Datasets:

yep-search

/

LongCacti-quac

like 0

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[ "Where is Malayali located?", "What other languages are spoken there?", "What else is this place known for?", "Were they ever successful in doing this?", "Do they produce anything from here?", "Is this population still growing?", "Is the country thriving?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 51 ], [ 640 ], [ 1862 ], [ 2024 ], [ 2024 ], [ 1461 ], [ 2024 ] ], "texts": [ [ "30,803,747 speakers of Malayalam in Kerala, making up 93.2% of the total number of Malayalam speakers in India," ], [ "33,015,420 spoke the standard dialects, 19,643 spoke the Yerava dialect and 31,329 spoke non-standard regional variations like Eranadan." ], [ "World Malayalee Council, the organisation working with the Malayali diaspora across the Globe has embarked upon a project for making a data bank of the diaspora." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "In 2010, the Census of Population of Singapore reported that there were 26,348 Malayalees in Singapore." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 51, 640, 1862, 2024, 2024, 1461, 2024 ], "texts": [ "30,803,747 speakers of Malayalam in Kerala, making up 93.2% of the total number of Malayalam speakers in India,", "33,015,420 spoke the standard dialects, 19,643 spoke the Yerava dialect and 31,329 spoke non-standard regional variations like Eranadan.", "World Malayalee Council, the organisation working with the Malayali diaspora across the Globe has embarked upon a project for making a data bank of the diaspora.", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "In 2010, the Census of Population of Singapore reported that there were 26,348 Malayalees in Singapore.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "Malayali is not a location, it refers to people who speak Malayalam and are from the Indian state of Kerala. Malayalis can also be found in significant numbers in other Indian states like Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra, and in foreign countries like the Middle East, the United States, Europe, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada.", "The text does not provide information on what other languages are spoken in Kerala or by the Malayali population.", "The text does not provide information on what Kerala or any place is known for other than being home to a large Malayali population.", "The text does not provide information on whether they were successful in doing a specified action.", "The text does not provide information on any production or goods coming from Kerala or any place associated with the Malayali population.", "The text does not provide information on whether the Malayali population is currently growing.", "The text does not provide information on whether the country, presumably India, is thriving." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes" ]

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[ "what language do they speak?", "Do they speak any other languages?", "any literary items of interest?", "How old is their literature?", "were any of the poets listed by name?", "anything else of interest?", "any more recent literary works from them?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 51 ], [ 478 ], [ 521 ], [ 711 ], [ 1283 ], [ 1580 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Malayalam is the language spoken by the Malayalis." ], [ "Malayalam is derived from old Tamil and Sanskrit in the 6th century." ], [ "Malayalam literature is ancient in origin. The oldest literature works in Malayalam, distinct from the Tamil tradition," ], [ "The oldest literature works in Malayalam, distinct from the Tamil tradition, is dated between the 9th century and 11th century. Malayalam literature includes the 14th century Niranam poets (" ], [ "Madhava Panikkar, Sankara Panikkar and Rama Panikkar), whose works mark the dawn of both modern Malayalam language and indigenous Keralite poetry." ], [ "All his works are written between 1829 and 1870. Chavara's contribution to Malayalam literature includes, Chronicles, Poems - athmanuthapam (compunction of the soul)," ], [ ". In the second half of the 20th century, Jnanpith awardees like G. Sankara Kurup, S. K. Pottekkatt, Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai and M. T. Vasudevan Nair and non Jnanpith" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 51, 478, 521, 711, 1283, 1580 ], "texts": [ "Malayalam is the language spoken by the Malayalis.", "Malayalam is derived from old Tamil and Sanskrit in the 6th century.", "Malayalam literature is ancient in origin. The oldest literature works in Malayalam, distinct from the Tamil tradition,", "The oldest literature works in Malayalam, distinct from the Tamil tradition, is dated between the 9th century and 11th century. Malayalam literature includes the 14th century Niranam poets (", "Madhava Panikkar, Sankara Panikkar and Rama Panikkar), whose works mark the dawn of both modern Malayalam language and indigenous Keralite poetry.", "All his works are written between 1829 and 1870. Chavara's contribution to Malayalam literature includes, Chronicles, Poems - athmanuthapam (compunction of the soul),", ". In the second half of the 20th century, Jnanpith awardees like G. Sankara Kurup, S. K. Pottekkatt, Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai and M. T. Vasudevan Nair and non Jnanpith" ] }

[]

[ "They speak Malayalam.", "The context does not provide information on any other languages they speak.", "Yes, Malayalam literature is ancient and includes the works of several poets and writers. Some of them include the 14th century Niranam poets (Madhava Panikkar, Sankara Panikkar and Rama Panikkar) and the Kavithrayam: Kumaran Asan, Vallathol Narayana Menon and Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer. Other notable contributors include Chavara Kuriakose Elias, G. Sankara Kurup, S. K. Pottekkatt, Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai, M. T. Vasudevan Nair, Vaikom Muhammad Basheer, O. V. Vijayan, Kamaladas, M. Mukundan, and Booker Prize winner Arundhati Roy. Roy's 1996 semi-autobiographical bestseller The God of Small Things is set in the Kottayam town of Ayemenem.", "The oldest literature works in Malayalam, distinct from the Tamil tradition, is dated between the 9th century and 11th century.", "Yes, several poets were listed by name. They include the 14th century Niranam poets (Madhava Panikkar, Sankara Panikkar and Rama Panikkar), the Triumvirate of poets (Kavithrayam: Kumaran Asan, Vallathol Narayana Menon and Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer), and G. Sankara Kurup.", "Yes, there are several other points of interest. Malayalam was formed from old Tamil and Sanskrit and it is the only major Dravidian language without diglossia. This means the written variant does not differ from the spoken variant. Additionally, for cultural purposes, Malayalam and Sanskrit formed a language known as Manipravalam. Also, the World Malayali Council along with its sister organisation, International Institute for Scientific and Academic Collaboration (IISAC) has published a comprehensive book on Kerala titled 'Introduction to Kerala Studies,' which is intended especially for the Malayali diaspora across the globe.", "The most recent literary work mentioned in the context is Arundhati Roy's 1996 semi-autobiographical bestseller The God of Small Things, which is set in the Kottayam town of Ayemenem." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "no" ]

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[ "What do we know about Cove Reber?", "How did he get in?", "What was the first thing they did together with him in band?", "What happened after that?", "What was a single they released?", "Did they tour again?", "What record label were they signed to?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 74 ], [ 147 ], [ 1131 ], [ 1308 ], [ 1577 ], [ 1622 ], [ 1212 ] ], "texts": [ [ "19-year-old Cove Reber was announced as their new permanent lead singer." ], [ "Reber had sent in his demo tape," ], [ "Saosin played the Taste of Chaos tour the following winter. Saosin was signed to Capitol Records in March and toured the United States with the Warped Tour" ], [ "That summer, they released the Saosin EP." ], [ "\"Bury Your Head\"" ], [ "The band continued touring for the rest of 2005, opening for Avenged Sevenfold and Coheed and Cambria." ], [ "Capitol Records" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 74, 147, 1131, 1308, 1577, 1622, 1212 ], "texts": [ "19-year-old Cove Reber was announced as their new permanent lead singer.", "Reber had sent in his demo tape,", "Saosin played the Taste of Chaos tour the following winter. Saosin was signed to Capitol Records in March and toured the United States with the Warped Tour", "That summer, they released the Saosin EP.", "\"Bury Your Head\"", "The band continued touring for the rest of 2005, opening for Avenged Sevenfold and Coheed and Cambria.", "Capitol Records" ] }

[]

[ "Cove Reber was 19 years old when he became the permanent lead singer of Saosin. He sent in a demo tape with an acoustic demo of \"Mookie's Last Christmas,\" which was initially thought to be a joke by another band member due to the similarity of Reber's vocals to those of former lead singer Anthony Green. Reber's transition into the band was difficult as Green had been the centerpiece of the band in the eyes of the fans.", "Cove Reber became the lead singer of Saosin after sending in his demo tape, which included an acoustic demo of \"Mookie's Last Christmas\". His vocal stylings were so similar to those of the previous lead singer that initially another band member thought it was a joke. After consideration, Reber was announced as the new permanent lead singer.", "The first thing Saosin did together with Cove Reber as their new lead singer was to play the Taste of Chaos tour the following winter.", "After playing the Taste of Chaos tour with their new lead singer, Cove Reber, Saosin was signed to Capitol Records in March. They then toured the United States with the Warped Tour for the second time. In the summer, they released the Saosin EP and filmed a video for their new single \"Bury Your Head\" during the tour. They continued touring for the rest of 2005, opening for Avenged Sevenfold and Coheed and Cambria.", "The single that Saosin released with Cove Reber as the lead singer was called \"Bury Your Head\".", "Yes, Saosin continued touring for the rest of 2005 after releasing their EP and their single \"Bury Your Head\". They opened for the bands Avenged Sevenfold and Coheed and Cambria.", "Saosin was signed to Capitol Records." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

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[ "Who formed Saosin?", "When was the band founded?", "What was their first album?", "Where was the album released?", "How did the album do?", "Did anyone leave the band?", "Why did he leave?", "Did anyone else leave?", "Did anyone join them during this time?", "Did anyone else join?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 4 ], [ 89 ], [ 155 ], [ 267 ], [ 213 ], [ 614 ], [ 662 ], [ 1445 ], [ 724 ], [ 742 ] ], "texts": [ [ "original lineup for Saosin, consisting of Burchell, Shekoski, Kennedy and Green," ], [ "formed in the summer of 2003." ], [ "first commercial production, the EP Translating the Name." ], [ "on online forums and music sites." ], [ "It was an immediate success and was immensely popular on online forums and music sites." ], [ "Bassist Zach Kennedy left the band early on," ], [ "he wanted to pursue a career in art." ], [ "In February 2004, the band's vocalist Anthony Green left Saosin" ], [ "Chris Sorenson." ], [ "local Southern Califonian drummer by the name of Pat Magrath, was hired" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 4, 89, 155, 267, 213, 614, 662, 1445, 724, 742 ], "texts": [ "original lineup for Saosin, consisting of Burchell, Shekoski, Kennedy and Green,", "formed in the summer of 2003.", "first commercial production, the EP Translating the Name.", "on online forums and music sites.", "It was an immediate success and was immensely popular on online forums and music sites.", "Bassist Zach Kennedy left the band early on,", "he wanted to pursue a career in art.", "In February 2004, the band's vocalist Anthony Green left Saosin", "Chris Sorenson.", "local Southern Califonian drummer by the name of Pat Magrath, was hired" ] }

[]

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[ "How was he associated to Tommy Boy?", "Why was he dropped from Tommy Boy Records?", "How was he associated with Red Hot Organization?", "What year did he appear on Red Hot Organization?", "Why did he join Red Hot Organization ?", "Who did he join after leaving Red Hot Organization and Tommy Boy Record?", "Did he make any other sound tracks?", "Was there anyone else who features in the music?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 771 ], [ 712 ], [ 9 ], [ 0 ], [ 188 ], [ 828 ], [ 840 ], [ 1622 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Coolio was dropped from Tommy Boy Records" ], [ "it failed to reach the success of his previous two albums." ], [ "Coolio appeared on the Red Hot Organization's compilation CD America is Dying Slowly," ], [ "In 1996," ], [ "The CD, meant to raise awareness of the AIDS epidemic among African American men, was heralded as \"a masterpiece\" by The Source magazine." ], [ "since then, 2001's Coolio.com, 2003's El Cool Magnifico, 2006's The Return of the Gangsta, and 2008's Steal Hear, have not charted on any Billboard chart." ], [ "2001's Coolio.com, 2003's El Cool Magnifico, 2006's The Return of the Gangsta, and 2008's Steal Hear," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 771, 712, 9, 0, 188, 828, 840, 1622 ], "texts": [ "Coolio was dropped from Tommy Boy Records", "it failed to reach the success of his previous two albums.", "Coolio appeared on the Red Hot Organization's compilation CD America is Dying Slowly,", "In 1996,", "The CD, meant to raise awareness of the AIDS epidemic among African American men, was heralded as \"a masterpiece\" by The Source magazine.", "since then, 2001's Coolio.com, 2003's El Cool Magnifico, 2006's The Return of the Gangsta, and 2008's Steal Hear, have not charted on any Billboard chart.", "2001's Coolio.com, 2003's El Cool Magnifico, 2006's The Return of the Gangsta, and 2008's Steal Hear,", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "Coolio was dropped from Tommy Boy Records.", "The text does not provide a specific reason why Coolio was dropped from Tommy Boy Records.", "In 1996, Coolio appeared on the Red Hot Organization's compilation CD, America is Dying Slowly.", "Coolio appeared on the Red Hot Organization's compilation CD in 1996.", "Coolio joined the Red Hot Organization's compilation CD project to raise awareness of the AIDS epidemic among African American men.", "The text does not provide information on who Coolio joined after leaving the Red Hot Organization and Tommy Boy Records.", "Yes, besides the song for the Red Hot Organization's compilation CD, Coolio recorded the theme song for the Nickelodeon TV series Kenan & Kel, and also made several other albums including My Soul, Coolio.com, El Cool Magnifico, The Return of the Gangsta, and Steal Hear. He also featured on an international collaboration track called 'Fuck the DJ'.", "Yes, in the international collaboration track 'Fuck the DJ', UK rapper Blacklisted MC, Bizarre of D12, Adil Omar from Pakistan, and Uzimon from Bermuda also featured. His 2006 track \"Gangsta Walk\" also featured Snoop Dogg." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No" ]

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[ "What was the relationship between Coolio and Gangsta's parapdise?", "WHen was the song released?", "Which record label release the song?", "Did the song have a high sales?", "Did he wind any award?", "Which other names were mention n the song?", "What was their contribution to the song?", "Which other song did he make?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 9 ], [ 0 ], [ 1217 ], [ 112 ], [ 655 ], [ 1299 ], [ 1313 ], [ 1280 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Coolio made a song featuring R&B singer LV for the movie Dangerous Minds, titled \"Gangsta's Paradise" ], [ "In 1995," ], [ "RIAA." ], [ "It would become one of the most successful rap songs of all time, reaching #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for 3 weeks." ], [ "At the 1996 Grammy Awards, the song won Coolio a Grammy for Best Rap Solo Performance." ], [ "Too Hot\" with J.T. Taylor of Kool & the Gang doing the chorus." ], [ "J.T. Taylor of Kool & the Gang doing the chorus." ], [ "Sumpin' New" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 9, 0, 1217, 112, 655, 1299, 1313, 1280 ], "texts": [ "Coolio made a song featuring R&B singer LV for the movie Dangerous Minds, titled \"Gangsta's Paradise", "In 1995,", "RIAA.", "It would become one of the most successful rap songs of all time, reaching #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for 3 weeks.", "At the 1996 Grammy Awards, the song won Coolio a Grammy for Best Rap Solo Performance.", "Too Hot\" with J.T. Taylor of Kool & the Gang doing the chorus.", "J.T. Taylor of Kool & the Gang doing the chorus.", "Sumpin' New" ] }

[]

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[ "What role did he play in Teen Titans?", "Does he have super powers?", "How many years did the show last?", "Who was the creator of Teen Titans?" ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 1115 ], [ 1450 ], [ 1450 ], [ 1450 ] ], "texts": [ [ "In 1980, Grayson once again takes up the role of leader of the Teen Titans," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 1115, 1450, 1450, 1450 ], "texts": [ "In 1980, Grayson once again takes up the role of leader of the Teen Titans,", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "He played the role of the leader in Teen Titans.", "The context does not provide information on whether he has super powers or not.", "The context does not provide information on how many years the show lasted.", "The context does not provide information on who the creator of Teen Titans was." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

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[ "Where was Bernie born?", "Who were his parents?", "Did he have siblings?", "How was his childhood?", "Did he start music at this point?", "What instruments did he play?", "Did he sing also?", "What gigs did he do?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 56 ], [ 32 ], [ 425 ], [ 246 ], [ 378 ], [ 2163 ], [ 976 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Leadon was born in Minneapolis," ], [ "Dr. Bernard Leadon Jr. and Ann Teresa (nee Sweetser) Leadon," ], [ "one of ten siblings," ], [ "As a young teen he moved with his family to San Diego, where he met fellow musicians Ed Douglas and Larry Murray of the local bluegrass outfit," ], [ "The family enjoyed music and, at an early age, Bernie developed an interest in folk and bluegrass music." ], [ "5-string banjo, mandolin and acoustic guitar." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "His stint in the Scottsville Squirrel Barkers did not last long." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 56, 32, 425, 246, 378, 2163, 976 ], "texts": [ "Leadon was born in Minneapolis,", "Dr. Bernard Leadon Jr. and Ann Teresa (nee Sweetser) Leadon,", "one of ten siblings,", "As a young teen he moved with his family to San Diego, where he met fellow musicians Ed Douglas and Larry Murray of the local bluegrass outfit,", "The family enjoyed music and, at an early age, Bernie developed an interest in folk and bluegrass music.", "5-string banjo, mandolin and acoustic guitar.", "CANNOTANSWER", "His stint in the Scottsville Squirrel Barkers did not last long." ] }

[ { "text": "The Scottsville Squirrel Barkers were a San Diego-based bluegrass group best known as the band that launched the careers of founding Byrds' member, Chris Hillman and founding Eagles' guitarist-songwriter, Bernie Leadon. The lineup included Hillman on mandolin, future Hearts & Flowers member Larry Murray on Dobro, Ed Douglas on stand-up bass, Gary Carr on guitar, and future Flying Burrito Brothers and Country Gazette member, Kenny Wertz on banjo. Leadon would replace Wertz on banjo when he left the group to join the Air Force in 1963 (Wertz would return the favor by replacing Leadon in the Flying Burrito Brothers when he left that group to start the Eagles in 1971).\n\nThe group recorded only one album, Blue Grass Favorites in 1963, and disbanded later that year. They have all remained in contact over the years, reuniting sporadically since 2003 and most recently in 2009 at the Adams Avenue Roots Festival in San Diego.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:American bluegrass music groups\nCategory:Musical groups from San Diego", "title": "The Scottsville Squirrel Barkers" } ]

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[ "When did he join the Eagles?", "How many members were there?", "Did they win any awards?", "Did you learn anything else interesting in the article?", "What albums did they produce?", "Did they have any hit songs?", "Did they have any more hit songs?", "Was there any more hit songs?", "Did the song win any awards or records?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 2853 ], [ 2853 ], [ 185 ], [ 547 ], [ 658 ], [ 978 ], [ 1369 ], [ 2853 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Leadon was the last original member to join the Eagles," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Leadon is often credited with helping shape the band's early country-rock sound," ], [ "their debut album, Eagles," ], [ "hit singles, \"Take It Easy\", \"Peaceful Easy Feeling\" and \"Witchy Woman\" (" ], [ "\"Tequila Sunrise\"" ], [ "guitar-heavy top ten hit \"Already Gone" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 2853, 2853, 185, 547, 658, 978, 1369, 2853 ], "texts": [ "Leadon was the last original member to join the Eagles,", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "Leadon is often credited with helping shape the band's early country-rock sound,", "their debut album, Eagles,", "hit singles, \"Take It Easy\", \"Peaceful Easy Feeling\" and \"Witchy Woman\" (", "\"Tequila Sunrise\"", "guitar-heavy top ten hit \"Already Gone", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[ { "text": "The Scottsville Squirrel Barkers were a San Diego-based bluegrass group best known as the band that launched the careers of founding Byrds' member, Chris Hillman and founding Eagles' guitarist-songwriter, Bernie Leadon. The lineup included Hillman on mandolin, future Hearts & Flowers member Larry Murray on Dobro, Ed Douglas on stand-up bass, Gary Carr on guitar, and future Flying Burrito Brothers and Country Gazette member, Kenny Wertz on banjo. Leadon would replace Wertz on banjo when he left the group to join the Air Force in 1963 (Wertz would return the favor by replacing Leadon in the Flying Burrito Brothers when he left that group to start the Eagles in 1971).\n\nThe group recorded only one album, Blue Grass Favorites in 1963, and disbanded later that year. They have all remained in contact over the years, reuniting sporadically since 2003 and most recently in 2009 at the Adams Avenue Roots Festival in San Diego.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:American bluegrass music groups\nCategory:Musical groups from San Diego", "title": "The Scottsville Squirrel Barkers" } ]

[ "The text does not provide specific information on when Leadon joined the Eagles.", "Initially, there were four members in the Eagles band: Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Randy Meisner, and Bernie Leadon.", "The text does not provide specific information on whether the Eagles won any awards.", "According to the text, Bernie Leadon, who played a key role in shaping the band's early sound, left the Eagles in 1975 due to growing frustration with the band's musical direction and the lifestyle of heavy touring and drug use. Interestingly, he quit by pouring a beer over bandmember Glenn Frey's head. Furthermore, after Leadon's departure, the Eagles released \"Their Greatest Hits (1971-1975)\" which became the biggest-selling album of all time with sales exceeding 42 million units. Leadon was replaced by Joe Walsh, the former James Gang guitarist/singer.", "The Eagles produced the albums, \"Eagles\", \"Desperado\", \"On the Border\", and \"One of These Nights\" during Leadon's tenure with the band. After Leadon's departure, their album \"Their Greatest Hits (1971-1975)\" was released.", "Yes, the Eagles had numerous hit songs including \"Take It Easy\", \"Peaceful Easy Feeling\", \"Witchy Woman\", \"Tequila Sunrise\", \"Desperado\", and \"Already Gone\".", "The text mentions \"Take It Easy\", \"Peaceful Easy Feeling\", \"Witchy Woman\", \"Tequila Sunrise\", \"Desperado\", and \"Already Gone\" as the Eagles' hit songs during Leadon's tenure in the band. No other hit songs are mentioned in the provided context.", "The text only mentions \"Take It Easy\", \"Peaceful Easy Feeling\", \"Witchy Woman\", \"Tequila Sunrise\", \"Desperado\", and \"Already Gone\" as hit songs by the Eagles during Leadon's time with the band. It does not provide information on any additional hit songs.", "The text does not provide specific information on whether any of the Eagles' songs won awards or set records." ]

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[ "What is Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas?", "Did it do well?", "Did he write it in Vegas?", "who published the book?", "Did anyone reject it?", "what is the book about?", "Why do they go to Vegas?", "Did it get good reviews?", "Who gave it good reviews?", "What did the New York Times say?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ 1296, 2253, 2554, 1339, 900, 1473, 2554, 2439, 2257, 2338 ], "texts": [ "The result of the trip to Las Vegas became the 1972 book Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas,", "the book was greeted with considerable critical acclaim, including being heralded by The New York Times as \"by far the best book yet", "CANNOTANSWER", "the 1972 book Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, which first appeared in the November 1971 issues of Rolling Stone as a two-part series.", "Thompson first submitted to Sports Illustrated a manuscript of 2,500 words, which was, as he later wrote, \"aggressively rejected.", "It is written as a first-person account by a journalist named Raoul Duke on a trip to Las Vegas with Dr. Gonzo, his \"300-pound Samoan attorney\",", "CANNOTANSWER", "Thompson referred to it, was a mainstream success and introduced his Gonzo journalism techniques to a wide public.", "book was greeted with considerable critical acclaim, including being heralded by The New York Times", "The New York Times as \"by far the best book yet written on the decade of dope\"." ] }

[]

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[ "when did his career take off?", "did he have any children?", "did he retire from his career?", "was he involved in politics?", "Did he ever win any awards or recognition?", "did he ever work with any one famous?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "where there any conflicts in his career?", "did he ever switch careers or leave any unfinished work?", "where was he born?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 40 ], [ 772 ], [ 2181 ], [ 1562 ], [ 2327 ], [ 2327 ], [ 1223 ], [ 1835 ], [ 1835 ], [ 2327 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Thompson was able to publish articles in a number of well-known magazines during the late 1960s," ], [ "Thompson and his family" ], [ "Johnson. A few weeks after the contract was signed, however, Johnson announced that he would not run for re-election, and the deal was cancelled." ], [ "travel on the 1968 Presidential campaign trail and attend the 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago for research purposes." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Thompson signed the \"Writers and Editors War Tax Protest\" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War." ], [ "The book was never finished, and the theme of the death of the American dream would be carried over into his later work." ], [ "The book was never finished," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 40, 772, 2181, 1562, 2327, 2327, 1223, 1835, 1835, 2327 ], "texts": [ "Thompson was able to publish articles in a number of well-known magazines during the late 1960s,", "Thompson and his family", "Johnson. A few weeks after the contract was signed, however, Johnson announced that he would not run for re-election, and the deal was cancelled.", "travel on the 1968 Presidential campaign trail and attend the 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago for research purposes.", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "Thompson signed the \"Writers and Editors War Tax Protest\" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War.", "The book was never finished, and the theme of the death of the American dream would be carried over into his later work.", "The book was never finished,", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

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[ "What were the accusations?", "What he accused of being a fascist?", "Was there conflict because of his views?", "Did he have many followers?", "Is there something else interesting to know?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 355 ], [ 991 ], [ 1147 ], [ 2331 ], [ 1734 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Griffin included Pinochet in a group of pseudo-populist despots distinct from fascism and including the likes of Saddam Hussein, Suharto, and Ferdinand Marcos." ], [ "Pinochet attempted to build true fascism, the regime would likely have been toppled or at least been forced to alter its relationship to the United States." ], [ "Anna Cento Bull also excluded Pinochet from fascism, although she has argued that his regime belongs to a strand of Cold War anti-communism" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "It is notable that in all the declarations of Pinochet's men, nobody has mentioned the creators of the new Chilean society and state," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 355, 991, 1147, 2331, 1734 ], "texts": [ "Griffin included Pinochet in a group of pseudo-populist despots distinct from fascism and including the likes of Saddam Hussein, Suharto, and Ferdinand Marcos.", "Pinochet attempted to build true fascism, the regime would likely have been toppled or at least been forced to alter its relationship to the United States.", "Anna Cento Bull also excluded Pinochet from fascism, although she has argued that his regime belongs to a strand of Cold War anti-communism", "CANNOTANSWER", "It is notable that in all the declarations of Pinochet's men, nobody has mentioned the creators of the new Chilean society and state," ] }

[ { "text": "Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (;, , ,; 25 November 1915 – 10 December 2006) was a Chilean general and dictator who ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990, first as the leader of the Military Junta of Chile from 1973 to 1981, being declared President of the Republic by the junta in 1974 and becoming the de facto dictator of Chile, and from 1981 to 1990 as de jure president after a new constitution, which confirmed him in the office, was approved by a referendum in 1980. His rule remains the longest of any Chilean leader in history.\n\t\nAugusto Pinochet rose through the ranks of the Chilean Army to become General Chief of Staff in early 1972 before being appointed its Commander-in-Chief on 23 August 1973 by President Salvador Allende. On 11 September 1973, \nPinochet seized power in Chile in a coup d'état, with the support of the US, that toppled Allende's democratically elected left-wing Unidad Popular government and ended civilian rule. In December 1974, the ruling military junta appointed Pinochet Supreme Head of the nation by joint decree, although without the support of one of the coup's instigators, Air Force General Gustavo Leigh. After his rise to power, Pinochet persecuted leftists, socialists, and political critics, resulting in the executions of 1,200 to 3,200 people, the internment of as many as 80,000 people, and the torture of tens of thousands. According to the Chilean government, the number of executions and forced disappearances was at least 3,095. Operation Condor, a U.S.-supported terror operation focusing on South America, was founded at the behest of the Pinochet regime in late November 1975, his 60th birthday.\n\nUnder the influence of the free market-oriented \"Chicago Boys\", Pinochet's military government implemented economic liberalization following neoliberalism, including currency stabilization, removed tariff protections for local industry, banned trade unions, and privatized social security and hundreds of state-owned enterprises. Some of the government properties were sold below market price to politically connected buyers, including Pinochet's son-in-law. The regime used censorship of entertainment as a way to reward supporters of the regime and punish opponents. These policies produced high economic growth, but critics state that economic inequality dramatically increased and attribute the devastating effects of the 1982 monetary crisis on the Chilean economy to these policies. For most of the 1990s, Chile was the best-performing economy in Latin America, though the legacy of Pinochet's reforms continues to be in dispute. His fortune grew considerably during his years in power through dozens of bank accounts secretly held abroad and a fortune in real estate. He was later prosecuted for embezzlement, tax fraud, and for possible commissions levied on arms deals.\n\nPinochet's 17-year rule was given a legal framework through a controversial 1980 plebiscite, which approved a new constitution drafted by a government-appointed commission. In a 1988 plebiscite, 56% voted against Pinochet's continuing as president, which led to democratic elections for the presidency and Congress. After stepping down in 1990, Pinochet continued to serve as Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army until 10 March 1998, when he retired and became a senator-for-life in accordance with his 1980 Constitution. However, while in London in 1998 Pinochet was arrested under an international arrest warrant in connection with numerous human rights violations. Following a legal battle, he was released on grounds of ill-health and returned to Chile on 3 March 2000. In 2004, Chilean Judge Juan Guzmán Tapia ruled that Pinochet was medically fit to stand trial and placed him under house arrest. By the time of his death on 10 December 2006, about 300 criminal charges were still pending against him in Chile for numerous human rights violations during his 17-year rule, as well as tax evasion and embezzlement during and after his rule. He was also accused of having corruptly amassed at least US$28 million.\n\nEarly life and education\nAugusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte was born in Valparaíso on 25 November 1915. He was the son and namesake of Augusto Pinochet Vera (1891–1944), a descendant of an 18th century French Breton immigrant from Lamballe, and Avelina Ugarte Martínez (1895–1986), a woman of Basque heritage whose family had been in Chile since the 17th century.\n\nPinochet went to primary and secondary school at the San Rafael Seminary of Valparaíso, the Rafael Ariztía Institute (Marist Brothers) in Quillota, the French Fathers' School of Valparaíso, and then to the Military School in Santiago, which he entered in 1931. In 1935, after four years studying military geography, he graduated with the rank of alférez (Second Lieutenant) in the infantry.\n\nMilitary career\nIn September 1937, Pinochet was assigned to the \"Chacabuco\" Regiment, in Concepción. Two years later, in 1939, then with the rank of Sub-lieutenant, he moved to the \"Maipo\" Regiment, garrisoned in Valparaíso. He returned to Infantry School in 1940. On 30 January 1943, Pinochet married Lucía Hiriart Rodríguez, with whom he had five children: Inés Lucía, María Verónica, Jacqueline Marie, Augusto Osvaldo and Marco Antonio.\n\nBy late 1945, Pinochet had been assigned to the \"Carampangue\" Regiment in the northern city of Iquique. Three years later, he entered the Chilean War Academy but had to postpone his studies because, being the youngest officer, he had to carry out a service mission in the coal zone of Lota. In 1948, Pinochet was initiated in the regular Masonic Lodge Victoria n°15 of San Bernardo, affiliated to the Grand Lodge of Chile. He received the Scottish Rite degree of companion, but he is thought not to have ever become a Grand Master.\n\nThe following year he returned to his studies in the academy, and after obtaining the title of Officer Chief of Staff, in 1951, he returned to teach at the Military School. At the same time, he worked as a teachers' aide at the War Academy, giving military geography and geopolitics classes. He was also the editor of the institutional magazine Cien Águilas ('One Hundred Eagles'). At the beginning of 1953, with the rank of major, he was sent for two years to the \"Rancagua\" Regiment in Arica. While there, he was appointed professor of the Chilean War Academy, and returned to Santiago to take up his new position.\n\nIn 1956, Pinochet and a group of young officers were chosen to form a military mission to collaborate in the organization of the War Academy of Ecuador in Quito. He remained with the Quito mission for four-and-a-half years, during which time he studied geopolitics, military geography and military intelligence. At the end of 1959 he returned to Chile and was sent to General Headquarters of the 1st Army Division, based in Antofagasta. The following year, he was appointed commander of the \"Esmeralda\" Regiment. Due to his success in this position, he was appointed Sub-director of the War Academy in 1963. In 1968, he was named Chief of Staff of the 2nd Army Division, based in Santiago, and at the end of that year, he was promoted to brigadier general and Commander in Chief of the 6th Division, garrisoned in Iquique. In his new function, he was also appointed Intendent of the Tarapacá Province.\n\nIn January 1971, Pinochet was promoted to division general and was named General Commander of the Santiago Army Garrison. On 8 June 1971, following the assassination of Edmundo Perez Zujovic by left-wing radicals, Allende appointed Pinochet a supreme authority of Santiago province, imposing a military curfew in the process, which was later lifted. However, on 2 December 1971, following a series of peaceful protests against economic policies of Allende, the curfew was re-installed, all protests prohibited, with Pinochet leading the crackdown on anti-Allende protests. At the beginning of 1972, he was appointed General Chief of Staff of the Army. With rising domestic strife in Chile, after General Prats resigned his position, Pinochet was appointed commander-in-chief of the Army on 23 August 1973 by President Salvador Allende just one day after the Chamber of Deputies of Chile approved a resolution asserting that the government was not respecting the Constitution. Less than a month later, the Chilean military deposed Allende.\n\nMilitary coup of 1973\n\nOn 11 September 1973, the combined Chilean Armed Forces (the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Carabineros) overthrew Allende's government in a coup, during which the presidential palace, La Moneda, was shelled and where Allende was said to have committed suicide. While the military claimed that he had committed suicide, controversy surrounded Allende's death, with many claiming that he had been assassinated (such theory was discarded by the Chilean Supreme Court in 2014).\n\nIn his memoirs, Pinochet said that he was the leading plotter of the coup and had used his position as commander-in-chief of the Army to coordinate a far-reaching scheme with the other two branches of the military and the national police. In later years, however, high military officials from the time have said that Pinochet reluctantly became involved only a few days before the coup was scheduled to occur, and followed the lead of the other branches (especially the Navy, under Merino) as they executed the coup.\n\nThe new government rounded up thousands of people and held them in the national stadium, where many were killed. This was followed by brutal repression during Pinochet's rule, during which approximately 3,000 people were killed, while more than 1,000 are still missing.\n\nIn the months that followed the coup, the junta, with authoring work by historian Gonzalo Vial and admiral Patricio Carvajal, published a book titled El Libro Blanco del cambio de gobierno en Chile (commonly known as El Libro Blanco, 'The White Book on the Change of Government in Chile'), in which they said that they were in fact anticipating a self-coup (the alleged Plan Zeta, or Plan Z) that Allende's government or its associates were purportedly preparing. United States intelligence agencies believed the plan to be untrue propaganda. Although later discredited and officially recognized as the product of political propaganda, Gonzalo Vial Correa insists in the similarities between the alleged Plan Z and other existing paramilitary plans of the Popular Unity parties in support of its legitimacy. Pinochet was also trained by the School of the Americas (SOA) where it is likely he first encountered the ideals of the coup.\n\nCanadian reporter Jean Charpentier of Télévision de Radio-Canada was the first foreign journalist to interview General Pinochet following the coup. After Allende's final radio address, he shot himself rather than becoming a prisoner.\n\nU.S. backing of the coup\n\nThe Church Report investigating the fallout of the Watergate scandal stated that while the U.S. tacitly supported the Pinochet government after the 1973 coup, there was \"no evidence\" that the US was directly involved in it. This view has been contradicted by several academics, such as Peter Winn, who writes that the role of the CIA was crucial to the consolidation of power after the coup; the CIA helped fabricate a conspiracy against the Allende government, which Pinochet was then portrayed as preventing. He stated that the coup itself was possible only through a three-year covert operation mounted by the United States. Winn also points out that the US imposed an \"invisible blockade\" that was designed to disrupt the economy under Allende, and contributed to the destabilization of the regime. Author Peter Kornbluh argues in The Pinochet File that the US was extensively involved and actively \"fomented\" the 1973 coup. Authors Tim Weiner (Legacy of Ashes) and Christopher Hitchens (The Trial of Henry Kissinger) similarly argue the case that US covert actions actively destabilized Allende's government and set the stage for the 1973 coup. Despite denial of countless American agencies, current declassified documentation has proven the American involvement. Nixon and Kissinger, along with both private and public intelligence agencies were \"apprised of, and even enmeshed in, the planning and executing of the military takeover.\" Along with this, CIA operatives directly involved, such as Jack Devine, have also come out and declared their involvement in the coup. Devine stating \"I sent CIA headquarters a special type of top-secret cable known as a CRITIC, which ... goes directly to the highest levels of government.\"\n\nThe US provided material support to the military government after the coup, although criticizing it in public. A document released by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in 2000, titled \"CIA Activities in Chile\", revealed that the CIA actively supported the military junta after the overthrow of Allende, and that it made many of Pinochet's officers into paid contacts of the CIA or U.S. military, even though some were known to be involved in human rights abuses. The CIA also maintained contacts in the Chilean DINA intelligence service. DINA led the multinational campaign known as Operation Condor, which amongst other activities carried out assassinations of prominent politicians in various Latin American countries, in Washington, D.C., and in Europe, and kidnapped, tortured and executed activists holding left-wing views, which culminated in the deaths of roughly 60,000 people. The United States provided key organizational, financial and technical assistance to the operation. CIA contact with DINA head Manuel Contreras was established in 1974 soon after the coup, during the Junta period prior to official transfer of Presidential powers to Pinochet; in 1975, the CIA reviewed a warning that keeping Contreras as an asset might threaten human rights in the region. The CIA chose to keep him as an asset, and at one point even paid him. In addition to the CIA's maintaining of assets in DINA beginning soon after the coup, several CIA assets, such as CORU Cuban exile militants Orlando Bosch and Guillermo Novo, collaborated in DINA operations under the Condor Plan in the early years of Pinochet's presidency.\n\nMilitary junta\n\nA military junta was established immediately following the coup, made up of General Pinochet representing the Army, Admiral José Toribio Merino representing the Navy, General Gustavo Leigh representing the Air Force, and General César Mendoza representing the Carabineros (national police). As established, the junta exercised both executive and legislative functions of the government, suspended the Constitution and the Congress, imposed strict censorship and curfew, banned all parties and halted all political and perceived subversive activities. This military junta held the executive role until 17 December 1974, after which it remained strictly as a legislative body, the executive powers being transferred to Pinochet with the title of President.\n\nMilitary dictatorship (1973–1990)\n\nThe junta members originally planned that the presidency would be held for a year by the commanders-in-chief of each of the four military branches in turn. However, Pinochet soon consolidated his control, first retaining sole chairmanship of the military junta, and then proclaiming himself \"Supreme Chief of the Nation\" (de facto provisional president) on 27 June 1974. He officially changed his title to \"President\" on 17 December 1974. General Leigh, head of the Air Force, became increasingly opposed to Pinochet's policies and was forced into retirement on 24 July 1978, after contradicting Pinochet on that year's plebiscite (officially called Consulta Nacional, or National Consultation, in response to a UN resolution condemning Pinochet's government). He was replaced by General Fernando Matthei.\n\nPinochet organized a plebiscite on 11 September 1980 to ratify a new constitution, replacing the 1925 Constitution drafted during Arturo Alessandri's presidency. The new Constitution, partly drafted by Jaime Guzmán, a close adviser to Pinochet who later founded the right-wing party Independent Democratic Union (UDI), gave a lot of power to the President of the Republic—Pinochet. It created some new institutions, such as the Constitutional Tribunal and the controversial National Security Council (COSENA). It also prescribed an 8-year presidential period, and a single-candidate presidential referendum in 1988, where a candidate nominated by the Junta would be approved or rejected for another 8-year period. The new constitution was approved by a margin of 67.04% to 30.19% according to official figures; the opposition, headed by ex-president Eduardo Frei Montalva (who had supported Pinochet's coup), denounced extensive irregularities such as the lack of an electoral register, which facilitated multiple voting, and said that the total number of votes reported to have been cast was very much larger than would be expected from the size of the electorate and turnout in previous elections. Interviews after Pinochet's departure with people involved with the referendum confirmed that fraud had, indeed, been widespread. The Constitution was promulgated on 21 October 1980, taking effect on 11 March 1981. Pinochet was replaced as President of the Junta that day by Admiral Merino. During Pinochet's reign it is estimated that some one million people had been forced to flee the country.\n\nArmed opposition to the Pinochet rule continued in remote parts of the country. In a massive operation spearheaded by Chilean Army para-commandos, some 2,000 security forces troops were deployed in the mountains of Neltume from June to November 1981, where they destroyed two MIR bases, seizing large caches of munitions and killing a number of guerrillas.\n\nAccording to author Ozren Agnic Krstulovic, weapons including C-4 plastic explosives, RPG-7 and M72 LAW rocket launchers, as well as more than 3,000 M-16 rifles, were smuggled into the country by opponents of the government.\n\nIn September 1986, weapons from the same source were used in an unsuccessful assassination attempt against Pinochet by the FPMR. His military bodyguard was taken by surprise, and five members were killed. Pinochet's bulletproof Mercedes Benz vehicle was struck by a rocket, but it failed to explode and Pinochet suffered only minor injuries.\n\nSuppression of opposition\n\nAlmost immediately after the military's seizure of power, the junta banned all the leftist parties that had constituted Allende's UP coalition.\nAll other parties were placed in \"indefinite recess\" and were later banned outright. The government's violence was directed not only against dissidents but also against their families and other civilians.\n\nThe Rettig Report concluded that 2,279 people who disappeared during the military government were killed for political reasons or as a result of political violence. According to the later Valech Report approximately 31,947 were tortured and 1,312 exiled. The exiles were pursued all over the world by the intelligence agencies. In Latin America, this was carried out under Operation Condor, a cooperation plan between the various intelligence agencies of South American countries, assisted by a United States CIA communication base in Panama. Pinochet believed these operations were necessary in order to \"save the country from communism\". In 2011, the commission identified an additional 9,800 victims of political repression during Pinochet's rule, increasing the total number of victims to approximately 40,018, including 3,065 killed.\n\nSome political scientists have ascribed the relative bloodiness of the coup to the stability of the existing democratic system, which required extreme action to overturn. Some of the worst cases of human rights violation occurred during the early period: in October 1973, at least 70 people were killed throughout the country by the Caravan of Death. Charles Horman and Frank Teruggi, both U.S. journalists, \"disappeared\", as did Víctor Olea Alegría, a member of the Socialist Party, and many others, in 1973. British priest Michael Woodward, who vanished within 10 days of the coup, was tortured and beaten to death aboard the Chilean naval ship, Esmeralda.\n\nMany other important officials of Allende's government were tracked down by the Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional (DINA) under the auspices of Operation Condor. General Carlos Prats, Pinochet's predecessor and army commander under Allende, who had resigned rather than support the moves against Allende's government, was assassinated in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1974. A year later, the murder of 119 opponents abroad was disguised as an internal conflict, the DINA setting up a propaganda campaign to support this idea (Operation Colombo), a campaign publicised by the leading newspaper in Chile, El Mercurio.\n\nOther victims of Condor included Juan José Torres, the former President of Bolivia, assassinated in Buenos Aires on 2 June 1976; Carmelo Soria, a UN diplomat working for the CEPAL, assassinated in July 1976; and Orlando Letelier, a former Chilean ambassador to the United States and minister in Allende's cabinet, assassinated after his release from internment and exile in Washington, D.C. by a car bomb on 21 September 1976. Documents confirm that Pinochet directly ordered Letelier's assassination. This led to strained relations with the US and to the extradition of Michael Townley, a US citizen who worked for the DINA and had organized Letelier's assassination. Other targeted victims, who escaped assassination, included Christian-Democrat Bernardo Leighton, who escaped an assassination attempt in Rome in 1975 by the Italian terrorist Stefano delle Chiaie; Carlos Altamirano, the leader of the Chilean Socialist Party, targeted for murder in 1975 by Pinochet, along with Volodia Teitelboim, member of the Communist Party; Pascal Allende, the nephew of Salvador Allende and president of the MIR, who escaped an assassination attempt in Costa Rica in March 1976; and US Congressman Edward Koch, who became aware in 2001 of relations between death threats and his denunciation of Operation Condor. Furthermore, according to later investigations, Eduardo Frei Montalva, the Christian Democrat President of Chile from 1964 to 1970, may have been poisoned in 1982 with toxins produced by DINA biochemist Eugenio Berrios.\n\nProtests continued, however, during the 1980s, leading to several scandals. In March 1985, the murder of three Communist Party members led to the resignation of César Mendoza, head of the Carabineros and member of the junta since its formation. During a 1986 protest against Pinochet, 21-year-old American photographer Rodrigo Rojas DeNegri and 18-year-old student Carmen Gloria Quintana were burnt alive, with only Carmen surviving.\n\nIn August 1989, Marcelo Barrios Andres, a 21-year-old member of the FPMR (the armed wing of the PCC, created in 1983, which had attempted to assassinate Pinochet on 7 September 1986), was murdered by a group of military personnel who were supposed to arrest him on orders of Valparaíso's public prosecutor. This case was included in the Rettig Report. Among the killed and disappeared during the military junta were 440 MIR guerrillas. In December 2015, three former DINA agents were sentenced to ten years in prison for the murder of a 29-year-old theology student and activist, German Rodriguez Cortes, in 1978. The same month, 62-year-old Guillermo Reyes Rammsy, a former Chilean soldier during the Pinochet years, was arrested and charged with murder for boasting of participating in 18 executions during a live phone-in to the Chilean radio show \"Chacotero Sentimental\".\n\nOn 2 June 2017, Chilean judge Hernan Cristoso sentenced 106 former Chilean intelligence officials to between 541 days and 20 years in prison for their role in the kidnapping and murder of 16 left-wing activists in 1974 and 1975.\n\nEconomic policy\n\nIn 1973, the Chilean economy was deeply depressed for several reasons. Allende's government had expropriated many Chilean and foreign businesses, including all copper mines, and had controlled prices. Inflation had reached 606%, income per capita had contracted by 7.14% in 1973 alone and 30% compared to 1970, GDP had contracted by 5% in 1973, and public spending rose from 22.6% to 44.9% of GDP between 1970 and 1973, creating a deficit equal to 25% of GDP. While some authors like Peter Kornbluh also argue that economic sanctions by the Nixon administration helped to create the economic crisis, others like Paul Sigmund and Mark Falcoff argue there was no blockade because aid and credit still existed (albeit in smaller quantities), and no formal trade embargo had been declared.\n\nBy mid-1975, after two years of Keynesianism, the government set forth an economic policy of free-market reforms that attempted to stop inflation and collapse. Pinochet declared that he wanted \"to make Chile not a nation of proletarians, but a nation of proprietors\". To formulate the economic rescue, the government relied on the so-called Chicago Boys and a text called El ladrillo, and although Chile grew very quickly between 1976 and 1981, it had a large amount of debt which made Chile the most affected nation by the Latin American debt crisis.\n\nIn sharp contrast to the privatization done in other areas, Chile's nationalized main copper mines remained in government hands, with the 1980 Constitution later declaring the mines \"inalienable\". In 1976, Codelco was established to exploit them but new mineral deposits were opened to private investment. In November 1980, the pension system was restructured from a PAYGO-system to a fully funded capitalization system run by private sector pension funds. Healthcare and education were likewise privatized. These mines would ultimately help them economically; however, they would fall partly in American hands.\n\nWages decreased by 8%. Family allowances in 1989 were 28% of what they had been in 1970 and the budgets for education, health and housing had dropped by over 20% on average. The junta relied on the middle class, the oligarchy, foreign corporations, and foreign loans to maintain itself. Businesses recovered most of their lost industrial and agricultural holdings, for the junta returned properties to original owners who had lost them during expropriations, and sold other industries expropriated by Allende's Popular Unity government to private buyers. This period saw the expansion of business and widespread speculation.\n\nFinancial conglomerates became major beneficiaries of the liberalized economy and the flood of foreign bank loans. Large foreign banks reinstated the credit cycle, as debt obligations, such as resuming payment of principal and interest installments, were honored. International lending organizations such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the Inter-American Development Bank lent vast sums anew. Many foreign multinational corporations such as International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT), Dow Chemical, and Firestone, all expropriated by Allende, returned to Chile. Pinochet's policies eventually led to substantial GDP growth, in contrast to the negative growth seen in the early years of his administration, while public debt also was kept high mostly to finance public spending which even after the privatization of services was kept at high rates (though far less than before privatization), for example, in 1991 after one year of post-Pinochet democracy debt was still at 37.4% of the GDP.\n\nThe Pinochet government implemented an economic model that had three main objectives: economic liberalization, privatization of state owned companies, and stabilization of inflation. In 1985, the government initiated a second round of privatization, revising previously introduced tariff increases and creating a greater supervisory role for the Central Bank. Pinochet's market liberalizations have continued after his death, led by Patricio Aylwin. According to a 2020 study in the Journal of Economic History, Pinochet sold firms at below-market prices to politically connected buyers.\n\nCritics argue the neoliberal economic policies of the Pinochet regime resulted in widening inequality and deepening poverty as they negatively impacted the wages, benefits and working conditions of Chile's working class. According to Chilean economist Alejandro Foxley, by the end of Pinochet's reign around 44% of Chilean families were living below the poverty line. According to The Shock Doctrine by Naomi Klein, by the late 1980s, the economy had stabilized and was growing, but around 45% of the population had fallen into poverty while the wealthiest 10% saw their incomes rise by 83%. But others disagree, Chilean economist José Piñera argues that 2 years after Pinochet took power, poverty was still at 50% and the liberal reforms reduced it to 7.8% in 2013 as well as income per capita rising from US$4.000 in 1975 to US$25.000 in 2015, supporters of the reforms also argue that when Pinochet left power in 1990 poverty had fallen to 38% and some claim that since the consolidation of the neoliberal system inequality has been reducing. However, protests erupted in late 2019 in response to growing inequality in the country which can be traced back to the neoliberal policies of the Pinochet dictatorship.\n\nAmerican scholar Nancy MacLean, wrote that the concentration of money in the hands of the very rich and the perversion of democracy through the privatization of government was always the goal. She contends this was the effective meaning of the theoretical model known as public choice, whose architect James M. Buchanan, traveled to Chile and worked closely with the Pinochet regime. MacLean's account, however, has come under scrutiny. Economist Andrew Farrant examined the Chilean constitutional clauses that MacLean attributes to Buchanan, and discovered that they pre-dated his visit. He concludes that \"evidence suggests that Buchanan's May 1980 visit did not particularly influence the subsequent drafting of the Chilean Constitution\" and \"there is no evidence to suggest that Buchanan had any kind of audience with Pinochet or corresponded with the Chilean dictator.\"\n\n1988 referendum, attempt to stay in power and transition to democracy\n\nAccording to the transitional provisions of the 1980 Constitution, a referendum was scheduled for 5 October 1988, to vote on a new eight-year presidential term for Pinochet. Confronted with increasing opposition, notably at the international level, Pinochet legalized political parties in 1987 and called for a vote to determine whether or not he would remain in power until 1997. If the \"YES\" won, Pinochet would have to implement the dispositions of the 1980 Constitution, mainly the call for general elections, while he would himself remain in power as president. If the \"NO\" won, Pinochet would remain President for another year, and a joint Presidential and legislative election would be held.\n\nAnother reason for Pinochet's decision to call for elections was the April 1987 visit of Pope John Paul II to Chile. According to the US Catholic author George Weigel, he held a meeting with Pinochet during which they discussed a return to democracy. John Paul II allegedly pushed Pinochet to accept a democratic opening of his government, and even called for his resignation.\n\nPolitical advertising was legalized on 5 September 1987, as a necessary element for the campaign for the \"NO\" to the referendum, which countered the official campaign, which presaged a return to a Popular Unity government in case of a defeat of Pinochet. The Opposition, gathered into the Concertación de Partidos por el NO (\"Coalition of Parties for NO\"), organized a colorful and cheerful campaign under the slogan La alegría ya viene (\"Joy is coming\"). It was formed by the Christian Democracy, the Socialist Party and the Radical Party, gathered in the Alianza Democrática (Democratic Alliance). In 1988, several more parties, including the Humanist Party, the Ecologist Party, the Social Democrats, and several Socialist Party splinter groups added their support.\n\nOn 5 October 1988, the \"NO\" option won with 55.99% of the votes, against 44.01% of \"YES\" votes. In the wake of his electoral defeat, Pinochet attempted to implement a plan for an auto-coup. He attempted to implement efforts to orchestrate chaos and violence in the streets to justify his power grab, however, the Carabinero police refused an order to lift the cordon against street demonstrations in the capital, according to a CIA informant. In his final move, Pinochet convened a meeting of his junta at La Moneda, in which he requested that they give him extraordinary powers to have the military seize the capital. Air Force General Fernando Matthei refused, saying that he would not agree to such a thing under any circumstances, and the rest of the junta followed this stance, on grounds that Pinochet already had his turn and lost. Matthei would later become the first member of the junta to publicly admit that Pinochet had lost the plebiscite. Without any support from the junta, Pinochet was forced to accept the result. The ensuing Constitutional process led to presidential and legislative elections the following year.\n\nThe Coalition changed its name to Concertación de Partidos por la Democracia (Coalition of Parties for Democracy) and put forward Patricio Aylwin, a Christian Democrat who had opposed Allende, as presidential candidate, and also proposed a list of candidates for the parliamentary elections. The opposition and the Pinochet government made several negotiations to amend the Constitution and agreed to 54 modifications. These amendments changed the way the Constitution would be modified in the future, added restrictions to state of emergency dispositions, the affirmation of political pluralism, and enhanced constitutional rights as well as the democratic principle and participation to political life. In July 1989, a referendum on the proposed changes took place, supported by all the parties except the right-wing Southern Party and the Chilean Socialist Party. The Constitutional changes were approved by 91.25% of the voters.\n\nThereafter, Aylwin won the December 1989 presidential election with 55% of the votes, against less than 30% for the right-wing candidate, Hernán Büchi, who had been Pinochet's Minister of Finances since 1985 (there was also a third-party candidate, Francisco Javier Errázuriz, a wealthy aristocrat representing the extreme economic right, who garnered the remaining 15%). Pinochet thus left the presidency on 11 March 1990 and transferred power to the new democratically elected president.\n\nThe Concertación also won the majority of votes for the Parliament. However, due to the \"binomial\" representation system included in the constitution, the elected senators did not achieve a complete majority in Parliament, a situation that would last for over 15 years. This forced them to negotiate all law projects with the Alliance for Chile (originally called \"Democracy and Progress\" and then \"Union for Chile\"), a center-right coalition involving the Unión Demócrata Independiente (UDI) and Renovación Nacional (RN), parties composed mainly of Pinochet's supporters.\n\nDue to the transitional provisions of the constitution, Pinochet remained as Commander-in-Chief of the Army until March 1998. He was then sworn in as a senator-for-life, a privilege granted by the 1980 constitution to former presidents with at least six years in office. His senatorship and consequent immunity from prosecution protected him from legal action. These were possible in Chile only after Pinochet was arrested in 1998 in the United Kingdom, on an extradition request issued by Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón. Allegations of abuses had been made numerous times before his arrest, but never acted upon. The extradition attempt was dramatised in the 2006 BBC television docudrama Pinochet in Suburbia, with Pinochet played by Derek Jacobi. Shortly before giving up power, on September 15, 1989, Pinochet prohibited all forms of abortion, previously authorized in case of rape or risk to the life of the mother. Pinochet argued that due to advances in medicine, abortion was \"no longer justifiable\".\n\nRelationship with the United Kingdom\nChile was officially neutral during the Falklands War, but Chile's Westinghouse long-range radar that was deployed in the south of the country gave the British task force early warning of Argentinian air attacks. This allowed British ships and troops in the war zone to take defensive action. Margaret Thatcher, the British prime minister at the time of the war, said that the day the radar was taken out of service for overdue maintenance was the day Argentinian fighter-bombers bombed the troopships Sir Galahad and Sir Tristram, leaving 53 dead and many injured. According to Chilean Junta member and former Air Force commander, General Fernando Matthei, Chilean support included military intelligence gathering, radar surveillance, allowing British aircraft to operate with Chilean colours, and facilitating the safe return of British special forces, among other forms of assistance.\n\nIn April and May 1982, a squadron of mothballed British Hawker Hunter fighter-bombers departed for Chile, arriving on 22 May and allowing the Chilean Air Force to reform the No. 9 \"Las Panteras Negras\" Squadron. A further consignment of three frontier surveillance and shipping reconnaissance Canberras left for Chile in October. Some authors have speculated that Argentina might have won the war had the military felt able to employ the elite VIth and VIIIth Mountain Brigades, which remained sitting in the Andes guarding against possible Chilean incursions. Pinochet subsequently visited the UK on more than one occasion. Pinochet's controversial relationship with Thatcher led Labour Prime Minister Tony Blair to mock Thatcher's Conservatives as \"the party of Pinochet\" in 1999.\n\nHuman rights violations\n\nPinochet's regime was responsible for many human rights abuses during its reign, including forced disappearances, murder, and torture of political opponents. According to a government commission report that included testimony from more than 30,000 people, Pinochet's government killed at least 3,197 people and tortured about 29,000. Two-thirds of the cases listed in the report happened in 1973.\n\nProfessor Clive Foss, in The Tyrants: 2500 Years of Absolute Power and Corruption (Quercus Publishing 2006), estimates that 1,500–2,000 Chileans were killed or \"disappeared\" during the Pinochet regime. In October 1979, The New York Times reported that Amnesty International had documented the disappearance of approximately 1,500 Chileans since 1973. Among the killed and disappeared during the military regime were at least 663 Marxist MIR guerrillas. The Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front, however, has stated that only 49 FPMR guerrillas were killed but hundreds detained and tortured. According to a study in Latin American Perspectives, at least 200,000 Chileans (about 2% of Chile's 1973 population) were forced to go into exile. Additionally, hundreds of thousands left the country in the wake of the economic crises that followed the military coup during the 1970s and 1980s. Some of the key individuals who fled because of political persecution were followed in their exile by the DINA secret police, in the framework of Operation Condor, which linked South American military dictatorships together against political opponents.\n\nAccording to John Dinges, author of The Condor Years (The New Press 2003), documents released in 2015 revealed a CIA report dated 28 April 1978 that showed the agency by then had knowledge that Pinochet ordered the assassination of Orlando Letelier, a leading political opponent living in exile in the United States.\n\nAccording to Peter Kornbluh in The Pinochet File, \"routine sadism was taken to extremes\" in the prison camps. The rape of women was common, including sexual torture such as the insertion of rats into genitals and \"unnatural acts involving dogs\". Detainees were forcibly immersed in vats of urine and excrement, and were occasionally forced to ingest it. Beatings with gun butts, fists and chains were routine; one technique known as \"the telephone\" involved the torturer slamming \"his open hands hard and rhythmically against the ears of the victim\", leaving the person deaf. At Villa Grimaldi, prisoners were dragged into the parking lot and had the bones in their legs crushed as they were run over with trucks. Some died from torture; prisoners were beaten with chains and left to die from internal injuries. Following abuse and execution, corpses were interred in secret graves, dropped into rivers or the ocean, or just dumped on urban streets in the night. The body of the renowned Chilean singer, theatre director and academic Víctor Jara was found in a dirty canal \"with his hands and face extremely disfigured\" and with \"forty-four bullet holes\".\n\nThe practice of murdering political opponents via \"death flights\", employed by the juntas of Argentina and Chile, has sometimes been the subject of numerous alt-right and other right-wing extremist groups internet memes, with the suggestion that political enemies and leftists be given \"free helicopter rides\". In 2001, Chilean President Ricardo Lagos informed the nation that during Pinochet's reign, 120 bodies had been tossed from helicopters into \"the ocean, the lakes and the rivers of Chile\". In a final assessment of his legacy during his funeral, Belisario Velasco, Chile's interior minister at the time remarked that \"Pinochet was a classic right-wing dictator who badly violated human rights and who became rich.\"\n\nDuring the 1990s, while no longer President still commander-in-chief, Pinochet scoffed at his human rights critics. When asked about the discovery of a mass grave of his government's victims, Pinochet was quoted in the Chilean press as joking that it was an \"efficient\" way of burial.\n\nIdeology and public image\nPinochet himself expressed his project in government as a national rebirth inspired by Diego Portales, a figure of the early republic:\n\nLawyer Jaime Guzmán participated in the design of important speeches of Pinochet, and provided frequent political and doctrinal advice and consultancy.\n\nJacobo Timerman has called the Chilean army under Pinochet \"the last Prussian army in the world\", suggesting a pre-Fascist origin to the model of Pinochet's military government.\n\nHistorian Alfredo Jocelyn-Holt has referred to Pinochet's figure as \"totemic\", and added that it serves as a scapegoat which attracts \"all hate\". Gabriel Salazar, also a historian, has lamented the lack of an international condemnation of Pinochet in court, since, according to Salazar, that would have damaged his image \"irreparably\" and that of the judicial system of Chile [for the good] too.\n\nIn 1989 indigenous Mapuche groups representing the \"Consejos Regionales\" bestowed Pinochet the title Ulmen Füta Lonko or Great Authority.\n\nAccording to Pinochet, who was aware of his ancestry, he was taught the French language by an uncle, although he later forgot most of it. Pinochet admired Napoleon as the greatest among French and had a framed picture of him. Another French ruler he admired was Louis XIV.\n\nPinochet's reputation led Peruvians in the 1990s to call Alberto Fujimori \"chinochet\" instead of his ordinary nickname \"chino\". Chadian dictator Hissène Habré, a Cold War ally of the West, has been characterized as \"Africa's Pinochet\" for ordering the torture and mass killing of political opponents during his reign, and for the decades long campaign to see him convicted of crimes against humanity. Images of Pinochet have been used in several Internet memes with the caption \"Pinochet's Free Helicopter Rides\", referencing death flights which saw political dissidents being thrown from helicopters over the Pacific or the Andes during Pinochet's rule. Variations of the internet meme have seen increased popularity with the rise of far-right and alt-right politics.\n\nAccusations of fascism\n\nPinochet and his government have been characterised as fascist. For example, journalist and author Samuel Chavkin, in his book Storm Over Chile: The Junta Under Siege, repeatedly characterizes both Pinochet himself and the military dictatorship as fascist.\n\nHowever, he and his government are generally excluded from academic typologies of fascism. Roger Griffin included Pinochet in a group of pseudo-populist despots distinct from fascism, which included the likes of Saddam Hussein, Suharto, and Ferdinand Marcos. He argues that such regimes may be considered populist ultra-nationalist but lack the rhetoric of national rebirth, or palingenesis, necessary to make them conform to the model of palingenetic ultranationalism. Robert Paxton meanwhile compared Pinochet's regime to that of Mobutu Sese Seko in the former Zaire (now Democratic Republic of the Congo), arguing that both were merely client states that lacked popular acclaim and the ability to expand. He further argued that had Pinochet attempted to build true fascism, the regime would likely have been toppled or at least been forced to alter its relationship to the United States. Anna Cento Bull also excluded Pinochet from fascism, although she has argued that his regime belongs to a strand of Cold War anti-communism that was happy to accommodate neo-fascist elements within its activity.\n\nWorld Fascism: a Historical Encyclopedia notes that \"Although he was authoritarian and ruled dictatorially, Pinochet's support of neoliberal economic policies and his unwillingness to support national businesses distinguished him from classical fascists.\"\n\nHistorian Gabriel Salazar stated that high visibility of Pinochet and neglect of co-workers was reminiscent of fascist leadership:\n\nIntellectual life and academic work\nPinochet was publicly known as a man with a lack of culture and this image was reinforced by the fact that he also portrayed himself as a common man with simple ideas. He was also known for being reserved, sharing little about his opinions or feelings. Before wresting power from Allende, Pinochet had written two books, Geopolítica (1968) and Campaña de Tarapacá (1972), which established him as a major figure in Chile's military literature. In Geopolítica, Pinochet plagiarized his mentor general Gregorio Rodríguez Tascón by using paragraphs from a 1949 conference presentation of Rodríguez without attributing them to him.\nRodríguez had previously lectured Pinochet and René Schneider and Carlos Prats in geography and geopolitics. In contrast to the two latter Pinochet was not an outstanding student but his persistence and interest in geopolitics made Rodríguez assume the role as his academic mentor. Rodríguez granted Pinochet a slot as assistant lecturer in geopolitics and in geography. According to Rodríguez, Pinochet would have been particularly impressed by his lectures on The Art of War. Pinochet would later succeed Rodríguez in the geopolitics and geography chair.\n\nInvestigative journalist Juan Cristóbal Peña has put forward the thesis that Pinochet felt intellectual envy of Carlos Prats and that the latter's assassination in 1974 was a relief for Pinochet.\n\nDuring his lifetime, Pinochet amassed more than 55,000 books in his private library, worth an estimated 2,840,000 US dollars (2006–07). The extent of his library was revealed to the public only after a police inspection in January 2006. Pinochet bought books at several small bookshops in the old centre of Santiago and was later supplied with books from abroad by military attachés who bought texts Pinochet was searching after. As ruler of Chile he used discretionary funds for these purchases. The library included many rare books including a first edition (1646) Historica relacion del Reyno de Chile and an original letter of Bernardo O'Higgins. A significant part of the books and documents of the library of José Manuel Balmaceda was found in Pinochet's library in 2006. Pinochet's library contained almost no poetry or fiction.\n\nNicknames\nSupporters sometimes refer to Pinochet as my general (the military salutation for a general) while opponents call him pinocho (Spanish for \"Pinocchio\", from the children's story). A common nickname used by both younger generations is el tata (Chilean Spanish equivalent of \"the grandpa\"). Since the Riggs Bank scandal he has been referred to sarcastically as Daniel Lopez, one of the fake identities he used to deposit money in the bank.\n\nPost-dictatorship life\n\nArrest and court cases in the United Kingdom\n\nPinochet was arrested in London on \"charges of genocide and terrorism that include murder\" in October 1998. The indictment and arrest of Pinochet was the first time that a former government head was arrested on the principle of universal jurisdiction.\n\nAfter having been placed under house arrest on the grounds of the Wentworth Club in Britain in October 1998 and initiating a judicial and public relations battle, the latter run by Thatcherite political operative Patrick Robertson, he was released in March 2000 on medical grounds by the Home Secretary Jack Straw without facing trial. Straw had overruled a House of Lords decision to extradite Pinochet to face trial in Spain.\n\nReturn to Chile\nPinochet returned to Chile on 3 March 2000. So as to avoid any potential disruption his flight back to Chile from the UK departed from RAF Waddington, evading those protesting against his release. His first act when landing in Santiago's airport was to triumphantly get up from his wheelchair to the acclaim of his supporters. He was greeted by his successor as head of the Chilean armed forces, General Ricardo Izurieta. President-elect Ricardo Lagos said the retired general's televised arrival had damaged the image of Chile, while thousands demonstrated against him.\n\nIn March 2000, Congress approved a constitutional amendment creating the status of \"ex-president\", which granted its holder immunity from prosecution and a financial allowance; this replaced Pinochet's senatorship-for-life. 111 legislators voted for, and 29 against.\n\nThe Supreme Court ruled in favor of judge Juan Guzmán's request in August 2000, and Pinochet was indicted on 1 December 2000 for the kidnapping of 75 opponents in the Caravan of Death case. Guzmán advanced the charge of kidnapping as the 75 were officially \"disappeared\": even though they were all most likely dead, the absence of their corpses made any charge of \"homicide\" difficult.\n\nIn July 2002, the Supreme Court dismissed Pinochet's indictment in the various human rights abuse cases, for medical reasons (vascular dementia). The debate concerned Pinochet's mental faculties, his legal team claiming that he was senile and could not remember, while others (including several physicians) claimed that he was affected only physically but retained all control of his faculties. The same year, the prosecuting attorney Hugo Guttierez, in charge of the Caravan of Death case, declared, \"Our country has the degree of justice that the political transition permits us to have.\"\n\nPinochet resigned from his senatorial seat shortly after the Supreme Court's July 2002 ruling. In May 2004, the Supreme Court overturned its precedent decision, and ruled that he was capable of standing trial. In arguing their case, the prosecution presented a recent TV interview Pinochet had given to journalist Maria Elvira Salazar for a Miami-based television network, which raised doubts about his alleged mental incapacity. In December 2004, he was charged with several crimes, including the 1974 assassination of General Prats and the Operation Colombo case in which 119 died, and was again placed under house arrest. He suffered a stroke on 18 December 2004. Questioned by his judges in order to know if, as president, he was the direct head of DINA, he answered: \"I don't remember, but it's not true. And if it were true, I don't remember.\"\n\nIn January 2005, the Chilean Army accepted institutional responsibility for past human rights abuses. In 2006, Pinochet was indicted for kidnappings and torture at the Villa Grimaldi detention center by judge Alejandro Madrid (Guzmán's successor), as well as for the 1995 assassination of the DINA biochemist Eugenio Berrios, himself involved in the Letelier case. Berrios, who had worked with Michael Townley, had produced sarin, anthrax and botulism in the Bacteriological War Army Laboratory for Pinochet; these materials were used against political opponents. The DINA biochemist was also alleged to have created black cocaine, which Pinochet then sold in Europe and the United States. The money for the drug trade was allegedly deposited into Pinochet's bank accounts. Pinochet's son Marco Antonio, who had been accused of participating in the drug trade, in 2006 denied claims of drug trafficking in his father's administration and said that he would sue Manuel Contreras, who had said that Pinochet sold cocaine.\n\nOn 25 November 2006, Pinochet marked his 91st birthday by having his wife read a statement he had written to admirers present for his birthday:\n\nTwo days later, he was again indicted and ordered preliminary house arrest on charges of kidnapping and murder of two bodyguards of Salvador Allende who were arrested the day of the 1973 coup and executed by firing squad during the Caravan of Death.\n\nPinochet died a few days later, on 10 December 2006, without having been convicted of any of the crimes of which he was accused.\n\nCorruption and other issues\n\nIn 2004, a United States Senate money laundering investigation led by Senators Carl Levin (D-MI) and Norm Coleman (R-MN)—ordered in the wake of the 11 September 2001 attacks—uncovered a network of over 125 securities and bank accounts at Riggs Bank and other U.S. financial institutions used by Pinochet and his associates for twenty-five years to secretly move millions of dollars.\nThough the subcommittee was charged only with investigating compliance of financial institutions under the USA PATRIOT Act, and not the Pinochet regime, Senator Coleman noted:\n\nOver several months in 2005, Chilean judge Sergio Muñoz indicted Augusto Pinochet's wife, Lucia Hiriart; four of his children – Marco Antonio, Jacqueline, Veronica and Lucia Pinochet; his personal secretary, Monica Ananias; and his former aide Oscar Aitken on tax evasion and falsification charges stemming from the Riggs Bank investigation. In January 2006, daughter Lucia Pinochet was detained at Washington DC-Dulles airport and subsequently deported while attempting to evade the tax charges in Chile. In January 2007, the Santiago Court of Appeals revoked most of the indictment from Judge Carlos Cerda against the Pinochet family. But Pinochet's five children, his wife and 17 other persons (including two generals, one of his former lawyer and former secretary) were arrested in October 2007 on charges of embezzlement and use of false passports. They are accused of having illegally transferred $27m (£13.2m) to foreign bank accounts during Pinochet's rule.\n\nIn September 2005, a joint investigation by The Guardian and La Tercera revealed that the British arms firm BAE Systems had been identified as paying more than £1m to Pinochet, through a front company in the British Virgin Islands, which BAE has used to channel commission on arms deals. The payments began in 1997 and lasted until 2004.\n\nIn 2007, fifteen years of investigation led to the conclusion that the 1992 assassination of DINA Colonel Gerardo Huber was most probably related to various illegal arms traffic carried out, after Pinochet's resignation from power, by military circles very close to himself. Huber had been assassinated a short time before he was due to testify in the case concerning the 1991 illegal export of weapons to the Croatian army. The deal involved 370 tons of weapons, sold to Croatia by Chile on 7 December 1991, when the former country was under a United Nations' embargo because of the support for Croatia war in Yugoslavia. In January 1992, the judge Hernán Correa de la Cerda wanted to hear Gerardo Huber in this case, but the latter may have been silenced to avoid implicating Pinochet in this new case—although the latter was no longer President, he remained at the time Commander-in-Chief of the Army. Pinochet was at the center of this illegal arms trade, receiving money through various offshores and front companies, including the Banco Coutts International in Miami.\n\nPinochet was stripped of his parliamentary immunity in August 2000 by the Supreme Court, and indicted by judge Juan Guzmán Tapia. Guzmán had ordered in 1999 the arrest of five militarists, including General of the DINA, for their role in the Caravan of Death following the coup on 11 September. Arguing that the bodies of the \"disappeared\" were still missing, he made jurisprudence, which had as effect to lift any prescription on the crimes committed by the military. Pinochet's trial continued until his death on 10 December 2006, with an alternation of indictments for specific cases, lifting of immunities by the Supreme Court or to the contrary immunity from prosecution, with his health a main argument for, or against, his prosecution.\n\nThe Supreme Court affirmed, in March 2005, Pinochet's immunity concerning the 1974 assassination of General Carlos Prats in Buenos Aires, which had taken place in the frame of Operation Condor. However, he was deemed fit to stand trial for Operation Colombo, during which 119 political opponents were \"disappeared\" in Argentina. The Chilean justice also lifted his immunity on the Villa Grimaldi case, a detention and torture center in the outskirts of Santiago. Pinochet, who still benefited from a reputation of righteousness from his supporters, lost legitimacy when he was put under house arrest on tax fraud and passport forgery, following the publication by the US Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of a report concerning the Riggs Bank in July 2004. The report was a consequence of investigations on financial funding of the September 11 attacks in the US. The bank controlled between US$4 million and $8 million of the assets of Pinochet, who lived in Santiago in a modest house, dissimulating his wealth. According to the report, Riggs participated in money laundering for Pinochet, setting up offshore shell corporations (referring to Pinochet as only \"a former public official\"), and hiding his accounts from regulatory agencies. Related to Pinochet's and his family secret bank accounts in United States and in Caribbean islands, this tax fraud filing for an amount of 27 million dollars shocked the conservative sectors who still supported him. Ninety percent of these funds would have been raised between 1990 and 1998, when Pinochet was chief of the Chilean armies, and would essentially have come from weapons traffic (when purchasing French 'Mirage' fighter aircraft in 1994, Dutch 'Leopard 2' tanks, Swiss 'MOWAG' armored vehicles or by illegal sales of weapons to Croatia, during the Balkans war.) His wife, Lucía Hiriart, and his son, Marco Antonio Pinochet, were also sued for complicity. For the fourth time in seven years, Pinochet was indicted by the Chilean justice.\n\nDeath\n\nPinochet suffered a heart attack on the morning of 3 December 2006 and was given the last rites the same day. On 4 December 2006, the Chilean Court of Appeals ordered the suspension of his house arrest. On 10 December 2006 at 13:30 local time (16:30 UTC) he was taken to the intensive care unit. He died of congestive heart failure and pulmonary edema, surrounded by family members, at the Military Hospital at 14:15 local time (17:15 UTC).\n\nMassive spontaneous street demonstrations broke out throughout the country upon the news of his death. In Santiago, opponents celebrated his death in Alameda Avenue, while supporters grieved outside the Military Hospital. Pinochet's remains lay in repose on 11 December 2006 at the Military Academy in Las Condes. During this ceremony, Francisco Cuadrado Prats—the grandson of Carlos Prats (a former Commander-in-Chief of the Army in the Allende government who was murdered by Pinochet's secret police)—spat on the coffin, and was quickly surrounded by supporters of Pinochet, who assaulted him. Pinochet's funeral took place the following day at the same venue before a gathering of 60,000 supporters.\n\nIn a government decision, he was not granted a state funeral (an honor normally bestowed upon past presidents of Chile) but a military funeral as former commander-in-chief of the Army appointed by Allende. The government also refused to declare an official national day of mourning, but it did authorize flags at military barracks to be flown at half staff, and for the Chilean flag to be draped on Pinochet's coffin. Socialist President Michelle Bachelet, whose father Alberto was temporarily imprisoned and tortured after the 1973 coup and died shortly afterwards from heart complications, said that it would be \"a violation of [her] conscience\" to attend a state funeral for Pinochet. The only government authority present at the public funeral was the Defense Minister, Vivianne Blanlot.\n\nIn Spain, supporters of late dictator Francisco Franco paid homage to Pinochet. Antonio Tejero, who led the failed coup of 1981, attended a memorial service in Madrid.\nPinochet's body was cremated in Parque del Mar Cemetery, Concón, on 12 December 2006, on his request to \"avoid vandalism of his tomb\", according to his son Marco Antonio. His ashes were delivered to his family later that day, and are deposited in Los Boldos, Santo Domingo, Valparaiso, Chile; one of his personal residences. The armed forces refused to allow his ashes to be deposited on military property.\n\nHonours\n\nNational honours\n :\n Grand Master of the Order of Merit (1974–1990)\n Grand Master of the Order of Bernardo O'Higgins (1974–1990)\n President of the Republic Decoration\n 10 Years Service Award\n20 Years Service Award\n30 Years Service Award\nMinerva Medal (Army War College)\nMinerva Medal (Army War College)\nDecoration of the President of the Chilean Red Cross\nGrand Knight of the Altiplano of Arica\n\nForeign honours\n: Grand Cross of the Order of the Quetzal\n: \nOrder of Abdon Calderón, 1st Class\nOfficial Honorary General Staff Decoration of the Armed Forces of Ecuador\nHonorary Staff Officer of the Armed Forces of Ecuador\n: Order of José Matías Delgado\n: Collar of Francisco Solano Lopez Grade of the National Order of Merit (Paraguay)\n: \nGrand Cross of the Order of the Liberator General San Martín\nGrand Cross of the Order of May\n: Commander of the Order of Military Merit José María Córdova\n: Crosses of Military Merit\n\nSee also\n\n 1970 Chilean presidential election\n Book burnings in Chile\n History of Chile\n Pinochetism\n Colonia, a film about two West Germans caught up in the aftermath of the Pinochet coup who end up in the Colonia Dignidad cult\n Missing, a film based on the life of U.S. journalist Charles Horman, who disappeared in the aftermath of the Pinochet coup\n No, an Academy Award-nominated film presenting a dramatized account of the 1988 national plebiscite campaign on Pinochet's rule\n David H. Popper, US ambassador to Chile (1974–1977)\n United States involvement in regime change\n\nExplanatory notes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\n \n \n \n (Reviewed in The Washington Post, Book World, p. 2, 2009-10-19)\n\nExternal links\n\n Extensive bio by Fundación CIDOB (in Spanish)\n Augusto Pinochet (1915–2006) – A Biography\n France 24 coverage – Augusto Pinochet's Necrology on France 24\n BBC coverage (special report)\n Documentary Film on Chilean Concentration Camp from Pinochet's Regime: Chacabuco\n CIA Acknowledges Ties to Pinochet's Repression from The National Security Archive\n Chile under Allende and Pinochet\n Human rights violation under Pinochet\n The Times obituary\n Analysis of economic policy under Pinochet by economist Jim Cypher in Dollars & Sense magazine\n Chile: The Price of Democracy New English Review\n What Pinochet Did for Chile Hoover Digest (2007 No. 1)\n When US-Backed Pinochet Forces Took Power in Chile – video report by Democracy Now!\n\n \nCategory:1915 births\nCategory:2006 deaths\nCategory:Burials in Chile\nCategory:20th-century criminals\nCategory:21st-century criminals\nCategory:Candidates for President of Chile\nCategory:Chilean anti-communists\nCategory:Chilean Army generals\nCategory:Chilean Freemasons\nCategory:Chilean memoirists\nCategory:Chilean people of Basque descent\nCategory:Chilean people of Breton descent\nCategory:Chilean people of French descent\nCategory:Chilean Roman Catholics\nCategory:Far-right politics in Chile\nCategory:Heads of state of Chile\nCategory:Leaders who took power by coup\nCategory:Legislators with life tenure\nCategory:Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)\nCategory:Neoliberalism\nCategory:Operation Condor\nCategory:Opposition to Fidel Castro\nCategory:People convicted of tax crimes\nCategory:People from Valparaíso\nCategory:Instituto Rafael Ariztía alumni\nCategory:People indicted for crimes against humanity\nCategory:Political corruption\nCategory:Presidents of Chile\nCategory:Recipients of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin\nAugusto Pinochet\nCategory:Grand Crosses of Military Merit\nCategory:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Quetzal\nCategory:Bibliophiles\nCategory:Geopoliticians\nCategory:Chilean politicians convicted of crimes\nCategory:Politicide perpetrators\nCategory:20th-century Chilean military personnel\nCategory:People of the Cold War\nCategory:Heads of government who were later imprisoned\nCategory:20th-century memoirists\nAugusto\nCategory:Deaths from pulmonary edema\nCategory:Survivors of terrorist attacks\nCategory:University of Chile alumni\nCategory:Deaths from congestive heart failure\nCategory:Chilean prisoners and detainees\nCategory:Prisoners and detainees of Chile", "title": "Augusto Pinochet" }, { "text": "Augusto is an Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish given name or surname.\nDerived from Augustus, meaning in Latin \"majestic,\" \"the increaser,\" or \"venerable\", it is notable as being the name of the first emperor of Ancient Rome. The Greek translation of the title Augustus was Sebastos, from which the name Sebastian descends.\n\nNotable people with the name include:\n\nAugusto Aníbal\nAugusto dos Anjos\nAugusto Arbizo\nAugusto Barbera (born 1938), Italian law professor, politician and judge\nAugusto Benedico\nAugusto Boal\nAugusto de Campos\nAugusto César Sandino\nAugusto Fantozzi \nAugusto Genina\nAugusto B. Leguía\nAugusto Monterroso\nAugusto Odone, Italian economist who invented Lorenzo's oil\nAugusto Pestana (1868-1934)\nAugusto Pinochet\nAugusto Righi\nAugusto Roa Bastos\nAugusto Silj\nAugusto Vargas Alzamora\nAugusto de Vasconcelos\nAugusto Vera\n\nPeople in sports\nAugusto (footballer, born 1992), Brazilian football player, full name Augusto Bruno da Silva\nAugusto Farfus, Brazilian race car driver\nAugusto Fernández, Argentine footballer\nAugusto Franqui, Cuban baseball player\nAugusto Inácio, Portuguese footballer\nAugusto Oliveira da Silva Brazilian footballer\nLuís Augusto Osório Romão (1983) Brazilian footballer\nCésar Augusto Ramírez, Paraguayan footballer\nJosé Augusto de Almeida, Portuguese footballer\nJosé Augusto Torres, Portuguese footballer\nRenato Soares de Oliveira Augusto (1988) Brazilian footballer\nZé Augusto, Portuguese footballer\n\nOther\nEstádio Augusto Bauer, a football (soccer) stadium located in Brusque, Brazil\n\nSee also\nAugust (name)\nAugustus (disambiguation)\nAgosto (disambiguation)\nAuguste\n\nCategory:Italian masculine given names\nCategory:Portuguese masculine given names\nCategory:Spanish masculine given names", "title": "Augusto" } ]

[ "The accusations were that Pinochet and his government have been characterized as fascist, with journalist and author Samuel Chavkin repeatedly characterizing both Pinochet and the military dictatorship as such in his book \"Storm Over Chile: The Junta Under Siege.\" Historian Gabriel Salazar also stated that Pinochet's establishment of a cult of personality around him was a fascist tactic.", "Pinochet was accused of being a fascist.", "The text does not provide information on whether there was conflict because of Pinochet's views.", "The text does not provide information on whether Pinochet had many followers.", "Based on the text, one interesting thing to note is the debate among academics and authors as to whether Pinochet's regime could be classified as fascist. Some like Samuel Chavkin and Gabriel Salazar characterized it as such, but scholars like Roger Griffin, Robert Paxton, and Anna Cento Bull differentiate it from classical fascism. Notably, Griffin placed Pinochet in a group of pseudo-populist despots including Saddam Hussein, Suharto, and Ferdinand Marcos. Meanwhile, the World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia noted that while Pinochet's rule was authoritarian and dictatorial, his support for neoliberal economic policies and his lack of support for national businesses distinguished him from classical fascists." ]

[ "No", "No", "no", "Yes", "No" ]

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[ "What year was he born ?", "Who was his father ?", "Was he the only child of his parent ?", "What school did he attended ?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 46 ], [ 391 ], [ 2887 ], [ 2887 ] ], "texts": [ [ "May 25, 1803," ], [ "John Clarke," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 46, 391, 2887, 2887 ], "texts": [ "May 25, 1803,", "John Clarke,", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "Emerson was born in the year 1803.", "His father was the Rev. William Emerson, a Unitarian minister.", "No, Emerson was not the only child of his parents. He was the second of five sons who survived into adulthood. His siblings were William, Edward, Robert Bulkeley, and Charles. They also had three other children--Phebe, John Clarke, and Mary Caroline--who died in childhood.", "Emerson attended the Boston Latin School and later went to Harvard College." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "No", "No" ]

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[ "Was Stanley a character he played?", "What was the show about?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "What was that about?", "Does the article mention anything else he starred in?", "Was he on any other shows?", "Did that show do well?", "Was Stanley a comedy?", "Did he mainly only do comedy shows?", "Was this the only game show he was on?", "Any other significant things he worked on?", "Was he well received?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 145 ], [ 492 ], [ 1702 ], [ 663 ], [ 796 ], [ 1702 ], [ 51 ], [ 1141 ], [ 1534 ], [ 1632 ], [ 1392 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Hackett starred as the title character on NBC-TV's Stanley, a 1956-57" ], [ "The half-hour series also featured a young Carol Burnett and the voice of Paul Lynde." ], [ "On September 30, 1960, he appeared as himself in an episode of NBC's short-lived crime drama Dan Raven, starring Skip Homeier, set on the Sunset Strip of West Hollywood." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "After starring on Broadway in I Had a Ball, Hackett appeared opposite Robert Preston in the film adaptation of The Music Man" ], [ "In It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963)," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Stanley, a 1956-57 situation comedy" ], [ "He appeared many times on the game show Hollywood Squares in the late 1960s." ], [ "Hackett's regular guest shots on Jack Paar's Tonight Show in the early 1960s" ], [ "coveted appearance on Paar's final Tonight program on March 29, 1962." ], [ "Despite the audience roaring with laughter (and Hackett's own belief that the actual answer was Sweden), the answer turned out to be correct." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 145, 492, 1702, 663, 796, 1702, 51, 1141, 1534, 1632, 1392 ], "texts": [ "Hackett starred as the title character on NBC-TV's Stanley, a 1956-57", "The half-hour series also featured a young Carol Burnett and the voice of Paul Lynde.", "On September 30, 1960, he appeared as himself in an episode of NBC's short-lived crime drama Dan Raven, starring Skip Homeier, set on the Sunset Strip of West Hollywood.", "CANNOTANSWER", "After starring on Broadway in I Had a Ball, Hackett appeared opposite Robert Preston in the film adaptation of The Music Man", "In It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963),", "CANNOTANSWER", "Stanley, a 1956-57 situation comedy", "He appeared many times on the game show Hollywood Squares in the late 1960s.", "Hackett's regular guest shots on Jack Paar's Tonight Show in the early 1960s", "coveted appearance on Paar's final Tonight program on March 29, 1962.", "Despite the audience roaring with laughter (and Hackett's own belief that the actual answer was Sweden), the answer turned out to be correct." ] }

[]

[ "Yes, Stanley was a character that Hackett played.", "The show \"Stanley\" revolved around the adventures of the titular character, played by Hackett, who was the operator of a newsstand in a posh New York City hotel.", "Yes, there are several interesting aspects in this context. It mentions that the show 'Stanley' was one of the last sitcoms from New York to be aired live before a studio audience. The show also featured a young Carol Burnett and the voice of Paul Lynde. In addition, the context provides details of Hackett's with various other films and shows. Notably, he appeared in Dan Raven, The Music Man, and Disney's The Love Bug. Hackett even had a notable appearance on Jack Paar's final Tonight program in 1962. The context also remarks on a memorable instance from the game show Hollywood Squares where Hackett correctly, albeit humorously, identified the country with the highest ratio of doctors to populace as Israel.", "On the game show Hollywood Squares, Hackett was asked about the country with the highest ratio of doctors to populace. He humorously answered \"Israel\", adding \"The country with the most Jews.\" Despite the humorous intent and the audience's laughter, his answer turned out to be correct.", "Yes, the context mentions that Hackett starred in several other productions. After starring on Broadway in \"I Had a Ball\", he appeared opposite Robert Preston in the film adaptation of \"The Music Man\" in 1962. In \"It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World\" in 1963, Hackett was paired with Mickey Rooney. The two had also worked together in \"Everything's Ducky\" in 1961. Additionally, Hackett played the lovable hippie auto mechanic Tennessee Steinmetz in Disney's \"The Love Bug\" in 1969.", "Yes, apart from Stanley, Hackett also appeared on numerous other shows. He was a guest on Jack Paar's Tonight Show in the early 1960s, and this culminated in an appearance on Paar's final Tonight program on March 29, 1962. He also appeared as himself in an episode of NBC's short-lived crime drama Dan Raven, set on the Sunset Strip of West Hollywood, on September 30, 1960. Moreover, he was frequently seen on the game show Hollywood Squares in the late 1960s.", "The context does not provide information on the success or ratings of the show Stanley or any other shows Hackett appeared in.", "Yes, Stanley was a situation comedy.", "The context mainly mentions Hackett's roles in comedy shows and films, such as \"Stanley,\" \"It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World,\" and \"The Love Bug\". However, it also mentions his appearance in NBC's short-lived crime drama \"Dan Raven,\" indicating that he did not work exclusively in comedy.", "According to the context provided, Hackett appeared on the game show Hollywood Squares. The context does not mention him appearing on any other game shows. However, without additional information, it cannot be definitively stated that this was the only game show he was on.", "The context mentions several significant projects Hackett worked on. These include the comedy show Stanley, the film adaptation of The Music Man, It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World, Everything's Ducky, and Disney's The Love Bug. Additionally, Hackett made frequent appearances on the game show Hollywood Squares and regular guest appearances on Jack Paar's Tonight Show. Lastly, he featured in an episode of NBC's crime drama Dan Raven.", "The text does not provide specific information on how well-received Hackett was by audiences or critics." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "No" ]

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[ "What was his first job?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Was it well received?", "What caused his come back?", "Did he have any flops?", "did he have any other castings in his early career?", "Did he appear on any other shows?", "What type of talk shows?", "Was this a talk show he appear on frequently?", "any thing else notable?", "Any other game shows?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 358 ], [ 643 ], [ 1063 ], [ 2605 ], [ 2516 ], [ 1852 ], [ 2134 ], [ 1949 ], [ 2383 ], [ 2605 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Hackett's first job after the war was at the Pink Elephant, a Brooklyn club." ], [ "Hackett's movie career began in 1950 with a 10-minute \"World of Sports\" reel for Columbia Pictures called King of the Pins." ], [ "Hackett would not return to movies until 1953, after one of his nightclub routines attracted attention." ], [ "The routine was such a hit that Hackett made a recording of it, and was hired to reprise it in the Universal-International musical Walking My Baby Back Home (1953)," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "He made fifteen guest appearances on NBC-TV's The Perry Como Show between 1955 and 1961." ], [ "Hackett became known to a wider audience when he appeared on television in the 1950s and '60s as a frequent guest on variety talk shows" ], [ "Jack Paar and the Johnny Carson" ], [ "a frequent guest on variety talk shows hosted by Jack Paar and Arthur Godfrey, telling brash, often off-color jokes," ], [ "he also appeared as a panelist and mystery guest on CBS-TV's What's My Line? and filled in as emcee for the game show Treasure Hunt." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 358, 643, 1063, 2605, 2516, 1852, 2134, 1949, 2383, 2605 ], "texts": [ "Hackett's first job after the war was at the Pink Elephant, a Brooklyn club.", "Hackett's movie career began in 1950 with a 10-minute \"World of Sports\" reel for Columbia Pictures called King of the Pins.", "Hackett would not return to movies until 1953, after one of his nightclub routines attracted attention.", "The routine was such a hit that Hackett made a recording of it, and was hired to reprise it in the Universal-International musical Walking My Baby Back Home (1953),", "CANNOTANSWER", "He made fifteen guest appearances on NBC-TV's The Perry Como Show between 1955 and 1961.", "Hackett became known to a wider audience when he appeared on television in the 1950s and '60s as a frequent guest on variety talk shows", "Jack Paar and the Johnny Carson", "a frequent guest on variety talk shows hosted by Jack Paar and Arthur Godfrey, telling brash, often off-color jokes,", "he also appeared as a panelist and mystery guest on CBS-TV's What's My Line? and filled in as emcee for the game show Treasure Hunt.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "Buddy Hackett's first job after the war was at the Pink Elephant, a Brooklyn club.", "Some interesting aspects from the article include: Buddy Hackett's change of his real name Leonard Hacker to his stage name, his first movie career where he mimicked wrong bowling techniques for humor, his famous \"The Chinese Waiter\" routine that written into a musical, his work replacing Lou Costello in a feature-length comedy, his frequent appearances on a variety of talk shows including The Tonight Show, and his record for the most guest appearances in the history of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.", "The text does not provide information on the general reception of Buddy Hackett's careers or specific performances.", "Buddy Hackett returned to movies in 1953 after one of his nightclub routines, \"The Chinese Waiter\", attracted attention. This routine was such a hit that he made a recording of it and was hired to reprise it in the Universal-International musical Walking My Baby Back Home.", "The text does not provide information on any flops in Buddy Hackett's career.", "In his early career, Buddy Hackett was cast in two television specials by Max Liebman after Liebman saw him acting on Broadway in Lunatics and Lovers. He also starred in a Columbia Pictures' \"World of Sports\" reel called King of the Pins. Moreover, he took over Lou Costello's role in the feature-length comedy Fireman, Save My Child when Costello had to withdraw due to illness.", "Yes, Buddy Hackett appeared on various television shows in the 1950s and '60s, often as a guest on variety talk shows hosted by Jack Paar and Arthur Godfrey. He was a frequent guest on both the Jack Paar and the Johnny Carson versions of The Tonight Show and also appeared as a panelist and mystery guest on CBS-TV's What's My Line? He filled in as emcee for the game show Treasure Hunt and made fifteen guest appearances on NBC-TV's The Perry Como Show between 1955 and 1961.", "Buddy Hackett frequently appeared on variety talk shows, specifically The Tonight Show in both its Jack Paar and Johnny Carson versions.", "Yes, Buddy Hackett frequently appeared on The Tonight Show in its versions with hosts Jack Paar and Johnny Carson. In fact, according to the board game Trivial Pursuit, Hackett appeared as a guest on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson more times than any other guest in the show's history.", "Another notable aspect from the article is that Buddy Hackett was an emergency replacement for Lou Costello in the feature-length comedy Fireman, Save My Child in 1954. Also, his routine known as \"The Chinese Waiter\" became so popular that it was implemented into a musical. Furthermore, according to the board game Trivial Pursuit, he has the distinction of making the most guest appearances in the history of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.", "Yes, apart from being a frequent guest on The Tonight Show, Buddy Hackett also appeared on CBS-TV's \"What's My Line?\" as a panelist and mystery guest, and filled in as an emcee for the game show \"Treasure Hunt\"." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "no", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No" ]

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[ "What is Leaving Basie?", "Why did he leave?", "How did he react to his dismissal?", "What did he do after he was dismissed?", "What did record with them?", "Did he work with any other artists?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "What happened after he was drafted?", "Why did he change to a plastic reed?", "Is there anything else he did during this time?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 40 ], [ 1866 ], [ 486 ], [ 704 ], [ 927 ], [ 993 ], [ 1143 ], [ 1266 ], [ 1684 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Young left the Basie band in late 1940." ], [ "He is rumored to have refused to play with the band on Friday, December 13 of that year for superstitious reasons spurring his dismissal," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Young accompanied the singer Billie Holiday in a couple of studio sessions (during 1937 - 1941 period) and also made a small set of recordings with Nat \"King\" Cole" ], [ "His studio recordings are relatively sparse during the 1942 to 1943 period, largely due to the recording ban by the American Federation of Musicians." ], [ "he recorded some sessions for Harry Lim's Keynote label in 1943." ], [ "In December 1943 Young returned to the Basie fold for a 10-month stint, cut short by his being drafted into the army during World War II (" ], [ "Recordings made during this and subsequent periods suggest Young was beginning to make much greater use of a plastic reed," ], [ "which tended to give his playing a somewhat heavier, breathier tone" ], [ "In August 1944 Young appeared alongside drummer Jo Jones, trumpeter Harry \"Sweets\" Edison, and fellow tenor saxophonist Illinois Jacquet in Gjon Mili's short film Jammin' the Blues." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 40, 1866, 486, 704, 927, 993, 1143, 1266, 1684 ], "texts": [ "Young left the Basie band in late 1940.", "He is rumored to have refused to play with the band on Friday, December 13 of that year for superstitious reasons spurring his dismissal,", "CANNOTANSWER", "Young accompanied the singer Billie Holiday in a couple of studio sessions (during 1937 - 1941 period) and also made a small set of recordings with Nat \"King\" Cole", "His studio recordings are relatively sparse during the 1942 to 1943 period, largely due to the recording ban by the American Federation of Musicians.", "he recorded some sessions for Harry Lim's Keynote label in 1943.", "In December 1943 Young returned to the Basie fold for a 10-month stint, cut short by his being drafted into the army during World War II (", "Recordings made during this and subsequent periods suggest Young was beginning to make much greater use of a plastic reed,", "which tended to give his playing a somewhat heavier, breathier tone", "In August 1944 Young appeared alongside drummer Jo Jones, trumpeter Harry \"Sweets\" Edison, and fellow tenor saxophonist Illinois Jacquet in Gjon Mili's short film Jammin' the Blues." ] }

[ { "text": "Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is \"the study of books as physical objects\" and \"the systematic description of books as objects\" (or descriptive bibliography).\n\nEtymology \nThe word was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for \"the intellectual activity of composing books.\" The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and the present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance.\n\nField of study \nBibliography is a specialized aspect of library science (or library and information science, LIS) and documentation science. It was established by a Belgian, named Paul Otlet (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about \"the science of bibliography.\" However, there have recently been voices claiming that \"the bibliographical paradigm\" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).\n\nThe quantitative study of bibliographies is known as bibliometrics, which is today an influential subfield in LIS and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of big deals, through data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals.\n\nBranches \nCarter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes. Innovators and originators in the field include W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Philip Gaskell and G. Thomas Tanselle.\n\nBowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in “specific collections or libraries,” in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice.\n\nDescriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description. The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing.\n\nIn addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography. Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.\n\nD. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as \"the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception\" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include \"non-book texts\" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.\n\nBibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books. In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites.\n\nEnumerative bibliography \n\nAn enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from \"works cited\" lists at the end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic databases. A library catalog, while not referred to as a \"bibliography,\" is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources.\n\nEnumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper.\n\nCitation styles vary.\nAn entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements:\n creator(s)\n title\n place of publication\n publisher or printer\n date of publication\n\nAn entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:\n creator(s)\n article title\n journal title\n volume\n pages\n date of publication\n\nA bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.\n\nBibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.\n\nDescriptive bibliography \nFredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his Principles of Bibliographical Description\n(1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, \"[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents\" (124).\n\nDescriptive bibliographies as scholarly product \nDescriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object:\nFormat and Collation/Pagination Statement—a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in terms of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages\n\nAccording to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula:\nBroadsheet: I° or b.s. or bs.\nFolio: 2° or fol.\nQuarto: 4° or 4to or Q° or Q\nOctavo: 8° or 8vo\nDuodecimo: 12° or 12mo\nSexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo\nTricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo\nSexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo\nThe collation, which follows the format, is the statement of the order and size of the gatherings.\nFor example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:\n2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves signed C, and 2 leaves signed D\nwould be represented in the collation formula:\n4°: A2B-C4D2\nBinding—a description of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)\nTitle Page Transcription—a transcription of the title page, including rule lines and ornaments\nContents—a listing of the contents (by section) in the book\nPaper—a description of the physical properties of the paper, including production process, an account of chain-line measurements, and a description of watermarks (if present)\nIllustrations—a description of the illustrations found in the book, including printing process (e.g. woodblock, intaglio, etc.), measurements, and locations in the text\nPresswork—miscellaneous details gleaned from the text about its production\nCopies Examined—an enumeration of the copies examined, including those copies' location (i.e. belonging to which library or collector)\n\nAnalytical bibliography \nThis branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography. Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, binding, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining \"the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text\" (Bowers 498[1]).\n\nBibliographers \n\nA bibliographer is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer.\"\n\nA bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least the 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field.\n\nThe term bibliographer is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries and bibliographic databases.\n\nOne of the first bibliographers was Conrad Gessner who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in Bibliotheca Universalis (1545).\n\nNon-book material \nSystematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to bibliography:\n Discography—recorded music\n Filmography—films\n Webography (or webliography)—websites\n Arachniography, a term coined by NASA research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference list of URLs about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from arachne in reference to a spider and its web.\n\nSee also \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (in Wikipedia)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Blum, Rudolf. (1980) Bibliographia. An Inquiry in Its Definition and Designations, Dawson, American Library Association.\n Bowers, Fredson. (1995) Principles of Bibliographical Description, Oak Knoll Press.\n Duncan, Paul Shaner. (1973) How to Catalog a Rare Book, 2nd ed., rev., American Library Association.\n \n Gaskell, Philip. (2000) A New Introduction to Bibliography, Oak Knoll Press.\n McKerrow, R. B. (1927) An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students, Oxford: Clarendon Press\n Schneider, Georg. (1934) Theory and History of Bibliography, New York: Scarecrow Press.\n National Library of Canada, Committee on Bibliography and Information Services for the Social Sciences and Humanities, Guidelines for the Compilation of a Bibliography (National Library of Canada, 1987). N.B.: This is a brief guide to accurately practical bibliography, not a study concerning more precise and systematic bibliography.\n \nRobinson, A. M. Lewin (1966) Systematic Bibliography; rev. ed. London: Clive Bingley\n\nExternal links \n\n Oxford Bibliographies Online, in-depth annotated bibliographies by scholars in selected fields\n Introduction to Bibliography, a comprehensive syllabus by G. Thomas Tanselle\n The Bibliographical Society of America, a resource for information about current work in the field of bibliography\n Studies in Bibliography, the journal of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia\n A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology, (University of Zaragoza) includes thousands of listings on literary, philological and other subjects\n\n \nCategory:Book design\nCategory:Book terminology\nCategory:Textual scholarship", "title": "Bibliography" } ]

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[ "When did he join?", "How long did he stay a member?", "When did he leave the band?", "What instrument did he play?", "What reed did he like to use?", "Did he have conflicts with the band?", "What other members were in the band?", "How did those groups fare?", "Who is Billie?", "What other bands was Billie in?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 490 ], [ 570 ], [ 281 ], [ 2098 ], [ 2098 ], [ 667 ], [ 1323 ], [ 1255 ], [ 889 ] ], "texts": [ [ "In 1933 Young settled in Kansas City, where after playing briefly in several bands, he rose to prominence with Count Basie." ], [ "Young left the Basie band to replace Hawkins in Fletcher Henderson's orchestra." ], [ "He soon left Henderson to play in the Andy Kirk band (for six months) before returning to Basie." ], [ "tenor sax" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "While with Basie, Young made small-group recordings for Milt Gabler's Commodore Records, The Kansas City Sessions." ], [ "Billie and Lester met at a Harlem jam session in the early 30s and worked together in the Count Basie band and in nightclubs on New York's 52nd St." ], [ "Billie Holiday," ], [ "the Kansas City Seven," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 490, 570, 281, 2098, 2098, 667, 1323, 1255, 889 ], "texts": [ "In 1933 Young settled in Kansas City, where after playing briefly in several bands, he rose to prominence with Count Basie.", "Young left the Basie band to replace Hawkins in Fletcher Henderson's orchestra.", "He soon left Henderson to play in the Andy Kirk band (for six months) before returning to Basie.", "tenor sax", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "While with Basie, Young made small-group recordings for Milt Gabler's Commodore Records, The Kansas City Sessions.", "Billie and Lester met at a Harlem jam session in the early 30s and worked together in the Count Basie band and in nightclubs on New York's 52nd St.", "Billie Holiday,", "the Kansas City Seven," ] }

[ { "text": "Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is \"the study of books as physical objects\" and \"the systematic description of books as objects\" (or descriptive bibliography).\n\nEtymology \nThe word was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for \"the intellectual activity of composing books.\" The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and the present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance.\n\nField of study \nBibliography is a specialized aspect of library science (or library and information science, LIS) and documentation science. It was established by a Belgian, named Paul Otlet (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about \"the science of bibliography.\" However, there have recently been voices claiming that \"the bibliographical paradigm\" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).\n\nThe quantitative study of bibliographies is known as bibliometrics, which is today an influential subfield in LIS and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of big deals, through data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals.\n\nBranches \nCarter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes. Innovators and originators in the field include W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Philip Gaskell and G. Thomas Tanselle.\n\nBowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in “specific collections or libraries,” in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice.\n\nDescriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description. The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing.\n\nIn addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography. Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.\n\nD. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as \"the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception\" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include \"non-book texts\" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.\n\nBibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books. In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites.\n\nEnumerative bibliography \n\nAn enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from \"works cited\" lists at the end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic databases. A library catalog, while not referred to as a \"bibliography,\" is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources.\n\nEnumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper.\n\nCitation styles vary.\nAn entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements:\n creator(s)\n title\n place of publication\n publisher or printer\n date of publication\n\nAn entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:\n creator(s)\n article title\n journal title\n volume\n pages\n date of publication\n\nA bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.\n\nBibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.\n\nDescriptive bibliography \nFredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his Principles of Bibliographical Description\n(1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, \"[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents\" (124).\n\nDescriptive bibliographies as scholarly product \nDescriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object:\nFormat and Collation/Pagination Statement—a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in terms of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages\n\nAccording to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula:\nBroadsheet: I° or b.s. or bs.\nFolio: 2° or fol.\nQuarto: 4° or 4to or Q° or Q\nOctavo: 8° or 8vo\nDuodecimo: 12° or 12mo\nSexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo\nTricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo\nSexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo\nThe collation, which follows the format, is the statement of the order and size of the gatherings.\nFor example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:\n2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves signed C, and 2 leaves signed D\nwould be represented in the collation formula:\n4°: A2B-C4D2\nBinding—a description of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)\nTitle Page Transcription—a transcription of the title page, including rule lines and ornaments\nContents—a listing of the contents (by section) in the book\nPaper—a description of the physical properties of the paper, including production process, an account of chain-line measurements, and a description of watermarks (if present)\nIllustrations—a description of the illustrations found in the book, including printing process (e.g. woodblock, intaglio, etc.), measurements, and locations in the text\nPresswork—miscellaneous details gleaned from the text about its production\nCopies Examined—an enumeration of the copies examined, including those copies' location (i.e. belonging to which library or collector)\n\nAnalytical bibliography \nThis branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography. Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, binding, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining \"the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text\" (Bowers 498[1]).\n\nBibliographers \n\nA bibliographer is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer.\"\n\nA bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least the 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field.\n\nThe term bibliographer is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries and bibliographic databases.\n\nOne of the first bibliographers was Conrad Gessner who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in Bibliotheca Universalis (1545).\n\nNon-book material \nSystematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to bibliography:\n Discography—recorded music\n Filmography—films\n Webography (or webliography)—websites\n Arachniography, a term coined by NASA research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference list of URLs about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from arachne in reference to a spider and its web.\n\nSee also \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (in Wikipedia)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Blum, Rudolf. (1980) Bibliographia. An Inquiry in Its Definition and Designations, Dawson, American Library Association.\n Bowers, Fredson. (1995) Principles of Bibliographical Description, Oak Knoll Press.\n Duncan, Paul Shaner. (1973) How to Catalog a Rare Book, 2nd ed., rev., American Library Association.\n \n Gaskell, Philip. (2000) A New Introduction to Bibliography, Oak Knoll Press.\n McKerrow, R. B. (1927) An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students, Oxford: Clarendon Press\n Schneider, Georg. (1934) Theory and History of Bibliography, New York: Scarecrow Press.\n National Library of Canada, Committee on Bibliography and Information Services for the Social Sciences and Humanities, Guidelines for the Compilation of a Bibliography (National Library of Canada, 1987). N.B.: This is a brief guide to accurately practical bibliography, not a study concerning more precise and systematic bibliography.\n \nRobinson, A. M. Lewin (1966) Systematic Bibliography; rev. ed. London: Clive Bingley\n\nExternal links \n\n Oxford Bibliographies Online, in-depth annotated bibliographies by scholars in selected fields\n Introduction to Bibliography, a comprehensive syllabus by G. Thomas Tanselle\n The Bibliographical Society of America, a resource for information about current work in the field of bibliography\n Studies in Bibliography, the journal of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia\n A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology, (University of Zaragoza) includes thousands of listings on literary, philological and other subjects\n\n \nCategory:Book design\nCategory:Book terminology\nCategory:Textual scholarship", "title": "Bibliography" } ]

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[ "Where was Thalberg born?", "When was he born?", "Who were his parents?", "Did he have any siblings?", "Where did he attend school?", "What else is significant during his early years?", "What were the effects of this?" ]

[ 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 1739 ], [ 67 ], [ 1739 ], [ 359 ], [ 100 ], [ 359 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Thalberg was born in Brooklyn," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "William and Henrietta (Haymann)." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "During his high school years in Brooklyn," ], [ "Shortly after birth, he was diagnosed with \"blue baby syndrome,\" caused by a congenital disease that limited the oxygen supply to his heart." ], [ "During his high school years in Brooklyn, he began having attacks of chest pains, dizziness and fatigue." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 1739, 67, 1739, 359, 100, 359 ], "texts": [ "Thalberg was born in Brooklyn,", "CANNOTANSWER", "William and Henrietta (Haymann).", "CANNOTANSWER", "During his high school years in Brooklyn,", "Shortly after birth, he was diagnosed with \"blue baby syndrome,\" caused by a congenital disease that limited the oxygen supply to his heart.", "During his high school years in Brooklyn, he began having attacks of chest pains, dizziness and fatigue." ] }

[]

[ "Thalberg was born in Brooklyn.", "The text does not provide information on when Thalberg was born.", "Thalberg's parents were William and Henrietta (Haymann).", "The text does not provide information on whether Thalberg had any siblings.", "Thalberg attended school in Brooklyn.", "There are a few significant things during Thalberg's early years. Shortly after birth, he was diagnosed with \"blue baby syndrome,\" a congenital disease that limited the oxygen supply to his heart. His prognosis was that he might live to age twenty, or at most, age thirty. During his high school years, he began having health issues like chest pains, dizziness, and fatigue. When he was 17, he contracted rheumatic fever, and was confined to bed for a year. His mother helped him keep up with his education during this time. Thalberg also spent a lot of time reading, which led to his interest in classical philosophy and philosophers. Instead of going to college, he took part-time jobs and taught himself various skills at a night vocational school. When he turned 18, he sought for better work.", "The text does not provide specific information on the effects of these significant events during Thalberg's early years." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No" ]

[ "C_1cfb6ba9d9bb4992b0668e75cc3a353e_0_q#0", "C_1cfb6ba9d9bb4992b0668e75cc3a353e_0_q#1", "C_1cfb6ba9d9bb4992b0668e75cc3a353e_0_q#2", "C_1cfb6ba9d9bb4992b0668e75cc3a353e_0_q#3", "C_1cfb6ba9d9bb4992b0668e75cc3a353e_0_q#4", "C_1cfb6ba9d9bb4992b0668e75cc3a353e_0_q#5", "C_1cfb6ba9d9bb4992b0668e75cc3a353e_0_q#6" ]

[ "When did Irving start with Universal ?", "What did the work as office secretary lead to ?", "How did becoming a personal secretary help his career ?", "What did he get involved with films ?", "What were some of these productions he oversaw ?", "Did he produce any films himself ?", "What else did Irving do at Universal ?" ]

[ 1, 0, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2 ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 77 ], [ 283 ], [ 1188 ], [ 2440 ], [ 2440 ], [ 1292 ] ], "texts": [ [ "He found work as an office secretary at Universal Pictures'" ], [ "and later became personal secretary to the studio's founder and president," ], [ "He earned $25 weekly, becoming adept at making insightful observations, which impressed Laemmle." ], [ "At age 20, Thalberg became responsible for immediately overseeing the nine ongoing film productions" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "nearly thirty scenarios then under development." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 77, 283, 1188, 2440, 2440, 1292 ], "texts": [ "He found work as an office secretary at Universal Pictures'", "and later became personal secretary to the studio's founder and president,", "He earned $25 weekly, becoming adept at making insightful observations, which impressed Laemmle.", "At age 20, Thalberg became responsible for immediately overseeing the nine ongoing film productions", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "nearly thirty scenarios then under development." ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide specific information on when Irving started with Universal.", "The work as an office secretary led to Irving Thalberg becoming the personal secretary to the Universal Pictures' founder and president, Carl Laemmle. It ultimately led to him being told to take charge of the Los Angeles studio, thus becoming responsible for overseeing the ongoing film productions and scenarios under development, effectively acting as studio manager.", "Becoming a personal secretary to Carl Laemmle, the founder and president of Universal Pictures, helped Thalberg's career greatly. He was able to gain major industry insight and knowledge through this role, along with demonstrating his adeptness at making insightful observations and managing responsibilities. His suggestions and ability to understand and explain problems impressed Laemmle enough to give him the charge of the Los Angeles studio. At age 20, Thalberg thus became responsible for overseeing the nine ongoing film productions and nearly thirty scenarios then under development.", "Irving Thalberg got involved with films when he became the personal secretary to Carl Laemmle, the studio's founder and president, at Universal Pictures. His roles included transcribing and editing notes that Laemmle wrote during film screenings. He also spent a month in Los Angeles at the production facility to understand how the film production process worked. Thalberg was eventually put in charge of the Los Angeles studio, responsible for managing ongoing film productions and scenarios under development.", "The text does not provide specific information on the particular film productions that Irving Thalberg oversaw.", "The text does not provide specific information on whether Irving Thalberg produced any films himself.", "At Universal, besides initially working as an office secretary and later as personal secretary to the founder and president Carl Laemmle, Irving Thalberg was also given the responsibility of overseeing the Los Angeles studio. In addition to transcribing and editing notes written by Laemmle during film screenings, he took charge of the studio to supervise the ongoing film productions and scenarios under development. He was also tasked by Laemmle with keeping an eye on things at the production facility. However, the text does not provide further specifics on what else Thalberg may have done at Universal." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No" ]

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[ "What kind of art was the Etruscan known for?", "what shapes did they make?", "are there any pieces still around today?", "what type of music is the Etruscan civilization known for?", "what types of pipes?", "where did they play this music?", "is there anything noteworthy about their art and music in this article?", "what religion were they?" ]

[ 0, 2, 2, 0, 2, 1, 0, 2 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 4316 ], [ 4352 ], [ 5902 ], [ 5626 ], [ 5652 ], [ 5902 ], [ 5451 ], [ 5902 ] ], "texts": [ [ "figurative sculpture in terracotta (" ], [ "particularly lifesize on sarcophagi or temples" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "different types of pipes," ], [ "such as the plagiaulos (the pipes of Pan or Syrinx), the alabaster pipe and the famous double pipes," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Etruscan art was strongly connected to religion;" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 4316, 4352, 5902, 5626, 5652, 5902, 5451, 5902 ], "texts": [ "figurative sculpture in terracotta (", "particularly lifesize on sarcophagi or temples", "CANNOTANSWER", "different types of pipes,", "such as the plagiaulos (the pipes of Pan or Syrinx), the alabaster pipe and the famous double pipes,", "CANNOTANSWER", "Etruscan art was strongly connected to religion;", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "The Etruscans were known for their art that was produced between the 9th and 2nd centuries BC. This includes figurative sculpture in terracotta, mainly lifesize on sarcophagi or temples, wall-painting and metalworking, particularly engraved bronze mirrors. Etruscan art was strongly connected to their religious beliefs and their views on the afterlife.", "The context does not provide specific information on the shapes the Etruscans made in their art.", "Yes, some pieces of Etruscan art are still around today. Most of the surviving Etruscan art comes from tombs, including all the fresco wall-paintings which show scenes of feasting and some narrative mythological subjects. There are also colorfully painted terracotta antefixes and other fittings, though the Etruscan sculpture in cast bronze has mostly [not] survived, being too valuable and hence recycled later.", "The Etruscan civilization is depicted in frescoes and bas-reliefs playing different types of pipes such as the plagiaulos (the pipes of Pan or Syrinx), the alabaster pipe, and the famous double pipes. They also used percussion instruments like the tintinnabulum, tympanum, crotales, and later, stringed instruments like the lyre and kithara. However, the context does not provide information on the specific style or genre of music they were known for.", "The Etruscans played different types of pipes including the plagiaulos, which are the pipes of Pan or Syrinx, the alabaster pipe and the double pipes.", "The context does not provide specific information on where the Etruscans played their music.", "The context notes that Etruscan art, produced between the 9th and 2nd centuries BC, was particularly strong in figurative sculpture in terracotta, wall-painting, and metalworking, especially engraved bronze mirrors. Most surviving Etruscan art comes from tombs, including wall-paintings which show scenes of feasting and some narrative mythological subjects. In terms of pottery, black Bucchero wares represented early and native styles. Notably, their art was strongly connected to their religious beliefs, particularly the afterlife.\n\nIn terms of music, the context mentions various Etruscan musical instruments seen in frescoes and bas-reliefs, including different types of pipes (the plagiaulos, alabaster pipe, and double pipes), percussion instruments (the tintinnabulum, tympanum and crotales), and stringed instruments like the lyre and kithara. However, the context does not state any specific noteworthy features about the music itself.", "The context does not provide specific information on the religion of the Etruscans. However, it is mentioned that their art was strongly connected to their religion and the afterlife was of major importance in Etruscan art." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_15f21e1c196940a0bca257c69575ab00_0_q#0", "C_15f21e1c196940a0bca257c69575ab00_0_q#1", "C_15f21e1c196940a0bca257c69575ab00_0_q#2", "C_15f21e1c196940a0bca257c69575ab00_0_q#3", "C_15f21e1c196940a0bca257c69575ab00_0_q#4", "C_15f21e1c196940a0bca257c69575ab00_0_q#5", "C_15f21e1c196940a0bca257c69575ab00_0_q#6" ]

[ "What language did they speak?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "What is etymology?", "Why did Pittau think it meant beardless?", "Have other languages adopted any of their words?", "Do they have any unique words?", "What does it mean?" ]

[ 2, 0, 1, 1, 2, 0, 2 ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 105 ], [ 473 ], [ 1844 ], [ 643 ], [ 1687 ], [ 857 ], [ 890 ] ], "texts": [ [ "a non-Indo-European language; the majority consensus is that Etruscan is related only to other members of what is called the Tyrsenian language family," ], [ "No etymology exists for Rasna, the Etruscans' name for themselves, although Italian historic linguist Massimo Pittau has proposed the meaning of 'Shaved' or 'Beardless'," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "backing the opinion of ancient figurines collector and author Paolo Campidori." ], [ "Tyrrhenian name came from an incursion of Sea Peoples or later migrants, then it might well be related to the name of Troy," ], [ "The phrase is turskum ..." ], [ "\"the Tuscan name\", from which a root *Tursci can be reconstructed." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 105, 473, 1844, 643, 1687, 857, 890 ], "texts": [ "a non-Indo-European language; the majority consensus is that Etruscan is related only to other members of what is called the Tyrsenian language family,", "No etymology exists for Rasna, the Etruscans' name for themselves, although Italian historic linguist Massimo Pittau has proposed the meaning of 'Shaved' or 'Beardless',", "CANNOTANSWER", "backing the opinion of ancient figurines collector and author Paolo Campidori.", "Tyrrhenian name came from an incursion of Sea Peoples or later migrants, then it might well be related to the name of Troy,", "The phrase is turskum ...", "\"the Tuscan name\", from which a root *Tursci can be reconstructed." ] }

[]

[ "The Etruscans are believed to have spoken a non-Indo-European language known as Etruscan.", "The article discusses several interesting aspects, including the Etruscans' language and how it is related only to other members of the so-called Tyrsenian language family, which is an isolate family. It also mentions the proposed etymology of the names \"Rasna\" and \"Tusci,\" as well as speculation about the possible connection between the Etruscans' preference for building hill towns on high precipices and the name's potential reference to tower building. The article also opens the possibility that the Tyrrhenian name might be related to the name of Troy if it came from an incursion of Sea Peoples or later migrants.", "Etymology is the study of the origins of words and how their meanings have changed throughout history.", "The context does not provide specific reasons why Italian historic linguist Massimo Pittau proposed that \"Rasna,\" the Etruscans' name for themselves, means 'Shaved' or 'Beardless'.", "The context does not provide information on whether other languages have adopted any words from the Etruscan language.", "The context does not provide information on whether the Etruscan language has any unique words.", "The context does not specify which term or concept you are asking to have explained. Could you please clarify?" ]

[ "Yes", "Neutral", "No", "No", "no", "No", "No" ]

[ "C_f3b8e9e3d21f48a999ee0f39c304a0b6_0_q#0", "C_f3b8e9e3d21f48a999ee0f39c304a0b6_0_q#1", "C_f3b8e9e3d21f48a999ee0f39c304a0b6_0_q#2", "C_f3b8e9e3d21f48a999ee0f39c304a0b6_0_q#3", "C_f3b8e9e3d21f48a999ee0f39c304a0b6_0_q#4", "C_f3b8e9e3d21f48a999ee0f39c304a0b6_0_q#5" ]

[ "How is Groening connected to Futurama?", "What is Futurama?", "Was the show popular?", "how long was the show on?", "What did Groening do?", "Did he do anything besides write?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2 ]

[ 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 56 ], [ 193 ], [ 773 ], [ 750 ], [ 576 ], [ 299 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Groening got together with Simpsons writer/producer David X. Cohen (known as David S. Cohen at the time) in 1997 and developed Futurama," ], [ "an animated series about life in the year 3000." ], [ "the show was canceled by Fox. In a situation similar to Family Guy, however, strong DVD sales and very stable ratings on Adult Swim brought Futurama back to life." ], [ "four years on the air," ], [ "Groening's writing credits for the show are for the premiere episode, \"Space Pilot 3000\" (co-written with Cohen), \"Rebirth\" (story) and \"In-A-Gadda-Da-Leela\" (story)." ], [ "Groening and Cohen had composed many characters and storylines;" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 56, 193, 773, 750, 576, 299 ], "texts": [ "Groening got together with Simpsons writer/producer David X. Cohen (known as David S. Cohen at the time) in 1997 and developed Futurama,", "an animated series about life in the year 3000.", "the show was canceled by Fox. In a situation similar to Family Guy, however, strong DVD sales and very stable ratings on Adult Swim brought Futurama back to life.", "four years on the air,", "Groening's writing credits for the show are for the premiere episode, \"Space Pilot 3000\" (co-written with Cohen), \"Rebirth\" (story) and \"In-A-Gadda-Da-Leela\" (story).", "Groening and Cohen had composed many characters and storylines;" ] }

[]

[ "C_f3b8e9e3d21f48a999ee0f39c304a0b6_1_q#0", "C_f3b8e9e3d21f48a999ee0f39c304a0b6_1_q#1", "C_f3b8e9e3d21f48a999ee0f39c304a0b6_1_q#2", "C_f3b8e9e3d21f48a999ee0f39c304a0b6_1_q#3", "C_f3b8e9e3d21f48a999ee0f39c304a0b6_1_q#4", "C_f3b8e9e3d21f48a999ee0f39c304a0b6_1_q#5" ]

[ "What is Life in Hell?", "What year was this published?", "Was this a one time publication or an ongoing thing?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Is it still being published?", "Was this a popular comic book?" ]

[ 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 0, 1, 0 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 73 ], [ 426 ], [ 2243 ], [ 1637 ], [ 2550 ], [ 1569 ] ], "texts": [ [ "self-published comic book" ], [ "1978." ], [ "Hell. At the end of its run, Life in Hell was carried in 250 weekly newspapers and has been anthologized in a series of books," ], [ "Deborah Caplan, Groening's then-girlfriend and co-worker at the Reader, offered to publish \"Love is Hell" ], [ "\" he announced that the June 16, 2012 strip would mark Life in Hell's conclusion." ], [ "Life in Hell became popular almost immediately. In" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 73, 426, 2243, 1637, 2550, 1569 ], "texts": [ "self-published comic book", "1978.", "Hell. At the end of its run, Life in Hell was carried in 250 weekly newspapers and has been anthologized in a series of books,", "Deborah Caplan, Groening's then-girlfriend and co-worker at the Reader, offered to publish \"Love is Hell", "\" he announced that the June 16, 2012 strip would mark Life in Hell's conclusion.", " Life in Hell became popular almost immediately. In" ] }

[]

[ "Life in Hell is a self-published comic book by Groening, which was distributed in the book corner of Licorice Pizza, a record store in which he worked. It made its official debut as a comic strip in the Los Angeles Reader on April 25, 1980. The comic strip series became popular and was also published in the form of several books, including \"Love is Hell\" and \"Work is Hell\". The series concluded with the June 16, 2012 strip.", "Life in Hell made its official debut as a comic strip in the Los Angeles Reader on April 25, 1980.", "Life in Hell was an ongoing comic strip series. It made its official debut in the Los Angeles Reader in 1980 and concluded with the June 16, 2012 strip.", "The article shares that Groening had a unique approach to his weekly music column, \"Sound Mix.\" Instead of focusing on music, he would often write about various other topics. Sometimes, in an effort to incorporate more music, he would invent and review fictional bands and non-existent records, only to confess the fabrication in the next edition and assure readers that the current column was truthful. Furthermore, Life in Hell became a popular series quite quickly and was eventually published in book form. This series and Groening's other works had a significant influence on other cartoonists.", "No, Life in Hell is no longer being published. The comic strip concluded with the June 16, 2012 strip.", "Yes, Life in Hell became popular almost immediately. At the end of its run, it was carried in 250 weekly newspapers. In addition, the book form of the series, \"Love is Hell,\" was an underground success, selling 22,000 copies in its first two printings." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_3a8c970dc74a4bdb9e8d6f00eea63e33_1_q#0", "C_3a8c970dc74a4bdb9e8d6f00eea63e33_1_q#1", "C_3a8c970dc74a4bdb9e8d6f00eea63e33_1_q#2", "C_3a8c970dc74a4bdb9e8d6f00eea63e33_1_q#3", "C_3a8c970dc74a4bdb9e8d6f00eea63e33_1_q#4", "C_3a8c970dc74a4bdb9e8d6f00eea63e33_1_q#5", "C_3a8c970dc74a4bdb9e8d6f00eea63e33_1_q#6", "C_3a8c970dc74a4bdb9e8d6f00eea63e33_1_q#7" ]

[ "what is the first decade?", "what was its first concert or recording?", "what did they play?", "who was the director?", "who else directed?", "what music did he direct?", "did the orchestra record any soundtracks?", "did they record anything else?" ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 795 ], [ 3269 ], [ 1695 ], [ 1319 ], [ 3269 ], [ 2204 ], [ 3269 ] ], "texts": [ [ "The orchestra was founded in 1945" ], [ "Philharmonia's first concert on 25 October 1945," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Karajan was principal conductor" ], [ "Arturo Toscanini," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "\"Indian summer\"" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 795, 3269, 1695, 1319, 3269, 2204, 3269 ], "texts": [ "The orchestra was founded in 1945", "Philharmonia's first concert on 25 October 1945,", "CANNOTANSWER", "Karajan was principal conductor", "Arturo Toscanini,", "CANNOTANSWER", "\"Indian summer\"", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide information on what the first decade is.", "The Philharmonia's first concert took place on 25 October 1945, conducted by Sir Thomas Beecham. There is no information provided about the first recording.", "The text does not provide information on what was played at the Philharmonia's first concert on 25 October 1945.", "The text does not specify who the director was at the time of the Philharmonia's first concert. However, it mentions that the first concert was conducted by Sir Thomas Beecham. Herbert von Karajan and Otto Klemperer later held significant roles in the orchestra, with Klemperer being named music director for life in 1959.", "Other than Sir Thomas Beecham who conducted the Philharmonia's first concert, Herbert von Karajan and Otto Klemperer also held significant roles in the orchestra. Karajan was closely associated with the Philharmonia in its early years, and Klemperer became the music director for life in 1959. The orchestra also engaged many prominent conductors including Arturo Toscanini, Richard Strauss, and Wilhelm Furtwangler.", "The text does not specify which pieces of music Herbert von Karajan or Otto Klemperer directed while they were associated with the Philharmonia Orchestra. However, it is mentioned that Karajan made numerous recordings with the orchestra, including all the Beethoven symphonies.", "The text does not provide information on whether the Philharmonia Orchestra recorded any soundtracks.", "According to the text, under the direction of Herbert von Karajan, the Philharmonia Orchestra made numerous recordings, including all the Beethoven symphonies. Under the direction of Otto Klemperer, the orchestra had an \"Indian summer\" of celebrated recordings. The specific works recorded during this time are not mentioned." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_459f6c31567045bf935d4dc5879b2490_0_q#0", "C_459f6c31567045bf935d4dc5879b2490_0_q#1", "C_459f6c31567045bf935d4dc5879b2490_0_q#2", "C_459f6c31567045bf935d4dc5879b2490_0_q#3", "C_459f6c31567045bf935d4dc5879b2490_0_q#4", "C_459f6c31567045bf935d4dc5879b2490_0_q#5", "C_459f6c31567045bf935d4dc5879b2490_0_q#6", "C_459f6c31567045bf935d4dc5879b2490_0_q#7" ]

[ "When was Fast Cars released?", "Did anything interesting happen during this release?", "Were there later pressings as well?", "What happened with Nike Ipod?", "What was special about this track?", "How did he feel about this track?", "When did None Shall Pass come along?", "What interesting things happened during this album release?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 84 ], [ 264 ], [ 720 ], [ 841 ], [ 992 ], [ 1279 ], [ 1313 ] ], "texts": [ [ "In February 2005," ], [ "The first pressing of the EP included an 88-page booklet with lyrics from every release from Float until this EP" ], [ "later pressings of the album come without the booklet, but with an additional bonus track, \"Facemelter\"." ], [ "Aesop Rock was commissioned to create a 45-minute instrumental track for the Nike+iPod running system," ], [ "It was released in February 2007. Distributed via the iTunes Music Store" ], [ "Aesop has described the release as \"something that evolved enough that the sound was constantly fresh and attractive," ], [ "None Shall Pass released in 2007." ], [ "The album also contained original artwork by Jeremy Fish. About Jeremy Fish, Aesop Rock said: \"Man that guy is my hero." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 84, 264, 720, 841, 992, 1279, 1313 ], "texts": [ "In February 2005,", "The first pressing of the EP included an 88-page booklet with lyrics from every release from Float until this EP", "later pressings of the album come without the booklet, but with an additional bonus track, \"Facemelter\".", "Aesop Rock was commissioned to create a 45-minute instrumental track for the Nike+iPod running system,", "It was released in February 2007. Distributed via the iTunes Music Store", "Aesop has described the release as \"something that evolved enough that the sound was constantly fresh and attractive,", "None Shall Pass released in 2007.", "The album also contained original artwork by Jeremy Fish. About Jeremy Fish, Aesop Rock said: \"Man that guy is my hero." ] }

[]

[ "Fast Cars was released in February 2005.", "Yes, during the release of Fast Cars, the first pressing of the EP included an 88-page booklet with lyrics from every release from Float until this EP, which was titled The Living Human Curiosity Sideshow. In later pressings, the album came without the booklet but included an additional bonus track, \"Facemelter.\" A limited number of albums were also made available direct from Def Jux with Aesop Rock's graffiti tag on them. Rock did less production on the EP in response to demands from fans, it was produced by Blockhead, Rob Sonic, and Aesop himself. At this time, Rock was also asked to join The Weathermen to replace Vast Aire.", "Yes, later pressings of the album were made. However, these did not include the original 88-page booklet but did include an additional bonus track named \"Facemelter\".", "Aesop Rock was commissioned to create a 45-minute instrumental track for the Nike+iPod running system. The track was titled All Day and was released in February 2007. It was distributed via the iTunes Music Store and featured Aesop's wife Allyson Baker on guitar and scratches from DJ Big Wiz. Aesop described the release as \"something that evolved enough that the sound was constantly fresh and attractive, as though the runner were moving through a set of differing cities or landscapes.\"", "The special thing about this track, called \"All Day,\" was that it was a 45-minute instrumental track created specifically for the Nike+iPod running system. It featured Aesop Rock's wife, Allyson Baker, on guitar and scratches from DJ Big Wiz. It was designed to be constantly fresh and attractive, as though the runner were moving through different cities or landscapes, offering a unique auditory experience for runners.", "Aesop Rock described the track as \"something that evolved enough that the sound was constantly fresh and attractive, as though the runner were moving through a set of differing cities or landscapes.\". This indicates that he was pleased with the track and felt that it offered a dynamic and captivating experience.", "None Shall Pass came along in August of 2007.", "During the release of the album None Shall Pass, Aesop Rock had teamed up with artist Jeremy Fish, who provided original artwork for the album. Aesop Rock also participated in a project called Ghosts of the Barbary Coast with Fish. He made a song called \"Tomorrow Morning\" to accompany a slideshow of drawings that Fish created. This was displayed in San Francisco and also made available for download online. The album received positive reviews from critics and fans for Aesop Rock's change in sound." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_365c6134db2c45cb96f35f5b84dddb71_1_q#0", "C_365c6134db2c45cb96f35f5b84dddb71_1_q#1", "C_365c6134db2c45cb96f35f5b84dddb71_1_q#2", "C_365c6134db2c45cb96f35f5b84dddb71_1_q#3", "C_365c6134db2c45cb96f35f5b84dddb71_1_q#4" ]

[ "what relationships did nicole have?", "and to who after tom cruise?", "she has an adopted what?", "as well as two what?", "who did kidman meet?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 63 ], [ 108 ], [ 156 ], [ 204 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Kidman has been married twice: previously to actor Tom Cruise," ], [ "and currently to country singer Keith Urban. She has an adopted" ], [ "She has an adopted son and daughter with Cruise as well as two" ], [ "as well as two biological daughters with Urban. Kidman met" ], [ "Kidman met Cruise in November 1989, while filming Days of Thunder, they were" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 63, 108, 156, 204 ], "texts": [ "Kidman has been married twice: previously to actor Tom Cruise,", "and currently to country singer Keith Urban. She has an adopted", "She has an adopted son and daughter with Cruise as well as two", "as well as two biological daughters with Urban. Kidman met", "Kidman met Cruise in November 1989, while filming Days of Thunder, they were" ] }

[]

[ "Nicole Kidman has been in relationships with several people. Prior to her first marriage, she was involved with Australian actor Marcus Graham and her Windrider co-star Tom Burlinson. She was also said to be involved with actor Adrien Brody. In 2003, she met musician Lenny Kravitz and dated him into 2004. She also had a short romance with Robbie Williams on her yacht in the summer of 2004. It was mentioned in a 2007 Vanity Fair interview that Kidman had been secretly engaged to someone prior to her current marriage. She met her current husband, New Zealand-Australian country singer Keith Urban, in January 2005 at an event honouring Australians and married him in June 2006.", "After her divorce from Tom Cruise, Nicole Kidman was involved with musician Lenny Kravitz and had a short romance with Robbie Williams. She was secretly engaged to an undisclosed person prior to meeting her current husband Keith Urban, whom she married in June 2006.", "Nicole Kidman has an adopted son and daughter from her marriage to Tom Cruise. The son's name is Connor Anthony and the daughter's name is Isabella Jane.", "Nicole Kidman also has two biological daughters with her current husband, Keith Urban.", "Nicole Kidman met her first husband, Tom Cruise, in November 1989 while filming Days of Thunder. She then met her current husband, Keith Urban, at G'Day LA, an event honouring Australians, in January 2005.\nShe also had relationships with several people including Australian actor Marcus Graham, her Windrider co-star Tom Burlinson, Adrien Brody, musician Lenny Kravitz, and singer Robbie Williams at various times throughout her life." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_365c6134db2c45cb96f35f5b84dddb71_0_q#0", "C_365c6134db2c45cb96f35f5b84dddb71_0_q#1", "C_365c6134db2c45cb96f35f5b84dddb71_0_q#2", "C_365c6134db2c45cb96f35f5b84dddb71_0_q#3" ]

[ "what is known of nicole's wealth?", "what is learnt from this article?", "what more is known about her wealth?", "any more info on her wealth?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 0 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 154 ], [ 161 ], [ 263 ] ], "texts": [ [ "In 2002, Kidman first appeared on the Australian rich list published annually in the Business Review Weekly" ], [ "In the 2011 published list, Kidman's wealth was estimated at A$304 million," ], [ "2011 published list, Kidman's wealth was estimated at A$304 million, down from A$329 million in 2010." ], [ "Kidman has raised money for, and drawn attention to, disadvantaged children around the world." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 154, 161, 263 ], "texts": [ "In 2002, Kidman first appeared on the Australian rich list published annually in the Business Review Weekly", "In the 2011 published list, Kidman's wealth was estimated at A$304 million,", "2011 published list, Kidman's wealth was estimated at A$304 million, down from A$329 million in 2010.", "Kidman has raised money for, and drawn attention to, disadvantaged children around the world." ] }

[]

[ "In 2002, Nicole Kidman first appeared on the Australian rich list with an estimated net worth of A$122 million. By 2011, her wealth was estimated at A$304 million, down from A$329 million in 2010.", "Nicole Kidman is a wealthy actress who first appeared on the Australian rich list in 2002. Her wealth fluctuated between 2002 and 2011. In addition to her acting career, she has been involved in various humanitarian efforts. She has served as a goodwill ambassador for both UNICEF and the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM). Kidman has also been honoured by the United Nations as a \"Citizen of the World\" and by Australia with the Companion of Order of Australia (AC). She has contributed to cancer research and advocated for improvement of medical treatment for women and children. She has raised money for breast cancer care and drawn attention to disadvantaged children around the world. Additionally, she is the international spokesperson for UNIFEM's Say NO - UNiTE to End Violence against Women initiative, and has supported the International Violence against Women Act. She became the brand ambassador for Etihad Airways in 2015 and supports sports teams including the Nashville Predators and Sydney Swans.", "The article does not provide any more information about Nicole Kidman's wealth apart from noting that she first appeared on the Australian rich list in 2002 with a net worth of A$122 million and that her wealth was estimated at A$304 million in 2011, down from A$329 million in 2010.", "No, the context does not provide any more information on Nicole Kidman's wealth." ]

[ "No", "No", "Yes", "No" ]

[ "C_ad5c8ff76bea458fbc490ce44942e6ee_0_q#0", "C_ad5c8ff76bea458fbc490ce44942e6ee_0_q#1", "C_ad5c8ff76bea458fbc490ce44942e6ee_0_q#2", "C_ad5c8ff76bea458fbc490ce44942e6ee_0_q#3", "C_ad5c8ff76bea458fbc490ce44942e6ee_0_q#4", "C_ad5c8ff76bea458fbc490ce44942e6ee_0_q#5", "C_ad5c8ff76bea458fbc490ce44942e6ee_0_q#6" ]

[ "Where was the mainstream direction going?", "How was Nas involved in the firm?", "What did this super group do?", "What was this debut album called?", "Was this album successful?", "Are there any other interesting aspects of this article?", "Was group the group successful?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 2273 ], [ 991 ], [ 1359 ], [ 1829 ], [ 1881 ], [ 2068 ], [ 2273 ] ], "texts": [ [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "a supergroup consisting of Nas, AZ, Foxy Brown, and Cormega." ], [ "began working on their debut album." ], [ "The Firm: The Album" ], [ "mixed reviews." ], [ "Nas was one of four rappers (the others being B-Real, KRS-One and RBX) in the hip-hop supergroup Group Therapy," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 2273, 991, 1359, 1829, 1881, 2068, 2273 ], "texts": [ "CANNOTANSWER", "a supergroup consisting of Nas, AZ, Foxy Brown, and Cormega.", "began working on their debut album.", "The Firm: The Album", "mixed reviews.", "Nas was one of four rappers (the others being B-Real, KRS-One and RBX) in the hip-hop supergroup Group Therapy,", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "The mainstream direction was going towards a crossover-oriented sound with more commercial topics, as demonstrated by Nas's move to incorporate these elements into his second LP, \"It Was Written\".", "Nas was a member of The Firm, a supergroup which also consisted of AZ, Foxy Brown, and Cormega (who was later replaced by Nature). They worked on their debut album under Dr. Dre's Aftermath Entertainment label.", "The supergroup, The Firm, worked on their debut album. However, midway through the production, Cormega was fired from the group and was replaced by Nature. Their album was finally released in 1997 to mixed reviews. Despite being certified platinum, the album did not meet its expected sales. Following this, the members of The Firm disbanded and went their separate ways.", "The debut album of the supergroup The Firm was called \"Nas, Foxy Brown, AZ, and Nature Present The Firm: The Album\".", "The album \"Nas, Foxy Brown, AZ, and Nature Present The Firm: The Album\" had mixed reviews and failed to live up to its expected sales, despite being certified platinum. Therefore, its success could be viewed as limited.", "One interesting aspect is the conflict and changes within The Firm. Midway through the production of their debut album, Steve Stoute fired Cormega from the group and replaced him with Nature. This led to Cormega becoming a vocal opponent of Nas and releasing a series of diss tracks against him. Another interesting aspect is how Nas started consciously working towards a crossover-oriented sound for his second LP to appeal to the mainstream audience, under pressure from Columbia Records.", "The text does not provide enough information to definitively assess the success of The Firm. While their debut album was certified platinum, it failed to meet its expected sales and received mixed reviews. Shortly after the release of their album, the members of The Firm disbanded and went their separate ways. This suggests that their success may have been limited." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_ad5c8ff76bea458fbc490ce44942e6ee_1_q#0", "C_ad5c8ff76bea458fbc490ce44942e6ee_1_q#1", "C_ad5c8ff76bea458fbc490ce44942e6ee_1_q#2", "C_ad5c8ff76bea458fbc490ce44942e6ee_1_q#3", "C_ad5c8ff76bea458fbc490ce44942e6ee_1_q#4", "C_ad5c8ff76bea458fbc490ce44942e6ee_1_q#5", "C_ad5c8ff76bea458fbc490ce44942e6ee_1_q#6" ]

[ "How did he begin his career?", "Who else helped?", "What was his first album?", "Did he have any performances before then?", "Who did he work with?", "What were his hits?", "Any other hit singles?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 206 ], [ 955 ], [ 491 ], [ 568 ], [ 1227 ], [ 1408 ] ], "texts": [ [ "As a teenager, Nas enlisted his best friend and upstairs neighbor Willy \"Ill Will\" Graham as his DJ." ], [ "\". In the late-1980s, he met up with the producer Large Professor and went to the studio where Rakim and Kool G Rap were recording their albums." ], [ "In 1994, Nas's debut album, Illmatic, was finally released. It was awarded best album of 1994 by The Source." ], [ "In 1991, Nas performed on Main Source's \"Live at the Barbeque\". In mid-1992, Nas was approached by MC Serch of 3rd Bass," ], [ "Nas was approached by MC Serch of 3rd Bass, who became his manager and secured Nas a record deal with Columbia Records during the same year." ], [ "The album spawned several singles, including \"The World Is Yours\", \"It Ain't Hard to Tell\", and \"One Love\"." ], [ "In 1994, Nas also recorded the song \"One on One\" for the soundtrack to the film Street Fighter." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 206, 955, 491, 568, 1227, 1408 ], "texts": [ "As a teenager, Nas enlisted his best friend and upstairs neighbor Willy \"Ill Will\" Graham as his DJ.", "\". In the late-1980s, he met up with the producer Large Professor and went to the studio where Rakim and Kool G Rap were recording their albums.", "In 1994, Nas's debut album, Illmatic, was finally released. It was awarded best album of 1994 by The Source.", "In 1991, Nas performed on Main Source's \"Live at the Barbeque\". In mid-1992, Nas was approached by MC Serch of 3rd Bass,", "Nas was approached by MC Serch of 3rd Bass, who became his manager and secured Nas a record deal with Columbia Records during the same year.", "The album spawned several singles, including \"The World Is Yours\", \"It Ain't Hard to Tell\", and \"One Love\".", "In 1994, Nas also recorded the song \"One on One\" for the soundtrack to the film Street Fighter." ] }

[]

[ "Nas began his career as a teenager, enlisting his best friend and upstairs neighbor Willy \"Ill Will\" Graham as his DJ. He initially went by the nickname \"Kid Wave\" before adopting the alias of \"Nasty Nas\". In the late-1980s, he met up with producer Large Professor and started recording his own material in the studio where Rakim and Kool G Rap were recording their albums. His first released performance was in 1991 on Main Source's \"Live at the Barbeque\". Nas was later approached by MC Serch of 3rd Bass in mid-1992, who became his manager and secured him a record deal with Columbia Records.", "In addition to his best friend Willy \"Ill Will\" Graham and MC Serch of 3rd Bass, Nas was also helped by Large Professor, who he met in the late 1980s, and who would later contribute to the production of his debut album, Illmatic. Other contributors on the album included Pete Rock, Q-Tip, LES and DJ Premier, as well as guest appearances from Nas's friend AZ and his father Olu Dara.", "Nas's first album was \"Illmatic\", which was released in 1994.", "Yes, before releasing his debut album, Nas performed on Main Source's \"Live at the Barbeque\" in 1991. He also made his solo debut under the name of \"Nasty Nas\" on the single \"Halftime\" from MC Serch's soundtrack for the film Zebrahead.", "Nas worked with several people throughout his early career. His best friend Willy \"Ill Will\" Graham was his DJ, and he was managed by MC Serch of 3rd Bass, who also secured him a record deal with Columbia Records. He also collaborated with producer Large Professor. His debut album, Illmatic, featured production from Large Professor, Pete Rock, Q-Tip, LES and DJ Premier. The album also included guest appearances from Nas's friend AZ and his father Olu Dara.", "From his debut album, Illmatic, Nas had several singles including \"The World Is Yours\", \"It Ain't Hard to Tell\", and \"One Love\".", "The context does not provide information on any other hit singles by Nas apart from \"The World Is Yours\", \"It Ain't Hard to Tell\", and \"One Love\" from his debut album, Illmatic." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "no" ]

[ "C_2fd2e1cafae44deca81b0e5df98b3727_1_q#0", "C_2fd2e1cafae44deca81b0e5df98b3727_1_q#1", "C_2fd2e1cafae44deca81b0e5df98b3727_1_q#2", "C_2fd2e1cafae44deca81b0e5df98b3727_1_q#3", "C_2fd2e1cafae44deca81b0e5df98b3727_1_q#4", "C_2fd2e1cafae44deca81b0e5df98b3727_1_q#5", "C_2fd2e1cafae44deca81b0e5df98b3727_1_q#6", "C_2fd2e1cafae44deca81b0e5df98b3727_1_q#7", "C_2fd2e1cafae44deca81b0e5df98b3727_1_q#8", "C_2fd2e1cafae44deca81b0e5df98b3727_1_q#9", "C_2fd2e1cafae44deca81b0e5df98b3727_1_q#10", "C_2fd2e1cafae44deca81b0e5df98b3727_1_q#11" ]

[ "what is release referring to?", "what evidence did they have?", "how was he treated in prison?", "what did they do to him?", "was he subjected to any other mistreatment?", "what was he charged with?", "what did the public think of his imprisonment?", "did they have evidence against him?", "did he give any interviews?", "what did he speak about?", "what is an interesting fact regarding his release?", "what crimes?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 236 ], [ 1266 ], [ 1408 ], [ 1082 ], [ 596 ], [ 596 ], [ 715 ], [ 1794 ], [ 2719 ], [ 2292 ], [ 2462 ] ], "texts": [ [ "On 22 June 2011, the Chinese authorities released Ai from jail after almost three months' detention on charges of tax evasion." ], [ "had allegedly evaded taxes and intentionally destroyed accounting documents." ], [ "his sister gave some details about his detention condition to the press, explaining that he was subjected to a kind of psychological torture:" ], [ "he was detained in a tiny room with constant light, and two guards were set very close to him at all times, and watched him constantly." ], [ "Ai also mentioned that his detention by the Chinese regime was hellish (Chinese: Jiu Si Yi Sheng ), and stressed that he is forbidden to say too much to reporters." ], [ "Ai's supporters widely viewed his detention as retaliation for his vocal criticism of the government." ], [ "Ai's supporters widely viewed his detention as retaliation" ], [ "professor Wang Yujin of China University of Political Science and Law stated that the release of Ai on bail shows that the Chinese government could not find any solid evidence" ], [ "In January 2012, in its International Review issue Art in America magazine featured an interview with Ai Weiwei at his home" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Although he is allowed to leave Beijing, the police informed him that he is still prohibited from traveling to other countries because he is \"suspected of other crimes,\"" ], [ "including pornography, bigamy and illicit exchange of foreign currency." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 236, 1266, 1408, 1082, 596, 596, 715, 1794, 2719, 2292, 2462 ], "texts": [ "On 22 June 2011, the Chinese authorities released Ai from jail after almost three months' detention on charges of tax evasion.", "had allegedly evaded taxes and intentionally destroyed accounting documents.", "his sister gave some details about his detention condition to the press, explaining that he was subjected to a kind of psychological torture:", "he was detained in a tiny room with constant light, and two guards were set very close to him at all times, and watched him constantly.", "Ai also mentioned that his detention by the Chinese regime was hellish (Chinese: Jiu Si Yi Sheng ), and stressed that he is forbidden to say too much to reporters.", "Ai's supporters widely viewed his detention as retaliation for his vocal criticism of the government.", "Ai's supporters widely viewed his detention as retaliation", "professor Wang Yujin of China University of Political Science and Law stated that the release of Ai on bail shows that the Chinese government could not find any solid evidence", "In January 2012, in its International Review issue Art in America magazine featured an interview with Ai Weiwei at his home", "CANNOTANSWER", "Although he is allowed to leave Beijing, the police informed him that he is still prohibited from traveling to other countries because he is \"suspected of other crimes,\"", "including pornography, bigamy and illicit exchange of foreign currency." ] }

[]

[ "C_2fd2e1cafae44deca81b0e5df98b3727_0_q#0", "C_2fd2e1cafae44deca81b0e5df98b3727_0_q#1", "C_2fd2e1cafae44deca81b0e5df98b3727_0_q#2", "C_2fd2e1cafae44deca81b0e5df98b3727_0_q#3", "C_2fd2e1cafae44deca81b0e5df98b3727_0_q#4", "C_2fd2e1cafae44deca81b0e5df98b3727_0_q#5", "C_2fd2e1cafae44deca81b0e5df98b3727_0_q#6", "C_2fd2e1cafae44deca81b0e5df98b3727_0_q#7", "C_2fd2e1cafae44deca81b0e5df98b3727_0_q#8", "C_2fd2e1cafae44deca81b0e5df98b3727_0_q#9", "C_2fd2e1cafae44deca81b0e5df98b3727_0_q#10" ]

[ "What happened with his tax case?", "What did he do?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Was he convicted?", "Did he pay the fines?", "Why did they do that?", "What other parts of this case interested you?", "Did this earn enough to pay his fines?", "How much did he pay?", "Did anything else happen after this?", "Did he find other employment?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 18 ], [ 2365 ], [ 1351 ], [ 2332 ], [ 504 ], [ 2841 ], [ 584 ], [ 2479 ], [ 2411 ], [ 2577 ], [ 2841 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Beijing Local Taxation Bureau demanded a total of over 12 million yuan (US$1.85 million) from Beijing Fa Ke Cultural Development Ltd. in unpaid taxes and fines," ], [ "tax evasion" ], [ "the court heard the tax appeal case. Ai's wife, Lu Qing, the legal representative of the design company," ], [ "the court upheld the 2.4 million tax evasion fine." ], [ "Offers of donations poured in from Ai's fans across the world when the fine was announced." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "announced. Eventually an online loan campaign was initiated" ], [ "Ai said he will not pay the remainder because he does not recognize the charge." ], [ "1.33 million" ], [ "authorities revoked the license of Beijing Fa Ke Cultural Development Ltd." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 18, 2365, 1351, 2332, 504, 2841, 584, 2479, 2411, 2577, 2841 ], "texts": [ "Beijing Local Taxation Bureau demanded a total of over 12 million yuan (US$1.85 million) from Beijing Fa Ke Cultural Development Ltd. in unpaid taxes and fines,", "tax evasion", "the court heard the tax appeal case. Ai's wife, Lu Qing, the legal representative of the design company,", "the court upheld the 2.4 million tax evasion fine.", "Offers of donations poured in from Ai's fans across the world when the fine was announced.", "CANNOTANSWER", "announced. Eventually an online loan campaign was initiated", "Ai said he will not pay the remainder because he does not recognize the charge.", "1.33 million", "authorities revoked the license of Beijing Fa Ke Cultural Development Ltd.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "C_4afd5375282049259a462c9d271a3e3c_1_q#0", "C_4afd5375282049259a462c9d271a3e3c_1_q#1", "C_4afd5375282049259a462c9d271a3e3c_1_q#2", "C_4afd5375282049259a462c9d271a3e3c_1_q#3", "C_4afd5375282049259a462c9d271a3e3c_1_q#4" ]

[ "when was fred rogers born?", "who were his parents?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "what did he do instead of serving in the military?", "was rogers ever married?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 87 ], [ 1261 ], [ 851 ], [ 688 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Rogers was born in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, 40 miles (65 km) southeast of Pittsburgh," ], [ "James and Nancy Rogers;" ], [ "Despite recurring rumors, he never served in the military." ], [ "Rogers graduated from Pittsburgh Theological Seminary and was ordained a minister in the United Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A." ], [ "he met Sara Joanne Byrd (born c. 1928), an Oakland, Florida, native; they married on June 9, 1952." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 87, 1261, 851, 688 ], "texts": [ "Rogers was born in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, 40 miles (65 km) southeast of Pittsburgh,", "James and Nancy Rogers;", "Despite recurring rumors, he never served in the military.", "Rogers graduated from Pittsburgh Theological Seminary and was ordained a minister in the United Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A.", "he met Sara Joanne Byrd (born c. 1928), an Oakland, Florida, native; they married on June 9, 1952." ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide information on when Fred Rogers was born.", "Fred Rogers' parents were James and Nancy Rogers.", "Yes, there are several interesting aspects in the article: Rogers had a passion for music from an early age, learning to play the piano at five. He was also a trained general aviation pilot and managed to obtain a pilot's license while still in high school. Additionally, he was red-green color blind and a vegetarian on ethical grounds. He did not have a desk in his office, instead choosing to furnish it with a sofa and armchairs because he felt a desk was too much of a barrier. He was also an ordained minister in the United Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A.", "The text does not provide specific information on what Fred Rogers did instead of serving in the military.", "Yes, Rogers was married to Sara Joanne Byrd. They got married on June 9, 1952." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "No", "no", "Yes" ]

[ "C_4afd5375282049259a462c9d271a3e3c_0_q#0", "C_4afd5375282049259a462c9d271a3e3c_0_q#1", "C_4afd5375282049259a462c9d271a3e3c_0_q#2", "C_4afd5375282049259a462c9d271a3e3c_0_q#3" ]

[ "Did Fred Rogers have anything to do with the development of the VCR?", "What was Roger's role in supporting the VCR", "Was Roger's in support of allowing recording TV programs at home?", "Besides testifying, did Roger's have any other role in the VCR's popularity?" ]

[ 2, 0, 2, 1 ]

[ 0, 2, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 74 ], [ 144 ], [ 245 ], [ 1723 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Rogers was involved in supporting the manufacturers of VCRs in court." ], [ "His 1979 testimony, in the case Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.," ], [ "did not object to home recordings of his television programs," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 74, 144, 245, 1723 ], "texts": [ "Rogers was involved in supporting the manufacturers of VCRs in court.", "His 1979 testimony, in the case Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.,", "did not object to home recordings of his television programs,", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "No, Fred Rogers did not have anything to do with the development of the VCR.", "Rogers's role in supporting the VCR was providing court testimony in the case Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc. He stated that he did not object to home recordings of his television programs and encouraged the use of VCRs for families to watch programs together at a later time. His views were later used by the Supreme Court to hold that the Betamax video recorder did not infringe copyright.", "Yes, Rogers was in support of allowing home recordings of TV programs. He stated that he did not object to home recordings of his television programs, as it allowed families to watch them together at a later time.", "The text does not provide information on any other role Fred Rogers may have had in the VCR's popularity, besides his court testimony." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_1d5ce516fe6c4be19df76a7cbfc97b5e_1_q#0", "C_1d5ce516fe6c4be19df76a7cbfc97b5e_1_q#1", "C_1d5ce516fe6c4be19df76a7cbfc97b5e_1_q#2", "C_1d5ce516fe6c4be19df76a7cbfc97b5e_1_q#3", "C_1d5ce516fe6c4be19df76a7cbfc97b5e_1_q#4", "C_1d5ce516fe6c4be19df76a7cbfc97b5e_1_q#5", "C_1d5ce516fe6c4be19df76a7cbfc97b5e_1_q#6" ]

[ "What happened in 1989?", "How long did it take them to tour?", "Did they do anything in 1991?", "Was there any other albums I should know about?", "Did they go on tour?", "Was it successful?", "What did DJ John Peel do?" ]

[ 0, 2, 2, 0, 1, 2, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 516 ], [ 1065 ], [ 2211 ], [ 2266 ], [ 1065 ], [ 1121 ], [ 3223 ] ], "texts": [ [ "played their debut gig at the Belfast Art College supporting Decadence Within on 20 August 1989." ], [ "During the summer of that year, the band made its first tour through the United Kingdom" ], [ "The band's first album, July 1991's Babyteeth," ], [ "January 1992 follow up, Pleasure Death, were successful enough to earn the band a major label deal" ], [ "During the summer of that year, the band made its first tour through the United Kingdom" ], [ "tour through the United Kingdom with The Beyond, catching the attention of influential DJ John Peel along the way." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 516, 1065, 2211, 2266, 1065, 1121, 3223 ], "texts": [ "played their debut gig at the Belfast Art College supporting Decadence Within on 20 August 1989.", "During the summer of that year, the band made its first tour through the United Kingdom", "The band's first album, July 1991's Babyteeth,", "January 1992 follow up, Pleasure Death, were successful enough to earn the band a major label deal", "During the summer of that year, the band made its first tour through the United Kingdom", "tour through the United Kingdom with The Beyond, catching the attention of influential DJ John Peel along the way.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "In 1989, Andy Cairns met Fyfe Ewing at a charity gig and after a rehearsal session, they decided to perform live music. They recruited Michael McKeegan for their band and played their debut gig at the Belfast Art College in support to Decadence Within on 20 August 1989. They also recorded a four track demo tape called \"Meat Abstract\". Their music was highly influenced by artists of the indie rock movement and new beat disco acts.", "The context does not provide specific information on how long it took the band Therapy? to tour.", "Yes, in July 1991, the band Therapy? released their first album titled \"Babyteeth.\"", "Yes, in addition to their first album \"Babyteeth\" in July 1991, they also released the album \"Pleasure Death\" in January 1992. Both of these albums were successful enough to earn the band a major label deal with A&M Records. Later, they released their debut A&M record \"Nurse\" in November 1992.", "Yes, Therapy? went on their first ever tour in the United Kingdom during the summer of 1990 with The Beyond and their first U.S. tour in October 1992.", "The band's tours are not specifically described as successful in the provided context. However, it is mentioned that during their first UK tour in 1990, they caught the attention of influential DJ John Peel. Also, after the release of their albums \"Babyteeth\" in July 1991 and \"Pleasure Death\" in January 1992, they earned a major label deal with A&M Records, which indicates some level of success.", "The context does not provide specific details on what DJ John Peel did, but it does mention that Therapy? caught his attention while on their first tour in the United Kingdom during the summer of 1990." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_1d5ce516fe6c4be19df76a7cbfc97b5e_0_q#0", "C_1d5ce516fe6c4be19df76a7cbfc97b5e_0_q#1", "C_1d5ce516fe6c4be19df76a7cbfc97b5e_0_q#2", "C_1d5ce516fe6c4be19df76a7cbfc97b5e_0_q#3", "C_1d5ce516fe6c4be19df76a7cbfc97b5e_0_q#4", "C_1d5ce516fe6c4be19df76a7cbfc97b5e_0_q#5", "C_1d5ce516fe6c4be19df76a7cbfc97b5e_0_q#6" ]

[ "Did they release any albums in 1993?", "Were they on the charts?", "Did they do any songs with other popular artists?", "Did they win an awards?", "Did they release any other albums during this time?", "Did they go on tour?", "Did they make any music videos?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1 ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 100 ], [ 167 ], [ 515 ], [ 1027 ], [ 743 ], [ 863 ], [ 1839 ] ], "texts": [ [ "The release of the Shortsharpshock EP catapulted Therapy" ], [ "Top 40, peaking at nine, featuring the lead track Screamager." ], [ "Kings X initially, and then both Helmet and The Jesus Lizard," ], [ "It achieved a string of nominations in end-of-year polls, including a Mercury Music Prize nomination, and success at the Kerrang! Awards." ], [ "1994 saw the release of the commercially successful Troublegum album" ], [ "string of rock and indie festivals, including Reading (third consecutive appearance), Donington and Phoenix in the UK alone," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 100, 167, 515, 1027, 743, 863, 1839 ], "texts": [ "The release of the Shortsharpshock EP catapulted Therapy", "Top 40, peaking at nine, featuring the lead track Screamager.", "Kings X initially, and then both Helmet and The Jesus Lizard,", "It achieved a string of nominations in end-of-year polls, including a Mercury Music Prize nomination, and success at the Kerrang! Awards.", "1994 saw the release of the commercially successful Troublegum album", "string of rock and indie festivals, including Reading (third consecutive appearance), Donington and Phoenix in the UK alone,", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "C_8c698173e273415a9ad5450fbc5b9341_1_q#0", "C_8c698173e273415a9ad5450fbc5b9341_1_q#1", "C_8c698173e273415a9ad5450fbc5b9341_1_q#2", "C_8c698173e273415a9ad5450fbc5b9341_1_q#3", "C_8c698173e273415a9ad5450fbc5b9341_1_q#4", "C_8c698173e273415a9ad5450fbc5b9341_1_q#5", "C_8c698173e273415a9ad5450fbc5b9341_1_q#6", "C_8c698173e273415a9ad5450fbc5b9341_1_q#7" ]

[ "Where was be born?", "Does he have siblings?", "Where did Ben attend school?", "Who are his parents?", "Who is his mother?", "What did she do for a living?", "What did his father do for a living?", "Where did he grow up?" ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 1, 2, 0 ]

[ 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 19 ], [ 621 ], [ 1664 ], [ 41 ], [ 129 ], [ 3248 ], [ 169 ], [ 500 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Detroit, Michigan," ], [ "Carson's older brother, Curtis, was born in 1949," ], [ "a two-classroom school at the Berea Seventh-day Adventist church" ], [ "Robert Solomon Carson, Jr." ], [ "Sonya Carson (nee Copeland; 1928-2017)." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Robert Carson was a Baptist minister, but later a Cadillac automobile plant laborer." ], [ "they moved from Chattanooga, Tennessee to Detroit," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 19, 621, 1664, 41, 129, 3248, 169, 500 ], "texts": [ "Detroit, Michigan,", "Carson's older brother, Curtis, was born in 1949,", "a two-classroom school at the Berea Seventh-day Adventist church", "Robert Solomon Carson, Jr.", "Sonya Carson (nee Copeland; 1928-2017).", "CANNOTANSWER", "Robert Carson was a Baptist minister, but later a Cadillac automobile plant laborer.", "they moved from Chattanooga, Tennessee to Detroit," ] }

[]

[ "Carson was born in Detroit, Michigan.", "Yes, Carson has an older brother named Curtis.", "Carson began his education at the Fisher School in Detroit in 1956. He switched schools multiple times. He spent time at a two-classroom school at the Berea Seventh-day Adventist church in Boston, then he attended Higgins Elementary School and Wilson Junior High School upon his return to Detroit. Finally, he attended Hunter Junior High School.", "Carson's parents are Robert Solomon Carson, Jr., a World War II U.S. Army veteran, and his wife, Sonya Carson.", "Carson's mother is Sonya Carson.", "Carson's mother began working outside the home as a domestic worker when they lived in Boston.", "Carson's father, Robert Carson, was initially a Baptist minister but later worked as a laborer at a Cadillac automobile plant.", "Carson grew up in several places. He was born and spent his early childhood in Detroit, Michigan. He lived for two years in Boston when he was eight. Then he returned to Detroit when he was ten and lived there until he was 13. After that, he moved back to their house on Deacon Street." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No" ]

[ "C_8c698173e273415a9ad5450fbc5b9341_0_q#0", "C_8c698173e273415a9ad5450fbc5b9341_0_q#1", "C_8c698173e273415a9ad5450fbc5b9341_0_q#2", "C_8c698173e273415a9ad5450fbc5b9341_0_q#3", "C_8c698173e273415a9ad5450fbc5b9341_0_q#4", "C_8c698173e273415a9ad5450fbc5b9341_0_q#5", "C_8c698173e273415a9ad5450fbc5b9341_0_q#6", "C_8c698173e273415a9ad5450fbc5b9341_0_q#7" ]

[ "Where did Carson attend high school", "What years did Carson attend Southwestern High School", "Did Carson participate in any extra curricular activities in High School", "Was he involved in any sports", "did he win any awards in band or forensics", "Was he popular in High School", "id he get into trouble often when he was in High School", "What other trouble did he get into in high school" ]

[ 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 250 ], [ 279 ], [ 368 ], [ 2401 ], [ 2401 ], [ 887 ], [ 1188 ], [ 2401 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Southwestern High School" ], [ "ninth through 12th grades," ], [ "played the baritone horn in the band, and participated in forensics (" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Hands, Carson relates that as a youth he had a violent temper. \"As a teenager, I would go after people with rocks, and bricks, and baseball bats, and hammers,\"" ], [ "while in the ninth grade he tried to stab a friend who had changed the radio station." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 250, 279, 368, 2401, 2401, 887, 1188, 2401 ], "texts": [ "Southwestern High School", "ninth through 12th grades,", "played the baritone horn in the band, and participated in forensics (", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "Hands, Carson relates that as a youth he had a violent temper. \"As a teenager, I would go after people with rocks, and bricks, and baseball bats, and hammers,\"", "while in the ninth grade he tried to stab a friend who had changed the radio station.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "Carson attended Southwestern High School.", "The text does not provide specific years for when Carson attended Southwestern High School.", "Yes, Carson participated in several extracurricular activities in high school. He played the baritone horn in the band, participated in forensics (public speaking), chess club, and the U.S. Army Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (JROTC) program. He also served as a laboratory assistant in the school's biology, chemistry, and physics laboratories.", "The text does not mention Carson participating in any sports during high school.", "The text does not provide information on whether Carson won any awards in band or forensics during high school.", "The text does not provide information on whether Carson was popular in high school.", "The text mentions Carson having a violent temper as a youth, including two incidents in high school where he tried to hit his mother with a hammer and attempted to stab a friend. However, it does not say how frequently he got in trouble at school.", "The text mentions that Carson once attacked a schoolmate with a combination lock in high school. It also mentions an incident where he protected white students in a biology lab during a race riot that broke out at his high school in response to the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No" ]

[ "C_94196b0fc8b74ddfbf20468d6ce6a1a5_0_q#0", "C_94196b0fc8b74ddfbf20468d6ce6a1a5_0_q#1", "C_94196b0fc8b74ddfbf20468d6ce6a1a5_0_q#2", "C_94196b0fc8b74ddfbf20468d6ce6a1a5_0_q#3", "C_94196b0fc8b74ddfbf20468d6ce6a1a5_0_q#4", "C_94196b0fc8b74ddfbf20468d6ce6a1a5_0_q#5", "C_94196b0fc8b74ddfbf20468d6ce6a1a5_0_q#6", "C_94196b0fc8b74ddfbf20468d6ce6a1a5_0_q#7", "C_94196b0fc8b74ddfbf20468d6ce6a1a5_0_q#8", "C_94196b0fc8b74ddfbf20468d6ce6a1a5_0_q#9", "C_94196b0fc8b74ddfbf20468d6ce6a1a5_0_q#10" ]

[ "Was chapter 94 eventful?", "How does it progress from there to chapter 180?", "Do they get married?", "What do they do during the delay?", "Is successful in doing so?", "Then what happens?", "Do they get caught?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Does she stay?", "Does he choose one?", "What does she do?" ]

[ 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 179 ], [ 385 ], [ 522 ], [ 1234 ], [ 1370 ], [ 1485 ], [ 927 ], [ 1073 ], [ 1181 ], [ 2388 ] ], "texts": [ [ "This part mostly concerns romantic events at the court of Louis XIV." ], [ "Fearing a tarnishing of Louise's reputation by affairs at court, Raoul seeks to marry her." ], [ "The king, however, refuses to sanction the marriage because Louise is of inferior social status, and so marriage is delayed." ], [ "the struggle for power begins between Fouquet and Colbert. Louis attempts to impoverish Fouquet by asking for money" ], [ "during the fete, the king overhears Louise confess her attraction for him to friends," ], [ "That same night Henrietta hears de Guiche confess his love for her to Raoul. The two pursue their own love affair." ], [ "Aware of Louise's attachment, the king sends Raoul to England indefinitely as a diplomatic envoy." ], [ "After Buckingham leaves France, the Comte de Guiche grows besotted with Henrietta," ], [ "Henrietta suggests that the king choose a young lady at court to act as a smokescreen for their flirtation." ], [ "They select Louise de la Valliere for this part," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 179, 385, 522, 1234, 1370, 1485, 927, 1073, 1181, 2388 ], "texts": [ "This part mostly concerns romantic events at the court of Louis XIV.", "Fearing a tarnishing of Louise's reputation by affairs at court, Raoul seeks to marry her.", "The king, however, refuses to sanction the marriage because Louise is of inferior social status, and so marriage is delayed.", "the struggle for power begins between Fouquet and Colbert. Louis attempts to impoverish Fouquet by asking for money", "during the fete, the king overhears Louise confess her attraction for him to friends,", "That same night Henrietta hears de Guiche confess his love for her to Raoul. The two pursue their own love affair.", "Aware of Louise's attachment, the king sends Raoul to England indefinitely as a diplomatic envoy.", "After Buckingham leaves France, the Comte de Guiche grows besotted with Henrietta,", "Henrietta suggests that the king choose a young lady at court to act as a smokescreen for their flirtation.", "They select Louise de la Valliere for this part,", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide information on what happened in chapter 94.", "The text does not provide information on the progression from chapter 94 to chapter 180.", "The text does not provide information on whether or not any characters get married.", "The text does not provide specific details about what they do during the delay of the marriage. However, it mentions several events that occur amidst the delay, including a struggle for power between Fouquet and Colbert, the king's interest in Louise de La Valliere, and Raoul being sent to England.", "The text does not specify who or what the phrase \"Is successful in doing so?\" is referring to, so it is impossible to provide a specific answer.", "The text does not provide information on what happens after the events already described.", "The text does not provide information on whether or not any characters get caught.", "The text does not provide information on other interesting aspects about this article.", "The text does not provide information on whether or not a specific character decided to stay.", "The text does mention that King Louis XIV chooses a young lady at court, Louise de la Valliere, to act as a smokescreen for his flirtation with Henrietta. But any other choice he might make is not discussed.", "The text does not specify which female character the question is referring to, and therefore it is not possible to provide an exact answer on what she does." ]

[ "no", "No", "no", "Yes", "No", "no", "No", "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_94196b0fc8b74ddfbf20468d6ce6a1a5_1_q#0", "C_94196b0fc8b74ddfbf20468d6ce6a1a5_1_q#1", "C_94196b0fc8b74ddfbf20468d6ce6a1a5_1_q#2", "C_94196b0fc8b74ddfbf20468d6ce6a1a5_1_q#3", "C_94196b0fc8b74ddfbf20468d6ce6a1a5_1_q#4", "C_94196b0fc8b74ddfbf20468d6ce6a1a5_1_q#5", "C_94196b0fc8b74ddfbf20468d6ce6a1a5_1_q#6", "C_94196b0fc8b74ddfbf20468d6ce6a1a5_1_q#7", "C_94196b0fc8b74ddfbf20468d6ce6a1a5_1_q#8", "C_94196b0fc8b74ddfbf20468d6ce6a1a5_1_q#9" ]

[ "What can you tell me about this?", "Why would that make him resign?", "What happened next?", "How does he help Charles?", "What happened next?", "How did he do once he was in power?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "What did the king do?", "What did he find during his investigation?", "Is there anything else of note?" ]

[ 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 2169 ], [ 141 ], [ 258 ], [ 353 ], [ 473 ], [ 611 ], [ 704 ], [ 1089 ], [ 1281 ] ], "texts": [ [ "After 35 years of loyal service, d'Artagnan resigns as lieutenant of the Musketeers as he perceives the young king Louis XIV as weak-willed." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "He resolves to aid the exiled Charles II to retake the throne of England, unaware that Athos is attempting the same." ], [ "With their assistance Charles II is restored to the throne and d'Artagnan is rewarded richly." ], [ "In France, Cardinal Mazarin has died, leaving Louis to assume power with Jean-Baptiste Colbert as his finance minister." ], [ "Colbert has an intense hatred for his superior the king's Superintendent of Finances, Nicolas Fouquet, and tries to bring about his fall." ], [ "He brings to the king's attention that Fouquet is fortifying his fief of Belle Ile secretly." ], [ "Louis persuades d'Artagnan to re-enter his service, and tasks him to investigate Belle Ile, promising him a substantial salary and promotion to Captain of the King's Musketeers on his return." ], [ "D'Artagnan confirms that Belle Ile is being fortified and the architect ostensibly in charge is Porthos," ], [ "Aramis, suspicious of d'Artagnan, sends Porthos back to Paris to warn Fouquet, whilst tricking d'Artagnan into searching for Porthos" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 2169, 141, 258, 353, 473, 611, 704, 1089, 1281 ], "texts": [ "After 35 years of loyal service, d'Artagnan resigns as lieutenant of the Musketeers as he perceives the young king Louis XIV as weak-willed.", "CANNOTANSWER", "He resolves to aid the exiled Charles II to retake the throne of England, unaware that Athos is attempting the same.", "With their assistance Charles II is restored to the throne and d'Artagnan is rewarded richly.", "In France, Cardinal Mazarin has died, leaving Louis to assume power with Jean-Baptiste Colbert as his finance minister.", "Colbert has an intense hatred for his superior the king's Superintendent of Finances, Nicolas Fouquet, and tries to bring about his fall.", "He brings to the king's attention that Fouquet is fortifying his fief of Belle Ile secretly.", "Louis persuades d'Artagnan to re-enter his service, and tasks him to investigate Belle Ile, promising him a substantial salary and promotion to Captain of the King's Musketeers on his return.", "D'Artagnan confirms that Belle Ile is being fortified and the architect ostensibly in charge is Porthos,", "Aramis, suspicious of d'Artagnan, sends Porthos back to Paris to warn Fouquet, whilst tricking d'Artagnan into searching for Porthos" ] }

[]

[ "This is a historical story set in the era of King Louis XIV of France. The protagonist, d'Artagnan, is the lieutenant of the Musketeers who has recently resigned but is coaxed back into service by the king to investigate the fortification of Belle Ile by Nicolas Fouquet, the Superintendent of Finances. The finance minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, seeks the downfall of Fouquet which is achieved when d'Artagnan confirms the fortification, leading to Fouquet's humiliation. Also unfolding is the royally arranged marriage between Philippe I, Duke of Orleans and Princess Henrietta of England, who arrives in France and sparks romantic interest from the Duke of Buckingham and Comte de Guiche. However, Philippe becomes jealous and Buckingham is exiled post wedding.", "D'Artagnan decides to resign from his position as the lieutenant of the Musketeers because he perceives King Louis XIV as weak-willed. This presumably led him to lose faith or confidence in his leadership, prompting the resignation.", "After d'Artagnan resigned, he helped the exiled Charles II retake the throne of England. After Cardinal Mazarin's death in France, Louis brought d'Artagnan back into his service to investigate Nicolas Fouquet, the Superintendent of Finance who was secretly fortifying his fief of Belle Ile. D'Artagnan found that Belle Ile was indeed being fortified, thus leading to Fouquet's humiliation and the elevation of Jean-Baptiste Colbert. Despite the trouble, d'Artagnan was promoted to Captain of the King's Musketeers. Louis also accepted a marriage offer for his brother Philippe from Charles II.", "The text does not provide specific details on how d'Artagnan helped Charles II retake the throne of England. It only mentions that with d'Artagnan's assistance, and potentially the assistance of Athos, Charles II was restored to the throne.", "After assisting Charles II in reclaiming the throne, d'Artagnan is rewarded richly. Back in France, King Louis XIV persuades him to re-enter his service and tasks him with investigating the fortification of Belle Ile by Nicolas Fouquet. In exchange for this service, Louis promises d'Artagnan a substantial salary and a promotion to Captain of the King's Musketeers. Louis also accepts an offer for his brother Philippe I to marry Charles II's sister, Henrietta Anne Stuart. When d'Artagnan confirms the fortification of Belle Ile and delivers this news to Louis, Fouquet is humiliated while d'Artagnan becomes Captain of the King's Musketeers. Meanwhile, Princess Henrietta arrives in France for her marriage to Philippe and stirs romantic feelings in certain men, leading to the exile of the Duke of Buckingham.", "The text doesn't provide explicit details about how d'Artagnan did once he was promoted to Captain of the King's Musketeers. However, he was able to successfully complete the mission given to him by King Louis XIV, which was to investigate the fortification of Belle Ile by Nicolas Fouquet, leading to Fouquet's humiliation. This could imply that he was effective in his new position of power.", "Aside from the political maneuverings and espionage, an interesting aspect in this context is the love and jealousy that unfolds surrounding the marriage of Philippe I, Duke of Orleans, and Princess Henrietta. The Duke of Buckingham and Comte de Guiche find themselves infatuated with the princess, causing turmoil. Despite having little interest in women himself, Philippe becomes jealous of Buckingham and ultimately exiles him after the wedding. This subplot adds drama and intrigue to the overall political narrative.", "King Louis XIV took over power in France after Cardinal Mazarin's death and appointed Jean-Baptiste Colbert as his finance minister. He persuaded d'Artagnan to rejoin his service and tasked him with investigating the suspicious actions of Nicolas Fouquet, promising him a significant salary increase and a promotion. He also agreed to a marriage arrangement between his brother Philippe I and Charles II's sister, Princess Henrietta Anne Stuart. Following d'Artagnan's successful mission exposing Fouquet, Louis made him Captain of the King's Musketeers.", "During his investigation, d'Artagnan confirmed that Belle Ile was being fortified. Furthermore, he discovered that the architect seemingly in charge was Porthos, yet the handwriting on the blueprints belonged to Aramis, a bishop of Vannes. This information led to the downfall of Nicolas Fouquet, the Superintendent of Finances who had ordered the fortification in secrecy.", "Also of note is the involvement of the second Duke of Buckingham who is deeply in love with Princess Henrietta. This love triangle, involving Comte de Guiche and causing the jealousy of Philippe leading to Buckingham's exile post-wedding, adds another layer of drama and intrigue to the narrative. Furthermore, the character of Aramis, who has become the bishop of Vannes and is portayed as cunning, adds to the suspense and complexity of the story." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No" ]

[ "C_24fae4c531c0415684cfb97d48eb389f_0_q#0", "C_24fae4c531c0415684cfb97d48eb389f_0_q#1", "C_24fae4c531c0415684cfb97d48eb389f_0_q#2", "C_24fae4c531c0415684cfb97d48eb389f_0_q#3" ]

[ "what did Nolan do later in life?", "what are the 2 minor league teams he owns?", "when did he retire from playing?", "is there anything else interesting about what he did after retirement?" ]

[ 2, 1, 1, 2 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 0 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 97 ], [ 2359 ], [ 719 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Nolan Ryan's post-retirement business interests include ownership of two minor league teams:" ], [ "Corpus Christi Hooks, which play in the Class AA Texas League," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Ryan threw out the ceremonial first pitch before Game 3 of the 2005 World Series between the Astros and the White Sox," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 97, 2359, 719 ], "texts": [ "Nolan Ryan's post-retirement business interests include ownership of two minor league teams:", "Corpus Christi Hooks, which play in the Class AA Texas League,", "CANNOTANSWER", "Ryan threw out the ceremonial first pitch before Game 3 of the 2005 World Series between the Astros and the White Sox," ] }

[]

[ "Nolan Ryan became involved in numerous business interests post-retirement, which included ownership of two minor league teams: the Corpus Christi Hooks and the Round Rock Express. He also served as a special assistant to the general manager for the Houston Astros before selling his interest in the team between 2004 and 2005. In 2008, Ryan became the president of the Texas Rangers. Outside of baseball, he was a majority owner and chairman of Express Bank of Alvin, though he sold his interest in 2005. Additionally, he owned a restaurant in Three Rivers, Texas and served on the Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission from 1995 to 2001. He appeared in TV commercials in Texas and acted as a spokesman for Advil. He promoted physical fitness alongside the federal government post-retirement and his likeness was used in the \"Nolan Ryan Fitness Guide\". He also co-wrote six books, including autobiographies and instructional books on baseball.", "The two minor league teams that Nolan Ryan owns are the Corpus Christi Hooks and the Round Rock Express.", "The text does not provide information on when Nolan Ryan retired from playing baseball.", "Yes, there are several interesting things Nolan Ryan did after he retired. He wrote several books including autobiographies and instructional books related to baseball. He became very active in his community, serving on the Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission from 1995 to 2001. He also used his prominence to do several television commercials in Texas and serve as the TV spokesman for Advil. After his retirement, he teamed up with the federal government to promote physical fitness and his image was published in the \"Nolan Ryan Fitness Guide\". Health was an issue for him as he suffered a heart attack on April 25, 2000, and underwent double coronary bypass surgery." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No" ]

[ "C_06717dc55d604bd69728387cee4c14bc_1_q#0", "C_06717dc55d604bd69728387cee4c14bc_1_q#1", "C_06717dc55d604bd69728387cee4c14bc_1_q#2", "C_06717dc55d604bd69728387cee4c14bc_1_q#3", "C_06717dc55d604bd69728387cee4c14bc_1_q#4", "C_06717dc55d604bd69728387cee4c14bc_1_q#5", "C_06717dc55d604bd69728387cee4c14bc_1_q#6", "C_06717dc55d604bd69728387cee4c14bc_1_q#7" ]

[ "what happened in 1964?", "what else happened after that?", "what happened in 1965?", "Was she successful?", "What were some sex symbol roles?", "Did she have any other sex symbol roles?", "What did people say about this?", "What other sex symbols was she known for?" ]

[ 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 91 ], [ 131 ], [ 311 ], [ 879 ], [ 938 ], [ 3073 ], [ 1231 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Baker portrayed a pacifist Quaker schoolteacher in John Ford's Cheyenne Autumn (1964), and" ], [ "received critical acclaim for the role." ], [ "She then had a supporting role as Saint Veronica in George Stevens' The Greatest Story Ever Told" ], [ "which brought her a second wave of notoriety in spite of the film's lackluster reviews." ], [ "she appeared posing in the December 1964 issue of Playboy." ], [ "She was subsequently cast by Levine in the title roles of two 1965 potboilers-- Sylvia, as an ex-prostitute and con artist," ], [ "middling. Cecil Smith of The Los Angeles Times wrote of the production: \"The beautiful Miss Baker's vehicle becomes a hearse.\"" ], [ "production. In 1965, she became an official celebrity spokesperson for Foster Grant sunglasses" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 91, 131, 311, 879, 938, 3073, 1231 ], "texts": [ "Baker portrayed a pacifist Quaker schoolteacher in John Ford's Cheyenne Autumn (1964), and", "received critical acclaim for the role.", "She then had a supporting role as Saint Veronica in George Stevens' The Greatest Story Ever Told", "which brought her a second wave of notoriety in spite of the film's lackluster reviews.", "she appeared posing in the December 1964 issue of Playboy.", "She was subsequently cast by Levine in the title roles of two 1965 potboilers-- Sylvia, as an ex-prostitute and con artist,", "middling. Cecil Smith of The Los Angeles Times wrote of the production: \"The beautiful Miss Baker's vehicle becomes a hearse.\"", "production. In 1965, she became an official celebrity spokesperson for Foster Grant sunglasses" ] }

[]

[ "In 1964, Baker played a role in John Ford's Cheyenne Autumn and received critical acclaim for her performance. She also portrayed a cynical, alcoholic movie star in The Carpetbaggers, which received mixed reviews but was the top box office hit of the year. Her performance in this film led to the onset of a tumultuous relationship with the film's producer, Joseph E. Levine, who began to cultivate Baker as a movie sex symbol. In December 1964, she appeared posing in Playboy.", "After 1964, Baker was cast in two title roles in 1965's potboilers, Sylvia and Harlow. She also appeared on the cover of the Saturday Evening Post promoting the production of Harlow and became an official celebrity spokesperson for Foster Grant sunglasses. Despite much pre-publicity, her portrayal in Harlow received a lukewarm response from critics and her relationship with Levine soured. In 1966, she sued Levine and Paramount Pictures over her contract and was eventually fired. Baker's paychecks from Harlow were frozen amid the legal dispute, leaving her hundreds of thousands of dollars in debt. She eventually won $1 million in compensation. She then returned to theatre in the spring of 1966, performing in a production of Anna Christie at the Huntington Hartford Theater in Los Angeles. The reception was middling and the play was later performed at the Tappan Zee Playhouse in New York.", "In 1965, Baker was cast by Joseph E. Levine in the title roles of two films, Sylvia and Harlow. She appeared on the cover of the Saturday Evening Post promoting the Harlow film. In the same year, she also became an official celebrity spokesperson for Foster Grant sunglasses. However, despite much prepublicity, Baker's portrayal of Jean Harlow received a lukewarm response from critics. Her relationship with Levine began to degrade, which eventually led to a contract dispute.", "Baker had some success in 1964 and 1965, including critical acclaim for her role in Cheyenne Autumn and a popular, if not critically acclaimed, role in The Carpetbaggers. She also played the title roles in two films and became a celebrity spokesperson for Foster Grant sunglasses. However, her portrayal of Jean Harlow received lukewarm reviews and her legal battle with Paramount Pictures and Joseph E. Levine over her contract led to her being fired and left her in severe debt. Despite these challenges, she eventually won a $1 million compensation. She then returned to theatre. The level of her success can therefore be seen as a mix of achievements and setbacks.", "Some of the roles where Baker was presented as a sex symbol include her portrayal as a cynical, alcoholic movie star in The Carpetbaggers and her roles in Sylvia and Harlow. Her appearance posing in the December 1964 issue of Playboy and her promotion for the film Harlow, including her appearance on the cover of the Saturday Evening Post dressed as Harlow, are also instances where she was portrayed as a sex symbol.", "The text does not provide information on any other sex symbol roles that Baker may have taken on.", "The text mentions that Baker's portrayal in The Carpetbaggers brought her a second wave of notoriety in spite of the film's lackluster reviews. The New York Times noted that Baker's performance brought \"some color and a sandpaper personality as the sex-loaded widow.\" Her appearances in Playboy and on the cover of the Saturday Evening Post promoting Harlow may have contributed to her being developed as a sex symbol. However, Baker herself likened this era of her career to \"being a beauty contest winner [as opposed to] an actress,\" indicating she may have experienced some discomfort or dissatisfaction with this aspect of her career.", "The text does not provide information on any other sex symbols Baker may have been associated with." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "Yes", "No", "No", "No" ]

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[ "When did Baker appear in her first European film?", "What was it called?", "Did she star with anyone noteworthy?", "What was the next film she was in?", "Did the horror films do well?", "What can you tell me about her European success?", "What did Baker think of her time in Italy?", "Did she work other places than Italy?" ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1 ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 58 ], [ 501 ], [ 2816 ], [ 519 ], [ 630 ], [ 1856 ], [ 1962 ], [ 2816 ] ], "texts": [ [ "1967" ], [ "Her Harem" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "This was followed with the horror films The Sweet Body of Deborah (1968) and The Devil Has Seven Faces (1971)." ], [ "Baker also starred in So Sweet... So Perverse (1969), Paranoia (1969), A Quiet Place to Kill (1970)," ], [ "abroad. In retrospect, Baker commented on her career in Italy and on her exploitation film roles, saying:" ], [ "\"I think I made more films [there] than I made in Hollywood, but the mentality is different." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 58, 501, 2816, 519, 630, 1856, 1962, 2816 ], "texts": [ "1967", "Her Harem", "CANNOTANSWER", "This was followed with the horror films The Sweet Body of Deborah (1968) and The Devil Has Seven Faces (1971).", "Baker also starred in So Sweet... So Perverse (1969), Paranoia (1969), A Quiet Place to Kill (1970),", "abroad. In retrospect, Baker commented on her career in Italy and on her exploitation film roles, saying:", "\"I think I made more films [there] than I made in Hollywood, but the mentality is different.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

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[ "What was Girl power?", "What were the reactions it was met with?", "Did anyone dislike the message?", "What was the appearance issue?", "Around what year was girl power of influence?", "What else did you find interesting in this section?", "What types of things made them so unique?", "What else did you find interesting in this section?", "What did she say?", "When did that happen?", "Have they received any awards or high reviews?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 4 ], [ 1155 ], [ 1640 ], [ 1776 ], [ 3357 ], [ 3178 ], [ 2873 ], [ 3031 ], [ 3216 ], [ 2962 ], [ 2816 ] ], "texts": [ [ "phrase \"girl power\" put a name to a social phenomenon, but the slogan was met with mixed reactions." ], [ "message of empowerment appealed to young girls, adolescents and adult women, and it emphasised the importance of strong and loyal friendship among females." ], [ "some critics dismissed it as no more than a shallow marketing tactic, while others took issue with the emphasis on physical appearance," ], [ "concerned about the potential impact on self-conscious and/or impressionable youngsters." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "\"What was so neat about them was that they're all so distinctly different, and they were women, and they owned who they were," ], [ "Spice Girls' girl power is being used to encourage and empower a whole new generation?\"" ], [ "Blake Lively dedicated her \"Favorite Dramatic Movie Actress\" award to \"girl power\" in her acceptance speech, and credited the Spice Girls, saying:" ], [ "they're all so distinctly different, and they were women, and they owned who they were, and that was my first introduction into girl power.\"" ], [ "At the 43rd People's Choice Awards in January 2017," ], [ "How fabulous is it that after 20 years the legacy of the Spice Girls' girl power is being used to encourage and empower a whole new generation?\"" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 4, 1155, 1640, 1776, 3357, 3178, 2873, 3031, 3216, 2962, 2816 ], "texts": [ "phrase \"girl power\" put a name to a social phenomenon, but the slogan was met with mixed reactions.", "message of empowerment appealed to young girls, adolescents and adult women, and it emphasised the importance of strong and loyal friendship among females.", "some critics dismissed it as no more than a shallow marketing tactic, while others took issue with the emphasis on physical appearance,", "concerned about the potential impact on self-conscious and/or impressionable youngsters.", "CANNOTANSWER", "\"What was so neat about them was that they're all so distinctly different, and they were women, and they owned who they were,", "Spice Girls' girl power is being used to encourage and empower a whole new generation?\"", "Blake Lively dedicated her \"Favorite Dramatic Movie Actress\" award to \"girl power\" in her acceptance speech, and credited the Spice Girls, saying:", "they're all so distinctly different, and they were women, and they owned who they were, and that was my first introduction into girl power.\"", "At the 43rd People's Choice Awards in January 2017,", "How fabulous is it that after 20 years the legacy of the Spice Girls' girl power is being used to encourage and empower a whole new generation?\"" ] }

[]

[ "\"Girl Power\" was a social phenomenon and slogan coined by the Spice Girls. It represented a facet of neo-feminist empowerment that argued a sensual, feminine appearance and equality between the sexes need not be mutually exclusive. It was a mantra that emphasized the importance of strong and loyal friendship among females and was often delivered with a peace sign. The phrase \"girl power\" became associated with the band's focus on empowering young girls, adolescents, and adult women.", "The \"girl power\" slogan was met with mixed reactions. Some commentators credited the Spice Girls with reinvigorating mainstream feminism through this slogan, serving as a gateway to feminism for their young fans. However, some critics dismissed it as no more than a shallow marketing tactic, while others were concerned about the emphasis on physical appearance, worried about its potential impact on self-conscious and/or impressionable youngsters.", "Yes, some critics disliked the \"girl power\" message; they dismissed it as nothing more than a shallow marketing tactic. Others were concerned about the emphasis on physical appearance, worried about its potential impact on self-conscious and impressionable youngsters.", "Some critics took issue with the \"girl power\" message because of its emphasis on a sensual, feminine appearance. They were concerned about the potential impact this could have on self-conscious and/or impressionable youngsters, likely fearing it could contribute to unrealistic beauty standards or body image issues.", "The concept of \"girl power\" exploded onto the common consciousness around 1996 with the emergence of the Spice Girls and their debut single \"Wannabe\".", "One interesting point in this section is that, despite the mixed reactions, the \"girl power\" slogan became such a cultural phenomenon that it even made it into the Oxford English Dictionary. Another interesting point is that the United Nations' Global Goals \"#WhatIReallyReallyWant\" campaign used a remake of the Spice Girls' \"Wannabe\" to highlight gender inequality issues faced by women across the world. Moreover, notable figures like actress Blake Lively and Victoria Beckham have made public statements acknowledging the impact of the \"girl power\" concept even decades after its inception.", "The Spice Girls were unique in their focused and consistent presentation of \"girl power,\" which became the centrepiece of their appeal as a band. Each member was distinctly different, and they promoted both their individuality and unity as women, emphasizing the importance of strong and loyal friendship among females. They also managed to combine a sensual, feminine appearance with a message of equality between the sexes. This messaging of empowerment appealed to a wide audience of young girls, adolescents, and adult women, contributing to their unique enduring influence and popularity.", "One interesting point in this section is that, despite the mixed reactions, the \"girl power\" slogan became such a cultural phenomenon that it even made it into the Oxford English Dictionary. Another interesting point is that the United Nations' Global Goals \"#WhatIReallyReallyWant\" campaign used a remake of the Spice Girls' \"Wannabe\" to highlight gender inequality issues faced by women across the world. Moreover, notable figures like actress Blake Lively and Victoria Beckham have made public statements acknowledging the impact of the \"girl power\" concept even decades after its inception.", "Victoria Beckham responded to the United Nations' Global Goals \"#WhatIReallyReallyWant\" campaign remake of \"Wannabe\" by saying, \"How fabulous is it that after 20 years the legacy of the Spice Girls' girl power is being used to encourage and empower a whole new generation?\" American actress Blake Lively also mentioned the Spice Girls in her acceptance speech at the 43rd People's Choice Awards in January 2017. She dedicated her \"Favorite Dramatic Movie Actress\" award to \"girl power\" and described the Spice Girls as being \"distinctly different\" and said they \"owned who they were,\" adding that they were her first introduction into \"girl power.\"", "Blake Lively's acceptance speech at the 43rd People's Choice Awards, in which she dedicated her \"Favorite Dramatic Movie Actress\" award to \"girl power,\" took place in January 2017. The reference to Victoria Beckham's reaction to the United Nations' Global Goals \"#WhatIReallyReallyWant\" campaign remake of \"Wannabe\" does not specify when she made her comment, but the campaign was launched in 2016.", "The context does not provide information on any awards or high reviews received by the Spice Girls." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Neutral", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No" ]

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[ "What is the Hiatus?", "what happened in 1998?", "tribute to what?", "what else happened prior to Hiatus?", "what did they win?", "Any other awards or recognition?", "What else happened during this time?", "Anything you find interesting about this article?", "What was the third album called?", "Anything notable about it?", "Why did they decide to take a hiatus?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 2971 ], [ 83 ], [ 172 ], [ 340 ], [ 484 ], [ 1751 ], [ 535 ], [ 942 ], [ 2412 ], [ 2864 ], [ 2971 ] ], "texts": [ [ "In December 2000, the group unofficially announced that they were beginning an indefinite hiatus" ], [ "released a new song, \"Goodbye\", before Christmas in 1998. The song was seen as a tribute to" ], [ "to Geri Halliwell," ], [ "Later in 1998, Bunton and Chisholm appeared at the 1998 MTV Europe Music Awards without their other band members, and the group won" ], [ "\"Best Pop Act\" and \"Best Group\"" ], [ "at the 2000 Brit Awards, where they received a Lifetime Achievement Award." ], [ "In late 1998, Brown and Adams announced they were both pregnant;" ], [ "The Spice Girls returned to the studio in August 1999, after an eight-month recording break to start work on their third and last" ], [ "\"Holler\"/\"Let Love Lead the Way" ], [ "achieved only a fraction of the success of its two best-selling predecessors, selling five million copies." ], [ "In December 2000, the group unofficially announced that they were beginning an indefinite hiatus and would be concentrating on their solo careers" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 2971, 83, 172, 340, 484, 1751, 535, 942, 2412, 2864, 2971 ], "texts": [ "In December 2000, the group unofficially announced that they were beginning an indefinite hiatus", "released a new song, \"Goodbye\", before Christmas in 1998. The song was seen as a tribute to", "to Geri Halliwell,", "Later in 1998, Bunton and Chisholm appeared at the 1998 MTV Europe Music Awards without their other band members, and the group won", "\"Best Pop Act\" and \"Best Group\"", "at the 2000 Brit Awards, where they received a Lifetime Achievement Award.", "In late 1998, Brown and Adams announced they were both pregnant;", "The Spice Girls returned to the studio in August 1999, after an eight-month recording break to start work on their third and last", "\"Holler\"/\"Let Love Lead the Way", "achieved only a fraction of the success of its two best-selling predecessors, selling five million copies.", "In December 2000, the group unofficially announced that they were beginning an indefinite hiatus and would be concentrating on their solo careers" ] }

[]

[ "C_78f68e4f6be04edaa87c3e8030b16dec_1_q#0", "C_78f68e4f6be04edaa87c3e8030b16dec_1_q#1", "C_78f68e4f6be04edaa87c3e8030b16dec_1_q#2", "C_78f68e4f6be04edaa87c3e8030b16dec_1_q#3" ]

[ "What did Claude do between the world wars?", "What did he go to school for?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Who appointed him?" ]

[ 2, 1, 1, 2 ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 2606 ], [ 2091 ], [ 2181 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Auchinleck attended the Staff College, Quetta between 1920 and 1921." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "he was appointed Deputy Chief of the General Staff and Director of Staff Duties in Delhi." ], [ "He was then appointed to command the Meerut District in India in July 1938. In" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 2606, 2091, 2181 ], "texts": [ "Auchinleck attended the Staff College, Quetta between 1920 and 1921.", "CANNOTANSWER", "he was appointed Deputy Chief of the General Staff and Director of Staff Duties in Delhi.", "He was then appointed to command the Meerut District in India in July 1938. In" ] }

[]

[ "Between the world wars, Claude Auchinleck completed a stint at the Staff College in Quetta, met and married Jessie Stewart, and worked as a temporary Deputy Assistant Quartermaster-General at Army Headquarters. He became second-in-command of his regiment and later commanded it. He was promoted several times, eventually reaching the rank of Major-General. He served as an instructor at the Staff College, commanded the Peshawar Brigade, and led two punitive expeditions during the Mohmand and Bajaur Operations. After being placed on the unemployed list, he was appointed Deputy Chief of the General Staff and Director of Staff Duties in Delhi and later commanded the Meerut District in India. He also chaired a committee examining the modernization and re-equipment of the British Indian Army, with the committee's recommendations forming the basis of the 1939 Chatfield Report.", "The context does not provide specific information on what Claude Auchinleck went to school for. It mentions him attending the Staff College in Quetta and the Imperial Defence College, which would suggest a focus on military education and training.", "Yes, there are several interesting aspects in the article. For instance, it mentions Auchinleck's romantic encounter with his future wife, Jessie, on the tennis courts while holidaying in France. Jessie, who was sixteen years younger than Auchinleck, was a high-spirited, blue-eyed beauty from America. The article also details Auchinleck's military career, including his command of the Peshawar Brigade and leading two punitive expeditions during the Mohmand and Bajaur Operations. His work on modernising and re-equipping the British Indian Army, which led to its transformation from 183,000 men in 1939 to over 2.25 million men by the end of WWII, is particularly noteworthy.", "The context does not provide specific information on who appointed Claude Auchinleck to the various positions he held during his military career." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "No", "No" ]

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[ "What did Auchinleck do during his later years?", "How long did he do this?", "What else did he do?", "What else is significant about the partition of india?" ]

[ 2, 1, 0, 0 ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 2084 ], [ 215 ], [ 1189 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Auchinleck continued as Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army after the end of the war" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "in November 1945 he was forced to commute the more serious judicial sentences awarded against officers of the Indian National Army in face of growing unease and unrest" ], [ "When partition was effected in August 1947, Auchinleck was appointed Supreme Commander of all British forces remaining in India and Pakistan" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 2084, 215, 1189 ], "texts": [ "Auchinleck continued as Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army after the end of the war", "CANNOTANSWER", "in November 1945 he was forced to commute the more serious judicial sentences awarded against officers of the Indian National Army in face of growing unease and unrest", "When partition was effected in August 1947, Auchinleck was appointed Supreme Commander of all British forces remaining in India and Pakistan" ] }

[]

[ "Auchinleck occupied himself with a number of charitable and business interests and became a skillful watercolour painter. In 1960, he settled in Beccles in the county of Suffolk, where he lived for seven years. At the age of eighty-four, he decided to emigrate and set up home in Marrakesh, where he lived until his death on 23 March 1981.", "The text doesn't provide exact durations for each of Auchinleck's activities during his later years. However, it mentions that he settled in Beccles, Suffolk in 1960 and lived there for seven years. At the age of eighty-four, he moved to Marrakesh, where he lived until his death in 1981.", "Besides his charitable and business interests, and painting, Auchinleck also embarked on a brief stint in Italy related to an unsuccessful business project after retiring from the army and before moving to Beccles.", "The text only mentions that Auchinleck helped to prepare the future Indian and Pakistani armies for the Partition of India, despite his objections to it. He believed the Indian Cabinet was determined to prevent the establishment of the Dominion of Pakistan. After partition in August 1947, Auchinleck was appointed Supreme Commander of all British forces remaining in India and Pakistan until the end of November 1948. He stated that Indian leaders, cabinet ministers, and civil officials tried to obstruct the work of partition of the armed forces. Specific details about the significance of the Partition of India are not provided in this text." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes" ]

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[ "Where was Bennett born?", "When was he born?", "Who are his parents?", "when did his career begin?", "what was the play?", "What show did he begin his career?", "what was his role in the plays?", "Did he ever choreograph ?", "was any of his work a success?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 1942 ], [ 64 ], [ 439 ], [ 1942 ], [ 578 ], [ 652 ], [ 779 ], [ 1579 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Bennett was born Michael Bennett DiFiglia in Buffalo, New York," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "the son of Helen (nee Ternoff), a secretary, and Salvatore Joseph DiFiglia, a factory worker." ], [ "Bennett's career as a Broadway dancer began in the 1961 Betty Comden-Adolph Green-Jule Styne musical Subways Are for Sleeping," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "he appeared in Meredith Willson's Here's Love and the short-lived Bajour." ], [ "In the mid-1960s he was a featured dancer on the NBC pop music series Hullabaloo, where he met fellow dancer Donna McKechnie." ], [ "Bennett made his choreographic debut with A Joyful Noise (1966), which lasted only twelve performances," ], [ "In 1973, Bennett was asked by producers Joseph Kipness and Larry Kasha to take over the ailing Cy Coleman-Dorothy Fields musical Seesaw." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 1942, 64, 439, 1942, 578, 652, 779, 1579 ], "texts": [ "Bennett was born Michael Bennett DiFiglia in Buffalo, New York,", "CANNOTANSWER", "the son of Helen (nee Ternoff), a secretary, and Salvatore Joseph DiFiglia, a factory worker.", "Bennett's career as a Broadway dancer began in the 1961 Betty Comden-Adolph Green-Jule Styne musical Subways Are for Sleeping,", "CANNOTANSWER", "he appeared in Meredith Willson's Here's Love and the short-lived Bajour.", "In the mid-1960s he was a featured dancer on the NBC pop music series Hullabaloo, where he met fellow dancer Donna McKechnie.", "Bennett made his choreographic debut with A Joyful Noise (1966), which lasted only twelve performances,", "In 1973, Bennett was asked by producers Joseph Kipness and Larry Kasha to take over the ailing Cy Coleman-Dorothy Fields musical Seesaw." ] }

[]

[ "Bennett was born in Buffalo, New York.", "The text does not provide information on when Bennett was born.", "His parents are Helen (nee Ternoff), a secretary, and Salvatore Joseph DiFiglia, a factory worker.", "Bennett's career as a Broadway dancer began in 1961.", "The play where Bennett's career began was the Betty Comden-Adolph Green-Jule Styne musical Subways Are for Sleeping.", "Bennett began his career in the 1961 Betty Comden-Adolph Green-Jule Styne musical Subways Are for Sleeping.", "In the initial plays mentioned, Bennett's role was that of a dancer. However, later in his career he took on roles such as choreographer for Promises, Promises and Twigs. Furthermore, for the musical Seesaw, he had absolute control over the production as director and choreographer and received credit as \"having written, directed, and choreographed\" the show.", "Yes, Bennett did work as a choreographer. His choreographic debut was with \"A Joyful Noise\" in 1966. He also choreographed the hit musical \"Promises, Promises\" in 1968, among others.", "Yes, Bennett experienced success with his choreography for the hit musical \"Promises, Promises\" in 1968, which ran for 1,281 performances. Further, his work on the straight play \"Twigs\" with Sada Thompson and the musical \"Coco\" with Katharine Hepburn also earned him praise. He also had successful productions with Stephen Sondheim, including \"Company\" and \"Follies,\" which he co-directed with Hal Prince." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No" ]

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[ "What sports has Carey been involved in?", "How is the comedy improv television show Whose Line is It Anyway about sports?", "Is there anything in this article actually about his sports involvement?", "Did he win?", "Has he been into any sports outside of poker?", "How did he do in that match?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 5235 ], [ 4737 ], [ 4844 ], [ 4165 ], [ 4430 ] ], "texts": [ [ "While still starring in The Drew Carey Show, Carey began hosting the American version of the improvisational comedy show Whose Line Is It Anyway? in 1998." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Carey competed against five other celebrities in the first celebrity edition of the 2003 World Poker Tour." ], [ "He placed fifth, beating out only actor Jack Black." ], [ "In 2001, Carey was the first television actor to enter World Wrestling Federation's 30-man \"Royal Rumble\" match," ], [ "Upon entering the ring, Carey stood unopposed for more than half a minute, but after the next entrant, Kane, refused a monetary bribe," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 5235, 4737, 4844, 4165, 4430 ], "texts": [ "While still starring in The Drew Carey Show, Carey began hosting the American version of the improvisational comedy show Whose Line Is It Anyway? in 1998.", "CANNOTANSWER", "Carey competed against five other celebrities in the first celebrity edition of the 2003 World Poker Tour.", "He placed fifth, beating out only actor Jack Black.", "In 2001, Carey was the first television actor to enter World Wrestling Federation's 30-man \"Royal Rumble\" match,", "Upon entering the ring, Carey stood unopposed for more than half a minute, but after the next entrant, Kane, refused a monetary bribe," ] }

[]

[ "Carey has been involved in soccer as a minority owner of the Seattle Sounders FC. He has also shown his support for baseball by throwing the first pitch at a Cleveland Indians game. In 2001, he was involved in wrestling when he entered the World Wrestling Federation's 30-man \"Royal Rumble\" match. In 2003, he participated in the first celebrity edition of the World Poker Tour. He also completed the \"Marine Corps Historic Half Marathon\" in 2011.", "The comedy improv television show Whose Line Is It Anyway is not about sports. The show features performers who play improvisational games based on suggestions from the audience. The show does not have a specific theme or topic and is not sports-oriented.", "Yes, there is information about Drew Carey's sports involvement in the article. Carey is a fan of several sports teams including the U.S. National Soccer Team, Cleveland Browns, Cleveland Cavaliers, Cleveland Indians, and the Columbus Blue Jackets. He also attended the 2006 and 2010 FIFA World Cups. Additionally, he is a minority owner of the Seattle Sounders FC, a team in Major League Soccer. In 2006, he was a season ticketholder for the Los Angeles Galaxy. He has also shown his support for the Cleveland Indians baseball team by throwing the first pitch at a game in 2006. Finally, he has been involved in running, having completed the \"Marine Corps Historic Half Marathon\" as well as the Disneyland Half Marathon and the Marine Corps Marathon in 2011.", "The text does not provide information about Drew Carey winning any of the sports events or competitions he participated in.", "Yes, in addition to participating in the World Poker Tour, Drew Carey has been involved in other sports. He is a fan of soccer, American football, baseball, and basketball, supporting various teams such as the U.S. National Soccer Team, Cleveland Browns, Cleveland Cavaliers, Cleveland Indians, and the Columbus Blue Jackets. He is also a minority owner of the Seattle Sounders FC soccer team. Additionally, he has run in several marathons, including the \"Marine Corps Historic Half Marathon\", the Disneyland Half Marathon, and the Marine Corps Marathon.", "The text does not provide specific information on how Drew Carey performed in any particular sports match." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "no" ]

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[ "Can you give me some important information regarding Philanthropy?", "When did his career begin regarding philanthropy?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Did he ever give the $10,000?", "Is there anything else interesting about about his comedy career?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 1770 ], [ 1336 ], [ 1770 ], [ 110 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Carey is a supporter of libraries, crediting them for beginning his successful comedy career." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Another of Carey's offers to contribute in helping others came in September 2014 when he promised $10,000 to help find the perpetrators of a faked \"ice bucket challenge\"" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "in a celebrity edition of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, he selected the Ohio Library Foundation to receive his $500,000 winnings." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 1770, 1336, 1770, 110 ], "texts": [ "Carey is a supporter of libraries, crediting them for beginning his successful comedy career.", "CANNOTANSWER", "Another of Carey's offers to contribute in helping others came in September 2014 when he promised $10,000 to help find the perpetrators of a faked \"ice bucket challenge\"", "CANNOTANSWER", "in a celebrity edition of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, he selected the Ohio Library Foundation to receive his $500,000 winnings." ] }

[]

[ "Carey has shown a great deal of philanthropy, particularly towards libraries, having credited them for starting his career in comedy. He donates his winnings to different charities, such as the $500,000 he won on a celebrity edition of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire which he donated to the Ohio Library Foundation. He's also played in the World Poker Tour for charity and offered up to $100,000 to the Mooch Myernick Memorial Fund as part of a challenge connected to the video game FIFA Soccer 07. In 2009, Carey made a bid in a charity auction for a Twitter account, pledging to donate up to $1 million to the Livestrong Foundation depending on the number of followers he gained. In 2014, he pledged money to help find the people responsible for a cruel prank involving an autistic child. His offer was matched by celebrities Donnie Wahlberg, Jenny McCarthy and Montel Williams.", "The text does not provide specific information on when Carey's philanthropy career began.", "Yes, in addition to his philanthropic efforts, this article highlights that Carey is quite competitive and enjoys incorporating games or challenges into his charitable contributions. These include his participation in game shows like Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, as well as a bet involving players from both the U.S. Men's and Women's National Teams in a FIFA Soccer 07 game. He also leveraged his Twitter follower count for charity, promising to donate up to $1 million to the Livestrong Foundation depending on how many followers he was able to gain by the end of 2009.", "The text does not provide specific information on whether Carey followed through with his pledge to donate $10,000 to help find the individuals behind an \"ice bucket challenge\" prank involving an autistic boy.", "The text does not provide specific information on Carey's comedy career beyond his attributing his success in it to libraries." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No" ]

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[ "when did he become national league batting champion?", "did he set any other records?", "what were some of his injuries?", "who did he play for?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "did he retire?", "what happened after becoming national league campion?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 298 ], [ 446 ], [ 476 ], [ 15 ], [ 1918 ], [ 2729 ], [ 1825 ] ], "texts": [ [ "He led National League batters in batting average, and it was the highest average by a right-handed hitter since Joe DiMaggio batted .381 in 1939." ], [ "Despite missing 42 games with assorted injuries, The Big Cat compiled 56 multi-hit games to lead the league." ], [ "assorted injuries," ], [ "Rockies" ], [ "On June 25, 1995, Galarraga hit a home run in three consecutive innings to tie an MLB record." ], [ "Some critics argued that his achievements were possible thanks to the thin-air, mile-high, hitter-friendly Coors Field, but Galarraga belted many homers on the road" ], [ "Galarraga paced the club with 31 homers (fifth in the league), and batted .319 with 85 RBI." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 298, 446, 476, 15, 1918, 2729, 1825 ], "texts": [ "He led National League batters in batting average, and it was the highest average by a right-handed hitter since Joe DiMaggio batted .381 in 1939.", "Despite missing 42 games with assorted injuries, The Big Cat compiled 56 multi-hit games to lead the league.", "assorted injuries,", "Rockies", "On June 25, 1995, Galarraga hit a home run in three consecutive innings to tie an MLB record.", "Some critics argued that his achievements were possible thanks to the thin-air, mile-high, hitter-friendly Coors Field, but Galarraga belted many homers on the road", "Galarraga paced the club with 31 homers (fifth in the league), and batted .319 with 85 RBI." ] }

[]

[ "In the 1993 season, he became the National League batting champion.", "Yes, in the strike shortened 1994 season, Galarraga set a new National League record in April by driving in 30 runs in a month. Also, on June 25, 1995, he hit a home run in three consecutive innings to tie an MLB record.", "The context mentions that Galarraga missed 42 games in the 1993 season due to assorted injuries, but doesn't specify what those injuries were. In the 1994 season, he fractured his right hand on July 28. He also underwent arthroscopic knee surgery three times but the timing of the surgeries is not specified in the context.", "The context mentions that he played for the Rockies, but does not specify if he played for any other teams.", "Yes, there are several interesting aspects about this article. For instance, Galarraga's .370 batting average in the 1993 season was the highest average by a right-handed hitter since Joe DiMaggio batted .381 in 1939. His stance was drastically adjusted by Baylor to improve his performance, particularly on inside pitches and generating more power on the opposite field. Moreover, despite missing a significant number of games due to injuries, he consistently had a high RBI (Run Batted In) count. He even had a significant role in the Rockies' performance as their results took a hit in his absence due to injury. Also noteworthy is the fact that he won The Sporting News Comeback Player of the Year Award and finished 10th in the MVP selection in the same year. Despite criticism of his achievements being due to the conditions at Coors field, Galarraga demonstrated his skill by hitting many home runs at other fields as well.", "The context does not provide information on whether Galarraga retired.", "After becoming National League champion in 1993, Galarraga continued to have impressive years, although he also suffered some injuries. In the 1994 season, he set a new National League record for driving in 30 runs in a single month, but his season was shortened by a fracture to his right hand. In 1995, he hit a home run in three consecutive innings to tie an MLB record, and despite some health issues, remained a significant asset to the Rockies. He had his first healthy season in four years, finishing with a .280 average, 31 home runs and 106 RBI. Between 1996 and 1998, he drove in a combined 396 runs and batted between .279 and .318 with 31 to 47 home runs each season. For the third time, he underwent arthroscopic knee surgery at an unspecified time after the 1993 season." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "No", "No", "No" ]

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[ "What position did he play with the Braves?", "What was his role with the Braves?", "How many seasons was he with the Braves?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Did he beat the cancer?", "What records does he hold?", "How many home runs did he hit?", "What was his best RBI season?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 1866 ], [ 76 ], [ 1866 ], [ 711 ], [ 1062 ], [ 1378 ], [ 1468 ], [ 1866 ] ], "texts": [ [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "He proved that he could still have great power production at lower altitudes, hitting .305 with 44 home runs and 121 RBI." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "On his second lumbar vertebra in his lower back he had a tumor known as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a form of lymphatic cancer." ], [ "Galarraga returned to the field in the spring of the year 2000 in high spirits and good shape after undergoing chemotherapy and a strict workout routine." ], [ "he was tied for first place in home runs in the National League and he was batting .300." ], [ "At the end of the season, Galarraga had batted .302 with 28 HRs and 100 RBIs." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 1866, 76, 1866, 711, 1062, 1378, 1468, 1866 ], "texts": [ "CANNOTANSWER", "He proved that he could still have great power production at lower altitudes, hitting .305 with 44 home runs and 121 RBI.", "CANNOTANSWER", "On his second lumbar vertebra in his lower back he had a tumor known as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a form of lymphatic cancer.", "Galarraga returned to the field in the spring of the year 2000 in high spirits and good shape after undergoing chemotherapy and a strict workout routine.", "he was tied for first place in home runs in the National League and he was batting .300.", "At the end of the season, Galarraga had batted .302 with 28 HRs and 100 RBIs.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide information on what position Galarraga played with the Braves.", "The text does not provide information on what role Galarraga had with the Braves.", "Galarraga was with the Braves for at least two seasons, 1998 and 2000. The text does not specify if he was with the Braves for any additional seasons.", "Yes, some interesting aspects of this article include Galarraga's high performance during his first season with the Braves, his diagnosis and battle with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma which led him to miss the 1999 season, and his remarkable recovery and return to play in 2000. Another interesting fact is that Galarraga was the first player in Major League history to hit 40 or more home runs in consecutive seasons for two different teams. Additionally, his achievement in being awarded his second National League Comeback Player of the Year Award by The Sporting News is noteworthy.", "The text suggests that Galarraga did beat his cancer as he returned to the field in high spirits and good shape after undergoing chemotherapy.", "According to the text, Galarraga holds the record for being the first player in Major League history to hit 40 or more home runs in consecutive seasons for two different teams. No other records are mentioned in the text.", "During his first season with the Braves in 1998, Galarraga hit 44 home runs. In 2000, after his comeback from cancer, he hit 28 home runs. The text does not provide information on total number of home runs he hit during his entire career.", "Based on the information provided in the context, Galarraga's best RBI season was during his first season with the Braves in 1998 when he achieved 121 RBIs." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Neutral", "Yes", "No", "No", "No" ]

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[ "What happened with Atlantic Records in 1990?", "Why did he have to change his surname?", "What was one of the things he first produced when he signed with them?", "Was that album well received?", "Why weren't the 3 singles well received by the public?", "Did he your during this time at all?", "Did he work with anyone on these albums?", "What did they work on together?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 68 ], [ 151 ], [ 208 ], [ 1518 ], [ 1518 ], [ 1021 ], [ 1092 ] ], "texts": [ [ "He then signed to Atlantic Records in 1990, changing his surname to McCoy per the label's request," ], [ "McCoy per the label's request, as fans had already begun to refer to him as McCoy." ], [ "His debut album, At This Moment, was released that year." ], [ "None of the three singles made the country Top 40," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Working with producer Barry Beckett for" ], [ "No Doubt About It in 1994." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 68, 151, 208, 1518, 1518, 1021, 1092 ], "texts": [ "He then signed to Atlantic Records in 1990, changing his surname to McCoy per the label's request,", "McCoy per the label's request, as fans had already begun to refer to him as McCoy.", "His debut album, At This Moment, was released that year.", "None of the three singles made the country Top 40,", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "Working with producer Barry Beckett for", "No Doubt About It in 1994." ] }

[]

[ "In 1990, the artist signed to Atlantic Records and changed his surname to McCoy at the label's request. He also released his debut album, At This Moment, that year.", "He changed his surname to McCoy because fans had already begun referring to him as McCoy, and the label, Atlantic Records, requested the change.", "One of the first things he produced when he signed with Atlantic Records was his debut album, titled \"At This Moment\", in 1990.", "The text doesn't provide enough information on how well the album \"At This Moment\" was received overall. However, it is mentioned that none of the three singles from the album made the country Top 40, although the lead-off single \"If I Built You a Fire\" was a Top 20 country hit in Canada.", "The text does not provide specific reasons why the three singles from his debut album did not make the country Top 40.", "Yes, during this time he continued touring and developed a \"reputation for exciting, freewheeling live shows.\"", "Yes, McCoy worked with producer Barry Beckett for the first time on his album, \"No Doubt About It,\" which was released in 1994.", "McCoy and producer Barry Beckett worked together on the album \"No Doubt About It\", which was released in 1994. This album produced his only number 1 country hits in its title track and \"Wink\", both of which also made minor entries on the Billboard Hot 100." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes" ]

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[ "what happened to him in mid 1990s?", "why did the album decline?", "did another better album come out soon after?", "did anything else interesting happen in mid-late 1990s?", "How did he pick that Foundation?", "who did he sing with?", "who wrote the music?", "were they well-received?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 292 ], [ 370 ], [ 2006 ], [ 619 ], [ 2006 ], [ 1788 ], [ 1673 ], [ 1923 ] ], "texts": [ [ "McCoy's self-titled fifth studio album began a decline in his chart momentum." ], [ "Although it was certified gold, Neal McCoy accounted for only one Top Ten hit in a cover of The Casinos' 1967 doo-wop single \"Then You Can Tell Me Goodbye\"." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "35. Also in 1996, he sang guest vocals on the multi-artist charity single \"Hope\", the proceeds of which went to the T. J. Martell Foundation's cancer research." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "He, Tracy Byrd, and T. Graham Brown also sang guest vocals on \"Now That's Awesome\", a song featuring snippets of a Bill Engvall comedy sketch," ], [ "It only accounted for two singles: the Phil Vassar co-write \"I Was\" at No. 37 and \"The Girls of Summer\" at No. 42." ], [ "sketch, found on Engvall's Now That's Awesome album. This single peaked at No. 59." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 292, 370, 2006, 619, 2006, 1788, 1673, 1923 ], "texts": [ "McCoy's self-titled fifth studio album began a decline in his chart momentum.", "Although it was certified gold, Neal McCoy accounted for only one Top Ten hit in a cover of The Casinos' 1967 doo-wop single \"Then You Can Tell Me Goodbye\".", "CANNOTANSWER", "35. Also in 1996, he sang guest vocals on the multi-artist charity single \"Hope\", the proceeds of which went to the T. J. Martell Foundation's cancer research.", "CANNOTANSWER", "He, Tracy Byrd, and T. Graham Brown also sang guest vocals on \"Now That's Awesome\", a song featuring snippets of a Bill Engvall comedy sketch,", "It only accounted for two singles: the Phil Vassar co-write \"I Was\" at No. 37 and \"The Girls of Summer\" at No. 42.", "sketch, found on Engvall's Now That's Awesome album. This single peaked at No. 59." ] }

[]

[ "In the mid-1990s, McCoy's chart momentum began to decline with his fifth studio album, which was only certified gold and produced only one Top Ten hit. He sang guest vocals on the multi-artist charity single \"Hope\" in 1996, with proceeds going to cancer research. His first Greatest Hits package earned a platinum certification, and \"The Shake,\" the only new song on that album, reached No. 5.", "The text does not provide specific reasons for the decline in McCoy's album.", "The text does not specify whether a better album came out soon after McCoy's fifth studio album. However, it states that McCoy's first Greatest Hits package, which had \"The Shake\" reaching No. 5, had also earned a platinum certification. His sixth studio album, Be Good at It, was released in 1998 but it did not have a Top Ten hit.", "Yes, there were a few interesting events in McCoy's career in the mid to late 1990s. In addition to the decline in his chart performance, he also sang guest vocals on two charity singles: \"Hope\" in 1996 and \"One Heart at a Time\" in 1998, which benefited cancer and cystic fibrosis research, respectively. Also, his first Greatest Hits package, which included mostly previously released songs but also one new one titled \"The Shake\" that reached No. 5, earned a platinum certification. In 1998, he released his sixth studio album titled Be Good At It, however, this was his first album since \"Where Forever Begins\" not to include a Top Ten hit. In 1999, he released The Life of the Party, his final album for Atlantic.", "The text does not provide information on how Neal McCoy chose the T. J. Martell Foundation for the proceeds of the charity single \"Hope.\"", "Neal McCoy sang with several collaborators on the multi-artist charity single \"One Heart at a Time\". He also sang guest vocals on \"Now That's Awesome\", a song featuring snippets of a Bill Engvall comedy sketch, along with Tracy Byrd and T. Graham Brown.", "The text mentions that the song \"One Heart at a Time\" was written by Victoria Shaw and the song \"I Was\" was co-written by Phil Vassar. However, it does not provide information on who wrote the music for all the songs or albums mentioned.", "The text does not provide specific information on how well-received the songs or albums were in terms of audience reaction or critical acclaim. However, it does mention that several of Neal McCoy's songs and albums achieved high positions on music charts and received gold and platinum certifications, indicating a degree of commercial success." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Neutral" ]

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[ "What hosting gigs did she have?", "When did she start working for Disney?", "What awards did she win?", "Did she work with anyone?", "What did they appear in?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Was this a play or on tv?", "Which did she enjoy more, acting or singing?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 9 ], [ 2002 ], [ 1828 ], [ 1210 ], [ 1184 ], [ 1634 ], [ 1108 ], [ 2002 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Gil was given a VJ stint for ABS-CBN's music channel subsidiary, MYX" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Best Single Performance By An Actress" ], [ "she appeared along with Bea Alonzo," ], [ "One More Chance." ], [ "In 2013, she played a special participation role in Apoy Sa Dagat as young Odessa," ], [ "movie" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 9, 2002, 1828, 1210, 1184, 1634, 1108, 2002 ], "texts": [ "Gil was given a VJ stint for ABS-CBN's music channel subsidiary, MYX", "CANNOTANSWER", "Best Single Performance By An Actress", "she appeared along with Bea Alonzo,", "One More Chance.", " In 2013, she played a special participation role in Apoy Sa Dagat as young Odessa,", "movie", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "Nikki Gil had several hosting gigs. She was a VJ for MYX from 2005 to 2016. She hosted the now-defunct talk show MRS on ABS-CBN and the morning show Breakfast on Studio 23. She joined the cast of the weekly variety show ASAP Mania. In 2006, she hosted the first season of Pinoy Dream Academy. In 2008, she also hosted season 2 of Pinoy Dream Academy. In 2010, she started hosting E-Live along with Luis Manzano and Ogie Diaz, and occasionally hosted on Showtime, replacing Anne Curtis.", "The context does not provide information on when Nikki Gil started working for Disney.", "In 2013, Nikki Gil won the Best Single Performance By An Actress for her role in \"MMK\" at the PMPC Star Awards For TV.", "Nikki Gil worked with several people throughout her career. In 2006, she was joined by Toni Gonzaga, Bianca Gonzalez and Sam Milby as a host for the first season of Pinoy Dream Academy. In 2008, she worked with Toni Gonzaga and Billy Crawford to host season 2 of Pinoy Dream Academy. In 2009, she appeared with Ryan Agoncillo in the teleserye \"Pieta\" and with Maricel Soriano in \"Florinda\". Also in 2009, she appeared with Bea Alonzo, Sam Milby, and Derek Ramsay in the movie \"And I Love You So\". In 2010, she starred in \"The Red Shoes\" with Marvin Agustin. In 2010, she also started hosting E-Live with Luis Manzano and Ogie Diaz.", "Nikki Gil and several other people appeared in a number of shows and films. In 2006, she, Toni Gonzaga, Bianca Gonzalez, and Sam Milby hosted the first season of Pinoy Dream Academy. In 2008, she, Toni Gonzaga, and Billy Crawford hosted the second season of the same show. In 2009, she and Ryan Agoncillo appeared in the teleserye \"Pieta\", and she appeared with Maricel Soriano in \"Florinda\". Also in 2009, she, Bea Alonzo, Sam Milby, and Derek Ramsay appeared in the Star Cinema movie \"And I Love You So\". In 2010, she starred with Marvin Agustin in the film \"The Red Shoes\", and she began hosting E-Live with Luis Manzano and Ogie Diaz.", "Beyond her work in television hosting and acting, some other notable aspects from the context include her roles in several film projects. For example, Nikki had her first movie appearance in 2007 with a cameo role in \"One More Chance\". In 2009, she was appeared in the Star Cinema movie \"And I Love You So\" and in 2010, she was the lead actress in \"The Red Shoes\". She received the Best Single Performance By An Actress award in 2013, showing her recognition in the industry. Her career has involved working with a variety of well-known figures in the Philippine entertainment industry like Toni Gonzaga, Bianca Gonzalez, Sam Milby, and more.", "The context provided refers to Nikki Gil's appearances on television shows and films, not plays. She appeared in TV shows such as Pinoy Dream Academy, Rounin, Pangarap na Bituin, and Pieta among others. She also had roles in films like One More Chance, And I Love You So and The Red Shoes.", "The context does not provide information on whether Nikki Gil enjoyed acting or singing more." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes" ]

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[ "What is Africa to Caged Bird?", "What year did this take place?", "Did she spend any time in Africa?", "What did she do while in Africa?", "What is some other interesting information about this article?", "Did she organize it?", "How did she react to his assassination?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 468 ], [ 421 ], [ 586 ], [ 2989 ], [ 1852 ], [ 1919 ], [ 2061 ] ], "texts": [ [ "she and Guy moved to Accra, Ghana so he could attend college, but he was seriously injured in an automobile accident." ], [ "In 1962," ], [ "Angelou remained in Accra for his recovery and ended up staying there until 1965." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "In 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. asked Angelou to organize a march." ], [ "She agreed, but \"postpones again\", and in what Gillespie calls \"a macabre twist of fate\", he was assassinated on her 40th birthday (April 4)." ], [ "Devastated again, she was encouraged out of her depression by her friend James Baldwin." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 468, 421, 586, 2989, 1852, 1919, 2061 ], "texts": [ "she and Guy moved to Accra, Ghana so he could attend college, but he was seriously injured in an automobile accident.", "In 1962,", "Angelou remained in Accra for his recovery and ended up staying there until 1965.", "CANNOTANSWER", "In 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. asked Angelou to organize a march.", "She agreed, but \"postpones again\", and in what Gillespie calls \"a macabre twist of fate\", he was assassinated on her 40th birthday (April 4).", "Devastated again, she was encouraged out of her depression by her friend James Baldwin." ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide information on what Africa is to Caged Bird.", "The events described in the text took place between 1961 and 1969.", "Yes, Maya Angelou spent time in Cairo, Egypt and Accra, Ghana in Africa. She lived in Cairo where she worked as an associate editor for The Arab Observer, and later moved to Accra for her son's college education and recovery from an automobile accident. She stayed in Accra until 1965. While there, she worked as an administrator at the University of Ghana and was involved with various local media and the National Theatre.", "While in Cairo, Egypt, Maya Angelou worked as an associate editor at the weekly English-language newspaper The Arab Observer. When she moved to Accra, Ghana, Angelou became an administrator at the University of Ghana, an active member of the African-American expatriate community, a feature editor for The African Review, a freelance writer for the Ghanaian Times, a broadcaster for Radio Ghana, and she worked and performed for the National Theatre. She also became close friends with Malcolm X during his visit to Accra in the early 1960s.", "The article explores Maya Angelou's diverse professional life and her engagements with two of the most prominent civil rights activists - Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. It is interesting to note that she played an active role in the civil rights movement, with both Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. asking for her help with their organizations. Unfortunately, both of them were assassinated, causing Angelou significant personal distress. During this time, she also returned to her singing career in Hawaii, witnessed the Watts riots in Los Angeles, and worked as a market researcher. In 1968, despite having limited experience, she produced a ten-part series exploring the connection between blues music and black Americans' African heritage. She also wrote her first autobiography, \"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings,\" in 1968, which brought her international recognition and acclaim.", "The text states that Martin Luther King Jr. asked Angelou to organize a march in 1968, but it is not clear from the text whether she actually organized it as she \"postponed again\".", "According to the text, Maya Angelou was devastated by Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination, which occurred on her 40th birthday. She fell into a depression but was encouraged out of it by her friend James Baldwin." ]

[ "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

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[ "Did Maya write about Death or did someone die?", "Did Maya marry?", "What does Death have to do with your article?", "When did her career end?", "What was the name of another autobiography she wrote?", "Was her autobiagraphies a success?", "Did she win any awards during her life or were there any credited to her after her death?", "For what?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 1920 ], [ 1920 ], [ 1130 ], [ 467 ], [ 0 ], [ 549 ], [ 1380 ], [ 1272 ] ], "texts": [ [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Angelou's long and extensive career also included poetry, plays, screenplays for television and film, directing, acting, and public speaking." ], [ "She published her seventh autobiography Mom & Me & Mom in 2013, at the age of 85." ], [ "Angelou wrote a total of seven autobiographies." ], [ "Critics have tended to judge Angelou's subsequent autobiographies \"in light of the first\", with Caged Bird receiving the highest praise." ], [ "nominated for the Pulitzer Prize," ], [ "She was a prolific writer of poetry; her volume Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie (1971)" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 1920, 1920, 1130, 467, 0, 549, 1380, 1272 ], "texts": [ "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "Angelou's long and extensive career also included poetry, plays, screenplays for television and film, directing, acting, and public speaking.", "She published her seventh autobiography Mom & Me & Mom in 2013, at the age of 85.", "Angelou wrote a total of seven autobiographies.", "Critics have tended to judge Angelou's subsequent autobiographies \"in light of the first\", with Caged Bird receiving the highest praise.", "nominated for the Pulitzer Prize,", "She was a prolific writer of poetry; her volume Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie (1971)" ] }

[]

[ "The context does not provide information on whether Maya Angelou wrote about death or if someone died.", "The context does not provide information on whether Maya Angelou was married.", "The context does not provide information on the relevance of death to the article.", "The context does not provide information on when Maya Angelou's career ended.", "Another autobiography that Maya Angelou wrote is \"Mom & Me & Mom.\"", "The context suggests that Maya Angelou's autobiographies were successful. Her first autobiography, \"Caged Bird,\" received the highest praise among all. Her third autobiography, \"Singin' and Swingin' and Gettin' Merry Like Christmas,\" is noted for being the first time a well-known African-American autobiographer had written a third volume about her life. She also published her seventh autobiography \"Mom & Me & Mom\" at the age of 85.\n", "The context does not provide information on whether Maya Angelou won any awards during her life or posthumously.", "The context does not provide information on why Maya Angelou would have won any awards." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "Yes", "No", "No" ]

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[ "How did her music career begin?", "WHat influences did she have that made her want to start acting?", "How was she discovered?", "What did she do musically?", "What did she do before that?", "How was her self titled album received?", "How did she react to the exposure?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "How long was she with Disney?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 1531 ], [ 0 ], [ 103 ], [ 0 ], [ 262 ], [ 1531 ], [ 859 ], [ 1531 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Gil first rose to prominence when she was 17 years old after appearing in a 2005 Coca-Cola commercial." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Gil first rose to prominence when she was 17 years old after appearing in a 2005 Coca-Cola commercial." ], [ "After that, she went on to released her first self-titled album, Nikki Gil," ], [ "Gil first rose to prominence when she was 17 years old after appearing in a 2005 Coca-Cola commercial." ], [ "In 2006, it was repackaged and rereleased with and additional song, \"Glowing Inside\"." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Disney hired her to sing and star in the music video of the pop version of \"It's a Small World After All\"." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 1531, 0, 103, 0, 262, 1531, 859, 1531 ], "texts": [ "Gil first rose to prominence when she was 17 years old after appearing in a 2005 Coca-Cola commercial.", "CANNOTANSWER", "Gil first rose to prominence when she was 17 years old after appearing in a 2005 Coca-Cola commercial.", "After that, she went on to released her first self-titled album, Nikki Gil,", "Gil first rose to prominence when she was 17 years old after appearing in a 2005 Coca-Cola commercial.", "In 2006, it was repackaged and rereleased with and additional song, \"Glowing Inside\".", "CANNOTANSWER", "Disney hired her to sing and star in the music video of the pop version of \"It's a Small World After All\".", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "Nikki Gil's music career began when she released her first self-titled album, Nikki Gil, in 2005 under EMI Philippines after gaining prominence from a Coca-Cola commercial.", "The text does not provide information on what influences Nikki Gil had that made her want to start acting.", "The text does not provide information on how Nikki Gil was discovered.", "Nikki Gil released several music albums, including self-titled debut album \"Nikki Gil\" under EMI Philippines in 2005, \"Hear My Heart\" in 2008, and \"Somebody to Love\" in 2010. She co-wrote songs with her younger sister, and served as a singer and star in a music video for Disney's High School Musical as well as the pop version of \"It's a Small World After All\". She also performed in the Manila production of the musical Legally Blonde. In 2014, she moved to Universal Records.", "Before beginning her music career, Nikki Gil appeared in a 2005 Coca-Cola commercial. This was her first prominent work mentioned in the context.", "The text does not provide information on how Nikki Gil's self-titled album was received.", "The text does not provide information on how Nikki Gil reacted to the exposure.", "The text does not provide any further information beyond the information already touched upon.", "The text does not provide specific information on how long Nikki Gil was with Disney." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "no", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "no", "Yes" ]

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[ "what happened in 2000?", "what was her big break?", "was she successful in her role?", "what else did she do?", "where was she an exotic dancer?", "what other roles did she do?", "any other TV series?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 24 ], [ 301 ], [ 482 ], [ 601 ], [ 876 ], [ 1034 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Her big break came" ], [ "writer/director James Cameron picked Alba from a pool of 1,200 candidates for the role of the genetically engineered super-soldier, Max Guevara," ], [ "Alba earned critical acclaim for her role in the show," ], [ "Alba's film roles have included playing an aspiring dancer-choreographer in Honey, and an exotic dancer" ], [ "in Sin City," ], [ "Alba hosted the 2006 MTV Movie Awards" ], [ "she hosted the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' Science and Technical Awards." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 24, 301, 482, 601, 876, 1034 ], "texts": [ "Her big break came", "writer/director James Cameron picked Alba from a pool of 1,200 candidates for the role of the genetically engineered super-soldier, Max Guevara,", "Alba earned critical acclaim for her role in the show,", "Alba's film roles have included playing an aspiring dancer-choreographer in Honey, and an exotic dancer", "in Sin City,", "Alba hosted the 2006 MTV Movie Awards", "she hosted the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' Science and Technical Awards." ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide information on what happened in 2000.", "Her big break came when writer/director James Cameron chose her from a pool of 1,200 candidates for the role of the genetically engineered super-soldier, Max Guevara, on the Fox sci-fi television series Dark Angel.", "Yes, Jessica Alba was successful in her role as Max Guevara in the Fox sci-fi television series Dark Angel. She earned critical acclaim for her role, receiving a Golden Globe nomination as well as the Teen Choice Award for \"Choice Actress\" and Saturn Award for Best Actress.", "Besides her role in Dark Angel, Alba has performed in various film roles such as an aspiring dancer-choreographer in Honey, an exotic dancer Nancy Callahan in Sin City - for which she received an MTV Movie Award for \"Sexiest Performance.\" She portrayed the Marvel Comics character Sue Storm, the Invisible Woman, in Fantastic Four and its sequel. Moreover, she starred in Into the Blue (2005), Good Luck Chuck (2007), and Awake (2007). She has also hosted awards like the 2006 MTV Movie Awards and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' Science and Technical Awards in February 2008. Later in 2008, Alba made her acting transition to the horror-film genre in The Eye, a remake of the Hong Kong original, and she also starred alongside Mike Myers and Justin Timberlake in The Love Guru.", "Jessica Alba played the role of an exotic dancer named Nancy Callahan in the film Sin City.", "Other roles Jessica Alba did include an aspiring dancer-choreographer in Honey, the Marvel Comics character Sue Storm (the Invisible Woman) in Fantastic Four and its sequel, and she also starred in Into the Blue (2005), Good Luck Chuck (2007) and Awake (2007). She made her acting transition to the horror-film genre in The Eye, and starred in The Love Guru.", "The text does not provide information on Jessica Alba appearing in any other TV series beyond Dark Angel." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No" ]

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[ "How did she begin her career?", "Did she do well there?", "Where did she take the acting lessons?", "Did she have other professional lessons?", "How did that movie do?", "Was she in anything else?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 165 ], [ 150 ], [ 273 ], [ 531 ], [ 701 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Alba expressed an interest in acting from the age of five. In 1992, the 11-year-old Alba persuaded her mother to take her to an acting competition in Beverly Hills," ], [ "where the grand prize was free acting classes. Alba won the grand prize, and took her first acting lessons." ], [ "Beverly Hills," ], [ "An agent signed Alba nine months later. Her first appearance on film was a small role in the 1994 feature Camp Nowhere as Gail." ], [ "Alba appeared in two national television commercials for Nintendo and J. C. Penney as a child. She was later featured in several independent films." ], [ "television in 1994 with a recurring role as the vain Jessica in three episodes of the Nickelodeon comedy series The Secret World of Alex Mack." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 165, 150, 273, 531, 701 ], "texts": [ "Alba expressed an interest in acting from the age of five. In 1992, the 11-year-old Alba persuaded her mother to take her to an acting competition in Beverly Hills,", "where the grand prize was free acting classes. Alba won the grand prize, and took her first acting lessons.", "Beverly Hills,", "An agent signed Alba nine months later. Her first appearance on film was a small role in the 1994 feature Camp Nowhere as Gail.", "Alba appeared in two national television commercials for Nintendo and J. C. Penney as a child. She was later featured in several independent films.", "television in 1994 with a recurring role as the vain Jessica in three episodes of the Nickelodeon comedy series The Secret World of Alex Mack." ] }

[]

[ "Alba began her career by winning an acting competition in Beverly Hills, the grand prize of which was free acting classes. After taking her first acting lessons, she was signed by an agent nine months later. Her first on-screen role was a small part in the 1994 film Camp Nowhere. She also appeared in two national television commercials for Nintendo and J.C. Penney as a child. Later, she moved into television with a recurring role in The Secret World of Alex Mack and as Maya in the television series Flipper.", "The text does not provide specific information on how well Alba did at the beginning of her career.", "The text does not provide specific information on where Alba took her acting lessons.", "Yes, after graduating from high school, Alba studied acting with William H. Macy and his wife, Felicity Huffman, at the Atlantic Theater Company, which was developed by Macy and Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright and film director, David Mamet. ", "The text does not provide information on how any specific movie featuring Alba performed.", "Yes, besides her first role in Camp Nowhere, Alba made several other appearances. She was in two national television commercials for Nintendo and J.C. Penney as a child, and was later featured in several independent films. On television, she appeared in The Secret World of Alex Mack, Flipper, Brooklyn South, Beverly Hills, 90210, and Love Boat: The Next Wave. In 1999, she appeared in the Randy Quaid comedy feature P.U.N.K.S., the romantic comedy Never Been Kissed, and the comedy-horror film Idle Hands." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "no", "No", "No", "Yes" ]

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[ "Is Seth Rogen married?", "Who did he marry?", "How did they meet?", "What was Da Ali G Show?", "Does he have children?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "How does he support awareness of Alzheimer's disease?", "What was his charity?", "When did he start the charity?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 108 ], [ 34 ], [ 57 ], [ 2040 ], [ 2040 ], [ 314 ], [ 940 ], [ 1108 ], [ 2040 ] ], "texts": [ [ "The couple became engaged on September 29, 2010, and married on October 2, 2011 in Sonoma County, California," ], [ "Lauren Miller" ], [ "The two met while he was working on Da Ali G Show." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Rogen has been outspoken about awareness of Alzheimer's disease." ], [ "Rogen testified about the disease and his charity before the United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor," ], [ "Rogen started the Hilarity for Charity movement," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 108, 34, 57, 2040, 2040, 314, 940, 1108, 2040 ], "texts": [ "The couple became engaged on September 29, 2010, and married on October 2, 2011 in Sonoma County, California,", "Lauren Miller", "The two met while he was working on Da Ali G Show.", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "Rogen has been outspoken about awareness of Alzheimer's disease.", "Rogen testified about the disease and his charity before the United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor,", "Rogen started the Hilarity for Charity movement,", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "Yes, Seth Rogen is married to Lauren Miller.", "He married writer/actress Lauren Miller.", "Seth Rogen and Lauren Miller met while he was working on Da Ali G Show.", "The context does not provide information on what Da Ali G Show is.", "The context does not provide information on whether Seth Rogen has children.", "Yes, there are several interesting aspects in this context. Seth Rogen is an outspoken advocate for Alzheimer's disease awareness, partly as a result of his wife's family history with the disease. He started the Hilarity for Charity movement to raise awareness of Alzheimer's among the Millennial Generation. Rogen and his wife were honored for their work promoting awareness and raising money for Alzheimer's research. Additionally, Rogen has appeared in a commercial celebrating LGBT Pride Month and the legalization of same-sex marriage. He also refers to himself as a \"Bear Icon\" within the gay community. Rogen is a member of Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity and the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws. He is also an open marijuana user.", "Seth Rogen supports awareness of Alzheimer's Disease through his advocacy and charity work. He started the Hilarity for Charity movement with the aim of inspiring change and raising awareness of Alzheimer's disease among the Millennial Generation. He's also spoken on the matter at the United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services. He and his wife Lauren Miller were also honored for their work promoting awareness and raising money for Alzheimer's research.", "His charity is called the Hilarity for Charity movement.", "The context does not provide information on when Seth Rogen started the Hilarity for Charity movement." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

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[ "How did the New York Dolls get together?", "How did they come up with the name \"the New York Dolls?\"", "Were there any other band members?", "What venues did the band play at in the beginning?", "Did they cut any albums?", "Was it successful?", "What was their big break?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 449 ], [ 310 ], [ 0 ], [ 1426 ], [ 948 ], [ 1633 ], [ 1633 ] ], "texts": [ [ "In 1970 they formed a band again and recruited Johnny Thunders to join on bass, though Sylvain ended up teaching him to play guitar. They called themselves the Dolls." ], [ "across the street from the New York Doll Hospital, a doll repair shop. Sylvain said that the shop inspired the name for their future band." ], [ "Sylvain Sylvain and Billy Murcia," ], [ "a homeless shelter, the Endicott Hotel." ], [ "An October 1971 rehearsal tape recorded by Rivets was released as Dawn of the Dolls." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 449, 310, 0, 1426, 948, 1633, 1633 ], "texts": [ "In 1970 they formed a band again and recruited Johnny Thunders to join on bass, though Sylvain ended up teaching him to play guitar. They called themselves the Dolls.", "across the street from the New York Doll Hospital, a doll repair shop. Sylvain said that the shop inspired the name for their future band.", "Sylvain Sylvain and Billy Murcia,", "a homeless shelter, the Endicott Hotel.", "An October 1971 rehearsal tape recorded by Rivets was released as Dawn of the Dolls.", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "Sylvain Sylvain and Billy Murcia originally played together in a band called \"the Pox\". After the frontman of that band quit, they started a clothing business and then formed another band in 1970, recruiting Johnny Thunders to join on bass. This band was originally called the Dolls. After Sylvain left for a few months, Thunders and Murcia split up. But eventually, Thunders, recruited by Kane and Rick Rivets, suggested that Murcia replace their original drummer. Thunders then started playing lead guitar and singing for the band Actress. When Thunders didn't want to be the front man anymore, David Johansen joined the band. Rick Rivets left and was replaced by Sylvain Sylvain. This group, which now consisted of David Johansen, Johnny Thunders, Sylvain Sylvain, Arthur \"Killer\" Kane, and Billy Murcia, was the original lineup of the New York Dolls. Their first performance was on Christmas Eve 1971 at the Endicott Hotel.", "The name \"the New York Dolls\" was inspired by the New York Doll Hospital, a doll repair shop across the street from A Different Drummer, a men's boutique where Sylvain Sylvain worked.", "Based on the context provided, the original lineup of the New York Dolls included David Johansen as the singer, Johnny Thunders and Sylvain Sylvain as guitarists, Arthur \"Killer\" Kane as the bass guitarist, and Billy Murcia as the drummer. Rick Rivets was an initial guitarist but was replaced by Sylvain Sylvain after a few months.", "The original lineup's first performance was at a homeless shelter, the Endicott Hotel, on Christmas Eve 1971. Later, the New York Dolls got a break when Rod Stewart invited them to open for him at a London concert. No other venues are mentioned in the context given.", "The context does not provide information regarding whether the New York Dolls cut any albums.", "The context provided does not contain any information regarding the success or failure of the New York Dolls.", "The New York Dolls' big break came when Rod Stewart invited them to open for him at a London concert." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No" ]

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[ "Why did the band dissolve?", "What was the argument about?", "When did Thunders leave?", "How long did the tour last?", "Did the band continue after the tour?", "How long was the tour in Japan?", "When did the band break up for good?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 1035 ], [ 2057 ], [ 906 ], [ 909 ], [ 1187 ], [ 1220 ], [ 2006 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Thunders and Nolan left after an argument with Johansen. Blackie Lawless replaced Thunders for the remainder of the tour after which the band broke up" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "In March and April McClaren took the band on a tour of South Carolina and Florida." ], [ "March and April" ], [ "The band reformed in July for an August tour of Japan with Jeff Beck and Felix Pappalardi. Johansen," ], [ "August tour of Japan with Jeff Beck and Felix Pappalardi. Johansen, Sylvain and Jordan were joined by former Elephant's Memory keyboardist Chris Robison and drummer Tony Machine." ], [ "The group played its last show December 30, 1976 ," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 1035, 2057, 906, 909, 1187, 1220, 2006 ], "texts": [ "Thunders and Nolan left after an argument with Johansen. Blackie Lawless replaced Thunders for the remainder of the tour after which the band broke up", "CANNOTANSWER", "In March and April McClaren took the band on a tour of South Carolina and Florida.", "March and April", "The band reformed in July for an August tour of Japan with Jeff Beck and Felix Pappalardi. Johansen,", "August tour of Japan with Jeff Beck and Felix Pappalardi. Johansen, Sylvain and Jordan were joined by former Elephant's Memory keyboardist Chris Robison and drummer Tony Machine.", "The group played its last show December 30, 1976 ," ] }

[]

[ "The band dissolved due to tensions among members caused by drug and alcohol abuse as well as artistic differences. This led to some members leaving the band after arguments.", "The text does not provide specific details about what the arguments among the band members were about.", "Thunders left the band during their tour of South Carolina and Florida in March and April, the specific date is not mentioned in the text.", "The text does not provide specific information on how long the tour of South Carolina and Florida lasted.", "Yes, the band did continue after the tour. They reformed in July for an August tour of Japan with Jeff Beck and Felix Pappalardi. After their return to New York, they resumed playing shows in the US and Canada and continued to perform till their last show on December 30, 1976.", "The text does not provide specific information on how long the tour in Japan lasted.", "The band played its last show on December 30, 1976, which likely marks their official breakup." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "no", "Yes" ]

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[ "When was Joe Walsh born?", "Where did he go to school?", "Did Joe Walsh attend college?", "Does he have any brothers or sisters?", "How did Joe Walsh get involved in music in his early life?", "Did Joe Walsh perform music in his early life?", "Did he perform anywhere else?", "Was he in any other bands besides the Nomads?", "What about Joe Walsh's mother and father?", "And how about Joe Walsh's father?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 797 ], [ 1073 ], [ 1686 ], [ 874 ], [ 797 ], [ 914 ], [ 1117 ], [ 161 ], [ 247 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Joseph Fidler Walsh was born on November 20, 1947" ], [ "he attended Montclair High School," ], [ "Walsh attended Kent State University," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Inspired by the success of the Beatles," ], [ "he attended Montclair High School, where he played oboe in the school band." ], [ "he replaced Bruce Hoffman as the bass player in the locally popular group the Nomads in Montclair, beginning his career as a rock musician." ], [ "he spent time in various bands playing around the Cleveland area, including the Measles." ], [ "Walsh's mother was a classically trained pianist of Scottish and German ancestry," ], [ "Walsh was adopted by his stepfather at the age of five after his biological father was killed in a plane crash." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 797, 1073, 1686, 874, 797, 914, 1117, 161, 247 ], "texts": [ "Joseph Fidler Walsh was born on November 20, 1947", "he attended Montclair High School,", "Walsh attended Kent State University,", "CANNOTANSWER", "Inspired by the success of the Beatles,", "he attended Montclair High School, where he played oboe in the school band.", "he replaced Bruce Hoffman as the bass player in the locally popular group the Nomads in Montclair, beginning his career as a rock musician.", "he spent time in various bands playing around the Cleveland area, including the Measles.", "Walsh's mother was a classically trained pianist of Scottish and German ancestry,", "Walsh was adopted by his stepfather at the age of five after his biological father was killed in a plane crash." ] }

[]

[ "Joe Walsh was born on November 20, 1947.", "He attended Montclair High School and later Kent State University.", "Yes, Joe Walsh attended Kent State University.", "The text does not provide information on whether Joe Walsh has any brothers or sisters.", "Joe Walsh's mother was a classically trained pianist which likely introduced him to music. He also played oboe in his school band at Montclair High School. His career as a rock musician started when he replaced Bruce Hoffman as the bass player in the group the Nomads in Montclair. After high school, he spent time in various bands including the Measles while attending Kent State University.", "Yes, Joe Walsh performed music in his early life. He played oboe in his high school band, and replaced Bruce Hoffman as the bass player in the group the Nomads. He also played in various bands around the Cleveland area, including the Measles, during his time at Kent State University.", "The text does not provide information on Joe Walsh performing anywhere else during his early life.", "Yes, besides the Nomads, Joe Walsh also played in various bands around the Cleveland area, including one named the Measles, during his time at Kent State University.", "Joe Walsh's mother was a classically trained pianist of Scottish and German ancestry. His biological father, Robert Newton Fidler, was killed in a plane crash. Walsh was adopted by his stepfather at the age of five. His birth father's last name was Fidler, which Joe Walsh took as his middle name.", "Joe Walsh's biological father was Robert Newton Fidler who was killed in a plane crash when Walsh was five years old. After his father's death, he was adopted by his stepfather and took his birth father's last name, Fidler, as his middle name." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

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[ "What charities did Joe Walsh work with?", "What does he do to help conserve the environment in Santa Cruz?", "What other charities is he involved with?", "How else did he help the public through charities?", "What else did he do for the charities?", "What was his role with the charities?", "What other charity did he sponsor?", "What political office was he considering?", "Did he every run for Congress?", "Did he win?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 336 ], [ 494 ], [ 112 ], [ 253 ], [ 1626 ], [ 1635 ], [ 1225 ], [ 1352 ], [ 1122 ], [ 1885 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Walsh's love of Santa Cruz Island grew into a lifelong commitment to conserve the environment there, and he has been active in preserving the island's parks." ], [ "He is President of the Santa Cruz Island Foundation, and has served on the Foundation's board since the 1980s." ], [ "He has also been a personal contributor to a number of charity causes including halfway houses for displaced adult women in Wichita, Kansas." ], [ "Walsh funded the first talent-based scholarship at Kent State University in 2008." ], [ "In 2017, Walsh contacted others in the music industry Zac Brown Band, Gary Clark Jr., Keith Urban to try to organize and perform what became VetsAid -" ], [ "Walsh contacted others in the music industry" ], [ "In an interview to promote his album Analog Man in 2012, Walsh revealed he was considering a serious bid for political office." ], [ "\"I think I would run seriously, and I think I would run for Congress,\" Walsh told WASH in Washington, D.C." ], [ "In 1992 Walsh ran for vice president with Rev. Goat Carson under the slogan \"We Want Our Money Back!\"" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 336, 494, 112, 253, 1626, 1635, 1225, 1352, 1122, 1885 ], "texts": [ "Walsh's love of Santa Cruz Island grew into a lifelong commitment to conserve the environment there, and he has been active in preserving the island's parks.", "He is President of the Santa Cruz Island Foundation, and has served on the Foundation's board since the 1980s.", "He has also been a personal contributor to a number of charity causes including halfway houses for displaced adult women in Wichita, Kansas.", "Walsh funded the first talent-based scholarship at Kent State University in 2008.", "In 2017, Walsh contacted others in the music industry Zac Brown Band, Gary Clark Jr., Keith Urban to try to organize and perform what became VetsAid -", "Walsh contacted others in the music industry", "In an interview to promote his album Analog Man in 2012, Walsh revealed he was considering a serious bid for political office.", "\"I think I would run seriously, and I think I would run for Congress,\" Walsh told WASH in Washington, D.C.", "In 1992 Walsh ran for vice president with Rev. Goat Carson under the slogan \"We Want Our Money Back!\"", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "The text does not specify the names of the charities that Walsh has worked with. It mentions him being involved in various charitable causes such as fundraising concerts, donations to halfway houses for displaced adult women in Wichita, Kansas, and funding a scholarship at Kent State University. He has also been involved in conserving the environment of Santa Cruz Island and is the President of the Santa Cruz Island Foundation.", "Walsh is active in preserving the parks on Santa Cruz Island. He also serves as the President of the Santa Cruz Island Foundation and has been on the Foundation's board since the 1980s.", "The text does not provide specific names of other charities that Walsh is involved with. However, it does mention that he has contributed to causes such as halfway houses for displaced adult women in Wichita, Kansas, and he initiated a talent-based scholarship at Kent State University. In 2017, he was involved in the organization of VetsAid, a concert series intended to benefit veterans, similar to the Farm Aid program.", "Walsh has performed in a number of concerts to raise money for various charitable causes. He is also said to have contributed personally to halfway houses for displaced adult women in Wichita, Kansas. Additionally, he funded the first talent-based scholarship at Kent State University in 2008. In 2017, he got involved with other artists to organize and perform in VetsAid, a concert series to help veterans.", "Apart from financial contributions and organizing concerts to raise funds, Walsh has also taken on leadership roles in charity organizations. For instance, he serves as the President of the Santa Cruz Island Foundation and has been on the Foundation's board since the 1980s, where he focuses on preserving the island's environment. However, the text does not provide further details on what specific actions he takes in these roles.", "Walsh has taken on several roles for charitable causes. He has performed in concerts to raise money, made personal contributions, and also taken on leadership roles. For example, he is the President of the Santa Cruz Island Foundation and has been on its board since the 1980s, showing his commitment to preserving the environment of Santa Cruz Island. However, the specifics of his day-to-day roles within these charities are not detailed in the text.", "The text does not specify any other charities that Walsh sponsored aside from initiating a scholarship at Kent State University, his work with conservation efforts through the Santa Cruz Island Foundation and his contributions to halfway houses for displaced adult women in Wichita, Kansas.", "In 2012, Walsh revealed that he was considering running for Congress.", "The text does not provide information on whether Walsh ever ran for Congress.", "The text does not provide information on whether Walsh won a political race." ]

[ "Neutral", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "No", "Yes", "no", "Yes" ]

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[ "Who is Andrew Breitbart?", "What type of news website is Breitbart?", "When did Breitbart start his website?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "What was the end result of the lawsuit?", "What was the basis of the defamation suit?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 116 ], [ 1949 ], [ 1406 ], [ 1784 ], [ 1607 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Breitbart launched his first website as a news site; it is often linked to by the Drudge Report and other websites." ], [ "It has wire stories from the Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France-Presse, Fox News, PR Newswire, and U.S. Newswire, as well as direct links to a number of major international newspapers." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "In 2011, Breitbart and one of his editors Larry O'Connor were sued for defamation by Shirley Sherrod," ], [ "In July 2015, it was reported that Sherrod and Breitbart's estate had reached a tentative settlement. It was reported October 1, 2016, that the lawsuit was settled." ], [ "selectively edited to suggest that she had purposely discriminated against a white farmer, while in reality the unedited video told the story of how she had helped that farmer." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 116, 1949, 1406, 1784, 1607 ], "texts": [ "Breitbart launched his first website as a news site; it is often linked to by the Drudge Report and other websites.", "It has wire stories from the Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France-Presse, Fox News, PR Newswire, and U.S. Newswire, as well as direct links to a number of major international newspapers.", "CANNOTANSWER", "In 2011, Breitbart and one of his editors Larry O'Connor were sued for defamation by Shirley Sherrod,", "In July 2015, it was reported that Sherrod and Breitbart's estate had reached a tentative settlement. It was reported October 1, 2016, that the lawsuit was settled.", "selectively edited to suggest that she had purposely discriminated against a white farmer, while in reality the unedited video told the story of how she had helped that farmer." ] }

[]

[ "Andrew Breitbart is the founder of a news website, often linked to by the Drudge Report and other sites, and Breitbart.tv, a video blog. He is also a co-founder of Breitbart News Network, which he conceived with Larry Solov during a stay in Israel. This site was intended to be pro-freedom and pro-Israel.", "Breitbart is a news website that runs to the right within the U.S. political spectrum. It features wire stories from various sources, direct links to a number of major international newspapers, and it also has a video blog. The site was conceived to be unapologetically pro-freedom and pro-Israel.", "The text does not provide specific information on when Breitbart started his website.", "Yes, the article mentions that in 2011, Breitbart and Larry O'Connor were sued for defamation by Shirley Sherrod, who lost her job after a selectively edited video of her was posted by Breitbart. Sherrod and Breitbart's estate reached a tentative settlement in July 2015 and the lawsuit was settled in October 2016.", "The lawsuit that was launched against Breitbart and Larry O'Connor by Shirley Sherrod was settled in October 2016.", "The basis of the defamation suit was a video that Breitbart posted of Shirley Sherrod. The video had been selectively edited to suggest she had purposely discriminated against a white farmer. However, the unedited video showed that she had actually helped that farmer. Posting the misleading video led to Sherrod's dismissal from her job and consequently she sued Breitbart and Larry O'Connor for defamation." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

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[ "did he release any songs as a solo artist?", "What is Zwan?", "who else was in Zwan?", "is anyone else in Zwan?", "what type of music did Zwan play?", "when did Zwan form?", "Did they eventually break up?", "why did they break up?", "when did he start as a solo artist?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 1695 ], [ 103 ], [ 122 ], [ 335 ], [ 384 ], [ 163 ], [ 936 ], [ 781 ], [ 1695 ] ], "texts": [ [ "in 2004, he began a solo music career," ], [ "the band" ], [ "Corgan's old friend Matt Sweeney" ], [ "guitarist David Pajo and bassist Paz Lenchantin." ], [ "The band had two distinct incarnations, the primary approach being an upbeat rock band with a three-guitar-driven sound," ], [ "2001." ], [ "formally announcing a breakup" ], [ "conflict between Corgan and Chamberlin, and the other band members led to the cancellation of the rest of the tour" ], [ "in 2004," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 1695, 103, 122, 335, 384, 163, 936, 781, 1695 ], "texts": [ "in 2004, he began a solo music career,", "the band", "Corgan's old friend Matt Sweeney", "guitarist David Pajo and bassist Paz Lenchantin.", "The band had two distinct incarnations, the primary approach being an upbeat rock band with a three-guitar-driven sound,", "2001.", "formally announcing a breakup", "conflict between Corgan and Chamberlin, and the other band members led to the cancellation of the rest of the tour", "in 2004," ] }

[]

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[ "Where did Billy grow up?", "Where did he attend school?", "Did Billy attend college or did he just go out to start a career in music?", "Was he the only child or did he have siblings?", "When he set to do music full time what was his first step?", "What band was he in?", "Did the band do any touring or appearances?", "After the band didn't make it what was Billy next venture?", "Did he continue to write music or did he find a new band?", "What was his next role after performing with Wayne?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 408 ], [ 968 ], [ 1977 ], [ 239 ], [ 2126 ], [ 2261 ], [ 2351 ], [ 2413 ], [ 2468 ], [ 2555 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Glendale Heights, Illinois." ], [ "Marquardt Middle School" ], [ "Despite grant and scholarship offers from a number of schools, and a tuition fund left by his grandmother, Corgan decided to pursue music full-time." ], [ "His parents had one more son," ], [ "Not finding the Chicago music scene to his liking, he moved from Chicago to St. Petersburg, Florida in 1985 with his first major band," ], [ "The Marked" ], [ "). Not finding success in St. Petersburg, the band dissolved;" ], [ "Corgan moved back to Chicago to live with his father." ], [ "Corgan performed with Wayne Static in Static's first band Deep Blue Dream, in 1987/88." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 408, 968, 1977, 239, 2126, 2261, 2351, 2413, 2468, 2555 ], "texts": [ "Glendale Heights, Illinois.", "Marquardt Middle School", "Despite grant and scholarship offers from a number of schools, and a tuition fund left by his grandmother, Corgan decided to pursue music full-time.", "His parents had one more son,", "Not finding the Chicago music scene to his liking, he moved from Chicago to St. Petersburg, Florida in 1985 with his first major band,", "The Marked", "). Not finding success in St. Petersburg, the band dissolved;", "Corgan moved back to Chicago to live with his father.", "Corgan performed with Wayne Static in Static's first band Deep Blue Dream, in 1987/88.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "Billy grew up in Glendale Heights, Illinois.", "He attended Marquardt Middle School and Glenbard North High School in Carol Stream, Illinois.", "Despite receiving grant and scholarship offers from a number of schools, Billy Corgan decided to pursue music full-time instead of attending college.", "Billy Corgan was not an only child. He had a younger brother named Ricky and a younger paternal half-brother.", "His first major step in pursuing music full-time was moving from Chicago to St. Petersburg, Florida in 1985 with his first major band, The Marked.", "He was in a band called The Marked. He also performed with Wayne Static in Static's first band Deep Blue Dream.", "The text does not provide information on whether Billy Corgan's bands, The Marked or Deep Blue Dream, did any touring or appearances.", "After his band The Marked dissolved due to lack of success, Billy Corgan moved back to Chicago to live with his father. There's no other information about his next venture after that in the given context.", "The context does not provide information regarding whether Billy Corgan continued to write music or found a new band after The Marked dissolved.", "The context does not provide information on what Billy Corgan's next role was after he performed with Wayne Static in the band Deep Blue Dream." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "no", "Yes" ]

[ "C_879d236d48394cb2b34e01e16d9ff3b4_0_q#0", "C_879d236d48394cb2b34e01e16d9ff3b4_0_q#1", "C_879d236d48394cb2b34e01e16d9ff3b4_0_q#2", "C_879d236d48394cb2b34e01e16d9ff3b4_0_q#3", "C_879d236d48394cb2b34e01e16d9ff3b4_0_q#4", "C_879d236d48394cb2b34e01e16d9ff3b4_0_q#5", "C_879d236d48394cb2b34e01e16d9ff3b4_0_q#6", "C_879d236d48394cb2b34e01e16d9ff3b4_0_q#7", "C_879d236d48394cb2b34e01e16d9ff3b4_0_q#8" ]

[ "When did Bono die?", "How did he die?", "What happened after his death?", "Were there music copyright issues?", "Did she win?", "Did anything else interesting happen?", "Did Cher release any albums?", "Was this album a success?", "Did she go on tour?" ]

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[ { "text": "Cher (; born Cherilyn Sarkisian; May 20, 1946) is an American singer, actress and television personality. Often referred to by the media as the \"Goddess of Pop\", she has been described as embodying female autonomy in a male-dominated industry. Cher is known for her distinctive contralto singing voice and for having worked in numerous areas of entertainment, as well as adopting a variety of styles and appearances throughout her six-decade-long career. \n\nCher gained popularity in 1965 as one half of the folk rock husband-wife duo Sonny & Cher, after their song \"I Got You Babe\" peaked at number one on the US and UK charts. Together they sold 40 million records worldwide. Her solo career was established during the same time, with the top-ten singles \"Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)\" and \"You Better Sit Down Kids\". She became a television personality in the 1970s with her CBS shows ― The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour, watched by over 30 million viewers weekly during its three-year run, and the namesake Cher. While working on television, Cher released the US Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles \"Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves\", \"Half-Breed\", and \"Dark Lady\", becoming the female solo artist with the most number-one singles in United States history at the time. After her divorce from Sonny Bono in 1975, she released the disco album Take Me Home (1979) and earned $300,000 a week for her 1979–1982 concert residency in Las Vegas.\n\nIn 1982, Cher made her Broadway debut in the play Come Back to the 5 & Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean and starred in its film adaptation. She subsequently garnered critical acclaim for her performances in films such as Silkwood (1983), Mask (1985), The Witches of Eastwick (1987), and Moonstruck (1987), the last of which won her the Academy Award for Best Actress. She then revived her music career by recording the rock-inflected albums Cher (1987), Heart of Stone (1989), and Love Hurts (1991), all of which yielded successful singles such as \"I Found Someone\", \"If I Could Turn Back Time\", and \"Love and Understanding\". Cher contributed to the soundtrack for her next film, Mermaids (1990), which spawned the UK number-one single \"The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)\". She made her directorial debut with a segment in the abortion-themed anthology If These Walls Could Talk (1996).\n\nCher reached a new commercial peak in 1998 with the dance-pop album Believe, whose title track topped the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 chart of 1999 and became the biggest-selling single of all time by a female artist in the UK. It features pioneering use of Auto-Tune to distort her vocals, known as the \"Cher effect\". Her 2002–2005 Living Proof: The Farewell Tour became one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time, earning $250 million. In 2008, she signed a $60 million deal to headline the Colosseum at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas for three years. During the 2010s, she landed starring roles in the films Burlesque (2010) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), and released studio albums Closer to the Truth (2013) and Dancing Queen (2018), both of which debuted at number three on the Billboard 200.\n\nHaving sold 100 million records, Cher is one of the world's best-selling music artists. Her achievements include a Grammy Award, an Emmy Award, an Academy Award, three Golden Globe Awards, a Cannes Film Festival award, the Billboard Icon Award, and awards from the Kennedy Center Honors and the Council of Fashion Designers of America. She is the only artist to date to have a number-one single on a Billboard chart in six consecutive decades, from the 1960s to the 2010s. Aside from music and acting, she is noted for her trendsetting, elaborate outfits, plastic surgeries, political views, social media presence, philanthropic endeavors, and social activism, including LGBT rights and HIV/AIDS prevention.\n\nLife and career\n\n1946–1961: Early life \n\nCher was born Cherilyn Sarkisian in El Centro, California, on May 20, 1946. Her father, John Sarkisian, was an Armenian-American truck driver with drug and gambling problems; her mother, Georgia Holt (born Jackie Jean Crouch), was a former model and retired actress who claimed Irish, English, German, and Cherokee ancestry. Cher's father was rarely home when she was an infant, and her parents divorced when Cher was ten months old. Her mother later married actor John Southall, with whom she had another daughter, Georganne, Cher's half-sister.\n\nNow living in Los Angeles, Cher's mother began acting while working as a waitress. She changed her name to Georgia Holt and played minor roles in films and on television. Holt also secured acting parts for her daughters as extras on television shows like The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet. Her mother's relationship with Southall ended when Cher was nine years old, but she considers him her father and remembers him as a \"good-natured man who turned belligerent when he drank too much\". Holt remarried and divorced several more times, and she moved her family around the country (including New York, Texas, and California). They often had little money, and Cher recounted having had to use rubber bands to hold her shoes together. At one point, her mother left Cher at an orphanage for several weeks. Although they met every day, both found the experience traumatic.\n\nWhen Cher was in fifth grade, she produced a performance of the musical Oklahoma! for her teacher and class. She organized a group of girls, directing and choreographing their dance routines. Unable to convince boys to participate, she acted the male roles and sang their songs. By age nine, she had developed an unusually low voice. Fascinated by film stars, Cher's role model was Audrey Hepburn, particularly due to her role in the 1961 film Breakfast at Tiffany's. Cher began to take after the unconventional outfits and behavior of Hepburn's character. She was also inspired by Marlene Dietrich, Bette Davis, and Katharine Hepburn. She was disappointed by the absence of dark-haired Hollywood actresses whom she could emulate. She had wanted to be famous since childhood but felt unattractive and untalented, later commenting, \"I couldn't think of anything that I could do ... I didn't think I'd be a singer or dancer. I just thought, well, I'll be famous. That was my goal.\"\n\nIn 1961, Holt married bank manager Gilbert LaPiere, who adopted Cher (under the name Cheryl LaPiere) and Georganne, and enrolled them at Montclair College Preparatory School, a private school in Encino, whose students were mostly from affluent families. The school's upper-class environment presented a challenge for Cher; biographer Connie Berman wrote, \"[she] stood out from the others in both her striking appearance and outgoing personality.\" A former classmate commented, \"I'll never forget seeing Cher for the first time. She was so special ... She was like a movie star, right then and there ... She said she was going to be a movie star and we knew she would.\" Despite not being an excellent student, Cher was intelligent and creative, according to Berman. She earned high grades, excelling in French and English classes. As an adult, she discovered that she had dyslexia. Cher's unconventional behavior stood out: she performed songs for students during the lunch hours and surprised peers when she wore a midriff-baring top. She later recalled, \"I was never really in school. I was always thinking about when I was grown up and famous.\"\n\n1962–1965: Solo career breakthrough \n \nAt age 16, Cher dropped out of school, left her mother's house, and moved to Los Angeles with a friend. She took acting classes and worked to support herself, dancing in small clubs along Hollywood's Sunset Strip and introducing herself to performers, managers, and agents. According to Berman, \"[Cher] did not hesitate to approach anyone she thought could help her get a break, make a new contact, or get an audition.\" Cher met performer Sonny Bono in November 1962 when he was working for record producer Phil Spector. Cher's friend moved out, and Cher accepted Sonny's offer to be his housekeeper. Sonny introduced Cher to Spector, who used her as a backup singer on many recordings, including the Ronettes' \"Be My Baby\" and the Righteous Brothers' \"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'\". Spector produced her first single, \"Ringo, I Love You\", which Cher recorded under the name Bonnie Jo Mason. The song was rejected by many radio stations programmers as they thought Cher's deep contralto vocals were a man's vocals; therefore, they believed it was a male homosexual singing a love song dedicated to the Beatles drummer Ringo Starr.\n\nCher and Sonny became close friends, eventual lovers, and performed their own unofficial wedding ceremony in a hotel room in Tijuana, Mexico, on October 27, 1964. Although Sonny had wanted to launch Cher as a solo artist, she encouraged him to perform with her because she suffered from stage fright, and he began joining her onstage, singing the harmonies. Cher disguised her nervousness by looking at Sonny; she later commented that she sang to the people through him. In late 1964, they emerged as a duo called Caesar & Cleo, releasing the poorly received singles \"Do You Wanna Dance?\", \"Love Is Strange\", and \"Let the Good Times Roll\".\n\nCher signed with Liberty Records' Imperial imprint in the end of 1964, and Sonny became her producer. The single \"Dream Baby\", released under the name \"Cherilyn\", received airplay in Los Angeles. Imperial encouraged Cher to work with Sonny on her second solo single for the label, a cover version of Bob Dylan's \"All I Really Want to Do\". It peaked at number 15 on the US Billboard Hot 100 in 1965. Meanwhile, the Byrds had released their own version of the same song. When competition on the singles charts started between Cher and the Byrds, the group's record label began to promote the B-side of the Byrds' single. Roger McGuinn of the Byrds commented, \"We loved the Cher version ... We didn't want to hassle. So we just turned our record over.\" Cher's debut album, All I Really Want to Do (1965), reached number 16 on the Billboard 200; it was later described by AllMusic's Tim Sendra as \"one of the stronger folk-pop records of the era\".\n\n1965–1967: Sonny and Cher's rise to pop stardom \n\nIn early 1965, Caesar and Cleo began calling themselves Sonny & Cher. Following the recording of \"I Got You Babe\", they traveled to England in July 1965 at the Rolling Stones' advice; Cher recalled, \"[they] had told us ... that Americans just didn't get us and that if we were going to make it big, we were going to have to go to England.\" According to writer Cintra Wilson, \"English newspaper photographers showed up when S&C were thrown out of the London Hilton [because of their outfits] the night they arrived—literally overnight, they were stars. London went gaga for the heretofore-unseen S&C look, which was neither mod nor rocker.\"\n\n\"I Got You Babe\" reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and became, according to AllMusic's Bruce Eder, \"one of the biggest-selling and most beloved pop/rock hits of the mid-'60s\"; Rolling Stone listed it among \"The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\" in 2003. As the song knocked the Beatles off the top of the British charts, English teenagers began to emulate Sonny and Cher's fashion style, such as bell-bottoms, striped pants, ruffled shirts, industrial zippers and fur vests. Upon their return to the US, the duo made several appearances on the teen-pop showcases Hullabaloo and Shindig! and completed a tour of some of the largest arenas in the US. Their shows attracted Cher look-alikes—\"girls who were ironing their hair straight and dyeing it black, to go with their vests and bell-bottoms\". Cher expanded her creative range by designing a clothing line.\n\nSonny and Cher's first album, Look at Us (1965), released for the Atco Records division of Atlantic Records, spent eight weeks at number two on the Billboard 200, behind the Beatles' Help!. Their material became popular, and the duo successfully competed with the dominant British Invasion and Motown sounds of the era. Author Joseph Murrells described Sonny and Cher as \"part of the leading exponents of the rock-folk-message type of song, a hybrid combining the best and instrumentation of rock music with folk lyric and often lyrics of protest.\" Sonny and Cher charted ten Billboard top 40 singles between 1965 and 1972, including five top-ten singles: \"I Got You Babe\", \"Baby Don't Go\", \"The Beat Goes On\", \"All I Ever Need Is You\", and \"A Cowboy's Work Is Never Done\". At one point, they had five songs in the top 50 at the same time, a feat equaled only by the Beatles and Elvis Presley. Together they sold 40 million records worldwide and had become, according to Time magazine's Ginia Bellafante, rock's \"it\" couple.\n\nCher's following releases kept her solo career fully competitive with her work with Sonny. The Sonny Side of Chér (1966) features \"Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)\", which reached number two in the US and number three in the UK and became her first million-seller solo single. Chér, also released in 1966, contains the Burt Bacharach and Hal David composition \"Alfie\", which was added to the credits of the American version of the 1966 film of the same name and became the first stateside version of the popular song. With Love, Chér (1967) includes songs described by biographer Mark Bego as \"little soap-opera stories set to rock music\" such as the US top-ten single \"You Better Sit Down Kids\".\n\n1967–1970: Backlash from the younger generation, first marriage \n\nBy the end of the 1960s, Sonny and Cher's music had ceased to chart. According to Berman, \"the heavy, loud sound of groups like Jefferson Airplane and Cream made the folk-rock music of Sonny and Cher seem too bland.\" Cher later said, \"I loved the new sound of Led Zeppelin, Eric Clapton, the electric-guitar oriented bands. Left to myself, I would have changed with the times because the music really turned me on. But [Sonny] didn't like it—and that was that.\" Their monogamous lifestyle during the period of the sexual revolution and the anti-drug position they adopted at the height of the drug culture lost them popularity among American youths. According to Bego, \"in spite of their revolutionary unisex clothes, Sonny and Cher were quite 'square' when it came to sex and drugs.\" In an attempt to recapture their young audience, the duo produced and starred in the film Good Times (1967), which was commercially unsuccessful.\n\nCher's next album, Backstage (1968), in which she explores diverse musical genres including Brazilian jazz and anti-war protest settings, was not a commercial success. In 1969, she was dropped from Imperial Records while Sonny and Cher had been dropped from Atco; however, the label wanted to sign Cher for a solo album. 3614 Jackson Highway (1969) was recorded without the guidance of Sonny and incorporates experiments in rhythm and blues and soul music. AllMusic's Mark Deming proclaimed it \"arguably the finest album of her career\", and still \"a revelation\" decades later. Displeased with the 3614 Jackson Highway album, Sonny prevented Cher from releasing more recordings for Atco.\n\nMeanwhile, Sonny dated others, and by the end of the 1960s their relationship had begun to unravel. According to People magazine, \"[Sonny] tried desperately to win her back, telling her he wanted to marry and start a family.\" They officially married after she gave birth on March 4, 1969, to Chaz Bono.\n\nThe duo spent $500,000 and mortgaged their home to make the film Chastity (1969). Written and produced by Sonny, who did not appear in the movie, it tells the story of a young woman, played by Cher, searching for the meaning of life. The art film failed commercially, putting the couple $190,000 in debt with back taxes. However, some critics noted that Cher showed signs of acting potential; Cue magazine wrote, \"Cher has a marvelous quality that often makes you forget the lines you are hearing.\"\n\nAt the lowest point of their career, the duo put together a nightclub routine that relied on a more adult approach to sound and style. According to writer Cintra Wilson, \"Their lounge act was so depressing, people started heckling them. Then Cher started heckling back. Sonny ... reprimanded her; then she'd heckle Sonny\". The heckling became a highlight of the act and attracted viewers. Television executives took note, and the couple began making guest appearances on prime-time shows, in which they presented a \"new, sophisticated, and mature\" image. Cher adopted alluring, low-cut gowns that became her signature outfits.\n\n1971–1974: Television career breakthrough, first musical comeback \n\nCBS head of programming Fred Silverman offered Sonny and Cher their own television program after he noticed them as guest-hosts on The Merv Griffin Show in 1971. The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour premiered as a summer replacement series on August 1, 1971, and had six episodes. Because it was a ratings success, the couple returned that December with a full-time show.\n\nWatched by more than 30 million viewers weekly during its three-year run, The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour was praised for the comedic timing, and deadpan Cher mocked Sonny about his looks and short stature. According to Berman, they \"exuded an aura of warmth, playfulness, and caring that only enhanced their appeal. Viewers were further enchanted when a young [Chaz] also appeared on the show. They seemed like a perfect family.\" Cher honed her acting skills in sketch comedy roles such as the brash housewife Laverne, the sardonic waitress Rosa, and historical vamps, including Cleopatra and Miss Sadie Thompson. The Bob Mackie-designed clothing Cher wore was part of the show's attraction, and her style influenced the fashion trends of the 1970s.\n\nIn 1971, Sonny and Cher signed with the Kapp Records division of MCA Records, and Cher released the single \"Classified 1A\", in which she sings from the point of view of a soldier who bleeds to death in Vietnam. Written by Sonny, who felt that her first solo single on the label had to be poignant and topical, the song was rejected by radio station programmers as uncommercial.\n\nSince Sonny's first attempts at reviving their recording career as a duo had also been unsuccessful, Kapp Records recruited Snuff Garrett to work with them. He produced Cher's second US number-one single, \"Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves\", which \"proved that ... Garrett knew more about Cher's voice and her persona as a singer than Sonny did\", writes Bego. \"Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves\" was the first single by a solo artist to rank number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart at the same time as on the Canadian Singles Chart. Billboard called it \"one of the 20th century's greatest songs\". It was featured on the 1971 album Chér (eventually reissued under the title Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves), which was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Its second single, \"The Way of Love\", reached number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and established Cher's more confident image as a recording artist.\n\nIn 1972, Cher released the all-ballad set Foxy Lady, demonstrating the evolution of her vocal abilities, according to Bego. Following the release of the album, Garrett quit as producer after disagreeing with Sonny about the kind of material Cher should record. At Sonny's insistence, in 1973 Cher released an album of standards called Bittersweet White Light, which was commercially unsuccessful. That year, lyricist Mary Dean brought Garrett \"Half-Breed\", a song about the daughter of a Cherokee mother and a white father, that she had written especially for Cher. Although Garrett did not have Cher as a client at the time, he was convinced that \"it's a smash for Cher and for nobody else\", so he held the song for months until he got Cher back. \"Half-Breed\" was featured on the album of the same name and became Cher's third US number-one single. Both the album and the single were certified gold by the RIAA.\n\nIn 1974, Cher released the song \"Dark Lady\" as the lead single from the namesake album. It reached the top position on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Cher's fourth number-one single and making her the female artist with the most number-one singles in United States history at the time. Later that year, she released a Greatest Hits album that, according to Billboard magazine, proved her to be \"one of the most consistent hitmakers of the past five years\", as well as a \"proven superstar who always sells records\".\n\nBetween 1971 and 1973, Sonny and Cher's recording career was revived with four albums released under Kapp Records and MCA Records: Sonny & Cher Live (1971), All I Ever Need Is You (1972), Mama Was a Rock and Roll Singer, Papa Used to Write All Her Songs (1973), and Live in Las Vegas Vol. 2 (1973). Cher later commented on this period: \"I could do a whole album ... in three days ... We were on the road ... and we were doing the Sonny & Cher Show\".\n\n1974–1979: Divorce from Sonny Bono, second marriage, decline in popularity \n\nCher and Sonny had had marital problems since late 1972, but appearances were maintained until 1974. \"The public still thinks we are married,\" Sonny wrote in his diary at the time, \"[and] that's the way it has to be.\" In February 1974, Sonny filed for a separation, citing \"irreconcilable differences\". A week later, Cher countered with a divorce suit and charged Sonny with \"involuntary servitude\", claiming that he withheld money from her and deprived her of her rightful share of their earnings. The couple battled in court over finances and the custody of Chaz, which was eventually granted to Cher. Their divorce was finalized on June 26, 1975.\n\nIn 1974, Cher won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy for The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour. The same year, Sonny premiered a solo show on ABC, The Sonny Comedy Revue, which carried the creative team behind the Sonny and Cher show. It was canceled after 13 weeks.\n\nDuring the divorce proceedings, Cher had a two-year romantic relationship with record executive David Geffen, who freed her from her business arrangement with Sonny, under which she was required to work exclusively for Cher Enterprises, the company he ran. Geffen secured a $2.5 million deal for Cher with Warner Bros. Records, and she began work on her first album under that label in 1975. According to Bego, \"it was their intention that [this album] was going to make millions of fans around the world take her seriously as a rock star, and not just a pop singer.\"\n\nDespite Cher's efforts to develop her musical range by listening to artists such as Stevie Wonder, Elton John, James Taylor, Carly Simon, Joni Mitchell, and Bob Dylan, the resulting album Stars was commercially and critically unsuccessful. Janet Maslin of The Village Voice wrote, \"Cher is just no rock and roller ... Image, not music, is Cher Bono's main ingredient for both records and TV.\" The album has since become a cult classic and is generally considered among her best work.\n\nOn February 16, 1975, Cher returned to television with a solo show on CBS. Called Cher, it began as a highly rated special with guests Flip Wilson, Elton John, and Bette Midler. The show was produced by Geffen and centered on Cher's songs, monologs, comedy performance, and her variation of clothing, which was the largest for a weekly TV show. Early critical reception was favorable; the Los Angeles Times exclaimed that \"Sonny without Cher was a disaster. Cher without Sonny, on the other hand, could be the best thing that's happened to weekly television this season.\" Cher lasted for less than a year, replaced by a new show in which she professionally reunited with ex-husband Sonny; she said, \"doing a show alone was more than I could handle.\" According to The Ringer Lindsay Zoladz, \"[Cher] found the network censors to be more watchful than they were when she was married to Sonny ... When she was single or casually dating, Cher always seemed to pose more of a threat to the status quo than she did when she was Sonny's wife.\"\n\nOn June 30, 1975, four days after finalizing her divorce from Sonny, Cher married rock musician Gregg Allman, co-founder of The Allman Brothers Band. She filed for divorce nine days later because of his heroin and liquor problems, but they reconciled within a month. They had one son, Elijah Blue, on July 10, 1976. Sonny and Cher's TV reunion, The Sonny and Cher Show, debuted on CBS in February 1976—the first show ever to star a divorced couple. Although the show was a ratings success on its premiere, Cher and Sonny's insulting onscreen banter about their divorce, her reportedly extravagant lifestyle, and her troubled relationship with Allman caused a public backlash that eventually contributed to the show's cancellation in August 1977.\n\nIn 1976, Mego Toys released a line of toys and dolls in the likeness of Sonny and Cher, which coincided with the popularity of The Sonny and Cher Show. The miniature version of Cher ended up being the highest selling doll of 1976, surpassing Barbie.\n\nCher's next albums, I'd Rather Believe in You (1976) and Cherished (1977), the latter a return to her pop style at Warner's producers' insistence, were commercially unsuccessful; Orange Coast magazine's Keith Tuber commented, \"A weekly television series ... can spell disaster for a recording artist ... Regular exposure on TV allowed people to see and hear these performers without having to buy their records ... That's what happened to Cher[.]\" In 1977, under the rubric \"Allman and Woman\", she recorded alongside Allman the duet album Two the Hard Way. Their relationship ended following the release of the album, and their divorce was finalized in 1979. Beginning in 1978, she had a two-year live-in relationship with Kiss member Gene Simmons. That year, she legally changed her name from Cherilyn Sarkisian La Piere Bono Allman to Cher, to eliminate the use of four surnames. She returned to prime time television with the ABC specials Cher... Special (1978)—featuring a 15-minute segment in which she performs all of the roles in her version of West Side Story— and Cher... And Other Fantasies (1979).\n\n1979–1982: Second musical comeback, shift from disco music to rock \n\nA single mother with two children, Cher realized that she had to make a choice about the direction of her singing career. Deciding to temporarily abandon her desire to be a rock singer, she signed with Casablanca Records and launched a comeback with the single \"Take Me Home\" and the album of the same name, both of which capitalized on the disco craze. Both the album and the single became instant successes, remained bestsellers for more than half of 1979, and were certified gold by the RIAA. Sales of the album may have been boosted by the image of a scantily clad Cher in a Viking outfit on its cover. Despite her initial lack of enthusiasm for disco music, she changed her mind after the success, commenting, \"I never thought I would want to do disco ... [but] it's terrific! It's great music to dance to. I think that danceable music is what everybody wants.\"\n\nEncouraged by the popularity of Take Me Home, Cher planned to return to rock music in her next album, Prisoner (1979). The album's cover features Cher draped in chains as a \"prisoner of the press\", which caused controversy among feminist groups for her perceived portrayal of a sex slave. She included rock songs, which made the disco release seem unfocused and led to its commercial failure. Prisoner produced the single \"Hell on Wheels\", featured on the soundtrack of the film Roller Boogie. The song exploits the late 1970s roller-skating fad and contributed to its popularity.\n\nIn 1980, alongside Italian record producer Giorgio Moroder, Cher wrote her last Casablanca disco recording, \"Bad Love\", for the film Foxes. She formed the rock band Black Rose that year with her then-lover, guitarist Les Dudek. Although Cher was the lead singer, she did not receive top billing because she wanted to create the impression that all band members were equal. Since she was easily recognized when she performed with the band, she developed a punk look by cutting her trademark long hair. Despite appearances on television, the band failed to earn concert dates. Their album Black Rose received unfavorable reviews; Cher told Rolling Stone, \"The critics panned us, and they didn't attack the record. They attacked me. It was like, 'How dare Cher sing rock & roll?'\"\n\nBlack Rose disbanded in 1981. During Black Rose's active period, Cher was simultaneously doing a residency show at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, earning $300,000 a week. Titled Cher in Concert, the three-year performance residency opened in June 1979 and eventually became Cher's first world concert tour as a solo artist (also referred to as the Take Me Home Tour), with additional dates in North America, Europe, South Africa, and Australia. It yielded two television specials: Standing Room Only: Cher in Concert (1981) and Cher... A Celebration at Caesars (1983), the latter of which won Cher the CableACE Award for Best Actress in a Variety Program.\n\nIn 1981, Cher released a duet with musician Meat Loaf called \"Dead Ringer for Love\", which reached number five on the UK Singles Chart and was later described by AllMusic's Donald A. Guarisco as \"one of the more inspired rock duets of the 1980s\". In 1982, Columbia Records released the album I Paralyze, later deemed by Bego as Cher's \"strongest and most consistent solo album in years\" despite its low sales.\n\n1982–1986: Film career breakthrough, musical hiatus \n\nWith decreasing album sales and a lack of commercially successful singles, Cher decided to further develop her acting career. While she had previously aspired to venture into film, she had only the critically and commercially unsuccessful movies Good Times and Chastity to her credit, and the Hollywood establishment did not take her seriously as an actress. Cher later recalled, \"I was making a fortune on the road, but I was dying inside. Everyone kept saying, 'Cher, there are people who would give anything to have standing room only at Caesars Palace. It would be the pinnacle of their careers.' And I kept thinking, 'Yes, I should be satisfied' ... But I wasn't satisfied.\" She moved to New York in 1982 to take acting lessons with Lee Strasberg, founder of the Actors Studio, but never enrolled after her plans changed. She auditioned for and was signed by director Robert Altman for the Broadway stage production Come Back to the 5 & Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean, playing a member of a James Dean fan club holding a 20-year reunion. That year, Altman cast her again in the film adaptation of the same title.\n\nDirector Mike Nichols, who had seen Cher onstage in Jimmy Dean, offered her the part of Dolly Pelliker, a plant co-worker and Meryl Streep's lesbian roommate in the film Silkwood. When it premiered in 1983, audiences questioned Cher's ability as an actress. She recalls attending a film preview during which the audience laughed when they saw her name in the credits. For her performance, Cher received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture.\n\nIn 1985, Cher formed the film production company Isis. Her next film, Mask (1985), reached number two at the box office and was Cher's first critical and commercial success as a leading actress. For her role as a drug addict biker with a teenage son who has a severe physical deformity, she won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress. During the making of the film, however, she clashed with director Peter Bogdanovich, and was ultimately omitted from the Oscar nomination list. She attended the 58th Academy Awards in a tarantula-like costume, later deemed by Vanity Fair Esther Zuckerman as Cher's \"Oscar revenge dress\". \"As you can see, I did receive my Academy booklet on how to dress like a serious actress,\" Cher declared before presenting the nominees for Best Supporting Actor. The incident garnered her much publicity.\n\nCher's May 1986 guest appearance on talk show Late Night with David Letterman, during which she called Letterman \"an asshole\", attracted much media coverage; Letterman later recalled, \"It did hurt my feelings. Cher was one of the few people I've really wanted to have on the show ... I felt like a total fool, especially since I say all kinds of things to people.\" She returned to the show in 1987, reuniting with Sonny for the last time before his death to sing an impromptu version of \"I Got You Babe\". According to Rolling Stone Andy Greene, \"they weren't exactly the best of friends at this point, but both of them knew it would make for unforgettable television. Had YouTube existed back then, this would have gone insanely viral the next morning.\" Rolling Stone listed the performance among \"David Letterman's Top 10 Musical Moments\" in 2015.\n\n1987–1992: Film stardom, third musical comeback \n\nCher starred in three films in 1987. In Suspect, she played a public defender who is both helped and romanced by one of the jurors in the homicide case she is handling. Alongside Susan Sarandon and Michelle Pfeiffer, she starred as one of three divorcees involved with a mysterious and wealthy visitor from hell who comes to a small New England town in the comedy horror The Witches of Eastwick. In Norman Jewison's romantic comedy Moonstruck, she played an Italian widow in love with her fiancé's younger brother. The two last films ranked among the top ten highest-grossing films of 1987, at number ten and five, respectively.\n\nThe New York Times Janet Maslin wrote Moonstruck \"offers further proof that Cher has evolved into the kind of larger-than-life movie star who's worth watching whatever she does.\" For that film, Cher won the Academy Award for Best Actress and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical. By 1988, Cher had become one of the most bankable actresses of the decade, commanding $1 million per film. That year, she released the fragrance Uninhibited, which earned about $15 million in its first year sales.\n\nIn 1987, Cher signed with Geffen Records and revived her musical career with what music critics Johnny Danza and Dean Ferguson describe as \"her most impressive string of hits to date\", establishing her as a \"serious rock and roller ... a crown that she'd worked long and hard to capture\". Michael Bolton, Jon Bon Jovi, Desmond Child, and Richie Sambora produced her first Geffen album, Cher. Despite facing strong retail and radio airplay resistance upon its release, the album proved to be a commercial success, certified platinum by the RIAA. Cher features the rock ballad \"I Found Someone\", Cher's first US top-ten single in more than eight years.\n\nBy the end of the 1980s, Cher was also receiving attention for her controversial lifestyle, including her tattoos, plastic surgeries, exhibitionist fashion sense, and affairs with younger men. She had romantic relationships with actors Val Kilmer, Eric Stoltz, and Tom Cruise, hockey player Ron Duguay, film producer Josh Donen, Bon Jovi guitarist Richie Sambora, and Rob Camilletti, a bagel baker 18 years her junior whom she dated from 1986 to 1989.\n\nCher's 19th studio album Heart of Stone (1989) was certified triple platinum by the RIAA. The music video for its second single, \"If I Could Turn Back Time\", caused controversy due to Cher's performance on the battleship , straddling a cannon, and wearing a leather thong that revealed her tattooed buttocks. The song topped the Australian charts for seven weeks, reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and became one of Cher's most successful singles. Other songs from Heart of Stone to reach the US top ten were \"After All\", a duet with Peter Cetera, and \"Just Like Jesse James\". At the 1989 People's Choice Awards, Cher won the Favorite All-Around Female Star Award. She embarked on the Heart of Stone Tour in 1989. Most critics liked the tour's nostalgic nature and admired Cher's showmanship. Its parent television special Cher at the Mirage (1991) was filmed during a concert in Las Vegas.\n\nIn her first film in three years, Mermaids (1990), Cher paid tribute to her own mother in this story about a woman who moves her two daughters from town to town at the end of a love affair. She clashed with the film's first two directors, Lasse Hallström and Frank Oz, who were replaced by Richard Benjamin. Believing Cher would be the star attraction, the producers allowed her creative control for the film. Mermaids was a box office success and received generally positive reviews. One of the two songs Cher recorded for the film's soundtrack, a cover version of Betty Everett's \"The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)\", topped the UK Singles Chart for five weeks.\n\nCher's final studio album for Geffen Records, Love Hurts (1991), stayed at number one in the UK for six weeks and produced the UK top-ten single \"Love and Understanding\". The album was certified gold by the RIAA. In later years, Cher commented that her Geffen label \"hit years\" had been especially significant to her, \"because I was getting to do songs that I really loved ... songs that really represented me, and they were popular!\" She released the exercise book Forever Fit in 1991, followed by the 1992 fitness videos CherFitness: A New Attitude and CherFitness: Body Confidence. She embarked on the Love Hurts Tour during 1992. That year, the UK-only compilation album Greatest Hits: 1965–1992 peaked at number one in the country for seven weeks. It features three new songs: \"Oh No Not My Baby\", \"Whenever You're Near\", and \"Many Rivers to Cross\".\n\n1992–1997: Health and professional struggles, directorial debut \n\nPartially due to her experiences filming Mermaids, Cher turned down leading roles in such films as The War of the Roses and Thelma & Louise. According to Berman, \"After the success of Moonstruck, she was so worried about her next career move that she was overly cautious.\" In the early 1990s, she contracted the Epstein–Barr virus and developed chronic fatigue syndrome, which left her too exhausted to sustain her music and film careers. Because she needed to earn money and was not healthy enough to work on other projects, she starred in infomercials launching health, beauty, and diet products, which earned her close to $10 million in fees. The skits were parodied on Saturday Night Live and critics considered them a sellout, many suggesting her film career was over. She told Ladies' Home Journal, \"Suddenly I became the Infomercial Queen and it didn't occur to me that people would focus on that and strip me of all my other things.\"\n\nCher made cameo appearances in the Robert Altman films The Player (1992) and Prêt-à-Porter (1994). In 1994, she started a mail-order catalog business, Sanctuary, selling Gothic-themed products, and contributed a rock version of \"I Got You Babe\" to MTV's animated series Beavis and Butt-head. Alongside Chrissie Hynde, Neneh Cherry, and Eric Clapton, she topped the UK Singles Chart in 1995 with the charity single \"Love Can Build a Bridge\". Later that year, she signed with Warner Music UK's label WEA and released the album It's a Man's World (1995), which came out of her idea of covering men's songs from a woman's point of view. In general, critics favored the album and its R&B influences, some saying her voice had improved. Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote that \"From an artistic standpoint, this soulful collection of grown-up pop songs ... is the high point of her recording career.\" It's a Man's World reached number 10 on the UK Albums Chart and spawned the UK top-ten single \"One by One\". Tracks were remixed for the American release of the album, abandoning its original rock sound in favor of a style more accessible to US radio. The US release failed commercially, reaching number 64 on the Billboard 200.\n\nIn 1996, Cher played the wife of a businessman who hires a hitman to murder her in the Chazz Palminteri-scripted dark comedy film Faithful. Although the film received negative reviews from critics, Cher was praised for her role; The New York Times Janet Maslin wrote that she \"does her game best to find comic potential in a victim's role.\" Cher refused to promote the film, claiming it was \"horrible\". She made her directorial debut with a segment in the abortion-themed anthology If These Walls Could Talk (1996), in which she starred as a doctor murdered by an anti-abortion fanatic. It drew the highest ratings for an original HBO movie to date, registering an 18.7 rating with a 25 share in HBO homes and attracting 6.9 million viewers. Her music played a large role in the American TV series The X-Files episode \"The Post-Modern Prometheus\", which aired in November 1997. Written for her, it tells the story of a scientist's grotesque creature who adores Cher because of her role in Mask, in which her character cares for her disfigured son.\n\n1998–1999: Death of Sonny Bono, fourth musical comeback \nFollowing Sonny Bono's death in a skiing accident in 1998, Cher delivered a tearful eulogy at his funeral, calling him \"the most unforgettable character\" she had met. She paid tribute to him by hosting the CBS special Sonny & Me: Cher Remembers, which aired on May 20, 1998. That month, Sonny and Cher received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Television. Later that year, Cher published The First Time, a collection of autobiographical essays of \"first-time\" events in her life, which critics praised as down-to-earth and genuine. Although the manuscript was almost finished when Sonny died, she could not decide whether to include his death in the book; she feared being criticized for capitalizing on the event. She told Rolling Stone, \"I couldn't ignore it, could I? I might have if I cared more about what people think than what I know is right for me.\"\n\nCher's 22nd studio album Believe (1998) marked a musical departure for her, as it comprises dance-pop songs, many of which capture the \"disco-era essence\"; Cher said, \"It's not that I think this is a '70s album ... but there's a thread, a consistency running through it that I love.'\" Believe was certified quadruple platinum by the RIAA and went on to be certified gold or platinum in 39 countries, selling 10 million copies worldwide. The album's title track reached number one in 23 countries and sold over 10 million copies worldwide. It became the bestselling recording of 1998 and 1999, respectively, in the UK and the US, and Cher's most successful single to date. \"Believe\" topped the UK Singles Chart for seven weeks and became the biggest-selling single of all time by a female artist in the UK, selling over 1.84 million copies in the country up until October 2018. It also topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for four weeks, selling over 1.8 million units in the US up until December 1999. The song earned Cher the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording and the 1999 Billboard Music Award for Hot 100 Single of the Year.\n\nOn January 31, 1999, Cher performed \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" at the Super Bowl XXXIII. Two months later, she sang on the television special VH1 Divas Live 2, which attracted 19.4 million viewers. According to VH1, it was the most popular, and most watched program in the television network's history, as Cher's presence was \"a huge part of making it exactly that.\" The Do You Believe? tour ran from 1999 to 2000 and was sold out in every American city in which it was booked, amassing a global audience of more than 1.5 million. Its companion television special, Cher: Live in Concert – From the MGM Grand in Las Vegas (1999), was the highest rated original HBO program in 1998–99, registering a 9.0 rating among adults 18 to 49 and a 13.0 rating in the HBO universe of about 33 million homes. Capitalizing on the success of \"Believe\", Cher's former record company Geffen Records released in April 1999 the US-only compilation album If I Could Turn Back Time: Cher's Greatest Hits, which features the previously unreleased song \"Don't Come Cryin' to Me\". It was certified gold by the RIAA. Seven months later, Cher released the compilation album The Greatest Hits, which sold three million copies outside of the US up until January 2000.\n\nCher was named the number-one dance artist of 1999 by Billboard. At the 1999 World Music Awards, she received the Legend Award for her \"lifelong contribution to the music industry\". Her next film, Franco Zeffirelli's Tea with Mussolini (1999), received generally positive reviews, and she earned critical acclaim for her performance as a rich, flamboyant American socialite whose visit to Italy is not welcome among the Englishwomen; one reviewer from Film Comment wrote, \"It is only after she appears that you realize how sorely she's been missed from movie screens! For Cher is a star. That is, she manages the movie star trick of being at once a character and at the same time never allowing you to forget: that's Cher.\"\n\n2000–2009: Touring success, retirement, Vegas residency \nNot Commercial (2000) was written mostly by Cher after she had attended a songwriters' conference in 1994; it marked her first attempt at writing most of the tracks for an album. As the album was rejected by her record label for being uncommercial, she chose to sell it only on her website. In the song \"Sisters of Mercy\", she criticized as \"cruel, heartless and wicked\" the nuns who prevented her mother from retrieving her from a Catholic orphanage in Scranton, PA. The Catholic church denounced the song.\n\nCher's highly anticipated dance-oriented follow-up to Believe, Living Proof (2001), entered the Billboard 200 at number nine and was certified gold by the RIAA. The album includes the UK top-ten single \"The Music's No Good Without You\" and \"Song for the Lonely\", the latter song dedicated to \"the courageous people of New York\" following the September 11 attacks. In May 2002, she performed during the benefit concert VH1 Divas Las Vegas. At the 2002 Billboard Music Awards, she won the Dance/Club Play Artist of the Year Award and was presented with the Artist Achievement Award by Steven Tyler for having \"helped redefine popular music with massive success on the Billboard charts\". That year, her wealth was estimated at $600 million.\n\nIn June 2002, Cher embarked on the Living Proof: The Farewell Tour, announced as the final live concert tour of her career, although she vowed to continue making records and films. The show highlighted her successes in music, television, and film, featuring video clips from the 1960s onwards and an elaborate backdrop and stage set-up.\n\nInitially scheduled for 49 shows, the worldwide tour was extended several times. By October 2003, it had become the most successful tour ever by a woman, grossing $145 million from 200 shows and playing to 2.2 million fans. Forbes named Cher the highest-paid female musician of 2003, earning $33.1 million. A collection of live tracks taken from the tour was released in 2003 as the album Live! The Farewell Tour. The NBC special Cher – The Farewell Tour (2003) attracted 17 million viewers. It was the highest rated network-TV concert special of 2003 and earned Cher the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety, Music, or Comedy Special.\n\nAfter leaving Warner UK in 2002, Cher signed a worldwide deal with the US division of Warner Bros. Records in September 2003. The Very Best of Cher (2003), a greatest-hits collection that surveys her entire career, peaked at number four on the Billboard 200 and was certified double platinum by the RIAA. She played herself in the Farrelly brothers comedy Stuck on You (2003), mocking her public image as she appears in bed with a much younger boyfriend.\n\nCher's 326-date Farewell Tour ended in 2005 as one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time, seen by over 3.5 million people and earning $250 million. After three years of retirement, she began in 2008 a three-year, 200-performance residency at the Colosseum at Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, for which she earned a reported $60 million. Titled Cher, the production featured state-of-the-art video and special effects, elaborate set designs, 14 dancers, four aerialists and more than 20 costume changes.\n\n2010–2017: Burlesque, return to music and touring \n\nIn Burlesque (2010), Cher's first musical film since 1967's Good Times, the actress plays a nightclub impresario whom a young Hollywood hopeful is looking to impress. One of the two songs she recorded for the film's soundtrack, the power ballad \"You Haven't Seen the Last of Me\", reached number one on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart in January 2011, making Cher the only artist to date to have a number-one single on a Billboard chart in six consecutive decades, from the 1960s to the 2010s. In November 2010, she received the honor of placing her handprints and footprints in cement in the courtyard in front of Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood. The next year, she lent her voice to Janet the Lioness in the comedy Zookeeper. Dear Mom, Love Cher, a documentary she produced about her mother Georgia Holt, aired on Lifetime in May 2013.\n\nCloser to the Truth, Cher's 25th studio album and the first since 2001's Living Proof, entered the Billboard 200 at number three in October 2013, her highest position on that chart to date. Michael Andor Brodeur of The Boston Globe commented that \"Cher's 'Goddess of Pop' sash remains in little danger of undue snatching; at 67, she sounds more convincing than J-Lo or Madonna reporting from 'the club'\". Cher premiered the lead single \"Woman's World\" on the season four finale of the talent show The Voice, her first live TV performance in over a decade. She later joined the show's season five as judge Blake Shelton's team adviser.\n\nOn June 30, 2013, Cher headlined the annual Dance on the Pier benefit, celebrating Gay Pride day. It became the event's first sellout in five years. In November 2013, she appeared as a guest performer and judge on the seventeenth season of ABC's Dancing with the Stars, during its eighth week, which was dedicated to her. She embarked on the Dressed to Kill Tour in March 2014, nearly a decade after announcing her \"farewell tour\". She quipped about that fact during the shows, saying this would actually be her last farewell tour while crossing fingers. The tour's first leg, which included 49 sold-out shows in North America, grossed $54.9 million. In November 2014, she canceled all remaining dates due to an infection that affected kidney function.\n\nOn May 7, 2014, Cher confirmed a collaboration with American hip hop group Wu-Tang Clan on their album Once Upon a Time in Shaolin. Credited as Bonnie Jo Mason, she uses an alias of hers originated in 1964. Only one copy of the album has been produced, and it was sold by online auction in November 2015. It is the most expensive single album ever sold. After appearing as Marc Jacobs' guest at the 2015 Met Gala, Cher posed for his brand's fall/winter advertising campaign. The fashion designer stated, \"This has been a dream of mine for a very, very long time.\"\n\nClassic Cher, a three-year concert residency at both the Park Theater at Monte Carlo Resort and Casino, Las Vegas, and The Theater at MGM National Harbor, Washington, opened in February 2017. At the 2017 Billboard Music Awards, Cher performed \"Believe\" and \"If I Could Turn Back Time\", her first awards show performance in more than 15 years, and was presented with the Billboard Icon Award by Gwen Stefani, who called her \"a role model for showing us how to be strong and true to ourselves [and] the definition of the word Icon.\"\n\n2018–present: Return to film, Dancing Queen, upcoming projects \n\nIn 2018, Cher returned to film for the romantic musical comedy film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. New York magazine's Viviana Olen and Matt Harkins commented that \"it's only at the climax of the movie when its true promise is fulfilled: Cher arrives ... It becomes clear that every single movie—no matter how flawless—would be infinitely better if it included Cher.\" She stars as Ruby Sheridan, who is the grandmother of Sophie, played by Amanda Seyfried, and the mother of Donna, portrayed by Meryl Streep. Cher recorded two ABBA songs for the film's soundtrack: \"Fernando\" and \"Super Trouper\". Björn Ulvaeus of ABBA commented, \"She makes Fernando her own. It's her song now.\"\n\nOn March 4, 2018, Cher headlined the 40th Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras. Tickets sold out within three hours after she hinted her performance on her Twitter account. In September 2018, Cher embarked on the Here We Go Again Tour.\n\nWhile promoting Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, Cher confirmed she was working on an album that would feature cover versions of songs from ABBA. The album, Dancing Queen, was released on September 28, 2018. Brittany Spanos from Rolling Stone commented that \"the 72-year-old makes ABBA songs not only sound like they should've been written for her in the first place but like they firmly belong in 2018\". Marc Snetiker from Entertainment Weekly called it Cher's \"most significant release since 1998's Believe\" and noted that \"the album ender, 'One of Us', is frankly one of Cher's best recordings in years.\" Dancing Queen debuted at number three on the Billboard 200, tying with 2013's Closer to the Truth for Cher's highest-charting solo album in the US. With first-week sales of 153,000 units, it earned the year's biggest sales week for a pop album by a female artist, as well as Cher's largest sales week since 1991. Dancing Queen also topped Billboards Top Album Sales chart, making it Cher's first number-one album on that chart.\n\nThe Cher Show, a jukebox musical based on Cher's life and music, officially premiered at the Oriental Theatre in Chicago, on June 28, 2018, and played through July 15. It began Broadway previews November 1, with its official opening on December 3, 2018. Written by Rick Elice, it features three actresses playing Cher during different stages of her life. The Cher Show is set to launch a UK and Ireland tour in 2022.\n\nOn December 2, 2018, Cher received a Kennedy Center Honors prize, the annual Washington distinction for artists who have made extraordinary contributions to culture. The ceremony featured tribute performances by Cyndi Lauper, Little Big Town and Adam Lambert. During 2018, Cher used Twitter to announce she was working on four new projects for the next two years: a Christmas album; a second album of ABBA covers; an autobiography; and a biographical film about her life.\n\nIn October 2019, Cher launched a new perfume, Cher Eau de Couture, which was four years in the making. Described as \"genderless\", it is Cher's second fragrance after 1987's Uninhibited. On February 4, 2020, Cher was announced as the new face of fashion brand Dsquared2. She starred in the brand's spring/summer advertising campaign, which was directed by photographers Mert and Marcus. In May, Cher released her first Spanish-language song, a cover of ABBA's \"Chiquitita\". Proceeds from the single were donated to UNICEF following the COVID-19 pandemic. In November, Cher spawned a UK top-ten single as part of the charity supergroup BBC Radio 2 Allstars with \"Stop Crying Your Heart Out\", an Oasis cover recorded in support of BBC's Children in Need charity.\n\nCher appeared in a voice-over role as a bobblehead version of herself in the animated feature film Bobbleheads: The Movie (2020). The same year, she was featured on The New York Times Magazines list of \"The Best Actors of 2020\", the first time an actor not in a current-year theatrical release made it on the annual list; film critics Wesley Morris and A. O. Scott commented, \"Cher's radiant performance in Moonstruck warmed us in quarantine.\" In May 2021, Cher guest-starred as God in Pink's music video \"All I Know So Far\". In January 2022, Cher appeared as the star of MAC Cosmetics' \"Challenge Accepted\" campaign alongside rapper Saweetie. In June 2022, Cher partnered with Donatella Versace for an exclusive \"Chersace\" capsule collection in honor of Pride month. A portion of the proceeds was donated to Gender Spectrum, a charity which works with LGBTQIA+ children and young people.\n\nArtistry\n\nMusic and voice \n\nCher has employed various musical styles, including folk rock, pop rock, power ballads, disco, new wave music, rock music, punk rock, arena rock, and hip hop; she said she has done this to \"remain relevant and do work that strikes a chord\". Her music has mainly dealt with themes of heartbreak, independence, and self-empowerment for women; by doing so, she became \"a brokenhearted symbol of a strong but decidedly single woman\", according to Out magazine's Judy Wieder. Goldmine magazine's Phill Marder credited Cher's \"nearly flawless\" song selection as what made her a notorious rock singer; while several of her early songs were penned by or sung with Sonny Bono, most of her solo successes, which outnumbered Sonny and Cher's successes, were composed by independent songwriters, selected by Cher. Not Commercial (2000), Cher's first album mostly written by herself, presents a \"1970s singer-songwriter feel\" that proves \"Cher adept in the role of storyteller\", according to AllMusic's Jose F. Promis.\n\nRobert Hilburn of the Los Angeles Times writes, \"There were a lot of great records by female singers in the early days of rock ... None, however, reflected the authority and command that we associate with rock 'n' roll today as much as [Cher's] key early hits\". Some of Cher's early songs discuss subjects rarely addressed in American popular music such as divorce, prostitution, unplanned and underaged pregnancy, and racism. According to AllMusic's Joe Viglione, the 1972 single \"The Way of Love\" is \"either about a woman expressing her love for another woman, or a woman saying au revoir to a gay male she loved\" (\"What will you do/When he sets you free/Just the way that you/Said good-bye to me\"). Her ability to carry both male and female ranges allowed her to sing solo in androgynous and gender-neutral songs.\n\nCher has a contralto singing voice, described by author Nicholas E. Tawa as \"bold, deep, and with a spacious vibrato\". Ann Powers of The New York Times called it \"a quintessential rock voice: impure, quirky, a fine vehicle for projecting personality.\" AllMusic's Bruce Eder wrote that the \"tremendous intensity and passion\" of Cher's vocals coupled with her \"ability to meld that projection with her acting skills\" can provide \"an incredibly powerful experience for the listener.\" The Guardian Laura Snapes described her voice as \"miraculous ... capable of conveying vulnerability, vengeance and pain all at once\". Paul Simpson, in his book The Rough Guide to Cult Pop (2003), posits that \"Cher [is] the possessor of one of the huskiest, most distinctive voices in pop ... which can work wonders with the right material directed by the right producer\". He further addresses the believability of her vocal performances: \"she spits out the words ... with such conviction you'd think she was delivering an eternal truth about the human condition\".\n\nWriting about Cher's musical output during the 1960s, Robert Hilburn of the Los Angeles Times stated that \"Rock was subsequently blessed with the staggering blues exclamations of Janis Joplin in the late '60s and the raw poetic force of Patti Smith in the mid-'70s. Yet no one matched the pure, seductive wallop of Cher\". By contrast, her vocal performances during the 1970s were described by Eder as \"dramatic, highly intense ... [and] almost as much 'acted' as sung\". First heard in the 1980 record Black Rose, Cher employed sharper, more aggressive vocals on her hard rock-oriented albums, establishing her sexually confident image. For the 1995 album It's a Man's World, she restrained her vocals, singing in higher registers and without vibrato.\n\nThe 1998 song \"Believe\" has an electronic vocal effect proposed by Cher, and was the first commercial recording to feature Auto-Tune—an audio processor originally intended to disguise or correct off-key inaccuracies in vocal music recordings—as a deliberate creative effect. According to Rolling Stone Christopher R. Weingarten, the \"producers ... used the pitch correction software not as a way to fix mistakes in Cher's iconic voice, but as an aesthetic tool.\" After the success of the song, the technique became known as the \"Cher effect\" and has since been widely used in popular music. Cher continued to use Auto-Tune on the albums Living Proof (2001), Closer to the Truth (2013), and Dancing Queen (2018).\n\nIn a 2013 interview with the Toronto Sun, Cher reflected on how her voice has evolved throughout her career, becoming stronger and suppler over the years. She said working with vocal coaches had made a significant difference: \"It's so freaky because people my age are having to lose notes and I'm gaining notes, so that's pretty shocking.\"\n\nFilms, videos, and stage \n\nMaclean's magazine's Barbara Wickens wrote, \"Cher has emerged as probably the most fascinating movie star of her generation ... [because] she has managed to be at once boldly shocking and ultimately enigmatic.\" New York Post movie critic David Edelstein attributes Cher's \"top-ranking star quality\" to her ability of projecting \"honesty, rawness and emotionality. She wears her vulnerability on her sleeve.\" Jeff Yarbrough of The Advocate wrote that Cher was \"one of the first superstars to 'play gay' with compassion and without a hint of stereotyping\", as she portrays a lesbian in the 1983 film Silkwood.\n\nAuthor Yvonne Tasker, in her book Working Girls: Gender and Sexuality in Popular Cinema (2002), notes that Cher's film roles often mirrors her public image as a rebellious, sexually autonomous, and self-made woman. In her films, she recurrently serves as a social intermediary to disenfranchised male characters, such as Eric Stoltz's Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia character in Mask (1985), Liam Neeson's mute homeless veteran in Suspect (1987), and Nicolas Cage's socially isolated baker with a wooden hand in Moonstruck (1987). Film critic Kathleen Rowe wrote of Moonstruck that the depiction of Cher's character as \"a 'woman on top' [is] enhanced by the unruly star persona Cher brings to the part'\".\n\nFor Moonstruck, Cher was ranked 1st on Billboards list of \"The 100 Best Acting Performances by Musicians in Movies\", and her performance was described as \"the standard by which you mentally check all others\". Moonstruck was acknowledged by the American Film Institute as the eighth best romantic comedy film of all time.\n\nCher's public image is also reflected in her music videos and live performances, in which she \"repeatedly comments on her own construction, on her search for perfection and on the performance of the female body\", wrote Tasker. Unlike other acts of that time, who often featured female backers mimicking the singer's performance, Cher uses a male dancer dressed as her in the 1992 concert video Cher at the Mirage; author Diane Negra commented, \"In authorizing her own quotation, Cher acknowledges herself as fictionalized production, and proffers to her audience a pleasurable plurality.\" James Sullivan of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote that \"Cher is well aware that her chameleonic glitz set the stage for the current era of stadium-size razzle-dazzle. She's comfortable enough to see such imitation as flattery, not theft.\" American singer Pink, who is recognized by her acrobatic stage presence, started studying Aerial silks after watching Cher's Living Proof: The Farewell Tour in 2004.\n\nCher was ranked 17th on VH1's list of the \"50 Greatest Women of the Video Era\". The 1980 video for \"Hell on Wheels\" involves cinematic techniques and was one of the first music videos ever. Deemed \"controversial\" for her performance on the battleship , straddling a cannon, and wearing a leather thong that revealed her tattooed buttocks, the 1989 music video for \"If I Could Turn Back Time\" was the first ever to be banned by MTV.\n\nPublic image\n\nFashion\n\nTime magazine's Cady Lang described Cher as a \"cultural phenomenon [who] has forever changed the way we see celebrity fashion.\" Cher emerged as a fashion trendsetter in the 1960s, popularizing \"hippie fashion with bell-bottoms, bandanas, and Cherokee-inspired tunics\". She began working as a model in 1967 for photographer Richard Avedon after then-Vogue magazine editor Diana Vreeland discovered her at a party for Jacqueline Kennedy that year. Avedon took the controversial photo of Cher in a beaded and feathered nude gown designed by Bob Mackie for the cover of Time magazine in 1975; Billboard magazine's Brooke Mazurek described it as \"one of the most recreated and monumental looks of all time.\" Cher first wore the gown to the 1974 Met Gala. According to Vogue magazine's André Leon Talley, \"it was really the first time a Hollywood celebrity attended, and it changed everything. We are still seeing versions of that look on The Met red carpet 40 years later.\" Billboard wrote that Cher has \"transformed fashion and [become] one of the most influential style icons in red carpet history\".\n\nThrough her 1970s television shows, Cher became a sex symbol with her inventive and revealing Mackie-designed outfits, and fought the network censors to bare her navel. Although Cher has been erroneously attributed to being the first woman to expose her navel on television (e.g. Nichelle Nichols, BarBara Luna and Diana Ewing in the 1960s TV series Star Trek), she was the most prominent to do so since the establishment of the American Code of Practices for Television Broadcasters in 1951, which prompted network censors to ban navel exposure on US television. People dubbed Cher the \"pioneer of the belly beautiful\". In 1972, after she was featured on the annual \"Best Dressed Women\" lists, Mackie stated: \"There hasn't been a girl like Cher since Dietrich and Garbo. She's a high-fashion star who appeals to people of all ages.\"\n\nIn May 1999, after the Council of Fashion Designers of America recognized Cher with an award for her influence on fashion, Robin Givhan of the Los Angeles Times called her a \"fashion visionary\" for \"striking just the right note of contemporary wretched excess\". Givhan referenced Tom Ford, Anna Sui and Dolce & Gabbana as \"[i]nfluential designers [who] have evoked her name as a source of inspiration and guidance.\" She concluded that \"Cher's Native American showgirl sexpot persona now seems to epitomize the fashion industry's rush to celebrate ethnicity, adornment and sex appeal.\" Vogue proclaimed Cher \"[their] favorite fashion trendsetter\" and wrote that \"[she] set the grounds for pop stars and celebrities today\", describing her as \"[e]ternally relevant [and] the ruler of outré reinvention\". Alexander Fury of The Independent lauded Cher as \"the ultimate fashion icon\" and traced her influence among female celebrities such as Beyoncé, Jennifer Lopez, and Kim Kardashian, stating that \"[t]hey all graduated from the Cher school of never sharing the stage, with anyone, or anything ... They're trying to share the spotlight, to have Cher's success.\"\n\nPhysical appearance\n\nCher has attracted media attention for her physical appearance—particularly her youthful looks and her tattoos. Paddy Calistro of the Los Angeles Times observed that during Cher's rise as a movie star in the 1980s, her \"highly articulated bone structure captured audience attention\", which led to an increased number of medical requests for \"surgically inserted 'cheekbones.'\" Journalists have often called Cher the \"poster girl\" of plastic surgery. Author Grant McCracken, in his book Transformations: Identity Construction in Contemporary Culture (2008), draws a parallel between Cher's plastic surgeries and the transformations in her career: \"Her plastic surgery is not merely cosmetic. It is hyperbolic, extreme, over the top ... Cher has engaged in a transformational technology that is dramatic and irreversible.\" Caroline Ramazanoglu, author of Up Against Foucault: Explorations of Some Tensions Between Foucault and Feminism (1993), wrote that \"Cher's operations have gradually replaced a strong, decidedly 'ethnic' look with a more symmetrical, delicate, 'conventional' ... and ever-youthful version of female beauty ... Her normalised image ... now acts as a standard against which other women will measure, judge, discipline and 'correct' themselves.\"\n\nCher has six tattoos. The Baltimore Sun called her the \"Ms. Original Rose Tattoo\". She got her first tattoo in 1972. According to Sonny Bono, \"Calling her butterfly tattoos nothing was like ignoring a sandstorm in the Mojave. That was exactly the effect Cher wanted to create. She liked to do things for the shock they created. She still does. She'll create some controversy and then tell her critics to stick it.\" In the late 1990s, she began having laser treatments to remove her tattoos. The process was still underway in the 2000s. She commented, \"When I got tattooed, only bad girls did it: me and Janis Joplin and biker chicks. Now it doesn't mean anything. No one's surprised.\"\n\nIn 1992, Madame Tussauds wax museum honored Cher as one of the five \"most beautiful women of history\" by creating a life-size statue. She was ranked 26th on VH1's list of the \"100 Sexiest Artists\" published in 2002.\n\nCher was the inspiration for Mother Gothel, a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' animated feature film Tangled (2010). Director Byron Howard explained that Gothel's exotic appearance, whose beauty, dark curly hair and voluptuous figure were deliberately designed to serve as a foil to Rapunzel's, was based on Cher's \"exotic and Gothic looking\" appearance, continuing that the singer \"definitely was one of the people we looked at visually, as far as what gives you a striking character.\"\n\nSocial media\nCher's social media presence has drawn analysis from journalists. Time named her \"Twitter's most outspoken (and beloved) commentator\". The New York Times writer Jenna Wortham commended Cher on her social media usage, stating, \"Most celebrities' social-media feeds feel painfully self-aware and thirsty ... In her own way, Cher is an outlier, perhaps the last unreconstructed high-profile Twitter user to stand at her digital pulpit and yell (somewhat) incomprehensibly, and be rewarded for it. Online, authenticity and originality are often carefully curated myths. Cher thrives on a version of nakedness and honesty that is rarely celebrated in the public eye.\" Monica Heisey of The Guardian described Cher's Twitter account as \"a jewel in the bizarro crown of the internet\", and remarked, \"While many celebrities use Twitter for carefully crafted self-promotion, Cher just lets it all hang out.\"\n\nAs a gay icon\nThe reverence held for Cher by members of the LGBT community has been attributed to her career accomplishments, her sense of style, and her longevity. Cher is considered a gay icon, and has often been imitated by drag queens. According to Salon magazine's Thomas Rogers, \"[d]rag queens imitate women like Judy Garland, Dolly Parton and Cher because they overcame insult and hardship on their path to success, and because their narratives mirror the pain that many gay men suffer on their way out of the closet\". According to Maclean's magazine's Elio Iannacci, Cher was \"one of the first to bring drag to the masses\" as she hired two drag queens to perform with her at her Las Vegas residency in 1979. Cher's role as a lesbian in the film Silkwood, as well as her transition to dance music and social activism, have further contributed to her becoming a gay icon. The NBC sitcom Will & Grace acknowledged Cher's status by making her the idol of gay character Jack McFarland. Cher guest-starred as herself twice on the show, in 2000—making the episode \"Gypsies, Tramps and Weed\" (named after her 1971 song \"Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves\") Will & Graces second-highest rating ever— and 2002. As a mother of a trans man, Cher has also served as a role model for parents of transgender children.\n\nOther interests\n\nPhilanthropy \nCher's primary philanthropic endeavors have included support of health research and patients' quality of life, anti-poverty initiatives, veterans rights, and vulnerable children. The Cher Charitable Foundation supports international projects such as the Intrepid Fallen Heroes Fund, Operation Helmet, and the Children's Craniofacial Association.\n\nChildren\nBeginning in 1990, Cher served as a donor and as the National Chairperson and Honorary Spokesperson for the Children's Craniofacial Association, whose mission is to \"empower and give hope to facially disfigured children and their families\". The annual Cher's Family Retreat is held each June to provide craniofacial patients, their siblings and parents an opportunity to interact with others who have endured similar experiences. She supports and promotes Get A-Head Charitable Trust, which aims to improve the quality of life for people with head and neck diseases.\n\nCher is a donor, fundraiser, and international spokesperson for Keep a Child Alive, an organization that seeks to accelerate action to combat the AIDS pandemic, including the provision of antiretroviral medicine to children and their families with HIV/AIDS. In 1996, she hosted the American Foundation for AIDS Research (amfAR) Benefit alongside Elizabeth Taylor at the Cannes Film Festival. In 2015, she received the amfAR Award of Inspiration for \"her willingness and ability to use her fame for the greater good\" and for being \"one of the great champions in the fight against AIDS\".\n\nIn 2007, Cher became the primary supporter of the Peace Village School (PVS) in Ukunda, Kenya, which \"provides nutritious food, medical care, education and extracurricular activities for more than 300 orphans and vulnerable children, ages 2 to 13 years.\" Her support enabled the school to acquire land and build permanent housing and school facilities, and in partnership with Malaria No More and other organizations, she piloted an effort to eliminate malaria mortality and morbidity for the children, their caregivers and the surrounding community.\n\nSoldiers and veterans\nCher has been a vocal supporter of American soldiers and returning veterans. She has contributed resources to Operation Helmet, an organization that provides free helmet upgrade kits to troops in Iraq and Afghanistan. She has contributed to the Intrepid Fallen Heroes Fund, which serves military personnel who have been disabled in operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, and those severely injured in other operations. In 1993, she participated in a humanitarian effort in Armenia, taking food and medical supplies to the war-torn region.\n\nPoverty\nCher has engaged in the construction of houses with Habitat for Humanity and served as the Honorary National Chair of a Habitat's elimination of poverty housing initiative \"Raise the Roof\", an effort to engage artists in the organization's work while on tour.\n\nEnvironment\nIn 2016, after the discovery of lead contamination in the drinking water of Flint, Michigan, Cher donated more than 180,000 bottles of water to the city as part of a partnership with Icelandic Glacial.\n\nElder rights\nIn 2017, Cher weighed in on the need to protect elder rights as she executive produced Edith+Eddie, a documentary about a nonagenarian interracial couple. It received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject).\n\nCOVID-19\nFollowing the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020, Cher launched the CherCares Pandemic Resource and Response Initiative (CCPRRI) alongside Dr. Irwin Redlener, the head of Columbia University's Pandemic Resource and Response Center. The charity's initial plan is to distribute $1 million to \"chronically neglected and forgotten people\" during the pandemic through the Entertainment Industry Foundation (EIF). Cher told Billboard, \"There are rural areas where people of color and Latinos and Native Americans were getting no services. It's not a lot of money — $1 million goes in the blink of an eyelash! — so now I'm trying to get my friends to make it a lot more so we can do something that will really meet people's needs. A friend once told me, 'When people walk in your path, then you know what you have to do.'\"\n\nAnimal rights\nIn November 2020, Cher joined Four Paws International and traveled to Pakistan to advocate for and work with the country's government to have Kaavan, an elephant who had been confined to a zoo for 35 years, transferred to a wildlife sanctuary in Cambodia. In April 2021, Paramount+ released the documentary film Cher and the Loneliest Elephant, detailing Cher's quest, alongside animal aid groups and veterinarians, to free Kaavan from confinement.\n\nLGBT rights\nCher's older child, Chaz Bono, first came out as a lesbian at age 17, which reportedly caused Cher to feel \"guilt, fear and pain\". However, she soon came to accept Chaz's sexual orientation, and came to the conclusion that LGBT people \"didn't have the same rights as everyone else, [and she] thought that was unfair\". She was the keynote speaker for the 1997 national Parents, Families, & Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG) convention, and has since become one of the LGBT community's most vocal advocates. In May 1998, she received the GLAAD Vanguard Award for having \"made a significant difference in promoting equal rights for lesbians and gay men\". On June 11, 2009, Chaz came out as a transgender man, and his transition from female to male was legally finalized on May 6, 2010.\n\nPolitics \n\nCher has said that she is not a registered Democrat, but has attended many Democratic conventions and events. Over the years, Cher's political views have attracted media attention, and she has been an outspoken critic of the conservative movement. In an interview with Vanity Fair, she was critical of a variety of political topics, including Republican politicians like Sarah Palin and Jan Brewer. She has commented that she did not understand why anyone would be a Republican because eight years under the administration of George W. Bush \"almost killed [her]\".\n\nDuring the 2000 United States presidential election, ABC News wrote that she was determined to do \"whatever possible to keep him [Bush] out of office\". She told the site, \"If you're black in this country if you're a woman in this country, if you are any minority in this country at all, what could possibly possess you to vote Republican? ... You won't have one fucking right left.\" She added, \"I don't like Bush. I don't trust him. I don't like his record. He's stupid. He's lazy.\"\n\nOn October 27, 2003, Cher anonymously called a C-SPAN phone-in program to recount a visit she made to maimed soldiers at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center and criticized the lack of media coverage and government attention given to injured servicemen. She remarked that she watches C-SPAN every day. Although she identified herself as an unnamed entertainer, she was recognized by the C-SPAN host, who subsequently questioned her about her 1992 support for independent presidential candidate Ross Perot. She said, \"When I heard him talk right in the beginning, I thought that he would bring some sort of common-sense business approach and also less partisanship, but then ... I was completely disappointed like everyone else when he just kind of cut and run and no one knew exactly why ... Maybe he couldn't have withstood all the investigation that goes on now\".\n\nOn Memorial Day weekend in 2006, Cher called into C-SPAN's Washington Journal endorsing Operation Helmet, a group that provides helmets to help soldiers avoid head injuries while in the war zone. On June 14, 2006, she made a guest appearance on C-SPAN with Dr. Bob Meaders, the founder of Operation Helmet. That year, in an interview with Stars and Stripes, she explained her \"against the war in Iraq but for the troops\" position: \"I don't have to be for this war to support the troops because these men and women do what they think is right. They do what they're told to do. They do it with a really good heart. They do the best they can. They don't ask for anything.\"\n\nCher supported Hillary Clinton in her 2008 presidential campaign. After Obama won the Democratic nomination, she supported his candidacy on radio and TV programs. However, in a 2010 interview with Vanity Fair, she commented that she \"still thinks Hillary would have done a better job\", although she \"accepts the fact that Barack Obama inherited insurmountable problems\". During the 2012 United States presidential election, Cher and comedian Kathy Griffin released a public service announcement titled \"Don't Let Mitt Turn Back Time on Women's Rights\". In the PSA, the pair criticized Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney for his support of Richard Mourdock, the US Senate candidate who suggested that pregnancies resulting from rape were \"part of God's plan\".\n\nIn September 2013, Cher declined an invitation to perform at the 2014 Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Russia due to the country's controversial anti-gay legislation that overshadowed preparations for the event. In June 2015, after Donald Trump announced his candidacy for president, she made a series of critical comments on Twitter, stating that \"Donald Trump's punishment is being Donald Trump\". In October 2018, after the victory in Brazil's presidential election of right-wing populist Jair Bolsonaro, Cher called him a \"pig\" and \"a politician from hell\", before declaring that Bolsonaro should be \"locked in prison for the rest of his life\".\n\nIn September 2020, Cher raised nearly $2 million for Joe Biden's presidential campaign at a virtual, LGBTQ-themed fundraiser. In October, she traveled to Nevada and Arizona to campaign on behalf of Biden, and released a cover version of \"Happiness is Just a Thing Called Joe\", a song conceived for the 1943 musical film Cabin in the Sky, with lyrics updated to be about Biden. The same month, Cher posted messages on Twitter in support of Armenia and Artsakh regarding the Nagorno-Karabakh war. She stated, \"We stand with the people of Armenia [and] urge our leaders in Washington to conduct the sustained and rigorous diplomacy necessary to bring peace to the Artsakh region.\"\n\nIn 2022, after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, she publicly supported Ukraine. In her Twitter account, Cher repeatedly raised the issue of the war in Ukraine, calling for aid to Ukrainians. On March 18, the singer announced that she would shelter Ukrainian refugees in her home. Earlier, on February 23, Cher called Putin a despot who is ready to restore the Soviet Union.\n\nLegacy \nRolling Stone Rob Sheffield stated how \"there are no other careers remotely like hers, [particularly] in the history of pop music\" and referred to Cher as \"the one-woman embodiment of the whole gaudy story of pop music.\" According to Goldmine magazine's Phill Marder, Cher \"has been and remains today one of the Rock Era's most dominant figures\". He described her as the leader of an effort in the 1960s to \"advance feminine rebellion in the rock world [and] the prototype of the female rock star, setting the standard for appearance, from her early hippie days to her later outlandish outfits, and her attitude—the perfect female punk long before punk even was a rock term.\" Billboard Joe Lynch described Cher as \"a woman who pioneered an androgynous musical identity in the mid '60s\", and who by doing so \"teed things up for people like Bowie and Patti Smith\".\n\nBillboard Keith Caulfield wrote that \"there's divas, and then there's Cher.\" The New York Times Matthew Schneier stated, \"[Cher] has earned her mononym. Her star power is such that she has spored an entire industry of imitators, both figurative and literal.\" Dazed magazine's Shon Faye elaborates: \"If Madonna and Lady Gaga and Kylie and Cyndi Lauper were playing football, Cher would be the stadium they played on, and the sun that shone down on them.\" According to Jeff Miers from The Buffalo News, \"Her music has changed with the times over the decades, rather than changing those times through groundbreaking work\"; however, he felt that subsequent female pop singers were heavily inspired by Cher's abilities to combine \"showmanship with deep musicality ... to make valid statements in a wide variety of trend-driven idioms ... to ease effortlessly between pop subgenres [and] to shock without alienating her fans\", as well as by her charismatic stage presence and the strong LGBT support among her fan base.\n\nCher is commonly referred to by the media as the \"Goddess of Pop\". Her work in music, film, television, and fashion has influenced artists including Benjamin Francis Leftwich, Betsy, Beyoncé, Bonnie McKee, Britney Spears, Bruno Mars, Christina Aguilera, Cleo, Cyndi Lauper, Drew Barrymore, Dua Lipa, Gemma Chan, Gwen Stefani, Helena Vondráčková, Jennifer Lopez, Kacey Musgraves, Kanye West, Katy Perry, Lady Gaga,\nLil' Kim, Lizzo, Lucy Dacus, Miley Cyrus, Olivier Rousteing, Paulina Rubio, Pink, Madonna, Marc Jacobs, Ralph, Rihanna, Rita Ora, Rob Halford of Judas Priest, RuPaul, Sarah Paulson, Saweetie, Shania Twain, Shirley Manson of Garbage, \nSofia Carson, Taylor Swift, Tina Turner, Tracy Chapman, Troye Sivan, and Zendaya.\n\nCher has repeatedly reinvented herself through various personas, for which Professor Richard Aquila from Ball State University called her \"the ultimate pop chameleon\". According to Entertainment Weekly\nMarc Snetiker, \"Cher has floated through generation after generation, scooping up new fans, thrilling old ones, reinventing her own myth and glittering splendidly through it all.\" Billboard magazine's Brooke Mazurek credited Cher as having \"revolutionized the idea of what a pop star could visually accomplish, the way they could create multiple personas that live on and off-stage.\" James Reed from The Boston Globe elaborates: \"Along with David Bowie, she is one of the original chameleons in pop music, constantly in flux and challenging our perceptions of her[.]\" The New York Times declared Cher as the \"Queen of the Comeback\". According to author Lucy O'Brien, \"Cher adheres to the American Dream of reinvention of self: 'Getting old does not have to mean getting obsolete.'\"\n\nAuthor Craig Crawford, in his book The Politics of Life: 25 Rules for Survival in a Brutal and Manipulative World (2007), describes Cher as \"a model of flexible career management\", and relates her career successes to a constant reshaping of her image according to the evolving trends of popular culture. He further explains that she billed \"each dramatic turnaround of style as another example of rebellion—an image that allowed her to make calculated changes while appearing to be consistent.\" Author Grant McCracken stated, \"The term 'reinvention' is now often used to talk about the careers of American celebrities. But in Cher's case, it is particularly apt [because she] is inclined to lock on to each new fashion wave [and] is swept violently down the diffusion stream and out of fashion. Only substantial re-creation permits her to return to stardom.\" Her \"integrity\" and \"perseverance\" are highlighted in the Reaching Your Goals book series of illustrated inspirational stories for children, in which her life is detailed emphasizing the importance of self-actualization: \"For years, Cher worked hard to become a successful singer. Then she worked hard to become an actress. Even when she needed money, she turned down movie roles that weren't right for her. Her goal has always been to be a good actress, not just a rich and famous one.\"\n\nCher's \"ability to forge an immensely successful and lengthy career as a woman in a male-dominated entertainment world\" has drawn attention from feminist critics. According to author Diane Negra, Cher was presented in the beginning of her career as a product of male creativity; Cher remembers, \"It was a time when girl singers were patted on the head for being good and told not to think\". However, her image eventually changed due to her \"refusal of dependence on a man and the determination not only to forge a career (as an actor) on her own terms but to refuse the conventional role assigned to women over forty years old in an industry that fetishises youth\", wrote author Yvonne Tasker. She was featured in the 16th-anniversary edition of Ms. magazine as an \"authentic feminist hero\" and a 1980s role model for women: \"Cher, the straightforward, tattooed, dyslexic single mother, the first Oscar winner to have entered into matrimony with a known heroin addict and to have admitted to being a fashion victim by choice, has finally landed in an era that's not afraid to applaud real women.\"\n\nStephanie Brush from The New York Times wrote, following the telecast of Cher's Oscar win in 1988, that she \"performs the function for women moviegoers that Jack Nicholson has always fulfilled for men. Free of the burden of ever having been America's sweetheart, she is the one who represents us [women] in our revenge fantasies, telling all the fatheads ... exactly where they can go. You need to be more than beautiful to get away with this. You need to have been Cher for 40 years.\" Cher's 1996 interview for Dateline NBCs Jane Pauley became a viral video in 2016; in it, Cher tells the story of her mother asking her to \"settle down and marry a rich man,\" to which Cher replies, \"Mom, I am a rich man.\" Cher's \"Mom, I am a rich man\" quote was included in Taylor Swift's 2019 music video \"You Need to Calm Down\". Bustle magazine's Erica Kam commented, \"[Cher's quote] puts a spin on typical gender norms ... It would make sense, then, that Swift would want to follow Cher's example.\"\n\nAlec Mapa of The Advocate elaborates: \"While the rest of us were sleeping, Cher's been out there for the last four decades living out every single one of our childhood fantasies ... Cher embodies an unapologetic freedom and fearlessness that some of us can only aspire to.\" Rolling Stone Jancee Dunn wrote, \"Cher is the coolest woman who ever stood in shoes. Why? Because her motto is, 'I don't give a shit what you think, I'm going to wear this multicolored wig.' There are folks all over America who would, in their heart of hearts, love to date people half their age, get multiple tattoos and wear feathered headdresses. Cher does it for us.\" Alexander Fury of The Independent wrote that Cher \"represents a seemingly immortal, omnipotent, uni-monikered level of fame.\" Bego stated: \"No one in the history of show business has had a career of the magnitude and scope of Cher's. She has been a teenage pop star, a television hostess, a fashion magazine model, a rock star, a pop singer, a Broadway actress, an Academy Award-winning movie star, a disco sensation, and the subject of a mountain of press coverage.\" Lynch wrote that \"the world would certainly be different if she hadn't stayed so irrevocably Cher from the start.\"\n\nAchievements \n\nAs a solo artist, Cher has sold 100 million records worldwide (in addition to 40 million as part of the duo Sonny & Cher), making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. She is one of the few artists to win three of the four major American entertainment awards (EGOT—Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony), and one of five actor-singers to have had a US number-one single and won an acting Academy Award. Her breakthrough single, Sonny & Cher's \"I Got You Babe\", is a Grammy Hall of Fame inductee and was featured on Rolling Stone \"500 Greatest Songs of All Time\" list compiled in 2003. Her 1971 single \"Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves\" was called \"one of the 20th century's greatest songs\" by Billboard magazine. Her 1998 song \"Believe\" is the biggest-selling single of all time by a female artist in the UK. It was voted the world's eighth favorite song in a poll conducted by BBC in 2003—the only American song to be named on the list. \"Believe\" was placed on the 2021 revised list of Rolling Stone \"500 Greatest Songs of All Time\". In 1988, Cher became the first performer to receive an Academy Award for acting and a RIAA-certified gold album in the same year since the inception of gold awards in 1958.\n\nCher is the only artist to have a number-one single on a Billboard chart in six consecutive decades, from the 1960s to the 2010s. She has held US Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles over the longest period of time in history: 33 years, seven months and three weeks between \"I Got You Babe\", which topped the chart for the first time on August 14, 1965, and \"Believe\", whose last week at number one was April 3, 1999. With \"Believe\", she became the oldest female artist to have a US number-one song in the rock era, at the age of 52. Billboard ranked her at number 43 on their \"Greatest Hot 100 Artists of All Time\" list. In 2014, the magazine listed her as the 23rd highest-grossing touring act since 1990, with total earned revenue of $351.6 million and 4.5 million attendance at her shows.\n\nCher has received numerous honorary awards, including the 1985 Woman of the Year Award by the Hasty Pudding Theatricals society at Harvard University, the Vanguard Award at the 1998 GLAAD Media Awards, the Legend Award at the 1999 World Music Awards, a special award for influence on fashion at the 1999 CFDA Fashion Awards, the Lucy Award for Innovation in Television at the 2000 Women in Film Awards, the Artist Achievement Award at the 2002 Billboard Music Awards, the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2010 Glamour Awards, the Legend Award at the 2013 Attitude Awards, the Award of Inspiration at the 2015 amfAR Gala, the Icon Award at the 2017 Billboard Music Awards, the 2018 Kennedy Center Honor, the Ambassador for the Arts Award at the 2019 Chita Rivera Awards for Dance and Choreography, and the 2020 Spirit of Katharine Hepburn Award. In 2010, Cher received the honor of placing her handprints and footprints in cement in the courtyard in front of Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood. Her name is on a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame as part of the duo Sonny & Cher. She had also been selected for the honor as a solo artist in 1983, but forfeited her opportunity by declining to schedule the mandatory personal appearance.\n\nIn 2003, Cher appeared at number 41 on VH1's list of \"The 200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons\", which recognizes \"the folks that have significantly inspired and impacted American society\". She was ranked 31st on VH1's list of \"The 100 Greatest Women in Music\" for the period 1992–2012. Esquire magazine placed her at number 44 on their list of \"The 75 Greatest Women of All Time\". She was featured on the \"100 Greatest Movie Stars of our Time\" list compiled by People. In a 2001 poll, Biography magazine ranked her as their third favorite leading actress of all time, behind Audrey Hepburn and Katharine Hepburn.\n\nDiscography\n\nSolo studio albums\n\nCollaborative studio albums\n Two the Hard Way (with Gregg Allman as Allman and Woman) (1977)\n Black Rose (as lead vocalist of Black Rose) (1980)\n\nTours and residencies\n\nHeadlining concerts\n\nCollaborative concerts\n Two the Hard Way Tour (with Gregg Allman as Allman and Woman) (1977)\n The Black Rose Show (as lead vocalist of Black Rose) (1980)\n\nConcert residencies\n Cher in Concert (1979–1982)\n Cher (20082011)\n Classic Cher (2017–2020)\n\nFilmography\n\nFilms\n\nHeadlining television shows and specials\n\nSee also \n\n Culture of the United States\n Honorific nicknames in popular music\n List of artists who reached number one in the United States\n List of bestselling music artists\n List of highest-grossing concert tours\n Forbes list of highest-earning musicians\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nExternal links \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \nCategory:1946 births\nCategory:Living people\n\nCategory:Best Actress Academy Award winners\nCategory:Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners\nCategory:Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (television) winners\nCategory:Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (film) winners\nCategory:Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress winners\nCategory:David di Donatello winners\nCategory:Grammy Award winners\nCategory:Grammy Award winners for dance and electronic music\nCategory:Kennedy Center honorees\nCategory:Primetime Emmy Award winners\nCategory:Echo (music award) winners\n\nCategory:American contraltos\nCategory:American dance musicians\nCategory:American disco musicians\nCategory:American women pop singers\nCategory:American women rock singers\nCategory:American women singer-songwriters\nCategory:American house musicians\nCategory:American pop rock singers\nCategory:Las Vegas shows\nCategory:Record producers from California\nCategory:Sonny & Cher\nCategory:Torch singers\nCategory:Atco Records artists\nCategory:Atlantic Records artists\nCategory:Columbia Records artists\nCategory:Geffen Records artists\nCategory:Imperial Records artists\nCategory:Kapp Records artists\nCategory:MCA Records artists\nCategory:Warner Records artists\n\nCategory:American film actresses\nCategory:American television actresses\nCategory:American voice actresses\nCategory:Ethnic Armenian actresses\n\nCategory:American adoptees\nCategory:American people of Armenian descent\nCategory:American people of English descent\nCategory:American people of French descent\nCategory:American people of German descent\nCategory:American people of Irish descent\nCategory:American people who self-identify as being of Native American descent\nCategory:People from El Centro, California\nCategory:Actresses from Malibu, California\nCategory:American LGBT rights activists\nCategory:Activists from California\nCategory:Actresses from Los Angeles\nCategory:Singers from Los Angeles\nCategory:20th-century American actresses\nCategory:21st-century American actresses\nCategory:20th-century American singers\nCategory:21st-century American singers\nCategory:20th-century American women singers\nCategory:21st-century American women singers\nCategory:American women record producers\nCategory:American women in electronic music\nCategory:Singer-songwriters from California\nCategory:Actors with dyslexia\nCategory:American actors with disabilities\nCategory:Musicians with dyslexia\nCategory:People with chronic fatigue syndrome", "title": "Cher" }, { "text": "Salvatore Phillip \"Sonny\" Bono ( ; February 16, 1935 – January 5, 1998) was an American singer, songwriter, actor, and politician who came to fame in partnership with his second wife Cher as the popular singing duo Sonny & Cher. A member of the Republican Party, Bono served as the 16th mayor of Palm Springs, California, from 1988 to 1992, and served as the U.S. representative for California's 44th district from 1995 until his death in 1998.\n\nThe United States Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998, which extended the term of copyright by 20 years, was named in honor of Bono when it was passed by Congress nine months after his death. Mary Bono (his widow) had been one of the original sponsors of the legislation, commonly known as the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act.\n\nEarly life \nBono was born in Detroit, the son of Zena \"Jean\" (née DiMercurio) and Santo Bono. His father was born in Montelepre, Palermo, Italy, and his mother was also of Italian descent. His mother called him \"Sono\" as a term of endearment, which evolved over time into \"Sonny\". Sonny was the youngest of three siblings; he had two sisters, Fran and Betty. The family moved to Inglewood, California, when he was seven, and his parents divorced soon afterwards. Bono decided early in life to become part of the music business, and began writing songs as a teenager. \"Koko Joe\", a song he wrote at age 16, was recorded by Don and Dewey in 1958, and later covered by several other artists including The Righteous Brothers. Bono attended Inglewood High School, but did not graduate, opting to drop out so he could begin to pursue a career as a songwriter and performer. He worked at a variety of jobs while trying to break into the music business, including waiter, truck driver, construction laborer, and butcher's helper.\n\nCareer\n\nEntertainment career \n\nBono began his music career as a songwriter at Specialty Records, where his song \"Things You Do to Me\" was recorded by Sam Cooke, and went on to work for record producer Phil Spector in the early 1960s as a promotion man, percussionist and \"gofer\". One of his earliest songwriting efforts, \"Needles and Pins\" was co-written with Jack Nitzsche, another member of Spector's production team. In 1965, he achieved commercial success with his wife Cher in the singing duo Sonny & Cher. Bono wrote, arranged and produced a number of hit records including the singles \"I Got You Babe\" and \"The Beat Goes On\", although Cher received more attention as a performer. He played a major part in Cher's early solo recording career, writing and producing singles including \"Bang Bang\" and \"You Better Sit Down Kids\".\n\nUnder a pseudonym, Bono co-wrote \"She Said Yeah\", covered by The Rolling Stones on their 1965 LP December's Children. His lone hit single as a solo artist, \"Laugh at Me\", was released in 1965 and peaked at No. 10 on the Billboard Hot 100. In live concerts, Bono introduced the song by saying \"I'd like to sing a medley of my hit\". His only other single as a solo artist, \"The Revolution Kind\", reached No. 70 on the Billboard Hot 100 later that year. His solo album, Inner Views, was released in 1967.\n\nSonny continued to work with Cher through the early and mid-1970s, starring in a popular television variety show, The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour, which ran on CBS from 1971 to 1974. In 1974, his solo variety show, The Sonny Comedy Revue, ran on ABC for one season. From 1976 to 1977, the duo, since divorced, returned to perform together on The Sonny and Cher Show. Their last appearance together was on Late Night with David Letterman on November 13, 1987, on which they sang \"I Got You Babe\".\n\nIn 2011, Sonny Bono was inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame.\n\nFilm and television \nBono's acting career included bit parts as a guest performer in such television series as The Man From UNCLE, (appearing with Cher in 'The Hot Number Affair) Fantasy Island, Charlie's Angels, The Love Boat, The Six Million Dollar Man and CHiPs. In the 1975 TV movie Murder on Flight 502, he played the role of rock star Jack Marshall. He appeared in the 1980 miniseries Top of the Hill. He played the role of mad bomber Joe Selucci in Airplane II: The Sequel (1982) and appeared in the horror film Troll (1986). He also portrayed racist entrepreneur Franklin von Tussle in the John Waters film Hairspray (1988). In Men in Black (1997), Bono is one of several oddball celebrities seen on a wall of video screens that monitor extraterrestrials living among us. He also appeared as the Mayor of Palm Springs (which he actually was at the time) in several episodes of P.S. I Luv U during the 1991–92 TV season, and on Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman (in season 1, episode 9 \"The Man of Steel Bars\", which aired November 21, 1993), in which he played Mayor Frank Berkowitz. He also made a minor appearance as himself in the comedy film First Kid (1996).\n\nBono guest-starred as himself on The Golden Girls episode \"Mrs. George Devereaux\" (originally broadcast November 17, 1990), in which he vied with Lyle Waggoner for Dorothy's (Bea Arthur) affection in a dream sequence. In Blanche's (Rue McClanahan) dream, her husband is still alive, and Bono uses his power as Mayor of Palm Springs to have Waggoner falsely arrested so he can have Dorothy to himself. Sophia (Estelle Getty) had been hoping for Sonny and Dorothy to get together and actively supported Sonny.\n\n Political career \n\nBono entered politics after experiencing great frustration with local government bureaucracy in trying to open a restaurant in Palm Springs, California. Bono made a successful bid to become the new mayor of Palm Springs. He served four years, from 1988 to 1992. He was instrumental in spearheading the creation of the Palm Springs International Film Festival, which is held each year in Bono's memory.\n\nBono ran for the Republican nomination for United States Senate in 1992, but the nomination went to the more conservative Bruce Herschensohn, and the election to the Democrat Barbara Boxer. Bono and Herschensohn became close friends after the campaign. Bono was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1994 to represent California's 44th congressional district. He was one of twelve co-sponsors of a House bill extending copyright. Although that bill was never voted on in the Senate, a similar Senate bill was passed after his death and named the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act in his memory. It is also known (derisively) as the Mickey Mouse Protection Act.\n\nHe championed the restoration of the Salton Sea, bringing the giant lake's plight to national attention. In 1998, then Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich made a public appearance and speech at the shore of the lake on Bono's behalf.\n\nIn their book Tell Newt to Shut Up, David Maraniss and Michael Weisskopf credit Bono with being the first person to recognize Gingrich's public relations problems in 1995. Drawing on his long experience as a celebrity and entertainment producer, Bono (according to Maraniss and Weisskopf) recognized that Gingrich's status had changed from politician to celebrity and that he was not making allowances for that change:\n\nBono remains the only member of Congress to have scored a number-one pop single on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart.\n\n Personal life \n Marriages \nBono was married four times. He married his first wife, Donna Rankin, on November 3, 1954. Their daughter Christine (\"Christy\") was born on June 24, 1958. They divorced in 1962.\n\nIn 1964, Bono married Cherilyn Sarkisian, later known as singer and actress Cher. The couple had one child, Chaz, born March 4, 1969. The couple divorced in 1975.\n\nBono married actress-model Susie Coelho on New Year's Eve 1981; they divorced in 1984.\n\nHe wed Mary Whitaker in 1986 and they had two children, son Chesare Elan in 1988 and daughter Chianna Maria in 1991.\n\n Godparent \nBono was named a godparent of Anthony Kiedis, who became a musical artist with his band, Red Hot Chili Peppers. Sonny was a close friend of Kiedis's father, Blackie Dammett, and often took young Kiedis on weekend trips.\n\n Salton Sea \nBono was a champion of the Salton Sea in southeastern California, where a park was named in his honor. The 2005 documentary film Plagues & Pleasures on the Salton Sea (narrated by John Waters) features Bono and documented the lives of the inhabitants of Bombay Beach, Niland and Salton City, as well as the ecological issues associated with the Sea.\n\n Religion \nHe became interested in Scientology and took Scientology courses partly because of the influence of Mimi Rogers, but stated that he was a Roman Catholic on all official documents, campaign materials and websites. His wife Mary also took Scientology courses. However, after his death, Mary Bono stated that \"Sonny did try to break away [from the Church of Scientology] at one point, and they made it very difficult for him.\" The Church of Scientology said there was no estrangement from Bono.\n\n Death \n\nBono died on January 5, 1998, of injuries incurred when he hit a tree while skiing at Heavenly Mountain Resort in South Lake Tahoe, California.\n\nAt Mary's request, Cher gave a eulogy at Sonny's funeral. He was buried at Desert Memorial Park in Cathedral City, California. The epitaph on Bono's headstone reads \"AND THE BEAT GOES ON\".\n\nMary Bono was elected to fill the remainder of her husband's congressional term. She was elected in her own right seven subsequent times before being defeated in the election of 2012.\n\n Honors and tributes \n\nSonny Bono has been honored and memorialized with:\n\n A Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars: dedicated to him in 1996.\n Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act: Extended copyright protections effective October 27, 1998.\n Sonny Bono Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge: a nature reserve on the Salton Sea was renamed in Bono's honor in 1998.\n Sonny Bono Memorial Park, a small park in Washington, D.C., was named in his honor in 1998.\n Sonny Bono Memorial Interchange: an interchange on California State Route 60 at Nason Street in Moreno Valley, California, was named for Bono in September 2000.\n Sony Bono Memorial Freeway: a 40-mile stretch of Interstate 10 near Palm Springs was dedicated January 10, 2002.\n Sonny Bono Concourse: a concourse at Palm Springs International Airport dedicated October 22, 2002.\n Sonny Bono Memorial Fountain and Statue''': Located in downtown Palm Springs, California, the statue was dedicated in November 2002.\n\n See also \n\n List of actor–politicians\n List of famous skiing deaths\n List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99)\n\n References \n\n Further reading \n Sonny Bono: And the Beat Goes On. New York: Pocket Books 1991. \n Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles, 12th edition. Menomonee Falls, WI: Record Research, 2009. .\n Bono vs. Bono: A Battle Royal '', Bobby Soxers, 2013. .\n\nExternal links \n\n \n \n \n \n \n FBI Records: The Vault – Salvatore Phillip \"Sonny\" Bono at vault.fbi.gov\n S.505: Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act\n \n\n \nCategory:1935 births\nCategory:1998 deaths\nCategory:American actor-politicians\nCategory:American male film actors\nCategory:American male singer-songwriters\nCategory:American people of Italian descent\nCategory:Record producers from California\nCategory:American Scientologists\nCategory:American male television actors\nCategory:Burials at Desert Memorial Park\nCategory:Mayors of Palm Springs, California\nCategory:Male actors from Detroit\nCategory:Skiing deaths\nCategory:Specialty Records artists\nCategory:Sports deaths in California\nCategory:Sonny & Cher\nCategory:20th-century American male actors\nCategory:Musicians from Inglewood, California\nCategory:Male actors from Palm Springs, California\nCategory:Atco Records artists\nCategory:Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from California\nCategory:20th-century American singers\nCategory:20th-century American politicians\nCategory:The Wrecking Crew (music) members\nCategory:Catholics from California\nCategory:20th-century American male singers\nCategory:Singer-songwriters from California", "title": "Sonny Bono" }, { "text": "A supercouple or super couple (also known as a power couple) is a popular and/or wealthy pairing that intrigues and fascinates the public in an intense or obsessive fashion. The term originated in the United States, and it was coined in the early 1980s when intense public interest in fictional soap opera couple Luke Spencer and Laura Webber, from General Hospital, made the pair a popular culture phenomenon.\n\nThe term supercouple typically refers to fictional couples from television dramas and film, such as Gone with the Winds Rhett Butler and Scarlett O'Hara. With regard to real-life pairings, tabloids and the mainstream media have focused on wealthy or popular celebrity couples, and have titled them supercouples or power couples. Examples are the pairing of Ben Affleck and Jennifer Lopez (which became known by the portmanteau \"Bennifer\"), and the former relationship of Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie (\"Brangelina\").\n\nDefinitions\nSupercouples are defined as popular or financially wealthy pairings that are widely admired in an intense or obsessive fashion and influence society's expectations of what a great love story or relationship should be; they may or may not be romantic or high-profile, and interest in the pairings may be due to a combination of chemistry, physical attractiveness, or because they seem fated.\n\nThe term supercouple first appeared in 1981, with the wedding of General Hospitals Luke and Laura. Thirty million viewers tuned into the event, and the widespread media attention it received from prominent newspapers and magazines set the pairing up as the default model for other soap opera supercouples. The model Luke and Laura originally followed consisted of action stories, romance, and obstacles for the couple to overcome. This paradigm subsequently became ideal of fictional soap opera supercouples in America, and extended to other genres. In Queer TV: Framing Sexualities On US Television, Nancy Martin says, \"Actively desiring heterosexual pairs not bent on reproduction became a required advertising device and a narratological mainstay on daytime and primetime.\" In Russian Television Today, David MacFadyen concludes, \"Even the busiest, most rambling soap operas are often neatly and conclusively distilled in the public's mind by a 'supercouple' or tiny, central pair of protagonists.\" Luke and Laura's popularity resulted in fictional supercouples generally being regarded as soulmates. The pairings have typically overcome numerous obstacles or significant strife in order to be together.\n\nThough a successful model, the concept has been criticized for hindering the growth of characters' relationships with other love interests; this has resulted in alternate definitions for the term. In her essay criticism of the term, The Siren Call of the Super Couple (ed. Suzanne Frentz, 1992), Diana Reep describes the love of a supercouple as \"so perfect that they are incapable of having romantic feelings for anyone else under any circumstances. In addition, the two have no personal flaws or idiosyncrasies that could interfere with their perfect love. Only an evil, outside force could disturb their relationship\". While Days of Our Lives former supervising producer Al Rabin credited the supercouple aspect as the secret to the show's success, his then–executive producer Ken Corday stated, \"By definition, supercouple excludes others on the show. Every time they walk into a room, every other character, no matter how important, becomes window dressing, I've never believed in it.\" Corday added, \"Either people are involved in a good story or they're not. They're an interesting couple or they're not.\" \n \nCelebrity couples may also be regarded as supercouples. Interest in the pairings ranges from media and public obsession to calculation of the couples' combined finances.\n\nInternet and media trends\nFans often use portmanteau to refer to their favorite couples on online message boards, a significant aspect of the \"shipping fandom\". The \"shipping fandom\" scene, whose name is derived from the word \"relationship\", is a general term for fans' emotional or intellectual involvement with the ongoing development of romance in a work of fiction. Though technically applicable to any such involvement, it refers chiefly to various related social dynamics observable on the Internet, and is seldom used outside of that context. \"Shipping\" can involve virtually any kind of relationship—from the well-known and established, to the ambiguous or those undergoing development, and even to the highly improbable and the blatantly impossible. People involved in shipping (or shippers) assert that the relationship does exist, will exist, or simply that they would like it to exist.\n\n\"Portmanteaux first came about with Lewis Carroll\" as a way to blend words, stated Jonathan Gabay, author of the Copywriter's Compendium—a reference guide to the English language. Gabay added that people blend words in this fashion because sometimes there are words an individual wants, but those words do not actually exist. \"There's a feeling you are trying to get out\", he said. For fictional pairings, examples showcase themselves as Logan and Veronica (Veronica Mars) becomes \"LoVe\", Josh and Reva (Guiding Light) becomes \"Jeva\", Jack and Kate (Lost) becomes \"Jate\", Michael and Sara (Prison Break) becomes \"MiSa\", and so on. Some couples are given more complex portmanteaux; on How I Met Your Mother, the pairing of Barney and Robin is referred to as \"BROTP\", incorporating their initials, their platonic status as \"bros\", and the popular fandom term OTP (\"One True Pairing\"). Seth Cohen of the show The O.C. parodied name-blending trends when he talked about real couples' overexposure to one another; he wondered whether or not his pairing with Summer Roberts would be called \"Summereth\" or \"Sethummer\".\n\nGabay said portmanteaux \"...giv[e] people an essence of who they are within the same name. In double-barrelled names, the hyphen is almost pushing one name away from the other. Meshing says 'I am you and you are me', which is rather romantic\". Occasionally, even anti-fans come up with names for couples, such as General Hospital's Sonny Corinthos and Emily Quartermaine. The unpopular pairing of the mob boss and his enforcer's sweet younger sister became known as \"Soily\". Similarly, name-blending exists with celebrities' first names. Said to be a sign of commitment and togetherness, meshing is also seen by some as an attempt to banish what might be considered a \"sexist\" tradition of a woman taking her husband's name when she marries.\n\nIn other Internet trends, fans often take part in making fan videos (also referred to as fanvids, a compilation of favorite scenes stylishly intercut as music videos or other various forms of entertainment) and writing fanfiction (alternative endings and stories to the original story's outcome) for their favorite pairings. Sites such as YouTube, Archive of our Own, and Fanfiction.net help to facilitate this.\n\nSoap operas\n\nOrigins\n\nAccording to American soap opera writer and romance novelist Leah Laiman, soap operas are best known and most remembered for romance. The romances in daytime dramas are significantly characterized by bringing couples together, splitting them up, and starting the cycle over again to ensure that viewers remain invested in the pairings, if popular. This is a strategy that often succeeds within the medium. A supercouple storyline is typically detailed by the couple's facing seemingly insurmountable challenges, such as a difference in social class, strong family interference, simple disagreements, marriages to other people, children with other people, etc.\n\nTwo characters comprising a supercouple will usually reunite and marry, while the most significant obstacle for the pairing is the soap opera genre itself; as soap operas typically continue for decades, there is no closure for the pairing unless both characters leave the show together or one of them dies. It is because of this, that after the usual fairytale wedding, if the supercouple remains on the series, writers do not allow the item to live happily ever after as a couple in a fairy tale would but rather subject them to a continual cycle of being separated and reunited. This factor has contributed to two characters of a supercouple normally divorcing and remarrying each other a few or several times. Author Diana Reep argues that the supercouple phenomenon creates \"serious storyline problems\" for producers and writers due to characters' being destined for only one lover:The problem supercouples create for storytellers is that, as characters, therefore, they are unchanging in a narrative form that emphasizes evolving characters and relationships... and as ideals, supercouples bring closure to a relationship in a world that is based in continuing expectations of change.\n\nCreators within the medium generally focus more on the benefits of supercouples rather than the potential problems the pairings can produce. Former One Life to Live co-head writer Josh Griffith said that the key to a show's success is \"passionate, romantic storytelling and pairings, and that's what creates a supercouple\". To him, they embody love and passion.\n\nLegends\nAlthough the term was not coined until the early 1980s, some couples prior to that point have been retrospectively termed supercouples; for example, Jeff Baker and Penny Hughes and Bob and Lisa Hughes, from As the World Turns. Doug Williams and Julie Olson from Days of Our Lives are sometimes considered the first supercouple. From 1970 until 1976, Doug and Julie's relationship wavers between love and hate. The chemistry the portrayers exhibited became evident offscreen; the real-life couple, Bill Hayes and Susan Seaforth, were married in 1974. This set off a commotion among thousands of fans, who wrote letters to the show asking that the couple also be allowed to marry in the story. Since the actors were already married, they felt this was a valid request. NBC worked the tension and lengthened the anticipation of the wedding but eventually caved into the audience's pressure. Doug and Julie are married in October 1976 within the series. They are the first soap opera characters to appear on the cover of Time.\n\nLuke Spencer and Laura Webber, portrayed by Anthony Geary and Genie Francis from General Hospital, are considered the most famous soap opera supercouple. Their romance enthralled viewers; when they wed on November 16, 1981, American daytime television recorded its highest-ever ratings, with 30 million people tuning in to watch them say \"I do\". Elizabeth Taylor made a cameo appearance during the wedding, and Princess Diana reportedly sent champagne. The couple was featured on the covers of People and Newsweek, and was credited with having brought \"legitimacy to daytime serials\" and its fans by crossing boundaries and becoming celebrities in the mainstream media. As a result, Luke and Laura have become regarded as daytime television's quintessential and most iconic couple. While Guiding Light has the smallest number of supercouples, the series still had prominent pairings, notably Quint and Nola, as well as Josh and Reva, one of the central supercouples from the 1980s onward. In 1982, All My Childrens Jesse and Angie became the first black supercouple.\n\n\"Dirty\" Den and Angie Watts, portrayed by Leslie Grantham and Anita Dobson on the British soap opera EastEnders, generated an audience response similar to Luke and Laura's. Den and Angie are renowned as arguably Britain's most iconic soap opera couple, having broken the record for episode ratings to 30.1 million viewers in 1986 on the episode of their divorce, a record that remains unbeaten by any British soap opera episode today.\n\nGolden Age: 1980s\nThe 1980s is known as the \"Golden Age\" of supercouples. Shows such as All My Children, As the World Turns and along with the aforementioned General Hospital and Days of our Lives were well known for their supercouples. Days of our Lives in particular had a significant number of supercouples — Bo and Hope, Shane and Kimberly, Patch and Kayla, and Jack and Jennifer all going on at roughly the same time. The show soon featured John and Marlena. All My Children was represented by Cliff and Nina, Greg and Jenny, Jesse and Angie, and later by Tad and Dixie.\n\nAs the World Turns had the popular couples Holden and Lily, Craig and Sierra, Tom and Margo, and Steve and Betsy with Betsy Stewart being portrayed by future film star Meg Ryan. Along with Luke and Laura, General Hospital also boasted Alan and Monica and Frisco and Felicia. At the same time, Santa Barbara introduced another supercouple, Cruz and Eden.\n\nThe supercouple phenomenon spread to foreign shores, with Scott and Charlene, portrayed by Jason Donovan and Kylie Minogue on the Australian soap opera Neighbours. The success of their romance prompted a fellow Australian daytime drama Home and Away to shelve out their own supercouple, Shane and Angel, and Den and Angie from EastEnders emerged as Britain's most famous soap opera couple.\n\nSheraton Kalouria, NBC's Vice President of Daytime Programming, said he believes in the \"it\" factor regarding fictional couples. \"It's hard to imagine Bo and Hope as a supercouple and divorce that from the magnetic chemistry of Peter Reckell and Kristian Alfonso\", he stated. \"Or Cruz and Eden from Santa Barbara days and A Martinez and Marcy Walker. Or McKenzie Westmore as Sheridan and Galen Gering as Luis, if I might be so bold as to dub them a supercouple. Actors bring a huge excitement to [their pairing].\"\n\nDecline and remolding: 1990s–2000s\n\nPopular, traditional, and altered setups\nPopular couplings on soap operas exist today, but there are few termed supercouples by fans or the soap opera media. Usually, the term is reminiscent of the 1970s and 1980s. As such, supercouples that are still on serials today are mostly from the 1980s, or early 1990s. After the mid-1990s, the supercouple phenomenon slowly faded and the nature of soap operas today allows few couples to define the nature of the show anymore as original supercouples once did.\n \nDays of our Lives executive producer Ken Corday said that while he feels that \"love in the afternoon\" is still important to the genre, the supercouple title \"disappeared from vocabulary when Al Rabin [his supervising producer] left the show\". All My Children and One Life to Live creator Agnes Nixon argued, \"[Supercouples are] still a vital component whenever possible.\" She stressed the importance of creating \"young love [stories], the Romeo and Juliet\" of tomorrow.\n\nShows have attempted to revive the success of supercouples through modern couples. There are instances when a character becomes a part of two popular pairings, where both couples which include the character develop the same or close to the same amount of positive fan reaction from viewers. This causes a certain rivalry between the two couples, with both vying for the title of supercouple. An example of this was especially evident with the mid-1990s storyline of General Hospitals Sonny Corinthos, Brenda Barrett, and Jasper \"Jax\" Jacks, often referred to as \"the hottest love triangle in soap opera history\" by the soap opera media. The couple combinations within the love triangle were equally in demand, and which of the two is a true supercouple remains in dispute. Though debated, both couples are referenced and listed as supercouples by the soap opera medium. The Sonny character eventually acquired second supercouple status in the pairing of Sonny and Carly, becoming a part of two successful on-screen romances.\n\nIn other instances, a character is part of two equally popular couplings, but the storyline does not lend itself to the scenario being referred to as a love triangle. Samantha \"Sami\" Brady of the soap opera Days of our Lives is romantically desired by the two men, Lucas Roberts and EJ Wells. However, she was not considered to be actively involved in a love triangle, and both couples (Lucas and Sami and EJ and Sami) resonate with fans and appear to be at least equal in comparison and popularity.\n\nIn today's soap opera medium, there are couples which come close to gaining supercouple status in terms of popularity. Although these pairings have perceived chemistry and potential, the couple's story is cut short, often due to the actors leaving to pursue jobs outside of soap operas or due to the writers changing direction in a storyline. These couples do not last long enough onscreen to garner the long history of what is often considered a genuine supercouple. Such couples include Leo and Greenlee (All My Children), Ryan and Gillian (All My Children), Dusty and Lucy (As the World Turns), Simon and Katie (As the World Turns), Paul and Meg (As the World Turns), Robin and Stone (General Hospital), Jonathan and Tammy (Guiding Light), and Todd and Téa (One Life to Live).\n\nSoap opera columnist Carolyn Aspenson stated that the \"supercouple formula\" should be redefined. She argued that tragic couples such as Leo and Greenlee are a better love story than if they had stayed together with a \"boring\" everyday life. \"A super couple shouldn’t be designed to be a couple that beats the odds and sticks it out no matter what,\" she said. \"We’re left with nothing on those terms. Instead, try redefining a super couple by the intensity of their love, their loss and their ability to move on without their other half. It leaves us frustrated, heartbroken and yearning for more. To me, that is the definition of a super couple.\"\n\nGay and lesbian\nSoap operas traditionally featured only heterosexual romance. For American soap opera, this began to change with characters Bianca Montgomery, Lena Kundera, and Maggie Stone from All My Children. Bianca's unveiling as a lesbian was unique for daytime television. By being a core character and the daughter of legendary diva Erica Kane, \"the show initiated an innovative discourse about the possibility, location, and representation of lesbian and gay characters in a television genre historically predicated on the celebration of heterosexual courtship, romance, and family life\".\n\nIn 2003, Bianca's relationship with Lena resulted in American daytime's first lesbian kiss. The two became American daytime's first lesbian couple, and received significant press. Though Lena and Bianca's romance was well-received, popular, and the couple became responsible for several historic moments within daytime television, it was Bianca's relationship with close confidante Maggie that thoroughly captivated viewers. The romance was considered unique and especially significant due to the show's insistence that Maggie was not gay; the show's insistence did not deter viewers from wanting the two romantically paired, and they often wrote in to the network (ABC) demanding that Bianca and Maggie become an official item. Eventually, hints that Maggie might not be heterosexual started to appear throughout the series, complicated by Maggie insisting that she is not gay but is rather \"into guys\" and only guys. Yet fan mail for the Bianca and Maggie pairing was prominent. The couple's popularity grew beyond soap opera press, as newspapers and television magazines became fascinated by the love story as well. TV Guide, The Advocate, and Daily News were among the media taking interest. The pairing eventually became the most popular gay couple in soap opera history, which surprised industry insiders who had not believed that a gay pairing could be as significantly in demand as heterosexual pairings. Though Bianca and Maggie's romance was not made official until both were offscreen, it made clear to writers and executives who had been conflicted about including gay and lesbian love stories that the daytime audience was interested. Bianca and Maggie subsequently became American soap opera's first same-sex supercouple.\n\nSoap opera analyst C. Lee Harrington stated, \"While the past decade has witnessed a growing number of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender characters in primetime dramas and situation comedies, daytime soap operas offer unique challenges (and possibilities) regarding the inclusion and 'normalization' of varied sexualities in entertainment television.\" Daytime television has been ahead of primetime for some time in exploring diverse or controversial storylines and characters, with the one glaring exception being homosexuality. Gay and lesbian issues or characters were invisible in 1950s and early 1960s TV. When it came to the mainstream shows, audiences were built up as \"replications of the idealized, middle-class nuclear family, defined as monogamous heterosexual couples with children\" (Buxton, 1997, p. 1477). Because of this perception of what was ideal, networks geared programming toward it, feeling that viewers were exactly like these images on their television screens.\n\nIn contrast to primetime, daytime dramas have different obstacles to developing innovative programming, with their advertising sponsors being more conservative, their audience smaller and \"genre restrictions that emphasize continuity and respect for history over innovation\". Soap opera tried its first chance at including a gay character back in 1983 on All My Children. Actress Donna Pescow portrayed Dr. Lynn Carson, who \"comes out\" as a lesbian to patient and confidante Devon Shepherd McFadden (Tricia Pursley). The two women admit to having romantic feelings for each other, and that is as far as the relationship goes.\n\nA prominent obstacle for gay and lesbian characters on daytime television is interference from television network executives who fear a decline in their ratings. The characters are often denied fulfilling and lasting romances with others of the same sex. \"Before Bianca's gay character was written into All My Children, the purpose of gay characters was to make a point or explain homosexuality for the audience—a task handled within the course of a few episodes,\" said Zach Hudson of Washington Blade. \"The distraught parents or angry bullies who caused the early gay characters so much turmoil would suddenly see the light. Then the story—and the character—would simply vanish.\" It was not until Bianca that prominent gay characters and couples seemed possible within American daytime. Since then, American soap operas have tried to replicate the success of the Bianca character with the introduction of their own gay and lesbian characters. One soap opera in particular, As the World Turns, has been successful in launching the first popular romance between two men on an American daytime drama, Luke Snyder and Noah Mayer. In late 2007, the two make television history by carrying out the first kiss between two male lovers on an American soap opera. The popularity of the pairing borders on the same fascination level that centered around Bianca and Maggie's lesbian romance. Not even months into the romantic aspect of their relationship, TV Guide named the male duo a top power couple.\n\nNoah Mayer became one of the latest soap opera characters to come out as gay, and joined Bianca and others as visible gay characters in daytime. One year before Luke and Noah, the British soap opera Hollyoaks had already embarked on issuing their own gay male supercouple, between characters John Paul McQueen and Craig Dean; the storyline became one of the show's most successful, gaining \"legions\" of fans. The budding same-sex romance on Guiding Light between Olivia Spencer and Natalia Rivera Aitoro became popular with fans in 2009. That same year, One Life to Live introduced its own male gay supercouple with Oliver Fish and Kyle Lewis. On international television, the German soap opera Verbotene Liebe gained international popularity, with the storylines involving Carla and Stella, and later with the couple of Christian and Oliver.\n\nBeginning in 2011, Days of our Lives broke new ground when it decided to have the character Will Horton come out as gay. The soap chronicled Will's struggle to accept his sexuality. The show also highlighted many obstacles the LGBT community face, such as bullying, hate crimes and gay slurs. The show cast actor, Freddie Smith in the role of Jackson \"Sonny\" Kiriakis, the second openly gay contracted character in a daytime soap opera. Sonny would eventually become Will's ongoing love interest. To the surprise of the actors and writers, Will and Sonny were greeted with fan support, and were eventually titled a supercouple and \"power couple\". The show pushed the envelope even further when it decided to air Will's first same-sex sexual encounter on-screen (which would become the first of many). Chandler Massey went on receive the 2012 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series, becoming the first actor ever to receive a Daytime Emmy Award for playing a gay character. He won his second consecutive Emmy for the role in the same category in 2013. Smith received his first Daytime Emmy nomination for his role in 2013 pitting him against Massey for the same award. In his acceptance speech, Massey thanked Smith. The show won the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Daily Drama in 2013. In August 2013, it was announced that Massey had filmed his final episode as Will Horton, and that a recast had already been made. Days had initially planned not to recast the role, but changed its mind due to fear of advertiser and fan backlash.\n\nIn either aspect, fictional gay and lesbian romances have been argued as making an impact. \"These stories have the ability to reach the many different generations of viewers who watch daytime and share with them stories of our lives,\" stated Damon Romine, media entertainment director for the GLAAD organization. \"What viewers are seeing is that more and more of their own neighbors and friends are dealing with these issues, and the soaps are merely reflecting the reality of the world we live in.\"\n\nPrimetime television\n\nA paradigm used for primetime couples is the love-hate relationship plotline. In the television series Dynasty, characters Krystle and Blake (Linda Evans and John Forsythe) are seen fighting for years, through ex-lovers and a host of other interferences. Krystle winds up in a coma and Blake spends years in jail, but their love eventually wins out over their problems. This resulted in the couple subsequently becoming one of television's classic supercouples. Other early primetime power couplings include Ricky and Lucy (Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball) from I Love Lucy, Pam and Bobby (Victoria Principal and Patrick Duffy) from Dallas, and Cliff and Clair Huxtable (Bill Cosby and Phylicia Rashād) from The Cosby Show, among others.\n\nTelevision shows also produce tragic love stories, such as Buffy and Angel from the series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. The pairing's persistent fight to be together is considered to have cemented their place in supercouple history. Voted #2 on IGN's list of Top 10 Favorite TV Couples, and #5 on AOL's list of Greatest TV Couples of All Time, the sites categorized the pairing as \"the ultimate\" star-crossed couple. The pairing's main predicament—unable to experience sexual intimacy without Angel losing his humanity—has been summarized by IGN: \n\nCreator of the series Joss Whedon said, Becoming', Parts 1 and 2 ... really sort of charted the main points of the Buffy–Angel relationship in all its difficulty and romance.\" Buffy's portrayer, Sarah Michelle Gellar, said, \"I think deep down Buffy will always love Angel and she will never love anyone the way in which she loves him. I think they found a wonderful supercouple in Buffy and Angel.\"\n\nCertain shows may not be adequately suited for a tragic-love storyline. For comedies, the approach of pairing mismatched couples is also often applied, and for dramas, there tends to be a \"will-they-won't-they\" setup. Website Cinemablend states that there are two general formulas for a \"will-they-wont-they\" setup. \"The first one is when one person pursues the other, then finally gives up and dates someone else,\" the site stated, \"and the other scenario is when the two characters are so different and often do not get along with one another, they fight and argue constantly, but then one thing or a series of 'things' happen and they are forced to put up with each other.\" Examples of popular couples cited for having displayed this formula are Buffy and Spike (of Buffy the Vampire Slayer), Ross and Rachel (of the show Friends), Logan and Veronica (of the show Veronica Mars), among others.\n\nThere are numerous shows that tend to pair up two unexpected characters with other. For instance, Pacey Witter and Joey Potter from the drama Dawsons Creek. Pacey and Joey did not like each other at all first, and Joey was in love with her soulmate Dawson Leery, but they eventually fell in love and became a supercouple of the show. Kurt Hummel and Blaine Anderson and Santana Lopez and Brittany Pierce from Glee and are regularly quoted as TV's first LGBTQ powercouples.\n\nA well-known \"will-they-won't-they\" setups is the relationship of supercouple Agent Fox Mulder and Agent Dana Scully from the science fiction/thriller series The X-Files. Mulder and Scully, two FBI agents investigating cases that involve the paranormal, are showcased as having a relationship which borders on subtle hints of romance throughout the series without the two being heavily romantically involved. Though anticipation for Mulder and Scully to romantically commit to each other had existed for years among the show's fanbase, the pairing's romantic intimacy was not written as soon as fans would have hoped for; when the two are finally shown sharing a kiss in 1999 after seven seasons of buildup, some viewers felt the show waited too long to script the event. Critics state that in such cases, if a series extends sexual tension for \"too long\" before finally acting on romantic intimacy between the characters, it can result in viewers feeling that the best part of the pairing's buildup was their \"will-they-won't-they\" status.\n\nWith some fictional supercouples from soap opera or primetime, the couple may have started out as an unexpected pairing and with or without a paradigm. Due to viewers becoming excited over the prospect of chemistry between the two, the show's producers and writers later decide to pair them.\n\nFilm\n\nGiven that films inherently have a shorter amount of time to develop characters and carry out storylines, the task of convincing the audience that the film's couple are adequately suited for each other can be challenging. This is especially evident in cases where there is not enough plot focusing on the buildup of the characters' interaction, which can make the love story seem contrived. A memorable line or catchphrase spoken between the characters has been suggested as a remedy to this, since it can elevate a pairing's popularity.\n\nFilms may resort to the notion that romance is a solution to life's problems or is unchangeable, tapping into a \"love conquers all\" appeal; for example, in \"doomed\" romances where the underlying message is that the love the couple shared endured even though their time together was cut short. A film supercouple can be a couple appearing with the same actors over the course of few or several films, making the actors the supercouples rather than the characters.\n\nCelebrity\n\nThe media often focuses on celebrity pairings. Celebrity couples who are viewed as fascinating or create a power coupling due to finances are singled out as supercouples. Since the term was coined, classic Hollywood couples have been regarded as supercouples, including Clark Gable and Carole Lombard. People magazine stated that Gable and Lombard were \"more than just Golden Age window dressing. The love they shared for six years was that Hollywood rarity: the real thing.\" They were titled \"The King of Hollywood and the Queen of Screwball Comedy\", respectively, and eloped during a break in production on Gable's Gone with the Wind in 1939. Lombard died three years later in a plane crash on her way home from a war bond rally. Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball were the stars and producers of I Love Lucy, and have since been credited as an onscreen and offscreen supercouple. They divorced in 1960 after 20 years of marriage. People described Gable and Lombard, Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn, Frank Sinatra and Ava Gardner, and Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor, were couples recognized as \"the greatest love stories of the century\".\n\nThe supercouple title has been similarly prolific with modern celebrity pairings. In 1997, rapper/actor Will Smith married actress Jada Pinkett. The couple were titled a supercouple due to their combined film star allure and perceived physical attractiveness. In 2003 and 2008, People magazine categorized them as a supercouple due to their long marriage and widespread celebrity status. Smith spoke of the power of love as a connective force to Essence magazine. \"The truth about life is that we're all alone,\" he said. \"But when somebody loves you, that experience is shared. Love is the only real connective tissue that allows you to not live and die by yourself.\" Additionally, in 1997, Ellen DeGeneres and Anne Heche began dating and were described as \"the world's first gay supercouple\". Their relationship lasted three years. In 1998, Brad Pitt met Friends actress Jennifer Aniston, and married her in a private wedding ceremony in Malibu on July 29, 2000. They were titled a supercouple, regarded as one of the film industry's most powerful, and their marriage was considered a rare Hollywood success. In January 2005, Pitt and Aniston announced they decided to formally separate after seven years together. Two months later, Aniston filed for divorce, citing irreconcilable differences. In November 2000, Michael Douglas married Welsh actress Catherine Zeta-Jones, and the pairing, 25 years apart in age, were considered a supercouple.\n\nPairing Ben Affleck and Jennifer Lopez incited unprecedented media attention for an American modern-day supercouple during their 2002-2004 relationship. The two were referred to as the first superstar couple of the Internet age, and the pairing's popularity resulted in their being known by the portmanteau \"Bennifer\" (for Ben and Jennifer) to the media, as well as to fans using the name combination. The term Bennifer itself became popular and started the trend of other celebrity couples being referred to by the combination of each other's first names. The pairing eventually succumbed to overexposure, which caused public interest in their romance to result in less admiration and negatively affected their careers. In 2007, Affleck stated:\n\n[The romance] was probably bad for my career. What happens is this sort of bleed-over from the tabloids across your movie work. You go to a movie, you only go once. But the tabloids and Internet are everywhere. You can really subsume the public image of somebody. I ended up in an unfortunate crosshair position where I was in a relationship and [the media] mostly lied and inflated a bunch of salacious stuff for the sake of selling magazines. And I paid a certain price for that. Then, in concert with some movies that didn't work...\n\nA celebrity supercouple to emerge after Bennifer was \"TomKat\" (the coupling of celebrity stars Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes), and other countries had already adopted the supercouple term. The United Kingdom had Hugh Grant and Elizabeth Hurley (Grant 'n' Hurley) and Posh and Becks (Victoria and David Beckham). Japan had Tomonori Jinnai and Norika Fujiwara; Jinnai established himself as a television regular and a \"pin-geinin\" or solo comedian while Fujiwara, a former Miss Japan, became known as a successful actress and \"one of the business's biggest earners with a string of commercial contracts, regular TV and stage roles, and also active in charitable causes\". They were titled \"one of the 'super couples' of Japanese showbiz\" and \"held their elaborate traditional wedding on February 17, 2007 at the Ikutajinja shrine in Fujiwara's hometown of Kobe, with hundreds of reporters and thousands of fans craning for a glimpse outside\" and \"invited 600 guests to the Hotel Okura the following April for a wedding reception that cost over ¥500 million. The event was broadcast live on TV and had a high audience rating of 40% in the Kansai region\".\n\nAnother American couple regularly titled a supercouple are rapper Jay-Z and R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles. Their marriage in New York City in early 2008, was reported by People. Knowles and Jay-Z were listed as the most powerful couple for Time magazine's 100 most influential people of 2006. In January 2009, Forbes ranked them as Hollywood's top-earning couple, with a combined total of $162 million. They also made it to the top of the list the following year, with a combined total of $122 million between June 2008 and June 2009.\n\nThe spotlight and attention given to American celebrity supercouples reached its height in 2006, when the celebrity phenomenon dubbed \"Brangelina\" triggered media obsession surrounding screen stars Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie. The two emerged as a prominent supercouple, and the mania that followed was described as having \"reached the point of insanity, far overshadowing the hoopla that attended such couples as 'Bennifer' and 'TomKat. The obsessive media attention surrounding Pitt and Jolie's union was initially the result of rumors regarding Pitt's involvement with Jolie during the shooting of their 2005 film Mr. & Mrs. Smith. Speculation that Pitt had been romantically involved with Jolie while still married to Jennifer Aniston was daily gossip and thought to be the reason for Pitt and Aniston's divorce. Jolie, however, stated that there was no romance between her and Pitt during filming and that she would never be intimate with a married man.\n\nAn official item soon following Pitt's divorce from Aniston, Pitt and Jolie became more of a media fascination for their social activism and ever-growing family, with the couple adopting from foreign countries. The anticipated birth of Pitt and Jolie's first biological child together, Shiloh Nouvel Jolie-Pitt, was cited as the most influential celebrity baby, as the public pondered what the combined physical features of two people commonly cited as the world's most beautiful celebrities would produce in a child. The first baby pictures for Shiloh set a world record. People paid more than $4.1 million for the North American rights, while British magazine Hello! obtained the international rights for roughly $3.5 million; the total rights sale earned up to $10 million worldwide, and was the most expensive celebrity image of all time. All profits were donated to an undisclosed charity by Jolie and Pitt. On July 26, 2006, Madame Tussauds in New York unveiled a wax figure of two-month-old Shiloh; it was the first infant re-created in wax by Madame Tussauds. In 2008, the Shiloh Hello! image was eventually \"topped\" by images of her siblings, twins Knox Léon Jolie-Pitt (a boy) and Vivienne Marcheline Jolie-Pitt (a girl). The rights for the first images of Knox and Vivienne were jointly sold to People and Hello! for $14 million, making the images the most expensive celebrity pictures ever taken. The money went to the Jolie/Pitt Foundation.\n\nRobert Thompson, director of the Centre for the Study of Popular Television, said the coupling of A-list stars like Pitt and Jolie, or in years gone by Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton, was \"a paparazzi's dream come true\". He added that \"as silly as it sounds, this new tendency to make up single names for two people, like 'Bennifer' (Ben Affleck and Jennifer Lopez) and 'TomKat' (Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes), is an insightful idea'. 'Brangelina' has more cultural equity than their two star parts.\"\n\nIn India, cricketer Virat Kohli and Bollywood actress Anushka Sharma started dating in 2013, and tied the knot in December 2017, forming one of contemporary India's most famous and talked-about supercouple. They have been referred to as 'Virushka', in line with Hollywood pairings such as 'Brangelina'. Similarly, actors John Abraham and Bipasha Basu are a former supercouple. Other Indian power couples, usually associated with the Hindi film industry, include: Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan; Abhishek Bachchan and Aishwarya Rai; Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi (cricketer) and Sharmila Tagore; Dharmendra and Hema Malini; Saif Ali Khan and Kareena Kapoor.\n\nPolly Vernon of the British newspaper The Guardian summed up her analysis of what makes a celebrity supercouple in her May 25, 2000 article:\n\nThe basic appeal of the accomplished supercouple can be reduced to this: by hooking up with another, carefully selected celeb, you can eliminate your bad points, compensate for your own shortcomings, and hint at a softer, more vulnerable side. Attach yourself to someone smarter, prettier, more fashionable, hipper, funnier than you are, and you will automatically acquire these missing qualities by osmosis. They, equally, will benefit from your particular brand of star quality. Your public perception will become more complete, more exciting. Together, you are quite literally, the ultimate individual.\n\nVideo games\n\nVideo game creators have realized the asset of incorporating supercouple romances within their products by stringing together epic stories of love and intrigue. While writing epic romances into video games is not a new phenomenon, the idea of capturing a video game player through emotionally charged moments via the death of a hero's lover in order to produce feelings of attachment to the fictional environment has expanded, especially within action-adventure/role-playing games (RPGs). The goal is to make the gamer actually become emotionally invested in the characters and their actions, ultimately resulting in heightened gaming experience. Video game designer Peter Molyneux, when speaking of the main component he wanted in his game Fable 2, spoke of more than just the romantic aspect, stating, \"We want you to feel loved. You can have sex and you can have a baby. That baby will grow up and will kind of look like you.\"\n\nIn the early days of gaming, the idea of love and romance was used as little more than a plot point to urge the hero to complete the set of tasks put before him. Mario, hero of the Super Mario series of games, has Princess Peach to rescue from the main villain. Link and Princess Zelda from The Legend of Zelda series made gamers wonder why the two were not romantically together while rooting for the couple. Double Dragon features the protagonist Billy Lee, as he attempts to rescue his girlfriend (Maria) from his evil twin brother (Jimmy), leader of a sinister street gang. This era of game-playing was not well known for equal opportunity in gender roles.\n\nEventually, video games grew to become a respectable and rich source of storytelling. \"Larger disk space, greater production staffs, and more impressive budgets allowed more fleshed out characters, more elaborate plot points, and greater instances of interaction between characters.\" The genre that benefited from this the most is the role-playing medium. The medium made romantic themes a prominent element of its story-telling, which became one of its staples. This subplot is featured through the exploits of supercouples, the primary pair of lovers.\n\n\"Usually, the 'supercouple' turns out to be the main hero and heroine of the game, though this is not always the case.\" The Lunar series, for example, has become famous for creating several romantic pairings from the hero's party in addition to the hero and heroine. In a role-playing plot, often the romantic feelings the characters feel for one another somehow becomes entwined with the main plot itself. In Grandia, Justin, the main character, is compelled to fight against seemingly insurmountable odds in order to rescue the girl that he is in love with. In Tales of Legendia, the romantic feelings Shirley has for main character and brother in law Senel is a focus of the game, even though the latter seems oblivious of the former's true feelings even after they are accidentally engaged in the ending of the primary story mode. \"When the love between the supercouple somehow becomes threatened by the machinations of the antagonist, the heroes fight back with everything they have and usually prove, once and for all, that 'love conquers all'.\"\n\nThe Compilation of Final Fantasy VII has several notable couples, such as Cloud Strife and his relationships with childhood friend Tifa Lockhart and flower girl Aerith Gainsborough. Cloud Strife and Aerith Gainsborough have been called video games' greatest, as well as its most tragic, star-crossed love story. The couple is also one of the most well-known video game couples in the history of video gaming. In 2005, Electronic Gaming Monthly stated that without the game, \"Aeris wouldn’t have died, and gamers wouldn’t have learned how to cry\".\n\nOther popular couples from the Final Fantasy games include Squall Leonhart and Rinoa Heartilly (from Final Fantasy VIII), Zidane Tribal and Princess Garnet til Alexandros (from Final Fantasy IX), Tidus and Yuna (from Final Fantasy X), Vincent Valentine and his lost love Lucrecia Crescent, Zack Fair and Aerith Gainsborough in the prequel Final Fantasy VII game Crisis Core: Final Fantasy VII, Snow Villiers and Serah Farron from Final Fantasy XIII, and Cecil Harvey and Rosa Farrell from Final Fantasy IV.\n\nLove stories such as Solid Snake and Meryl Silverburgh (from Metal Gear Solid), which takes on more of a subtle approach, and couples defined more by their conflicts than their happiness, have also impacted the gaming industry. Video game insiders state that the need for these love stories within the gaming realm is valid and is a great addition to the gaming experience in most cases.\n\nLiterature and toys\nRomantic and tragic themes found in modern supercouple stories have often been borrowed from classic literary couples. Romeo and Juliet, due to their enduring legacy and popularity, are considered an ideal supercouple outline for aspects of forbidden or tragic love, and the relationship between Antony and Cleopatra has been described as fitting the power-couple trope.\n\nIn the genres of toys and comic books, toys were given their first prominent supercouple with the creation of Ken and Barbie by Mattel, in 1961, and comic book supercouples such as Superman and Lois Lane (created in 1938), and Peter Parker and Mary Jane Watson (created in 1966) are still popular today.\n\nThe kinds of characters being described as supercouples is broadening. For example, Marvel Comics listed two non-household name superheroes (Rictor and Shatterstar) in a gay relationship as one of their superhero supercouples of 2010, alongside several of their more traditional pairings.\n\nSee also\n Bennifer\n Love team\n Sonny & Cher\n Ike & Tina Turner\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n O'Rourke, Michael (June 3, 2006). San Antonio Express-News, S.A. LIFE; Pg. 1E. \"Supercouple must have supername\". An analysis concluding that \"Bennifer, Tomkat and Brangelina. To be considered a supercouple, it isn't enough to be compatible, loving and gorgeous anymore. Your names have to fit together to form a headline-pleasing moniker. You have to be a portmanteau.\"\n\nCategory:Soap opera terminology\n+", "title": "Supercouple" } ]

[ "Bono died on January 5, 1998.", "Bono died of injuries from hitting a tree while skiing at Heavenly Ski Resort in Lake Tahoe.", "After Bono's death, his widow, Mary, was selected to fill the remainder of his congressional term, and was re-elected in her own right, serving until 2013. His funeral was broadcast live on CNN, where Cher gave a tearful eulogy. Later in 1998, Sonny and Cher received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Television. Cher paid tribute to Bono in a CBS special and released an album influenced by his death. Bono's interest in the revenue from the songs he recorded with Cher was split amongst his wife and children, leading Cher to sue UMG in 2009 for owed royalties.", "Yes, there were music copyright issues after Bono's death. When Bono died, one-third of his interest in the revenue from the songs he recorded with Cher passed to his wife Mary Bono-Mack, and one-sixth interests were split amongst his children. This led to Cher suing UMG in 2009, claiming she and Bono's heirs were owed $5,000,000 in \"hidden\" royalties.", "The text does not provide information on whether Cher won the lawsuit against UMG over \"hidden\" royalties.", "Yes, there were several notable events after Bono's death. His funeral was broadcast live on CNN, which was unknown to Cher at the time. Cher also gave a tearful eulogy in his memory and attendees sang the song \"The Beat Goes On\". He was buried in Desert Memorial Park in Cathedral City, California, the same cemetery where Frank Sinatra would be laid to rest later that year. The epitaph on Bono's headstone reads \"And The Beat Goes On\". The same year of his death, Sonny and Cher received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Television. Cher also paid tribute to Bono in the CBS special Sonny and Me: Cher Remembers, and released an album heavily influenced by his death.", "Yes, Cher released her twenty-second album titled \"Believe\" in 1998. This album was highly influenced by Bono's death and she dedicated it to his memory by writing \"In memory of Son\" in the booklet.", "The text does not provide information on the success of Cher's album \"Believe\".", "The text does not provide information on whether Cher went on tour after the release of the album \"Believe\"." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes" ]

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[ "What were the Baseball Abstracts?", "When was it printed?", "What were some of the categories in it?", "how many copies have been sold?", "Has it been reprinted?", "How much do they go for now?", "What other information was in the Baseball Abstracts?", "How many editions were there?", "Is it still being produced?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 917 ], [ 815 ], [ 1064 ], [ 1195 ], [ 1266 ], [ 2081 ], [ 1484 ], [ 1643 ], [ 1982 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Featuring 18 categories of statistical information that you just can't find anywhere else, presented 68 pages of in-depth statistics compiled from James's study" ], [ "The Bill James Baseball Abstract beginning in 1977." ], [ "James's study of box scores from the preceding season and was offered for sale through a small advertisement in The Sporting News." ], [ "Seventy-five people purchased the booklet." ], [ "The 2nd annual edition of baseball's most informative and imaginative review, sold 250 copies." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "The first three editions of the Baseball Abstract garnered respect for James's work, including a very favorable review by Daniel Okrent in Sports Illustrated." ], [ "New annual editions added essays on teams and players. By 1982 sales had increased tenfold, and a media conglomerate agreed to publish and distribute future editions." ], [ "Attempts to imitate James's work spawned a flood of books and articles that continues to this day." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 917, 815, 1064, 1195, 1266, 2081, 1484, 1643, 1982 ], "texts": [ "Featuring 18 categories of statistical information that you just can't find anywhere else, presented 68 pages of in-depth statistics compiled from James's study", "The Bill James Baseball Abstract beginning in 1977.", "James's study of box scores from the preceding season and was offered for sale through a small advertisement in The Sporting News.", "Seventy-five people purchased the booklet.", "The 2nd annual edition of baseball's most informative and imaginative review, sold 250 copies.", "CANNOTANSWER", "The first three editions of the Baseball Abstract garnered respect for James's work, including a very favorable review by Daniel Okrent in Sports Illustrated.", "New annual editions added essays on teams and players. By 1982 sales had increased tenfold, and a media conglomerate agreed to publish and distribute future editions.", "Attempts to imitate James's work spawned a flood of books and articles that continues to this day." ] }

[]

[ "The Baseball Abstracts were annual books self-published by James, beginning in 1977. They offered in-depth statistics compiled from James's study of box scores from the preceding season. The books included essays on teams and players. They were presented in a lively, insightful, and witty style and posed and answered questions using data and analysis.", "The Baseball Abstracts began to be annually self-published by James from 1977 onwards.", "The context does not provide specific details on the categories included in The Bill James Baseball Abstract. However, it does mention that they included in-depth statistics and essays on teams and players.", "The context mentions that 75 people purchased the 1977 edition of the Baseball Abstract, 250 copies of the 1978 edition were sold, and by 1982 sales had increased tenfold. Specific total numbers of copies sold are not stated in the context.", "The context does not provide information on whether The Bill James Baseball Abstract has been reprinted.", "The context does not provide information on the current price of The Bill James Baseball Abstract.", "The Baseball Abstracts included in-depth statistics compiled from James's study of box scores from the preceding season. They also included essays on teams and players. No additional specific information included in the Baseball Abstracts is mentioned in the context.", "The context does not provide information on the total number of editions of The Bill James Baseball Abstract. It mentions that James began self-publishing it annually in 1977 and continued to do so at least until 1982.\n", "The context does not provide information on whether The Bill James Baseball Abstract is still being produced." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "Yes", "No", "No", "No" ]

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[ "Did she marry?", "Did they divorce?", "Did they have any children?", "Did she marry any one else?" ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 3164 ], [ 3164 ], [ 3164 ] ], "texts": [ [ "In 1953, in New York City, he married JoAnn Schumacher" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 3164, 3164, 3164 ], "texts": [ "In 1953, in New York City, he married JoAnn Schumacher", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "Yes, JoAnn Schumacher married in 1953 in New York City.", "The text does not provide information on whether JoAnn Schumacher and her husband divorced.", "The text does not provide information on whether JoAnn Schumacher and her husband had any children.", "The text does not provide information on whether JoAnn Schumacher married anyone else." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_dba61bc2beff4e35b7ff07b9149e7b8e_1_q#0", "C_dba61bc2beff4e35b7ff07b9149e7b8e_1_q#1", "C_dba61bc2beff4e35b7ff07b9149e7b8e_1_q#2", "C_dba61bc2beff4e35b7ff07b9149e7b8e_1_q#3" ]

[ "Where did Murray Rothbard attend high school?", "Did he further his education in college?", "Did he do well with his education?", "Did he use his degree in mathematics?" ]

[ 0, 1, 0, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 144 ], [ 218 ], [ 802 ], [ 2733 ] ], "texts": [ [ "chemist. Murray attended Birch Wathen, a private school in New York City." ], [ "Rothbard later stated that he much preferred Birch Wathen to the \"debasing and egalitarian public school system\" he had previously attended in the Bronx." ], [ "He attended Columbia University, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics in 1945" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 144, 218, 802, 2733 ], "texts": [ "chemist. Murray attended Birch Wathen, a private school in New York City.", "Rothbard later stated that he much preferred Birch Wathen to the \"debasing and egalitarian public school system\" he had previously attended in the Bronx.", "He attended Columbia University, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics in 1945", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "Murray Rothbard attended Birch Wathen, a private school in New York City, for his high school education.", "Yes, Murray Rothbard attended Columbia University, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics in 1945 and his PhD in economics in 1956.", "Murray Rothbard successfully completed his education, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in Mathematics in 1945 and a PhD in Economics in 1956, both from Columbia University. Despite facing some conflicts with his professors, he was eventually able to submit a thesis that was accepted, allowing him to receive his doctorate. This indicates that he was able to navigate and overcome the challenges presented during his education.", "The text does not provide information on whether Murray Rothbard used his degree in mathematics." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes" ]

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[ "What was one of the first things he wrote?", "What was the book \"Hollywood\" about?", "What kind of research did he do?", "What happened after the story was released?", "Did he do other research?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 1, 2 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 0 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 1341 ], [ 1542 ], [ 1997 ], [ 2132 ], [ 764 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Breitbart wrote a weekly column for The Washington Times, which also appeared at Real Clear Politics. Breitbart also co-wrote the book Hollywood," ], [ "a book that is highly critical of U.S. celebrity culture." ], [ "In June 2011, Breitbart's websites broke the story that congressman Anthony Weiner was sending women revealing photographs of himself." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "He has also been credited with helping to derail conspiracy theories about Barack Obama's citizenship." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 1341, 1542, 1997, 2132, 764 ], "texts": [ "Breitbart wrote a weekly column for The Washington Times, which also appeared at Real Clear Politics. Breitbart also co-wrote the book Hollywood,", "a book that is highly critical of U.S. celebrity culture.", "In June 2011, Breitbart's websites broke the story that congressman Anthony Weiner was sending women revealing photographs of himself.", "CANNOTANSWER", "He has also been credited with helping to derail conspiracy theories about Barack Obama's citizenship." ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide information on the first things Breitbart wrote.", "The book \"Hollywood, Interrupted: Insanity Chic in Babylon\" which Breitbart co-wrote with Mark Ebner, is highly critical of U.S. celebrity culture.", "The text does not provide information on the kind of research Breitbart did.", "The text does not provide information on what happened after Breitbart's websites broke the story about congressman Anthony Weiner sending women revealing photographs of himself.", "The text does not provide information on any research done by Breitbart." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "no" ]

[ "C_677f536a929d4c0e8e4687bf55cb8857_1_q#0", "C_677f536a929d4c0e8e4687bf55cb8857_1_q#1", "C_677f536a929d4c0e8e4687bf55cb8857_1_q#2", "C_677f536a929d4c0e8e4687bf55cb8857_1_q#3", "C_677f536a929d4c0e8e4687bf55cb8857_1_q#4", "C_677f536a929d4c0e8e4687bf55cb8857_1_q#5" ]

[ "What did Daniel write in his biography?", "Did he have any siblings?", "Where did he go to school?", "Where did he attend after his conducting classes?", "Did he get good grades?", "Did he later attend college?" ]

[ 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1 ]

[ 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 2040 ], [ 414 ], [ 955 ], [ 2040 ], [ 2040 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Daniel Barenboim was born in 1942 in Buenos Aires, Argentina, to Argentinian-Jewish parents Aida (nee Schuster) and Enrique Barenboim." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Two years later, in the summer of 1954, his parents took him to Salzburg to take part in Igor Markevitch's conducting classes." ], [ "In 1955 Barenboim studied harmony and composition with Nadia Boulanger in Paris." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 2040, 414, 955, 2040, 2040 ], "texts": [ "Daniel Barenboim was born in 1942 in Buenos Aires, Argentina, to Argentinian-Jewish parents Aida (nee Schuster) and Enrique Barenboim.", "CANNOTANSWER", "Two years later, in the summer of 1954, his parents took him to Salzburg to take part in Igor Markevitch's conducting classes.", "In 1955 Barenboim studied harmony and composition with Nadia Boulanger in Paris.", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "The context does not provide information on what Daniel Barenboim wrote in his biography.", "The context does not provide information on whether Daniel Barenboim had any siblings.", "The context does not provide information on where Daniel Barenboim went to school.", "After his conducting classes, in 1955, Daniel Barenboim studied harmony and composition with Nadia Boulanger in Paris.", "The context does not provide information on Daniel Barenboim's grades.", "The context does not provide information on whether Daniel Barenboim attended college." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_bdda5598a0b8495fa8fed7044678e8e1_1_q#0", "C_bdda5598a0b8495fa8fed7044678e8e1_1_q#1", "C_bdda5598a0b8495fa8fed7044678e8e1_1_q#2", "C_bdda5598a0b8495fa8fed7044678e8e1_1_q#3" ]

[ "What was the name of the King to which Elizabeth was a niece?", "When did Richard die?", "Who took over after his death?", "When did Henry take over?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 946 ], [ 1810 ], [ 75 ], [ 688 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Richard III," ], [ "22 August 1485," ], [ "Henry Tudor" ], [ "December 1483," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 946, 1810, 75, 688 ], "texts": [ "Richard III,", "22 August 1485,", "Henry Tudor", "December 1483," ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide information on the name of the King to which Elizabeth was a niece.", "Richard III died on 22 August 1485.", "After Richard III's death, Henry Tudor took over as King Henry VII.", "Henry Tudor took over after the death of Richard III on 22 August 1485." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No" ]

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[ "what expanded?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "did it win any awards?", "any other awards?", "what were their top hits?", "where did they play?", "did they play anywhere else?" ]

[ 2, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 73 ], [ 0 ], [ 309 ], [ 387 ], [ 1341 ], [ 518 ], [ 1719 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Like its predecessor, the album features multimedia content, with a number of PDF files on topics such" ], [ "Propagandhi released the album Potemkin City Limits on October 18, 2005." ], [ "\"A Speculative Fiction\", won the 2006 SOCAN Songwriting Prize by online vote." ], [ "Propagandhi pledged to use the $5000 prize to make donations to the Haiti Action Network and The Welcome Place," ], [ "In 2007, the band released a DVD entitled Live from Occupied Territory," ], [ "Winnipeg" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 73, 0, 309, 387, 1341, 518, 1719 ], "texts": [ "Like its predecessor, the album features multimedia content, with a number of PDF files on topics such", "Propagandhi released the album Potemkin City Limits on October 18, 2005.", "\"A Speculative Fiction\", won the 2006 SOCAN Songwriting Prize by online vote.", "Propagandhi pledged to use the $5000 prize to make donations to the Haiti Action Network and The Welcome Place,", "In 2007, the band released a DVD entitled Live from Occupied Territory,", "Winnipeg", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[ { "text": "Animal rights are closely associated with two ideologies of the punk subculture: anarcho-punk and straight edge. This association dates back to the 1980s and has been expressed in areas that include song lyrics, benefit concerts for animal rights organisations, and militant actions of activists influenced by punk music. Among the latter, Rod Coronado, Peter Daniel Young and members of SHAC are notable. This issue spread into various punk rock and hardcore subgenres, e.g. crust punk, metalcore and grindcore, eventually becoming a distinctive feature of punk culture.\n\nThe inculcation of some concepts and practices related to animal rights in the collective consciousness has been substantially pioneered and influenced by the punk movement. This association continues on into the 21st century, as evinced by the prominence of international vegan punk events such as Ieperfest in Belgium, Fluff Fest in Czech Republic, and Verdurada in Brazil.\n\nOverview and analysis \n\nThe relationship between punk and animal rights is highlighted in the imagery and lyrics of these bands, the content of zines, benefit concerts and albums for animal activist causes, and the convergence between punk and veganism in cafés, social centres, Food Not Bombs chapters, organisations such as the Animal Defense League and ABC No Rio (United States), and hunt saboteur groups (United Kingdom). Veganism has become the social norm in some communities of the anarcho-punk (current within punk rock that promotes anarchism) and straight edge (hardcore punk subculture based on abstinence from alcohol, tobacco and other recreational drugs) subcultures. For their part, the devotees of the Hare Krishna tradition, present in the krishnacore subgenre, are required to be vegetarians.\n\nA 2014 study indicates that vegan punks are more likely to remain politically active through their diets and lifestyles than those who do not belong to this subculture. The majority of those incarcerated for illicit animal activism in the late 1990s and early 2000s were involved in hardcore punk music. In the anglosphere, although women are probably the greatest part of animal rights and environmental advocacy, young white men constitute the majority of both eco-animal rights criminality and the \"hypermasculine\" vegan straight edge milieu, coinciding with the propaganda success of organisations such as the Earth Liberation Front. Despite these correlations, the sociologists Will Boisseau and Jim Donaghey state that not all punks are vegans or are even interested in animal rights, while sociologist Ross Haenfler writes that tolerant straight edgers have always outnumbered their militant counterparts, who, nevertheless, \"overshadowed much of the scene\" for their violent actions.\n\nPolitics and religion \n\nResearcher Kirsty Lohman points out that punk's concern for animal welfare is placed in broader politics of environmental awareness and anti-consumerism, suggesting a form of continuity with previous countercultures such as the hippies and avant-gardes. One of the main characteristics of punk is its anti-authoritarian nature that includes a belief in liberation, concept which quickly extended into compassion for animals. In line with this, author Craig O'Hara said that \"politically minded punks have viewed our treatment of animals as another of the many existing forms of oppression.\" Furthermore, due to the substantial affiliation between meat eating and masculinity, many punks consider their vegetarian lifestyles as, at least partly, a feminist practice. For these reasons, Boisseau and Donaghey suggest that the relationship between punk culture and animal rights and veganism is best understood within the framework of anarchism and intersectionality.\n\nUnlike anarcho-punk, straight edge is not inherently political. For many straight edgers, as stated by Haenfler, \"the personal is the political\", choosing to live out their lifestyle (e.g. by adopting vegetarian diets) rather than engaging in traditional political protest. There have also been left-wing, conservative, radical, anarchist and religious interpretations of straight edge. Some straight edge people became Hare Krishnas because the latter provides a transcendental and philosophical framework wherein lay the commitments of non-drug use, vegetarianism and avoidance of illicit sex. Francis Stewart of the University of Stirling explained that there is still an anarchist influence on hardcore punk and straight edge, even if it were subtle, especially in regards to veganism and animal liberation and in the position of these within larger patterns of oppression. In 2017, she observed that straight edge has had an increasing hybridisation with anarchism.\n\nSome radical political circles and authors have criticised some straight edge branches, in particular its 1990s American form, for their \"self-righteous militancy\", \"reductionist focus on animal rights and environmental issues,\" and a religious leaning \"that, in its worst forms, resembled reactionary Christian doctrines\", according to anarchist writer Gabriel Kuhn. By the same token, other authors, such as music theorist Jonathan Pieslak, as well as straight edge activists argue that left-wing socio-political and politically correct agendas are detrimental to the movement because the scope of supporters is actually narrowed in broadening its causes since not everyone agrees on all of them. Instead, they propose the initial biocentrism which allowed highly divergent perspectives so long as the animals and earth were first.\n\nDespite their differences, sociologist Erik Hannerz highlights that anarcho-punk and straight edge not only coincide with animal rights, but both also emphasise a do-it-yourself (DIY) ethic and downplay a conspicuous style in favour of calling to action, linking their lifestyles to political action. Elsewhere, Boisseau and Donaghey write that many people exposed to animal rights and veganism continue their activism after ending their involvement in punk scenes, indicating the politicising role of these subcultures.\n\nInfluence on participants \nPoliticisation through punk typically involves an awareness of animal liberation through song lyrics and albums that include information and images of animal cruelty. Zines also played a fundamental part by discussing animal rights, factory farming, and the health and environmental effects of diets, often drawing on academic authors. For many listeners, punk rock scenes provided their first encounter with the horrors of slaughterhouses or laboratories, as noted by the comparative religion scholar Sarah M. Pike and vocalist Markus Meißner, especially \"before the Internet made documentaries available to everyone.\" Regarding vegan straight edge activists, Pieslak writes that the \"movement had an intense impact on listeners, with the music playing a transformative role\". Pike said that it generated an \"internal revolution\" in them through \"the intensity of hardcore music and [its illustrative] lyrics\"; the music working on them together with documentaries that reported the harshness of seal hunting or fur farms; or simply the aural experiences \"affirmed at a visceral level\" the activists' desire for animal liberation.\n\nReception from the animal rights movement \nThe reception of punk's activism has varied through the broader animal rights movement, which reflects the \"much more diverse\" ideological and tactical differences existent within both movements \"than they might at first appear.\" Sociologist and animal rights advocate Donna Maurer positively exemplified vegan straight edge as a movement that includes ethical veganism as part of their collective identity, therefore furthering the cause, but warned that teens who adopt it only to be part of the group can contribute to the free-rider problem. Strategies such as arson and property damage have often been attributed to the youthfulness and punk subcultural affiliation of A.L.F. activists and other related organisations. The more mainstream advocates tend to condemn these tactics and sometimes their relationship with punk. Others have supported them because, in their opinion, they seem to produce more quick changes. Another trouble spot has been the anti-abortion stance of some of the most religiously committed activists which, in the case of hardcore punk, were influenced by the sanctity of life belief of Krishna Consciousness and hardline.\n\nAnarcho-punk\n\nBackground \nThe association of anarcho-punk and animal rights and environmentalism dates from the 1980s in the United Kingdom. This relationship (and subgenre) arises in the context of political upheaval, with a conservative government that waged war against Argentina (1982) and would eventually deploy nuclear missiles in the country. Anarcho-punk tried to restore punk rock's original objective of a subversive change in the world, countering the \"disappointment, self-destruction, and commercial corruption\" that permeated its key first-wave bands, and instead abiding by a devoted do-it-yourself ethic and philosophical anarchism. Anarcho-punk bands, which at first were widely pacifists, called to live consciously and to engage in activism; while some like Discharge and Crass emphasised their anti-war positions, others focused on animal rights such as Flux of Pink Indians and Conflict.\n\nJournalist Nora Kusche states that anarcho-punk was the first music genre that made animal rights activism one of its main characteristics. Some punks, most remarkably Joe Strummer of the Clash, were already vegetarians before the establishment of this movement.\n\nResearcher Aragorn Eloff notes that throughout the history of anarchism there had been some strands that criticised speciesism and embraced plant-based diets, but none had done so with such militancy as anarcho-punk in the 1980s. This was particularly true in its British political tradition.\n\nCharacteristics \nIn the anarchist DIY scenes, one of the most notable demonstrations of the punk lifestyle is a vegetarian or vegan diet. The anarchist philosophy of punk, which favoured action rather than a formal political organisation, was expressed in punks mobilising as hunt saboteurs (whose size was \"swelled\" by them), raising funds for activist groups and circulating British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection's propaganda. Images of animal testing were commonly exhibited in album covers, stickers, patches and buttons. An already well-established animal rights counterculture inspired some of these strategies, including leafleting at gigs. Kusche highlights that hunting was traditionally linked to the British aristocracy who then were disrupted by the \"scruffy, antisocial\" punks.\n\nDuring this period there was also a proliferation of punk zines that discussed animal rights and ecological practices of consumption. The scholars Russ Bestley and Rebecca Binns argue that the early establishment of animal rights in anarcho-punk led to a form of \"two-way dialogue\" between bands and participants instead of a \"top-down\" ideological imposition, which became more the case with other developments.\n\nMany traditional British anarchists differed in several ways from anarcho-punk, considering their interest in the Animal Liberation Front (A.L.F.), the counterculture of the punk underground and other concerns as \"at best secondary and at worst irrelevant.\" Likewise, punks found many of the intellectual debates around anarchist politics and, initially, the violence supported by revolutionary traditionalists equally alienating. Although the separation was not unbridgeable, the tensions remained unresolved.\n\nEstablishment \n\nAn antecedent of this association is the 1979 song \"Time Out\" by the band Crass, initiators of anarcho-punk, in which they compare the human and animal fleshes. The band Flux of Pink Indians pioneered this trend with their 1981 EP Neu Smell. During their career, Flux gave out thousands of leaflets on vivisection and other subjects at their gigs. In the following years, numerous anarcho-punk bands composed songs promoting animal rights and sometimes made it the principal topic, encompassing vegetarianism, anti-vivisection and opposition to hunting. Furthermore, they would often include information and images of animal cruelty within in their records. The most important advocates of vegetarianism and animal rights were the group Conflict, who aligned themselves with the Animal Liberation Front (A.L.F.) This band made a \"call to arms\" against different institutions, including slaughterhouses, and projected video footage of these while they played. The title of their 1983 song \"Meat Means Murder\" turned into a slogan which quickly propagated through the punk scene; articles on the topic appeared on fanzines, even on American (Flipside and Maximumrocknroll) and Australian ones. Their follow-up single To a Nation of Animal Lovers (1983) featured Steve Ignorant of Crass as co-vocalist and included illustrated vivisection essays in addition to addresses of scientists, food producers and fur farms.\n\nEarly anarcho-punk bands such as Amebix, Antisect, Dirt, Exit-Stance, Liberty, Lost Cherrees, Poison Girls, Rudimentary Peni, and Subhumans all wrote songs dealing with animal rights issues as well, as did non-political bands such as the Business. Other remarkable works dedicated to the cause were the compilation albums of bands The Animals Packet (1983), organised by Chumbawamba, and This is the A.L.F. (1989), organised by Conflict and which was described in a retrospective review as \"one of the most crucial anarcho-punk compilations of the '80s (and beyond)\". American political bands of the early 1980s such as MDC and Crucifix, both from California and influenced by Crass, also promoted vegetarianism.\n\nSociologist Peter Webb ascribed the growth of vegan and vegetarian cafés, organic food suppliers, and A.L.F. and Hunt Saboteurs Association increasing recruitment in Bristol through the first half of the 1980s to its anarcho-punk scene. Several members of political and anarcho-punk bands engaged in direct action activism, for example one member of Polemic Attack from Surrey was imprisoned for raiding an animal laboratory and two members of Anti-System from Bradford for destroying butcher shops and breaking into an abattoir, while the members of Wartoys (Manchester), Virus (Dorset), Polemic Attack, Disorder (Bristol), and Icons of Filth (Wales) all reported to have been hunt saboteurs, the last of whom also made songs against the meat industry and whose vocalist, Stig Sewell, staunchly supported the A.L.F.\n\nIn the mid- to late 1980s, the stripped-down and coarse style of anarcho-punk mixed with different subgenres of heavy metal and brought forth crust punk and grindcore, which shared its emphasis on political and animal rights issues. Early grindcore bands such as Napalm Death, Agathocles and Carcass made animal rights one of their primary lyrical themes. Early crust punk bands including Nausea, Electro Hippies and Extreme Noise Terror also advocated vegetarian lifestyles.\n\nIn Spain, the anarchist ska punk band Ska-P, formed in 1994, have written several songs criticising animal abuse and endorsed animal rights organisations.\n\nIn 2018, Gerfried Ambrosch of the University of Graz called the Canadian anarcho-punk band Propagandhi \"the most renowned contemporary vegan punk band\".\n\nImpact \nSome authors credit the anarcho-punk scene originated by Crass as the introduction of diverse concepts and counter-cultural practices in popular culture, including those related to animal rights. Eloff stated that the sudden growth of animal liberation theory and practice within anarchism since the 1980s, which also developed into philosophies such as veganarchism, was most probably caused by the anarcho-punk subculture. According to author John King, the animal stance of anarcho-punk spread through all areas of punk, especially the traveller, hardcore, straight edge, and folk-punk scenes. Despite this, writer and musician Andy Martin of the influential band the Apostles was not as enthusiastic, stating in 2014 that \"Dave Morris and Helen Steel, for example, have achieved more for the campaign against McDonald's than every punk band there has ever been. This is not to unduly berate punk bands, but they must be regarded in the correct perspective...\"\n\nSeveral animal rights activists such as Rod Coronado, Craig Rosebraugh, Isa Chandra Moskowitz, and David J. Wolfson were initially inspired by anarcho-punk bands.\n\nStraight edge and hardcore punk\n\nCharacteristics \n\nBeyond the basic tenets of straight edge (complete abstention from alcohol, tobacco and any recreational drug), its participants can lead their lifestyles freely, but an investigation by Ross Haenfler of the University of Mississippi revealed some underlying values across the movement: healthy living, improving one's and others' lives, commitment to straight edge, refraining from casual sex, and involvement in progressive causes. Among the last, two of the most adopted are animal rights and vegetarian lifestyles, which many see as a logical extension of living a positive, non-exploitative lifestyle and equate the harm and immorality of drugs with animal products. Many straight edge activists credit their empathy towards animal suffering and their actions to stop it to the permanent state of consciousness that their sober lifestyle gives them.\n\nStraight edge, as most subcultures, is not inherently political but its participants seek to \"remoralise\" dominant culture through their individual acts of resistance. However, it often serves as a bridge to further political involvement, especially in social justice and progressive causes. The scholar Simon J. Bronner observes the lack of political homogeneity within the ideology, noting that there have been radical, religious, anarchist, and conservative straight edge bands, sometimes-tensely-coexisting in local scenes. For example, Earth Crisis, Vegan Reich and Chokehold all advocate veganism and sobriety, but disagree on other issues. Sociologist William Tsitsos pointed out that some of the most influential American straight edge bands that espoused animal rights focused only on personal morality, even when referring to corporations, while some of their European counterparts saw these lifestyles as part of a larger left-wing challenge against capitalism. He argues that, to a large extent, this was the result of the neoliberal and welfare politics that respectively dominated these territories.\n\nThe most controversial offshoot that advocated animal rights was hardline, a biocentric militant ideology that combines veganism, revolutionary politics and an Abrahamic view of the natural order, thus abjuring homosexuality and abortion. Hardline was largely marginalised and remained a fringe phenomenon. The sacredness of life belief introduced by hardline and Krishna Consciousness did not only embrace animals, but also unborn children. This influenced the anti-abortion stance of some of the most religiously committed animal rights activists and created a rift with those who supported it.\n\nInfluences and first contacts \nIn the mid- to late 1980s, American hardcore punk music and particularly its subculture straight edge began to get involved in animal rights and environmentalism. Journalist Brian Peterson attributes diverse influences on this relationship beyond anarcho-punk: the post-hardcore band Beefeater, the 1985 album Meat Is Murder by British post-punk band the Smiths, the Hare Krishna tradition, and the vegetarian rapper KRS-One. On the other hand, Pike notes two origins for the activists that would later emerge from the scene: the political one, which started with the arrival of the Animal Liberation Front from England, and the religious one, influenced by the Hare Krishna faith. Pioneering this trend were the 1986 songs \"Do Unto Others\" by Cro-Mags, a band with Hare Krishna members, and \"Free At Last\" by Youth of Today, straight edgers, both criticising slaughterhouses in a verse.\n\nEstablishment \nAfter those first contacts, works such as Diet for a New America (1987) by John Robbins and Animal Liberation (1975) by Peter Singer increasingly began to circulate between the members of the scene, influencing bands and zines. By this time Youth of Today had become the most popular straight edge group, propagating the youth crew subculture, and included the pro-vegetarian song \"No More\" and a recommendation of vegetarian literature in their 1988 album We're Not in This Alone. Several straight edge bands followed this trend, including Insted and Gorilla Biscuits. In the early 1990s, the straight edge offshoot krishnacore was developed, which among its principles includes vegetarianism, centred on the bands Shelter (formed by two ex members of Youth of Today) and 108. Haenfler estimates that at this time three out of four straight edgers in Denver, Colorado were vegetarians and that among them were many vegans. However, it did not take long before the new vocal vegetarians received a backlash from punks who considered these issues private.\n\nAnalogously, in the late 1980s, the hardcore punk subgenre powerviolence was established in California, featuring politically militant lyrics that also address animal rights. One of its most notable bands are Dropdead, who took cues from anarcho-punk and a strong animal activist stance.\n\nPropagation and militance \n\nThe American band Vegan Reich, formed in the anarcho-punk community, released their self-titled EP in 1990 along with a manifesto that ushered in hardline, a biocentric, militant, vegan, anti-drugs, and sexually conservative ideology. Vegan Reich frontman Sean Muttaqi stated he started the band to \"spread a militant animal liberation message,\" but ended up disillusioned with hardliners as they were \"all-consumed with minute details or inward shit\" by the end of his band in 1993. The hardline scene was small, had few associated acts (including Raid and Statement), and its principles on sexuality and abortion marginalised them to a large extent, but its stances on animal rights were innovative and helped to push veganism, direct action and increase awareness on animal liberation in hardcore punk. Vegan Reich also infused a more metal sound into straight edge.\n\nThe debates arising from the new moral tendencies in hardcore prompted animal rights to become predominant in the 1990s. Animal groups such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) began to set up stalls at shows, distributing free literature. These organisations paid for advertisement in zines, some of which devoted their entire content to discuss these causes. Consequently, the association between straight edge and vegetarianism or veganism soon permeated the whole scene and gave rise to a predominantly militant branch centred on veganism: vegan straight edge. One of its pioneering bands was Chokehold from Ontario, Canada, but the ideology was largely popularised and radicalised by Earth Crisis from Syracuse, New York, whose lyrics from their 1995 debut album Destroy the Machines \"read like passages from Earth First!, Animal Liberation Front, and Earth Liberation Front direct-action essays.\" Other notable American vegan straight edge bands during the 1990s were Birthright (Indiana), Culture (Florida), Day of Suffering (North Carolina), Green Rage (New York), Morning Again (Florida), and Warcry (Indiana). By and large, their style was a blend of hardcore punk and extreme metal known as metalcore. The vegan straight edge record label Catalyst Records was founded in Indiana in the early 1990s as well.\n\nVegan straight edge soon influenced bands from many countries, including Sweden (Refused and Abhinanda), Portugal (New Winds), and Brazil (Point of No Return). In Belgium, straight edge bands such as ManLiftingBanner also advocated vegetarian diets and the Ieperfest vegan hardcore festival was founded in 1993, which would also influence the creation of the Czech vegan Fluff Fest in 2000. In Umeå, the city of Refused and Abhinanda, the number of 15-year-old vegetarians increased to 16% in 1996. Since the mid-1990s, the hardcore scene of São Paulo, Brazil has been highly organised, politicised and involved in animal rights by a collective that incorporated straight edge, anarchism, and the Hare Krishna tradition. One of its branches established the Verdurada drug and meat free festival in 1996, in which a vegan dinner is served at the end to the attendees. A portion of the Israeli hardcore scene intertwined straight edge, animal rights and anarchism at this period as well.\n\nInspired by these developments, some young people joined radical groups for animal rights and environmentalism such as the Animal Liberation Front (A.L.F.), Animal Defense League (A.D.L.), Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and Earth First! An increase in Animal Liberation Front activism in North America corresponds with the rise of vegan straight edge and hardline bands through the 1990s. The majority of animal rights activists imprisoned in the late 1990s and early 2000s were involved in hardcore punk. Despite the preponderance of this association, some people in the scene felt that militancy was taken to the extreme and they often responded reactionarily. Direct action methods were especially debated for the aggression and sometimes criminality they meant.\n\nIn the late 1990s, several vegan straight edge bands had split up and soon the ideology took a back seat in the American hardcore subculture, but its impact on the scene has lasted and become \"almost inextricably linked\" to it.\n\nImpact \nJournalist Will Potter affirms that the hardcore subculture \"was even more influential\" for activists than its British predecessor, with both having \"had a formative, lasting impact on\" the radical animal rights and environmental movements. Peterson states that the impact of animal rights on hardcore is felt not only in the scene, but also in the collective consciousness and many activists who developed there. Dylan Clark of the University of Toronto wrote that straight edge's advocacy of veganism ultimately fed it into the entire punk spectrum. Several animal rights activists such as Peter Daniel Young, several members of Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty 7 (SHAC 7), and Walter Bond were initially inspired by straight edge bands.\n\nOther manifestations \nIn Germany, the punk zine Ox-Fanzine was founded in 1989 and began publishing vegan cookbooks. In later years, there has been an influx of punk-themed cookbooks published by large publishing houses, including How It All Vegan (1999) by Sarah Kramer and Tanya Barnard, and Vegan with a Vengeance (2005) by Isa Chandra Moskowitz. Several punks have set up vegetarian restaurants across the United States after noticing the lack of catering towards them. Cosmetic and clothing companies also began to serve to their new punk-vegan niche market, including lines by Manic Panic (company started by former members of Blondie) and Kat Von D.\n\nSince 2001, Vans Warped Tour has been affiliated with PETA, including food vendors that distribute animal rights information. Other large punk festivals such as Rebellion in 2011 have turned their backstage caterings entirely vegetarian.\n\nThe ska-punk band Goldfinger, formed in 1994, started as a \"fun\" project but since their fourth album, Open Your Eyes (2002), their frontman and producer John Feldmann became a member of PETA and put animal rights at the forefront of their music.\n\nIn Spain and some Latin American countries, several punk bands have written songs against bullfighting.\n\nSee also \n List of songs about animal rights\n Anarchism and animal rights\n List of animal rights advocates\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nFurther reading \n\nCategory:Animal rights movement\nCategory:Punk\nCategory:Straight edge\nCategory:Anarcho-punk\nCategory:Animal Liberation Front\nCategory:Green anarchism", "title": "Animal rights and punk subculture" } ]

[ "The text does not provide information on what expanded.", "Yes, the text mentions several interesting aspects:\n\n1. Propagandhi's album \"Potemkin City Limits\" includes multimedia content, including PDFs on topics such as economics and veganism, and links to organizations the band supports.\n2. The opening track of this album, \"A Speculative Fiction\", won the 2006 SOCAN Songwriting Prize.\n3. The band used their prize money to support the Haiti Action Network and The Welcome Place, an organization helping refugees in Manitoba.\n4. The band's lineup expanded for the first time in twenty years with the addition of a second guitarist, David Guillas, who Chris Hannah had been a fan of.\n5. A 2007 DVD release, \"Live from Occupied Territory\", benefits the Grassy Narrows blockade and the Middle East Children's Alliance and features documentaries in addition to their live set.", "Yes, the opening track of Propagandhi's album \"Potemkin City Limits\" called \"A Speculative Fiction\" won the 2006 SOCAN Songwriting Prize.", "The text does not provide information on any other awards.", "The text does not provide information on Propagandhi's top hits.", "The band played at The Zoo in Winnipeg, as mentioned in the context. This concert was later featured on their 2007 DVD release, \"Live from Occupied Territory\".", "The text does not provide information on any other locations where Propagandhi has played." ]

[ "No", "No", "Yes", "no", "no", "Yes", "Yes" ]

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[ "Where did the band form?", "Who were the original members?", "What record did they first record?", "Did it win any awards?", "What was the second record?", "What was the second record received?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "How did they clash specifically?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 498 ], [ 9 ], [ 588 ], [ 2192 ], [ 1453 ], [ 2192 ], [ 2060 ], [ 2192 ] ], "texts": [ [ "California" ], [ "Samolesky and Hannah recruited original bassist Scott Hopper" ], [ "\"I Want You to Want Me\"." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Apparently, I'm a 'P.C. Fascist' (" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Hannah, clashed with the sexist and homophobic culture" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 498, 9, 588, 2192, 1453, 2192, 2060, 2192 ], "texts": [ "California", "Samolesky and Hannah recruited original bassist Scott Hopper", "\"I Want You to Want Me\".", "CANNOTANSWER", "Apparently, I'm a 'P.C. Fascist' (", "CANNOTANSWER", "Hannah, clashed with the sexist and homophobic culture", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[ { "text": "Animal rights are closely associated with two ideologies of the punk subculture: anarcho-punk and straight edge. This association dates back to the 1980s and has been expressed in areas that include song lyrics, benefit concerts for animal rights organisations, and militant actions of activists influenced by punk music. Among the latter, Rod Coronado, Peter Daniel Young and members of SHAC are notable. This issue spread into various punk rock and hardcore subgenres, e.g. crust punk, metalcore and grindcore, eventually becoming a distinctive feature of punk culture.\n\nThe inculcation of some concepts and practices related to animal rights in the collective consciousness has been substantially pioneered and influenced by the punk movement. This association continues on into the 21st century, as evinced by the prominence of international vegan punk events such as Ieperfest in Belgium, Fluff Fest in Czech Republic, and Verdurada in Brazil.\n\nOverview and analysis \n\nThe relationship between punk and animal rights is highlighted in the imagery and lyrics of these bands, the content of zines, benefit concerts and albums for animal activist causes, and the convergence between punk and veganism in cafés, social centres, Food Not Bombs chapters, organisations such as the Animal Defense League and ABC No Rio (United States), and hunt saboteur groups (United Kingdom). Veganism has become the social norm in some communities of the anarcho-punk (current within punk rock that promotes anarchism) and straight edge (hardcore punk subculture based on abstinence from alcohol, tobacco and other recreational drugs) subcultures. For their part, the devotees of the Hare Krishna tradition, present in the krishnacore subgenre, are required to be vegetarians.\n\nA 2014 study indicates that vegan punks are more likely to remain politically active through their diets and lifestyles than those who do not belong to this subculture. The majority of those incarcerated for illicit animal activism in the late 1990s and early 2000s were involved in hardcore punk music. In the anglosphere, although women are probably the greatest part of animal rights and environmental advocacy, young white men constitute the majority of both eco-animal rights criminality and the \"hypermasculine\" vegan straight edge milieu, coinciding with the propaganda success of organisations such as the Earth Liberation Front. Despite these correlations, the sociologists Will Boisseau and Jim Donaghey state that not all punks are vegans or are even interested in animal rights, while sociologist Ross Haenfler writes that tolerant straight edgers have always outnumbered their militant counterparts, who, nevertheless, \"overshadowed much of the scene\" for their violent actions.\n\nPolitics and religion \n\nResearcher Kirsty Lohman points out that punk's concern for animal welfare is placed in broader politics of environmental awareness and anti-consumerism, suggesting a form of continuity with previous countercultures such as the hippies and avant-gardes. One of the main characteristics of punk is its anti-authoritarian nature that includes a belief in liberation, concept which quickly extended into compassion for animals. In line with this, author Craig O'Hara said that \"politically minded punks have viewed our treatment of animals as another of the many existing forms of oppression.\" Furthermore, due to the substantial affiliation between meat eating and masculinity, many punks consider their vegetarian lifestyles as, at least partly, a feminist practice. For these reasons, Boisseau and Donaghey suggest that the relationship between punk culture and animal rights and veganism is best understood within the framework of anarchism and intersectionality.\n\nUnlike anarcho-punk, straight edge is not inherently political. For many straight edgers, as stated by Haenfler, \"the personal is the political\", choosing to live out their lifestyle (e.g. by adopting vegetarian diets) rather than engaging in traditional political protest. There have also been left-wing, conservative, radical, anarchist and religious interpretations of straight edge. Some straight edge people became Hare Krishnas because the latter provides a transcendental and philosophical framework wherein lay the commitments of non-drug use, vegetarianism and avoidance of illicit sex. Francis Stewart of the University of Stirling explained that there is still an anarchist influence on hardcore punk and straight edge, even if it were subtle, especially in regards to veganism and animal liberation and in the position of these within larger patterns of oppression. In 2017, she observed that straight edge has had an increasing hybridisation with anarchism.\n\nSome radical political circles and authors have criticised some straight edge branches, in particular its 1990s American form, for their \"self-righteous militancy\", \"reductionist focus on animal rights and environmental issues,\" and a religious leaning \"that, in its worst forms, resembled reactionary Christian doctrines\", according to anarchist writer Gabriel Kuhn. By the same token, other authors, such as music theorist Jonathan Pieslak, as well as straight edge activists argue that left-wing socio-political and politically correct agendas are detrimental to the movement because the scope of supporters is actually narrowed in broadening its causes since not everyone agrees on all of them. Instead, they propose the initial biocentrism which allowed highly divergent perspectives so long as the animals and earth were first.\n\nDespite their differences, sociologist Erik Hannerz highlights that anarcho-punk and straight edge not only coincide with animal rights, but both also emphasise a do-it-yourself (DIY) ethic and downplay a conspicuous style in favour of calling to action, linking their lifestyles to political action. Elsewhere, Boisseau and Donaghey write that many people exposed to animal rights and veganism continue their activism after ending their involvement in punk scenes, indicating the politicising role of these subcultures.\n\nInfluence on participants \nPoliticisation through punk typically involves an awareness of animal liberation through song lyrics and albums that include information and images of animal cruelty. Zines also played a fundamental part by discussing animal rights, factory farming, and the health and environmental effects of diets, often drawing on academic authors. For many listeners, punk rock scenes provided their first encounter with the horrors of slaughterhouses or laboratories, as noted by the comparative religion scholar Sarah M. Pike and vocalist Markus Meißner, especially \"before the Internet made documentaries available to everyone.\" Regarding vegan straight edge activists, Pieslak writes that the \"movement had an intense impact on listeners, with the music playing a transformative role\". Pike said that it generated an \"internal revolution\" in them through \"the intensity of hardcore music and [its illustrative] lyrics\"; the music working on them together with documentaries that reported the harshness of seal hunting or fur farms; or simply the aural experiences \"affirmed at a visceral level\" the activists' desire for animal liberation.\n\nReception from the animal rights movement \nThe reception of punk's activism has varied through the broader animal rights movement, which reflects the \"much more diverse\" ideological and tactical differences existent within both movements \"than they might at first appear.\" Sociologist and animal rights advocate Donna Maurer positively exemplified vegan straight edge as a movement that includes ethical veganism as part of their collective identity, therefore furthering the cause, but warned that teens who adopt it only to be part of the group can contribute to the free-rider problem. Strategies such as arson and property damage have often been attributed to the youthfulness and punk subcultural affiliation of A.L.F. activists and other related organisations. The more mainstream advocates tend to condemn these tactics and sometimes their relationship with punk. Others have supported them because, in their opinion, they seem to produce more quick changes. Another trouble spot has been the anti-abortion stance of some of the most religiously committed activists which, in the case of hardcore punk, were influenced by the sanctity of life belief of Krishna Consciousness and hardline.\n\nAnarcho-punk\n\nBackground \nThe association of anarcho-punk and animal rights and environmentalism dates from the 1980s in the United Kingdom. This relationship (and subgenre) arises in the context of political upheaval, with a conservative government that waged war against Argentina (1982) and would eventually deploy nuclear missiles in the country. Anarcho-punk tried to restore punk rock's original objective of a subversive change in the world, countering the \"disappointment, self-destruction, and commercial corruption\" that permeated its key first-wave bands, and instead abiding by a devoted do-it-yourself ethic and philosophical anarchism. Anarcho-punk bands, which at first were widely pacifists, called to live consciously and to engage in activism; while some like Discharge and Crass emphasised their anti-war positions, others focused on animal rights such as Flux of Pink Indians and Conflict.\n\nJournalist Nora Kusche states that anarcho-punk was the first music genre that made animal rights activism one of its main characteristics. Some punks, most remarkably Joe Strummer of the Clash, were already vegetarians before the establishment of this movement.\n\nResearcher Aragorn Eloff notes that throughout the history of anarchism there had been some strands that criticised speciesism and embraced plant-based diets, but none had done so with such militancy as anarcho-punk in the 1980s. This was particularly true in its British political tradition.\n\nCharacteristics \nIn the anarchist DIY scenes, one of the most notable demonstrations of the punk lifestyle is a vegetarian or vegan diet. The anarchist philosophy of punk, which favoured action rather than a formal political organisation, was expressed in punks mobilising as hunt saboteurs (whose size was \"swelled\" by them), raising funds for activist groups and circulating British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection's propaganda. Images of animal testing were commonly exhibited in album covers, stickers, patches and buttons. An already well-established animal rights counterculture inspired some of these strategies, including leafleting at gigs. Kusche highlights that hunting was traditionally linked to the British aristocracy who then were disrupted by the \"scruffy, antisocial\" punks.\n\nDuring this period there was also a proliferation of punk zines that discussed animal rights and ecological practices of consumption. The scholars Russ Bestley and Rebecca Binns argue that the early establishment of animal rights in anarcho-punk led to a form of \"two-way dialogue\" between bands and participants instead of a \"top-down\" ideological imposition, which became more the case with other developments.\n\nMany traditional British anarchists differed in several ways from anarcho-punk, considering their interest in the Animal Liberation Front (A.L.F.), the counterculture of the punk underground and other concerns as \"at best secondary and at worst irrelevant.\" Likewise, punks found many of the intellectual debates around anarchist politics and, initially, the violence supported by revolutionary traditionalists equally alienating. Although the separation was not unbridgeable, the tensions remained unresolved.\n\nEstablishment \n\nAn antecedent of this association is the 1979 song \"Time Out\" by the band Crass, initiators of anarcho-punk, in which they compare the human and animal fleshes. The band Flux of Pink Indians pioneered this trend with their 1981 EP Neu Smell. During their career, Flux gave out thousands of leaflets on vivisection and other subjects at their gigs. In the following years, numerous anarcho-punk bands composed songs promoting animal rights and sometimes made it the principal topic, encompassing vegetarianism, anti-vivisection and opposition to hunting. Furthermore, they would often include information and images of animal cruelty within in their records. The most important advocates of vegetarianism and animal rights were the group Conflict, who aligned themselves with the Animal Liberation Front (A.L.F.) This band made a \"call to arms\" against different institutions, including slaughterhouses, and projected video footage of these while they played. The title of their 1983 song \"Meat Means Murder\" turned into a slogan which quickly propagated through the punk scene; articles on the topic appeared on fanzines, even on American (Flipside and Maximumrocknroll) and Australian ones. Their follow-up single To a Nation of Animal Lovers (1983) featured Steve Ignorant of Crass as co-vocalist and included illustrated vivisection essays in addition to addresses of scientists, food producers and fur farms.\n\nEarly anarcho-punk bands such as Amebix, Antisect, Dirt, Exit-Stance, Liberty, Lost Cherrees, Poison Girls, Rudimentary Peni, and Subhumans all wrote songs dealing with animal rights issues as well, as did non-political bands such as the Business. Other remarkable works dedicated to the cause were the compilation albums of bands The Animals Packet (1983), organised by Chumbawamba, and This is the A.L.F. (1989), organised by Conflict and which was described in a retrospective review as \"one of the most crucial anarcho-punk compilations of the '80s (and beyond)\". American political bands of the early 1980s such as MDC and Crucifix, both from California and influenced by Crass, also promoted vegetarianism.\n\nSociologist Peter Webb ascribed the growth of vegan and vegetarian cafés, organic food suppliers, and A.L.F. and Hunt Saboteurs Association increasing recruitment in Bristol through the first half of the 1980s to its anarcho-punk scene. Several members of political and anarcho-punk bands engaged in direct action activism, for example one member of Polemic Attack from Surrey was imprisoned for raiding an animal laboratory and two members of Anti-System from Bradford for destroying butcher shops and breaking into an abattoir, while the members of Wartoys (Manchester), Virus (Dorset), Polemic Attack, Disorder (Bristol), and Icons of Filth (Wales) all reported to have been hunt saboteurs, the last of whom also made songs against the meat industry and whose vocalist, Stig Sewell, staunchly supported the A.L.F.\n\nIn the mid- to late 1980s, the stripped-down and coarse style of anarcho-punk mixed with different subgenres of heavy metal and brought forth crust punk and grindcore, which shared its emphasis on political and animal rights issues. Early grindcore bands such as Napalm Death, Agathocles and Carcass made animal rights one of their primary lyrical themes. Early crust punk bands including Nausea, Electro Hippies and Extreme Noise Terror also advocated vegetarian lifestyles.\n\nIn Spain, the anarchist ska punk band Ska-P, formed in 1994, have written several songs criticising animal abuse and endorsed animal rights organisations.\n\nIn 2018, Gerfried Ambrosch of the University of Graz called the Canadian anarcho-punk band Propagandhi \"the most renowned contemporary vegan punk band\".\n\nImpact \nSome authors credit the anarcho-punk scene originated by Crass as the introduction of diverse concepts and counter-cultural practices in popular culture, including those related to animal rights. Eloff stated that the sudden growth of animal liberation theory and practice within anarchism since the 1980s, which also developed into philosophies such as veganarchism, was most probably caused by the anarcho-punk subculture. According to author John King, the animal stance of anarcho-punk spread through all areas of punk, especially the traveller, hardcore, straight edge, and folk-punk scenes. Despite this, writer and musician Andy Martin of the influential band the Apostles was not as enthusiastic, stating in 2014 that \"Dave Morris and Helen Steel, for example, have achieved more for the campaign against McDonald's than every punk band there has ever been. This is not to unduly berate punk bands, but they must be regarded in the correct perspective...\"\n\nSeveral animal rights activists such as Rod Coronado, Craig Rosebraugh, Isa Chandra Moskowitz, and David J. Wolfson were initially inspired by anarcho-punk bands.\n\nStraight edge and hardcore punk\n\nCharacteristics \n\nBeyond the basic tenets of straight edge (complete abstention from alcohol, tobacco and any recreational drug), its participants can lead their lifestyles freely, but an investigation by Ross Haenfler of the University of Mississippi revealed some underlying values across the movement: healthy living, improving one's and others' lives, commitment to straight edge, refraining from casual sex, and involvement in progressive causes. Among the last, two of the most adopted are animal rights and vegetarian lifestyles, which many see as a logical extension of living a positive, non-exploitative lifestyle and equate the harm and immorality of drugs with animal products. Many straight edge activists credit their empathy towards animal suffering and their actions to stop it to the permanent state of consciousness that their sober lifestyle gives them.\n\nStraight edge, as most subcultures, is not inherently political but its participants seek to \"remoralise\" dominant culture through their individual acts of resistance. However, it often serves as a bridge to further political involvement, especially in social justice and progressive causes. The scholar Simon J. Bronner observes the lack of political homogeneity within the ideology, noting that there have been radical, religious, anarchist, and conservative straight edge bands, sometimes-tensely-coexisting in local scenes. For example, Earth Crisis, Vegan Reich and Chokehold all advocate veganism and sobriety, but disagree on other issues. Sociologist William Tsitsos pointed out that some of the most influential American straight edge bands that espoused animal rights focused only on personal morality, even when referring to corporations, while some of their European counterparts saw these lifestyles as part of a larger left-wing challenge against capitalism. He argues that, to a large extent, this was the result of the neoliberal and welfare politics that respectively dominated these territories.\n\nThe most controversial offshoot that advocated animal rights was hardline, a biocentric militant ideology that combines veganism, revolutionary politics and an Abrahamic view of the natural order, thus abjuring homosexuality and abortion. Hardline was largely marginalised and remained a fringe phenomenon. The sacredness of life belief introduced by hardline and Krishna Consciousness did not only embrace animals, but also unborn children. This influenced the anti-abortion stance of some of the most religiously committed animal rights activists and created a rift with those who supported it.\n\nInfluences and first contacts \nIn the mid- to late 1980s, American hardcore punk music and particularly its subculture straight edge began to get involved in animal rights and environmentalism. Journalist Brian Peterson attributes diverse influences on this relationship beyond anarcho-punk: the post-hardcore band Beefeater, the 1985 album Meat Is Murder by British post-punk band the Smiths, the Hare Krishna tradition, and the vegetarian rapper KRS-One. On the other hand, Pike notes two origins for the activists that would later emerge from the scene: the political one, which started with the arrival of the Animal Liberation Front from England, and the religious one, influenced by the Hare Krishna faith. Pioneering this trend were the 1986 songs \"Do Unto Others\" by Cro-Mags, a band with Hare Krishna members, and \"Free At Last\" by Youth of Today, straight edgers, both criticising slaughterhouses in a verse.\n\nEstablishment \nAfter those first contacts, works such as Diet for a New America (1987) by John Robbins and Animal Liberation (1975) by Peter Singer increasingly began to circulate between the members of the scene, influencing bands and zines. By this time Youth of Today had become the most popular straight edge group, propagating the youth crew subculture, and included the pro-vegetarian song \"No More\" and a recommendation of vegetarian literature in their 1988 album We're Not in This Alone. Several straight edge bands followed this trend, including Insted and Gorilla Biscuits. In the early 1990s, the straight edge offshoot krishnacore was developed, which among its principles includes vegetarianism, centred on the bands Shelter (formed by two ex members of Youth of Today) and 108. Haenfler estimates that at this time three out of four straight edgers in Denver, Colorado were vegetarians and that among them were many vegans. However, it did not take long before the new vocal vegetarians received a backlash from punks who considered these issues private.\n\nAnalogously, in the late 1980s, the hardcore punk subgenre powerviolence was established in California, featuring politically militant lyrics that also address animal rights. One of its most notable bands are Dropdead, who took cues from anarcho-punk and a strong animal activist stance.\n\nPropagation and militance \n\nThe American band Vegan Reich, formed in the anarcho-punk community, released their self-titled EP in 1990 along with a manifesto that ushered in hardline, a biocentric, militant, vegan, anti-drugs, and sexually conservative ideology. Vegan Reich frontman Sean Muttaqi stated he started the band to \"spread a militant animal liberation message,\" but ended up disillusioned with hardliners as they were \"all-consumed with minute details or inward shit\" by the end of his band in 1993. The hardline scene was small, had few associated acts (including Raid and Statement), and its principles on sexuality and abortion marginalised them to a large extent, but its stances on animal rights were innovative and helped to push veganism, direct action and increase awareness on animal liberation in hardcore punk. Vegan Reich also infused a more metal sound into straight edge.\n\nThe debates arising from the new moral tendencies in hardcore prompted animal rights to become predominant in the 1990s. Animal groups such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) began to set up stalls at shows, distributing free literature. These organisations paid for advertisement in zines, some of which devoted their entire content to discuss these causes. Consequently, the association between straight edge and vegetarianism or veganism soon permeated the whole scene and gave rise to a predominantly militant branch centred on veganism: vegan straight edge. One of its pioneering bands was Chokehold from Ontario, Canada, but the ideology was largely popularised and radicalised by Earth Crisis from Syracuse, New York, whose lyrics from their 1995 debut album Destroy the Machines \"read like passages from Earth First!, Animal Liberation Front, and Earth Liberation Front direct-action essays.\" Other notable American vegan straight edge bands during the 1990s were Birthright (Indiana), Culture (Florida), Day of Suffering (North Carolina), Green Rage (New York), Morning Again (Florida), and Warcry (Indiana). By and large, their style was a blend of hardcore punk and extreme metal known as metalcore. The vegan straight edge record label Catalyst Records was founded in Indiana in the early 1990s as well.\n\nVegan straight edge soon influenced bands from many countries, including Sweden (Refused and Abhinanda), Portugal (New Winds), and Brazil (Point of No Return). In Belgium, straight edge bands such as ManLiftingBanner also advocated vegetarian diets and the Ieperfest vegan hardcore festival was founded in 1993, which would also influence the creation of the Czech vegan Fluff Fest in 2000. In Umeå, the city of Refused and Abhinanda, the number of 15-year-old vegetarians increased to 16% in 1996. Since the mid-1990s, the hardcore scene of São Paulo, Brazil has been highly organised, politicised and involved in animal rights by a collective that incorporated straight edge, anarchism, and the Hare Krishna tradition. One of its branches established the Verdurada drug and meat free festival in 1996, in which a vegan dinner is served at the end to the attendees. A portion of the Israeli hardcore scene intertwined straight edge, animal rights and anarchism at this period as well.\n\nInspired by these developments, some young people joined radical groups for animal rights and environmentalism such as the Animal Liberation Front (A.L.F.), Animal Defense League (A.D.L.), Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and Earth First! An increase in Animal Liberation Front activism in North America corresponds with the rise of vegan straight edge and hardline bands through the 1990s. The majority of animal rights activists imprisoned in the late 1990s and early 2000s were involved in hardcore punk. Despite the preponderance of this association, some people in the scene felt that militancy was taken to the extreme and they often responded reactionarily. Direct action methods were especially debated for the aggression and sometimes criminality they meant.\n\nIn the late 1990s, several vegan straight edge bands had split up and soon the ideology took a back seat in the American hardcore subculture, but its impact on the scene has lasted and become \"almost inextricably linked\" to it.\n\nImpact \nJournalist Will Potter affirms that the hardcore subculture \"was even more influential\" for activists than its British predecessor, with both having \"had a formative, lasting impact on\" the radical animal rights and environmental movements. Peterson states that the impact of animal rights on hardcore is felt not only in the scene, but also in the collective consciousness and many activists who developed there. Dylan Clark of the University of Toronto wrote that straight edge's advocacy of veganism ultimately fed it into the entire punk spectrum. Several animal rights activists such as Peter Daniel Young, several members of Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty 7 (SHAC 7), and Walter Bond were initially inspired by straight edge bands.\n\nOther manifestations \nIn Germany, the punk zine Ox-Fanzine was founded in 1989 and began publishing vegan cookbooks. In later years, there has been an influx of punk-themed cookbooks published by large publishing houses, including How It All Vegan (1999) by Sarah Kramer and Tanya Barnard, and Vegan with a Vengeance (2005) by Isa Chandra Moskowitz. Several punks have set up vegetarian restaurants across the United States after noticing the lack of catering towards them. Cosmetic and clothing companies also began to serve to their new punk-vegan niche market, including lines by Manic Panic (company started by former members of Blondie) and Kat Von D.\n\nSince 2001, Vans Warped Tour has been affiliated with PETA, including food vendors that distribute animal rights information. Other large punk festivals such as Rebellion in 2011 have turned their backstage caterings entirely vegetarian.\n\nThe ska-punk band Goldfinger, formed in 1994, started as a \"fun\" project but since their fourth album, Open Your Eyes (2002), their frontman and producer John Feldmann became a member of PETA and put animal rights at the forefront of their music.\n\nIn Spain and some Latin American countries, several punk bands have written songs against bullfighting.\n\nSee also \n List of songs about animal rights\n Anarchism and animal rights\n List of animal rights advocates\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nFurther reading \n\nCategory:Animal rights movement\nCategory:Punk\nCategory:Straight edge\nCategory:Anarcho-punk\nCategory:Animal Liberation Front\nCategory:Green anarchism", "title": "Animal rights and punk subculture" } ]

[ "The text does not provide information on where the band was formed.", "The original members of the band were Samolesky and Hannah. They later recruited bassist Scott Hopper.", "The band first recorded their debut album, \"How to Clean Everything.\"", "The text does not provide information on whether their debut album \"How to Clean Everything\" won any awards.", "The band's second album was \"Less Talk, More Rock.\"", "The text does not provide information on how the second album \"Less Talk, More Rock\" was received.", "Some interesting aspects from the article include:\n\n- The band's change of bassists, with Scott Hopper being replaced by Mike Braumeister, and then John K. Samson becoming the third bassist. \n- Their performance with punk rock band NOFX led to them being signed to Fat Mike's independent record label, Fat Wreck Chords. \n- They became known for lengthy song explanations and speeches during live performances. \n- Their second album was more politicized with song titles addressing issues about human and non-human animals, meat consumption, and nation-states.\n- They faced controversy due to their pro-feminism and \"gay positive\" stance which clashed with the perceived sexist and homophobic culture of the West Coast punk rock scene.", "According to the context given, the band's pro-feminism and \"gay positive\" stance clashed with what band member Hannah described as a sexist and homophobic culture within the West Coast punk rock scene that the band was associated with. The specific details of these clashes are not provided in the text." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_b6f8ecf0757e4926bffdf2aee4f00841_0_q#0", "C_b6f8ecf0757e4926bffdf2aee4f00841_0_q#1", "C_b6f8ecf0757e4926bffdf2aee4f00841_0_q#2", "C_b6f8ecf0757e4926bffdf2aee4f00841_0_q#3", "C_b6f8ecf0757e4926bffdf2aee4f00841_0_q#4" ]

[ "What subjects did Godel study in Vienna?", "How many years did he study in Vienna?", "What school did Godel attend when he studied in Vienna?", "Did Godel study in Vienna after World War 1?", "Did Kurt excell as a student while studying in Vienna?" ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 246 ], [ 1700 ], [ 69 ], [ 1700 ], [ 1700 ] ], "texts": [ [ "mathematics and philosophy." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "University of Vienna." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 246, 1700, 69, 1700, 1700 ], "texts": [ "mathematics and philosophy.", "CANNOTANSWER", "University of Vienna.", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "Godel studied theoretical physics, mathematics, philosophy, and number theory in Vienna. He also developed an interest in mathematical logic after participating in a seminar studying Bertrand Russell's book Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy.", "The text does not provide specific information on how many years Godel studied in Vienna.", "Godel attended the University of Vienna when he studied in Vienna.", "The text does not provide specific information on whether Godel studied in Vienna after World War 1.", "The text does not provide specific information on whether Godel excelled as a student while studying in Vienna." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_b6f8ecf0757e4926bffdf2aee4f00841_1_q#0", "C_b6f8ecf0757e4926bffdf2aee4f00841_1_q#1", "C_b6f8ecf0757e4926bffdf2aee4f00841_1_q#2", "C_b6f8ecf0757e4926bffdf2aee4f00841_1_q#3" ]

[ "In was year was Principals of logic published?", "At what age did Godel join his brother in Vienna?", "In what year did he complete his doctoral?", "What was mathematical logic according to Godel?" ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 2368 ], [ 1042 ], [ 2368 ], [ 2219 ] ], "texts": [ [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "He chose to become an Austrian citizen at age 23." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "During his teens, Kurt studied Gabelsberger shorthand, Goethe's Theory of Colours and criticisms of Isaac Newton, and the writings of Immanuel Kant." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 2368, 1042, 2368, 2219 ], "texts": [ "CANNOTANSWER", "He chose to become an Austrian citizen at age 23.", "CANNOTANSWER", "During his teens, Kurt studied Gabelsberger shorthand, Goethe's Theory of Colours and criticisms of Isaac Newton, and the writings of Immanuel Kant." ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide information on when Principals of logic was published.", "The text does not provide information on Godel joining his brother in Vienna.", "The text does not provide information on when Godel completed his doctoral degree.", "The text does not provide information on Godel's definition or understanding of mathematical logic." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No" ]

[ "C_a8047e6bfb6844fcbbebe765db7bd8b7_1_q#0", "C_a8047e6bfb6844fcbbebe765db7bd8b7_1_q#1", "C_a8047e6bfb6844fcbbebe765db7bd8b7_1_q#2", "C_a8047e6bfb6844fcbbebe765db7bd8b7_1_q#3", "C_a8047e6bfb6844fcbbebe765db7bd8b7_1_q#4", "C_a8047e6bfb6844fcbbebe765db7bd8b7_1_q#5", "C_a8047e6bfb6844fcbbebe765db7bd8b7_1_q#6", "C_a8047e6bfb6844fcbbebe765db7bd8b7_1_q#7" ]

[ "Did Phil play golf in college?", "Did Phil win any championships while he was in college?", "Did he play professionaly after college?", "Did he ever lost a championship or a final?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Did he win any other tournaments while he was in college?", "Did Arizona State University ever honor him?", "What did he do after college?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0 ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 1, 0, 0, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 133 ], [ 261 ], [ 707 ], [ 861 ], [ 617 ], [ 387 ], [ 1393 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Mickelson attended Arizona State University in Tempe on a golf scholarship and became the face of amateur golf in the United States," ], [ "capturing three NCAA individual championships and three Haskins Awards (1990, 1991, 1992) as the outstanding collegiate golfer." ], [ "With three individual NCAA championships, he shares the record for most individual NCAA championships alongside Ben Crenshaw." ], [ "Mickelson secured perhaps his greatest achievement as an amateur in January 1991, winning his first PGA Tour event, the Northern Telecom Open, in Tucson." ], [ "At age 20, he was only the sixth amateur to win a tour event and the first in over five years after Scott Verplank at the Western Open" ], [ "In 1990, he also became the first with a left-handed swing to win the U.S. Amateur title." ], [ "Mickelson also led the Sun Devils to the NCAA team title in 1990." ], [ "That April, Mickelson was the low amateur at the Masters Tournament in Augusta, Georgia." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 133, 261, 707, 861, 617, 387, 1393 ], "texts": [ "Mickelson attended Arizona State University in Tempe on a golf scholarship and became the face of amateur golf in the United States,", "capturing three NCAA individual championships and three Haskins Awards (1990, 1991, 1992) as the outstanding collegiate golfer.", "With three individual NCAA championships, he shares the record for most individual NCAA championships alongside Ben Crenshaw.", "Mickelson secured perhaps his greatest achievement as an amateur in January 1991, winning his first PGA Tour event, the Northern Telecom Open, in Tucson.", "At age 20, he was only the sixth amateur to win a tour event and the first in over five years after Scott Verplank at the Western Open", "In 1990, he also became the first with a left-handed swing to win the U.S. Amateur title.", "Mickelson also led the Sun Devils to the NCAA team title in 1990.", "That April, Mickelson was the low amateur at the Masters Tournament in Augusta, Georgia." ] }

[]

[ "Yes, Phil Mickelson played golf in college at Arizona State University.", "Yes, Phil Mickelson won three NCAA individual championships and led the Sun Devils to the NCAA team title in 1990 during his college years.", "The text does not provide information on whether Phil Mickelson played professional golf after his college career.", "The text does not provide information on whether Phil Mickelson ever lost a championship or a final.", "Yes, there are several interesting aspects in the text. Some of these include Phil Mickelson being the second collegiate golfer to earn first-team All-American honors all four years and the first with a left-handed swing to win the U.S. Amateur title. Another notable point is his victory at the Northern Telecom Open in 1991, making him the sixth amateur to win a tour event and the first in over five years. He was also the low amateur at the Masters Tournament in Augusta, Georgia in April following his PGA Tour win.", "Yes, over the course of his collegiate career Phil Mickelson won a total of 16 tournaments.", "The text does not provide information on whether Arizona State University ever honored Phil Mickelson.", "The text does not provide information on what Phil Mickelson did after college." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "no" ]

[ "C_a8047e6bfb6844fcbbebe765db7bd8b7_0_q#0", "C_a8047e6bfb6844fcbbebe765db7bd8b7_0_q#1", "C_a8047e6bfb6844fcbbebe765db7bd8b7_0_q#2", "C_a8047e6bfb6844fcbbebe765db7bd8b7_0_q#3", "C_a8047e6bfb6844fcbbebe765db7bd8b7_0_q#4", "C_a8047e6bfb6844fcbbebe765db7bd8b7_0_q#5", "C_a8047e6bfb6844fcbbebe765db7bd8b7_0_q#6", "C_a8047e6bfb6844fcbbebe765db7bd8b7_0_q#7" ]

[ "When did he get his first championship?", "What happened during the win?", "What did he do next?", "How did he play?", "When did he get his third win?", "Where was he playing?", "What happened with the last win?", "Was this an important win for his career?" ]

[ 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 1643 ], [ 2574 ], [ 1788 ], [ 1977 ], [ 1788 ], [ 1868 ], [ 2304 ], [ 2426 ] ], "texts": [ [ "In November 2004," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "The following year, Mickelson captured his second major at the PGA Championship" ], [ "On the 18th hole, Mickelson hit one of his trademark soft pitches from deep greenside rough to within a 18 inches" ], [ "The following year," ], [ "at Baltusrol," ], [ "He won his second green jacket after shooting a 3-under-par final round, winning by two strokes over runner-up Tim Clark." ], [ "This win propelled him to 2nd place in the Official World Golf Ranking" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 1643, 2574, 1788, 1977, 1788, 1868, 2304, 2426 ], "texts": [ "In November 2004,", "CANNOTANSWER", "The following year, Mickelson captured his second major at the PGA Championship", "On the 18th hole, Mickelson hit one of his trademark soft pitches from deep greenside rough to within a 18 inches", "The following year,", "at Baltusrol,", "He won his second green jacket after shooting a 3-under-par final round, winning by two strokes over runner-up Tim Clark.", "This win propelled him to 2nd place in the Official World Golf Ranking" ] }

[]

[ "Mickelson won his first major championship in 2004.", "During his first major championship win in 2004, Mickelson secured victory in the Masters with an 18-foot (5.5 m) birdie putt on the final hole. He and Ernie Els, the runner-up, played in different pairs in the final round and had traded birdies and eagles on the back nine. This win also made Mickelson the third golfer with a left-handed swing to win a major.", "After his first major championship win in 2004, Mickelson was involved in a controversy just prior to the Ryder Cup. He was dropped from his contract with Titleist/Acushnet Golf after he praised Callaway Golf's driver and golf ball in a voicemail message for one of their executives. This led to him signing with Callaway Golf. He was scrutinized for this sudden equipment change close to the Ryder Cup matches. He later scored a career-low for an 18-hole round in November 2004. The following year, he captured his second major at the PGA Championship at Baltusrol, and his third major title the following spring at the Masters.", "Mickelson played well and demonstrated resilience in his career. He won his first major championship in the Masters at his thirteenth year on the PGA Tour in 2004 after making an 18-foot birdie putt on the final hole. However, he faltered at the 2004 Ryder Cup with a 1-3-0 record, but refused to blame the sudden change in equipment for his performance. He also showcased exceptional skill in his second major win at the PGA Championship where he made a birdie after a soft pitch from a deep greenside rough. He continued his success in the next spring at the Masters, winning his third major title. Despite some criticism and challenges, his performances helped him climb to the 2nd place in the Official World Golf Ranking.", "Mickelson captured his third major title the following spring after his win at the PGA Championship. This third win occurred at the Masters.", "Mickelson captured his third major title at the Masters, which is played at Augusta National Golf Club. The text does not specify which course he played on for his first and second major championship wins.", "With his last win mentioned in the text, which was his third major title at the Masters, Mickelson shot a final round of 3-under-par, winning by two strokes over the runner-up Tim Clark. This win propelled him to second place in the Official World Golf Ranking, behind Tiger Woods and ahead of Vijay Singh and Retief Goosen.", "Yes, Mickelson's third major title at the Masters was an important win for his career. It not only added another major title to his record, but also propelled him to 2nd place in the Official World Golf Ranking, which was his career best." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_72deee15912a467cb5562fdf5b1b06d7_1_q#0", "C_72deee15912a467cb5562fdf5b1b06d7_1_q#1", "C_72deee15912a467cb5562fdf5b1b06d7_1_q#2", "C_72deee15912a467cb5562fdf5b1b06d7_1_q#3", "C_72deee15912a467cb5562fdf5b1b06d7_1_q#4" ]

[ "Where did Bob go to college?", "What athletic programs was he in?", "Did he compete competitively?", "Where did he do that?", "Was he in any other competitive matches in college?" ]

[ 0, 2, 0, 1, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 1098 ], [ 42 ], [ 857 ], [ 1820 ], [ 320 ] ], "texts": [ [ "States" ], [ "accepted a football scholarship from Florida A&M University a historically black college, where he excelled in track & field." ], [ "That same year, Hayes set the world best for 200 meters" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "In 1962 the University of Miami invited him to a meet on their campus, where he tied the world record of 9.2 seconds in the 100-yard dash," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 1098, 42, 857, 1820, 320 ], "texts": [ "States", "accepted a football scholarship from Florida A&M University a historically black college, where he excelled in track & field.", "That same year, Hayes set the world best for 200 meters", "CANNOTANSWER", "In 1962 the University of Miami invited him to a meet on their campus, where he tied the world record of 9.2 seconds in the 100-yard dash," ] }

[]

[ "C_72deee15912a467cb5562fdf5b1b06d7_0_q#0", "C_72deee15912a467cb5562fdf5b1b06d7_0_q#1", "C_72deee15912a467cb5562fdf5b1b06d7_0_q#2", "C_72deee15912a467cb5562fdf5b1b06d7_0_q#3", "C_72deee15912a467cb5562fdf5b1b06d7_0_q#4" ]

[ "What years did he participate in the Olympics?", "What events did he participate in, in the 1964 Olympics?", "How many olympics did he participate in?", "Did he participate in the 200m at the Olympics in tokyo?", "How much did he beat the world record by?" ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 80 ], [ 2615 ], [ 2615 ], [ 2615 ] ], "texts": [ [ "At the 1964 Summer Olympics, in Tokyo, Hayes had his finest hour as a sprinter." ], [ "First, he won the 100m and in doing so tied the then world record in the 100 m with a time of 10.06 seconds," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 80, 2615, 2615, 2615 ], "texts": [ "At the 1964 Summer Olympics, in Tokyo, Hayes had his finest hour as a sprinter.", "First, he won the 100m and in doing so tied the then world record in the 100 m with a time of 10.06 seconds,", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "C_c8de7f26914c474aa01e63b8a6c5df7c_1_q#0", "C_c8de7f26914c474aa01e63b8a6c5df7c_1_q#1", "C_c8de7f26914c474aa01e63b8a6c5df7c_1_q#2", "C_c8de7f26914c474aa01e63b8a6c5df7c_1_q#3", "C_c8de7f26914c474aa01e63b8a6c5df7c_1_q#4", "C_c8de7f26914c474aa01e63b8a6c5df7c_1_q#5" ]

[ "What was his first radio show?", "What was his next show?", "What did he do on TV?", "Were his shows popular?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "How did he try to restore them?" ]

[ 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 0 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 709 ], [ 1057 ], [ 1955 ], [ 1205 ], [ 1955 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Paul had hosted a 15-minute radio program, The Les Paul Show, on NBC" ], [ "The Les Paul & Mary Ford Show" ], [ "therefore was used as a brief interlude or fill-in in programming schedules." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "he maintained the original recordings and was in the process of restoring them to current quality standards until his death." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 709, 1057, 1955, 1205, 1955 ], "texts": [ "Paul had hosted a 15-minute radio program, The Les Paul Show, on NBC", "The Les Paul & Mary Ford Show", "therefore was used as a brief interlude or fill-in in programming schedules.", "CANNOTANSWER", "he maintained the original recordings and was in the process of restoring them to current quality standards until his death.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[ { "text": "Ampex Data Systems Corporation is an American electronics company founded in 1944 by Alexander M. Poniatoff as a spin-off of Dalmo-Victor. The name AMPEX is a portmanteau, created by its founder, which stands for Alexander M. Poniatoff Excellence. Ampex operates as Ampex Data Systems Corporation, a subsidiary of Delta Information Systems, and consists of two business units. The Silicon Valley unit, known internally as Ampex Data Systems (ADS), manufactures digital data storage systems capable of functioning in harsh environments. The Colorado Springs, Colorado, unit, referred to as Ampex Intelligent Systems (AIS), serves as a laboratory and hub for the company's line of industrial control systems, cyber security products and services and its artificial intelligence/machine learning technology.\n\nAmpex's first great success was a line of reel-to-reel tape recorders developed from the German wartime Magnetophon system at the behest of Bing Crosby. Ampex quickly became a leader in audio tape technology, developing many of the analog recording formats for both music and movies that remained in use into the 1990s. Starting in the 1950s, the company began developing video tape recorders, and later introduced the helical scan concept that made home video players possible. They also introduced multi-track recording, slow-motion and instant playback television, and a host of other advances. Ampex's tape business was rendered obsolete during the 1990s, and the company turned to digital storage products.\n\nAmpex moved into digital storage for DoD Flight Test Instrumentation (FTI) with the introduction of the first, true all digital flight test recorder. Ampex supports numerous major DoD programs with the US Air Force, US Army, US Marines, US Navy and other government entities (NASA, DHS and national labs). Ampex also works with all major DoD primes and integrators including Boeing, General Atomics, Lockheed, Northrop, Raytheon and many others.\n\nCurrently, Ampex is attempting to do more with the data stored on its network attached storage (NAS) devices. This includes adding encryption for secure data storage; algorithms focused on control system cyber security for infrastructure and aerospace platforms; and artificial intelligence/machine learning for automated entity identification and data analytics.\n\nOrigin \nRussian–American inventor Alexander Matthew Poniatoff established the company in San Carlos, California, in 1944 as the Ampex Electric and Manufacturing Company. The company name came from his initials plus \"ex\" to avoid using the name AMP already in use (by Aircraft and Marine Products). During World War II, Ampex was a subcontractor to Dalmo-Victor, manufacturing high quality electric motors and generators for radars that used alnico 5 magnets from General Electric. Ampex was initially set up in an abandoned loft-space above the Dalmo-Victor plant; eventually they would have offices at 1313 Laurel Street, San Carlos, California (at the intersection of Howard Avenue and Laurel Street).\n\nNear the end of the war, while serving in the U.S. Army Signal Corps, Major Jack Mullin was assigned to investigate German radio and electronics experiments. He discovered the Magnetophons with AC biasing on a trip to Radio Frankfurt. The device produced much better fidelity than shellac records. The technological processes in tape recording and equipment developed by German companies before and during the 1939–1945 war had copyrights which were effectively voided after Germany's 1945 surrender and defeat. Mullin acquired two Magnetophon recorders and 50 reels of BASF Type L tape, and brought them to America, where he produced modified versions. He demonstrated them to the Institute of Radio Engineers in San Francisco on May 16, 1946.\n\nBing Crosby, a big star on radio at the time, was receptive to the idea of pre-recording his radio programs. He disliked the regimentation of live broadcasts, and much preferred the relaxed atmosphere of the recording studio. He had already asked the NBC network to let him pre-record his 1944–45 series on transcription discs, but the network refused; so Crosby had withdrawn from live radio for a year and returned (this time to the recently created ABC) for the 1946–47 season, only reluctantly.\n\nIn June 1947, Mullin, who was pitching the technology to the major Hollywood movie studios, got the chance to demonstrate his modified tape recorders to Crosby. When Crosby heard a demonstration of Mullin's tape recorders, he immediately saw the potential of the new technology and commissioned Mullin to prepare a test recording of his radio show. Ampex was finishing its prototype of the Model 200 tape recorder, and Mullin used the first two models as soon as they were built. After a successful test broadcast, ABC agreed to allow Crosby to pre-record his shows on tape. Crosby immediately appointed Mullin as his chief engineer and placed an order for $50,000 worth of the new recorders so that Ampex (then a small six-man concern) could develop a commercial production model from the prototypes.\n\nCrosby Enterprises was Ampex's West Coast representative until 1957.\n\nEarly tape recorders \n\nThe company's first tape recorder, the Ampex Model 200A, was first shipped in April 1948. The first two units, serial numbers 1 and 2, were used to record Bing Crosby's show. The American Broadcasting Company used these recorders along with 3M Scotch 111 gamma ferric oxide coated acetate tape for the first-ever U.S. delayed radio broadcast of Bing Crosby's Philco Radio Time. Ampex tape recorders revolutionized the radio and recording industries because of their superior audio quality and ease of operation over audio disk cutting lathes.\n\nThe firm's earliest production of multichannel machines wasn't aimed at music recording; it noted in 195354 that \"Ampex began the commercial production of multitrack tape recorders about four years ago for those interested in telemetered information from guided missiles and the like. These equipments provided any number of simultaneous channels up to 14. It was a simple step, therefore, to make stereophonic tape recorders with two or more channels.\" \n\nDuring the early 1950s, Ampex began marketing one- and two-track machines using tape. In May 1953 the firm announced proudction of two- and three-track machines on 1/4 inch tape. The line soon expanded into three- and four-track models using tape. In the early 1950s, Ampex moved to Redwood City, California. Ampex acquired Orradio Industries in 1959, which became the Ampex Magnetic Tape Division, headquartered in Opelika, Alabama. This made Ampex a manufacturer of both recorders and tape. By the end of that decade Ampex products were much in demand by top recording studios worldwide.\n\nIn 1952, movie producer Mike Todd asked Ampex to develop a high-fidelity movie sound system using sound magnetically recorded on the film itself, as contrasted with the technology of the time, which used magnetic tracks on a separate celluloid base film (later commonly known as mag stock). The result of this development was the CinemaScope/Todd-AO motion picture sound system, which was first used in movies such as The Robe (1953) in 35mm and Oklahoma (1955) in 70mm (and also in 35mm). In 1960, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences awarded Ampex an Oscar for technical achievement as a result of this development.\n\nLes Paul, a friend of Crosby and a regular guest on his shows, had already been experimenting with overdubbed recordings on disc. He received an early portable Ampex Model 300 from Crosby. Using this machine, Les Paul invented \"Sound on Sound\" recording technology. He placed an additional playback head, located before the conventional erase/record/playback heads. This allowed Paul to play along with a previously recorded track, both of which were mixed together on to a new track. This was a destructive process because the original recording was recorded over.\n\nProfessional 8-track recorders\n\nAmpex built a handful of multitrack machines during the late 1950s that could record as many as eight tracks on tape. The project was overseen by Ross Snyder, Ampex manager of special products. To make the multitrack recorder work, Snyder invented the Sel-Sync process, which used some tracks on the head for playback and other tracks on the head for recording. This made the newly recorded material be in sync with the existing recorded tracks. The first of these machines cost $10,000 and was installed in Les Paul's home recording studio by David Sarser.\n\nIn 1967, Ampex responded to demand by stepping up production of their 8-track machines with the production model MM 1000. Like earlier 8-track machines of this era, it used 1-inch tape.\n\n16 and 24-track recorders\nIn 1966, Ampex built their first 16-track recorder, the model AG-1000, at the request of Mirasound Studios in New York City. In 1967, Ampex introduced a 16-track version of the MM 1000 which was the world's first 16-track professional tape recorder put into mass-production. Both used a tape transport design adapted from the video recording division. The 16-track MM-1000 quickly became legendary for its tremendous flexibility, reliability and outstanding sound quality. This brought about the \"golden age\" of large format analog multitrack recorders which would last into the mid-1990s. MCI built the first 24-track recorder (using 2-inch tape) in 1968 which was installed at TTG Studios in Los Angeles. Later machines built by Ampex starting in 1969 would have as many as 24 tracks on 2 inch tape. In addition to this, the introduction of SMPTE time code allowed studios to run multiple machines in perfect synchronization, making the number of available tracks virtually unlimited.\n\nBy the 1970s, Ampex faced tough competition from the Swiss company Studer and Japanese manufacturers such as Otari and Sony (who also purchased the MCI brand in 1982). In 1979, Ampex introduced their most advanced 24-track recorder, the model ATR-124. The ATR-124 was ruggedly constructed and had audio specifications that nearly rivaled the first digital recording machines. However, sales of the ATR-124 were slow due to the machine's high price tag. Ampex sold only about 50 or 60 ATR-124 machines and withdrew from the professional audio tape recorder market entirely in 1983.\n\nThe 1990s\nBy the 1990s Ampex focused more on video recorders, instrumentation recorders, and data recorders. In 1991, Ampex sold their professional audio recorder line to Sprague Magnetics. The Ampex Recording Media Corporation spun off in 1995 as Quantegy Inc.; that company has ceased producing recording tape.\n\nVideo technology\n\nVideo processing \n\nWhile AMPEX are well recognized for their contribution to magnetic tape recording, they also had a huge impact on developments the whole video signal chain.\nThey did rebadge some specialist low-volume OEM products to complete the package, but their in-house teams developed industry leading products in the following categories:\n\nDigital optics \nADO Ampex Digital Optics provided comprehensive frame manipulation in 2 and 3 dimensions. Adjusting the aspect, size, and rotation of the image was performed continuously in real-time. An optional digital 'combiner' was available to perform the foreground layering and priority switching – to reduce the burden on the vision mixer with multi-channel effects.\n\nVideo switching and effects \nAVC – The AVC range of vision mixers ranged from small, single buss devices up to the high-end Century Series, with multiple Mix/Effect busses, infinite re-entry and powerful keying and control software.\n\nEditing controllers \nThe product line evolved quickly from manual editing on the actual VTRs themselves to incorporate SMPTE timecode providing advanced timeline control.\nThe RA-4000 and EDM-1 were fully functional early products, but soon evolved to the extremely powerful ACE family to compete with CMX and other edit controller brands.\n\nQuadruplex two-inch tape\n\nStarting in the early 1950s, RCA, Bing Crosby and others tried to record analog video on very fast-moving magnetic tape. As early as 1952, Ampex developed prototype video tape recorders that used a spinning head and relatively slow-moving tape. In early 1956, a team produced the first videotape recorder. A young, 19-year-old engineer Ray Dolby was also part of the team. Ampex demonstrated the VR-1000, which was the first of Ampex's line of 2-inch Quadruplex videotape recorders on April 14, 1956, at the National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters in Chicago. The first magnetically recorded time-delayed television network program using the new Ampex Quadruplex recording system was CBS's Douglas Edwards and the News on November 30, 1956.\n\nThe \"Quad\" head assembly rotates at 14,400 rpm (NTSC). The four head pieces (quad) are switched successively so that recorded stripes cross the video portion (most of the tape middle, audio is on one edge, control track is on the other) so that head to tape write speed is well in excess of the physical motion. They wrote the video vertically across the width of a tape that was wide and ran at per second. This allowed hour-long television programs to be recorded on one reel of tape. In 1956, one reel of tape cost $300; and Ampex advertised the cost of the recorder as $45,000. A version was released later, and this required a new, narrower headwheel. This vertical writing facilitated mechanical editing, once the control track was developed to display the pulse that indicates where a frame ends and the next one begins. Later, Ampex developed electronic editing.\n\nThe National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences awarded Ampex its first Emmy in 1957 for this development. Ampex received a total of 12 Emmys for its technical video achievements.\n\nIn 1959, Richard Nixon, then Vice President, and Nikita Khrushchev held discussions at the Moscow Trade Fair, which became known as the \"Kitchen Debate\" because they were mostly held in the kitchen of a suburban model house. These discussions were recorded on an Ampex color videotape recorder, and during the debate Nixon pointed this out as one of the many American technological advances.\n\nIn 1967, Ampex introduced the Ampex VR-3000 portable broadcast video recorder, which revolutionized the recording of broadcast quality television in the field without the need for long cables and large support vehicles. Broadcast quality images could now be shot anywhere, including from airplanes, helicopters and boats.\n\nThe Quadruplex format dominated the broadcast industry for a quarter of a century. The format was licensed to RCA for use in their \"television tape recorders.\" Ampex's invention revolutionized the television production industry by eliminating the kinescope process of time-shifting television programs, which required the use of motion picture film. For archival purposes, the kinescope method continued to be used for some years; film was still preferred by archivists. The Ampex broadcast video tape recorder facilitated time-zone broadcast delay so that networks could air programming at the same hour in various time zones. Ampex had trademarked the name \"video tape\", so competitor RCA called the medium \"TV tape\" or \"television tape\". The terms eventually became genericized, and \"videotape\" is commonly used today.\n\nWhile the quadruplex recording system per se is no longer in use, the principle evolved into the helical scanning technique used in virtually all video tape machines, such as those using the consumer formats of VHS, Sony Betamax and Video 2000. Sony Betacam was successful as a professional format but operated with a different recording system and faster tape speed than Betamax.\n\nOne of the key engineers in the development of the Quadruplex video recorder for Ampex was Ray Dolby, who worked under Charlie Ginsburg and went on to form Dolby Laboratories, a pioneer in audio noise reduction systems. Dolby's contribution to the videotape system was limited to the mathematics behind the reactance tube FM modulator, as videotape then used FM modulation for the video portion. Another contributor designed the FM modulator itself. Dolby left Ampex to seek a PhD in physics in England, which is where Dolby Labs was later founded, before moving back to San Francisco. Dolby's brother Dale was also an engineer at Ampex.\n\nVR-5000 and VR-8000 \nIn 1961, Ampex introduced the first 1-inch helical scan video recorders, the Ampex 2-inch helical VTRs, which recorded video using helical scan recording technology on tape.\n\nAmpex 2-inch helical VTR \n\nAmpex 2 inch helical VTRs were manufactured from 1963 to 1970. Model VR-1500 for home. The VR-660 for Broadcast television systems, industrial companies, educational institutions, and a few for In-flight entertainment. The VR-1500 and VR-660 found service at educational institutions especially due to their relatively low cost vs. quadruplex VTRs. These machines were simple to operate, reliable, small in size—and produced, for their time, very good video without the complexity of the larger and much more complex 2\" Quad machines.\n\nHS-100 and HS-200 \"slo-mo\" disc recorder \n\nIn March 1967, Ampex introduced the HS-100 video disc recorder. The system was developed by Ampex at the request of the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) for a variety of sports broadcast uses. It was first demonstrated on the air on March 18, 1967, when ABC's Wide World of Sports televised the \"World Series of Skiing\" from Vail, Colorado. The video was recorded on analog magnetic disc. The disc weighed and rotated at 60 rps, 3600 rpm (50 rps in PAL). One NTSC unit could record 30 seconds of video, PAL units 36 seconds. The video could then be played back in slow motion, stop action to freeze frame.\n\nA more deluxe version, the HS-200, was introduced in April 1968, and provided a large control console with variable speed playback. This made it ideal for instant replay for sports events and precise timing control in post-production service. CBS-TV was the first to use the technique during live sportscasts, though it was quickly adopted by all American TV networks. The HS-200, which was an HS-100 connected to a control console, had greater precise frame and timing control capability, lending itself to post-production applications like special effects and titles. The HS-200 had a frame accurate timing computer that enabled frame-accurate cuts and dissolve transitions by way of a two-input video switcher. Slow-motion sequences could likewise be programmed and could be \"triggered\" to begin via an external control pulse such as might come from an external VTR editor like the Ampex VR-2000 VTR with Editec. The HS-200 was the first system capable of single-frame video animation recording, using magnetic discs as opposed to videotape. The HS-200 also provided a readout with specific frame numbers showing from the 900 frames available (NTSC version). Sequences could be triggered to start from any of these 900 frames with frame-accurate repeatability for creative fine tuning of sequence start and end points.\n\nType A \n\n1 inch type A videotape (designated Type A by the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, SMPTE) was an open-reel helical scan videotape format developed by Ampex in 1965, one of the first standardized open-reel videotape formats in the width; most others of that size at that time were proprietary.\n\nType C \n\n1 inch type C videotape (designated Type C by SMPTE) was a professional open-reel videotape format co-developed and introduced by Ampex and Sony in 1976. It became the replacement in the professional video and television broadcast industries for the then-incumbent Quadruplex.\n\nD2 \n\nD2 is a digital video tape format created by Ampex and other manufacturers (through a standards group of SMPTE) and introduced at the 1988 NAB (National Association of Broadcasters) convention as a lower-cost alternative to the D-1 format. Like D-1, D-2 video is uncompressed; however, it saves bandwidth and other costs by sampling a fully encoded NTSC or PAL composite video signal, and storing it directly to magnetic tape, rather than sampling component video. This is known as digital composite.\n\nDCT and DST \n\nDigital Component Technology (DCT) and Data Storage Technology (DST) are VTR and data storage devices respectively, created by Ampex in 1992. Both were similar to the D1 and D2 VTR formats, using a width, with the DCT format using DCT (discrete cosine transform) video compression, also its namesake.\n\nThe DCT and DST formats yielded relatively high capacity and speed for data and video. Double-density DST data storage was introduced in 1996. The final generation of these products were quad density, introduced in 2000, resulting in a large cartridge holding 660GB of data.\n\nMilestones \n In 1948, the first tape-delayed U.S. radio program was broadcast by using an Ampex Model 200 tape recorder.\n In May 1949 Model 300 introduced improvements in audio head, tape drive and tape path.\n In 1950, Model 400 introduced lower cost professional quality audio recorder, soon to be replaced by the Model 400A, which was the logical precursor of the Model 350.\n In 1950, Ampex introduced the first \"dedicated\" instrumentation recorder, Model 500, built for the U.S. Navy.\n In April 1953 Model 350 introduced audio recorder to replace the Model 400/Model 400A. The Model 350 had more simplicity and durability. Ampex released the 35 mm four-track CinemaScope stereo reproduction system.\n In May 1954 Model 600 introduced mastering quality audio portable recorder. Models 3200-3300 high-speed duplicators also introduced.\n In 1954, in a recording studio equipped with an Ampex reel-to-reel audio tape recording machine, an unknown truck driver named Elvis Presley recorded his historic first single, \"That's All Right\" at Sun Studios in Memphis. Also that year, Ampex introduced the first multi-track audio recorder derived from multi-track data recording technology.\n In 1955, Ampex released the 70 mm and 35 mm six-track and four-track Todd-AO system, and an improved 35mm four-track system.\n On March 14, 1956, The Ampex VRX-1000 (later renamed the Mark IV) videotape recorder is introduced at the National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters in Chicago. This is the first practical videotape recorder and is hailed as a major technological breakthrough. CBS goes on air with the first videotape delayed broadcast, Douglas Edwards and The News, on November 30, 1956, from Los Angeles, California, using the Ampex Mark IV.\n In March 1957, Ampex won an Emmy award for the invention of the Video Tape Recorder (VTR).\n In 1958, NASA selected Ampex data recorders and magnetic tape. It has been used for virtually all U.S. space missions since.\n In 1959, the Nixon-Khrushchev Kitchen Debate was recorded on Ampex videotape. The fact that the debate was being videotaped was mentioned by Nixon as an example of American technological development.\n In 1960, The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented Ampex with an Oscar for technical achievement.\n January 1961 Helical scan recording was invented by Ampex. The technology behind the worldwide consumer video revolution, it is used in all home video tape recorders.\n In 1963, Ampex technology was used to show replays of the live assassination of Lee Harvey Oswald.\n In 1963, Ampex introduced EDITEC, electronic video editing, allowing broadcast television editors frame-by-frame recording control, simplifying tape editing and the ability to make animation effects possible. This was the basis for all subsequent editing systems.\n On December 7, 1963 – Instant Replay is used for the first time during the live transmission of the Army Navy Game by its inventor, director, Tony Verna.\n In April 1964, Ampex introduced the VR-2000 high band videotape recorder, the first ever to be capable of color fidelity required for high quality color broadcasting.\n February 1965 – introduced VR-303 and VR-7000 closed-circuit video tape recorder.\n May 1965 – introduced AG-350 first all-transistorized audio recorder.\n July 1965 – introduced VR-660B VTR advanced version of VR-660; replaces VR-660 and VR-1500.\n November 1965 – introduced VR-7000 compact portable closed circuit video tape recorder.\n During 1966–1967, Ampex FR-900 data drives were used to record the first images of the Earth from the Moon, as part of the Lunar Orbiter program. Two drives were refurbished to recover the images as part of the Lunar Orbiter Image Recovery Project (LOIRP).\n\n In 1967, ABC used the Ampex HS-100 disk recorder for slow-motion playback of downhill skiing on the program World Series of Skiing in Vail, Colorado. This was the first use of slow-motion instant replay in sporting events.\n In 1968, the introduction of the Ampex VR-3000 revolutionizes video recording: the first truly portable VTR. It is used at the '68 Summer Olympics in Mexico City to follow the world's cross-country runners for the first time in Broadcast history.\n In 1969, Ampex introduced Videofile, still in use at Scotland Yard for the electronic storage and retrieval of fingerprints.\n In 1972, Ampex introduced the ACR-25, the first automated robotic library system for the recording and playback of television commercials. Each commercial was recorded on an individual cartridge. These cartridges were then loaded into a large rotating carousel. Using sophisticated mechanics and vacuum pneumatics, the \"carts\" were loaded into and extracted from the machine with an 8-second cycle time for spots under 61 seconds. This freed TV stations from loading individual machines with spots in real time, or preparing spot reels in advance of a broadcast. The TV newsroom also began to use the ACR-25 to run news stories because of its random-access capability. The ACR-25 used AVR-1 signal, servo, and timebase systems, and a machine-programming control bay designed by Ampex engineer E. Stanley Busby. Both machines had a lockup time of 200 milliseconds, as distinct from the industry standard 5 second pre-roll. This was accomplished with optical-vacuum reel servos providing the vacuum capstan negligible inertial mass to control, and predictive digital servos that could re-frame vertically at horizontal rate, as well as timebase correction with a window exceeding 64 microseconds (compared to the VR-2000's window of less than 5 microseconds).\n Also in 1970, Ampex started its own record label, Ampex Records. Its biggest hit was \"We Gotta Get You A Woman\" by Todd Rundgren (as \"Runt\"), reaching No. 20 on the charts in 1970.\n In 1978, the Ampex Video Art (AVA) video graphics system is used by artist LeRoy Neiman on air during Super Bowl XII. AVA, the first video paint system, allows the graphic artist, using an electronic pen, to illustrate in a new medium, video. This innovation paved the way for high quality electronic graphics, such as those used in video games.\n In 1982, Ampex introduced DST (high-performance computer mass storage products able to store half the Library of Congress in of floor space) and DCT, the first digital component postproduction system using image compression technology to produce high quality images.\n In 1983, Ampex introduced the DCRS digital cassette recorder, offering compact cassette storage with the equivalent of 16 digital or 8 DDR instrumentation reels on one cassette. Also, Partial Response Maximum Likelihood (PRML) data decoding technology has its first use in Ampex's DCRsi recorders. This technology is commonly used in high performance computer disk drives and other high density magnetic data storage devices.\n In 1985, Ampex introduced the DIS 120i and DIS 160i dual port, data/instrumentation recorders. These made it possible for the first time to capture real time instrumentation data and then utilize the same recorder to process the data in a computer environment through its second port using SCSI-2 protocol.\n In 2005, Ampex received its 12th Emmy award for its invention of slow-motion color recording and playback. Also honored with Lifetime Achievement Awards were the members of the engineering team that created the videotape recorder when they worked for Ampex: Charles Andersen, Ray Dolby, Shelby Henderson, Fred Pfost, and the late Charles Ginsburg and Alex Maxey.\n\nSticky-shed syndrome \n\nSome master tapes and other recordings predominantly from the 1970s and 1980s have degraded due to the so-called sticky-shed syndrome. When sticky-shed syndrome occurs, the binding agent deteriorates, resulting in the magnetic coating coming off the base and either sticking to the backing of the tape layer wound on top of it (resulting in dropout), or being scraped off and deposited on the tape heads while lifting the head off the tape, degrading the treble.\n\nThe problem has been reported on a number of makes of tape (usually back-coated tapes), including Ampex tapes.\n\nAmpex filed for a baking process (\"A typical temperature used is and a typical time is 16 hours\") to attempt to recover such tapes, allowing them to be played once more and the recordings transferred to new media. The problems have been reported on tapes of type 406/407, 456/457, 2020/373.\n\nBranding \n In 1959, Ampex acquired Orradio Industries and it became the Ampex Magnetic Tape Division.\n In 1995, Ampex divested this division, then called the Ampex Recording Media Corporation. This became Quantegy, Inc., which later changed its name to the current Quantegy Recording Solutions.\n In January 2005, having previously filed for bankruptcy protection, Quantegy closed its manufacturing facility in Opelika.\n In October 2014, Ampex Data Systems Corporation was sold to Delta Information Systems, but retains the rights to the Ampex name.\nIn 2017, Ampex established a second business unit, Ampex Intelligent Systems (AIS), in Colorado Springs Colorado, and branded its Silicon Valley business unit Ampex Data Systems (ADS).\n\nRecord labels \nAmpex Records was started in 1970. Its biggest hit was \"We Gotta Get You A Woman\" by Todd Rundgren (as \"Runt\"), reaching No. 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1970. Ampex also originated three subsidiary labels: Bearsville, Big Tree, and Lizard. Ampex Records ceased operations around 1973; Bearsville and Big Tree switched distribution respectively to Warner Bros. Records and Bell Records, and Lizard became an independent entity. Later on, Big Tree was picked up by Atlantic Records.\n\nLegal history \nIn 2005, iNEXTV, a wholly owned subsidiary of respondent Ampex Corporation, brought a defamation lawsuit against a poster on an Internet message board who posted messages critical of them (Ampex Corp. v. Cargle (2005), Cal.App.4th). The poster, a former employee, responded with an anti-SLAPP suit and eventually recovered his attorney fees. The case was unique in that it involved the legality of speech in an electronic public forum.\n\nSince 2014 \nAfter being sold to Delta Information Systems in 2014, two former subsidiaries of Ampex Corporation continued business as part of the Ampex legacy.  Ampex Data Systems Corporation (ADSC) headquartered in Silicon Valley, and Ampex Japan Ltd. are the only two Ampex businesses that still exist as more than \"in name only\" entities.  ADSC has two business units.  The Silicon Valley unit, Ampex Data Systems (ADS), continues the Ampex tradition in the storage industry by manufacturing ruggedized, high-capacity, high-performance digital data storage systems. The Colorado Springs, Colorado, unit, Ampex Intelligent Systems (AIS), is the center for company's line of industrial control system cyber security products and services and its artificial intelligence/machine learning technology which is available in all of the products.\n\nThe Ampex video system is obsolete, but many thousands of quadruplex videotape recordings remain. Machines that survive are used to transfer archival recordings to modern digital video formats.\n\nAmpex Corporation supported the Ampex Museum of Magnetic Recording, started by Peter Hammar in 1982.\n\nThe contents of that museum were donated to Stanford in 2001. A project is underway to curate Ampex artifacts in physical and digital form. This project will find a permanent home in Redwood City for the Ampex Museum and digital artifacts will be curated at AmpexMuseum.org This project is being funded by contributions from former Ampex employees.\n\nSee also\n Ampex Golden Reel Award\n Erhard Kietz\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n Ampex Corporation Records, –1999 ( linear ft.) are housed in the Department of Special Collections and University Archives at Stanford University Libraries\n FindLaw Ampex Corp v. Cargle (2005)FindLaw\n\nExternal links \n\n \n Ampex Virtual Museum\n\nCategory:Video storage\nCategory:Companies based in Hayward, California\nCategory:Electronics companies of the United States\nCategory:Defunct record labels of the United States\nCategory:Electronics companies established in 1944\nCategory:American companies established in 1944\nCategory:1944 establishments in California\nCategory:Record labels established in 1970\nCategory:Record labels disestablished in 1973\nCategory:Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2008\nCategory:Video equipment manufacturers\nCategory:2014 mergers and acquisitions", "title": "Ampex" }, { "text": "Discovery World is a science and technology museum in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The museum is dedicated to inspiring the next generation of STEM majors through curiosity and creativity.\n\nFocus\n\nMission \n\"Discovery World is an extraordinary experience devoted to sharing the wonders of science and igniting a love of endless exploration. We are the spark of joy in a child’s eyes when they make a connection with a living creature. We are the sudden and satisfying “Aha” when you discover something you didn’t even know you were looking for. We are the beginning of your lifelong learning adventure.\"Discovery World focuses on innovation and technology, as well as Great Lakes education and conservation. It contains interactive exhibits, the Reiman Aquarium, a theater, and multiple event spaces. Many of the exhibits include hands-on elements with themes based on science all around us and water conservation. The entire Great Lakes watershed, built to scale in the Great Lakes Future Exhibit, addresses freshwater issues, stewardship, and the human relationship with freshwater resources.\n\nHistory \nFounded by Robert Powrie Harland, Sr., Discovery World was initially known as the Science, Economics and Technology Center. Plans for it appeared in the Milwaukee Journal in 1981. The museum's early location was the Milwaukee Public Library, inside the Wisconsin Ave. entrance of the library. The museum featured hands-on exhibits, computerized simulations, and science shows.\n\nLeadership\nCEO: Brian Wunar\n\nExhibits \n\nDiscovery World contains numerous interactive science, technology, and freshwater exhibits in its 120,000-foot facility. These exhibits include the following:\n\nGreat Lakes Future \nA model of the entire Great Lakes watershed built to scale addresses freshwater issues, stewardship, and the relationship between humans and freshwater resources. It also features an artificially induced weather event. With the push of a button, visitors can call for \"rain\" to fall down upon this watershed, observing where the water flows and how run-off pollutants navigate the region. The perimeter of the exhibit features several tank habitats. Inhabitants include an Alligator Snapping Turtle, Tiger Salamanders, a Northern Spiny Softshell Turtle, an Ornate Box Turtle, a Three-Toed Box Turtle, a Blanding's Turtle, a Red-eared Slider, North American Wood Turtles, a Corn Snake, a Bull Snake, Pumpkinseed, and Bluegill. Several ice-age and prehistoric animal skulls are found throughout the exhibit as well.\n\nReiman Aquarium \nThe Reiman Aquarium occupies the lower level of Discovery World. Tank exhibits replicate a wide variety of aquatic habitats, including that of Lake Michigan, Amazon Basin rivers, the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, the Caribbean Sea, and the African Great Lakes.\n\nLake Michigan Tank\n\nThe Lake Michigan tanks is a 75,000-gallon cold freshwater tank in the center of the aquarium. Dozens of other tanks follow a path around the exhibit. This tank is home to Lake and Shovelnose Sturgeon, Largemouth Bass, White and Black Crappie, Paddlefish, Northern Pike, Walleye, Freshwater Drums, Bowfin, Spotted, Longnose, and Shortnose Gar, Bigmouth and Smallmouth Buffalo, Channel Catfish, White Bass, and Common Carp, all of which are native to the Great Lakes. Aquarists and interns conduct one cleaning dive a week to manually scrub algae and feed the fish.\n\n\"L\" Tanks\n\nThe aquarists call these the \"L\" tanks due to their unconventional shape. These tanks occupy two levels, while tank glass penetrates the floor between these levels. This allows visitors to watch tank inhabitants swim beneath their feet.\n\n Great Lakes Comp Tank\n This is essentially a smaller, less diverse version of the Lake Michigan tank. This first of the two \"L\" tanks features Bluegill, Black Crappie, and Smallmouth Bass.\n North Atlantic Tank\n This North-Atlantic-simulating tank holds cold saltwater. This second \"L\" tank feature Striped Bass, Snowy Grouper, and Summer Flounder.\nAmazon Basin River Tank\n\nThe freshwater Amazon Basin River system tank features a Silver Arowana, Bigtooth River Stingray, Blood Red Parrotfish, Black Ghost Knifefish, Jurupari, Marbled Angelfish and Motoro/Leopoldi hybrid Stingray. This large tank is placed in a corner from which an apron of glass extends out through the floor, allowing visitors to walk over and view tank inhabitants beneath their feet.\n\nCaribbean Tank\n\nThis 65,000-gallon warm saltwater tank is the most colorful and active tank and is displayed via an upside down halfpipe design, which visitors can walk through. This tank is home to a Rooster Hogfish, a Sargassum Triggerfish, two Bamboo Sharks, Goatfish, French and Queen Angelfish, a Cownose Stingray, and a variety of Grunts, a Scrawled Filefish.\n\nHere, aquarists and interns also conduct one cleaning dive a week to scrub algae. \nTouch Tanks\n\nThere are two touch tanks where visitors can have a hands-on interaction with some aquatic creatures.\n\nA cold freshwater touch tank features young Lake Sturgeon who, when large enough, will be relocated to the larger Lake Michigan tank to join a larger, more diverse environment more appropriate for an adult sturgeon.\n\nA much warmer saltwater touch tank features Atlantic Stingray and Cortez Round Stringray. Under employee supervision, children and other visitors can learn how to responsibly interact with aquatic life.\n\nWeird and Wild\n\nThe final hallway of the aquarium features several tanks with a handful of unique organisms. These include a South American tank, home to a Black Ghost Knifefish; an interesting relative to the Electric Eel which, too, can generate its own electric field. This is used to navigate its environment. A terrarium features several Blue Poison Dart frogs. In captivity, these frogs are not poisonous as they acquire their poison through bioaccumulation within their ecosystem. Another tank is home to the tiny freshwater Pea Pufferfish. To follow is a Piranha tank, an Axolotl tank, Cichlid tank, and Amazon tank. Finally is the tank holding a West African Lungfish, a primitive fish belonging to the lobe-finned fish class Sarcopterygii. In addition to having fleshy, boned appendages, lungfish also have a modified air bladder used to gasp surface air, a useful trait when considering their native oxygen-deprived waters.\n\nLes Paul’s House of Sound \nThis interactive experience showcases the innovative and creative spirit of the legendary musician Les Paul. The exhibit allows visitors to travel along Paul's timeline to see his beginnings in Wisconsin to his travels around the world. Les Paul's House of Sound features three different areas: Les's Early Years, The Musician on the Road to Stardom, and Friends of Les Paul. The exhibit includes Paul’s Grammy Awards, the first Gibson guitar Paul produced, and the \"Klunker\" he used to produce top ten hits.\n\nHelen Bader Foundation's Great Lakes Future \nThis large interactive model of the Great Lakes features flora and fauna that populate the Great Lakes, an interactive hydrologic cycle that allows visitors to control the weather, and a Sky Bridge that offers the opportunity to see the Great Lakes in a whole new way. The permanent exhibit was designed by Grace La and James Dallman of LA DALLMAN and was published in the Berlin monograph 1000x Architecture of the Americas.\n\nCity of Freshwater & Badger Meter Liquid House \nThis exhibit explains how the water used in homes eventually flows back to Lake Michigan. Other features of this exhibit include a look into Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District processes, Milwaukee Water Works, and Milwaukee’s Deep Tunnel project, which reduces the amount of wastewater dumped into Lake Michigan each year. The permanent exhibit, comprising more than twenty interactive installations, was designed by Grace La and James Dallman of LA DALLMAN.\n\nRockwell Automation Dream Machine \nThis exhibit allows the public to design products to take home, experience a custom-built automated factory, and learn modern engineering trends. Visitors can operate the controls of the retractable domes of Miller Park and the Milwaukee Art Museum.\n\nOther Exhibits \nOther exhibits at Discovery World include The Challenge (an 88 ft replica of a 19th century schooner), Simple Machine Shipyard, Driving and Flight Simulators, All Aboard, Milwaukee Muscle, Power On, Physics and You & The Innovation Station, Virtual Explorer, Clean Air Trek, BIG, and The Distant Mirror.\n\nExperiences \nDiscovery World also offers:\n\n Kohl’s Design It! Lab is a weekend experience that turns the Kohl’s Design It! Lab into a café that serves a full menu of projects such as laser-cut cardboard houses or apparel made with repurposed materials.\n Wind Leaves is a permanent group of sculptures in front of Discovery World. It consists of seven tall \"leaves\" coated in stainless steel disks that reflect the surroundings and react to wind. They are interactive and can be spun by visitors.\n\nLabs and studios \nDiscovery World has 10 labs and studios that allow visitors to become involved with innovation, creativity, science, technology and the environment, especially with freshwater resources and the Great Lakes. The 10 labs and studios are made up of:\n \n Biology Lab allows the public to explore everything from microscopic organisms to understanding how to measure different substances and materials using professional laboratory tools.\n Kohl’s Design It! Lab is a space that exposes visitors to industry professionals, equipment, industrial design, and the economic opportunities within the realms of sustainability, design, and beauty. The lab explores the science of the human body and examines cultures by discovering how artifacts are made, through hands-on design projects.\n Print & Publishing Lab is a space that focuses on the physical applications of graphic design and digital artwork that can be applied to the business and art world. Through customized classes and workshops, designers and entrepreneurs gain access to pro-level software and screen printing equipment. Visitors also gain the skills to turn their designs into physical products that can be used in the marketplace.\n MillerCoors THIRST Lab is a space designed to teach visitors how to understand water as a resource, as an ingredient, and as an opportunity. By examining the production process in the THIRST Lab, participants become aware of water’s role in the creation of products. \n General Science Lab provides more space and tools for the public to engage in designing the future. The lab is home to programs and experiences having to do with archaeology, physics, chemistry, and computer drafting and design.\n Electronics Lab gives visitors a place to tinker. Participants can explore circuitry, robotics, mechanical design, and relationships to the natural world. \n Digital Arts Lab teaches how to develop original ideas and creative skills in the areas of visual art, digital literacy, audio and writing. Professional software and WACOM drawing tablets are key tools that students use in developing original, quality work. \n Video Studio helps people develop presentation and digital literacy skills. The studio is also a production space for photography, live performance, and professional rentals.\n Audio Studio is a professional environment designed for creating high quality music and voice recordings for podcasts. Using high-end digital and analog equipment in three isolation booths, the Discovery World staff guides visitors through the process of capturing and working with sound for a variety of projects.\n\nFunding \nDiscovery World is a 501 (c)(3) non-profit organization that does not receive any public funding. The organization has received significant donations from area corporations, including $2.5 million from Rockwell Automation in October 2014, and $2 million from Kohl's in January 2016.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \nDiscovery World website\n\nCategory:Children's museums in Wisconsin\nCategory:Museums in Milwaukee\nCategory:Science museums in Wisconsin\nCategory:Maritime museums in Wisconsin", "title": "Discovery World" }, { "text": "The Gibson Les Paul is a solid body electric guitar that was first sold by the Gibson Guitar Corporation in 1952. The guitar was designed by factory manager John Huis and his team with input from and endorsement by guitarist Les Paul. Its typical design features a solid mahogany body with a carved maple top and a single cutaway, a mahogany set-in neck with a rosewood fretboard, two pickups with independent volume and tone controls, and a stoptail bridge, although variants exist.\n\nThe Les Paul was originally offered with a gold finish and two P-90 pickups. In 1957, humbucking pickups were added, along with sunburst finishes in 1958. The 1958–1960 sunburst Les Paul, today one of the best-known electric guitar types in the world, was considered a commercial failure, with low production and sales. For 1961, the Les Paul was redesigned into what is now known as the Gibson SG. The original single-cutaway, carved top bodystyle was re-introduced in 1968. The Les Paul has been produced in many versions and editions since. Along with Fender's Telecaster and Stratocaster, it was one of the first mass-produced electric solid-body guitars. Due to their versatility, Les Paul electric guitars have been used in a wide range of music genres, including rock, country, pop, soul, rhythm and blues, blues, jazz, reggae, punk, and heavy metal.\n\nHistory\n\n(1950–1952)\n\nIn 1950, the ancestors of the Fender Telecaster (Fender Esquire and Fender Broadcaster) were introduced to the musical market and solid-body electric guitars became a public craze. In reaction to market demand, Gibson Guitar president Ted McCarty brought guitarist Les Paul into the company as a consultant.\n\nLes Paul was a respected innovator who had been experimenting with guitar design for years. He had hand-built a solid-body prototype nicknamed \"The Log,\" named after the pine block running through the middle of the guitar whose width and depth are a little more than the width of the fretboard. Conventional hollow guitar sides or \"wings\" were added for shape. In 1945 or 1946, Paul had approached Gibson with \"The Log\" prototype, but his design was rejected.\n\nIn 1951, McCarty and his team at Gibson began work on what would eventually become the Les Paul Model. Early prototypes of the Les Paul model are very similar to the final version. The new Les Paul guitar was to be an expensive, well-made instrument in accordance with Gibson's reputation at the time, and distinct from growing rival guitar manufacturer Fender's models.\n\nMcCarty approached Les Paul for the right to imprint the musician's name on the headstock with the intention of increasing sales; in 1951, Gibson presented Paul a nearly finished instrument for approval. McCarty stated that design discussions with Les Paul were limited to the tailpiece and the fitting of a maple cap over the mahogany body for increased density and sustain, which Les Paul had requested reversed. However, this reversal would have caused the guitar to become too heavy, and Paul's request was refused. Paul states that the original Custom should have had the maple cap and the Goldtop was to be all mahogany. The Custom did not appear on the market for another two years following the introduction of the Goldtop; it is possible that Gibson had planned a full model range of guitars (with a roll-out over the course of several years) at the time when initial specifications were being set. Les Paul's contributions to the guitar line bearing his name were more than cosmetic; for example, Paul specified that the guitar be offered in a gold finish, not only for flashiness, but to emphasize the high quality of the Gibson Les Paul instrument. Later Les Paul models included flame maple (tiger stripe) and \"quilted\" maple tops, again in contrast to the competing Fender line's range of car-like custom color finishes.\n\nThe 1952 Les Paul featured a mahogany body with a one-inch-thick maple cap, a mahogany neck with a rosewood fretboard, two P-90 single coil pickups, and a one-piece, 'trapeze'-style bridge/tailpiece with strings fitted under (instead of over) a steel stop-bar.\n\nThe guitar made its public debut when Paul used it onstage in June 1952 at the Paramount theatre in New York. On July 24, 1952, at a special musicians clinic at the Waldorf-Astoria hotel, it was previewed by prominent guitarists such as Tiger Haynes, George Barnes, Mundell Lowe, Tony Mottola, and Billy Mure.\n\n(1953–1957)\n\nA second Les Paul model was introduced in 1953. Called the Les Paul Custom, this black guitar with gold-plated hardware was dubbed the \"Black Beauty\". New bridge and tailpiece designs were rapidly adopted. The one-piece \"wraparound\" stopbar was introduced in 1953. The following year saw the introduction of the fully-adjustable Tune-o-matic bridge. The Goldtop and Custom models continued without significant changes until 1957. New humbucker pickups designed by Seth Lover in 1955 debuted on Les Pauls in 1957 and P-90 pickups were no longer offered. These pickups carried the markings \"PAF\", for \"Patent Applied For\" (referring to ). This innovation in pickups became the flagship pickup design most associated with Gibson. Many other guitar companies followed suit, outfitting their electrics with versions of the humbucking pickup.\n\n(1958–1968)\n\nIn 1958, the Les Paul saw its first major design change. A new model, called the Standard, retained most features of the 1957 Goldtop. However, Standards featured a cherry-red sunburst finish. These guitars were priced higher than the Goldtop models, but lower than the Customs. At this time, Gibson instruments were marketed toward an older, jazz-oriented audience rather than young burgeoning guitarists. As a result, over the three-year period of production, only about 1,700 Standards were made.\n\nThese Les Pauls were considered to be too heavy and old-fashioned, and they initially did not find favor amongst guitarists. In 1961, Gibson stopped producing the traditional Les Paul in favor of a lighter redesign which was later called the SG. The mid-1960s, however, brought a resurgence of interest in the Les Paul Standard. In 1964, The Rolling Stones' Keith Richards began using a sunburst, 1959 Les Paul Standard — becoming the first \"star-guitarist\" to play a Les Paul on the British scene. The guitar, outfitted with a Bigsby tailpiece, served as one of the guitarist's prominent instruments and provided the first impetus to the use of Les Pauls during the British blues boom. In 1965, Eric Clapton began using Les Pauls because of the influence of Freddie King and Hubert Sumlin, and played a 1960 Standard on the groundbreaking album Blues Breakers with Eric Clapton. In America, Mike Bloomfield began using a 1954 Les Paul goldtop while touring with the Paul Butterfield Blues Band, and recorded most of his work on the band's East-West album with that guitar. A year later, he traded it for a 1959 Standard with which he became most identified. By 1967, Jerry Garcia of the Grateful Dead was using mid-1950s, P-90 pickup-equipped goldtops or black custom models, which he used through 1968. Concurrently in the late 1960s, artists such as Peter Green, Jeff Beck, Paul Kossoff, and Jimmy Page began using sunburst Les Paul Standards. Responding to this influence and increased pressure from the public, Gibson reintroduced the Les Paul single-cutaway guitar in July 1968, and the guitar remains in production today.\n\n(1969–1985)\n\nIn 1969, Gibson's parent company (Chicago Musical Instruments) was taken over by the conglomerate ECL. Gibson remained under the control of CMI until 1974 when it became a subsidiary of Norlin Musical Instruments.\n\nThese ownership changes, often called the \"Norlin Era\", caused Gibson products of the time to undergo changes in manufacturing and construction. Les Paul designs were altered and a reinforced upper neck volute was added to decrease headstock breaks. Neck woods were changed from one-piece mahogany to a three-piece maple design. The body was also changed from one-piece mahogany with a maple top to multiple slabs of mahogany with multiple pieced maple tops. This is referred to as \"multipiece\" construction, and sometimes incorrectly referred to as a \"pancake\" body. The expression \"pancake body\" actually refers to a body made of a thin layer of maple sandwiched between two slabs of mahogany, with a maple cap. The grain of the maple was placed at 90 degrees to that of the mahogany. The \"pancake\"-like layers are clearly visible when looking at the edge of the guitar. This process is also known as \"crossbanding\", and was done to make use of less expensive and more readily available thinner mahogany. Crossbanding was phased out by 1977.\n\nIn this era, Gibson began experimenting with new models, such as the Les Paul Recording. This guitar was generally unpopular with guitarists because of its complex electronics. Less noticeable changes included, but were not limited to, optional maple fingerboards (added in 1976), pickup cavity shielding, and the crossover of the ABR1 Tune-o-matic bridge into the wide \"Nashville\" bridge. During the 1970s, the Les Paul body shape was incorporated into other Gibson models, including the S-1, the Sonex, the L6-S, and other models that did not follow the classic Les Paul layout.\n\nPost-Norlin\nIn January 1986, Gibson again changed ownership and began manufacturing a range of varied Les Paul models. The 1980s also saw the end to several design characteristics, including the volute and maple neck. However, because of consumer demand, the Gibson Les Paul guitar is available today in a wide array of choices, ranging from guitars equipped with modern digital electronics to classic re-issue models built to match the look and specifications of the guitar's earliest production runs from 1952 to 1960.\n\nIn 1986, responding to the high demand for vintage models, Gibson formed a Custom Shop division. Originally, the Custom Shop began producing accurate reproductions of early Les Pauls, as well as one-offs. Today, the Custom Shop produces numerous limited-run \"historic-spec\" models, as well as signature artist models. The first Custom Shop artist guitar was the 1996 Joe Perry Les Paul, and today, several artist models are offered. \"Reliced\" or \"aged\" models are made in the Custom Shop to replicate well used vintage guitars.\n\n, Gibson offers several variations of the Les Paul guitar with differences in price, features, electronics and finishes. For example, the modern 'Standard' offers split-coil pickups for a wider range of sounds. The 'Traditional' model offers the more basic features of guitars available during the 1950s to 1980s, and the 'Classic' model offers yet other features. 'Special' and 'Studio' models have a more basic level of finish and are lower-priced. These models are marketed as 'Gibson USA' guitars, capitalizing on their American heritage.\n\nand variations\nThe first model, simply called the \"Gibson Les Paul\", was released in 1952. This style has since been retroactively named \"The Goldtop\", as the model came only in one finish: an old gold solid paint, with two P-90 pickups and nickel plated hardware. In 1954, the Gibson Les Paul Custom was added to the model line. The Custom featured a solid black finish, gold-plated hardware, and other high-end appointments, including becoming one of the first Gibson models to have 3 pickups. The standard goldtop model received PAF humbucking pickups in 1957, and the goldtop paint job was retired in 1958 and replaced with a two-tone translucent sunburst paint job. From 1958 onwards, this main model was known as the Les Paul Standard, nicknamed \"the Burst\", and is known for its high collectability. The original Les Paul body shape was retired in 1961 and radically redesigned as the Gibson SG (which for the first several years was known as the Les Paul SG, before Les Paul's endorsement deal ran out). In the mid-late 1960s, the unique tonal quality of the humbucker-equipped \"Burst\" models became a favorite among rock guitarists, and this renewed interest caused Gibson to bring back the Standard and Custom models in 1968. They have remained in production ever since; as well Gibson added a number of other model lines over the years, including budget/student lines such as the Les Paul Junior and Les Paul Special, studio-quality guitars with basic appointments but upgraded electronics, such as the Les Paul Professional and Les Paul Recording, and other short-lived models, including dozens of celebrity endorsed models.\n\n(1952–1958, 1968–present)\n\nThe first Les Paul model Goldtops were produced from 1952–1957. Early 1952 Les Pauls were not issued serial numbers, did not have bound fingerboards, and are considered by some as \"LP Model prototypes\". However, later 1952 Les Pauls were issued serial numbers and also came with bound fingerboards. The design scheme of some of these early models varied. For instance, some early Les Pauls were fitted with black covered P-90 pickups instead of the usual cream-colored plastic covers. The weight and the tonal characteristics of the Goldtop Les Paul were largely due to the mahogany and maple construction.\n\nIn 1953, the trapeze tailpiece was dropped, and a new stopbar design was added. This design combined a pre-intonated bridge and tailpiece with two studs just behind the bridge pickup. This increased the sustain of the Goldtop noticeably; however, the intonation and string height adjustability were limited. A new design, the Tune-o-matic, replaced the stopbar in 1955. It consisted of a separate bridge and tailpiece attached directly to the top of the guitar, combining an easily adjustable bridge with a sustain-carrying tailpiece. This design has been used on most Les Pauls ever since. The tuners were produced by Kluson.\n\n(1954–1960, 1968–present)\n\nThe Les Paul Custom features gold hardware, multilayer binding including the headstock, ebony fingerboard, real mother-of-pearl inlays and two or three-pickup layout. 1950s Customs were all-mahogany, rather than the mahogany-with-maple-cap of the Goldtop. The original Customs were fitted with a P-90 pickup in the bridge position and an Alnico V \"staple\" pickup in the neck. In 1957, the Custom was fitted with Gibson's new PAF humbucker pickups, and later became available with three pickups instead of the usual two. The traditional Les Paul Custom was discontinued in 1961 and its name transferred to the custom version of the then-new Gibson SG.\n\nIn 1968, Gibson reintroduced the Les Paul Custom as a two-pickup-only model. The headstock angle was changed from 17 degrees to 14, and a wider headstock and a maple top (in lieu of the original 1953–1961 mahogany top construction) were added. White and two sunburst finish options were added to the color palette in 1974. Also new in 1974 was the optional TP-6 fine-tuner tailpiece, allowing for micro-adjustment of string tuning from the bridge. The mahogany neck was replaced with a three-piece maple neck in 1975 (though mahogany still saw limited use) with this change lasting until around 1982. Popular colors, such as wine red and \"silverburst,\" were added in the 1970s and '80s. Gibson currently produces several Custom models with various finishes and pickups.\n\n(1958–1960, 1976–present)\n\nIn 1958, new Standard model retained most specifications of the 1957 Goldtop, including PAF humbucker pickups, a maple top, and a tune-o-matic bridge with a stop tailpiece or Bigsby vibrato tailpiece. The gold color used since 1952 was replaced by a cherry-red version of the Sunburst finish long used on Gibson's flat-top and archtop acoustic and hollow electric guitars. Since the maple cap was now visible, tops were made either with a solid \"plaintop\" piece of maple or two bookmatched pieces of figured (curly or quilted) maple. To differentiate from the earlier Goldtop model, the new Les Paul was referred to as The Les Paul Standard. Specifications during 1958–60 varied from year to year and also from guitar to guitar. Typical 1958 Les Paul Standard necks had a thicker neck, thinner frets and lower fret height, which changed during the course of 1959 to develop into typical 1960 necks with a thinner cross-section and wider, higher frets. The cherry dye used on the 1958–59 models faded rapidly from ultraviolet light exposure, so in early 1960 Gibson switched to a new, fade-resistant formulation which was also less translucent and slightly more orange; this is sometimes called the \"tomato soup burst.\" Fading of the original paint job was unpredictable, as the red color could either lighten or darken depending on the specific formulation and on the conditions the guitar had been exposed to, resulting in a wide array of nicknames, such as \"lemon burst\" or \"tobacco burst\", for the resulting colorations. Despite the wide variety of color variations now found on the original 1958–59 models, they all went to market with nearly identical paint jobs. Furthermore, during the production run, Gibson changed the color of plastic used on the pickup bobbins multiple times between black and white again; however during assembly, pickups were assembled semi-randomly, with no attention given to matching the two single-coil bobbins to each other when building the humbucking pickups; the guitar was sold with a nickel-plated pickup cover, so Gibson didn't consider the color of the bobbins to be an aesthetic consideration. Additionally, since the translucent finish allowed the wood grain to show, each Sunburst model has a unique combination of finish fade, wood grain, and pickup colors resulting in a highly individualized guitar, adding to the collectability of the model. Many famous original Les Paul standards can be easily identified by their unique appearance. \n\nOriginal production of the Standards lasted from 1958 to early 1961. As Gibson only kept records on shipments of \"Les Paul\" models, and the Sunburst Standard overlapped production years with both the earlier Goldtop and later SG models, nailing down exact production numbers is difficult. Depending on the source, it is estimated anywhere from 1,200 to 1,700 of these early models were made and have subsequently become highly valuable.\n\nProduction ended in 1961 when Gibson redesigned the Les Paul to feature a \"double cutaway\" body, which has subsequently become the Gibson SG. The model was quietly reintroduced to dealers as early as 1972 before production of Les Paul Standards \"officially\" resumed in 1976 due to high demand. They have remained in continuous production since then, as well as periodic reissues from the Gibson Custom Shop, using the original 1958–60 specs.\n\n(1954–1960) and (1955–1960)\n\nIn 1954, the Les Paul Junior debuted, targeted the beginning or student guitarist. As a cost-saving measure, many of the appointments of the Standard and Custom models are absent from the Junior. The Junior is characterized by its flat-top \"slab\" mahogany body (in contrast to the carved maple top on other models), finished in sunburst. It had a single P-90 pickup (in contrast to the two- and three-humbucker pickup configurations on the more expensive models), simple volume and tone controls, an unbound rosewood fingerboard with plain dot-shape position markers, and a combination bridge/tailpiece unit similar to the Goldtop.\n\nIn 1955, Gibson launched the Les Paul TV model, which was identical to the Junior except for the name and a fashionable contemporary \"limed oak\" style finish, later more accurately named \"limed mahogany\". This natural wood finish with white grain filler often aged into a natural wood or dull yellow appearance, and eventually evolved into the opaque mustard yellow, popularly called \"TV yellow\". The model was not, as a popular myth says, to avoid glare from old TV cameras, but a modern look and a name to promote \"The Les Paul & Mary Ford Show\" then on television.\n\nGibson made a radical design change to their Junior and TV models in 1959: to accommodate player requests for more access to the top frets than the previous designs allowed, these electric guitar models were revamped with a new double-cutaway body shape. In addition, Juniors were now available with a cherry red finish, while the re-shaped TV adopted a more yellow-tinged finish.\n\n(1955–1960)\n\nThe Les Paul Special was released in 1955, featuring a slab body, two soapbar P-90 single coil pickups, and was finished in a color similar to TV Yellow (but not called a TV model). It fit in the model line between the Junior and the Standard, having the two-pickup configuration of the Standard, but featuring the simpler, more basic appointments of the Junior.\n\nIn 1959, the Special was given the same new double-cutaway body shape as the Junior and the TV received in 1959. Around this time, Les Paul decided to discontinue his affiliation with Gibson; the model was renamed \"SG Special\" in the late 1959. However, when the new design was applied to the two-pickup Special, the cavity for the neck pickup overlapped the neck-to-body joint. This weakened the joint to the point that the neck could break after only moderate handling. The problem was soon resolved when Gibson designers moved the neck pickup farther down the body, producing a stronger joint and eliminating the breakage problem.\n\n(1961–1963)\n\nIn 1960, Gibson experienced a decline in electric guitar sales due to strong competition from Fender's comparable but much lighter double-cutaway design, the Stratocaster. In response, Gibson modified the Les Paul line. For 1961, the Les Paul was thinner and much lighter than earlier models, with two sharply pointed cutaways and a vibrato system. However, the redesign was done without Les Paul's knowledge, and he hated the design, so he asked Gibson to remove his name. The double cutaway design retained the \"Les Paul\" name until 1963 when Les Paul's endorsement deal with Gibson ended. Without a contract, Gibson could no longer call its guitars \"Les Pauls,\" and it renamed them \"SGs\" (for \"Solid Guitars\").\n\n(1970–1985)\n\nThe Deluxe was among the \"new\" 1968–1969 Les Pauls and seen as an evolution of the Special. This model featured \"mini-humbuckers\", also known as \"New York\" humbuckers, and did not initially prove popular. The mini-humbucker pickups fit into the pre-carved P-90 pickup cavity using an adaptor ring developed by Gibson in order to use a surplus supply of Epiphone mini-humbuckers. The Deluxe was introduced in 1970 and helped to standardize production among Gibson's U.S.-built Les Pauls. The first incarnation of the Deluxe featured a one-piece body and slim three-piece neck. (It has been thought that some of these early \"one-piece\" bodies were actually leftovers from original 1950's Les Paul parts) The multipiece body (a thin layer of maple on top of two layers of Honduran mahogany) arrived later in 1969. Towards the end of that year, a reinforcing neck volute was added. 1969 Deluxes feature the Gibson logo devoid of the dot over the \"i\" in Gibson. By late 1969/early 1970, the dot over the \"i\" had returned, plus a \"Made In USA\" stamp on the back of the headstock. Gibson produced 216 Deluxe Gold Top as specially-ordered guitars with full-size humbucker t-tops pickups between 1972 and 1974 (179 in 1973, 28 in 1974 and 9 in 1972), as a Les Paul Standard pickup specification. These Gold Tops are quite rare to find today and are worth US$9,000 to US$10,000 in the collector's market, because they were the first guitars since the Gold Top 1958 fitted with humbucker pickups from the factory.\n\nUntil the end of the year 1974, 90% of the Gibson Les Paul Deluxe manufactured were Gold Top. New colors emerged from 1975, less valued than the Gold Top. By late 1975, the neck construction was changed from mahogany to maple. This lasted until the early 1980s, when the construction returned to mahogany. The body changed back to solid mahogany from the pancake design in late 1976 or early 1977. In 1985 Gibson discontinued the Deluxe model.\n\nAdrian Smith, of Iron Maiden, uses a Gibson Les Paul Deluxe Gold Top 1972, with the bridge pickup converted to a humbucker, and has been using it since joining Iron Maiden in 1980. Pete Townshend used Les Paul Deluxes onstage almost exclusively between 1973 and 1979, often with additional middle pickups.\n\nJimmy Page, of Led Zeppelin, used a Gibson Les Paul Deluxe 1969 Red, converted to humbuckers, during the 1970s, and reunion of 2007. Vivian Campbell, of Dio, used a Deluxe Black 1977, with a humbucker conversion, during his period in the band. Ace Frehley used Deluxe 1973 converted humbucker in 70s. Steve Lukather has Deluxe Gold Top 1974 original humbucker.\n\nScott Gorham and Brian Robertson, of Thin Lizzy, also used Les Paul Deluxes in the 1970s (Robertson converted his Deluxe Cherry Sunburst 1973 to humbuckers in 1977, and plays the guitar to this day). Slash has a Deluxe Tobacco Sunburst 1975, converted to Humbuckers, and uses it during live shows. Yngwie Malmsteen had a Gibson Les Paul Deluxe Gold Top 1969 in his collection for more than 30 years, converted to humbuckers. It was sold for over US$25,000 a few years ago.\n\nProfessional (1969–1971) \nThe Les Paul Professional was produced from 1969–1971, it was a rare model as only around 118 were ever produced. Designed primarily as a studio guitar, it featured an unadorned dark-stained mahogany slab body with two low-impedance pickups mounted at an angle and a unique control layout that included not only the standard \"rhythm/lead\" switch, but also two toggles between the tailpiece and the volume/tone knobs that allowed for additional tone options. The low-impedance pickups required a special cable that included an on-board transformer. The model came with either a stop tailpiece or a Gibson-branded Bigsby vibrato tailpiece. Chicago guitarist Terry Kath used a Les Paul Professional both in the studio and on stage. The model was never popular, and was phased out in 1971 and replaced with the Les Paul Recording model, which itself was replaced in 1983 by the Les Paul Studio model. A few Professionals shipped in 1972 and 1973, though the catalogues had switched to the Recording model by then.\n\nRecording (1971–1979) \n\nThe Les Paul Recording was produced from late 1971–1979 (the first models shipped in 1972). It was a slightly modified version of the Professional model, and featured the same low-impedance pickups and same body, though with a lighter-colored stain. The control layout was changed, the rhythm/lead selector switch was moved near the other controls from the upper left to lower right side of the guitar body, and the tone control toggle switches were rotated 90 degrees. The plastic plate to label the switches and knobs was larger than the Professional model as well. Les Paul himself favored the Recording model among all of the guitars to bear his name; it was his main guitar during his years playing at the Iridium Jazz Club and other New York venues. The model was re-issued in 2014.\n\nThe Paul (1978–1982) \n\nA single sharp cutaway Les Paul-style walnut body, set walnut neck, pearl dot inlays, walnut headstock overlay with gold Gibson logo (1978–1981) or Gibson logo branded into the headstock (Firebrand, 1981–1982). Hardware included three-per-side tuners, stop tailpiece, two exposed humbucker pickups, four knobs (two volume, two tone), three-way pickup switch, chrome hardware, available in Natural Walnut finish. It was manufactured between 1978 and 1982. It included such high end items as Grover tuning keys and the Tune-O-Matic bridge. It has become affectionately referred to as \"The Coffee Table Burst\" because of its natural finish.\n\n(1983–present) \n\nThe Studio model was introduced in 1983, and is still in production. The guitar is intended for the studio musician; therefore, the design features of the \"Les Paul Studio\" are centered on optimal sound output and not on flashy appearance. This model retains only the elements of the Gibson Les Paul that contribute to tone and playability, including the carved maple top and standard mechanical and electronic hardware. However, the Studio design, until 2017, omits several stock Gibson ornamentations that do not affect sound quality, including body/neck binding. The first Studios from 1983 to 1986 were made with alder bodies rather than mahogany/maple. The current Studios come with a chambered mahogany body with either a maple or mahogany cap. The entry level Les Paul Studio \"faded\" has a weight relieved mahogany body and top and a satin finish. In 2018 neck binding and a pair of Gibson's most popular humbucking pickups, 57 Classic and 57 Classic+, and two push-pull pots were introduced. In order to guarantee the stability of the tuning and an excellent sustain were introduced the Grover tuners, the self-lubricating nut and the aluminium tune-o-matic bridge.\n\nGibson also offered the Studio in a \"standard\" model. This variant was adorned with neck and body binding, ebony fretboard and sunburst paint job. All Studios at the time had dot fretboard markers and a thinner body.\n\nMemphis ES-Les Paul (2014–2016)\n\nGibson released the Memphis ES-Les Paul in 2014. It is a semi-acoustic model with f-holes and most with two Alnico humbuckers. There was a limited Custom Shop run of VOS Black Beauty ES Les Pauls with three humbuckers. Some of these limited run guitars were also fitted with Bigsby tailpieces. The neck is mahogany, but the sides and back are laminated maple and poplar. A mahogany block runs throughout the body to increase sustain.\n\nThe Les Paul Memphis ES was released with Gibson’s MHS (Memphis Historic Spec) humbuckers. These scatter wound pickups have unbalanced coils to emulate vintage PAFs. The bridge and middle pickups both have Alnico II magnets while the neck pickup houses an Alnico III.\n\nIn addition to the factory-installed Bigsby B7 and retro ‘Milk Bottle’ Grover Rotomatics on some models, other vintage enhancements were added to the guitar. The neck features a Historic-style truss-rod, rolled fingerboard edges, and is fretted over top of the binding. The three-pickup wiring offers modern switching and employs Orange Drop capacitors for less treble-cut.\n\nDue to its limited run, the Memphis ES-Les Paul has become a sought-after and collectible Les Paul model.\n\nHP (2016–2019) \n\nThe Gibson Les Paul HP – which stands for \"High Performance\" – was introduced in 2016, intending to be a Les Paul version featuring the most modern features, like the G-Force automatic tuner, a compound radius fretboard, a titanium adjustable zero-fret nut, and a carved fast access neck heel, similar to the Axcess model. Each knob had a push/pull function allowing to split the pickups and transient suppression. The guitar came in a special hardshell case, with a polished aluminium finish.\n\nThe model was slightly modified in 2017, when the toggle-switch plate was removed, the knobs changed from ordinary speed knobs to chrome top hat ones, and the pickup rings changed from white to chrome.\n\nThe model had a major change in 2018, with the complete removal of the pickup rings – the pickups were now mounted at the back of the guitar, with two screws for each pickup. This change made pickup swap noticeably harder, demanding a modification of the mounting piece of each pickup, which had to be bent inwards.\n\nThe model was again changed in 2019, reversing the 2018 pickup ring removal. The knobs changed to transparent top hat ones, and the G-Force tuner was removed with locking tuners being added. This was the last of the HP series, which was discontinued in 2020.\n\nDark Fire\n\nThe Gibson Dark Fire is a variant of the Les Paul. It was a second generation Robot Guitar, using an updated version of the Powertune self-tuning system produced by Tronical Gmbh. The Dark Fire also introduced Gibson's Chameleon Tone Technology, a system consisting of onboard electronics designed to simulate various guitar tones. Additionally, the guitar included an audio interface called the Robot Interface Pack or RIP.\n\nPickups\nThe Dark Fire had one Burstbucker 3 humbucker in the bridge position, a P-90H at the neck, and a special Tronical-designed piezoelectric tune-o-matic sat in place of the bridge. The Burstbucker 3 and P-90H were selected via the three-way selector switch. The piezoelectric could be activated via the MCK, blending the magnetic and piezoelectric together under a standard 1/4\" guitar cable. Gibson supplied a TRS stereo cable that allowed the piezo signal and the magnetic signal to be split between two different amps.\n\nEpiphone Les Paul\n\nThe Gibson also sells Les Paul guitars under their Epiphone brand of low-cost instruments; most are similar copies of Gibson-branded models. Made outside the United States, the Epiphone Les Pauls are made from more commonly available woods using less expensive foreign labor and have less hand detailing than the Gibson models, and as a result sell for a lower price. Epiphone has been owned by Gibson Guitars since the 1950s.\n\nEpiphone also makes several less common models of the Les Paul such as the Les Paul Goth, Les Paul Ultra/Ultra II, Les Paul Prophecy, and Les Paul Tribute Plus.\n\nSignature models\n\nJimmy Page\n\nGibson has produced three Jimmy Page signature models. The first was issued in the mid-1990s. It is based on a stock sunburst Les Paul Standard. In 2005, the Gibson Custom Shop issued a limited run of Jimmy Page Signature guitars based on Page's 1959 \"No. 1\". Several years later, Gibson issued its third Jimmy Page Signature guitar, this one based on Page's #2, issued in a production run of 325 guitars.\n\nGary Moore\n\nGary Moore created his own signature Les Paul in the early 2000s, characterised by a yellow flame top, no binding and signature truss rod cover. It featured two open-topped humbucker pickups, one with \"zebra coils\" (one white and one black bobbin). In 2009, Gibson released another Gary Moore signature guitar, the Gibson Gary Moore BFG Les Paul. The Gary Moore BFG is much like their previous Les Paul BFG series, with the added styling of Moore's various 1950s Les Paul Standards.\n\nSlash\n\nSlash has collaborated with Gibson on seventeen signature Les Paul models.\n\nThe first of these guitars is the Slash \"Snakepit\" Les Paul Standard, which was introduced by the Gibson Custom Shop in 1996, based on the smoking snake graphic off the cover of Slash's Snakepit's debut album and a mother of pearl snake inlay covering the length of the ebony fretboard. An Epiphone version was released as well. Production was limited to 100.\n\nIn 2004, the Gibson Custom Shop introduced the Slash Signature Les Paul Standard, a guitar that Gibson has used ever since as the \"standard\" non-limited edition Slash Les Paul. In 2008, Gibson USA released the Slash Signature Les Paul Standard Plus Top, an authentic replica of one of two Les Pauls Slash received from Gibson in 1988. It has an Antique Vintage Sunburst finish over a solid mahogany body with a maple top. An Epiphone version was released as well. Also in 2008, the Gibson Custom Shop introduced the Slash \"Inspired By\" Les Paul Standard. This guitar is a replica of his 1987 Les Paul Standard.\n\nIn 2010, Gibson released the Slash \"AFD/Appetite for Destruction\" Les Paul Standard II as a tribute to Guns N' Roses' debut album, Appetite for Destruction, which resembles the Kris Derrig built 1959 Les Paul replica Slash used for the recording of the album. Production was limited to 400, with 100 aged guitars signed by Slash, and another 300 finished with the Custom Shop's VOS process. An Epiphone version was simultaneously released as well.\n\nIn 2013, Gibson and Epiphone both released the Slash \"Rosso Corsa\" Les Paul Standard, and also the Gibson USA's Slash \"Vermillion\" Les Paul Standard. In the year of 2017, Gibson released Slash \"Anaconda Burst\" Les Paul, which consist of both a Plain Top, as well as a Flame Top. An Epiphone version of the guitar was released as well. In 2017, Gibson Custom Shop released the Slash Firebird, a guitar which is a radical departure from the Les Paul style association he is well known for. The finish was produced in only two separate colors, which is Trans Black and Trans White. Only 50 copies of each color were produced.\n\nJoe Perry\n\nGibson has issued two signature Les Paul guitars for Joe Perry of Aerosmith. The first was developed in 1996 and was customized with an active mid-boost control, black chrome hardware, and a translucent black finish. It was replaced in 2004 by a second, more visually distinctive Les Paul, the \"Boneyard\" Les Paul. This guitar is characterized by Perry's custom \"Boneyard\" logo on the headstock and a figured maple top with a green tiger finish, and is available with either a stop bar tailpiece or a Bigsby tailpiece.\n\nJoe Perry owned a 1959 Gibson Les Paul Standard. Perry is not sure how, but he lost track of his 1959 Les Paul in 1982. When he wanted to get the guitar back it was in the possession of Slash (which he later used in the music video for November Rain). Perry asked if he could buy back the guitar but Slash refused. Perry continued to ask about the guitar from time to time, and eventually received the guitar back from Slash as a 50th birthday present in 2000.\n\nPeter Frampton\n\nA replica of the three-pickup \"Black Beauty\" Les Paul Custom used by Peter Frampton as his main guitar from his days in Humble Pie through his early solo career was introduced through the Gibson Custom Shop in 2012. Frampton's original guitar was a 1954 Les Paul modified extensively. His guitar was presumed lost in a South American plane crash in 1980, but was returned to Frampton in 2011.\n\nMike Bloomfield\nGibson used hundreds of photographs of the late blues guitarist's instrument to produce the limited-edition Bloomfield signature. The company produced one hundred Bloomfield models with custom-aged finishes and two hundred more with the company's VOS finishing in 2009. They reproduced the tailpiece crack on the aged version, plus the mismatched volume and tone control knobs and the \"Les Paul\"-engraved truss rod cover on both versions, while including a toggle switch cover. The headstock was characterized by the kidney-shaped Grover tuning keys installed on the guitar before Bloomfield traded for it.\n\nPete Townshend\n\nIn 2005, Gibson issued three Pete Townshend signature edition Les Paul Deluxe guitars, based on Townshend's heavily customised \"#1\" Wine Red 1976 Les Paul Deluxe, \"#3\" Gold top 1976, and \"#9\" Cherry Sunburst 1976. These guitars were modified by Alan Rogan and used extensively on stage and in the studio with The Who. In addition to the two mini-humbuckers the guitar carried, Rogan modified Townshend's originals with a DiMarzio humbucker in the middle. Toggle switches located behind the guitar's tailpiece turned the pickup on and off and added volume boost. The control knobs were wired for volume, one for each pickup and a master tone. The reissues differed from Townshend's originals in that the reissues had an inlay at the first fret while the originals did not.\n\nAce Frehley\nThe Ace Frehley signature model (released in 1997 and re-released in 2012) has three double-white DiMarzio pickups, a cherry sunburst finish (AAAA), a color image of Frehley's face in his Kiss make-up on the headstock, mother-of-pearl lightning bolt inlays, and Frehley's simulated signature on the 12th fret. A Custom Shop run of only 300 guitars were built with DiMarzio PAF, Super Distortion, and Dual Sound pickups. The production run model was only built with DiMarzio Super Distortion pickups. This was one of Gibson's best selling artist runs. The more recent 2012 \"Budokan\" model, intended to pay tribute to the guitar used during the Kiss' first trip to Japan in 1977, features mother-of-pearl block inlays (no signature at the 12th fret), Grover machine heads with pearloid banjo buttons, and a grade A maple top.\n\nBilly Gibbons\nBilly Gibbons of ZZ Top has a signature model, featuring his signature Seymour Duncan pickup set, based on his \"Pearly Gates\" 1959 Les Paul Standard.\n\nEric Clapton\n\nClapton played a 1960 Standard as a member of John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers as well as in the early days of Cream. The guitar was said to have been stolen while Clapton was preparing for the first Cream tour in 1966, following the recording of Fresh Cream, and was long considered an iconic instrument by Clapton's fans. Gibson announced production of the Clapton 1960 Standard, also nicknamed the \"Beano Burst\", in 2010. Gibson says the instrument \"accurately represents what Eric Clapton personally feels his 1960 Les Paul should be\", with Clapton consulting on the design of the guitar. Production is limited but all feature period-correct hardware, two Gibson reproduction PAF humbucking pickups, and subtly figured \"antiquity burst\" maple tops.\n\nMark Knopfler\nMark Knopfler has a signature model of his 1958 Les Paul Standard.\n\nPaul Kossoff\n\nPaul Kossoff, of Free and Back Street Crawler, favored a 1959 Les Paul Standard. In 2011–12, Gibson's Custom Shop made a reproduction of Kossoff's Standard, featuring a so-called \"green-lemon\" flametop, two-piece carved maple top, mahogany body and neck, Custom Bucker humbucking pickups and kidney-bean shaped Grover tuners similar to those Kossoff had installed on the instrument. One hundred Kossoff models were made to resemble the guitar at the time of Kossoff's death in 1976, with another 250 in a VOS finish.\n\nMarc Bolan\nMarc Bolan of T.Rex played a late-50s Les Paul, potentially a stripped Goldtop, later refitted with a Les Paul Custom neck. Gibson recreated this unique guitar in 2011, producing 450 examples including 100 hand-aged, numbered versions and 350 utilising the vintage original spec process. The guitars are notable for the custom-made PAF-reproduction uncovered humbucker pickups. The guitars feature a custom finish, referred to by Gibson as \"Bolan chablis\".\n\nAdam Jones\nAdam Jones of Tool has played a 1979 Silverburst Les Paul since the bands inception. The guitars themselves were created for a short amount of time. Jones said in an interview in 1995 that he once owned 5 at a time. In June of 2020, Adam Jones announced via his Instagram that a signature model made by Gibson based on his guitar was in production. Two different models were made: a custom version that was sold for a limited time and a standard version which is more readily available. Jones later teased an Epiphone signature in 2021 of the same guitar, which was first released in December 2022 as one of seven collectible versions featuring visual art at the back.\n\nLes Paul players\n\nLes Paul copies and lawsuits\nAlthough early Les Paul imitations in the 1960s and 1970s, such as those made by Höfner, Hagström, Harmony Company, and Greco differed from Gibson's designs, with different electronics and even bolt-on necks, in the late 1970s some Japanese companies came very close to perfecting copies of the original 1958–1960 Standards.\n\nA lawsuit was brought by the Norlin Corporation (the parent company of Gibson) in 1977, against Elger/Hoshino U.S.A. (manufacturer and distributor, respectively, of Ibanez) over use a headstock shape and logo, both considered similar to the Gibson designs. However, the suit was based on an Ibanez headstock design that had been discontinued by 1976. The case was officially closed on February 2, 1978. Those mid-1970s guitars later became known as \"lawsuit era\" guitars.\n\nESP Guitars makes several guitars based on the Les Paul design. The Edwards and Navigator lines are made in Japan in the vein of the late 1970s and 1980s guitars from Tokai, Burny, and Greco, complete with Gibson style headstocks.\n\nHeritage Guitars, founded in 1985 by four long-time Gibson employees when Gibson relocated to Nashville, continues to build guitars at the original factory in Kalamazoo, Michigan. Many of their models are inspired by Gibson's late-1950s/early-1960s sunbursts and Customs. \n\nIn 2006, Gibson lost a lawsuit against PRS Guitars, Gibson claiming PRS was infringing on the Les Paul shape and design. The court's decision allowed PRS to reintroduce single cutaway versions of its instruments.\n\nIn 2008, Gibson lost the trademark for the Les Paul in Finland. According to the court, \"Les Paul\" has become a common noun for guitars of a certain type. The lawsuit began when Gibson sued Musamaailma, which produces Tokai guitars, for trademark violation. However, several witnesses testified that the term \"Les Paul\" denotes character in a guitar rather than a particular guitar model. The court also found it aggravating that Gibson had used Les Paul in the plural form and that the importer of Gibson guitars had used Les Paul as a common noun. The court decision will become effective, as Gibson is not going to appeal.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nFurther reading\n Electric Guitar Man: The Genius of Les Paul (Library Binding). Edwin Brit Wyckoff. Enslow Elementary (April 2008). \n Million Dollar Les Paul: In Search of the Most Valuable Guitar in the World (Paperback). Tony Bacon. Jawbone Press 1st edition (2008). \n – Gibson Dark Fire\n\nExternal links\n\n \n All About Gibson Les Paul on RMusic\n Goldtop Traditional Les Paul Repair log on London Guitar Academy\n\n*\nCategory:The Beatles' musical instruments", "title": "Gibson Les Paul" }, { "text": "The Gibson SG is a solid-body electric guitar model introduced by Gibson in 1961. It remains in production today in many variations of the initial design. The SG Standard is Gibson's best-selling model of all time. SG stands for \"solid guitar\".\n\nOrigins\nThe SG design was given a thinner, more contoured body with a double cutaway. Not only did this make the upper frets more accessible, it was further eased by moving the neck joint outwards by three frets. The simpler body construction significantly reduced production costs, and the SG, with its slender neck profile and small heel where it joined the body, was advertised as having the \"fastest neck in the world\".\n\nAlthough the new guitar was popular, Paul strongly disliked it. Problems with the strength of the body and neck made Paul dissatisfied with the new guitar. At the same time, Paul was going through a public divorce from wife and vocalist partner Mary Ford, and his popularity was dwindling as music tastes had changed in the early 1960s. Paul asked lifelong friend and former President of Gibson Ted McCarty to withhold his $1 royalty per guitar, and Gibson mutually agreed to end the contract. Gibson also honored Les Paul's request to remove his name from the guitar.\n\nIn the early-to-mid 1960s Gibson's parent corporation, Chicago Musical Instruments, revived the Kalamazoo brand name for a short time. Later models of the KG-1 and KG-2 featured a body style similar to the Gibson SG, effectively creating a budget-line model until the brand was dropped in the late 1960s. Gibson currently makes lower-cost, internationally sourced versions of the SG at their subsidiary Epiphone.\n\nBecause of its ease of play, comfort to hold, popularity, and vintage heritage, the body style of the SG is often copied by other manufacturers, although much less frequently than the Les Paul and the Fender Stratocaster.\n\nDesign\nThe SG generally has a solid mahogany body, with a black pickguard. The 24.75\" scale mahogany neck joins the body at the 19th or 22nd fret. Early models had a smaller neck joint with a longer tenon. This neck design provided access above the 16th fret. Epiphone-made bolt-on neck models still use a 16th fret neck joint. The SG's set neck is shallower than the Gibson Les Paul's. The SG features the traditional Gibson combination of two or three humbucker pickups or P90 pickups and a Tune-o-matic bridge assembly, wraparound bridge, or vibrato tailpiece, depending on the model.\n\nThe SG Standard features pearloid trapezoid fretboard inlays, as well as fretboard binding and inlaid pearl \"Gibson\" logo and crown; the mid-level SG Special features pearloid dot inlays and an inlaid pearl \"Gibson\" logo, without a crown. The Standard has a volume and a tone control for each individual pickup, and a three-way switch that allows the player to select either the bridge pickup, the neck pickup, or both together. The SG does not include switching to coil split the humbuckers in stock form.\n\nSome models use body woods other than mahogany; examples include the swamp ash SG Special, the SG Zoot Suit, made using multiple birch wood laminate, and the SG Voodoo, the 2009 Raw Power, and some walnut bodied 1970s models. High-end models, including the Diablo, occasionally sport decorative maple caps, carved tops, and gold hardware.\n\nModels and variations\n\nAt the launch of the SG in 1961, Gibson offered four \nvariants of the SG; the SG Junior (a stripped-down version of the standard, analogous to the Les Paul Junior), the SG Special, the SG Standard, and the top-of-the-line SG Custom.\n\nAs of 2010 Gibson's current core variants were the SG Standard and the SG Special. Over the years, Gibson has offered many variations of the SG, and continues to manufacture special editions, including models such as the Special and Faded Special, Supreme, Artist Signature SGs, Menace, and Gothic, as well as the premium-priced VOS reissues of the sixties SG Standard and Custom.\n\nModels produced between 1961 and early 1966 have the original small pickguard; in late 1966 the guitar was redesigned slightly, first with a longer, more robust neck joint, and then came the modern larger semi-symmetrical \"batwing\" pickguard. This design continued until late 1971 or early 1972, when variations of the SG were sold with a raised Les Paul style pickguard and a front-mounted control plate. The low-end SG-100 and the P-90 equipped SG-200 appeared during this time, as well as the luxurious SG Pro and SG Deluxe guitars. Vibrato (tremolo arm) tailpieces were also introduced as options.\n\nIn 1972 the design went back to the original style pickguard and rear-mounted controls but with the neck then set further into the body, joining roughly at the 20th fret. By the end of the seventies, the SG models returned to the original sixties styling, and modern (1991–present) standard and special models have mostly returned to the 1967–1969 styling and construction, with a few exceptions; various reissues and other models of the SG still retain the original 1961–1967 styling.\n\nIn 1979, a low-cost SG made of walnut wood was introduced called \"The SG.\" It had a clear finish and an ebony fingerboard and was accompanied by low-cost \"Les Paul\" and \"ES 335\" type guitars. \"The Paul\" was also made from walnut, but \"The ES\" was made out of solid mahogany (rather than the semi-solid body they usually produced). All three guitars were discontinued after about a year, replaced by the \"firebrand\" series, again made of mahogany. Also in 1979 a limited edition model, the SG Exclusive was produced. Visually similar to the SG Standard of the time, the special features included an ebony fretboard, two Dirty Fingers humbucker pickups, and a master volume, two tone controls, and rotary coil tap that gradually eliminated one coil from each humbucker. The finish was black with cream color plastics and the truss rod cover read \"Exclusive\".\n\nIn 1980, the first SG manufactured with \"active\" factory pickups was introduced. Gibson experimented with an SG that included the same Moog active electronics that had previously been used in another Gibson model, the RD Artist. The resulting SG had a slightly thicker body to accommodate the extra circuitry, and was dubbed the \"Gibson SG-R1\". The SG-R1 was renamed the \"SG Artist\" in 1981, and was discontinued shortly afterwards. Approximately 200 active SGs were produced.\n\nIn 2008, Gibson introduced the Robot SG, which feature a motorized tuning system developed by Tronical. Limited-edition variants include the SG Robot Special and the limited-edition Robot SG LTD. The Robot system was designed to be convenient for players who need to frequently change tunings, without requiring them to manually tune or carry several guitars; however, they also carry a significant price premium.\n\nAround 2000 through 2009, Gibson introduced the SG Classic, which harked back to a Junior/Special type design, with bound mahogany fret board with dot inlays and two P-90 pickups, with a thin '60s neck profile.\n\nIn 2009, Gibson introduced the Raw Power line of SGs, which have an all-maple body, unbound maple neck and fretboard, and unique colors not previously seen in SGs. These models are priced between the entry-level Specials and the more expensive Standards. The year 2009 also brought the Guitar Center-exclusive SG Standard with Coil Taps available in both 50s and 60s style necks.\n\nIn 2013 Gibson released the new Gibson SG Baritone. This SG comes in Alpine white and has 24 frets. It comes tuned down two and a half steps to B-E-A-D-F#-B. It is made with a full mahogany body, Richlite fretboard 496R (Ceramic) Bridge Position\t500T (Ceramic) pickups and a tune-o-matic bridge.\n\nGibson's EB-3, EB-0, EDS-1275, and later model of Melody Maker and Kalamazoo also shared or once shared SG-shaped bodies, but these are not the members of the SG family.\n\nEpiphone also offers a range of value-priced models, including a model with 1960s styling, sold as the G-400. These models often feature simpler construction than their Gibson counterparts, although they also often implement a number of features missing from production Gibson models; examples include the period-correct 1961 SG Special's wraparound bridge (unavailable on any Gibson SG Special production model as of 2013), the 22\" scale SG Express, the metal-oriented Prophecy line (equipped with high-output humbuckers and unique inlays), and a replica of the Gibson EDS-1275, popularized by Jimmy Page.\n\nUnique SGs\n\nSister Rosetta Tharpe played a white Gibson Les Paul SG with three humbucking pickups, customized with an old-style maestro vibrato. \nAngus Young of AC/DC occasionally uses a custom-made SG with lightning-bolt inlays, based on a custom model originally produced by luthier John Diggins. Since then, Young has collaborated with Gibson to make the Angus Young SG which features a custom-designed Humbucker in the bridge position, a '57 Classic in the neck position and the lightning-bolt inlays.\nRobby Krieger of The Doors used a Gibson SG Standard starting in 1965. Gibson produced a limited run of 150 SG's which incorporate many of Krieger's favorite components of various SG's.\nBernard Sumner of Joy Division and New Order used a Gibson SG Standard in 1976 (particularly used on album Closer in 1980)\nGillian Gilbert of New Order used a Gibson SG Standard in 1980 (on album \"Movement\")\n Eric Clapton used a 1964 Gibson SG Standard starting in 1967 while in Cream. This guitar was known as the \"Fool\" guitar, as it was painted by the Dutch artists known collectively as The Fool. In spring 1968, the SG was loaned to Jackie Lomax, an associate of George Harrison. The \"Fool\" was later sold to Todd Rundgren for $500 before eventually being sold to a private collector for about $500,000.\n Tony Iommi of Black Sabbath owns several custom-made black left-handed Gibson SGs with white cross-shaped fretboard inlays. Epiphone produces a similar guitar as the Tony Iommi G-400. Iommi's original SG (used on the early Sabbath albums) was a modified cherry red, left-handed 1964 SG Special with P-90 pickups which he nicknamed \"Monkey\" as he added a sticker of a monkey playing a fiddle to the guitar. He originally had a right-handed version restrung to fit his left handedness. He then met someone in the same situation as him but he was right handed with a left-handed guitar. Then then traded and created heavy metal as we know it today.\n John Cipollina of Quicksilver Messenger Service used a custom Gibson SG with custom pickguards in the shape of bat-like figures, as well as the fret board being customized with unique patterns.\n Music Machine made a limited run of 20 Stinger SG's in 2003. Ten were standards and ten were customs.\n Mike Ness of Social Distortion played a black SG in the late 70s and early 80s, with the Social Distortion logo on it, as well as a white Joan Jett and the Blackhearts bumper sticker. It can be seen on the cover of the compilation album Mainliner: Wreckage From the Past.\n Mike Oldfield used a modified 1963 SG with a guitar synthesizer pickup to control a Roland GR300 Module for some of his guitar sounds on his 1980s albums such as 1983's Crises (including \"Shadow on the Wall\"), 1984's Discovery (including the title track) and 1987's Islands (including \"The Wind Chimes\") as well as single-only tracks from this period such as 1984's \"In The Pool\" and 1986's \"Shine\".\nTommy Bolin when in Zephyr used a 1963 SG.\n In 1992, the Gibson Custom Shop introduced a \"premium plus\" reissue of the '67 SG. There was an estimated run of 100 of these instruments. It included three '57 humbuckers, ABR-1 bridge, ebony fingerboard, slim tapered neck and a mother-of-pearl block. There were no certificates issued from Gibson on this particular run.\n In 1998 Gibson introduced a rarer, higher-specification version of the SG Special—The SG Special Limited Edition. It came with an ebony fingerboard, factory gold hardware, and two gold array Humbuckers, and included a Gibson gigbag.\n The 2015 Eden of Coronet guitar which earned the title of most valuable guitar in the world.\n\nNotable SG users\n\nAlso: Robbie Krieger of The Doors preferred the SG. And Mick Taylor played a red SG for his first live concert with The Rolling Stones, in Hyde Park for Brian Jones's memorial, 1969.\n\nSee also \n Gibson Les Paul\n Gibson Les Paul Special—the first model named \"Gibson SG Special\" (1959–1961).\n Gibson SG Special\n Gibson SG Junior\n Gibson EB-0\n Gibson EB-3\n Gibson EDS-1275\n Epiphone G-400\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n\n \n Details on SGs used by Pete Townshend\n BBC News item regarding George Harrison's Gibson SG\n\nCategory:1961 musical instruments\nSG\nCategory:The Beatles' musical instruments", "title": "Gibson SG" }, { "text": "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, established in 1983 and located in Cleveland, Ohio, United States, is dedicated to recording the history of some of the best-known and most influential musicians, bands, producers, and others that have in some major way influenced the music industry, particularly in the area of rock and roll. Originally, there were four categories of induction: performers, non-performers, early influences, and lifetime achievement. In 2000, \"sidemen\" was introduced as a category.\n\nThe only category that has seen new inductees every single year is the performers category. Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record. In order to be inducted, an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects a number of candidates, the highest being 16 for the 2020 class. Ballots are then sent to more than 1,000 \"rock experts\" who evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted. The performers that receive the highest number of votes are inducted. This number varies; for example, seven were inducted in 2019. Starting in 2012, fans could vote on a fan ballot with an equal weight to the other ballots. , new inductees are honored at an annual ceremony held alternately in New York and at the Hall of Fame in Cleveland; prior to that, the ceremonies rotated between Cleveland, New York, and Los Angeles. , there are 365 inductees.\n\nInductees\n\nPerformers \nThe performers category is meant for recording artists and bands that have \"influence and significance to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll\".\n\nNote 1. These backing bands were inducted by a separate committee, and not by the ballot voting used for all other performer inductees.\n\nNote 2. This artist was later inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame after inducting someone else.\n\nNote 3. This artist was already a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when they inducted someone else.\n\nNote 4. Dire Straits were the first artist in the hall's history to not have an official induction speaker. Band member John Illsley did the induction speech himself.\n\nNote 5. John Gustafson was originally included among the list of inducted members for Roxy Music; however, his name was dropped in the final list.\n\nNote 6. In 2012, six additional bands and groups were inducted as performers by a special committee, due to the controversial nature of their band being excluded when their lead singer was inducted. \"There was a lot of discussion about this,\" said Terry Stewart, a member of the nominating committee. \"There had always been conversations about why the groups weren't included when the lead singers were inducted. Very honestly, nobody could really answer that question – it was so long ago... We decided we'd sit down as an organization and look at that. This is the result.\"\n\nNote 7. Although Pat Benatar is a solo artist, her husband, guitarist and primary musical partner Neil Giraldo was also included as part of her induction.\n\nEarly/musical influences \nArtists inducted into the early influences category were originally for (until 2021 with the inductions of Gil Scott-Heron and Kraftwerk) those \"whose music predated rock and roll but had an impact on the evolution of rock and roll and inspired rock's leading artists\". Unlike the performers category, these inductees are selected by a committee. In 2023, the award was renamed from \"Early influence\" to \"Musical influence\"\n\nA. Previously nominated as a performer.\n\nNon-performers (Ahmet Ertegun Award) \nThe non-performer category honors \"songwriters, producers, disc jockeys, record executives, journalists and other industry professionals who have had a major influence on the development of rock and roll\". Several of the inductees in this category were in fact prominent performers as well. The inductees in this category are selected by the same committee that chooses the early influences. This category has been criticized for inducting those that have \"been coming to the dinner for years and paying for their tickets\" and for not revealing the Hall's full criteria. In 2008, this category was renamed the \"Ahmet Ertegun Award\".\n\nAward for Musical Excellence \nEstablished in 2000 as \"Sidemen\", the category \"honors those musicians, producers and others who have spent their careers out of the spotlight working with major artists on various parts of their recording and live careers\". A separate committee, composed mainly of producers, chooses the inductees. In 2010, the category was renamed to the \"Award for Musical Excellence\". According to Joel Peresman, the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation, \"This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized.\"\n\nA. Previously nominated in the performers category.\nB. Inducted members: Garry Tallent, Roy Bittan, Max Weinberg, Steven Van Zandt, Nils Lofgren, Patti Scialfa, Clarence Clemons, Danny Federici, Vini Lopez, David Sancious.\nC. Inducted members: Les Binks, K. K. Downing, Rob Halford, Ian Hill, Dave Holland, Glenn Tipton, Scott Travis.\n\nSingles \nAt the 2018 ceremony, a new induction category for singles was announced by Steven Van Zandt. According to Van Zandt, the category is \"a recognition of the excellence of the singles that shaped rock 'n' roll, kind of a rock 'n' roll jukebox, records by artists not in the Rock Hall – which is not to say these artists will never be in the Rock Hall. They just are not in the Rock Hall at the moment.\" However, The Isley Brothers, whose song \"Twist and Shout\" was inducted in 2019, were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as performers in 1992. In 2023, Link Wray, whose song \"Rumble\" was inducted in 2018, was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a Musical Influence inductee.\n\nMultiple inductees \nAs of 2021, twenty-six performers have been inducted twice or more; fifteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band, and eight have been inducted with two separate bands. Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times: as a solo artist, with Cream, and with The Yardbirds. Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band, the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart. Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year.\n\nCrosby, Stills & Nash and The Beatles are the only two bands whose members were also each inducted separately, with other acts or as solo artists. In addition to their 1997 induction with CSN, David Crosby was inducted with The Byrds in 1991, Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997, and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010. Beatles members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and George Harrison were inducted as solo artists in the main performer category, while Ringo Starr was inducted in the Award for Musical Excellence category.\n\nThere are several performers who were inducted with one (or more) of the bands they played for, but were not inducted as members of one (or more) other bands. For example, Neil Young was inducted with Buffalo Springfield and as a solo artist, but was left out when Crosby, Stills & Nash were inducted.\n\nIn 2019, Stevie Nicks became the first woman to be inducted twice, after having been inducted with Fleetwood Mac in 1998. She was later joined by Carole King and Tina Turner. In 2021, Carole King was the first person to be inducted as both a performer and a non-performer. \n\nJohn Lennon and Dave Grohl are the only two multiple inductees who were inducted in their first year of eligibility on both inductions.\n\nPreviously nominated artists \nThe following artists have been nominated at least once for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, but have yet to be selected as an inductee.\n\nD. Band member Nile Rodgers was inducted as an Award for Music Excellence recipient in 2017.\nE. Band members Clyde McPhatter and Jackie Wilson were both inducted as solo artists in 1987, and McPhatter was inducted a second time as a member of the Drifters in 1988.\nF. In addition to this nomination for his solo career, Ben E. King was inducted as a member of The Drifters in 1988.\nG. Band member Chaka Khan was inducted in the Award for Musical Excellence category for her solo career in 2023.\nH. In addition to this nomination for his solo career, Sting was inducted as a member of The Police in 2003.\nI. Band member Eric Burdon was inducted as a member of The Animals in 1994.\nJ. In addition to this nomination for his solo career, Steve Winwood was inducted as a member of Traffic in 2004.\n\nInductees also in the Country Music Hall of Fame \nAs of 2023, there are 16 members of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame also inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n \n\nCategory:Lists of musicians\nRock and Roll\nCategory:Music-related lists\nInductees", "title": "List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees" }, { "text": "Mary Ford (born Iris Colleen Summers; July 7, 1924 – September 30, 1977) was an American vocalist and guitarist, comprising half of the husband-and-wife musical team Les Paul and Mary Ford. Between 1950 and 1954, the couple had 16 top-ten hits, including \"How High the Moon\" and \"Vaya con Dios\", which were number one hits on the Billboard charts. In 1951 alone they sold six million records. With Paul, Ford became one of the early practitioners of multi-tracking.\n\nEarly life\nMary Ford was born Iris Colleen Summers in El Monte, California, the second daughter of Marshall McKinley Summers (born February 13, 1896, in Ridgway, Illinois; died August 5, 1981, in Los Angeles), a Nazarene minister, who later became a painting contractor, and his wife, Dorothy May White Summers. Mary Ford was the sister of Byron Fletcher Summers, Esther E. Williams, Carol Jean Corona, Bruce Summers, Eva Wootten, and Bob Summers. Ford came from a musical family. Her parents left Missouri, travelling cross-country while singing gospel music and preaching at revival meetings across the United States. They eventually settled in southern California, where they were heard over KPPC-AM, Pasadena's first Christian radio station. Her sisters and brothers were all musicians. Bruce was a jazz organist; Bob was a film composer.\n\nWhile still a junior high school student, Colleen Summers and Mildred L. \"Milly\" Watson (later Millie Pace) (born February 26, 1922, in Los Angeles; died August 2, 1976, in Orange County, California), a local girl, performed together in churches in Pasadena, California, and later made gospel recordings with Milly's older brother, Marvin, for which she wrote some songs. In 1939 Summers and Milly won a Pasadena talent contest judged by \"several Hollywood notables, including a very young Judy Garland\". Hoping to have a musical career, Summers and Milly Watson lost interest in school, played truant frequently and eventually quit school, only to find employment as a cinema attendant.\n\nEarly career\nBy 1943, Colleen Summers, with Vivian Earles and June Widener, the sister of western swing guitarist-vocalist Jimmie Widener, formed the Sunshine Girls, a western trio who sang backup to Jimmy Wakely and his trio. They were regulars on The Hollywood Barn Dance, a successful weekly CBS Radio program broadcast on Saturday nights, and hosted by Foy Willing and emceed by Cliffie Stone.\n\nIn 1944, the Sunshine Girls trio appeared with Wakely in the PRC film I'm from Arkansas, in which they sang \"You Are My Sunshine\" and \"Whistlin' (Walkin') Down the Lane With You\" with Wakely.\n\nIn 1945, when Eddie Dean introduced her to guitarist Les Paul, she was a popular western vocalist on KXLA's Dinner Bell Round-Up Time. The two began performing together in 1946. After Summers left the Sunshine Girls to work with Paul and his trio, she was replaced initially by Marilyn Myers Tuttle. After Tuttle left, Summers' older sister, Eva, sang with Earles and Widener as the Three Rays on the Jimmy Wakely Show on CBS.\n\nColleen Summers appeared on Gene Autry's Melody Ranch CBS radio program as a cast member and featured vocalist from July through early November 1946.\n\nIn 1946–48, Summers was a regular actor in the drama portion of The All-Star Western Theatre, a radio program hosted by Foy Willing and his Riders of the Purple Sage.\n\nBy 1947, Summers became romantically involved with Les Paul, whose first marriage to Virginia M. Webb was failing, as it could no longer endure the stresses and strains of his show-business career. In January 1948, while traveling on Route 66 through Oklahoma, the couple's car driven by Summers skidded off the road and plummeted 20 feet into a frozen creek bed. After the accident, Summers identified herself to authorities as Iris Watson. Among Paul's many injuries, his right elbow was shattered, and it would be eighteen months before he could play guitar again. After Paul's wife Virginia took their two sons to Chicago, Summers moved in with Paul in his house on Curson Avenue, where she took care of him as he recuperated from the effects of the car accident.\n\nBy the summer of 1949, Summers was performing under the stage name of Mary Ford. To avoid confusing her established western music audience, initially Paul named his musical partner \"Mary Lou\", but later selected the stage name \"Mary Ford\" from a telephone directory so her name would be almost as short as his.\n\nThat same year, Les Paul divorced his wife and wed Mary Ford on December 29 in a \"small private ceremony without much fanfare\" in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The couple had three children: a baby born on November 26, 1954, who died four days later; Mary Colleen Paul, whom they fostered from 1958; and Robert Ralph \"Bobby\" Paul (born in 1959).\n\nCareer with Les Paul\n\nShortly after their wedding, Paul and Ford began making radio programs together for NBC, including Les Paul and Mary Ford at Home, a fifteen-minute program that was pre-recorded and broadcast every Friday night.\n\nFord and Paul were music superstars during the first half of the 1950s, putting out 28 hits for Capitol Records between 1950 and 1957, including \"Tiger Rag\", \"Vaya con Dios\" (11 weeks at No. 1), \"Mockin' Bird Hill\" (top 10), \"How High the Moon\" (nine weeks at No. 1), \"Bye Bye Blues,\" and \"The World Is Waiting for the Sunrise\". These songs featured Ford harmonizing with herself, giving the vocals a novel sound. Paul and Ford did all their recording at home or on the road and submitted the masters to Capitol, with Paul dictating to the record company what songs were destined to become hits. Paul and Ford also used the now-ubiquitous recording technique known as close miking, where the microphone is less than six inches from the singer's mouth. This produces a more intimate, less reverberant sound than when the singer is a foot or more from the microphone (see proximity effect). It also emphasizes low-frequency sounds in the voice. The result was a singing style that diverged strongly from earlier styles, such as vocals in musical comedies of the 1930s and 1940s.\n\nAfter extensive touring and recording, the couple decided to leave Hollywood and moved to New York City to make the crossover from radio to television. They took a cramped apartment in Paul's former New York neighborhood, where they conceived and recorded their arrangement of \"How High The Moon\", a hard-swinging multi-layered arrangement containing twelve overdubs using the guitar and Ford's voice. While Capitol was reluctant to release this song, after they had scored several more hits with Capitol, including, 'Tennessee Waltz\" and \"Mockin' Bird Hill\", \"How High The Moon\" was released in March 1951. Within a month, \"How High The Moon\" and \"Mockin' Bird Hill\" captured Your Hit Parade'''s number one and number two spots, respectively.\n\nDuring 1951, Ford and Paul earned $500,000, and had recorded more top ten hits for the year than Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra, and The Andrews Sisters combined. They also tied Patti Page for top selling recording artist, having sold more than six million records since January 1951.\n\nPaul bought a Cadillac to use on their expanding road tours with plenty of space for all their electronic gear. They also purchased a woodland retreat in Mahwah, New Jersey, in the Ramapo Mountains, and their mansion included a recording studio and an echo chamber carved out of a neighboring mountain. In September 1952, after cutting \"I'm Sitting on Top of the World\", Ford and Paul sailed for London to appear at the Palladium Theatre, where they debuted before Queen Elizabeth II and the royal family. In 1952, their innovative sound was satirized by Stan Freberg in his recording of \"The World Is Waiting for the Sunrise\" (Capitol, F 2279).\n\nIn 1953, the couple recorded \"Vaya con Dios\" (Capitol 2486), the biggest-selling song of their career. It was released in June 1953, entered the Billboard charts on June 13, 1953, reached number one on August 8, and remained there for a total of nine weeks. The song lasted thirty-one weeks on the chart, and also reached number one on the Cash Box chart.\n\nFollowing the success of \"Vaya con Dios\", in 1953 the couple hosted The Les Paul and Mary Ford Show, their own daily television program broadcast from their Mahwah home. The show, which was five minutes long and sponsored by Listerine, ran from 1953 to 1960 on NBC television and in syndication. In early 1955, the rise in popularity of rock and roll music eventually threatened the popularity of many performers, including Paul and Ford. In 1955, they gave a concert at Carnegie Hall, and in 1956, the couple performed at the Eisenhower White House.\n\nWith the growth of rock and roll, Ford and Paul faded from the charts in the late 1950s.\n\nIn 1956, Ford separated briefly from Paul when she ran away to Amarillo, Texas.\n\nIn July 1958, Paul and Ford left Capitol and signed with the Columbia label, but the move failed to restore their declining career, and Ford began increasingly suffering from alcoholism. In 1961, they appeared on NBC's Five Star Jubilee.\n\nLes and Mary divorced in December 1964.\n\nLater years\nIn November 1963, Ford released her first solo single, an English-language version of \"Dominique\", for Calendar Records.\n\nIn about 1965, Ford married Donald Hatfield, whom she had known since high school, and they settled in Monrovia, California. Foy Willing and his wife attended the wedding reception.\n\nFord and her sisters were used as vocalists on Foy Willing's album The New Sound of American Folk, which was recorded at their brother Bobby Summers' Sound House Recorders in El Monte, California, and released on the Jubilee label.\n\nBassist Red Wootten, who married Mary's sister Eva Summers, wrote his memories of playing at the Crescendo in Los Angeles with Mary, her sister Carol and her brother, Bob Summers:\nMy brother, Buddy Wootten, also a bassist, called me from Atlanta to tell me he had just finished working the Fox Theater with Les Paul and Mary Ford. Mary also told me this later. This was while I was holding forth with Woody Herman Orchestra. So, later when I had married her sister (Eva), we worked with her other sister and Bob Summers (her brother) on guitar (sounds like Les Paul too) and Mary's other sister Carol. The gig was the Crescendo club right in the middle of Sunset Strip. A very hip joint!\n\nMary used a drummer added to Bob, Mary and myself on electric bass. We did almost all the Les Paul-Mary Ford recordings but with more heavy end on the bass. Les having used guitar on his bass tracks with Mary earlier. On all their recordings (as good as they were), I always missed that deep dark sound ... Mary (bless her heart) recorded a few of my compositions (never released), but she did an excellent job as always. Mary divorced Les Paul and later married her old school friend from Monrovia, California, namely Don Hatfield, who owned a large construction company in California. He is still with us, and I see him occasionally. Doing great, but he misses Mary.\n\nBob Summers, my brother-in-law, has come into his own over the years too. Bob and I worked a lot on MGM records with the Mike Curb scene, early 1960s. He also was chief arranger for the Mike Curb Congregation, and they recorded some of my material, great too! Also Bob and I worked at Capitol Records for Ken Nelson and Cliffie Stone, passed recently. Too many country artists to even name nearly all of them: Hank Thompson, Wynn Stewart, Rose Maddox and others. Roy Lanham did one of his better albums at the Sound House, Merced, in El Monte (my old stamping grounds) and Mary Ford's home place, 9840 Kale Street. Bruce Summers (who is no longer with us), a piano man whom I played with a few times; a real swinger too.\n\nIn Downey, California, Mary's sister Esther Williams played the organ in The Village Restaurant. Esther's daughter, Esther Colleen \"Suzee\" Williams, recalled one amusing incident at the restaurant in the years after Mary Ford and Les Paul had split up:\nThere was one singer that came in to sing with my mom. His name was Lou Monica. Well, Mary asked him to learn the song \"Donkey Serenade.\" It's not an easy song to sing. However, Mr. Monica agreed, and after a couple of weeks he said he was ready. As he began to sing, the doors of the club opened wide, and in came Mary, dressed in black with a black gaucho hat, on top of a donkey! Mr. Monica never skipped a beat.\n\nAwards and honors\nFord and Paul were awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Recording at 1541 Vine Street in Hollywood. In 1978, they were inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.\n\nDeath\nFord succumbed to complications of alcohol abuse in 1977. After eight weeks in a diabetic coma, she died in Arcadia, California, at the age of 53. She is buried at Forest Lawn-Covina Hills in Covina, California. Although her year of birth has been variously reported as either 1924, 1925, or 1928, the year 1924 is engraved on her tombstone, along with \"Vaya con Dios\" (\"Go with God\"), the name of one of her most popular songs.\n\nDocumentary film\nInterviews and performance footage of the couple are featured in the musical documentary Chasing Sound: Les Paul at 90, directed by John Paulson (Johnny Mathis Live, An Evening with Chita Rivera). Distributed by Koch Entertainment, the film premiered May 9, 2007 at the Downer Theater in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, followed by its television premiere, July 11, 2007, on PBS as part of its American Masters series.American Masters: Les Paul\n\nDiscography\n\nHit singles\n\"Vaya con Dios\"\n\"Tennessee Waltz\"\n\"Mockin' Bird Hill\"\n\"How High the Moon\"\n\"The World Is Waiting for the Sunrise\"\n\"Whispering\"\n\"My Baby's Coming Home\"\n\"Lady of Spain\"\n\"Bye Bye Blues\"\n\"I'm Sitting on Top of the World\"\n\nAlbumsHawaiian ParadiseThe Hit Makers!The New SoundLes Paul's New Sound with Mary Ford, Vol. 2 – Capitol Records SM-286 (originally released 1951), A Capitol Monophonic Re-issue\nA01 in the Good Old Summer Time [2:06]\nA02 I'm Confessin' (That I Love You)[2:45]\nA03 Three Little Words [1:53]\nA04 The Lonesome Road [2:50]\nA05 Carioca [2:20]\nB01 I Can't Give You Anything But Love [1:54]\nB02 Just One More Chance [1:50]\nB03 Don'Cha Hear Them Bells [1:55]\nB04 The Moon of Manakoora [2:45]\nB05 Chicken Reel [2:05]Bye Bye Blues!Les and MaryTime to DreamLover's LuauWarm and WonderfulBouquet of RosesSwingin' SouthFabulous Les Paul & Mary Ford''\n\nReferences\n\nWatch\n\"Chasing Sound\" trailer (10 minutes)\n\nListen to\nInternet Archive: The Les Paul Show (11 episodes)\nSounds like Les Paul/Mary Ford, but it's actually Mary Ford's sisters (Carol, Eva) and brother (Bob)\n\nExternal links\n\nVisit with Les and Mary (Reeve Audio)\n\nCategory:1924 births\nCategory:1977 deaths\nCategory:American women country singers\nCategory:Challenge Records artists\nCategory:Deaths from diabetes\nCategory:People from Arcadia, California\nCategory:20th-century American singers\nCategory:20th-century American guitarists\nCategory:Guitarists from California\nCategory:20th-century American women singers\nCategory:Country musicians from California\nCategory:Alcohol-related deaths in California\nCategory:20th-century American women guitarists", "title": "Mary Ford" }, { "text": "Les Paul and Mary Ford were a popular 1950s husband-and-wife musical duo who performed and recorded during 1945–1963. They both sang and played guitars.\n\nFord and Paul were music superstars during the first half of the 1950s, putting out 28 hits for Capitol Records between 1950 and 1957, including \"Tiger Rag\", \"Vaya con Dios\" (11 weeks at No. 1), \"Mockin' Bird Hill\" (top 10), \"How High the Moon\" (nine weeks at No. 1), \"Bye Bye Blues\" and \"The World Is Waiting for the Sunrise\".\n\nBackground\nThe couple were introduced to each other by Gene Autry in 1945 and were married on December 29, 1949. They first appeared in the pop charts in 1950. Between the years 1950 and 1954, Les Paul and Mary Ford had 16 top-ten hits. They had five top-ten hits within nine months. \"Tennessee Waltz\", \"Mockin' Bird Hill\", \"How High the Moon\" (#1 for nine weeks), \"The World Is Waiting for the Sunrise\" and \"Whispering\". From August 1952 to March 1953 they had five more top-ten hits; \"My Baby's Coming Home\", \"Lady of Spain\", \"Bye Bye Blues\", \"I'm Sitting on Top of the World\" and \"Vaya Con Dios\" (#1 for 11 weeks). Their 1954 version of \"I'm a Fool to Care\" went to No. 6, and was featured in a memorable Southern Comfort commercial in 2013 that got over 1 million views on YouTube.\n\nIn 2009, they were inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame.\n\nPaul and Ford are famous for creating a makeshift recording studio in their garage. In their garage studio, they used multitrack recording to record many of their hits including ‘Lover’, ‘Nola’, ‘Brazil’ and ‘Whispering' with only the two of them.\n\nPaul and Ford divorced acrimoniously in December 1964, which also ended the collaboration between the two.\n\nThe duo have a star at 1541 Vine Street in the Recording section of the Hollywood Walk of Fame.\n\nRadio and television programs\nPaul had hosted a 15-minute radio program, The Les Paul Show, on NBC in 1950, featuring his trio (himself, Ford, and rhythm player Eddie Stapleton) and his electronics, recorded from their home and with gentle humour between Paul and Ford bridging musical selections, some of which had already been successful on records, some of which anticipated the couple's recordings, and many of which presented dazzling re-interpretations of such jazz and pop selections as \"In the Mood,\" \"Little Rock Getaway,\" \"Brazil,\" and \"Tiger Rag.\" Several recordings of these shows survive among old-time radio collectors today.\n\nThe show also appeared on television a few years later with the same format, but excluding the trio and retitled The Les Paul & Mary Ford Show (aka Les Paul & Mary Ford At Home) with \"Vaya Con Dios\" as a theme song. Sponsored by Warner–Lambert's Listerine, it was widely syndicated during 1954—55 and was only five minutes long (one or two songs) on film and therefore used as a brief interlude or fill-in on programming schedules. Since Les created the entire show himself, including audio and video, he maintained the original recordings and was in the process of restoring them to up-to-date quality at the time of his death.\n\nReferences\n\nSources\nJacobson, Bob. Les Paul: Guitar Wizard. Madison, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2012.\nLarkin, Colin, ed. Encyclopedia of Popular Music, 4th ed. Ed. \"Les Paul\". Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. Web. February 22, 2015.\nShaughnessy, Mary Alice. Les Paul: An American Original. New York: W. Morrow, 1993.\nWyckoff, Edwin Brit. Electric Guitar Man: The Genius of Les Paul. Genius at work! Berkeley Heights, N.J.: Enslow Publishers, 2008.\n\nExternal links\n'''===Streaming===\nEpisodes of the Les Paul Show from Les Paul Show | Variety - Old Time Radio Downloads\n\nCategory:Married couples\nCategory:American musical duos\nCategory:Musical groups established in the 1950s\nCategory:Capitol Records artists\nCategory:Columbia Records artists", "title": "Les Paul and Mary Ford" }, { "text": "Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is \"the study of books as physical objects\" and \"the systematic description of books as objects\" (or descriptive bibliography).\n\nEtymology \nThe word was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for \"the intellectual activity of composing books.\" The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and the present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance.\n\nField of study \nBibliography is a specialized aspect of library science (or library and information science, LIS) and documentation science. It was established by a Belgian, named Paul Otlet (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about \"the science of bibliography.\" However, there have recently been voices claiming that \"the bibliographical paradigm\" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).\n\nThe quantitative study of bibliographies is known as bibliometrics, which is today an influential subfield in LIS and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of big deals, through data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals.\n\nBranches \nCarter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes. Innovators and originators in the field include W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Philip Gaskell and G. Thomas Tanselle.\n\nBowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in “specific collections or libraries,” in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice.\n\nDescriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description. The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing.\n\nIn addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography. Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.\n\nD. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as \"the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception\" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include \"non-book texts\" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.\n\nBibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books. In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites.\n\nEnumerative bibliography \n\nAn enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from \"works cited\" lists at the end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic databases. A library catalog, while not referred to as a \"bibliography,\" is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources.\n\nEnumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper.\n\nCitation styles vary.\nAn entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements:\n creator(s)\n title\n place of publication\n publisher or printer\n date of publication\n\nAn entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:\n creator(s)\n article title\n journal title\n volume\n pages\n date of publication\n\nA bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.\n\nBibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.\n\nDescriptive bibliography \nFredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his Principles of Bibliographical Description\n(1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, \"[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents\" (124).\n\nDescriptive bibliographies as scholarly product \nDescriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object:\nFormat and Collation/Pagination Statement—a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in terms of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages\n\nAccording to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula:\nBroadsheet: I° or b.s. or bs.\nFolio: 2° or fol.\nQuarto: 4° or 4to or Q° or Q\nOctavo: 8° or 8vo\nDuodecimo: 12° or 12mo\nSexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo\nTricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo\nSexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo\nThe collation, which follows the format, is the statement of the order and size of the gatherings.\nFor example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:\n2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves signed C, and 2 leaves signed D\nwould be represented in the collation formula:\n4°: A2B-C4D2\nBinding—a description of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)\nTitle Page Transcription—a transcription of the title page, including rule lines and ornaments\nContents—a listing of the contents (by section) in the book\nPaper—a description of the physical properties of the paper, including production process, an account of chain-line measurements, and a description of watermarks (if present)\nIllustrations—a description of the illustrations found in the book, including printing process (e.g. woodblock, intaglio, etc.), measurements, and locations in the text\nPresswork—miscellaneous details gleaned from the text about its production\nCopies Examined—an enumeration of the copies examined, including those copies' location (i.e. belonging to which library or collector)\n\nAnalytical bibliography \nThis branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography. Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, binding, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining \"the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text\" (Bowers 498[1]).\n\nBibliographers \n\nA bibliographer is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer.\"\n\nA bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least the 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field.\n\nThe term bibliographer is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries and bibliographic databases.\n\nOne of the first bibliographers was Conrad Gessner who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in Bibliotheca Universalis (1545).\n\nNon-book material \nSystematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to bibliography:\n Discography—recorded music\n Filmography—films\n Webography (or webliography)—websites\n Arachniography, a term coined by NASA research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference list of URLs about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from arachne in reference to a spider and its web.\n\nSee also \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (in Wikipedia)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Blum, Rudolf. (1980) Bibliographia. An Inquiry in Its Definition and Designations, Dawson, American Library Association.\n Bowers, Fredson. (1995) Principles of Bibliographical Description, Oak Knoll Press.\n Duncan, Paul Shaner. (1973) How to Catalog a Rare Book, 2nd ed., rev., American Library Association.\n \n Gaskell, Philip. (2000) A New Introduction to Bibliography, Oak Knoll Press.\n McKerrow, R. B. (1927) An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students, Oxford: Clarendon Press\n Schneider, Georg. (1934) Theory and History of Bibliography, New York: Scarecrow Press.\n National Library of Canada, Committee on Bibliography and Information Services for the Social Sciences and Humanities, Guidelines for the Compilation of a Bibliography (National Library of Canada, 1987). N.B.: This is a brief guide to accurately practical bibliography, not a study concerning more precise and systematic bibliography.\n \nRobinson, A. M. Lewin (1966) Systematic Bibliography; rev. ed. London: Clive Bingley\n\nExternal links \n\n Oxford Bibliographies Online, in-depth annotated bibliographies by scholars in selected fields\n Introduction to Bibliography, a comprehensive syllabus by G. Thomas Tanselle\n The Bibliographical Society of America, a resource for information about current work in the field of bibliography\n Studies in Bibliography, the journal of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia\n A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology, (University of Zaragoza) includes thousands of listings on literary, philological and other subjects\n\n \nCategory:Book design\nCategory:Book terminology\nCategory:Textual scholarship", "title": "Bibliography" } ]

[ "The Les Paul Show was his first radio show.", "His next show was The Les Paul & Mary Ford Show (also known as Les Paul & Mary Ford at Home) on television.", "On television, he hosted The Les Paul & Mary Ford Show where he used \"Vaya Con Dios\" as the theme song. The show was similar in format to his previous radio program, but without the trio. The show aired five times a day, five days a week for only five minutes long and was often used as a brief interlude or fill-in in programming schedules. During the show, he introduced a fictional device called the \"Les Paulverizer\" and later, he created a real version of this device that allowed him to access pre-recorded layers of songs during live performances to replicate his recorded sound on stage. Paul also maintained the original recordings of the show and was restoring them until his death.", "The text does not provide information on the popularity of Paul's shows.", "Some interesting aspects from the text include the creation of the \"Les Paulverizer\" device, both in a fictional sense during his television show for comedic effect and also as a real device to enhance his live performances. Additionally, the format of his television show was unique in that it was aired five times a day, five days a week, but only for five minutes at a time. The fact that Paul had been restoring the original recordings of his show until his death is also notable.", "The text does not provide specific details on how Paul tried to restore the original recordings." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_82a2d2228b3743ecaaa4aea52dcdeecf_0_q#0", "C_82a2d2228b3743ecaaa4aea52dcdeecf_0_q#1", "C_82a2d2228b3743ecaaa4aea52dcdeecf_0_q#2", "C_82a2d2228b3743ecaaa4aea52dcdeecf_0_q#3", "C_82a2d2228b3743ecaaa4aea52dcdeecf_0_q#4", "C_82a2d2228b3743ecaaa4aea52dcdeecf_0_q#5", "C_82a2d2228b3743ecaaa4aea52dcdeecf_0_q#6", "C_82a2d2228b3743ecaaa4aea52dcdeecf_0_q#7", "C_82a2d2228b3743ecaaa4aea52dcdeecf_0_q#8" ]

[ "Is Let Love in an Album?", "were there any singles?", "did they tour?", "who did they tour with?", "did they make a music video?", "did they partner with anybody?", "anything else interesting?", "did the album win any awards?", "was it well received by fans?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 130 ], [ 1355 ], [ 2289 ], [ 1652 ], [ 1678 ], [ 1951 ], [ 2289 ], [ 595 ] ], "texts": [ [ "In 2006, the Goo Goo Dolls marked their 20th anniversary with their new album Let Love In," ], [ "\"Give a Little Bit\"" ], [ "On June 27, 2007, the Goo Goo Dolls performed to a sold out crowd at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Morrison, Colorado." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "The Goo Goo Dolls and the NHL Buffalo Sabres came together to create a video for the Sabres 2007 playoff run." ], [ "NHL Buffalo Sabres" ], [ "Though not certified by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), the album is said to have gone Gold" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "top 10 hits in the Adult Top 40." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 130, 1355, 2289, 1652, 1678, 1951, 2289, 595 ], "texts": [ "In 2006, the Goo Goo Dolls marked their 20th anniversary with their new album Let Love In,", "\"Give a Little Bit\"", "On June 27, 2007, the Goo Goo Dolls performed to a sold out crowd at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Morrison, Colorado.", "CANNOTANSWER", "The Goo Goo Dolls and the NHL Buffalo Sabres came together to create a video for the Sabres 2007 playoff run.", "NHL Buffalo Sabres", "Though not certified by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), the album is said to have gone Gold", "CANNOTANSWER", "top 10 hits in the Adult Top 40." ] }

[]

[ "Yes, \"Let Love In\" is an album by the Goo Goo Dolls.", "Yes, there were several singles released from the \"Let Love In\" album. These include \"Give a Little Bit\", \"Better Days\", \"Stay with You\", \"Let Love In\", and \"Without You Here\".", "Yes, after the release of \"Without You Here\", the Goo Goo Dolls went on a summer tour with Lifehouse and Colbie Caillat.", "The Goo Goo Dolls toured with Lifehouse and Colbie Caillat.", "Yes, the Goo Goo Dolls and the NHL Buffalo Sabres created a video for the Sabres 2007 playoff run set to the song \"Better Days\" from the album \"Let Love In\".", "Yes, the Goo Goo Dolls partnered with the NHL Buffalo Sabres to create a video for the Sabres' 2007 playoff run.", "Yes, there are several interesting things. The Goo Goo Dolls performed to a sold out crowd at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Morrison, Colorado. They were also featured on A&E's Private Sessions where they discussed their career and gave a live performance. Additionally, the song \"Better Days\" from the album \"Let Love In\" was used in the trailer for the 2009 film \"Love Happens\", in the pilot episode of the CBS TV show, \"Jericho\" and in a promo for WGRZ aired during Super Bowl XLVI. They also planned to return to the studio to begin work on their ninth album.", "The context does not provide information on whether the album \"Let Love In\" by the Goo Goo Dolls won any awards.", "The context does not provide information on how the album \"Let Love In\" by the Goo Goo Dolls was received by fans." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No" ]

[ "C_6fe50cb8b6144d20893642dac99da424_0_q#0", "C_6fe50cb8b6144d20893642dac99da424_0_q#1", "C_6fe50cb8b6144d20893642dac99da424_0_q#2", "C_6fe50cb8b6144d20893642dac99da424_0_q#3", "C_6fe50cb8b6144d20893642dac99da424_0_q#4", "C_6fe50cb8b6144d20893642dac99da424_0_q#5", "C_6fe50cb8b6144d20893642dac99da424_0_q#6", "C_6fe50cb8b6144d20893642dac99da424_0_q#7", "C_6fe50cb8b6144d20893642dac99da424_0_q#8", "C_6fe50cb8b6144d20893642dac99da424_0_q#9", "C_6fe50cb8b6144d20893642dac99da424_0_q#10" ]

[ "Please tell me something interesting about his personal life", "is he married?", "when did they marry?", "who is she?", "was his wife somebody famous?", "do they have children?", "are they still married?", "what incident was this?", "was anybody hurt then?", "Did he try looking for them?", "is he dating anyone now?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0 ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 584 ], [ 575 ], [ 219 ], [ 595 ], [ 807 ], [ 1448 ], [ 1099 ], [ 1213 ], [ 1383 ], [ 1593 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Lundgren resides in Los Angeles, California. He speaks Swedish and English, as well as smaller amounts of French, German, Italian," ], [ "he married Anette Qviberg," ], [ "In 1994," ], [ "He is an avid football fan. He supported Everton FC when he lived in Europe, but developed more of an interest in international football tournaments" ], [ "Anette Qviberg, a jewellery designer and fashion stylist," ], [ "They have two daughters: Ida Sigrid Lundgren and Greta Eveline Lundgren, both born in Stockholm." ], [ "After the incident, Lundgren's elder daughter, Ida, suffered from PTSD. His wife was the \"most traumatized\", and as of 2011, they are divorced." ], [ "Lundgren's Marbella home was reportedly broken into by three masked burglars who tied up and threatened his wife," ], [ "but fled when they found a family photo and realized that the house was owned by Lundgren. Lundgren later stated he believed the intruders to be Eastern European" ], [ "asked contacts in Bulgaria to investigate them, but to no avail." ], [ "Lundgren currently lives in Los Angeles, California. He broke up with his girlfriend, Jenny Sandersson," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 584, 575, 219, 595, 807, 1448, 1099, 1213, 1383, 1593 ], "texts": [ "Lundgren resides in Los Angeles, California. He speaks Swedish and English, as well as smaller amounts of French, German, Italian,", "he married Anette Qviberg,", "In 1994,", "He is an avid football fan. He supported Everton FC when he lived in Europe, but developed more of an interest in international football tournaments", "Anette Qviberg, a jewellery designer and fashion stylist,", "They have two daughters: Ida Sigrid Lundgren and Greta Eveline Lundgren, both born in Stockholm.", "After the incident, Lundgren's elder daughter, Ida, suffered from PTSD. His wife was the \"most traumatized\", and as of 2011, they are divorced.", "Lundgren's Marbella home was reportedly broken into by three masked burglars who tied up and threatened his wife,", "but fled when they found a family photo and realized that the house was owned by Lundgren. Lundgren later stated he believed the intruders to be Eastern European", "asked contacts in Bulgaria to investigate them, but to no avail.", "Lundgren currently lives in Los Angeles, California. He broke up with his girlfriend, Jenny Sandersson," ] }

[]

[ "Dolph Lundgren had relationships with Jamaican singer Grace Jones and American model Paula Barbieri. He married Anette Qviberg, a jewellery designer and fashion stylist, in Marbella in 1994 and they have two daughters. The couple decided to live in Marbella to give their children as normal a childhood as possible. Their home was broken into by three masked burglars who threatened his wife but fled when they realized the house was owned by Lundgren. After the incident, Lundgren's elder daughter suffered from PTSD. Lundgren and Qviberg are now divorced.", "As of the context provided, Dolph Lundgren is not married. He divorced Anette Qviberg, and his relationship with Jenny Sandersson ended in 2014.", "Dolph Lundgren and Anette Qviberg got married in 1994.", "Anette Qviberg is a jewellery designer and fashion stylist who was married to Dolph Lundgren. They got married in 1994 and have two daughters together.", "Anette Qviberg, Dolph Lundgren's wife, is known as a jewellery designer and fashion stylist. However, compared to Lundgren's fame as an actor, she is not as widely known.", "Yes, Dolph Lundgren and Anette Qviberg have two daughters: Ida Sigrid Lundgren and Greta Eveline Lundgren. Both daughters were born in Stockholm.", "No, Dolph Lundgren and Anette Qviberg are not still married at this time. According to the context, they were divorced as of 2011.", "The mentioned incident refers to a home invasion that happened at Dolph Lundgren's Marbella home in 2009. Three masked burglars reportedly broke into their home, tied up and threatened his wife, Anette Qviberg. They fled when they found a family photo and realized that the house was owned by Lundgren. After the incident, Lundgren's elder daughter, Ida, suffered from PTSD.", "The context does not provide specific details on physical injuries. However, it is mentioned that Lundgren's elder daughter, Ida, suffered from PTSD following the incident and that his wife was the \"most traumatized\".", "Yes, Lundgren stated that he believed the intruders to be Eastern European and had asked contacts in Bulgaria to investigate them, although there were no results from those efforts mentioned in the context.", "CANNOTANSWER" ]

[ "No", "No", "Yes", "no", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No" ]

[ "C_6fe50cb8b6144d20893642dac99da424_1_q#0", "C_6fe50cb8b6144d20893642dac99da424_1_q#1", "C_6fe50cb8b6144d20893642dac99da424_1_q#2", "C_6fe50cb8b6144d20893642dac99da424_1_q#3", "C_6fe50cb8b6144d20893642dac99da424_1_q#4", "C_6fe50cb8b6144d20893642dac99da424_1_q#5", "C_6fe50cb8b6144d20893642dac99da424_1_q#6", "C_6fe50cb8b6144d20893642dac99da424_1_q#7", "C_6fe50cb8b6144d20893642dac99da424_1_q#8", "C_6fe50cb8b6144d20893642dac99da424_1_q#9", "C_6fe50cb8b6144d20893642dac99da424_1_q#10", "C_6fe50cb8b6144d20893642dac99da424_1_q#11" ]

[ "What is Lundgrens diet", "why did he decide to do that", "what was his training like", "does he have a specific program he follows", "does he do weights or cardio", "Are there any foods he doesn't eat", "what else can you tell me about his diet", "what will the vitamins and supplements do", "what else can you tell me about why he looks so young", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "what is the book about", "what is the most important part in the book" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 861 ], [ 753 ], [ 1819 ], [ 405 ], [ 589 ], [ 2162 ], [ 1170 ], [ 195 ], [ 246 ], [ 1289 ], [ 1332 ], [ 1432 ] ], "texts": [ [ "he ate a much higher percentage of protein and split his food intake between five or six smaller meals a day." ], [ "after he arrived in the U.S. Stallone had a lasting influence on his fitness regime and diet," ], [ "When in Los Angeles he trains at the Equinox Gym in Westwood and when at home in Marbella, Spain, he trains at the Qi Sport Gym in Puerto Banus." ], [ "he claimed to often train up to six days a week, usually one-hour sessions completed in the morning, saying that \"it's just one hour a day," ], [ "Although he had begun lifting weights as a teenager, he cites co-star Sylvester Stallone as the man who got him into serious bodybuilding for a period in the 1980s" ], [ "Lundgren is not a heavy drinker, but has professed on many occasions to being fond of tequila and cocktails," ], [ "In a January 2011 interview with GQ he announced he is working on releasing his own range of vitamins and supplements." ], [ "Looking like a man in his 30s rather than his 50s, Lundgren is the poster boy of precise nutrition, supplementation and exercise application" ], [ "Lundgren is the poster boy of precise nutrition, supplementation and exercise application that he has practiced for over 35 years.\"" ], [ "He wrote an autobiographical fitness book," ], [ "Train Like an Action Hero: Be Fit Forever," ], [ "offering tips he learned over the years to work out in various situations" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 861, 753, 1819, 405, 589, 2162, 1170, 195, 246, 1289, 1332, 1432 ], "texts": [ "he ate a much higher percentage of protein and split his food intake between five or six smaller meals a day.", "after he arrived in the U.S. Stallone had a lasting influence on his fitness regime and diet,", "When in Los Angeles he trains at the Equinox Gym in Westwood and when at home in Marbella, Spain, he trains at the Qi Sport Gym in Puerto Banus.", "he claimed to often train up to six days a week, usually one-hour sessions completed in the morning, saying that \"it's just one hour a day,", "Although he had begun lifting weights as a teenager, he cites co-star Sylvester Stallone as the man who got him into serious bodybuilding for a period in the 1980s", "Lundgren is not a heavy drinker, but has professed on many occasions to being fond of tequila and cocktails,", "In a January 2011 interview with GQ he announced he is working on releasing his own range of vitamins and supplements.", "Looking like a man in his 30s rather than his 50s, Lundgren is the poster boy of precise nutrition, supplementation and exercise application", "Lundgren is the poster boy of precise nutrition, supplementation and exercise application that he has practiced for over 35 years.\"", "He wrote an autobiographical fitness book,", "Train Like an Action Hero: Be Fit Forever,", "offering tips he learned over the years to work out in various situations" ] }

[]

[ "C_bdc91809ffa545fb9a0d62d0fb3432d3_1_q#0", "C_bdc91809ffa545fb9a0d62d0fb3432d3_1_q#1", "C_bdc91809ffa545fb9a0d62d0fb3432d3_1_q#2", "C_bdc91809ffa545fb9a0d62d0fb3432d3_1_q#3", "C_bdc91809ffa545fb9a0d62d0fb3432d3_1_q#4" ]

[ "When was Rogers born?", "Which school did he attended?", "When did he started his political career?", "Any other intresting information?", "Who contested against him in the presidential race?" ]

[ 1, 0, 1, 0, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 1 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 1728 ], [ 572 ], [ 361 ], [ 1450 ], [ 1626 ] ], "texts": [ [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "the Woodberry Forest School" ], [ "serving as chairman of the Republican National Committee and representing Kentucky in both the United States House of Representatives and then the United States Senate." ], [ "After the war, Morton returned to the family business, where he served as president from 1947 to 1951." ], [ "Morton went on to serve as a director and a member of the executive committee for several more years." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 1728, 572, 361, 1450, 1626 ], "texts": [ "CANNOTANSWER", "the Woodberry Forest School", "serving as chairman of the Republican National Committee and representing Kentucky in both the United States House of Representatives and then the United States Senate.", "After the war, Morton returned to the family business, where he served as president from 1947 to 1951.", "Morton went on to serve as a director and a member of the executive committee for several more years." ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide information on when Rogers was born.", "Morton attended the Woodberry Forest School near Orange, Virginia, and later graduated from Yale University.", "The text does not provide information on when Morton started his political career.", "Apart from his education and political career, it's interesting that Morton initially aspired to be a physician like his father and even joined the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. However, he dropped out after just a year. He also served in the US military during World War II, initially in the Navy, then later in the Army's Armored Field Artillery where he left as a captain in 1945. After the war, he became president of the family flour business, Ballard & Ballard, and later served as a director and executive committee member of the Pillsbury Flour Company, which his family business was merged into.", "The text does not provide information on who contested against Morton in a presidential race." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "No" ]

[ "C_3350784b4af2445198ba3dc7d3912589_0_q#0", "C_3350784b4af2445198ba3dc7d3912589_0_q#1", "C_3350784b4af2445198ba3dc7d3912589_0_q#2", "C_3350784b4af2445198ba3dc7d3912589_0_q#3", "C_3350784b4af2445198ba3dc7d3912589_0_q#4" ]

[ "What is Rosemary's Baby reception?", "Did Rosemary's Baby receive any awards?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Did the critics say anything about the film?", "Is there anymore interesting facts about this movie you can tell me?" ]

[ 2, 1, 1, 2, 2 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 0, 0 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 1643 ], [ 1185 ], [ 1825 ], [ 1282 ], [ 27 ] ], "texts": [ [ "In 2014, Rosemary's Baby was deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry." ], [ "Ruth Gordon won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in this film." ], [ "Rosemary's Baby was one of Stanley Kubrick's favorite films, according to his brother-in-law and assistant Jan Harlan." ], [ "Today, the film is widely regarded as a classic; the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave the movie a 99% rating (68 out of 69 reviews)," ], [ "Renata Adler wrote in The New York Times that \"The movie--although it is pleasant--doesn't seem to work on any of its dark or powerful terms." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 1643, 1185, 1825, 1282, 27 ], "texts": [ "In 2014, Rosemary's Baby was deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.", "Ruth Gordon won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in this film.", "Rosemary's Baby was one of Stanley Kubrick's favorite films, according to his brother-in-law and assistant Jan Harlan.", "Today, the film is widely regarded as a classic; the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave the movie a 99% rating (68 out of 69 reviews),", "Renata Adler wrote in The New York Times that \"The movie--although it is pleasant--doesn't seem to work on any of its dark or powerful terms." ] }

[]

[ "Rosemary's Baby received positive reviews. Renata Adler from The New York Times viewed the movie as \"pleasant,\" albeit potentially too plausible. Variety regarded it as an excellent film that holds attention without the need for explicit violence or gore, praising Farrow's performance and calling it a triumph for director Roman Polanski. The Monthly Film Bulletin saw it as a return to form for Polanski, recognizing his ability to evoke an aura of menace and terror in familiar routines. The performance of Ruth Gordon in the film earned her the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. The film is now considered a classic, with a 99% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The Library of Congress described the movie as \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry. It was also a favorite film of celebrated filmmaker Stanley Kubrick.", "Yes, Ruth Gordon won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Rosemary's Baby.", "There are a few other interesting aspects in the article. For example, it's noted that in addition to its critical acclaim and awards, Rosemary's Baby was also marked for its significance in the industry by the Library of Congress, which selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry. Another interesting fact is that renowned filmmaker Stanley Kubrick counted Rosemary's Baby among his favorite films, according to his brother-in-law and assistant Jan Harlan.", "Yes, the critics had a lot to say about the film. Renata Adler from The New York Times described the movie as \"pleasant,\" and suggested it might be too plausible for viewers. Variety hailed it as an excellent adaptation of Ira Levin's novel. It praised the director Roman Polanski for crafting a film that holds the viewers' attention without relying on explicit violence or gore, and commended Mia Farrow for her outstanding performance. The Monthly Film Bulletin suggested Polanski demonstrated an increased ability to create menace and terror in ordinary routines. The movie is also rated highly on the review aggregator website, Rotten Tomatoes, where it has a 99% approval rating based on 68 reviews. The site's consensus describes it as a disturbing, convincing, and committed tale of satanism and pregnancy.", "According to the provided text, the only additional interesting fact about this movie is that Stanley Kubrick, a renowned filmmaker, counted Rosemary's Baby among his favorite films. This information came from Jan Harlan, Kubrick's brother-in-law and assistant." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No" ]

[ "C_3350784b4af2445198ba3dc7d3912589_1_q#0", "C_3350784b4af2445198ba3dc7d3912589_1_q#1", "C_3350784b4af2445198ba3dc7d3912589_1_q#2", "C_3350784b4af2445198ba3dc7d3912589_1_q#3", "C_3350784b4af2445198ba3dc7d3912589_1_q#4" ]

[ "who wrote the script for Rosmary's baby?", "What was his inspiration for the story?", "Who wrote the novel?", "Did the author have any input into the script?", "How long did it take to write the script?" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 1, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 82 ], [ 1248 ], [ 1454 ], [ 1454 ], [ 1832 ] ], "texts": [ [ "screenwriter/director Roman Polanski," ], [ "The script was modeled very closely on the original novel and incorporated large sections of the novel's dialogue and details," ], [ "Author Ira Levin" ], [ "Author Ira Levin claimed that during a scene in which Guy mentions wanting to buy a particular shirt advertised in The New Yorker," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 82, 1248, 1454, 1454, 1832 ], "texts": [ "screenwriter/director Roman Polanski,", "The script was modeled very closely on the original novel and incorporated large sections of the novel's dialogue and details,", "Author Ira Levin", "Author Ira Levin claimed that during a scene in which Guy mentions wanting to buy a particular shirt advertised in The New Yorker,", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "The script for Rosemary's Baby was written by Roman Polanski.", "The script for Rosemary's Baby was modeled very closely on the original novel of the same name by Ira Levin.", "The novel \"Rosemary's Baby\" was written by Ira Levin.", "The context does not provide information on whether author Ira Levin had any direct input into the scripting of the film adaptation of his novel, \"Rosemary's Baby\".", "The context does not provide information on how long it took to write the script for \"Rosemary's Baby\"." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_6a7d9913f94b427691d40161333edeea_0_q#0", "C_6a7d9913f94b427691d40161333edeea_0_q#1", "C_6a7d9913f94b427691d40161333edeea_0_q#2", "C_6a7d9913f94b427691d40161333edeea_0_q#3", "C_6a7d9913f94b427691d40161333edeea_0_q#4" ]

[ "what country label was interested in carpenter", "did carpenter sign with columbia records", "what was the name of her first record with columbia", "what year did she release her first album with columbia", "did she stay with columbia records" ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 2, 0, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 193 ], [ 193 ], [ 12 ], [ 79 ], [ 3159 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Columbia" ], [ "Columbia began promoting Carpenter as a \"country\" artist that she found a wider audience." ], [ "first album, \"Hometown Girl\"" ], [ "released in 1987." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 193, 193, 12, 79, 3159 ], "texts": [ "Columbia", "Columbia began promoting Carpenter as a \"country\" artist that she found a wider audience.", "first album, \"Hometown Girl\"", "released in 1987.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "C_6a7d9913f94b427691d40161333edeea_1_q#0", "C_6a7d9913f94b427691d40161333edeea_1_q#1", "C_6a7d9913f94b427691d40161333edeea_1_q#2", "C_6a7d9913f94b427691d40161333edeea_1_q#3", "C_6a7d9913f94b427691d40161333edeea_1_q#4", "C_6a7d9913f94b427691d40161333edeea_1_q#5" ]

[ "When was she born?", "Did she go to school?", "Did she do anything else besides music?", "Did she win any awards?", "Did she do anything interesting besides music?", "Did she have any kids?" ]

[ 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 1880 ], [ 200 ], [ 1601 ], [ 1880 ], [ 1276 ], [ 1880 ] ], "texts": [ [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "She attended Princeton Day School, a private coeducational prep school, before graduating from The Taft School in 1976." ], [ "She briefly quit performing, but after several job interviews decided to return to music." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Carpenter graduated from Brown University in 1981 with a degree in American Civilization." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 1880, 200, 1601, 1880, 1276, 1880 ], "texts": [ "CANNOTANSWER", "She attended Princeton Day School, a private coeducational prep school, before graduating from The Taft School in 1976.", "She briefly quit performing, but after several job interviews decided to return to music.", "CANNOTANSWER", "Carpenter graduated from Brown University in 1981 with a degree in American Civilization.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "The text does not provide information on when Carpenter was born.", "Yes, she attended Princeton Day School and The Taft School. She then graduated from Brown University in 1981 with a degree in American Civilization.", "The text indicates that Carpenter originally saw music as a hobby and planned to get a \"real job\", implying an intent to do something other than music. After graduation from Brown University, she briefly quit performing and went to job interviews, but ultimately decided to return to music. However, there is no mention of her having taken up any other profession or specific activities beyond music.", "The text does not provide information on whether Carpenter won any awards.", "The text does not provide any information on Carpenter's activities outside of her musical career.", "The text does not provide information on whether Carpenter had any kids." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_f4b12b6cfb6e4644b11d9b3b52ffcf51_0_q#0", "C_f4b12b6cfb6e4644b11d9b3b52ffcf51_0_q#1", "C_f4b12b6cfb6e4644b11d9b3b52ffcf51_0_q#2", "C_f4b12b6cfb6e4644b11d9b3b52ffcf51_0_q#3" ]

[ "What was life like in the 17th century for the lenape?", "Were outsiders not welcome?", "What is the Covenant Chain?", "Were they fairly well off during this era?" ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

[ 2, 0, 2, 0 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 1728 ], [ 731 ], [ 792 ], [ 3158 ] ], "texts": [ [ "The Lenape had a culture in which the clan and family controlled property." ], [ "The Iroquois added the Lenape to the Covenant Chain in 1676;" ], [ "the Lenape were tributary to the Five Nations (later Six) until 1753," ], [ "Penn gained a reputation for benevolence and tolerance, but his efforts resulted in more effective colonization of the ancestral Lenape homeland than previous ones." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 1728, 731, 792, 3158 ], "texts": [ "The Lenape had a culture in which the clan and family controlled property.", "The Iroquois added the Lenape to the Covenant Chain in 1676;", "the Lenape were tributary to the Five Nations (later Six) until 1753,", "Penn gained a reputation for benevolence and tolerance, but his efforts resulted in more effective colonization of the ancestral Lenape homeland than previous ones." ] }

[ { "text": "Commentary or commentaries may refer to:\n\nPublications\n Commentary (magazine), a U.S. public affairs journal, founded in 1945 and formerly published by the American Jewish Committee\n Caesar's Commentaries (disambiguation), a number of works by or attributed to Julius Caesar\n Commentaries of Ishodad of Merv, set of ninth-century Syriac treatises on the Bible\n Commentaries on the Laws of England, a 1769 treatise on the common law of England by Sir William Blackstone\n Commentaries on Living, a series of books by Jiddu Krishnamurti originally published in 1956, 1958 and 1960\n Moralia in Job, a sixth-century treatise by Saint Gregory\n Commentary of Zuo, one of the earliest Chinese works of narrative history, covering the period from 722 to 468 BCE\n Commentaries, a work attributed to Taautus\n\nOther uses\n Published opinion piece material, in any of several forms:\n An editorial, written by the editorial staff or board of a newspaper, magazine, or other periodical\n Column (periodical), a regular feature of such a publication in which usually the same single writer offers advice, observation, or other commentary \n An op-ed, an opinion piece by an author unaffiliated with the publication\n Letters to the editor, written by readers of such a publication\n Posts made in the comments section of an online publication, serving a similar function to paper periodicals' letters to the editor\n Commentary (philology), a line-by-line or even word-by-word explication (and usually translation) of a text\n Audio commentary track for DVDs and Blu-Rays – an additional audio track that plays in real-time with the video material, and comments on that video\n Sports commentary or play-by-play, a running description of a game or event in real time, usually during a live broadcast\n Color commentary, supplementing play-by-play commentary, often filling in any time when play is not in progress\n Atthakatha, commentaries on the Pāli Canon in Theravāda Buddhism\n Criticism, the practice of judging the merits and faults of something or someone\n Commentary! The Musical, the musical commentary accompanying Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog\n Commentary or narration, the words in a documentary film\n Exegesis, a critical explanation or interpretation of a text, especially a religious text (e.g. a Bible commentary)\n Literary criticism, the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature\n Close reading in literary criticism, the careful, sustained interpretation of a brief passage of text\n Political criticism or political commentary, criticism that is specific of or relevant to politics\n Public commentary received by governmental and other bodies, e.g. in response to proposals, reports, etc.\n\nSee also\n Commentry, a place in central France\n Comment (disambiguation)\n List of biblical commentaries\n Jewish commentaries on the Bible\n Commentaire, a French quarterly\n Reaction video, commentaries in video format", "title": "Commentary" } ]

[ "Throughout the 17th century, the Lenape encountered significant change and hardship. They became involved in trade with the Dutch settlers in New Amsterdam, leading to over-harvesting of the beaver population in the Hudson Valley. The trade also brought them into conflict with other tribes, such as the Susquehannock, and eventually resulted in their tributary status to the Five Nations of the Iroquois in 1676. The introduction of European diseases such as measles and smallpox led to a sharp decline in Lenape population as they had no natural immunity. Their land and resources came under increasing pressure from European settlers, first the Dutch and then the English under William Penn, leading to changes in their traditional clan and family-controlled property system. Despite efforts to restrict settlement and petition for recognition of their land rights, many Lenape were displaced or forced to adapt to new cultural demands.", "The passage does not suggest that outsiders were not welcomed by the Lenape. However, it does indicate that they came into conflict with tribes like the Susquehannock over trade disputes, and they also experienced pressure and infringement on their land from the Dutch and English settlers. The Lenape did engage in trade with the Dutch, established peace treaties with the newcomers such as William Penn and his colonists, and petitioned for grievances regarding land transactions. These actions suggest that while the Lenape made attempts to coexist and negotiate with outsiders, the increasing number of European settlers and their cultural demands led to conflict and displacement of the Lenape.", "Based on the information given in the context, the Covenant Chain refers to an alliance or agreement added by the Iroquois, which included the Lenape as a tributary group. The Lenape were tributary to the Five Nations (later Six) of the Iroquois from 1676 until 1753.", "The context does not provide a clear assessment of the Lenape's wealth or prosperity during this era. However, the text describes a series of difficulties and challenges faced by the Lenape people during the 17th century. This includes conflict with other tribes, over-harvesting of beaver population due to trade demands, devastating epidemics of infectious diseases brought by Europeans against which they had no immunity, and increasing pressure and encroachment on their land by European settlers. These factors, plus the forced cultural adaptation and displacement, may suggest that the Lenape people were not trivially well off during this era." ]

[ "No", "No", "Yes", "Neutral" ]

[ "C_f4b12b6cfb6e4644b11d9b3b52ffcf51_1_q#0", "C_f4b12b6cfb6e4644b11d9b3b52ffcf51_1_q#1", "C_f4b12b6cfb6e4644b11d9b3b52ffcf51_1_q#2", "C_f4b12b6cfb6e4644b11d9b3b52ffcf51_1_q#3", "C_f4b12b6cfb6e4644b11d9b3b52ffcf51_1_q#4" ]

[ "when was the early colonial era?", "what did the people wear?", "What kind of jobs were available at the time?", "Were there any diseases or health issues during that era?", "What roles did women have in this era?" ]

[ 2, 1, 1, 2, 2 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 0, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 49 ], [ 2321 ], [ 2321 ], [ 1648 ], [ 2321 ] ], "texts": [ [ "16th centuries and 17th centuries," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases originating in Europe, mainly smallpox but also cholera, influenza and dysentery," ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 49, 2321, 2321, 1648, 2321 ], "texts": [ "16th centuries and 17th centuries,", "CANNOTANSWER", "CANNOTANSWER", "Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases originating in Europe, mainly smallpox but also cholera, influenza and dysentery,", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[ { "text": "Commentary or commentaries may refer to:\n\nPublications\n Commentary (magazine), a U.S. public affairs journal, founded in 1945 and formerly published by the American Jewish Committee\n Caesar's Commentaries (disambiguation), a number of works by or attributed to Julius Caesar\n Commentaries of Ishodad of Merv, set of ninth-century Syriac treatises on the Bible\n Commentaries on the Laws of England, a 1769 treatise on the common law of England by Sir William Blackstone\n Commentaries on Living, a series of books by Jiddu Krishnamurti originally published in 1956, 1958 and 1960\n Moralia in Job, a sixth-century treatise by Saint Gregory\n Commentary of Zuo, one of the earliest Chinese works of narrative history, covering the period from 722 to 468 BCE\n Commentaries, a work attributed to Taautus\n\nOther uses\n Published opinion piece material, in any of several forms:\n An editorial, written by the editorial staff or board of a newspaper, magazine, or other periodical\n Column (periodical), a regular feature of such a publication in which usually the same single writer offers advice, observation, or other commentary \n An op-ed, an opinion piece by an author unaffiliated with the publication\n Letters to the editor, written by readers of such a publication\n Posts made in the comments section of an online publication, serving a similar function to paper periodicals' letters to the editor\n Commentary (philology), a line-by-line or even word-by-word explication (and usually translation) of a text\n Audio commentary track for DVDs and Blu-Rays – an additional audio track that plays in real-time with the video material, and comments on that video\n Sports commentary or play-by-play, a running description of a game or event in real time, usually during a live broadcast\n Color commentary, supplementing play-by-play commentary, often filling in any time when play is not in progress\n Atthakatha, commentaries on the Pāli Canon in Theravāda Buddhism\n Criticism, the practice of judging the merits and faults of something or someone\n Commentary! The Musical, the musical commentary accompanying Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog\n Commentary or narration, the words in a documentary film\n Exegesis, a critical explanation or interpretation of a text, especially a religious text (e.g. a Bible commentary)\n Literary criticism, the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature\n Close reading in literary criticism, the careful, sustained interpretation of a brief passage of text\n Political criticism or political commentary, criticism that is specific of or relevant to politics\n Public commentary received by governmental and other bodies, e.g. in response to proposals, reports, etc.\n\nSee also\n Commentry, a place in central France\n Comment (disambiguation)\n List of biblical commentaries\n Jewish commentaries on the Bible\n Commentaire, a French quarterly\n Reaction video, commentaries in video format", "title": "Commentary" } ]

[ "The text does not provide specific information on when the early colonial era was.", "The text does not provide information on what the people wore.", "The text does not provide information on what kind of jobs were available at the time.", "Yes, there were several diseases during that era, including smallpox, cholera, influenza, and dysentery, which were introduced by the Europeans and weakened the Lenape communities.", "The text does not provide information on the roles of women during this era." ]

[ "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

[ "C_58b22931a10840909e9339a69c2824d1_0_q#0", "C_58b22931a10840909e9339a69c2824d1_0_q#1", "C_58b22931a10840909e9339a69c2824d1_0_q#2", "C_58b22931a10840909e9339a69c2824d1_0_q#3", "C_58b22931a10840909e9339a69c2824d1_0_q#4", "C_58b22931a10840909e9339a69c2824d1_0_q#5", "C_58b22931a10840909e9339a69c2824d1_0_q#6", "C_58b22931a10840909e9339a69c2824d1_0_q#7" ]

[ "What was the film about?", "Did the film win any awards?", "Dd the film do well in the box office?", "Were there any other well known actors in it?", "What else is interesting about this film?", "What countries was it in?", "What countries was the movie played in?", "was he in other movies previously?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ 2, 1, 2, 1, 0, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 121 ], [ 279 ], [ 462 ], [ 920 ], [ 1502 ], [ 769 ], [ 1664 ], [ 1804 ] ], "texts": [ [ "They informed him that it was for a lead role in their film titled Band Baaja Baaraat, a romantic comedy set in the world of wedding planning." ], [ "the vice president of the company, later saw the audition tapes on video and was impressed by Singh's acting, and decided that he fit the part of Bittoo Sharma," ], [ "However, the director Maneesh Sharma needed some more convincing and he was called for a few more auditions over the next two weeks until they were completely convinced" ], [ "Prior to the release of the film, trade analysts were skeptical of the film's commercial potential, citing the middling response to Yash Raj Films' last few productions," ], [ "\" The film earned approximately Rs214 million (US$3.3 million) at the domestic box office." ], [ "Singh described the role of Bittoo Sharma as a typical Delhi boy." ], [ "Following Band Baaja Baarat, Singh signed on for Ladies vs Ricky Bahl, a romantic comedy produced by Chopra and directed by Maneesh Sharma." ], [ "He played a conman Ricky Bahl who cons girls for a living but finally meets his match. The film co-starred Anushka Sharma, Parineeti Chopra," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 121, 279, 462, 920, 1502, 769, 1664, 1804 ], "texts": [ "They informed him that it was for a lead role in their film titled Band Baaja Baaraat, a romantic comedy set in the world of wedding planning.", "the vice president of the company, later saw the audition tapes on video and was impressed by Singh's acting, and decided that he fit the part of Bittoo Sharma,", "However, the director Maneesh Sharma needed some more convincing and he was called for a few more auditions over the next two weeks until they were completely convinced", "Prior to the release of the film, trade analysts were skeptical of the film's commercial potential, citing the middling response to Yash Raj Films' last few productions,", "\" The film earned approximately Rs214 million (US$3.3 million) at the domestic box office.", "Singh described the role of Bittoo Sharma as a typical Delhi boy.", "Following Band Baaja Baarat, Singh signed on for Ladies vs Ricky Bahl, a romantic comedy produced by Chopra and directed by Maneesh Sharma.", "He played a conman Ricky Bahl who cons girls for a living but finally meets his match. The film co-starred Anushka Sharma, Parineeti Chopra," ] }

[]

[ "The film Band Baaja Baaraat is a romantic comedy set in the world of wedding planning. It features the story of Bittoo Sharma, a typical Delhi boy and a wedding planner, described as an uncouth but good-hearted small-town slacker who is a bit of a duffer when it comes to matters of the heart.", "Yes, at the 56th Filmfare Awards, Ranveer Singh, who portrayed Bittoo Sharma in the film, won the award for Best Male Debut.", "Yes, the film Band Baaja Baaraat did well at the box office. It earned approximately Rs214 million (US$3.3 million) at the domestic box office and was termed a sleeper hit.", "Yes, other than Ranveer Singh, the film Band Baaja Baaraat also starred Anushka Sharma, who played the female lead in the film.", "One of the interesting aspects about the film Band Baaja Baaraat was the skepticism it faced prior to its release. Trade analysts doubted its commercial potential, citing the middling responses to Yash Raj Films' last few productions, the lack of a male star, and the fact that the female lead, Anushka Sharma, was by then an \"almost-forgotten\" actress. Despite these reservations, the film went on to become a sleeper hit. Also interesting is Ranveer Singh's prep work for the role of Bittoo Sharma. To better play the typical Delhi boy, he spent time with students at the Delhi University campus.", "The text does not provide information on which countries the film Band Baaja Baaraat was released or shown in.", "The text does not provide information on which countries the film Band Baaja Baaraat was released or shown in.", "The text does not provide information about Ranveer Singh having acted in other movies prior to Band Baaja Baaraat. Based on the context, it appears Band Baaja Baaraat could have been his debut film, as he won the award for Best Male Debut at the 56th Filmfare Awards." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "No", "No", "No", "No" ]

[ "C_58b22931a10840909e9339a69c2824d1_1_q#0", "C_58b22931a10840909e9339a69c2824d1_1_q#1", "C_58b22931a10840909e9339a69c2824d1_1_q#2", "C_58b22931a10840909e9339a69c2824d1_1_q#3", "C_58b22931a10840909e9339a69c2824d1_1_q#4", "C_58b22931a10840909e9339a69c2824d1_1_q#5", "C_58b22931a10840909e9339a69c2824d1_1_q#6", "C_58b22931a10840909e9339a69c2824d1_1_q#7" ]

[ "When was Singh born?", "Did he have any siblings?", "Did he have other family members in his life?", "Was Singh always an actor?", "How did his acting career start?", "Did he go to college?", "What did he do after college?", "Did the directors respond back to him?" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 2 ]

[ 2, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 245 ], [ 65 ], [ 1586 ], [ 1903 ], [ 1435 ], [ 1765 ], [ 2066 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Singh was born on 6 July 1985" ], [ "He has an elder sister" ], [ "Anju and Jagjit Singh Bhavnani." ], [ "Singh worked for a few years in advertising as a copywriter," ], [ "only getting calls for minor roles:" ], [ "At the university, he decided to take acting classes and took up theatre as his minor." ], [ "He then decided to send his portfolio to directors." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 245, 65, 1586, 1903, 1435, 1765, 2066 ], "texts": [ "Singh was born on 6 July 1985", "He has an elder sister", "Anju and Jagjit Singh Bhavnani.", "Singh worked for a few years in advertising as a copywriter,", "only getting calls for minor roles:", " At the university, he decided to take acting classes and took up theatre as his minor.", "He then decided to send his portfolio to directors.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "Singh was born on 6 July 1985.", "Yes, he has an elder sister named Ritika Bhavnani.", "Yes, aside from his parents and elder sister, he also had his grandparents, Sunder Singh Bhavnani and Chand Burke. Additionally, Singh is the maternal cousin of actress Sonam Kapoor and producer Rhea Kapoor, daughters of actor Anil Kapoor and wife Sunita Kapoor.", "No, Singh was not always an actor. He first worked for a few years in advertising as a copywriter, with agencies like O&M and J. Walter Thompson. He then worked as an assistant director before deciding to pursue acting.", "To start his acting career, Singh decided to send his portfolio to directors. He went for all kinds of auditions. Despite facing a lot of frustrations and only getting calls for minor roles initially, he persisted. The context does not provide information on his first break in acting.", "Yes, Singh attended H.R. College of Commerce and Economics in Mumbai and later received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Indiana University in the United States.", "After completing his studies and returning to Mumbai in 2007, Singh worked for a few years in advertising as a copywriter, with agencies like O&M and J. Walter Thompson. He then worked as an assistant director before deciding to pursue acting.", "The context does not provide information on whether the directors responded back to Singh." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes" ]

[ "C_be03eb28678d4cb68ec698590b9060c9_0_q#0", "C_be03eb28678d4cb68ec698590b9060c9_0_q#1", "C_be03eb28678d4cb68ec698590b9060c9_0_q#2", "C_be03eb28678d4cb68ec698590b9060c9_0_q#3", "C_be03eb28678d4cb68ec698590b9060c9_0_q#4", "C_be03eb28678d4cb68ec698590b9060c9_0_q#5", "C_be03eb28678d4cb68ec698590b9060c9_0_q#6", "C_be03eb28678d4cb68ec698590b9060c9_0_q#7" ]

[ "Who wrote Bohemian Rhapsoday?", "Was there a particular method Mercury used to write the song?", "Was the song popular when it first came out?", "How long did it stay on the charts?", "What did the critics say about it?", "What are with all the crazy names in the song??", "Was the song ever re-released?", "Why did the re-release it?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 87 ], [ 1338 ], [ 1405 ], [ 1232 ], [ 566 ], [ 1569 ], [ 1708 ] ], "texts": [ [ "\"Bohemian Rhapsody\" was written by Mercury" ], [ "All piano, bass and drum parts, as well as the vocal arrangements, were thought up by Mercury on a daily basis and written down \"in blocks\" (" ], [ "the song became immensely popular, topping charts worldwide" ], [ "it remained for an unprecedented nine weeks in the UK) and is widely regarded as one of the most significant rock songs in history." ], [ "Despite being twice as long as the average single in 1975 and garnering mixed critical reviews initially," ], [ "The interlude is full of \"obscure classical characters:" ], [ "the song was rereleased as a double A-side to \"These Are The Days Of Our Lives\" on 9 December 1991 in the UK and September 5, 1991, in US." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 87, 1338, 1405, 1232, 566, 1569, 1708 ], "texts": [ "\"Bohemian Rhapsody\" was written by Mercury", "All piano, bass and drum parts, as well as the vocal arrangements, were thought up by Mercury on a daily basis and written down \"in blocks\" (", "the song became immensely popular, topping charts worldwide", "it remained for an unprecedented nine weeks in the UK) and is widely regarded as one of the most significant rock songs in history.", "Despite being twice as long as the average single in 1975 and garnering mixed critical reviews initially,", "The interlude is full of \"obscure classical characters:", "the song was rereleased as a double A-side to \"These Are The Days Of Our Lives\" on 9 December 1991 in the UK and September 5, 1991, in US.", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[ { "text": "Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is \"the study of books as physical objects\" and \"the systematic description of books as objects\" (or descriptive bibliography).\n\nEtymology \nThe word was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for \"the intellectual activity of composing books.\" The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and the present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance.\n\nField of study \nBibliography is a specialized aspect of library science (or library and information science, LIS) and documentation science. It was established by a Belgian, named Paul Otlet (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about \"the science of bibliography.\" However, there have recently been voices claiming that \"the bibliographical paradigm\" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).\n\nThe quantitative study of bibliographies is known as bibliometrics, which is today an influential subfield in LIS and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of big deals, through data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals.\n\nBranches \nCarter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes. Innovators and originators in the field include W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Philip Gaskell and G. Thomas Tanselle.\n\nBowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in “specific collections or libraries,” in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice.\n\nDescriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description. The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing.\n\nIn addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography. Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.\n\nD. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as \"the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception\" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include \"non-book texts\" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.\n\nBibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books. In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites.\n\nEnumerative bibliography \n\nAn enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from \"works cited\" lists at the end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic databases. A library catalog, while not referred to as a \"bibliography,\" is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources.\n\nEnumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper.\n\nCitation styles vary.\nAn entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements:\n creator(s)\n title\n place of publication\n publisher or printer\n date of publication\n\nAn entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:\n creator(s)\n article title\n journal title\n volume\n pages\n date of publication\n\nA bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.\n\nBibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.\n\nDescriptive bibliography \nFredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his Principles of Bibliographical Description\n(1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, \"[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents\" (124).\n\nDescriptive bibliographies as scholarly product \nDescriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object:\nFormat and Collation/Pagination Statement—a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in terms of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages\n\nAccording to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula:\nBroadsheet: I° or b.s. or bs.\nFolio: 2° or fol.\nQuarto: 4° or 4to or Q° or Q\nOctavo: 8° or 8vo\nDuodecimo: 12° or 12mo\nSexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo\nTricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo\nSexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo\nThe collation, which follows the format, is the statement of the order and size of the gatherings.\nFor example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:\n2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves signed C, and 2 leaves signed D\nwould be represented in the collation formula:\n4°: A2B-C4D2\nBinding—a description of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)\nTitle Page Transcription—a transcription of the title page, including rule lines and ornaments\nContents—a listing of the contents (by section) in the book\nPaper—a description of the physical properties of the paper, including production process, an account of chain-line measurements, and a description of watermarks (if present)\nIllustrations—a description of the illustrations found in the book, including printing process (e.g. woodblock, intaglio, etc.), measurements, and locations in the text\nPresswork—miscellaneous details gleaned from the text about its production\nCopies Examined—an enumeration of the copies examined, including those copies' location (i.e. belonging to which library or collector)\n\nAnalytical bibliography \nThis branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography. Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, binding, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining \"the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text\" (Bowers 498[1]).\n\nBibliographers \n\nA bibliographer is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer.\"\n\nA bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least the 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field.\n\nThe term bibliographer is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries and bibliographic databases.\n\nOne of the first bibliographers was Conrad Gessner who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in Bibliotheca Universalis (1545).\n\nNon-book material \nSystematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to bibliography:\n Discography—recorded music\n Filmography—films\n Webography (or webliography)—websites\n Arachniography, a term coined by NASA research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference list of URLs about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from arachne in reference to a spider and its web.\n\nSee also \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (in Wikipedia)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Blum, Rudolf. (1980) Bibliographia. An Inquiry in Its Definition and Designations, Dawson, American Library Association.\n Bowers, Fredson. (1995) Principles of Bibliographical Description, Oak Knoll Press.\n Duncan, Paul Shaner. (1973) How to Catalog a Rare Book, 2nd ed., rev., American Library Association.\n \n Gaskell, Philip. (2000) A New Introduction to Bibliography, Oak Knoll Press.\n McKerrow, R. B. (1927) An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students, Oxford: Clarendon Press\n Schneider, Georg. (1934) Theory and History of Bibliography, New York: Scarecrow Press.\n National Library of Canada, Committee on Bibliography and Information Services for the Social Sciences and Humanities, Guidelines for the Compilation of a Bibliography (National Library of Canada, 1987). N.B.: This is a brief guide to accurately practical bibliography, not a study concerning more precise and systematic bibliography.\n \nRobinson, A. M. Lewin (1966) Systematic Bibliography; rev. ed. London: Clive Bingley\n\nExternal links \n\n Oxford Bibliographies Online, in-depth annotated bibliographies by scholars in selected fields\n Introduction to Bibliography, a comprehensive syllabus by G. Thomas Tanselle\n The Bibliographical Society of America, a resource for information about current work in the field of bibliography\n Studies in Bibliography, the journal of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia\n A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology, (University of Zaragoza) includes thousands of listings on literary, philological and other subjects\n\n \nCategory:Book design\nCategory:Book terminology\nCategory:Textual scholarship", "title": "Bibliography" } ]

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[ "What is 39?", "Who sings the song?", "What do the space explorers realize when they come back from their voyage?", "Is there anything significant about their album names?", "Was \"39\" ever performed by anyone other than Queen?", "When did George Michael perform it?", "Why did George Michael perform it?", "Is the song still part of their tour?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 3511 ], [ 3852 ], [ 3662 ], [ 4171 ], [ 4477 ], [ 4550 ], [ 4565 ], [ 4684 ] ], "texts": [ [ "\". \"'39\" relates the tale of a group of space explorers who embark on what is, from their perspective, a year-long voyage." ], [ "May sings the song on the album, with backing vocals by Mercury and Taylor." ], [ "they realise that a hundred years have passed, because of the time dilation effect in Einstein's special theory of relativity," ], [ "Queen had named their albums A Night at the Opera and A Day at the Races after two of the Marx Brothers' most popular films," ], [ "George Michael performed \"'39\" at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert" ], [ "20 April 1992." ], [ "Michael cited this song as his favourite Queen song, claiming he used to busk it on the London Underground." ], [ "Queen have included the song on the setlists of their recent tours with Adam Lambert and before Adam with Paul Rodgers;" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 3511, 3852, 3662, 4171, 4477, 4550, 4565, 4684 ], "texts": [ "\". \"'39\" relates the tale of a group of space explorers who embark on what is, from their perspective, a year-long voyage.", "May sings the song on the album, with backing vocals by Mercury and Taylor.", "they realise that a hundred years have passed, because of the time dilation effect in Einstein's special theory of relativity,", "Queen had named their albums A Night at the Opera and A Day at the Races after two of the Marx Brothers' most popular films,", "George Michael performed \"'39\" at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert", "20 April 1992.", "Michael cited this song as his favourite Queen song, claiming he used to busk it on the London Underground.", "Queen have included the song on the setlists of their recent tours with Adam Lambert and before Adam with Paul Rodgers;" ] }

[ { "text": "Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is \"the study of books as physical objects\" and \"the systematic description of books as objects\" (or descriptive bibliography).\n\nEtymology \nThe word was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for \"the intellectual activity of composing books.\" The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and the present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance.\n\nField of study \nBibliography is a specialized aspect of library science (or library and information science, LIS) and documentation science. It was established by a Belgian, named Paul Otlet (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about \"the science of bibliography.\" However, there have recently been voices claiming that \"the bibliographical paradigm\" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).\n\nThe quantitative study of bibliographies is known as bibliometrics, which is today an influential subfield in LIS and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of big deals, through data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals.\n\nBranches \nCarter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes. Innovators and originators in the field include W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Philip Gaskell and G. Thomas Tanselle.\n\nBowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in “specific collections or libraries,” in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice.\n\nDescriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description. The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing.\n\nIn addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography. Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.\n\nD. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as \"the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception\" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include \"non-book texts\" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.\n\nBibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books. In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites.\n\nEnumerative bibliography \n\nAn enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from \"works cited\" lists at the end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic databases. A library catalog, while not referred to as a \"bibliography,\" is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources.\n\nEnumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper.\n\nCitation styles vary.\nAn entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements:\n creator(s)\n title\n place of publication\n publisher or printer\n date of publication\n\nAn entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:\n creator(s)\n article title\n journal title\n volume\n pages\n date of publication\n\nA bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.\n\nBibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.\n\nDescriptive bibliography \nFredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his Principles of Bibliographical Description\n(1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, \"[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents\" (124).\n\nDescriptive bibliographies as scholarly product \nDescriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object:\nFormat and Collation/Pagination Statement—a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in terms of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages\n\nAccording to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula:\nBroadsheet: I° or b.s. or bs.\nFolio: 2° or fol.\nQuarto: 4° or 4to or Q° or Q\nOctavo: 8° or 8vo\nDuodecimo: 12° or 12mo\nSexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo\nTricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo\nSexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo\nThe collation, which follows the format, is the statement of the order and size of the gatherings.\nFor example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:\n2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves signed C, and 2 leaves signed D\nwould be represented in the collation formula:\n4°: A2B-C4D2\nBinding—a description of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)\nTitle Page Transcription—a transcription of the title page, including rule lines and ornaments\nContents—a listing of the contents (by section) in the book\nPaper—a description of the physical properties of the paper, including production process, an account of chain-line measurements, and a description of watermarks (if present)\nIllustrations—a description of the illustrations found in the book, including printing process (e.g. woodblock, intaglio, etc.), measurements, and locations in the text\nPresswork—miscellaneous details gleaned from the text about its production\nCopies Examined—an enumeration of the copies examined, including those copies' location (i.e. belonging to which library or collector)\n\nAnalytical bibliography \nThis branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography. Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, binding, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining \"the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text\" (Bowers 498[1]).\n\nBibliographers \n\nA bibliographer is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer.\"\n\nA bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least the 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field.\n\nThe term bibliographer is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries and bibliographic databases.\n\nOne of the first bibliographers was Conrad Gessner who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in Bibliotheca Universalis (1545).\n\nNon-book material \nSystematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to bibliography:\n Discography—recorded music\n Filmography—films\n Webography (or webliography)—websites\n Arachniography, a term coined by NASA research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference list of URLs about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from arachne in reference to a spider and its web.\n\nSee also \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (in Wikipedia)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Blum, Rudolf. (1980) Bibliographia. An Inquiry in Its Definition and Designations, Dawson, American Library Association.\n Bowers, Fredson. (1995) Principles of Bibliographical Description, Oak Knoll Press.\n Duncan, Paul Shaner. (1973) How to Catalog a Rare Book, 2nd ed., rev., American Library Association.\n \n Gaskell, Philip. (2000) A New Introduction to Bibliography, Oak Knoll Press.\n McKerrow, R. B. (1927) An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students, Oxford: Clarendon Press\n Schneider, Georg. (1934) Theory and History of Bibliography, New York: Scarecrow Press.\n National Library of Canada, Committee on Bibliography and Information Services for the Social Sciences and Humanities, Guidelines for the Compilation of a Bibliography (National Library of Canada, 1987). N.B.: This is a brief guide to accurately practical bibliography, not a study concerning more precise and systematic bibliography.\n \nRobinson, A. M. Lewin (1966) Systematic Bibliography; rev. ed. London: Clive Bingley\n\nExternal links \n\n Oxford Bibliographies Online, in-depth annotated bibliographies by scholars in selected fields\n Introduction to Bibliography, a comprehensive syllabus by G. Thomas Tanselle\n The Bibliographical Society of America, a resource for information about current work in the field of bibliography\n Studies in Bibliography, the journal of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia\n A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology, (University of Zaragoza) includes thousands of listings on literary, philological and other subjects\n\n \nCategory:Book design\nCategory:Book terminology\nCategory:Textual scholarship", "title": "Bibliography" } ]

[ "\"'39\" is a song by Queen, written by Brian May. It tells the story of a group of space explorers who embark on a year-long voyage but upon their return, they find that a hundred years have passed due to the time dilation effect in Einstein's special theory of relativity. May sings the song on the album, with backing vocals by Freddie Mercury and Roger Taylor. During live performances, Mercury sang the lead vocal.", "On the album, Brian May sings the song \"'39\", with backing vocals by Freddie Mercury and Roger Taylor. During live performances, Freddie Mercury sang the lead vocal.", "Upon their return from the voyage, the space explorers in the song \"'39\" realize that a hundred years have passed due to the time dilation effect in Einstein's special theory of relativity. Consequently, the loved ones they left behind are now all dead or aged.", "Yes, there is significance to their album names. Queen named their albums \"A Night at the Opera\" and \"A Day at the Races\" after two of the Marx Brothers' most popular films. A surviving Marx Brother, Groucho Marx, invited Queen to visit him at his Los Angeles home in March 1977 as a result.", "Yes, \"39\" was performed by George Michael at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert on 20 April 1992. Michael has cited this song as his favorite Queen song and claimed he used to busk it on the London Underground.", "George Michael performed \"'39\" at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert on 20 April 1992.", "The context does not provide specific information on why George Michael chose to perform \"'39\". However, it is noted that it was his favorite Queen song and he performed it at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert in 1992.", "Yes, according to the context, the song \"'39\" has been included on the setlists of Queen's recent tours with Adam Lambert and before Adam with Paul Rodgers. On these tours since 2005, it is sung by Brian May, as it is on the album." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]

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[ "What kind of community work did he do?", "Was the festival a success?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "What else can you tell me about the theater?", "Was he able to have it recognized?", "What other community work did he do?", "What did he do to collaborate with Joseph Moore?", "What other community work did he do?", "Was there other significant community work?", "What else did he do?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 135 ], [ 382 ], [ 816 ], [ 1017 ], [ 1142 ], [ 1183 ], [ 1316 ], [ 2087 ], [ 2241 ], [ 2330 ] ], "texts": [ [ "A great fan of the music of Handel, Boulton conceived of the idea to hold a music festival in Birmingham to raise funds for the hospital." ], [ "The hospital opened in 1779. Boulton also helped build the General Dispensary, where outpatient treatment could be obtained." ], [ "Boulton helped found the New Street Theatre in 1774," ], [ "Boulton attempted to have the theatre recognised as a patent theatre with a Royal Patent," ], [ "he failed in 1779 but succeeded in 1807." ], [ "He also supported Birmingham's Oratorio Choral Society, and collaborated with button maker and amateur musical promoter Joseph Moore" ], [ "to put on a series of private concerts in 1799. He maintained a pew at St Paul's Church, Birmingham, a centre of musical excellence." ], [ "Boulton served on a committee to organise volunteers to patrol the streets at night and reduce crime." ], [ "weapons. In 1794 he was elected High Sheriff of Staffordshire, his county of residence." ], [ "Besides seeking to improve local life, Boulton took an interest in world affairs. Initially sympathetic to the cause of the rebellious American colonists," ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 135, 382, 816, 1017, 1142, 1183, 1316, 2087, 2241, 2330 ], "texts": [ "A great fan of the music of Handel, Boulton conceived of the idea to hold a music festival in Birmingham to raise funds for the hospital.", "The hospital opened in 1779. Boulton also helped build the General Dispensary, where outpatient treatment could be obtained.", "Boulton helped found the New Street Theatre in 1774,", "Boulton attempted to have the theatre recognised as a patent theatre with a Royal Patent,", "he failed in 1779 but succeeded in 1807.", "He also supported Birmingham's Oratorio Choral Society, and collaborated with button maker and amateur musical promoter Joseph Moore", "to put on a series of private concerts in 1799. He maintained a pew at St Paul's Church, Birmingham, a centre of musical excellence.", "Boulton served on a committee to organise volunteers to patrol the streets at night and reduce crime.", "weapons. In 1794 he was elected High Sheriff of Staffordshire, his county of residence.", "Besides seeking to improve local life, Boulton took an interest in world affairs. Initially sympathetic to the cause of the rebellious American colonists," ] }

[ { "text": "Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is \"the study of books as physical objects\" and \"the systematic description of books as objects\" (or descriptive bibliography).\n\nEtymology \nThe word was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for \"the intellectual activity of composing books.\" The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and the present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance.\n\nField of study \nBibliography is a specialized aspect of library science (or library and information science, LIS) and documentation science. It was established by a Belgian, named Paul Otlet (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about \"the science of bibliography.\" However, there have recently been voices claiming that \"the bibliographical paradigm\" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).\n\nThe quantitative study of bibliographies is known as bibliometrics, which is today an influential subfield in LIS and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of big deals, through data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals.\n\nBranches \nCarter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes. Innovators and originators in the field include W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Philip Gaskell and G. Thomas Tanselle.\n\nBowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in “specific collections or libraries,” in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice.\n\nDescriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description. The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing.\n\nIn addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography. Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.\n\nD. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as \"the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception\" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include \"non-book texts\" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.\n\nBibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books. In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites.\n\nEnumerative bibliography \n\nAn enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from \"works cited\" lists at the end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic databases. A library catalog, while not referred to as a \"bibliography,\" is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources.\n\nEnumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper.\n\nCitation styles vary.\nAn entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements:\n creator(s)\n title\n place of publication\n publisher or printer\n date of publication\n\nAn entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:\n creator(s)\n article title\n journal title\n volume\n pages\n date of publication\n\nA bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.\n\nBibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.\n\nDescriptive bibliography \nFredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his Principles of Bibliographical Description\n(1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, \"[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents\" (124).\n\nDescriptive bibliographies as scholarly product \nDescriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object:\nFormat and Collation/Pagination Statement—a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in terms of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages\n\nAccording to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula:\nBroadsheet: I° or b.s. or bs.\nFolio: 2° or fol.\nQuarto: 4° or 4to or Q° or Q\nOctavo: 8° or 8vo\nDuodecimo: 12° or 12mo\nSexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo\nTricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo\nSexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo\nThe collation, which follows the format, is the statement of the order and size of the gatherings.\nFor example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:\n2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves signed C, and 2 leaves signed D\nwould be represented in the collation formula:\n4°: A2B-C4D2\nBinding—a description of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)\nTitle Page Transcription—a transcription of the title page, including rule lines and ornaments\nContents—a listing of the contents (by section) in the book\nPaper—a description of the physical properties of the paper, including production process, an account of chain-line measurements, and a description of watermarks (if present)\nIllustrations—a description of the illustrations found in the book, including printing process (e.g. woodblock, intaglio, etc.), measurements, and locations in the text\nPresswork—miscellaneous details gleaned from the text about its production\nCopies Examined—an enumeration of the copies examined, including those copies' location (i.e. belonging to which library or collector)\n\nAnalytical bibliography \nThis branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography. Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, binding, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining \"the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text\" (Bowers 498[1]).\n\nBibliographers \n\nA bibliographer is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer.\"\n\nA bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least the 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field.\n\nThe term bibliographer is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries and bibliographic databases.\n\nOne of the first bibliographers was Conrad Gessner who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in Bibliotheca Universalis (1545).\n\nNon-book material \nSystematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to bibliography:\n Discography—recorded music\n Filmography—films\n Webography (or webliography)—websites\n Arachniography, a term coined by NASA research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference list of URLs about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from arachne in reference to a spider and its web.\n\nSee also \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (in Wikipedia)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Blum, Rudolf. (1980) Bibliographia. An Inquiry in Its Definition and Designations, Dawson, American Library Association.\n Bowers, Fredson. (1995) Principles of Bibliographical Description, Oak Knoll Press.\n Duncan, Paul Shaner. (1973) How to Catalog a Rare Book, 2nd ed., rev., American Library Association.\n \n Gaskell, Philip. (2000) A New Introduction to Bibliography, Oak Knoll Press.\n McKerrow, R. B. (1927) An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students, Oxford: Clarendon Press\n Schneider, Georg. (1934) Theory and History of Bibliography, New York: Scarecrow Press.\n National Library of Canada, Committee on Bibliography and Information Services for the Social Sciences and Humanities, Guidelines for the Compilation of a Bibliography (National Library of Canada, 1987). N.B.: This is a brief guide to accurately practical bibliography, not a study concerning more precise and systematic bibliography.\n \nRobinson, A. M. Lewin (1966) Systematic Bibliography; rev. ed. London: Clive Bingley\n\nExternal links \n\n Oxford Bibliographies Online, in-depth annotated bibliographies by scholars in selected fields\n Introduction to Bibliography, a comprehensive syllabus by G. Thomas Tanselle\n The Bibliographical Society of America, a resource for information about current work in the field of bibliography\n Studies in Bibliography, the journal of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia\n A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology, (University of Zaragoza) includes thousands of listings on literary, philological and other subjects\n\n \nCategory:Book design\nCategory:Book terminology\nCategory:Textual scholarship", "title": "Bibliography" } ]

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[ "Where was he born?", "Where did he grow up?", "Did he have any siblings?", "What was his upbringing like?", "Why did he leave school?", "Was the invention successful?", "Can you tell me more about the success of the buckles?", "Did he ever start a family of his own?", "When did he marry her?", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?" ]

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{ "answer_starts": [ [ 2617 ], [ 72 ], [ 1006 ], [ 295 ], [ 328 ], [ 398 ], [ 463 ], [ 553 ], [ 537 ], [ 672 ] ], "texts": [ [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "the family moved to the Snow Hill area of Birmingham," ], [ "The Boultons had three daughters in the early 1750s, but all died in infancy." ], [ "At the age of 15 he left school," ], [ "and by 17 he had invented a technique for inlaying enamels in buckles" ], [ "that proved so popular that the buckles were exported to France," ], [ "then reimported to Britain and billed as the latest French developments." ], [ "Boulton married Mary Robinson, a distant cousin and the daughter of a successful mercer, and wealthy in her own right." ], [ "On 3 March 1749" ], [ "They lived briefly with the bride's mother in Lichfield, and then moved to Birmingham, where the elder Matthew Boulton made his son a partner at the age of 21." ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 2617, 72, 1006, 295, 328, 398, 463, 553, 537, 672 ], "texts": [ "CANNOTANSWER", "the family moved to the Snow Hill area of Birmingham,", "The Boultons had three daughters in the early 1750s, but all died in infancy.", "At the age of 15 he left school,", "and by 17 he had invented a technique for inlaying enamels in buckles", "that proved so popular that the buckles were exported to France,", "then reimported to Britain and billed as the latest French developments.", "Boulton married Mary Robinson, a distant cousin and the daughter of a successful mercer, and wealthy in her own right.", "On 3 March 1749", "They lived briefly with the bride's mother in Lichfield, and then moved to Birmingham, where the elder Matthew Boulton made his son a partner at the age of 21." ] }

[ { "text": "Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is \"the study of books as physical objects\" and \"the systematic description of books as objects\" (or descriptive bibliography).\n\nEtymology \nThe word was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for \"the intellectual activity of composing books.\" The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and the present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance.\n\nField of study \nBibliography is a specialized aspect of library science (or library and information science, LIS) and documentation science. It was established by a Belgian, named Paul Otlet (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about \"the science of bibliography.\" However, there have recently been voices claiming that \"the bibliographical paradigm\" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).\n\nThe quantitative study of bibliographies is known as bibliometrics, which is today an influential subfield in LIS and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of big deals, through data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals.\n\nBranches \nCarter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes. Innovators and originators in the field include W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Philip Gaskell and G. Thomas Tanselle.\n\nBowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in “specific collections or libraries,” in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice.\n\nDescriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description. The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing.\n\nIn addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography. Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers.\n\nD. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as \"the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception\" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include \"non-book texts\" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.\n\nBibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books. In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites.\n\nEnumerative bibliography \n\nAn enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from \"works cited\" lists at the end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic databases. A library catalog, while not referred to as a \"bibliography,\" is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources.\n\nEnumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper.\n\nCitation styles vary.\nAn entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements:\n creator(s)\n title\n place of publication\n publisher or printer\n date of publication\n\nAn entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:\n creator(s)\n article title\n journal title\n volume\n pages\n date of publication\n\nA bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.\n\nBibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.\n\nDescriptive bibliography \nFredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his Principles of Bibliographical Description\n(1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, \"[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents\" (124).\n\nDescriptive bibliographies as scholarly product \nDescriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object:\nFormat and Collation/Pagination Statement—a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in terms of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages\n\nAccording to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula:\nBroadsheet: I° or b.s. or bs.\nFolio: 2° or fol.\nQuarto: 4° or 4to or Q° or Q\nOctavo: 8° or 8vo\nDuodecimo: 12° or 12mo\nSexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo\nTricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo\nSexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo\nThe collation, which follows the format, is the statement of the order and size of the gatherings.\nFor example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:\n2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves signed C, and 2 leaves signed D\nwould be represented in the collation formula:\n4°: A2B-C4D2\nBinding—a description of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)\nTitle Page Transcription—a transcription of the title page, including rule lines and ornaments\nContents—a listing of the contents (by section) in the book\nPaper—a description of the physical properties of the paper, including production process, an account of chain-line measurements, and a description of watermarks (if present)\nIllustrations—a description of the illustrations found in the book, including printing process (e.g. woodblock, intaglio, etc.), measurements, and locations in the text\nPresswork—miscellaneous details gleaned from the text about its production\nCopies Examined—an enumeration of the copies examined, including those copies' location (i.e. belonging to which library or collector)\n\nAnalytical bibliography \nThis branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography. Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, binding, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining \"the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text\" (Bowers 498[1]).\n\nBibliographers \n\nA bibliographer is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer.\"\n\nA bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least the 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field.\n\nThe term bibliographer is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries and bibliographic databases.\n\nOne of the first bibliographers was Conrad Gessner who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in Bibliotheca Universalis (1545).\n\nNon-book material \nSystematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to bibliography:\n Discography—recorded music\n Filmography—films\n Webography (or webliography)—websites\n Arachniography, a term coined by NASA research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference list of URLs about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from arachne in reference to a spider and its web.\n\nSee also \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (in Wikipedia)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Blum, Rudolf. (1980) Bibliographia. An Inquiry in Its Definition and Designations, Dawson, American Library Association.\n Bowers, Fredson. (1995) Principles of Bibliographical Description, Oak Knoll Press.\n Duncan, Paul Shaner. (1973) How to Catalog a Rare Book, 2nd ed., rev., American Library Association.\n \n Gaskell, Philip. (2000) A New Introduction to Bibliography, Oak Knoll Press.\n McKerrow, R. B. (1927) An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students, Oxford: Clarendon Press\n Schneider, Georg. (1934) Theory and History of Bibliography, New York: Scarecrow Press.\n National Library of Canada, Committee on Bibliography and Information Services for the Social Sciences and Humanities, Guidelines for the Compilation of a Bibliography (National Library of Canada, 1987). N.B.: This is a brief guide to accurately practical bibliography, not a study concerning more precise and systematic bibliography.\n \nRobinson, A. M. Lewin (1966) Systematic Bibliography; rev. ed. London: Clive Bingley\n\nExternal links \n\n Oxford Bibliographies Online, in-depth annotated bibliographies by scholars in selected fields\n Introduction to Bibliography, a comprehensive syllabus by G. Thomas Tanselle\n The Bibliographical Society of America, a resource for information about current work in the field of bibliography\n Studies in Bibliography, the journal of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia\n A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology, (University of Zaragoza) includes thousands of listings on literary, philological and other subjects\n\n \nCategory:Book design\nCategory:Book terminology\nCategory:Textual scholarship", "title": "Bibliography" } ]

[ "The text does not provide information on where Matthew Boulton was born.", "Matthew Boulton grew up in the Snow Hill area of Birmingham.", "The text does not provide information on whether Matthew Boulton had any siblings.", "The text suggests Matthew Boulton had a comfortable upbringing. His family moved to a well-to-do neighbourhood in Birmingham and he attended a local academy. His father's business was successful, and Boulton joined it as a partner at the age of 21.", "The text does not provide a specific reason for why Matthew Boulton left school.", "Yes, Matthew Boulton's invention of a technique for inlaying enamels in buckles was successful. It was so popular that the buckles were exported to France, then reimported to Britain and billed as the latest French developments.", "The buckles Matthew Boulton created using his technique for inlaying enamels were very successful. They were popular enough to be exported to France and then they were reimported back to Britain where they were billed as the latest developments from France. This suggests they were well-regarded and perceived as fashionable or innovative.", "Yes, Matthew Boulton started a family of his own. He was first married to Mary Robinson, with whom he had three daughters who all died in infancy. After Mary's death, Boulton married her sister Anne. The couple had two children, Matthew Robinson Boulton and Anne Boulton.", "Matthew Boulton married Anne on 25 June 1760.", "One interesting aspect is how Matthew Boulton navigated around the law to marry his deceased wife's sister, Anne, which was forbidden by ecclesiastical law. He advised another man to do the same thing, recommending that he go quickly and discreetly to Scotland or an obscure corner of London, become a parishioner there, and then, after fulfilling the legal residency requirement, marry and maintain silence on the matter. Furthermore, Boulton's grandson, Matthew Piers Watt Boulton, gained posthumous fame for his invention of an important aeronautical control, the aileron." ]

[ "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes", "No", "No" ]

[ "C_29090bb342ea41eaa3bf8c3b7dd080db_0_q#0", "C_29090bb342ea41eaa3bf8c3b7dd080db_0_q#1", "C_29090bb342ea41eaa3bf8c3b7dd080db_0_q#2", "C_29090bb342ea41eaa3bf8c3b7dd080db_0_q#3", "C_29090bb342ea41eaa3bf8c3b7dd080db_0_q#4" ]

[ "What legacy did lapu leave behind?", "Why was he regarded as this?", "How did this legend begin?", "What other legends were told about him?", "When was the statue built?" ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 0, 1 ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

{ "answer_starts": [ [ 0 ], [ 533 ], [ 2101 ], [ 807 ], [ 2101 ] ], "texts": [ [ "Lapu-Lapu is regarded, retroactively, as the first Filipino hero." ], [ "According to local legend, Lapu-Lapu never died but was turned into stone, and has since then been guarding the seas of Mactan." ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ], [ "Another urban legend concerns the statue of Lapu-Lapu erected at the center of the town plaza. The statue faced the old city hall, where mayors used to hold office;" ], [ "CANNOTANSWER" ] ] }

{ "answer_starts": [ 0, 533, 2101, 807, 2101 ], "texts": [ "Lapu-Lapu is regarded, retroactively, as the first Filipino hero.", "According to local legend, Lapu-Lapu never died but was turned into stone, and has since then been guarding the seas of Mactan.", "CANNOTANSWER", "Another urban legend concerns the statue of Lapu-Lapu erected at the center of the town plaza. The statue faced the old city hall, where mayors used to hold office;", "CANNOTANSWER" ] }

[]

[ "Lapu-Lapu is commemorated as the first Filipino hero and various monuments and tributes have been erected or named in his honor. A statue of him stands on Mactan Island and in Rizal Park in Manila, and the town of Opon in Cebu was renamed to Lapu-Lapu City. His face was the main design on the 1-centavo coin in the Philippines from 1967 to 1974. In the United States, a street in San Francisco is named after him. The Philippine National Police use his image on their official seal. Additionally, Senator Richard Gordon proposed a bill to declare April 27 as an official national holiday named Adlaw ni Lapu-Lapu and in 2017 President Duterte declared the same day as Lapu-Lapu Day, creating the \"Order of Lapu-Lapu\" to acknowledge government workers and private citizens supporting his causes.", "The context does not provide specifics as to why Lapu-Lapu is regarded as the first Filipino hero.", "The context does not provide information on how the legend of Lapu-Lapu began.", "According to local legend, Lapu-Lapu never died but was turned into stone and has since been guarding the seas of Mactan. Fishermen in the area would throw coins at a stone shaped like a man as a way of asking for permission to fish in the monarch's territory. Another legend involves the statue of Lapu-Lapu erected at the center of the town plaza. The statue, shown with a crossbow in the stance of shooting an enemy, faced the old city hall where mayors used to hold office. After three consecutive mayors of the city died of heart attacks, superstitious citizens proposed to replace the crossbow with a sword.", "The context does not provide information on when the statues of Lapu-Lapu were built." ]

[ "Yes", "No", "Yes", "Yes", "Yes" ]