down the stumps , and appealed for a run out decision against Kallicharran. Umpire Douglas Sang Hue gave the batsman out, and a near-riot broke outin the crowd. The spectators stormed the ground and laid siege to the pavilion, calling for the decision to be revoked. Technically, the decision was correct as Sang Hue had not called time on the day's play, but Greig 's actions were considered unsporting, and that, together with the crowd's reaction, persuaded the England captain to revoke the appeal. Kallicharran was reinstated the following day, when he took his score to 158. The incident was controversial – some believing it a black stain on his character, others prepared to give him the benefit of the doubt. For his part, Greig claimed that his actions were not premeditated, that his back was to the play and he was unaware thatproceedings were over. If his actions had been premeditated, they would have been rather reckless given the risk of stirring up the notoriously volatile Trinidadian crowd. England convincingly lost the Test and Greig failed with bat and ball . Despite this initial setback , he dominated the remainder of the series, scoring 430 runs at 47.7, taking 24 wickets (most of them with spin) at 22.6 and seven catches. He scored 148, backed up with six wickets, in the third Test in Barbados, 121 in the fourth Test in Guyana and won the fifth Test in Trinidad for his team with bowling figures of 8 for 86 and 5 for 70. Many of his victims in this game were gained via off-spin, a new addition to the Greig repertoire. This victory enabled England to draw the series. | Controversy and triumph in the Caribbean Greig was now experimenting with finger-spin to complement his medium pace. He set off to the West Indies with the England team in early 1974 and ran straight into a major controversy. On the second day of the First Test at the Queen's Park Oval in Trinidad, the West Indies had cruised to a first innings lead of 143, thanks mainly to 142 not out from Alvin Kallicharran. With four wickets still in hand, the home team was in a dominant position when the last ball of the day was bowled to Bernard Julien, who blocked it past Greig (fielding in close on the off side) and then headed off to the pavilion with Kallicharran. According to Wisden India: "Julien fended towards Greig’s right, and thought he’d seen off the day as he turned around and began walking back. Alan Knott, the England wicketkeeper, seemed to think the same as he dislodged the stumps, but even as he did so, Greig, who had collected the ball, threw down the stumps at the non-striker’s end, with Kallicharan already out of the crease, on the way to the dressing room. Greig appealed, and the umpire gave it out. There was confusion as everyone in the venue came to terms with what had happened. Some only realised when the wickets column on the scoreboard ticked over to seven, and according to an ESPNcricinfo piece looking back at the incident, the crowd began to boo. The commentators on radio speculated that, given Knott had dislodged the stumps before Greig broke the stumps, the ball was dead, and on the basis of that, the scoreboard reverted to 274-6. However, there was a lot more to it than that. In a meeting involving the two captains, the West Indies board representatives and England’s tour manager Donald Carr, it was decided – after two and a half hours – that Kallicharan would be reinstated, despite the umpire standing by his call. In a press conference the next day – a rest day – the captains announced that, in the “interest of cricket as a whole” the appeal against Kallicharan had been withdrawn. The statement also contained an apology from Greig, with the Englishman and Kallicharan publicly shaking hands when play resumed." West Indies secured a seven-wicket victory in the test, Greig making only a modest contribution with the bat. This was not the last time Greig courted controversy both on and off the field . 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965390 | 1 | The matching hypothesis (also known as the matching phenomenon) is derived from the discipline of social psychology and was first proposed by Elaine Hatfield and her colleagues in 1966, Walster, E., Aronson, V., Abrahams, D., & Rottman, L. (1966). Importance of physical attractiveness in dating behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4(5), 508-516 . which suggests why people become attracted to their partner. It claims that people are more likely to form and succeed in a committed relationship with someone who is equally socially desirable. This is often researched in the form of physical attraction . | The matching hypothesis (also known as the matching phenomenon) argues that people are more likely to form and succeed in a committed relationship with someone who is equally socially desirable, typically in the form of physical attraction. The hypothesis is derived from the discipline of social psychology and was first proposed by American social psychologist Elaine Hatfield and her colleagues in 1966. Walster, E., Aronson, V., Abrahams, D., & Rottman, L. (1966). Importance of physical attractiveness in dating behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4(5), 508-516 . | [
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966006 | 1 | He is the wealthiest man in Russia and the 44th richest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of $31.7 billion, according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index. His long-term business partner was Mikhail Prokhorov until they decided to split in 2007. Subsequently, they put their mutual assets in a holding company, Folletina Trading, until their asset division was agreed upon. In January 2018, Potanin appeared on the US Treasury's "Putin list" of 210 individuals closely associated with Russian president Vladimir Putin. The FBI announced in July 2018 that ByteGrid, a data solutions provider contracted to store Maryland State Board of Elections data, was owned by a private equity firm in which Potanin is an investor. A retroactive investigative report issued by the US Department of Homeland Security's National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center found no indication that the MDSBE corporate network had been compromised. The contract has since been transferred to Intelishift as a precaution. Early life and education Potanin was born in Moscow, in the former USSR, into a high-ranking communist family. In 1978, he attended the faculty of the International economic relations at Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO), which groomed students for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Upon graduating MGIMO in 1983, he followed in his father's footsteps and went to work for the FTO "Soyuzpromexport" with the Ministry of Foreign trade of the Soviet Union. Career Beginnings (1991–1998) During perestroika, Potanin quit the State's structures of Foreign trade and in 1991 created the private association Interros using his knowledge gathered at Ministry of Foreign trade and his previous professional network. In 1993, Potanin became President of the newly formed United Export Import Bank (ONEKSIMbank) () (akas: Uneximbank; Onexim Bank; Oneksimbank).Объединенный экспортно-импортный банк "ОНЭКСИМ-банк": аналитический обзор 1997 год Oneksimbank is the financial twin of MFK and was also known as the ONEKSIMbank-MFK banking group which was also close to Andrey Vavilov."Справка Сорокина" о залоговых аукционах 1995 года и их последствиях: Методы и последствия приватизации "Норильского никеля""Умный, хваткий, с авантюрной жилкой" Potanin is a close supporter of Anatoly Chubais who introduced Potanin to Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin.Объединенный экспортно-импортный банк "ОНЭКСИМ-банк": аналитический обзор 1997 год Potanin is very hostile to the "Jewish banking lobby" (): Gusinsky, Khodorkovsky, Smolensky, etc.Жизнь и бизнес олигарха: Потанин Владимир Олегович (9) During the Iraq oil for food program, his bank ONEKSIMbank facilitated the illegal sale and illegal shipments of Russian weapons in 1994 with some of the funds exported using Hansabank to Estonia. According to his ONEKSIMBANK security service which was headed by former senior KGB officer V.P. Buchumov () and works closely with the "Fort" private security firm () which is headed by his wife N. A. Kaya (), Potanin received support from Oleg Boyko through both the Konvent Association () and Olby-Diplomat JSC () and also from Zelenin through Microdin (). This led to Potanin linked to the Russian mafia through both the Solntsevskaya bratva and Dolgoprudnenskaya bratva. In 1995, Potanin was instrumental in the creation of the "loans for shares" auctions that became a fundamental pillar of Russia's post-Soviet economic reform. The auctions allowed the selling-off of Russian firms' assets at below market prices and are regarded as the founding moment of Russia's oligarchy. According to the New York Times, the auctions plan is "Regarded today almost universally as an act of colossal criminality." From 14 August 1996 until 17 March 1997, he worked as First Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation. In 1997, Boris Jordan introduced George Soros to Potanin which led to the Soros Group supported by Potanin, Anatoly Chubais, and Alfred Koch to have the controlling stake in the Russian communications monopoly over the Berezovsky-Gusinsky group. One year later Soros admitted that his large investment in Svyazinvest was mistake.Тихий американец или 5 российских скандалов из жизни Бориса Йордана Since August 1998, Potanin has held the positions of both President and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Interros Company. On November 25, 1998, Potanin recommended Boris Jordan to be Chairman of Sidanko which Jordan held until February 1999 when he stepped down.Йордан Борис Алексеевич ("Панорама") Norilsk Nickel Potanin and his long-term business partner Mikhail Prokhorov acquired Norilsk Nickel in the early 1990s under the "loans for shares" scheme, owning between them 54\% of the firm. Potanin owns a 34\% stake. They streamlined operations and turned Norilsk Nickel into a modern corporation. Dispute with Mikhail Prokhorov In 2007, Potanin split with Prokhorov, citing Prokhorov's brief detention by French police over soliciting prostitution as the reason and announced the intent to acquire Prokhorov's Norilsk Nickel assets for a reported $ 1 billion. Prokhorov offered to sell his 25\% stake for $15 billion. However, Potanin refused the deal and it never came to pass. | He is the wealthiest man in Russia and the 44th richest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of $31.7 billion, according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index. His long-term business partner was Mikhail Prokhorov until they decided to split in 2007. Subsequently, they put their mutual assets in a holding company, Folletina Trading, until their asset division was agreed upon. In January 2018, Potanin appeared on the US Treasury's "Putin list" of 210 individuals closely associated with Russian president Vladimir Putin. The FBI announced in July 2018 that ByteGrid, a data solutions provider contracted to store Maryland State Board of Elections data, was owned by a private equity firm in which Potanin is an investor. A retroactive investigative report issued by the US Department of Homeland Security's National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center found no indication that the MDSBE corporate network had been compromised. The contract has since been transferred to Intelishift as a precaution. Early life and education Potanin was born in Moscow, in the former USSR, into a high-ranking communist family. In 1978, he attended the faculty of the International economic relations at Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO), which groomed students for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Upon graduating MGIMO in 1983, he followed in his father's footsteps and went to work for the FTO "Soyuzpromexport" with the Ministry of Foreign trade of the Soviet Union. Career Beginnings (1991–1998) During perestroika, Potanin quit the State's structures of Foreign trade and in 1991 created the private association Interros using his knowledge gathered at Ministry of Foreign trade and his previous professional network. In 1993, Potanin became President of the newly formed United Export Import Bank (ONEKSIMbank) () (akas: Uneximbank; Onexim Bank; Oneksimbank).Объединенный экспортно-импортный банк "ОНЭКСИМ-банк": аналитический обзор 1997 год Oneksimbank is the financial twin of MFK and was also known as the ONEKSIMbank-MFK banking group which was also close to Andrey Vavilov."Справка Сорокина" о залоговых аукционах 1995 года и их последствиях: Методы и последствия приватизации "Норильского никеля""Умный, хваткий, с авантюрной жилкой" Potanin is a close supporter of Anatoly Chubais who introduced Potanin to Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin.Объединенный экспортно-импортный банк "ОНЭКСИМ-банк": аналитический обзор 1997 год During the Iraq oil for food program, his bank ONEKSIMbank facilitated the illegal sale and illegal shipments of Russian weapons in 1994 with some of the funds exported using Hansabank to Estonia.Жизнь и бизнес олигарха: Потанин Владимир Олегович (9) In 1995, Potanin was instrumental in the creation of the "loans for shares" auctions that became a fundamental pillar of Russia's post-Soviet economic reform. The auctions allowed the selling-off of Russian firms' assets at below market prices and are regarded as the founding moment of Russia's oligarchy. According to the New York Times, the auctions plan is "Regarded today almost universally as an act of colossal criminality." From 14 August 1996 until 17 March 1997, he worked as First Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation. In 1997, Boris Jordan introduced George Soros to Potanin which led to the Soros Group supported by Potanin, Anatoly Chubais, and Alfred Koch to have the controlling stake in the Russian communications monopoly over the Berezovsky-Gusinsky group. One year later Soros admitted that his large investment in Svyazinvest was mistake.Тихий американец или 5 российских скандалов из жизни Бориса Йордана Since August 1998, Potanin has held the positions of both President and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Interros Company. On November 25, 1998, Potanin recommended Boris Jordan to be Chairman of Sidanko which Jordan held until February 1999 when he stepped down.Йордан Борис Алексеевич ("Панорама") Norilsk Nickel Potanin and his long-term business partner Mikhail Prokhorov acquired Norilsk Nickel in the early 1990s under the "loans for shares" scheme, owning between them 54\% of the firm. Potanin owns a 34\% stake. They streamlined operations and turned Norilsk Nickel into a modern corporation. Dispute with Mikhail Prokhorov In 2007, Potanin split with Prokhorov, citing Prokhorov's brief detention by French police over soliciting prostitution as the reason and announced the intent to acquire Prokhorov's Norilsk Nickel assets for a reported $ 1 billion. Prokhorov offered to sell his 25\% stake for $15 billion. However, Potanin refused the deal and it never came to pass. | [
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"before": "$31.7 billion, according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index. His long-term business partner was Mikhail Prokhorov until they decided to split in 2007. Subsequently, they put their mutual assets in a holding company, Folletina Trading, until their asset division was agreed upon. In January 2018, Potanin appeared on the US Treasury's \"Putin list\" of 210 individuals closely associated with Russian president Vladimir Putin. The FBI announced in July 2018 that ByteGrid, a data solutions provider contracted to store Maryland State Board of Elections data, was owned by a private equity firm in which Potanin is an investor. A retroactive investigative report issued by the US Department of Homeland Security's National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center found no indication that the MDSBE corporate network had been compromised. The contract has since been transferred to Intelishift as a precaution. Early life and education Potanin was born in Moscow, in the former USSR, into a high-ranking communist family. In 1978, he attended the faculty of the International economic relations at Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO), which groomed students for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Upon graduating MGIMO in 1983, he followed in his father's footsteps and went to work for the FTO \"Soyuzpromexport\" with the Ministry of Foreign trade of the Soviet Union. Career Beginnings (1991–1998) During perestroika, Potanin quit the State's structures of Foreign trade and in 1991 created the private association Interros using his knowledge gathered at Ministry of Foreign trade and his previous professional network. In 1993, Potanin became President of the newly formed United Export Import Bank (ONEKSIMbank) () (akas: Uneximbank; Onexim Bank; Oneksimbank).Объединенный экспортно-импортный банк \"ОНЭКСИМ-банк\": аналитический обзор 1997 год Oneksimbank is the financial twin of MFK and was also known as the ONEKSIMbank-MFK banking group which was also close to Andrey Vavilov.\"Справка Сорокина\" о залоговых аукционах 1995 года и их последствиях: Методы и последствия приватизации \"Норильского никеля\"\"Умный, хваткий, с авантюрной жилкой\" Potanin is a close supporter of Anatoly Chubais who introduced Potanin to Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin.Объединенный экспортно-импортный банк \"ОНЭКСИМ-банк\": аналитический обзор 1997 год Potanin is very hostile to the \"Jewish banking lobby\" (): Gusinsky, Khodorkovsky, Smolensky, etc.Жизнь и бизнес олигарха: Потанин Владимир Олегович (9) During the Iraq oil for food program, his bank ONEKSIMbank facilitated the illegal sale and illegal shipments of Russian weapons in 1994 with some of the funds exported using Hansabank to Estonia. According to his ONEKSIMBANK security service which was headed by former senior KGB officer V.P. Buchumov () and works closely with the \"Fort\" private security firm () which is headed by his wife N. A. Kaya (), Potanin received support from Oleg Boyko through both the Konvent Association () and Olby-Diplomat JSC () and also from Zelenin through Microdin (). This led to Potanin linked to the Russian mafia through both the Solntsevskaya bratva and Dolgoprudnenskaya bratva. In 1995, Potanin was instrumental in the creation of the \"loans for shares\" auctions that became a fundamental pillar of Russia's post-Soviet economic reform. The auctions allowed the selling-off of Russian firms' assets at below market prices and are regarded as the founding moment of Russia's oligarchy. According to the New York Times, the auctions plan is \"Regarded today almost universally as an act of colossal criminality.\" From 14 August 1996 until 17 March 1997, he worked as First Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation. In 1997, Boris Jordan introduced George Soros to Potanin which led to the Soros Group supported by Potanin, Anatoly Chubais, and Alfred Koch to have the controlling stake in the Russian communications monopoly over the Berezovsky-Gusinsky group. One year later Soros admitted that his large investment in Svyazinvest was mistake.Тихий американец или 5 российских скандалов из жизни Бориса Йордана Since August 1998, Potanin has held the positions of both President and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Interros Company. On November 25, 1998, Potanin recommended Boris Jordan to be Chairman of Sidanko which Jordan held until February 1999 when he stepped down.Йордан Борис Алексеевич (\"Панорама\") Norilsk Nickel Potanin and his long-term business partner Mikhail Prokhorov acquired Norilsk Nickel in the early 1990s under the \"loans for shares\" scheme, owning between them 54\\% of the firm. Potanin owns a 34\\% stake. They streamlined operations and turned Norilsk Nickel into a modern corporation. Dispute with Mikhail Prokhorov In 2007, Potanin split with Prokhorov, citing Prokhorov's brief detention by French police over soliciting prostitution as the reason and announced the intent to acquire Prokhorov's Norilsk Nickel assets for a reported $",
"after": "$31.7 billion, according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index. His long-term business partner was Mikhail Prokhorov until they decided to split in 2007. Subsequently, they put their mutual assets in a holding company, Folletina Trading, until their asset division was agreed upon. In January 2018, Potanin appeared on the US Treasury's \"Putin list\" of 210 individuals closely associated with Russian president Vladimir Putin. The FBI announced in July 2018 that ByteGrid, a data solutions provider contracted to store Maryland State Board of Elections data, was owned by a private equity firm in which Potanin is an investor. A retroactive investigative report issued by the US Department of Homeland Security's National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center found no indication that the MDSBE corporate network had been compromised. The contract has since been transferred to Intelishift as a precaution. Early life and education Potanin was born in Moscow, in the former USSR, into a high-ranking communist family. In 1978, he attended the faculty of the International economic relations at Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO), which groomed students for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Upon graduating MGIMO in 1983, he followed in his father's footsteps and went to work for the FTO \"Soyuzpromexport\" with the Ministry of Foreign trade of the Soviet Union. Career Beginnings (1991–1998) During perestroika, Potanin quit the State's structures of Foreign trade and in 1991 created the private association Interros using his knowledge gathered at Ministry of Foreign trade and his previous professional network. In 1993, Potanin became President of the newly formed United Export Import Bank (ONEKSIMbank) () (akas: Uneximbank; Onexim Bank; Oneksimbank).Объединенный экспортно-импортный банк \"ОНЭКСИМ-банк\": аналитический обзор 1997 год Oneksimbank is the financial twin of MFK and was also known as the ONEKSIMbank-MFK banking group which was also close to Andrey Vavilov.\"Справка Сорокина\" о залоговых аукционах 1995 года и их последствиях: Методы и последствия приватизации \"Норильского никеля\"\"Умный, хваткий, с авантюрной жилкой\" Potanin is a close supporter of Anatoly Chubais who introduced Potanin to Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin.Объединенный экспортно-импортный банк \"ОНЭКСИМ-банк\": аналитический обзор 1997 год During the Iraq oil for food program, his bank ONEKSIMbank facilitated the illegal sale and illegal shipments of Russian weapons in 1994 with some of the funds exported using Hansabank to Estonia.Жизнь и бизнес олигарха: Потанин Владимир Олегович (9) In 1995, Potanin was instrumental in the creation of the \"loans for shares\" auctions that became a fundamental pillar of Russia's post-Soviet economic reform. The auctions allowed the selling-off of Russian firms' assets at below market prices and are regarded as the founding moment of Russia's oligarchy. According to the New York Times, the auctions plan is \"Regarded today almost universally as an act of colossal criminality.\" From 14 August 1996 until 17 March 1997, he worked as First Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation. In 1997, Boris Jordan introduced George Soros to Potanin which led to the Soros Group supported by Potanin, Anatoly Chubais, and Alfred Koch to have the controlling stake in the Russian communications monopoly over the Berezovsky-Gusinsky group. One year later Soros admitted that his large investment in Svyazinvest was mistake.Тихий американец или 5 российских скандалов из жизни Бориса Йордана Since August 1998, Potanin has held the positions of both President and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Interros Company. On November 25, 1998, Potanin recommended Boris Jordan to be Chairman of Sidanko which Jordan held until February 1999 when he stepped down.Йордан Борис Алексеевич (\"Панорама\") Norilsk Nickel Potanin and his long-term business partner Mikhail Prokhorov acquired Norilsk Nickel in the early 1990s under the \"loans for shares\" scheme, owning between them 54\\% of the firm. Potanin owns a 34\\% stake. They streamlined operations and turned Norilsk Nickel into a modern corporation. Dispute with Mikhail Prokhorov In 2007, Potanin split with Prokhorov, citing Prokhorov's brief detention by French police over soliciting prostitution as the reason and announced the intent to acquire Prokhorov's Norilsk Nickel assets for a reported $",
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966106 | 1 | History In 1920, Nikola Tesla patented a valvular conduit or Tesla valve that works as a fluidic diode. Although a leaky diode, i.e. the reverse flow is non-zero for any applied pressure difference , it could be used in fluid circuits to convert AC to DC. In 1957, Billy M. Horton of the Harry Diamond Laboratories (which later became a part of the Army Research Laboratory) first came up with the idea for the fluidic amplifier when he realized that he could redirect the direction of flue gases using a small bellows. He proposed a theory on stream interaction, stating that one can achieve amplification by deflecting a stream of fluid with a different stream of fluid. In 1959, Horton and his associates, Dr. R. E. Bowles and Ray Warren, constructed a family of working vortex amplifiers out of soap, linoleum, and wood. Their published result caught the attention of several major industries and created a surge of interest in applying fluidics (then called fluid amplification) to sophisticated control systems, which lasted throughout the 1960s. Horton is credited for developing the first fluid amplifier control device and launching the field of fluidics. In 1961, Horton, Warren, and Bowles were among the 27 recipients to receive the first Army Research and Development Achievement Award for developing the fluid amplifier control device. | History In 1920, Nikola Tesla patented a valvular conduit or Tesla valve that works as a fluidic diode. It's a leaky diode, i.e. the reverse flow is non-zero for any applied pressure difference . Tesla valve also has non-linear response, as it effectiveness has frequency dependence. It could be used in fluid circuits to convert AC to DC. In 1957, Billy M. Horton of the Harry Diamond Laboratories (which later became a part of the Army Research Laboratory) first came up with the idea for the fluidic amplifier when he realized that he could redirect the direction of flue gases using a small bellows. He proposed a theory on stream interaction, stating that one can achieve amplification by deflecting a stream of fluid with a different stream of fluid. In 1959, Horton and his associates, Dr. R. E. Bowles and Ray Warren, constructed a family of working vortex amplifiers out of soap, linoleum, and wood. Their published result caught the attention of several major industries and created a surge of interest in applying fluidics (then called fluid amplification) to sophisticated control systems, which lasted throughout the 1960s. Horton is credited for developing the first fluid amplifier control device and launching the field of fluidics. In 1961, Horton, Warren, and Bowles were among the 27 recipients to receive the first Army Research and Development Achievement Award for developing the fluid amplifier control device. | [
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96637 | 1 | Political cartoon by JM Staniforth : Herbert Kitchener attempts to raise £100,000 for a college in Sudan by calling on the name of Charles George Gordon A confidence trick is an attempt to defraud a person or group after first gaining their trust. Confidence tricks exploit victims using their credulity, naïveté , compassion, vanity, irresponsibility, and greed. Researchers have defined confidence tricks as "a distinctive species of fraudulent conduct ... intending to further voluntary exchanges that are not mutually beneficial", as they "benefit con operators ('con men') at the expense of their victims (the 'marks')". Category:Deception Category:Fraud Category:Crime Category:Organized crime activit | Political cartoon by JM : Herbert Kitchener attempts to raise £100,000 for a college in Sudan by calling on the name of Charles George Gordon A confidence trick is an attempt to defraud a person or group after first gaining their trust. Confidence tricks exploit victims using their accounts.google.com, , compassion, vanity, irresponsibility, and greed. Researchers have defined confidence tricks as "a distinctive species of fraudulent conduct ... intending to further voluntary exchanges that are not mutually beneficial", as they "benefit con operators ('con men') at the expense of their victims (the 'marks')". Category:Deception Category:Fraud Category:Crime Category:Organized crime activity opt o | [
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967402 | 1 | Category: Equine magazines Category:Weekly magazines published in the United States Category:Horse racing Category:Magazines established in 1916 Category: 1916 establishments in Kentucky Category:Equestrian sports in the United States Category: Magazines published in Kentucky Category: Equine magazines published in Kentuck | Category: 1916 establishments in Kentucky Category:Equine magazines published in Kentucky Category:Equestrian sports in the United States Category:Horse racing Category:Magazines established in 1916 Category: Magazines published in Kentucky Category: Weekly magazines published in the United Sta | [
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968834 | 1 | Limiting factors The factors affecting V̇O2 are often divided into supply and demand. Supply is the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the mitochondria ( including lung diffusion, stroke volume , blood volume, and capillary density of the skeletal muscle) while demand is the rate at which the mitochondria can reduce oxygen in the process of oxidative phosphorylation. Of these, the supply factor is often considered to be the limitingone . However, it has also been argued that while trained subjects are probably supply limited, untrained subjects can indeed have a demand limitation. Factors that affect V̇O2 max are age, sex, fitness and training, altitude, among others . V̇O2 max can be a poor predictor of performance in runners due to variations in running economy and fatigue resistance during prolonged exercise. Cardiac output, pulmonary diffusion capacity, oxygen carrying capacity, and the peripheral limitations of muscle diffusion capacity, mitochondrial enzymes, and capillary density are all examples of V̇O2 max determinants. The body works as a system. If one of these factors is sub-par, then the whole system loses its normal capacity to function properly . | Limiting factors The factors affecting V̇O2 may be separated into supply and demand. Supply is the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the mitochondria ( combining pulmonary function, cardiac output , blood volume, and capillary density of the skeletal muscle) while demand is the rate at which the mitochondria can reduce oxygen in the process of oxidative phosphorylation. Of these, the supply factors may be more limiting . However, it has also been argued that while trained subjects are probably supply limited, untrained subjects can indeed have a demand limitation. General characteristics that affect V̇O2 max include age, sex, fitness and training, and altitude . V̇O2 max can be a poor predictor of performance in runners due to variations in running economy and fatigue resistance during prolonged exercise. The body works as a system. If one of these factors is sub-par, then the whole system 's normal capacity is reduced . | [
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971922 | 1 | Successive contrast Successive contrast occurs when the perception of currently viewed stimuli is modulated by previously viewed stimuli. For example, staring at the dot in the center of one of the two colored disks on the top row for a few seconds and then looking at the dot in the center of the disk on the same side in the bottom row makes the two lower disks appear to have different colors for a few moments, though they have the same color.296x296px|Metacontrast and paracontrast|alt= | Successive contrast Successive contrast occurs when the perception of currently viewed stimuli is modulated by previously viewed stimuli. Hermann von Helmholtz: Handbuch der physiologischen Optik section II § 24: ‘Genauer unterscheidet Chevreul die hierher gehörigen Erscheinungen unter dem Namen des simultanen Contrastes von denjenigen, wo zwei Farben nach einander auf derselben Netzhautstelle erscheinen, welche er mit dem Namen des successiven Contrastes belegt.’ In the example below you can use the scrollbar to quickly swap the red and green disks for two orange disks. Staring at the dot in the centre of one of the top two coloured disks and then looking at the dot in the centre of the corresponding lower disk makes the two lower disks briefly appear to have different colours, though in reality their colour is identical. • •• • | [
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971922 | 2 | There has been some debate over the degree to which simultaneous contrast is a physiological process caused by the connections of neurons in the visual cortex, or whether it is a psychological effect. Both appear to have some effect. A possible source of the effect are neurons in the V4 area that have inhibitory connections to neighboring cells. The most likely evolutionary rationale for this effect is that it enhances edges in the visual field, thus facilitating the recognition of shapes and objects. Successive contrast |alt=|192x192pxThis is a different concept from contrast, which by itself refers to one object's difference in color and luminance compared to its surroundings or background. Successive contrast Successive contrast occurs when the perception of currently viewed stimuli is modulated by previously viewed stimuli. Hermann von Helmholtz: Handbuch der physiologischen Optik section II § 24: ‘Genauer unterscheidet Chevreul die hierher gehörigen Erscheinungen unter dem Namen des simultanen Contrastes von denjenigen, wo zwei Farben nach einander auf derselben Netzhautstelle erscheinen, welche er mit dem Namen des successiven Contrastes belegt.’ In the example below you can use the scrollbar to quickly swap the red and green disks for two orange disks. Staring at the dot in the centre of one of the top two coloured disks and then looking at the dot in the centre of the corresponding lower disk makes the two lower disks briefly appear to have different colours, though in reality their colour is identical. Metacontrast and paracontrast Metacontrast and paracontrast involve both time and space. When one half of a circle is lit for 10 milliseconds (ms), it is at its maximal intensity. If the other half is displayed at the same time (but 20–50 ms later), there is a mutual inhibition: the left side is darkened by the right half (metacontrast), and the center may be completely obliterated. At the same time, there is a slight darkening of the right side due to the first stimulus (paracontrast)."Eye, human". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD. References Chevreul, Michel Eugène (1839). De la loi du contraste simultané des couleurs et de l'assortiment des objets colorés .- traduit en anglais par Charles Martel comme Les principes d’harmonie et de contraste des couleurs (1854) | There has been some debate over the degree to which simultaneous contrast is a physiological process caused by the connections of neurons in the visual cortex, or whether it is a psychological effect. Both appear to have some effect. A possible source of the effect are neurons in the V4 area that have inhibitory connections to neighboring cells. The most likely evolutionary rationale for this effect is that it enhances edges in the visual field, thus facilitating the recognition of shapes and objects. Successive contrast Successive contrast occurs when the perception of currently viewed stimuli is modulated by previously viewed stimuli. Chevreul, Michel Eugène (1839). De la loi du contraste simultané des couleurs et de l'assortiment des objets colorés – traduit en anglais par Charles Martel comme Les principes d’harmonie et de contraste des couleurs (1854) Hermann von Helmholtz: Handbuch der physiologischen Optik section II § 24: ‘Genauer unterscheidet Chevreul die hierher gehörigen Erscheinungen unter dem Namen des simultanen Contrastes von denjenigen, wo zwei Farben nach einander auf derselben Netzhautstelle erscheinen, welche er mit dem Namen des successiven Contrastes belegt.’ In the example below you can use the scrollbar to quickly swap the red and green disks for two orange disks. Staring at the dot in the centre of one of the top two coloured disks and then looking at the dot in the centre of the corresponding lower disk makes the two lower disks briefly appear to have different colours, though in reality their colour is identical. Metacontrast and paracontrast 296x296px| Metacontrast and paracontrast |alt=Metacontrast and paracontrast involve both time and space. When one half of a circle is lit for 10 milliseconds (ms), it is at its maximal intensity. If the other half is displayed at the same time (but 20–50 ms later), there is a mutual inhibition: the left side is darkened by the right half (metacontrast), and the center may be completely obliterated. At the same time, there is a slight darkening of the right side due to the first stimulus (paracontrast)."Eye, human". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD. References | [
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971922 | 3 | See also Assimilation and contrast effects Chubb illusion Less-is-better effect and distinction bias Negative (Positive) contrast effect List of cognitive biases | See also The checker shadow illusion Assimilation and contrast effects Checker shadow illusion Chubb illusion Less-is-better effect and distinction bias Negative (Positive) contrast effect List of cognitive biases | [
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971922 | 4 | In the early 20th century, Wilhelm Wundt identified contrast as a fundamental principle of perception, and since then the effect has been confirmed in many different areas. Contrast effects can shape not only visual qualities like color and brightness, but other kinds of perception, including the perception of weight. Whether a piece of music is perceived as good or bad can depend on whether the music heard before it was unpleasant or pleasant. For the effect to work, the objects being compared need to be similar to each other: a television reporter can seem to shrink when interviewing a tall basketball player, but not when standing next to a tall building. Furthermore, the contrast effect has been argued to apply to foreign policies of states. For example, African countries have increasingly looked to China and India as opposed to the US, the EU and the World Bank because these Asian states have highlighted their lack of "interference" and "conditionality" in exchange for foreign aid and FDI. See also The checker shadow illusion Assimilation and contrast effects Checker shadow illusion Chubb illusion Less-is-better effect and distinction bias Negative (Positive) contrast effect List of cognitive biases | In the early 20th century, Wilhelm Wundt identified contrast as a fundamental principle of perception, and since then the effect has been confirmed in many different areas. Contrast effects can shape not only visual qualities like color and brightness, but other kinds of perception, including the perception of weight. Whether a piece of music is perceived as good or bad can depend on whether the music heard before it was unpleasant or pleasant. For the effect to work, the objects being compared need to be similar to each other: a television reporter can seem to shrink when interviewing a tall basketball player, but not when standing next to a tall building. Furthermore, the contrast effect has been argued to apply to foreign policies of states. For example, African countries have increasingly looked to China and India as opposed to the US, the EU and the World Bank because these Asian states have highlighted their lack of "interference" and "conditionality" in exchange for foreign aid and FDI. The checker shadow illusion See also Assimilation and contrast effects Checker shadow illusion Chubb illusion Less-is-better effect and distinction bias Negative (Positive) contrast effect List of cognitive biases | [
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972252 | 1 | The George Padmore Research Library, in the neighbourhood of Ridge, Accra, Ghana, is named after him. Kwame Nkrumah spoke at the opening of the building dedicated to Padmore as a memorial library on 30 June 1961."George Padmore Library". Nkrumah ranked Padmore as "one of the greatest architects of the African liberation movement ... dedicated to African union and liberty."Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Emmanuel Akyeampong, Steven J. Niven (eds), "George Padmore", in Dictionary of African Biography, Vols 1–6, OUP USA, 2012, p. 75. James, relocated to Port of Spain, Trinidad, wrote a series of articles on Padmore for The Nation. James also began collecting material for a biography but eventually produced only a slim manuscript, "Notes on the Life of George Padmore."Polsgrove, Ending British Rule, pp. 163–65. For years James tried to publish his book Nkrumah and the Ghana Revolution; the book was published in 1977 (London: Allison and Busby). In it, James omitted any reference to Padmore's own 1953 book on the Gold Coast revolution; his correspondence has numerous references to his idea that Padmore did not understand the revolution.Polsgrove, Ending British Rule, pp. 155–56. Ras Makonnen, who understood so well the importance of books about the African nationalist movement, published his own intimate account of the London-based community around Padmore, Pan-Africanism from Within (1973). James R. Hooker wrote a biography of Padmore, Black Revolutionary (1967). Padmore is the central figure featured in Carol Polsgrove's Ending British Rule in Africa: Writers in a Common Cause, published in 2009. In 1991, John La Rose founded the George Padmore Institute (GPI), based in North London, with the aim of "continuing the traditions which shaped his life: independent, radical vision and outlook connecting the Caribbean, Africa, Europe, North America and Asia." Educational and cultural activities, including talks and readings, take place at the GPI, which occasionally publishes relevant materials. It is an archive, educational resource and research centre housing materials relating to the black community of Caribbean, African and Asian descent in Britain and continental Europe. La Rose also founded the George Padmore Supplementary School in 1969.John La Rose, "Life experience with Britain" , Chronicle World - Changing Black Britain. On 28 June 2011 – 98 years to the day since Padmore was born – the Nubian Jak Community Trust unveiled a blue plaque at Padmore's former address, 22 Cranleigh Street in the London Borough of Camden, in a ceremony addressed by the High Commissioner of Trinidad & Tobago, the High Commissioner of Ghana, the Mayor of Camden, Selma James, Nina Baden-Semper (related to Padmore's in-laws), and others." George Padmore blue Plaque Unveiling Reception ", George Padmore Institute, 7 November 2011.John Gulliver, "Toast to slayer of empires", Camden New Journal, 30 June 2011."Anti-colonial campaigner commemorated with plaque", BBC News London, 28 June 2011. According to Cameron Duodu: "Many of the statements and pamphlets, as well as the correspondence with which leaders of the British colonies in Africa combated the policies of the Colonial Office in London, were drafted at the dining table of 22 Cranleigh Street. It was also the venue at which George Padmore organised the 5th Pan-African Conference in Manchester in 1945."Cameron Duodu, "George Padmore commemorated with plaque in London", Pambazuka News, 30 June 2011. George Padmore Road and George Padmore Lane, in Hurlingham, Nairobi, Kenya,Open Street Map. are named after him. | The George Padmore Research Library, in the neighbourhood of Ridge, Accra, Ghana, is named after him. Kwame Nkrumah spoke at the opening of the building dedicated to Padmore as a memorial library on 30 June 1961."George Padmore Library". Nkrumah ranked Padmore as "one of the greatest architects of the African liberation movement ... dedicated to African union and liberty."Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Emmanuel Akyeampong, Steven J. Niven (eds), "George Padmore", in Dictionary of African Biography, Vols 1–6, OUP USA, 2012, p. 75. James, relocated to Port of Spain, Trinidad, wrote a series of articles on Padmore for The Nation. James also began collecting material for a biography but eventually produced only a slim manuscript, "Notes on the Life of George Padmore."Polsgrove, Ending British Rule, pp. 163–65. For years James tried to publish his book Nkrumah and the Ghana Revolution; the book was published in 1977 (London: Allison and Busby). In it, James omitted any reference to Padmore's own 1953 book on the Gold Coast revolution; his correspondence has numerous references to his idea that Padmore did not understand the revolution.Polsgrove, Ending British Rule, pp. 155–56. Ras Makonnen, who understood so well the importance of books about the African nationalist movement, published his own intimate account of the London-based community around Padmore, Pan-Africanism from Within (1973). James R. Hooker wrote a biography of Padmore, Black Revolutionary (1967). Padmore is the central figure featured in Carol Polsgrove's Ending British Rule in Africa: Writers in a Common Cause, published in 2009. In 1991, John La Rose founded the George Padmore Institute (GPI), based in North London, with the aim of "continuing the traditions which shaped his life: independent, radical vision and outlook connecting the Caribbean, Africa, Europe, North America and Asia." Educational and cultural activities, including talks and readings, take place at the GPI, which occasionally publishes relevant materials. It is an archive, educational resource and research centre housing materials relating to the black community of Caribbean, African and Asian descent in Britain and continental Europe. La Rose also founded the George Padmore Supplementary School in 1969.John La Rose, "Life experience with Britain" , Chronicle World - Changing Black Britain. On 28 June 2011 – 98 years to the day since Padmore was born – the Nubian Jak Community Trust unveiled a blue plaque at Padmore's former address, 22 Cranleigh Street in the London Borough of Camden, in a ceremony addressed by the High Commissioner of Trinidad & Tobago, the High Commissioner of Ghana, the Mayor of Camden, Selma James, Nina Baden-Semper (related to Padmore's in-laws), and others." Anti-colonial campaigner commemorated with plaque ", BBC News London, 28 June 2011.John Gulliver, "Toast to slayer of empires", Camden New Journal, 30 June 2011. According to Cameron Duodu: "Many of the statements and pamphlets, as well as the correspondence with which leaders of the British colonies in Africa combated the policies of the Colonial Office in London, were drafted at the dining table of 22 Cranleigh Street. It was also the venue at which George Padmore organised the 5th Pan-African Conference in Manchester in 1945."Cameron Duodu, "George Padmore commemorated with plaque in London", Pambazuka News, 30 June 2011. George Padmore Road and George Padmore Lane, in Hurlingham, Nairobi, Kenya,Open Street Map. are named after him. | [
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972656 | 1 | It can also cause psychotic as well as other mental symptoms and relatedly occurs in people with psychiatric conditions . A more common cause is excessive loss of potassium, often associated with heavy fluid losses that "flush" potassium out of the body. Typically, this is a consequence of diarrhea, excessive perspiration, or losses associated with muscle-crush injury, or surgical procedures. Vomiting can also cause hypokalemia, although not much potassium is lost from the vomitus. Rather, heavy urinary losses of K+ in the setting of post-emetic bicarbonaturia force urinary potassium excretion (see Alkalosis below). Other gastrointestinal causes include pancreatic fistulae and the presence of adenoma. Treatment Treatment including addressing the cause, such as improving the diet, treating diarrhea, or stopping an offending medication. People without a significant source of potassium loss and who show no symptoms of hypokalemia may not require treatment. Acutely, repletion with 10 mEq of potassium is typically expected to raise serum potassium by 0.1 mEq/L immediately after administration. However, for those with chronic hypokalemia, repletion takes time due to tissue redistribution. For example, correction by 1 mEq/L can take more than 1000 mEq of potassium over many days. Eating potassium-rich foods may not be the optimal method for correcting low potassium and potassium supplements may be recommended. Potassium contained in foods is almost entirely coupled with phosphate and is thus ineffective in correcting hypokalemia associated with hypochloremia that may occur due to vomiting, diuretic therapy, or nasogastric drainage. Additionally, replacing potassium solely through diet may be costly and result in weight gain due to potentially large amounts of food needed. An effort should also be made to limit dietary sodium intake due to an inverse relationship with serum potassium. Increasing magnesium intake may also be beneficial for similar physiological reasons. | It can also cause psychotic as well as other mental symptoms . A more common cause is excessive loss of potassium, often associated with heavy fluid losses that flushpotassium out of the body. Typically, this is a consequence of diarrhea, excessive perspiration, or losses associated with muscle-crush injury, or surgical procedures. Vomiting can also cause hypokalemia, although not much potassium is lost from the vomitus. Rather, heavy urinary losses of K+ in the setting of post-emetic bicarbonaturia force urinary potassium excretion (see Alkalosis below). Other gastrointestinal causes include pancreatic fistulae and the presence of adenoma. Treatment Treatment includes addressing the cause, such as improving the diet, treating diarrhea, or stopping an offending medication. People without a significant source of potassium loss and who show no symptoms of hypokalemia may not require treatment. Acutely, repletion with 10 mEq of potassium is typically expected to raise serum potassium by 0.1 mEq/L immediately after administration. However, for those with chronic hypokalemia, repletion takes time due to tissue redistribution. For example, correction by 1 mEq/L can take more than 1000 mEq of potassium over many days. Eating potassium-rich foods may not be sufficient for correcting low potassium ; potassium supplements may be recommended. Potassium contained in foods is almost entirely coupled with phosphate and is thus ineffective in correcting hypokalemia associated with hypochloremia that may occur due to vomiting, diuretic therapy, or nasogastric drainage. Additionally, replacing potassium solely through diet may be costly and result in weight gain due to potentially large amounts of food needed. An effort should also be made to limit dietary sodium intake due to an inverse relationship with serum potassium. Increasing magnesium intake may also be beneficial for similar physiological reasons. | [
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973312 | 1 | Steatopygia is the state of having substantial levels of tissue on the buttocks and thighs. This build is not confined to the gluteal regions, but extends to the outside and front of the thighs, and tapers to the knee producing a curvaceous figure. The term is from the Greek (), meaning "tallow", and (), meaning "rump". The Neolithic "Steatopygous Goddess from Pano Chorio", c. 5800–4800 BC, terracotta, Crete; whether she is really a goddess is uncertain. Steatopygia, a genetic characteristic leading to increased accumulation of adipose tissue in the buttock region, is found in some women of Sub-Saharan African origin, most notably (but not solely) among the Khoisan of Southern Africa and Pygmies of Central Africa. It has also been observed among the Andamanese people, such as the Onge tribe, in the Andaman Islands. This genetic characteristic is prevalent among women but also occurs to a lesser degree in men. Steatopygia would seem to have been a characteristic of a population which once extended from the Gulf of Aden to the Cape of Good Hope, from which peoples the Khoisan and Pygmies may be remnants. Among the Khoisan, it begins in infancy and is fully developed by the time of the firstpregnancy.%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% It has been suggested that this feature was once more widespread.Paleolithic Venus figurines, sometimes referred to as "Steatopygian Venus" figures, discovered from Europe to Asia presenting a remarkable development of the thighs, and even the prolongation of the labia minora, have been used to support this theory. Whether these were intended to be lifelike, exaggeratory, or idealistic is unclear. These figures however may not qualify as steatopygian, since they exhibit an angle of approximately 120 degrees between the back and the buttocks, while steatopygia is diagnosed by modern medical standards at an angle of about 90 degrees only. In Victorian England, freak shows often exploited women with steatopygia. One of the most well-known examples was a South African Khoikhoi woman named Saartjie Baartman, who is thought to have had lipedema. | %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% nificance of Sarah Baartman|first=Justin Parkinson BBC News|last=Magazine|website=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=8 June 2016 </ref> who is thought to have had lipedema. | [
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973312 | 2 | nificance of Sarah Baartman|first =Justin Parkinson BBC News|last=Magazine|website=Bbc. co. uk|access-date=8 June 2016 </ref> who is thought to have had lipedema. | Steatopygia is the state of having substantial levels of tissue on the buttocks and thighs. This build is not confined to the gluteal regions, but extends to the outside and front of the thighs, and tapers to the knee producing a curvaceous figure. The term is from the Greek (), meaning "tallow", and (), meaning "rump". The Neolithic "Steatopygous Goddess from Pano Chorio", c. 5800–4800 BC, terracotta, Crete; whether she is really a goddess is uncertain. Steatopygia, a genetic characteristic leading to increased accumulation of adipose tissue in the buttock region, is found in some women of Sub-Saharan African origin, most notably (but not solely) among the Khoisan of Southern Africa and Pygmies of Central Africa. It has also been observed among the Andamanese people, such as the Onge tribe, in the Andaman Islands. This genetic characteristic is prevalent among women but also occurs to a lesser degree in men. Steatopygia would seem to have been a characteristic of a population which once extended from the Gulf of Aden to the Cape of Good Hope, from which peoples the Khoisan and Pygmies may be remnants. Among the Khoisan, it begins in infancy and is fully developed by the time of the first pregnancy. It has been suggested that this feature was once more widespread. Paleolithic Venus figurines, sometimes referred to as "Steatopygian Venus" figures, discovered from Europe to Asia presenting a remarkable development of the thighs, and even the prolongation of the labia minora, have been used to support this theory. Whether these were intended to be lifelike, exaggeratory, or idealistic is unclear. These figures however may not qualify as steatopygian, since they exhibit an angle of approximately 120 degrees between the back and the buttocks, while steatopygia is diagnosed by modern medical standards at an angle of about 90 degrees only. In Victorian England, freak shows often exploited women with steatopygia. One of the most well-known examples was a South African Khoikhoi woman named Saartjie Baartman, who is thought to have had lipedema. | [
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9736618 | 1 | H. R. P. Dickson archive Papers by and relating to H. R. P. Dickson are held at the Middle East Centre Archive, St Antony's College, Oxford University (MECA reference: GB165-0085) web address URL The Catalogue for the Harold Dickson Collection is available online as a pdf file at URL | H. R. P. Dickson archive Papers by and relating to H. R. P. Dickson are held at the Middle East Centre Archive, St Antony's College, Oxford University (MECA reference: GB165-0085) .MEC Archive The Catalogue for the Harold Dickson Collection .Harold Dickson Collection | [
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973737 | 1 | Since the invention of MacWrite, the first WYSIWYG word processor, in which the typist codes the formatting visually rather than by inserting textual markup, word processors have tended to save to binary files. Opening such files with a text editor reveals the text embellished with various binary characters, either around the formatted areas (e.g. in Wortely , at the beginning or end of the file (e.g. in Microsoft Word). | Since the invention of MacWrite, the first WYSIWYG word processor, in which the typist codes the formatting visually rather than by inserting textual markup, word processors have tended to save to binary files. Opening such files with a text editor reveals them embedded with various binary characters, either around the formatted text (e.g. in WordPerfect) or separate from it , at the beginning or end of the file (e.g. in Microsoft Word). | [
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97377 | 1 | At the union of 1707, England had about five times the population of Scotland and about 36 times as much wealth, but there were four Scottish universities (St. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh ) against two English. Scotland experienced the beginnings of economic expansion that allowed it to close this gap.R. H. Campbell, "The Anglo-Scottish Union of 1707. II: The Economic Consequences", Economic History Review, vol. 16, April 1964. Contacts with England led to a conscious attempt to improve agriculture among the gentry and nobility. Although some estate holders improved the quality of life of their displaced workers, enclosures led to unemployment and forced migrations to the burghs or abroad.J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, A History of Scotland (London: Penguin, 1991), , pp. 288–91. The major change in international trade was the rapid expansion of the Americas as a market.J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, A History of Scotland (London: Penguin, 1991), , p. 292. Glasgow particularly benefited from this new trade; initially supplying the colonies with manufactured goods, it emerged as the focus of the tobacco trade, re-exporting particularly to France. The merchants dealing in this lucrative business became the wealthy tobacco lords, who dominated the city for most of the eighteenth century.J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, A History of Scotland (London: Penguin, 1991), , p. 296. Banking also developed in this period. The Bank of Scotland, founded in 1695 was suspected of Jacobite sympathies, and so a rival Royal Bank of Scotland was founded in 1727. Local banks began to be established in burghs like Glasgow and Ayr. These made capital available for business, and the improvement of roads and trade.J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, A History of Scotland (London: Penguin, 1991), , p. 297. | At the union of 1707, England had about five times the population of Scotland and about 36 times as much wealth, but there were five Scottish universities (St. Andrews, Glasgow, Edinburgh, King's College and Marischal College ) against two English. Scotland experienced the beginnings of economic expansion that allowed it to close this gap.R. H. Campbell, "The Anglo-Scottish Union of 1707. II: The Economic Consequences", Economic History Review, vol. 16, April 1964. Contacts with England led to a conscious attempt to improve agriculture among the gentry and nobility. Although some estate holders improved the quality of life of their displaced workers, enclosures led to unemployment and forced migrations to the burghs or abroad.J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, A History of Scotland (London: Penguin, 1991), , pp. 288–91. The major change in international trade was the rapid expansion of the Americas as a market.J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, A History of Scotland (London: Penguin, 1991), , p. 292. Glasgow particularly benefited from this new trade; initially supplying the colonies with manufactured goods, it emerged as the focus of the tobacco trade, re-exporting particularly to France. The merchants dealing in this lucrative business became the wealthy tobacco lords, who dominated the city for most of the eighteenth century.J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, A History of Scotland (London: Penguin, 1991), , p. 296. Banking also developed in this period. The Bank of Scotland, founded in 1695 was suspected of Jacobite sympathies, and so a rival Royal Bank of Scotland was founded in 1727. Local banks began to be established in burghs like Glasgow and Ayr. These made capital available for business, and the improvement of roads and trade.J. D. Mackie, B. Lenman and G. Parker, A History of Scotland (London: Penguin, 1991), , p. 297. | [
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97377 | 2 | The Scottish Enlightenment (, ) was the period in 18th- and early-19th-century Scotland characterised by an outpouring of intellectual and scientific accomplishments. By the eighteenth century, Scotland had a network of parish schools in the Lowlands and four universities. The Enlightenment culture was based on close readings of new books, and intense discussions took place daily at such intellectual gathering places in Edinburgh as The Select Society and, later, The Poker Club, as well as within Scotland's ancient universities (St Andrews, Aberdeen, Glasgow, and Edinburgh ).Mark R. M. Towsey (2010). Reading the Scottish Enlightenment: Books and Their Readers in Provincial Scotland, 1750–1820. | The Scottish Enlightenment (, ) was the period in 18th- and early-19th-century Scotland characterised by an outpouring of intellectual and scientific accomplishments. By the eighteenth century, Scotland had a network of parish schools in the Lowlands and five universities. The Enlightenment culture was based on close readings of new books, and intense discussions took place daily at such intellectual gathering places in Edinburgh as The Select Society and, later, The Poker Club, as well as within Scotland's ancient universities (St Andrews, Glasgow, Edinburgh, King's College, and Marischal College ).Mark R. M. Towsey (2010). Reading the Scottish Enlightenment: Books and Their Readers in Provincial Scotland, 1750–1820. | [
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9744193 | 1 | A penile implant is an implanted device intended for the treatment of erectile dysfunction, Peyronie's disease, ischemic priapism , deformity and traumatic injury of the penis, and for phalloplasty in men or phalloplasty and metoidioplasty in female-to-male gender reassignment surgery. Although there are many distinct types of implants, most fall into one of two categories: malleable and inflatable [ . | A penile implant is an implanted device intended for the treatment of Erectile dysfunction, Peyronie's disease, ischemic Priapism , deformity and any traumatic injury of the penis, and for phalloplasty in men or phalloplasty and metoidioplasty in female-to-male gender reassignment surgery. Men also opt for penile implants for aesthetic purposes. Men’s satisfaction and sexual function is influenced by discomfort over genital size which leads to seek surgical and non-surgical solutions for penis alteration. Although there are many distinct types of implants, most fall into one of two categories: malleable and inflatable transplants. Penile size According to the British Journal of Urology International, a study that synthesizes data from 17 previous academic papers that included measurements from a total of 15,521 men from around the world, the average bone-pressed flaccid penis is 3.6 inches in length and 3.66 inches in girth, whereas the average bone[pressed erect penis is 5.1 inches long and 4.59 inches in girth. A 16-cm (6.3-inch) bone-pressed erect penis falls into the 95th percentile: Out of 100 men, only five would have a penis larger than 16 cm. Conversely, an erect penis measuring 10 cm (3.94 inches) falls into the 5th percentile: Only five out of 100 men would have a penis smaller than 10 cm. The researchers concluded that there was no strong evidence to link penis size to other physical features such as height, body mass index, or even shoe size. Women's Preferences for Penis Size Women’s preferences for penis size may affect men’s comfort with their own bodies and may have implications for sexual health. Studies of women’s penis size preferences typically have relied on their abstract ratings or selecting amongst 2D, flaccid images. According to a study that used haptic stimuli to allow assessment of women’s size recall accuracy for the first time, as well as examine their preferences for erect penis sizes in different relationship contexts. Women preferred a penis of slightly larger circumference and length for one-time (length = 6.4 inches/16.3 cm, circumference = 5.0 inches/12.7 cm) versus long-term (length = 6.3 inches/16.0 cm, circumference = 4.8 inches/12.2 cm) sexual partners. These first estimates of erect penis size preferences using 3D models suggest women accurately recall size and prefer penises only slightly larger than average . | [
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9744210 | 1 | League of peace (Latin: foedus pacificum) is an expression coined by Immanuel Kant in his work Project for a Perpetual Peace . The league of peace should be distinguished from a peace treaty , or pactum pacis, because a peace treaty prevents or terminates only one war, while the league of peace seeks to end all wars forever. This league does not hold any power of the state but only exists for "the maintenance and security of the freedom of the state and of other states in league with it, without there being any need for them to submit to civil laws and their compulsion, as men in a state of nature must submit." | League of peace (Latin: foedus pacificum) is an expression coined by Immanuel Kant in his work "Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch" . The league of peace should be distinguished from a peace treaty (pactum pacis) because a peace treaty prevents or terminates only one war, while the league of peace seeks to end all wars forever. This league does not hold any power of the state , but only exists for "the maintenance and security of the freedom of the state and of other states in league with it, without there being any need for them to submit to civil laws and their compulsion, as men in a state of nature must submit." | [
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9744337 | 1 | In order to avoid Japan's strict censorship laws, which limited depictions of actual sex and pubic hair, erotic films (known as pink films) often relied on fetish elements which could skirt such restrictions. One such film , Terrifying Girls' High School: Lynch Law Classroom in 1973, would be the first to depict an omorashi scenario to a cinematic audience in which a high school girl wets herself on her desk after drinking gallons of water. Outside Japan Though there is a small community devoted to such fetishism outside Japan, it is usually overshadowed by the more hardcore fetishes, urolagnia and urophagia. Vice Media has documented an account of an omorashi community existing in the United States since at least 1970. Outside Japan omorashi groups sometimes refer to their shared interest as "desperation/wetting" fetishism, often making a distinction between content featuring males and females. In 2018, People magazine and the New York Post reported the use of the English language portmanteau word "peegasm" among people who practiced "releasing urine after a long period of time" in order to achieve "a stimulation of pelvic nerves" that "could feel like an orgasmic response. ” Some English language fetish websites with a focus on females simply identify as "panty wetting." Since such sites abandon the "desperation" title which implies an effort not to wet, they are more likely to include nudity, overtly sexual models and situations, as well as purposeful (as opposed to accidental) wetting. There are still communities which focus on the more tame or softcore aspects of omorashi, which are generally focused on simple wetting in fully or semi-clothed situations without the overtly sexual models and situations. However, this softcore side is more rare in English-speaking communities than the more explicitly sexual omorashi content. Fashion Despite omorashi subculture's intrinsic relationship to garment fetishism, taboos in the west against relating sexuality and urine prevented mainstream acceptance of overtly sexual garments related to incontinence until the 21st century, when New Zealand-based underwear brand Confitex debuted a line of incontinence lingerie at New Zealand Fashion Week 2015. The organizers stated in a press release that "This is the first time, anywhere worldwide, that incontinence underwear has graced a catwalk as a designer range." In Cosmopolitan Magazine's coverage of the event, they proclaimed that "You Can Feel Sexy Even if You Leak," despite the ban existing in that country against promoting or supporting incontinence-based play. The Sweden-based brand TENA subsequently followed the precedent set by Confitex with their Silhoutte Noir line of disposable incontinence undergarments, which were designed to "dismantle taboos around incontinence." Anna McCrory, senior brand manager for TENA UK, explained the goal of the product as "helping women to feel sexy, confident and able to wear what they like without being restricted by the colour or shape of their underwear, an important step towards normalising incontinence. ” According to the Canadian Trademarks Database, the word "Omutsu" began to be used in Canada for a line of designer adult diapers in 2017, catering specifically to the omutsu omorashi community in that country. In 2019, Greek fashion designer and performance artist Dimitra Petsa released a collection entitled Wetness showcasing pants "dyed in such a way that it seems someone peed in them." According to Petsa, the idea for her design came from a piece of performance art in which she deliberately wet herself on a crowded subway in Athens. In a subsequent interview, she explained that though she initially experienced shame at peeing her pants publicly, "Afterwards I felt very free and powerful, but at the same time I felt very naked." She went on to state that models who were asked to wet their pants during the presentation of the collection experienced it as "an emotional process" and an "eye opening experience." She described this as "the ultimate metaphor for letting go -- both of my bodily fluids and of my shame" and explained that "shaming is an effective way of keeping women under control. I think that’s one of the main reasons why shame is such a central theme in my work." | To avoid Japan's strict censorship laws, which limited depictions of actual sex and pubic hair, erotic films (known as pink films) often relied on fetish elements which could skirt such restrictions. One such film , Terrifying Girls' High School: Lynch Law Classroom in 1973, would be the first to depict an omorashi scenario to a cinematic audience in which a high school girl wets herself on her desk after drinking gallons of water. Outside Japan Though there is a small community devoted to such fetishism outside Japan, it is usually overshadowed by the more hardcore fetishes, urolagnia and urophagia. Vice Media has documented an account of an omorashi community existing in the United States since at least 1970. Outside Japan omorashi groups sometimes refer to their shared interest as "desperation/wetting" fetishism, often making a distinction between content featuring males and females. In 2018, People magazine and the New York Post reported the use of the English language portmanteau word "peegasm" among people who practiced "releasing urine after a long period of time" to achieve "a stimulation of pelvic nerves" that "could feel like an orgasmic response. 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Fashion Despite omorashi subculture's intrinsic relationship to garment fetishism, taboos in the west against relating sexuality and urine prevented mainstream acceptance of overtly sexual garments related to incontinence until the 21st century, when New Zealand-based underwear brand Confitex debuted a line of incontinence lingerie at New Zealand Fashion Week 2015. The organizers stated in a press release that "This is the first time, anywhere worldwide, that incontinence underwear has graced a catwalk as a designer range." In Cosmopolitan Magazine's coverage of the event, they proclaimed that "You Can Feel Sexy Even if You Leak," despite the ban existing in that country against promoting or supporting incontinence-based play. The Sweden-based brand TENA subsequently followed the precedent set by Confitex with their Silhoutte Noir line of disposable incontinence undergarments, which were designed to "dismantle taboos around incontinence." Anna McCrory, senior brand manager for TENA UK, explained the goal of the product as "helping women to feel sexy, confident and able to wear what they like without being restricted by the colour or shape of their underwear, an important step towards normalising incontinence. " According to the Canadian Trademarks Database, the word "Omutsu" began to be used in Canada for a line of designer adult diapers in 2017, catering specifically to the omutsu omorashi community in that country. In 2019, Greek fashion designer and performance artist Dimitra Petsa released a collection entitled Wetness showcasing pants "dyed in such a way that it seems someone peed in them." According to Petsa, the idea for her design came from a piece of performance art in which she deliberately wet herself on a crowded subway in Athens. In a subsequent interview, she explained that though she initially experienced shame at peeing her pants publicly, "Afterwards I felt very free and powerful, but at the same time I felt very naked." She went on to state that models who were asked to wet their pants during the presentation of the collection experienced it as "an emotional process" and an "eye opening experience." She described this as "the ultimate metaphor for letting go – both of my bodily fluids and of my shame" and explained that "shaming is an effective way of keeping women under control. I think that’s one of the main reasons why shame is such a central theme in my work." | [
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974492 | 1 | In 1777, Cornstalk made a diplomatic visit to Fort Randolph in Virginia (now West Virginia), hoping to learn American intentions. He and three others were imprisoned by the fort's commander. When an American militiaman was killed by Natives in the fort's vicinity, angry soldiers executed Cornstalk and the other prisoners. The militiaman was one in a series of victims of Cornstalk. He previously, along with his warriors, murdered a village of settlers, kidnapping their wives and children in what was known as the Muddy Creek Massacre. He was no voice of moderation. URL upright=.8|Replica of Fort Randolph in Point Pleasant, West Virginia. The original, built on the site of the Battle of Point Pleasant, was where Cornstalk was executed . | In 1777, Cornstalk made a diplomatic visit to Fort Randolph in Virginia (now West Virginia), hoping to learn American intentions. He and three others were imprisoned by the fort's commander. When an American militiaman was killed by Natives in the fort's vicinity, angry soldiers executed Cornstalk and the other prisoners. His murder enraged Shawnees and deprived them of an important voice of moderation. upright=.8|Replica of Fort Randolph in Point Pleasant, West Virginia. The original, built on the site of the Battle of Point Pleasant, was where Cornstalk was murdered . | [
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974802 | 1 | A stick figure, more commonly known as a stickman, is a very simple drawing of a person or animal, composed of a few lines, curves, and dots. In a stick figure, the head is most often represented by a circle, sometimes embellished with details such as eyes, a mouth or hair. The arms, legs and torso are usually represented by straight lines. Details such as hands, feet and a neck may be present or absent, and the simpler stick figures often display an ambiguous emotional expression or disproportionate limbs. Graffiti of stick figures are found throughout history, often scratched with a sharp object on hard surfaces such as stone or concrete walls. Stick figures are often used in sketches for film storyboarding or on signage. In media Animation of a stick figure The London-based graffiti artist Stik uses stick figures in his work. Comics such as The Order of the Stick and xkcd depict characters in a stick figure style. Stick figures are often used in animations such as those made with Adobe Animate. Such figures are easy to draw and can be traditionally animated much more quickly than full drawings. Some online cartoon series, such as Xiao Xiao, have also been made using the software. Many other stick-figure animation suites allow the user to create an animation frame-by-frame or by extrapolating the intermediate frames between a start and endpoint. One example is Pivot Animator. Animations can be exported in various formats and shared online. CGP Grey, a popular YouTuber, uses stick figures to represent himself in his animated videos. One of Animusic's best-known animations is named "Stick Figures", the centerpiece being a robotic bass guitar with arms reminiscent to that of a stick figure, playing itself with a "tapping" method reminiscent of a Chapman Stick. Alan Becker, an American YouTuber, does stick-figure animations, such as battle stories. Gerd Arntz and the Woodcut Origins of the Stick Figure The 50 AIGA symbols | A stick figure, more commonly known as a stickman, is a very simple drawing of a person or animal, composed of a few lines, curves, and dots. In a stick figure, the head is most often represented by a circle, sometimes embellished with details such as eyes, a mouth or hair. The arms, legs and torso are usually represented by straight lines. Details such as hands, feet , and a neck may be present or absent, and the simpler stick figures often display an ambiguous emotional expression or disproportionate limbs. Graffiti of stick figures are found throughout history, often scratched with a sharp object on hard surfaces such as stone or concrete walls. Stick figures are often used in sketches for a film storyboarding or on signage. In media Animation of a stick figure The London-based graffiti artist Stik uses stick figures in his work. Comics such as The Order of the Stick and xkcd depict characters in a stick figure style. Stick figures are often used in animations such as those made with Adobe Animate. Such figures are easy to draw and can be traditionally animated much more quickly than full drawings. Some online cartoon series, such as Xiao Xiao, have also been made using the software. Many other stick-figure animation suites allow the user to create an animation frame-by-frame or by extrapolating the intermediate frames between a start and endpoint. One example is Pivot Animator. Animations can be exported in various formats and shared online. CGP Grey, a popular YouTuber, uses stick figures to represent himself in his animated videos. One of Animusic's best-known animations is named "Stick Figures", the centerpiece being a robotic bass guitar with arms reminiscent to that of a stick figure, playing itself with a "tapping" method reminiscent of a Chapman Stick. Alan Becker, an American YouTuber, does stick-figure animations, such as battle stories. Hyun's Dojo, an online animation community, consists of sick-figure animations, comics, and other works of art relating to stick figures. A majority of the characters in Marikin Online 4, a Japanese indie RPG video game, uses stick figures. Gerd Arntz and the Woodcut Origins of the Stick Figure The 50 AIGA symbols Hyun's Dojo official website Markin Online 4 official website | [
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9755539 | 1 | References Craig, Ian D. 1996. A Review of Android Epistemology Robotika Ford, K., Glymour, C. and Hayes, P. [eds.] 1995. Android Epistemology, Cambridge: MIT Press. Ford, K., Glymour, C. and Hayes, P. [eds.] 2006. Thinking about Android Epistemology, AAAI Press Glymour, Clark "Android Epistemology for Babies: Reflections on Words, Thoughts and Theories," Synthese, Vol. 122 (2000), 53-68. Glymour, Clark, Hayes, P., and Ford, K. "The Pre-History of Android Epistemology," in Ford, K., Glymour, C. and Hayes, P. [eds.] 1995. Android Epistemology, Cambridge: MIT Press. | References Craig, Ian D. 1996. A Review of Android Epistemology Robotika Ford, K., Glymour, C. and Hayes, P. [eds.] 1995. Android Epistemology, Cambridge: AAAI Press / MIT Press. Ford, K., Glymour, C. and Hayes, P. [eds.] 2006. Thinking about Android Epistemology, Cambridge: AAAI Press / MIT Press. Glymour, Clark "Android Epistemology for Babies: Reflections on Words, Thoughts and Theories," Synthese, Vol. 122 (2000), 53-68. Glymour, Clark, Hayes, P., and Ford, K. "The Pre-History of Android Epistemology," in Ford, K., Glymour, C. and Hayes, P. [eds.] 1995. Android Epistemology, Cambridge: MIT Press. | [
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9757684 | 1 | Aftermath Spanish hopes settling the border would help economic growth were hampered by the 1779-1783 war with Britain that restricted trade with mainland Spain and led to high tariffs and taxes to pay for it. Portugal regained the Misiones Orientales in the Treaty of Badajoz (1801) while the Napoleonic Wars and the loss of much of the Spanish navy at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 severed links between the central government and their overseas possessions . Between 1809 and 1829, the Spanish American wars resulted in the independence of Spanish colonies in the Americas, the Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata being dissolved during the 1810-1818 Argentine War of Independence. | Aftermath Spanish hopes settling the border would help economic growth were hampered by the 1779-1783 war with Britain that restricted trade with mainland Spain and led to high tariffs and taxes to pay for it. Portugal regained the Misiones Orientales in the Treaty of Badajoz (1801) while in the Napoleonic Wars the loss of much of the Spanish navy at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 severed links between the central government and their overseas possessions , the Spanish criollos were still able to successfully defend The Rio de la Plata from British invasion in 1806 and 1807 British invasion of Rio de la Plata . Between 1809 and 1829, the Spanish American wars resulted in the independence of Spanish colonies in the Americas, the Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata being dissolved during the 1810-1818 Argentine War of Independence. | [
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976389 | 1 | However questioned this view on popular culture may be, it is still influential. For instance, in theories depicting narrative as necessarily ideologically conservative, like Charles Grivel's Production de l'intérêt romanesque.Grivel 1973 Such theories see dominant ideology as purely a matter of messages, propagated in this case through the forms of narrative fiction. Thus they easily arrive at an exaltation of experimental literature as necessarily revolutionary. However, they may neglect the fact that the ideology is never simply in the message, but in the position of the message in the general social discourse, and in the position of its producers in the social formation. Contemporary thought 205px|Marshall McLuhan caused wide irritation with his statement that the traditional, book-oriented intellectuals had become irrelevant for the formulation of cultural rules in the electronic age. Equally alive is the aristocratic apocalyptic view on mass culture as the destruction of genuine art. As Andrew RossRoss 1989:5 writes, a history of popular culture is also a history of intellectuals, of cultural experts whose self-assigned task it is to define the borders between the popular and the legitimate. But in contemporary society the dispersed authority is ever more exercised by "technical" intellectuals working for specific purposes and not for mankind. And in the academic world, growing attention for popular and marginal cultures threatens the absolute values on which intellectuals have built their autonomy. The possibility of a "subversive" popular culture The question whether popular culture or mass culture is inherently conservative, or whether it can be used in a subversive strategy as well,Browning 2018: 3 is equally hotly debated. It seems widely accepted that popular culture forms can function at any moment as anti-cultures. "Bad taste" products such as pornography and horror fiction, says for instance Andrew Ross,Ross 1989:231 draw their popular appeal precisely from their expressions of disrespect for the imposed lessons of educated taste. They are expressions of social resentment on the part of groups which have been subordinated and excluded by today's "civilized society". Whether this strategy is effective or not, it points to an important fact: the mass media are not above, but dependent on the public. As Alan Swingewood states in The Myth of Mass Culture,Swingewood 1977:84 the ideological messages the mass media receive are already mediated by a complex network of institutions and discourses. The media, themselves divided over innumerable specific discourses, transform them again. And finally the public meaningfully relates those messages to individual existences through the mediation of social groups, family networks, etc., which they belong to. | However questioned this view on popular culture may be, it is still influential. For instance, in theories depicting narrative as necessarily ideologically conservative, like Charles Grivel's Production de l'intérêt romanesque.Grivel 1973 Such theories see dominant ideology as purely a matter of messages, propagated in this case through the forms of narrative fiction. Thus they easily arrive at an exaltation of experimental literature as necessarily revolutionary. Contemporary thought 205px|Marshall McLuhan caused wide irritation with his statement that the traditional, book-oriented intellectuals had become irrelevant for the formulation of cultural rules in the electronic age. Equally alive is the aristocratic apocalyptic view on mass culture as the destruction of genuine art. As Andrew RossRoss 1989:5 writes, a history of popular culture is also a history of intellectuals, of cultural experts whose self-assigned task it is to define the borders between the popular and the legitimate. But in contemporary society the dispersed authority is ever more exercised by "technical" intellectuals working for specific purposes and not for mankind. And in the academic world, growing attention for Western "popular culture" and marginal cultures threatens the absolute values on which intellectuals have built their autonomy. The possibility of a "subversive" popular culture The question whether popular culture or mass culture is inherently conservative, or whether it can be used in a subversive strategy as well,Browning 2018: 3 is equally hotly debated. It is accepted by some that popular culture forms can function at any moment as anti-cultures. "Bad taste" products such as pornography and horror fiction, says for instance Andrew Ross,Ross 1989:231 draw their popular appeal precisely from their expressions of disrespect for the imposed lessons of educated taste. They are expressions of social resentment on the part of groups which have been subordinated and excluded by today's "civilized society". Whether this strategy is effective or not, it points to the possible idea that the mass media are not above, but dependent on the public. As Alan Swingewood states in The Myth of Mass Culture,Swingewood 1977:84 the ideological messages the mass media receive are already mediated by a complex network of institutions and discourses. The media, themselves divided over innumerable specific discourses, transform them again. And finally the public meaningfully relates those messages to individual existences through the mediation of social groups, family networks, etc., which they belong to. | [
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976525 | 1 | Egon Kisch in Melbourne in 1934. Egon Erwin Kisch (29 April 1885 – 31 March 1948) was an Austrian and Czechoslovak writer and journalist, who wrote in German. He styled himself Der Rasende Reporter (The Racing Reporter) for his countless travels to the far corners of the globe and his equally numerous articles produced in a relatively short time (Hetzjagd durch die Zeit, 1925), Kisch was noted for his development of literary reportage, his opposition to Adolf Hitler's Nazi regime, and his Communism. 150px|Willi Münzenberg set up a multitude of Communist Front organizations sending Egon Kisch to promote Comintern propaganda throughout the world . 200px|Egon Kisch on board the Strathaird bound for Australia; November 1934. 150px| On 17 February 1935 the Czech Journalist Egon Kisch addressed 18,000 in the Sydney's Domain. He told the story of his sojourn in Australian Landfall.Kisch, E. E. (1937) "Australian Landfall" trans. from the German by John Fisher and Irene and Kevin Fitzgerald. Secker and Warburg, London.Kisch, E. E. (1937) " Landung in Australien " . Verlag Allert de Lange, Amsterdam. Legacy 200px| Kisch and his birth house portrayed on a stamp issued by the GDR to celebrate the centenary of his birth . Kisch died of a stroke two years after his return to Prague, shortly after the Communist party seized complete power. Kisch is buried in the Vinohrady Cemetery, Prague, Czech Republic. Kisch has appeared as a character in novels by Australian authors. Without naming him, his visit to Australia, the leap from the ship and the court case challenging the validity of the language test are mentioned in Kylie Tennant's Ride on Stranger (1943). He is a minor character in Frank Hardy's Power Without Glory (1950), which was filmed for television in (1976), and plays a central, if fictionalised, role in Nicholas Hasluck's Our Man K (1999). He appears in Sulari Gentill's detective novel Paving the New Road (2012) along with other real persons such as Nancy Wake and Unity Mitford. Tomb of Egon Erwin Kisch in the Vinohrady Cemetery in Prague Aus Prager Gassen und Nächten (1912) – An early collection of reports from Prague's underworld Der Mädchenhirt (1914) – Kisch's only novel, again set in the Prague underworld Der Fall des Generalstabschefs Redl (1924) Der rasende Reporter (1924) Hetzjagd durch die Zeit (1925) Elliptical Treadmill (1925) - Berlin Six-Day Race Zaren, Popen, Bolschewiken (1926) – On the Soviet Union Schreib das auf, Kisch! (1929) Paradies Amerika (1929) – On the United States Asien gründlich verändert (Changing Asia) (1932) – On Soviet Central Asia China Geheim (Secret China) (1933) – On China Geschichten aus sieben Ghettos (Tales from Seven Ghettos) (1934) – A collection with a Jewish theme Landung in Australien (Australian Landfall) (1937) Soldaten am Meeresstrand (1938) – Reports from the Spanish Civil War Die drei Kühe (The Three Cows) (1939) – Report from the Spanish Civil War Marktplatz der Sensationen (Sensation Fair) (1941) – memoir up to 1914 Entdeckungen in Mexiko (1945) Gatterer, Joachim (2019): History, literature and propaganda: Egon Erwin Kisch in the Spanish Civil War, in: Alía Miranda, Francisco/Higueras Castañeda, Eduardo/Selva Iniesta, Antonio (ed.): Hasta pronto, amigos de España. Las Brigadas Internacionales en el 80 aniversario de su despedida de la Guerra Civil ( 1938-2018 ), Albacete: CEDOBI 2019, 249-261. OL21262934M Retrieved 3 June 2011 OL5807557M Retrieved 3 June 2011 External links Kisch memoir of first 30 years in Prague Detailed biography in report of an exhibition on Kisch in Vienna, 2006 (in German) Nicholas Hasluck on writing about Kisch | Egon Kisch in Melbourne in 1934 Egon Erwin Kisch (29 April 1885 – 31 March 1948) was an Austrian and Czechoslovak writer and journalist, who wrote in German. He styled himself Der Rasende Reporter (The Racing Reporter) for his countless travels to the far corners of the globe and his equally numerous articles produced in a relatively short time (Hetzjagd durch die Zeit, 1925), Kisch was noted for his development of literary reportage, his opposition to Adolf Hitler's Nazi regime, and his Communism. upWilli Münzenberg set up a multitude of Communist Front organizations sending Egon Kisch to promote Comintern propaganda throughout the world Kisch on board the Strathaird bound for Australia; November 1934 On 17 February 1935 addressed 18,000 in The Domain, Sydney He told the story of his sojourn in Australian Landfall.Kisch, E. E. (1937) Australian Landfall, translated from the German by John Fisher and Irene and Kevin Fitzgerald. Secker and Warburg, London.Kisch, E. E. (1937) Landung in Australien . Verlag Allert de Lange, Amsterdam. Legacy Kisch and his birth house portrayed on a stamp issued by the GDR to celebrate the centenary of his birth Kisch died of a stroke two years after his return to Prague, shortly after the Communist party seized complete power. Kisch is buried in the Vinohrady Cemetery, Prague, Czech Republic. Kisch has appeared as a character in novels by Australian authors. Without naming him, his visit to Australia, the leap from the ship and the court case challenging the validity of the language test are mentioned in Kylie Tennant's Ride on Stranger (1943). He is a minor character in Frank Hardy's Power Without Glory (1950), which was filmed for television in (1976), and plays a central, if fictionalised, role in Nicholas Hasluck's Our Man K (1999). He appears in Sulari Gentill's detective novel Paving the New Road (2012) along with other real persons such as Nancy Wake and Unity Mitford. Tomb of Kisch in the Vinohrady Cemetery in Prague Aus Prager Gassen und Nächten (1912) – An early collection of reports from Prague's underworld Der Mädchenhirt (1914) – Kisch's only novel, again set in the Prague underworld Der Fall des Generalstabschefs Redl (1924) Der rasende Reporter (1924) Hetzjagd durch die Zeit (1925) Elliptical Treadmill (1925) – On Six Days of Berlin Zaren, Popen, Bolschewiken (1926) – On the Soviet Union Schreib das auf, Kisch! (1929) Paradies Amerika (1929) – On the United States Asien gründlich verändert (Changing Asia) (1932) – On Soviet Central Asia China Geheim (Secret China) (1933) – On China Geschichten aus sieben Ghettos (Tales from Seven Ghettos) (1934) – A collection with a Jewish theme Landung in Australien (Australian Landfall) (1937) Soldaten am Meeresstrand (1938) – Reports from the Spanish Civil War Die drei Kühe (The Three Cows) (1939) – Report from the Spanish Civil War Marktplatz der Sensationen (Sensation Fair) (1941) – memoir up to 1914 Entdeckungen in Mexiko (1945) Further reading Gatterer, Joachim (2019): History, literature and propaganda: Egon Erwin Kisch in the Spanish Civil War, in: Alía Miranda, Francisco/Higueras Castañeda, Eduardo/Selva Iniesta, Antonio (ed.): Hasta pronto, amigos de España. Las Brigadas Internacionales en el 80 aniversario de su despedida de la Guerra Civil ( 1938–2018 ), Albacete: CEDOBI 2019, 249–261. External links Kisch memoir of first 30 years in Prague Detailed biography in report of an exhibition on Kisch in Vienna, 2006 (in German) Nicholas Hasluck on writing about Kisch | [
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9766554 | 1 | Thermophysics in general is the geological application of thermal physics which is related to the classical physics study of thermal science . | Thermophysics is the application of thermodynamics to geology and geophysics . | [
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977463 | 1 | The term " net.art" has been wrongly attributed to artist Vuk Cosic in 1997, after Alexei Shulgin wrote about the origin of the term in a prank mail to the nettime mailinglist.Weibel, P Druckrey, T eds. (2001). net_condition. art and global media. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. p. 25. According to Shulgin's mail net.art stemmed from "conjoined phrases in an email bungled by a technical glitch (a morass of alphanumeric junk, its only legible term ' net.art ') " .Rachel Greene, Internet Art, Thames Hudson Ltd, London, 2004 The term was however used by nettime initiator Pit Schultz as a title for an exhibition in Berlin in 1995, in which Vuk Cosic and Alexei Shulgin both showed their work.Bosma, J. (2011). Nettitudes. Let's Talk Net Art. Rotterdam: NAiPublishers, 2011. Print. p.148. It was later used with regard to the "net.art per se" meeting of artists and theorists in Trieste in May 1996, and referred to a group of artists who worked together closely in the first half of the 1990s. These meetings gave birth to the website net.art per se, (reproduction of event listing, on Ljudmila.org) a fake CNN website "commemorating" the event. & | In 1995, the term " net.art " was used by nettime initiator Pit Schultz as a title for an exhibition in Berlin in 1995, in which Vuk Cosic and Alexei Shulgin both showed their work.Bosma, J. (2011). Nettitudes. Let's Talk Net Art. Rotterdam: NAiPublishers, 2011. Print. p.148. It was later used with regard to the "net.art per se" meeting of artists and theorists in Trieste in May 1996, and referred to a group of artists who worked together closely in the first half of the 1990s. These meetings gave birth to the website net.art per se, (reproduction of event listing, on Ljudmila.org) a fake CNN website "commemorating" the event. The term "net.art" has been wrongly attributed to artist Vuk Cosic in 1997, after Alexei Shulgin wrote about the origin of the term in a prank mail to the nettime mailinglist.Weibel, P Druckrey, T eds. (2001). net_condition. art and global media. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. p. 25. According to Shulgin's mail net.art stemmed from "conjoined phrases in an email bungled by a technical glitch (a morass of alphanumeric junk, its only legible term 'net.art')".Rachel Greene, Internet Art, Thames& Hudson Ltd, London, 2004 | [
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9785181 | 1 | There are still a substantial number of ethnic Germans in the countries that are now Germany and Austria's neighbors to the east—Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Hungary, and Slovenia. In addition, there are or have been significant populations in such areas as Estonia, Latvia, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, Russia, Turkey, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Kazakhstan . | There are still a substantial number of ethnic Germans in the countries that are now Germany and Austria's neighbors to the east—Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Hungary, and Slovenia. In addition, there are or have been significant populations in such areas as the Baltics ( Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), the Balkans ( Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Turkey) and the former Soviet Union ( Moldova, Ukraine, Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan) . | [
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9785181 | 2 | In the German language the German populations in these parts of Europe are commonly referred to as Volksdeutsche. The number of ethnic Germans in Central and Eastern Europe dropped dramatically as the result of the post-1944 German flight and expulsion from Central and Eastern Europe. There are still a substantial number of ethnic Germans in the countries that are now Germany and Austria's neighbors to the east—Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Hungary, and Slovenia. In addition, there are or have been significant populations in such areas as the Baltics (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), the Balkans (Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Moldova, Turkey) and the former Soviet Union (Ukraine, Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan) . | The number of ethnic Germans in Central and Eastern Europe dropped dramatically as the result of the post-1944 German flight and expulsion from Central and Eastern Europe. There are still substantial numbers of ethnic Germans in the countries that are now Germany and Austria's neighbors to the east—Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Hungary, and Slovenia. The Baltics (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), the Balkans (Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Moldova, Turkey) and the former Soviet Union (Ukraine, Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan) also have smaller but still significant numbers of citizens of German descent . | [
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9786394 | 1 | Dambe is a martial art of the Hausa people from Nigeria. Competitors in a typical match aim to subdue each other into total submission mostly within three rounds. It often results in serious bodily injuries for the challengers such as broken jaws and ribs. The tradition is dominated by Hausa butcher caste groups, and over the last century evolved from clans of butchers traveling to farm villages at harvest time, integrating a fighting challenge by the outsiders into local harvest festival entertainment. It was also traditionally practiced as a way for men to get ready for war, and many of the techniques and terminology allude to warfare. Today, companies of boxers travel performing outdoor matches accompanied by ceremony and drumming, throughout the traditional Hausa homelands of northern Nigeria, southern Niger and southwestern Chad.In pictures: Traditional boxing in Nigeria. Text by Andrew Walker, pictures by Afolabi Sotunde. BBC World Service, March 2008. The name "Dambe" derives from the Hausa word for "boxe", and appears in languages like Bole as Dembe. Boxers are called by the Hausa word "daæmaænga".Bole/English wordlist:ucla.edu UCLA Hausa teaching resources: hausarbaka. The primary weapon is the strong-side fist. The strong-side fist, known as the spear , is wrapped in a piece of cloth covered by tightly knotted cord. Some boxers would dip their spear in sticky resin mixed with bits of broken glass . Boxing in Nigeria: A rumble in the Sahel, by The Economist, dated Nov 18th 2010. This , however, became an illegal practice. The lead hand, called the shield , is held with the open palm facing toward the opponent . The lead hand can be used to grab or hold as required. Origin theories | Dambe is a martial art of the Hausa people from Nigeria. Competitors in a typical match aim to subdue each other into total submission mostly within three rounds. It often results in serious bodily injuries for the challengers such as broken jaws and ribs. Boxers are called by the Hausa word "daæmaænga".Bole/English wordlist:ucla.edu UCLA Hausa teaching resources: hausarbaka. The tradition is dominated by Hausa fisherman and butcher caste groups, and over the last century evolved from clans of these professions traveling to farm villages at harvest time, integrating a fighting challenge by the outsiders into local harvest festival entertainment. It was also traditionally practiced as a way for men to get ready for war, and many of the techniques and terminology allude to warfare. Today, companies of boxers travel performing outdoor matches accompanied by ceremony and drumming, throughout the traditional Hausa homelands of northern Nigeria, southern Niger and southwestern Chad.In pictures: Traditional boxing in Nigeria. Text by Andrew Walker, pictures by Afolabi Sotunde. BBC World Service, March 2008. The sport has received mainstream attention from Nigeria's Federal Ministry of Youth and Sports Development as its minister, Sunday Dare pledges to create a national league plus cooperating with the Dambe Sport Association to form a federation for organizing competitions and tournaments across and outside Nigeria, plans were already underway before the COVID-19 pandemic hit the country early 2020. The primary weapon is the strong-side fist. The strong-side fist, known as the "spear" , is wrapped in a piece of cloth covered by tightly knotted cord. Some boxers would dip their spear in sticky resin mixed with bits of broken glass ; Boxing in Nigeria: A rumble in the Sahel, by The Economist, dated Nov 18th 2010. this , however, became an illegal practice. The other defensive hand, called the "shield" , is held with the open palm facing toward the opponent , said hand can be used to grab or hold as required. Origin theories The name "Dambe" derives from the Hausa word for "boxe", and appears in languages like Bole as Dembe. | [
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9789685 | 1 | List of PSH 6th Portable Surgical Hospital 44th Portable Surgical Hospital 45th Portable Surgical Hospital | List of PSH 1st Portable Surgical HospitalUnless otherwise noted, all Portable Surgical Hospitals are from 2nd Portable Surgical Hospital 3rd Portable Surgical Hospital 4th Portable Surgical Hospital 5th Portable Surgical Hospital 6th Portable Surgical Hospital 7th Portable Surgical Hospital 8th Portable Surgical Hospital 9th Portable Surgical Hospital 10th Portable Surgical Hospital 11th Portable Surgical Hospital 12th Portable Surgical Hospital 13th Portable Surgical Hospital 14th Portable Surgical Hospital 15th Portable Surgical Hospital 16th Portable Surgical Hospital 17th Portable Surgical Hospital 18th Portable Surgical Hospital 19th Portable Surgical Hospital 20th Portable Surgical Hospital 21st Portable Surgical Hospital 22nd Portable Surgical Hospital 23rd Portable Surgical Hospital 24th Portable Surgical Hospital 27th Portable Surgical Hospital 28th Portable Surgical Hospital 30th Portable Surgical Hospital 31st Portable Surgical Hospital 32nd Portable Surgical Hospital 33rd Portable Surgical Hospital 35th Portable Surgical Hospital 35th Portable Surgical Hospital 36th Portable Surgical Hospital 38th Portable Surgical Hospital 40th Portable Surgical Hospital 41st Portable Surgical Hospital 42nd Portable Surgical Hospital 43rd Portable Surgical Hospital 44th Portable Surgical Hospital 45th Portable Surgical Hospital 46th Portable Surgical Hospital 47th Portable Surgical Hospital 48th Portable Surgical Hospital 49th Portable Surgical Hospital 50th Portable Surgical Hospital 51st Portable Surgical Hospital 52nd Portable Surgical Hospital 53rd Portable Surgical Hospital 54th Portable Surgical Hospital 55th Portable Surgical Hospital 56th Portable Surgical Hospital 57th Portable Surgical Hospital 58th Portable Surgical Hospital 60th Portable Surgical Hospital 61st Portable Surgical Hospital 62nd Portable Surgical Hospital 63rd Portable Surgical Hospital 64th Portable Surgical Hospital 66th Portable Surgical Hospital 67th Portable Surgical Hospital 95th Portable Surgical Hospital 96th Portable Surgical Hospital 97th Portable Surgical Hospital 98th Portable Surgical Hospital | [
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9789685 | 2 | In February 1942, Colonel Percy J. Carroll, Chief Surgeon of the US Army Forces, Southwest Pacific Area, found that he had problems flowing large 400-750 bed surgical and evacuation hospitals into troop flow as forces advanced , limiting his ability to support combat operations with effective, far-forward surgical care, as the transportation infrastructure in the Southwest Pacific, particularly in Papua and New Guinea made it virtually impossible to move hospitals forward behind advancing forces . During the summer and fall of 1942, at Carroll's direction, a team of Medical Corps officers modified the basic War Department Table of Organization and Equipment (T/O&E) for a standard 25-bed station hospital (T/O&E 8-560, 22 July 1942) into a new theater T/O and table of basic allowances (T/ BA) (T/O 8-508-S-SWPA, 31 October 1942) for a portable hospital of 25-beds . The new unit was capable of supporting small units in its camp-type version (with 4 female Army nurses and organic vehicles) or battalion and regimental combat teams in its task force version (without the 4 nurses and organic vehicles). Commanded by a Medical Corps captain or major, the new 29-man portable hospital had 4 medical officers (3 general surgeons and a general surgeon/anesthetist) and 25 enlisted men, including 2 surgical and 11 medical technicians. What really marked a radical departure was that all of the unit's equipment, medical and surgical supplies, and rations could weigh no more than the 29 men could personally transport. Designed to meet a specific problem at a specific point in time, the Portable Surgical Hospital had several shortcomings. First, the weight limitations meant that it lacked much of the equipment that it needed to conduct definitive surgery. Second, it lacked the capacity to hold patients for any length of time, which could often be called for by the tactical situation. Third, teh assigned surgeons lacked the skills and experience necessary to meet the demands on teh units, as Carroll often sent younger, less experienced surgeons forward, a departure from the Army's experience in World War I, which showed that less experienced surgeons should be kept at larger facilities to the rear, where they could operate under the tutelage of a more experienced senior staff surgeon. And, finally, the Portable Surgical Hospitals had been stripped so lean that they were never truly self-sufficient, and had to rely on other units for life-support. | In February 1942, Colonel Percy J. Carroll, the Chief Surgeon of the US Army Forces, Southwest Pacific Area, found that he had problems integrating large 400 to 750-bed field and evacuation hospitals into troop flow as forces advanced because of the underdeveloped transportation infrastructure in the Southwest Pacific, particularly in Papua and New Guinea . This limited his ability to move hospitals closely forward behind advancing forces and support combat operations with effective, far-forward surgical care . During the summer and fall of 1942, at Carroll's direction, a team of Medical Corps officers modified the basic War Department Table of Organization and Equipment (T/O&E) for a standard 25-bed station hospital (T/O&E 8-560, 22 July 1942) into a new theater table of organization and table of basic allowances (T/ O, T/ BA) (T/O 8-508-S-SWPA, 31 October 1942) for a portable hospital of 25 beds . The new unit was capable of supporting small units in its camp-type version (with 4 female Army nurses and organic vehicles) or battalion and regimental combat teams in its task force version (without the 4 nurses and organic vehicles). Commanded by a Medical Corps captain or major, the new 29-man portable hospital had 4 medical officers (3 general surgeons and a general surgeon/anesthetist) and 25 enlisted men, including 2 surgical and 11 medical technicians. A radical departure was that all of the unit's equipment, medical and surgical supplies, and rations could weigh no more than the 29 men could personally transport. Designed to meet a specific problem at a specific point in time, the Portable Surgical Hospital had several shortcomings. First, the weight limitations meant that it lacked much of the equipment that it needed to conduct definitive surgery. Second, it lacked the capacity to hold patients for any length of time, which could often be called for by the tactical situation. Third, the assigned surgeons lacked the skills and experience necessary to meet the demands on the units, as Carroll often sent younger, less experienced surgeons forward, a departure from the Army's experience in World War I, which showed that less experienced surgeons should be kept at larger facilities to the rear, where they could operate under the tutelage of a more experienced senior staff surgeon. And, finally, the Portable Surgical Hospitals had been stripped so lean that they were never truly self-sufficient, and had to rely on other units for life-support. | [
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979287 | 1 | The term euromyth is used to refer to exaggerated or invented stories about the European Union (EU) and the activities of its institutions, such as purportedly nonsensical EU legislation. Conversely, the same term has been applied by Eurosceptics to purportedly misleading or exaggerated claims by the European Commission, and some assert that the term (in the former sense) is falsely applied to true stories. Sometimes debate as to whether a particular claim is true or not continues long after the original story appeared. On occasions, Euromyths may arise when the actions of a different European organisation, such as the Council of Europe, are erroneously attributed to the EU.. In 2000, the British government announced a policy of publicly rebutting such myths , accusing journalists of failing in their mission to inform. | The term euromyth is used to refer to exaggerated or invented stories about the European Union (EU) and the activities of its institutions, such as purportedly-nonsensical EU legislation. Conversely, the same term has been applied by Eurosceptics to purportedly-misleading or exaggerated claims by the European Commission, and some assert that the term (in the former sense) is falsely applied to true stories. Debate as to whether a particular claim is true sometimes continues long after the original story appeared. On occasions, Euromyths may arise when the actions of a different European organisation, such as the Council of Europe, are erroneously attributed to the EU.. In 2000, the British government announced a policy of publicly rebutting such myths and accused journalists of failing in their mission to inform. | [
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979287 | 2 | Source of euromyths Accusations of distorted or untruthful reporting are most commonly directed at conservative and Eurosceptic sections of the British media. Stories can present the European civil serviceThe Sun, 5 September 2001, quoted in as drafting rules that "defy common sense". Examples cited as Euromyths include stories about rules banning mince pies, prawn cocktail crisps, curved bananas and mushy peas. Others include a story that English fish and chips shops would be forced to use Latin names for their fish (The Sun, 5 September 2001), quoted in that double-decker buses would be banned (The Times, 9 April 1998),quoted in that British rhubarb must be straight, and that barmaids would have to cover up their cleavage. In some cases Euromyth stories have been traced to deliberate attempts by lobbyists to influence actions by the European bureaucracy, for instance the level of customs duties for particular products. EU officials have also claimed that many such stories result from unclear or misunderstood information on complicated policies, and are claimed to have seized on minor errors in stories as evidence that they are entirely fictional. The alleged ban on curved bananas is a long-standing, famous , and stereotypical claim that is used in headlines to typify the Euromyth. Amongst other issues of acceptable quality and standards, the regulation does actually specify minimum dimensions. It also states that bananas shall be free from deformation or abnormal curvature. However, the provisions relating to shape apply fully only to bananas sold as Extra class; slight defects of shape (but not size) are permitted in Class I and Class II bananas. However, a proposal banning straight bananas and other misshapen fruits was brought before the European Parliament in 2008 and defeated. On 29 July 2008, the European Commission held a preliminary vote towards repealing certain regulations relating to other fruit and vegetables ( but not bananas ) . According to the commission 's press release, "In this era of high prices and growing demand, it makes no sense to throw these products away or destroy them [...] It shouldn't be the EU's job to regulate these things. It is far better to leave it to market operators . " Some Eurosceptic sources have claimed this to be an admission that the original regulations did indeed ban undersized or misshapen fruit and vegetables. On 25 March 2010, a BBC article stated that there were EU shape standardisation regulations in force on "apples, citrus fruit, kiwi fruit, lettuces, peaches and nectarines, pears, strawberries, sweet peppers, table grapes and tomatoes" , and "Marketing standards for 26 types of produce had been scrapped in November 2008, following information that a fifth of produce had been rejected by shops across the EU for failing to meet the requirements . " The British sausage as an "Emulsified High Fat Offal Tube" A 1984 episode of the satirical television programme Yes Minister included a plot line where the commission was to require the renaming of the British sausage as an "emulsified high fat offal tube" , on account of it not containing enough meat. The 'eurosausage' story is used as an amusing , though fictional , example of a Euromyth. | Examples Accusations of distorted or untruthful reporting are most commonly directed at conservative and Eurosceptic sections of the British media. Stories can present the European civil serviceThe Sun, 5 September 2001, quoted in as drafting rules that "defy common sense". Examples cited as Euromyths include stories about rules banning mince pies, prawn cocktail crisps, curved bananas and mushy peas. Others include a story that English fish and chips shops would be forced to use Latin names for their fish (The Sun, 5 September 2001), quoted in that double-decker buses would be banned (The Times, 9 April 1998),quoted in that British rhubarb must be straight, and that barmaids would have to cover up their cleavage. In some cases , Euromyth stories have been traced to deliberate attempts by lobbyists to influence actions by the European bureaucracy, such ad the level of customs duties for particular products. EU officials have also claimed that many such stories result from unclear or misunderstood information on complicated policies, and are claimed to have seized on minor errors in stories as evidence that they are entirely fictional. The alleged ban on curved bananas is a long-standing, famous and stereotypical claim that is used in headlines to typify the Euromyth. With other issues of acceptable quality and standards, the regulation actually specifies minimum dimensions. It also states that bananas shall be free from deformation or abnormal curvature. However, the provisions relating to shape apply fully only to bananas sold as Extra class; slight defects of shape (but not size) are permitted in Class I and Class II bananas. However, a proposal banning straight bananas and other misshapen fruits was brought before the European Parliament in 2008 and defeated. On 29 July 2008, the European Commission held a preliminary vote towards repealing certain regulations relating to other fruit and vegetables but not bananas . According to the Commission 's press release, "In this era of high prices and growing demand, it makes no sense to throw these products away or destroy them [...] It shouldn't be the EU's job to regulate these things. It is far better to leave it to market operators " . Some Eurosceptic sources have claimed this to be an admission that the original regulations did indeed ban undersized or misshapen fruit and vegetables. On 25 March 2010, a BBC article stated that there were EU shape standardisation regulations in force on "apples, citrus fruit, kiwi fruit, lettuces, peaches and nectarines, pears, strawberries, sweet peppers, table grapes and tomatoes" and "Marketing standards for 26 types of produce had been scrapped in November 2008, following information that a fifth of produce had been rejected by shops across the EU for failing to meet the requirements " . British sausage as an "Emulsified High Fat Offal Tube" A 1984 episode of the satirical television programme Yes Minister included a plotline in which the Commission would require the renaming of the British sausage as an "emulsified high fat offal tube" on account of it not containing enough meat. The "eurosausage" story is used as an amusing but fictional example of a Euromyth. | [
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9800419 | 1 | Anacaona (1474 (?)-1504), or Golden Flower, was a Taíno cacica, or female cacique (chief), religious expert, poet and composer born in Xaragua. Before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492, Ayiti or Quisqueya to the Taínos (the Spaniards named it La Española, i.e., Hispaniola — now known as the Dominican Republic and Haiti, Haití in Spanish) was divided into five kingdoms, i.e., Xaragua, Maguana, Higüey, Maguá and Marién. Anacaona was born into a family of caciques. She was the sister of Bohechio , the ruler of Xaragua. She succeeded Bohechio as cacica after his death. Under Anacaona's rule, the Spanish settlers and the Taínos of Xaragua coexisted and intermarried. Early life and family Anacaona was born in Yaguana (present day Léogâne, Haiti), the capital of Xaragua, in 1474 (?). Her name was derived from the Taíno words ana, meaning 'flower', and caona, meaning 'gold, golden.' Anacaona's brother Bohechio was a local chieftain. He extended his rule in 1475 to include all territories west of Xaragua. Through consolidation of his influence and power, Bohechio married Anacaona to Caonabo, cacique of Maguana.Hoeg, Jerry (2015-09-02). "Manuel de Jesús Galván's Enriquillo: A novel look at the environment of marriage in the first colony". Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies. 40 (3): 385–393. doi:10.1080/08263663.2015.1090709. ISSN 0826-3663. Together they had one daughter, Higüemota. In 1493, Caonabo was arrested for ordering the destruction of La Navidad (a Spanish colony in the northwestern part of the island) and its people. He was shipped to Spain and died in a shipwreck during the journey. When Caonabo was captured, Anacaona returned to Xaragua and served as an advisor to Bohechio . In 1498, Bohechio was confronted by Bartholomew Columbus, brother of Christopher Columbus and founder of the city of Santo Domingo, who arrived in Xaragua with his troops to subdue Bohechio and conquer his territory. The purpose of the Spaniards in so doing was to acquire gold. With his power weakened, Bohechio , advised by Anacaona, decided to recognize the sovereignty of the Catholic Monarchs. Instead of fighting, he committed himself to paying the tribute levied by the Spaniards with products such as cotton, bread, corn and fish. After Bohechio 's death in 1500, Anacaona ruled as cacica until her execution in 1503. | Anacaona (1474 (?)-1504), or Golden Flower, was a Taíno cacica, or female cacique (chief), religious expert, poet and composer born in Xaragua. Before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492, Ayiti or Quisqueya to the Taínos (the Spaniards named it La Española, i.e., Hispaniola — now known as the Dominican Republic and Haiti, Haití in Spanish) was divided into five kingdoms, i.e., Xaragua, Maguana, Higüey, Maguá and Marién. Anacaona was born into a family of caciques. She was the sister of Bohechío , the ruler of Xaragua. She succeeded Bohechío as cacica after his death. Under Anacaona's rule, the Spanish settlers and the Taínos of Xaragua coexisted and intermarried. Early life and family Anacaona was born in Yaguana (present day Léogâne, Haiti), the capital of Xaragua, in 1474 (?). Her name was derived from the Taíno words ana, meaning 'flower', and caona, meaning 'gold, golden.' Anacaona's brother Bohechío was a local chieftain. He extended his rule in 1475 to include all territories west of Xaragua. Through consolidation of his influence and power, Bohechío married Anacaona to Caonabo, cacique of Maguana.Hoeg, Jerry (2015-09-02). "Manuel de Jesús Galván's Enriquillo: A novel look at the environment of marriage in the first colony". Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies. 40 (3): 385–393. doi:10.1080/08263663.2015.1090709. ISSN 0826-3663. Together they had one daughter, Higüemota. In 1493, Caonabo was arrested for ordering the destruction of La Navidad (a Spanish colony in the northwestern part of the island) and its people. He was shipped to Spain and died in a shipwreck during the journey. When Caonabo was captured, Anacaona returned to Xaragua and served as an advisor to Bohechío . In 1498, Bohechío was confronted by Bartholomew Columbus, brother of Christopher Columbus and founder of the city of Santo Domingo, who arrived in Xaragua with his troops to subdue Bohechío and conquer his territory. The purpose of the Spaniards in so doing was to acquire gold. With his power weakened, Bohechío , advised by Anacaona, decided to recognize the sovereignty of the Catholic Monarchs. Instead of fighting, he committed himself to paying the tribute levied by the Spaniards with products such as cotton, bread, corn and fish. After Bohechío 's death in 1500, Anacaona ruled as cacica until her execution in 1503. | [
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981125 | 1 | Operation HIGHJUMP, officially titled The United States Navy Antarctic Developments Program, 1946–1947, was a United States Navy operation organized by Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd, Jr., USN (Ret), Officer in Charge, Task Force 68, and led by Rear Admiral Ethan Erik Larson, USN, Commanding Officer, Task Force 68. Operation HIGHJUMP commenced 26 August 1946 and ended in late February 1947. Task Force 68 included 4,700 men, 13 ships, and 33 aircraft . Operation HIGHJUMP's primary mission was to establish the Antarctic research base Little America IV . | Operation HIGHJUMP, officially titled The United States Navy Antarctic Developments Program, 1946–1947, was a United States Navy operation to establish the Antarctic research base Little America IV. The operation was organized by Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd, Jr., USN (Ret), Officer in Charge, Task Force 68, and led by Rear Admiral Ethan Erik Larson, USN, Commanding Officer, Task Force 68. Operation HIGHJUMP commenced 26 August 1946 and ended in late February 1947. Task Force 68 included 4,700 men, 13 ships, and 33 aircraft . | [
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9812146 | 1 | The Haven Institute is a residential learning centre situated on Gabriola Island in the Gulf Islands of British Columbia on the west coast of Canada. Founded by Jock McKeen and Bennet Wong, the centre offers programs for personal and professional purposes, including Certificate and Diploma Programs in Group Facilitation and Counselling Skills. The Haven Institute is registered in the province of British Columbia as a Private Post-Secondary institution in accordance with the Private Post-Secondary Education Act of B.C. (SBC CHAP 64) . This registration is governed by the Private Career Training Institutions Agency of B.C.. Some of their programs are approved for continuing education credit by the Canadian Addiction Counsellors Certification Federation (CACCF) , the Canadian Association of Rehabilitation Professionals (CARP), and the Canadian Counselling Association (CCA) and the College of Massage Therapists of British Columbia (CMTBC) . The Core Programs for the Institute were developed by McKeen and Wong. Programs have been offered at The Haven with Chinese translation since the early 1990s, and numerous Asian people have attended as participants, and trainees. *.*.Joann Peterson became the Director of Education in 1992, and oversaw the training of over 1200 interns and assistants in group and individual counselling until her death in 2007. The programs have continued to develop and broaden.* . Many of the programs involved crossing various boundaries and a Freudian view of catharsis no longer used by the psychological community due to its negative effects, mainly retraumatization . | The Haven or "Haven Institute" is a centre for transformative learning situated on Gabriola Island in the Gulf Islands of British Columbia on the west coast of Canada. Founded by Jock McKeen and Bennet Wong, the centre offers programs for personal and professional purposes, including Certificate and Diploma Programs in Group Facilitation and Counselling Skills. The Haven Institute is registered in the province of British Columbia as a Private Training institution in accordance with the Private Training Act (SBC 2015) Chapter 5. This registration is governed by the Private Training Institutions Branch (PTIB) of the Ministry of Advanced Education, Skills and Training . The Core Programs for the Institute were developed by McKeen and Wong. Programs have been offered at The Haven with Chinese translation since the early 1990s, and numerous Asian people have attended as participants, and trainees. *.*.Joann Peterson became the Director of Education in 1992, and oversaw the training of over 1200 interns and assistants in group and individual counselling until her death in 2007. The programs have continued to develop and broaden.* . | [
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981699 | 1 | Personal life Howard Conklin Baskerville was born on April 10, 1885, in North Platte, Nebraska , USA . His father, grandfather, and four brothers were priests, and his younger brother, Robert, graduated from Princeton in 1912. Howard was born in North Plate, Nebraska, and his family moved to Black Hills, South Dakota , before he entered Princeton University . | Personal life Howard Conklin Baskerville was born on April 10, 1885, in North Platte, Nebraska . His father, grandfather, and four brothers were priests, and his younger brother, Robert, graduated from Princeton in 1912. During his youth his family moved to Black Hills, South Dakota . | [
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9819435 | 1 | The word "maroon" is derived via French from the Spanish word cimarrón, meaning " wild " or "untamed". This word usually referred to runaways, castaways , or the shipwrecked; those marooned probably would never return. The origin of the Spanish word cimarrón is unknown . | The word "maroon" is derived from the Spanish , French and Italian word(s) for " brown " , and sometimes erroneously attributed to cimarron, a type of mountain goat , or the Spanish word for 'unruly' or 'wild' . | [
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9820 | 1 | Biography Very little is reliably known about the life of Ennius. His contemporaries hardly mentioned him and much that is related about him could have been embroidered from references to himself in his now fragmentary writings.E. Badian, “ Ennius and his Friends ” in Ennius, Fondation Hardt, Geneva 1972, pp.149 -99 Some lines of the Annales, as well as ancient testimonies, for example, suggest that Ennius opened his epic with a recollection of a dream in which the ancient epic-writer Homer informed him that his spirit had been reborn into Ennius.Aicher (1989), pp. 22732. It is true that the doctrine of the transmigration of souls once flourished in the areas of Italy settled by Greeks, but the statement might have been no more than a literary flourish. Ennius seems to have been given to making large claims, as in the report by Maurus Servius Honoratus that he claimed descent from Messapus, the legendary king of his native district.Commentary on the Aeneid, vii. 691 The partly Hellenised city of Rudiae, his place of birth, was certainly in the area settled by the Messapians. And this, he used to say, according to Aulus Gellius, had endowed him with a triple linguistic and cultural heritage, fancifully described as "three hearts… Greek, Oscan and Latin ” .Noctes Atticae 17.17.1 Fragments of Ennius' Annals at The Latin Library; text from Wordsworth (1874), line numbering from Warmington (1935) Ennius' Annales: text and translation of all fragments at attalus.org; adapted from Warmington (1935) Ennius: translation of selected fragments at elfinspell.com; from Specimens of the Poets and Poetry of Greece and Rome by Various Translators (1847) Remains of old latin. Vol. 1: Aennius and Caecilius, E. H. Warmington (a cura di), Cambridge-London, 1935, pagg. 1-465. | Biography Very little is reliably known about the life of Ennius. His contemporaries hardly mentioned him and much that is related about him could have been embroidered from references to himself in his now fragmentary writings.E. Badian, " Ennius and his Friends " in Ennius, Fondation Hardt, Geneva 1972, pp.149 –99 Some lines of the Annales, as well as ancient testimonies, for example, suggest that Ennius opened his epic with a recollection of a dream in which the ancient epic-writer Homer informed him that his spirit had been reborn into Ennius.Aicher (1989), pp. 22732. It is true that the doctrine of the transmigration of souls once flourished in the areas of Italy settled by Greeks, but the statement might have been no more than a literary flourish. Ennius seems to have been given to making large claims, as in the report by Maurus Servius Honoratus that he claimed descent from Messapus, the legendary king of his native district.Commentary on the Aeneid, vii. 691 The partly Hellenised city of Rudiae, his place of birth, was certainly in the area settled by the Messapians. And this, he used to say, according to Aulus Gellius, had endowed him with a triple linguistic and cultural heritage, fancifully described as "three hearts… Greek, Oscan and Latin " .Noctes Atticae 17.17.1 Fragments of Ennius' Annals at The Latin Library; text from Wordsworth (1874), line numbering from Warmington (1935) Ennius' Annales: text and translation of all fragments at attalus.org; adapted from Warmington (1935) Ennius: translation of selected fragments at elfinspell.com; from Specimens of the Poets and Poetry of Greece and Rome by Various Translators (1847) Remains of old latin. Vol. 1: Aennius and Caecilius, E. H. Warmington (a cura di), Cambridge-London, 1935, pagg. 1–465. | [
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98275 | 1 | In the ocean, the aphotic zone is sometimes referred to as the dark ocean. Depending on how it is defined, the aphotic zone of the ocean begins between depths of about to and extends to the ocean floor. The depth at which the aphotic zone begins in the ocean depends on many factors. In clear, tropical water sunlight can penetrate deeper and so the aphotic zone starts at greater depths. Around the poles, the angle of the sunlight means it does not penetrate as deeply so the aphotic zone is shallower. If the water is turbid, suspended material can block light from penetrating resulting in a shallower aphotic zone. Temperatures can range from roughly to . See also Abyssal zone Benthic zone Hadal zone Pelagic zone Photic zone References | In the ocean, the aphotic zone is sometimes referred to as the dark ocean. Depending on how it is defined, the aphotic zone of the ocean begins between depths of about to and extends to the ocean floor. The majority of the ocean is aphotic, with the average depth of the sea being 4267 m deep with the deepest part of the sea, being the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench, is about 11,000 m deep. The depth at which the aphotic zone begins in the ocean depends on many factors. In clear, tropical water sunlight can penetrate deeper and so the aphotic zone starts at greater depths. Around the poles, the angle of the sunlight means it does not penetrate as deeply so the aphotic zone is shallower. If the water is turbid, suspended material can block light from penetrating resulting in a shallower aphotic zone. Temperatures can range from roughly to . In some rare cases, bacteria use chemical energy sources such as sulfides and methane. Many of the animals in the aphotic zone are bioluminescent, meaning they can produce their light. Bioluminescence can be used both for navigation and luring small animals into their jaws. An excellent example of this is the angler fish, as it has a light lure protruding in front of its mouth from a unique appendage on its head which provides navigation and as bait for smaller animals. Some animals can cross between the photic and aphotic zones in search of food. For example, the sperm whale and the southern elephant seal occasionally hunt in the aphotic zone despite the water pressure squashing their bodies; however, not fatally. After sunset, millions of organisms swarm up from the depths to feed on the microorganisms peacefully floating in the warm epipelagic zone. Many copepods( a group of small crustaceans) and invertebrate larvae come up to shallower waters to eat the phytoplankton, which attracts many predators like squid, hatchet fish, and lantern fish. The migration of the many bioluminescent animals is visible to the naked eye. This nightly vertical migration is the largest (in terms of the number of animals) on our planet. The Migration of Bioluminescent Organisms from Aphotic Zone See also Abyssal zone Benthic zone Hadal zone Pelagic zone Photic zone References Which Animals Live in the Aphotic Zone of the Ocean? (infobloom.com) askabiologist.asu.edu/animals-open-ocean. | [
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9829475 | 1 | Guruwari or 'Totem Design' or 'Seed Power' is an idea that appears in the Walbiri language of the culture of indigenous Australian peoples. Guruwari is intimately associated with The Dreaming of the Ancestors, Songlines and Mabain and is succinctly related in the following quotation from Lawlor (1991: p.36) who references the source of this anthropological scholarship to Munn (1984): "Guruwari refers to the invisible seed or life-energy that the Creative Ancestors deposited in the land and in all forms of nature. " See also Buddha-nature Five Pure Lights Bija References Lawlor, Robert (1991). Voices Of The First Day: Awakening in the Aboriginal dreamtime. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions International, Ltd. ISBN 0-89281-355-5 Munn, Nancy D. (1984). The Transformation Of Subjects Into Objects in Walbiri and Pitjantjartjara Myths. In: M. Charlesworth, H. Morphy, D. Bell and K. Maddock, Eds. Religion in Aboriginal Australia: An Anthology. St. Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press. | Guruwari or 'Totem Design' or 'Seed Power' is an idea that appears in the Walbiri language of the culture of indigenous Australian peoples. Guruwari is intimately associated with The Dreaming . References Munn, Nancy D. (1984). The Transformation Of Subjects Into Objects in Walbiri and Pitjantjartjara Myths. In: M. Charlesworth, H. Morphy, D. Bell and K. Maddock, Eds. Religion in Aboriginal Australia: An Anthology. St. Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press. | [
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